t DISEASESoFTREESGRowNINAGRoFoRESTRY PRACTICES IN BAIVGLADESH s Dr. Mohammad Abdur Rahman* Introduction Agrolores[ryisLl-roufllrttobearrappropriatestrategyforbo|hforestandcropfor people',s need lands to increase and sustain soil productivity to satisly and to provide more [ood, firel and Limber, Lo protect the environment iS8T and Dalmacio' income opporlunities lor the mass (Magno' 1986; Singh' the poor people 1989). Agrolorestry strenglhens ecorlomic security of |l-rrougl-rdiversilyingt-heirSourcesofincomeandstaggeredharvestof as a social fenclng producls. Agrolorestry in the encroached forest land acts I ( (Abedin and Quddus' 199O)' for prolecling Lhe resL ol ll-re loresl resoLrrces includes shifting Tradilional age-old agroforestry pracLices in Bangladesh and mixed culLivatiorl (jhumming), and Laungya in the hill forests and annual vegetables in homesteads' Besides ltroducLion o['perennial Lrees Pltoenixsyiuestries,AcclcianiLottcaandA.catechttaregrownin Artocarpus agriclrltlrral highlands in the Gangetic flood plains. Planting crop fields are age old tteteropt^tgllus ancl mangil'era inclica on l-righland I prac|iceintha|area.IntlredistrictsolCl-ruadanga,MeherpurandKhttstia l recentlytlrerehasbeerragrowingtrendtoplan[Dalbergia'sissooon are also I farmers agricllltural lancls part.icularly by the rich farmers. some in agriculLural lands in that area' establislrin g A. lrclerophyllr-rs plantations has emerged on tlre other hirncl, ploL boundary plantation of A lrcteroplryttus aSaverypopr-tlarpract-iceintlreMadlrupurtractdtrringtlrelastl5yearsor Acacia so (Abedln and Quclclus, 1990) ' trttcaLgpttts camaldttLensis' atricttliforrnis,A.rnangittm,Cassiasiamea'ALbiziaprocera,D.sissooare are being grown in Agrolorestry sorne of the lasl growing Lree sllecies which DemonslraLion Farrnr in Dinajpur' (BFRI) scientists have been devoted to Banglaclesh l.'orest Researcl-t Institule Lry tlre lbllowing tree sllecies: Albizia Long rotation: Datbergict sissoo, EttcaLgl:ttts camaLdttLensis' lltts' opllg ter ptts lrc to car Azadir acl tta in dica, M an g tJer ct inclica, & Ar ;F.oT.i"*, r""tit.tt of ro..Jt'v, u-"w"t"ltv 70 ()f Chittagong' Lebbek' t Medium rotation: Bambusa spp. and Zizgpltus j4jttba. Short rotation: Ictrcaenaleucocephalaand Sesbanrasesban. Bangladesl-r Agricull-ural Research Institute (BARI) scientists have been screening multipurpose tree species for plot boundary plantation in the high Barind Lracl. Swiss Development corporation (sDC) has been conducting experimenL in Lhe hornesteads and khetland in the north-west region of Bangladesh. A lilrge number ol rree species have been tried in these programmes. Sorne ol important Lree species include E. camaldtLlensrs, A. nilotica, Melia azedaracltta, c. siamea, L. letrcocephala, A. atricttliformis and Casrrarina ecytiseLifolia and others. The agrolorestry systems prornoted in Bangladesh by the Government, Non Governmental organizations (NGos) and by Ll're farmers themselves can be broaclly calegorized into four clistinct types as follows: . 2. q 4. Homesleircl agroloreslry I Agrolorestry/ in llrirrate agricllltt-lral lands Agroloreslry in denuded and encroac]red public forest Strip side agroforestry DISEASES OF TR.EE SPECIES: l. Acacia auriculiformis: It is an important fast growing species which has been being planted wiclely in Bangladesh lrrimarily as a biomass plantation, the major cliseases ol-this host include Lhe followings: a) Powdery mildew: This disease is caused by oidium spp. and has been recorded on A. cturicttLil'ormis in Malawi (Ngalube, 1988) and Thailand (Pongpanicl-r eL al 1988). UpLo 5o Lo 7oo/o o[ seedlings may be affected by this disease. Although Lhe disease does cause plant mortaliLy, it affects seedling developmenl. To control the disease elemental sulphur dust or o.2% Maneb are Lo be applied every Llvo weeks. b) Leaf rust: In Indonesia [Jromgces spp. causes a rust disease on the leaves of A. auricttlilbrmis. [t causes chlorosis, stunted growth and spot formation which subsequently clevelol) into galls ol varying shapes and sizes on the leaves, buds and young stems. It is a seed borne disease. It can be controlled by orthocide 50 wP or Terraclor Super X at o.35olo (suharti, lggo, santoso and Suharti, 1984). Rr-rst gall has also been reported to be caused by Uromyctadittm tepperianttm in rranuatu (Neil, lg89). 