JOURNAL OF ADVANCED BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY Journal homepage: http://scienceq.org/Journals/JABZ.php Research Article Open Access Zingiberaceae in Mt. Bagalbal, Kalatungan Range, Lourdes, Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines Cababan, Mc Arthur L.*1,2 , Flores, Edgar L., Gamutan, Ranillo C. 1 Teacher I, Lourdes Integrated School, High School Department, Barangay Lourdes, Valencia City, 8709 Bukidnon, Philippines 2 Grade 10, Lourdes Integrated School, High School Department, Barangay Lourdes, Valencia City, 8709 Bukidnon, Philippines 3 Head Teacher III, Lourdes Integrated School, High School Department, Barangay Lourdes, Valencia City, 8709 Bukidnon, Philippines 4 College of Education, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Maramag, 8714 Bukidnon, Philippines *Corresponding author: ojo ol Cababan, Mc Arthur L, E-mail: mcarthurcababan15@gmail.com Received: February 12, 2020, Accepted: April 14, 2020, Published: April 14, 2020. ABSTRACT It is quite that Mindanao, the second largest island in Philippines is poorly known and understudied. The study aimed to identify and described morphologically family Zingiberaceae; determine the distribution of family Zingiberaceae and compare the affinity of the species through cluster analysis. Findings of the study revealed a total of 14 species belonging to two subfamily, two tribe and seven genus. Morphological characters of species are far more superior proven by the species to fall to their particular genera of which they are associated and it implies that the morphological descriptions agree with the numeric analysis. Furthermore, Zingiberaceae species distribution is generally scattered and dwells on the elevation of 900-1600 meters asl. Thus, monitoring of Zingiberaceae as indicator species should be conducted to assess the environmental conditions and conservation status of the forests in Mindanao. Keyword: Zingiberaceae, distribution, cluster analysis. the tribal mandatory of Lourdes, Valencia City, Bukidnon, INTRODUCTION Zingiberaceae are scattered all over tropical regions like Philippines of asking permission to have a research to be Philippines which is relatively unexplored. The distribution conducted in Mt. Bagalbal, Kalatungan Range, Lourdes, of species into different zones in the tropics is distinguished Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines. by their various characters, which most likely are the result of B. Collections of Samples evolutionary changes and their adaptation to several climatic, The study was conducted at Mt. Bagalbal, Kalatungan Range, geographic and topographic conditions. There are number of Lourdes, Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines. Transect other high mountains in Mindanao which warrant walk method was employed. The collected plants was pressed exploration, because the possibility of finding species new to for herbarium specimens and parts of the flowers and fruits science is relatively high, the distribution knowledge of were also being preserved in 70% ethanol for spirit species will become better known (Naïve, 2017). collection. A taxonomic characters of gingers was also One part of Kalatungan Range of Baranagy Lourdes known observed for scientific study. as Mt. Bagalbal, 22 km away from national high way and has C. Numeric Analysis of Characters a coordinate of 7o56’01.8’’ N 124o56’07.6’’ and has an The Bray-Curtis Cluster Analysis was utilized for this elevation of 1500 meters asl. Mt. Bagalbal provides diverse purpose using Biodiversity Professional v.2.0 software. flora and fauna amongst its vegetation and helps provide Cluster analysis was done by giving weights on the plant habitats for wild life. characteristics. Data were encoded for computer processing The ginger family, Zingiberaceae, is a monocot family and is as such it sorts out characters, over all similarly producing the largest of 8 families in order Zingiberales. According to phenogram that is dendogram of phonetic relations of the Lamb et al. (2013), the family consists of more than 1500 species collected. species in 53 genera, which can be mostly found in tropical D. Ex situ Conservation forest. Furthermore, Philippine Zingiberaceae are one of the One live representative specimen of each species were least known group in our rapidly expanding recent knowledge collected during sampling. Collected samples were collected of the family (Funakoshi and Fujiyama, 2004) should be and transferred to Lourdes Integrated School Garden. All for crypto magically explored. propagation and conservation purposes. Prior to collection, a section rhizome approximately 15-20 cm long, with at least one developed leafy shoots and presence of several growth MATERIALS AND METHODS buds was cut away from plant then placed in a pot and then A. Entry Protocol and Research Design Prior to conduct the study, a formal letter was given to the planted and monitored. school head, Barangay Captain, Forest Ranger official and J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348 – 7313 1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There was a total