71 F b c)Leafspot:Onnurseryseedlingsand2-3yearoldA'auriculif,ormisplants smalldarkbrowntesionsonfoliagewhichlatercoalescedtoformlargedark browntoblacknecroticareaswereobservedtobecausedbyColLetotrichum stateofGlomerelLacingtiatainKeralainlndia(MohananandSharma' E al cl r989). lft ol gt d)Sootymould:MeLioLasp.iSreporiedtoattackleavesofA.aurtctrlglormis on leaves, but after rains, infection in Thailand. InfecLion is raLher hear,y rate'seemstoberecltrced.Nocontrolmeasurehasyetbeenstudied R (ChalermPongse, I 99O)' $ problems have been A number of pathological leaf spot' wood r,vhich include powderly mildew' nilotica A' on encountered decay and stumP roL' A t 2. Acacia nilotica: cz l! a)Powderymildew:Milclewisadiseaseinwl.richLlrepathosenisseenasa growLhonLhesurlaceo[[he.alfectedplants.Powderymildewsareplant They have whlte mycelium' in a Erisypl-raceae' lamily tl-re in parasites up of a criss-cross tangle of hyphae' delicate weft or Lhick ielr made ColotrrlessSporesborneinchainsonoutrightcondioplroresgivewhite are obligate parasites' having no powdery ellecL: Powdery mildews saprophyticgrowttrpe'ioasindeadplantparts'althoughtheperithecia carrythelungustl.rrotrghthewinteroneittrertivingordeadtissue.Mycelium sometimeswlntersinbuds.Symptomsofmildewaredwarlingandstunting, curling of leaves before the white often with a slighL reddening and of flower buds' Such is noticeable' Tl-rere may be defoimation a.t rD a, o{ of a. sI al di pl ot mycelir.rm symptomsareduetotlrewitlrdrawalofplantfoodsbythefungrrsarrdto excessiverespiraLion.Anumbero[generaoffungiareres]]onsibletocause DI powderymilclewso[whiclrPltgllctctiniaacaciaehasbeenrecordedon A. nilottcain Incliir (Siclcliqui' 1957') di specific sprays have been considered sulphur lime and dusl Sulphur remediesforpowclerymildews,"o*."olrlrerfunElicidesarealsoeffective'The as a recent effective' Benlate is considered also is Acti-clione antibiotic In lig fal ck mildewcide rY( u b)Wooddecay:Ftrrnesrimosushasbeenrelrorted|ocausewooddecaywhlle Ga,noclermaLttciclttmllasbeenfouncllocausestumpdecayinA.niLotica (Siddiqlli,lgTS).BollrLlrelungiarestrongdecayorganisms.Although has also been recorded to A. lhe latter fungus niLoticawood is very durable causerootandoieuact<incaseofsimilarormoredurabletimberspecies suchasHeritieraJomes(Ratrmarr,i993)andXyliakerrit(Rahman'1989). th( -/ Ca br From the experience of root rot and wood decay problem of X. kerrii it may 'rir"'rr'Ji be inferred ,rat root rot ancl resurtant wood deca, ,.;,;^";;. wherever encounl.ered, can be effectivery controlred tydrenching soil on and around the collar of aflected trees with 2o/o forrnalin. c) other diseases: Lea[ spot fungi such as septogtoetrm acaciae and septoria mortolensis have been found to cause leaf spot which cause localized damage of lear ancl Ll"rerelly recluce tl-re total photosynthetic potential and ilrus affect growth (patel et al, lg49 and Swarup and Mathur, Ig14). Leaf rust fungus Rauenelia acacicr.-ctrctbicae lras arso been encountered on A. nilotlca leaves (Mundkur ancl'I.h irr:malachnr, I g46). 3. Albizia procera: onry two canker causing fungi l-rave been recorded on A' procercL These are a pit canker causeci by Frrsarfr tm solaniand a wood canker caused by Hllpoxalon d.ensttLm (Bagchee, Ig54 and Agnihothrodu, 1964). cankers by both the rungi start around a wound and result in sunken areas wiur dead bark. conicria appear in stromata in the initial years and tl'rereafier ;reriihecia are formecr on cankers in hard, stromata. Badly alfected trees shorrrd be removed in orcrer to reduce the build up of the inocula of the pathogen. It wiil thus reduce the extent of new infection and severity o[ the disease. 4. Artoc arpus heter ophgltus: Jackfruit tree is a very good multipurpose tree species whicl'r is rvidely planted in agroforestry practices in Bangladesh. a) Dieback and canker of trees: Two new cliseases of jackrruit trees namely dieback and canker were for tlre first time recorded in Bangradesh in a plantation at Drirar.zra in chittagong cruring 1g7g but subsequenily observed in many are,s in greater chittagong, -r,ittrgo.,g Hill Tracts and Dhaka district. It. is Jrarlicurarry very severe in some areas in Narsingdhi district (Rahman, pers. observations). In case of dieback, rrrst or-ail the leaves change colour from deep green to ligl-rL green, then recrciisrr yellow, yeilow ancr finally the twigs and branches Iall oll-' Then the brancrres progressivery die and dry clearly brown coror-rrecr transition zone between ";;;;;.";;;;'; the neatny and dead branch wood. The orcrer crezrd brancr-res crry trp ancl turn grayish white. a fungus BoLryocliplocLict theobromoe has been fo'rnd to ue jnmariry responsible for the death of-iack[n-rit Lwigs and branches. canker starts ars a bracke.ing or the bark, generaily at tr,re base of small dead branchlet' TIre dead area gradualry expands, followed by light brown l.) discoloura|ionanddeathofsapwoodunderneath.Asthetreeincreasesin girth,LhecankerallecLedpartfailstoaddanynewgrowthandadepression result in the dieback develops. Death of the bark and sapwood may usually anddeatho[someoftlrebranchesonthecorrespondingportionofthecrown independentofanyattackbyB.tlrcobromaeasmentionedabove.onthe deadareaofLhetrunkandmainbranches,small,rounded,reddish profusely during the yellor,vish fruit bodies of .lvectria haematococca develop of dieback and canker monsoon. Rahrr-ran et al (1988) reported the severity and severity of dieback on and the relalionship between the size of canker Jacklruit lrees. S.Azo,dirachtaindica:Oidiumazadirachtaehasbeenreportedtocause powderymildewol.A.illdica(NarayanaswamyandJaganathan'1968).The and thereby reduce the fungus mycella cover up Lhe leaf surface of the host of the fungus pl-rotosynlhetic po[ential of 1.1-re affected leaves. The bel-raviour isverysimilartot,lraLo[tl-repowderymildewfungusalreadymentioned of a under Albizia niLoLiccr. This is likely [o be controlled by the application sulphur dust. A. rndica rvhich include A number o[ leat spot iungi have been recorded on CercosporaLettcosLicainPoonaandC.meliaeinAndrahProdeshinlndia (UppaleLal,I935andRao,191962).PoLgporusgilutts,awhitesapwooddecay primarily of dead wood but funglus has also been found to cause decay occasionallyonlivingtreesaSwell.Small,annual,yellowtored,brown (Horst' 1979)' leathery to corky sporophores, develop profusely villa$e groves are of 6. Bambusa sPP. in the village groves: Bamboos in the supply of bamboo imporlance to the villagers. A large proportion of the tolal of village disease comes from the villafle groves. Bamboo blight is a barnboos. a)Bambooblight:BarrlbooblighthascausedSeveremortalityofyoungculms be most severe in the greater over last Io to I5 years, and has been found to in decreasing order of Rajshahi, chitLagong, comilla and Sylhet districts most affected' B' tuldaless occurTence. BambttsabaLcooaand E. utLlgar[s are So far' there is no commonly alfected and B. arttndinacea least aftected. practices, which do occur' are evidence to suggest that fellings in the cultural the main caLrse ol the disease (Boa' I983)' the two most Coniotltgrittm J-uclceLii and AcremoniLlm strictum are to be a Pathogen commonly isolatecl lungi. A strictum has been sl-town 74 (Rahrnan, l97B; Rahman & Khisha, i98l). The fungus has been subsequently re-idenlified at IMI, Kew, as Sarocladittm oryzae (Boa and Rahman, 1983). Bamboo produced new culms liorn buds and subterranean