of 14 species belonging to Family Zingiberaceae recorded fromMt. Bagalbal Kalatungan Range, Bukidnon, Philippines namely: Alpinia haenkei C.Presl, Curcuma longa Linnaeus, Curcuma Zedoaria Roscoe, Etlingera cf. alba (Blume) A. D. Poulsen, Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm, Etlingera philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm, Etlingera pubimarginata, Etlingera sp., Hedychium philippinense K.Schum, Hornstedtia lophophore Plagiostachys sp.,Zingiber Spectabile Griff , Zingiber Officinale Roscoe, and Zingiber sp. are only separated into two (2) subfamilies namely; Zingiberoideae and Alpinioideae .There are also two (2) tribes that separate the collected samples named Zingiberoideae and Alpinieae. The collected sample has only seven (7) Genus called Alpinia, Curcuma, Etlingera, Hedychium, Hornstedtia, Plagiostachys, and Zingiber. Brief descriptions or short notes, where appropriate, are provided below. Table 1. List of ginger species found in Mt. Bagalba, Kalatungan Range, Bukidnon, Philippines. No. Tribe Genus Species 1 Alpinieae Alpinia 1 2 Hedychium 1 3 Hornstedtia 1 4 Plagiostachys 1 5 6 7 Zingibereae Etlingera Curcuma Zingiber 4 2 4 TOTAL 2 7 14 Figure 1. Transect Map of gingers found Mt. Bagalbal, Kalatungan Range, Bukidnon, Philippines. Transect Map showing the Distribution of Zingiberaceae species across elevation in Mt. Baglbal, Lourdes, Valencia City,Bukidnon. The species are observed in different elevations. Species Alpinia haenkei C.Presl (1057 masl.), Curcuma longa Linnaeus (975 masl.), Curcuma Zedoria (Christm) Rosc (954 masl.), Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm (959 masl.), Etlingera pubimarginata (975 masl.), Zingiber Officinale Roscoe (907 masl.), Zingiber Spectabile Griff (961 masl.), Etlingera philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm (1203 masl.), Zingiber Sp.(1447), Etlingera cf. alba (Blume) A. D. Poulsen (1499 masl.), Hornstedtia lophophore (1453 masl.), Plagiostachys sp. (1415 masl.), Zingiber Sp (1447 masl.), Hedychium philippinense K.Schum (1453 masl.). Figure 2. Dendogram Generated from Bray- Curtis Cluster Analysis. The Cluster analysis of fourteen (14) Zingiberaceae species using the Bray- Curtis Cluster analysis revealed seven (7) Clusters namely; Curcuma longa Linnaeus, Curcuma Zedoria (Christm) J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Rosc (Cluster I); Zingiber Officinale Roscoe, Zingiber Spectabile Griff (Cluster II); Hedychium philippinense K.Schum (Cluster III); Etlingera sp., Hornstedtia lophophore, Etlingera Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348 – 7313 2 pubimarginata (Cluster IV); Zingiber Sp., Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm (Cluster V); Etlingera cf. alba (Blume) A. D. Poulsen, Etlingera philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm (Cluster VI); Alpinia haenkei C.Presl (Cluster VII). Fisrt Cluster has two species namely: Curcuma longa Linnaeus and Curcuma Zedoria (Christm) Rosc since it features are similar such as cuneate leaf base with raised veins purple band color along midrib. The second Cluster dominated by the Zingiber Officinale Roscoe and Zingiber Spectabile Griff since these two species shared most of the morphological features such as phyllotaxy, leaf shape, margin, base, apex and texture. The species Hedychium philippinense K.Schum, the only species belonging to third Cluster since itss morphological features are unique from the others such as infructescence having fleshy spines. The species Etlingera sp., Hornstedtia lophophore and Etlingera pubimarginata that belongs to fourth cluster. These species belong with similar morphological characteristics such as inflorescence like emergence and shape, colors of bracts, bracteoles, calyx, corolla and labellum. The fifth Cluster has only its two (2) sole species Zingiber Sp. and Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm which possess same characteristics with respects of emergence, shape, color of bracts, bracteoles, calyx, corolla and labellum. The sixth cluster dominated by both by Etlingera cf. alba (Blume) A. D. Poulsen, Etlingera philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm, since this species are similar in having distichous phyllotaxy, lanceolate, leaf shape, ciliated margin , Truncated base and acuminate leaf apex. For the seventh cluster that has only Alpinia haenkei C.Presl which posses a unique shape of inflorescence having abaxially villous morphological characteristic. Though they belong to the same cluster, their branching indicates that they have unique characteristics from one another. CONCLUSION The inventory of family Zingiberaceae in Mt. Bagalbal, Kalatungan Range, Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines revealed a total of fourteen species, two subfamily, two tribe and seven genus. The distribution of Zingiberaceae species revealed that it is generally scattered and dwells on the elevations of 9001600 meters asl. Ecological status assessment implies that Etlingera elatoir (Jack) R.M. Sm. is the most abundant species recorded in the area followed by Zingiber officinale Roscoe and are one of remaining least recorded in the area. Weights of the similar morphological character traits of the species are far more superior proven by the species to fall to their particular genera of which they are associated. Further, it implies that the morphological descriptions agree with numeric analysis. Furthermore, monitoring of Zingiberaceae as indicator species should be conducted to assess the environmental conditions and conservation status of the forest in Mindanao. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT On behalf of the team, we wish to thank Barangay officials headed by Hon. Eva E. Tinamban of barangay Lourdes for the support given during the entire study. Lourdes Integrated School for the approval of the research and community who are always along our side during field sampling. REFERENCES 1. Afzal, M., Al-Hadidi, D., Menon, M., Pesek, J., Dhami, M.S., 2001. Ginger: an ethno medical, chemical and pharmacological review. Drug Metab. Drug Interact. 18, 159– 190 2. Awang, D.V.C., 1992. Ginger. Can. Pharm. J. 125, 309–311. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology 3. Baker JG (1892) Scitamineae. In: Hooker F, Flora of British India (Vol VI), L. Reeve and Co., London, pp 198-264 4. Carreon, Jenny, David A., Dy K., Nasol, Ma., V., Tan, A, Zeta, M. 2003. A Comparative Study of Lichens and density found in the University of the Philippines, Dilimian and the Univeristy of Santo Tomas. 5. Chaiyakunapruk, N., Kitikannakorn, N., Nathisuwan, S., Leeprakobboon, K., Leelasettagool, C., 2006. The efficacy of ginger for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 194, 95– 99. 6. Chen ZY (1989) Evolutionary patterns in cytology and pollen structure of Asian Zingiberaceae. In: Holm-Nielsen LB, Nielsen IC, Balslev H (Eds) Tropical Forests: Botanical Dynamics, Speciaion and Diversity, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Javanovich, Publishers, Tokyo, pp 185-191 7. Chrubasik, S., Pittler, M.H., Roufogalis, B.D., 2005. Zingiberis rhizoma: a comprehensive revie on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles. Phytomedicine 12, 684–701. 8. Coquilla, K.L. (2012) Taxonomic Study of Zingiberaceae in Mt. Apo Davao City, Philippines. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Central Mindanao UniversityMusuan, Maramag, Bukidnon. Pp 13-18. 9. COX, P. A. and Balick M.J. 1997. Plants people and culture: The science of Ethnobotany. Scientific American Library, New York, N.Y. 10. Funakoshi, H. and S. Fujiyama. 2004. Four endemic genera of Zingiberaceae in the Philippines and their phylogenetic placement in gingers. http://agris.fao.org/agrissearch/search.do?recordID=PH20 05000273. 11. Gao J, Zhang L, Deng X, Ren P, Kong J, Li Q (2004) The floral biology of Curcumorpha longiflora (Zingiberaceae): a ginger with two-day flowers. American Journal of Botany 91, 289-293 12. Grzanna, R., Lindmark, L., Frondoza, C.G., 2005. Ginger – an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. J. Med. Food 8, 125–132 13. Keogh, J.B., Clifton, P.M., Williams, P.G., Fazio, V.A., Inge, K.E., 2006. Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future. Med. J. Aust. 185 (Suppl. 4), S4–S24 14. Kress WJ, Prince LM, Williams KJ (2002) The phylogeny and a new classification of the gingers (Zingiberaceae): evidence from molecular data. American Journal of Botany 89, 1682-1696 15. Larsen, K., Ibrahim H., Khaw, S.H. & Saw, I.G. (K.W. Wong-Ed). (1999). Gingers of Peninsular, Malaysia and Singapore. National History Publications (Borneo) Ketakinabalu, Malaysia. 137. 16. Leong-Škorničková, J. and M.F. Newman. 2015. Gingers of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Singapore: Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, in association with Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Pha Tad Ke Botanical Garden. 1-226. 17. Maagurran, Anne E., 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Black well science Ltd. Black Welll Publishing Company. 18. Merill, E. 1924. An enumeration of Philippines flowering plants. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 4: 228-247. 19. Naive, M.A.K. 2017. Zingiberaceae of Kalatungan Mountain Range, Bukidnon, Philippines. Bioscience Discovery 8: 311– 319. 20. Pelser, P.B., J.F. Barcelona and D.L. Nickrent (eds.). 2011 onwards. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines. http://www.philippineplants.org (Accessed 24 October 2015). Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348 – 7313 3 21. Ravinderan PN, Nirmal BK, Shiva KN (2005) Botany and crop improvement of ginger. In: Ravinderan PN, Nirmal BK (Eds) Ginger: The Genus Zingiber, CRC Press, New York, pp 15-85 22. Shukla, Y., Singh, M., 2007. Cancer preventive properties of ginger: a brief review. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45, 683–690. Citation: Cababan, Mc Arthur L et al. (2020). Zingiberaceae in Mt. Bagalbal, Kalatungan Range, Lourdes, Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology, V7I3.02. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3751300. Copyright: © 2020 Cababan, Mc Arthur L. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348 – 7313 4