rhizomes during the monsoon season, generally from early June till late A-rgust. Expansion of culms conlerinues until October. Bilght significantly affects culms in Ar-rgust, the disease being at its worst by mid November. Subsequently there is little or no increase in the number of blighted culms (Boa and Rahman 1983, 1987). Banrboo blight can be prevented to a large extent by improving the cr-rltural lrractices suclt as burning debris in siLu in clumps in April, adding new soil in and aror.rnd clumps in April - May before the onset of the ntonsoon, ancl can be el'fectively controlleci by the appllcation of a fungicide Ditl'rane M 45 as a soil clrench (Rahman. l987a; Rahman 1987b). 7. Casia siameo: Only a very few diseases has been repofied on C. siamea. These include porvdery mildew by Oidiun'r sp. in Poona (Salam and Rao, 1958), leal-spot by Cocltlioboltts noclrrlosus in Rajsthan (Reddy, 1969) and rvoocl deca), I'Lrngr.rs Ganoclerrnahrciclttm (Anonymous, 195O). Tl-re last named l-rlngus has been l-or.rnd to canse a severe root rol and dieback of C. siamea in Cl-rillagong University crlrnpus. A patch ol-5O -60 Lrees were totally cleared oll by the problen-r. l l l l 8. Dalbergia sissoo has a nurnber of disease problerns, the more important of wl-ricl-r ?lre given belorv: i I Wilt disease: It is zr systemic disease and manifests during rains between July ancl Selttenrber. Symlrtoms include yellowing and death of leaves in a) acropelal succession up Lhe tree. Eventually the entire Lrees turns yellow. In laler slages leaves clrop oll- rendering Lhe branches increasingly bare. A[ected trees clie r,vitlrin ler,v nronths. IL is caused by Fusarium solani. Wilt of sissoo is corlr-r'ron irr planLation raised on sti[[ soil with inadequate clrainage. I[-sissoo is grown on raised sites having light Lextured soil with adeqr.rate soil rnorst.rrre and good drainage, trees r,vill grow free and healthy. b) Root rot: Ganoriernrct Ltrcidlrm callses root rol disease in trees of advanced age. The alfected trees extribiL a stag-headecl appearance in whicl-r they may continue lor a l-ew years belore being killed. The fungus spread throuflh root contact and [l'rerel'ore, in a l]Lrre plantation the spread o[ Lhe disease is rapid. Tl-re fungus con)monly produces sporopl'rore at the base o[ dead trees. The severity o[ Lhe disease can lte reduced by digging a trench arollnd an affected lree, raising nrixed plantalion, removing stump ol dead trees, etc. (Bakshi, 1976). 75 ! fl I I lt { ! i g. Eucatgptlts cemaldulensis: The major disease of E. camaidulensis are damlring ofl, leaf bliglit, pink disease' root rol, etc. a) Damping-off: In case of damping olT, seedlings collapse due to fun{al rot in t5e succulent tissue at tl-re collar region. In case of unfavot'rable nursery soil condition, it can be a n-rajor problem in E. cclmctklulensis nursery. Usually one or more of Pgthium spp,, Plrytoptltora s1rp., Fusarium spp. and/or Rltizoctonia solani are the causal patl-rogen for Lhe development of dampingo lf. Damping-olT can be avoiclecl by ensuring good soil drainage, reduced use of organic matnrtre, nraint.aining soil pH between 5 and 6, and moderat.e density ol ll're seecilings irt t.lte nLrrsery becls. In case o[ an outbreak of damping-otf, it can be conlrollecl tty Lhe apltlication ol 2o/o lorn'ralin or Dithane M 45 as soil drench. b) pink disease: It is caLlsed by Corticium salmonicolor. This has been recorded on many etrcalypttrs in India but on E. camaldulensis in Dinajpur, Syllret, Keochia ancl Cox's Bazar (Basak, 1993). The most striking t-eature of ltink clisease is ll-re mortalily iL catrses to major branches accompanied by leaf casl ciue Lo invasion ol- the stem cambium by tl-re paLhogen with the resultanl girdling, r,vhiclt in Severe cases may spread to the wl-role crown but rarely kills Lhe tree cornlllelely. The first visible syntpl.oms ?]ppear as an exudaLion of gum on any stem or branch wl-ricl'r has tbrmed young bark but has not yet developed extensive layers ol cork. This is lollowed by a growth of white sill'y threads on the bark surface. As Lhe bark dies tl-ris superficial growth dries up and pink masses of sterile nrycelia appear as pttstules or crusts. The former (i'e' pusLules) rnay be lormed in lines along cracks which do not coalesce to form a crgst, Lle latter (i.e. cnlsts) are lornecl seltarately and are conlined Lo the lorver sicles ol brartches. The clisease is readily idenLiliable at this sterile stage anci I'r"rrtl-rer clevelopnrent of tl're clisease involves changes thal are important in clissentinat.ion of Lhe fungr,rs. Control has been attempted by the excision and cleslnrct.ion of inlected branches, by treatment of infecLed areas byltrnflicidessttcharsCalixin(sharmaetal'1985)andBordeauxmixture (Gibson, 1975). c) Gummosis: Syn'rlttoms of glrmmosis include swelling and splitting of bark, ollen with certain amoi-tnL ol-exudaLion ol a sl'rining golden bro'"vn viscus liquid. In severe celses, bark n-ray die along varying lengths and widths on the main trunk exposing the wood fror-n beneath. I[ the girdling is parlial, 76 the affected Lrees may continue to live; but i[complete or nearly so, the plant parts above the region of girdle usually die. Gummosis represents a wound reaction (Bakski, 1976). Tl-re gum zone formation in E. camaldulensis in Cypruss is attributed to deficient waLer supply (Day, I954 and Cl-ralermpongse, A.,199O. Gummosis has been observed on E. camaldulensis in BFRI caml)us in Chittagong. Plants sl-rould be protected from all avoidable injuries to minimize gummosis, species should planted on suitable sites to avoid this damage (Baksl.ri. 1976). d) Other diseases: A powdery mildew caused by oidittm eucalgpti occllr on -8. camalduLensis in rnilny corrntries. The symptoms appear on leaves as whitish por,vdery 1;alclres. These spread and are later as3ociated with leaf distorLion and necrosis leading Lo leal cast. fur borne conidia are produced on inlected leaves and spread of the disease can be conlrolled by a spray of sulphur [ungicides (Magnani, I964). Mahmood (1971) described a seedling will o[ E. camaldulensis caused by Frrsarium solani. The disease can be controlled by raising the C/N ratio of tl-re soil by addition ol'cellulose. Agrobacterittm tttme-faciens, the cause o[ crown gall, has caused serious loss ol E. camakirrlensis in Argentina (Valiels et al tg54) An important loliage disease ol E. Phacosseptorict etLcctlgpti. lL has been camalchilensis is caused by first recorded in Thailand (Tnanaka and Cl'ralermpongse, I985). lO. I-eucaena lerrcocephalu Only a pod rot fungus (Cktdosporirrn subtrle) has been reported to occlrr on L. letLcocepltaLafrom Calcutta in India (Butler and Bisby, l93l). In Chittagong a still unidentified fungus has been found to cause pod rot ol L. LetLcocepltala but Lhis is nol very severe. lL. Mangifera indica: Major diseases in mango have been recorded in Bangladesl-r (Amzad Hossain, 1989a & 1989b). They affect growth, flowering and fmiLing o[ the cro1r. Incidence of some o[ the diseases takes place on the plant while others on {'ruils in storage. Diseases on the whole cause severe crop damage. So far Lwelve diseases have been recorded in Bangladesh of wl-ricl-r the more important ones include anthracnose, dieback, powdery mildew. sol'L roL zrnd rnistletoe infestation. 77 RelaLivelylessirrrllort,antcliseasesCoversootymouldofleavescausedby Capnocltumsll.,algalrr:slolleavescausedbyCephaLeurosutrescens,scabof leaves,tlvi.{sancllruit'sbytrlsinoernangiferae,blightgenerallyofleavesbut mayalsooCCLlronlnli|s,twigsandstemsbyMacropttominapltaseoLina,and caused by Diplodia natalensis stenr end rot of posl harvesl lruits in lransit (Arnzacl Hossain, 1989a and 1989b)' a)Anthrancnose:ILiscausedbyColtetotriclltmgLoeosporioirlesandmay dropping of young fruits' cause great loss lo mango crops by way of Symplomsol-|}recliseaseapl]earonLenderportionsofstems,leaves, gray or brown blislering spoLs inl-lorescence ancl {-rtrlls in the for-nr ol dark' turn irr leaves and young twigs' Tl-re blossoms may ol oval or irregtllar sltalle black.clrytrllanclclroll.Botlryorlngeranclolclerlruitsmaydevelollblack sllots.Thel;r.rlllttrlclt]rLlreafl.ecleclllarri-becomeshard.ThereCanbequick deciryol.frr-ritsirtLlreripeningtime.Rains,duringthefloweringperiod, particlrlarlyLrristyweirther[.oralewconseculiveclaysanclcloudySky to serious altacks' accomparriecl witll ntilcl shor'vers cont.ribule o[ all alfected par[s' control measlrres inch]cle i) collection and clesln-rclion ground; ii) spraying runsicilll flowers, ancl ['rtrits lharL are clrollped on Lhe emergence o[ flor'vers and like Dithane M 45 (tD 2f/l litre ol rvaler first after cliseased and dead lhen aL ln.rit set; & iii) Rerrroval ancl bttrnin{ ol all branches. b)Dieback..C.gll.oeosporioicleswhichCausesanLhracnoseCanalsoincitesthe slems where tl're symptonls appear dieback disease o1'nrango. In the yoLlng iniLially,L.l-rerraLrrralcolorrrcl-rangestodeepbrownatsomewhattlre intensilies' the allecled part underside al the encl llart ol it. As the clisease befirrstoclry[-rom[het,ollandleavesclrop.Theremaybeinnumerable Fruits also drop from the branches thtrl Llecottle inlected and lealless' the t.ree' allecLed lree. The hrngrts persists in Lhe alleclecl ancl fallen parts of andtrnclerfavorlrtrllleconclit-iot.lsandr'vi|hrainwaterasthecarrier,it spreaclsLoo|herlllacesancltrees.Theremedialmeasuresinclude:i) ol all alt'ectecl parts and plant reluses; ii) spraying collection anrl brrrrri.g lirrrsiciclessuc[rzrsDiLllaneM4;S{o,2o/o)orBorcleauxmixttrre(5:5:50). c)Powderymildewoflnflorescence:oiclittmmangi.feraeCausespowdery but not so in Bangladesh' nrilde*, of mango. lL is yery devasttrting in India and Lill buds ol tender inflorescence in Tl-re disease lirsl a[)l]ear in the scales LlrefbrmolwhiLellowclerwhlcl.rlaterext-endsgraduallyclownwarclsalong tlrepeduncle.Tl-reSl)oresolLlreflrnflusspreaclbywindlromLhealfected 78 flower-heads to otl-rer inflorescence and new spores are produced in about five days ol'inlecLion. As such multiplication and spread continues during the season witl-r favourable environment, an apparently insignificant attack in the beginning can callse a havoc within a shor[ span of time. The fungus grows rapidly clr,rring cloudy weather accompanied wilh hear,y morning mist. The disser-nination o[ the pathogen is favored by warrn weather and low night temperature. The remedial measures include: i) Dusting finely gror-rnd sulphur, or spraying with wettable sulphur (o.2o/o) immediately after tlre appearance of the disease; li) application of Thiovit (O.2o/o) soon after the occurrence ol the mildew. d) Soft rot of fruits: The disease generally occurs on ripe fruits. It is a common disetrse r-rnder humid and moist condiLlon. The disease develops at a lemperature ol'2o - 4ooc degree. This is specially a disease of mango in slorage. The disetrse can be identified by the presence of rot of the frritwhich is so[L and carr easil-y be lrr-rnctured by linger. Once fi-uit is infected, it becomes unlit lor consr:ntltLion because of disagreeable taste. The disease is primarily caused by Rhizopl-rus arrhizus or by bacteria Pseud-omonas mangiJeraeindicae and Bacte:rittm carolouours. e) Mistletoe infestation: Mango plants are olLen infested by broad leaved mistletoe, DenclropltLlrce .falcara. It is an angiospermic paraslte. The parasile has lighi green, tlrick, leathery leaves and bear bright red flowers and berries that are attractirre to the birds. The berries have viscin which are sLicky. As the bircls tzike bite ol the fruit, [he sticky seeds adhere to the beak ol [he bird r,vhich later tries of rub olf tl're seed on different branches of the same or different trees and thereby spread the sticky seeds. On germination the seeds develop roots (i.e. l-raustoria) which penetrate through wounded bark or weak points in bark into the stem or branches and extends the har-rstoria up to the xylem and absorb water and nutrients from the host. The alfected part ol' the host slem generally swell up into a tumour -like structure, and r-rltirnaiely tl're parasile goes on interfering with the normal growLh ancl derrelopnrent ol t.he hosl. Tl-re best practical means of controlling the parasite is to cut of'l'the infested branches at least 2O-3O cm below the poinL of alLack on the ltost so that even Lhe parasite's intemal haustoria do no longer rentain in tlre l-rosl branch or stent. L2. Melia o'edorach: More important diseases of M. azectarach are noted below: a) Collar rot: A collar rol of M. azeclarctch seecllings has been reported ""u.rl period to occr:r af'ter a of heavy rain. Infection occurred directly at the base of 79 r 0or'ver-heads to otl'rer inflorescence and new spores are produced in about five days ol'inl-eclion. As sucl-r multiplication and spread continues during Lhe season wilh lavottrable environment, an apparently insignificant attack in Ll're beginning can c?lLrse a havoc within a short span of time. The fungus grows rapidly clrlring cloudy weather accompanied with heavy morning mist. The dissemination o[ the pathogen is favored by warm wealher and low nigltt tentlterature. The remedial measures include: i) Dusting finely grotrnd sulphrlr, or spraying with wettable sulphur (O.2o/o) immediately after the appearance of the disease; ii) application of Thiovit (O.2o/o) soon after the occurrence ol' the n'rildew. d) Soft rot of fruits: The disease generally occurs on ripe fruits. It is a comfilon clisettse ttncler hr-rmid and moist condition. The disease develops at a temlreratr-rre ol'20 - 4ooc clegree. This is specially a disease of mango in slorage. TIte disease ciln be identilied by the presence of rot of the fruitwhich is sofl and czrn easilv be 1tr-rnctur-ed by linger. Once fruit is infected, it becomes r.rnfit for consurnption because of disagreeable tasle. The disease is primarily caused by Rhizophus arrhizlrs or by bacteria Pseudomonas manqiferaeindicae and Bact.t:ritun caroloDolrrs. e) Mistletoe infestation: Mango plants are olten inlested by broad leaved nristletoe. Dertclroplttlrce -falcata. IL is an angiospermic parasite, The parasite has light green, Lhick, leathery leaves and bear bright red llowers and berries thal are al,Lraclirre to the birds. The berries have viscin which are sticky. As Ll-re bircls take bite ol the lruit, the sticky seeds adhere to the beak ol the bird r,vhich later tries of rub olf tl're seed on dillerent branches of the same or differenL trees and Lhereby spread the sticky seeds. On gerrnination the seeds develop roots (i.e. haustoria) wl'rich penetrate through wounded bark or weak point.s in bark into the stem or branches and extends the haustoria r-rp to Llte xylem and absorb waLer and nutrients from the host. The ail'ected part ol- the host stem generally swell up into a tumour -like structure, and r-rlt.irrtately the parasite goes on interfering with LIte normal growLlt ancl derrelopntent ol'the host. The best practical means of controlling tl're lrarasite is Lo cuL ol'l'the infested branches at least 2O-3O cm below the poinL ol-altack on the Itost so Lhat erren the parasite's internal har-rstoria do no lorlger rerrrtrin in the lrosl branch or stent. 12. Melia nzedarach: More imporlant diseases of M. azedaraclt are noted below: a) Collar rot: A severe collar rot of M. cueclctrctch seecllings has been reporled to occurr al-ter a ltbriod olitear,y rain. Inf-ection occurrecl direcLly at the base of 79 main slern causing rapicl wilting ol foliage and subsequent deal}t of the i1l'ectecl seecllings. Surwiving seedlings may produce new sprouts below the clead region. Mortality was not so high but infection rate was 5O-9Oo/o' pttgtoplttltora sp. Leptostronla sp. and Periconia sp. were detected on the altected parls (Chalerrnpongse' 1990). Lhe 14 year old M. azedaracl^t plantations Thai associated with a Phellinus sp. l-ras been ovserwed in 8O-9Oo/o o[ trees at plywood comltany in charchoengsao province in Thailand. The degraded could only be used for harclboard cl-tips instead of plywood veneer b) Heart rot: Heart roL of- 12 to logs (Chalernpongse, I99O). L3. Phoenix sgluestris: conlmonly sooty mould caused by MeLioLa fungi an'rpl'titrichcr is encor-rrltered on P' sgrluesl.ris' A number of leaf spot ltave also bee n recorclecl on Lhe leaves o[ P. sgluestris. These include Exosporiurn pctlntittorurn in Maharashtra (Br-rtler, 19O5), Grapll'tola (Cooke, applanata in Sr-rrir( (Syclo'"v, eL al, 1906) ancl G. plnenicis in Bihar 1876). From Banqlzrclesh Lhere is no published record of these fungi on P' syluestris, br-tL sooiy ntorrlcl l'ras been observed to occur on P. sylvestris in Cl-riLtagong Unirrer-sily citrllpLrs and elswhere by the author. Sooty mor-rld rel'ers to a black coating on |he surlace of leaves or fruiL cornposecl ol'a wel'l ol'cltrrk rnycelial threacls. T1're ter-m applies to saprophytic [r-rngi thaL live on irtsect. l-roney clerv and harm plants only indirectly' Black rnilclerv, l-rarrinE trurly ltararsitic lungi wiLh clark mycelium and spores, impart a sooly apllearrince to the loliage. The sooty mould fungi curtail the light inLercelttion altilily ol the leaves ancl thereby reduce the photosyntheLic abiliLy ol the alt-ected leaves and Lhus hampers growth of the host. crontrol ol sooty rnotrlcl is directed zrgirinst insects, either by spraying with insecLicicles or lly r-rsin{ ent.onlogenous fr-rngi and insect parasites' Oil sprays usually kill insecls ancl help to clean the lrees ol the sooty covering' Spraying with rnalert.hion ,,vill control some of the white l-lies when it is too rvanr Lo use oily sllrtry (Horst., 1979). jujuba; A nr]ntber o[ lungtrl llroblems have been encountered on Z. -jttjir/a rvhich inclurie leaf spot by Alternaria alternate from Dell-ri; leaf rust by crossopsora zizypltt (1518); llowdery mildew by Erisiphy acaciae fronr Poona anci Oicliurn erysipttoid.es lrom Allahabad (1332); stem canker by Hl.ltoxyton hg,pornillum from Bil'rar (l84l) ancl fruit rol by Alternaria La. zizgphuS cltartcLrum. 80 References Abedin, M.Z. ancl Qrrdcltrs, M.A. 1990. Agroforestry systems in Bangladesh with particular relerence to economics and tenurial issues. Paper prepared for thepert Constrltation on Agroforestry in the Aisa-Pacific Region held on May l5-18, 1990 at FAO Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand, 49 pp. Agnihothrodu, V. 1964. Notes on fungi from North-East India - XXII. Some species of Hypoxylon from Assam. Mycopath. et Mycol. Appl. 23: lll-1L7. Anonynrous, 195O. List o[conlnlon names of Indian Plant Disease. Indian Journal of Agricultr-rral Science 20: lO7'I42. Bagchee, K.D. 1954. New and noteworthy diseases of trees in Indla 7. Pit canker of Siris (Albizia procera Benth.) due to FLsarium solani (Mart.) App. & Wr. sensu Snycler & hansen. Indian Forester 80:246-51. Baln-racio, M.V. 1989. Agrolorestry for forest land management systems in Banglaclesh Working Paper No. 21, FAO, Assistance to the Forestry Sector Phase II, BGD/85/085, Dhaka. Bakshi, B.K. 1976. Forest Pathology: Principles and Practice in Forestry. Forestry Research Institute and College, Dehra Dun, India, 400 pp. Boa, E.R. 1983. Banrboo blighL. Report No.2, Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, 35 pp. Boa, tr.R. and Rahrrran, M. A. 1983. Bamboo bli.qht in Bangladesh: An important disorder o[ banrboos. Orzerseas Derrelopnrent Administration, London, U.K., 24 py>. Boa, E. R. and Rahman, M. A. 1987. Bamboo blight and the bamboos of Bangladesh. Forest Research Institnte, Chittagong, Forest Pathologr Series Br-rlletin No. l: 42 pp. Butler, E.J. ancl Bisby C.R. 193 l. The fr-rngi of India. Imperial Cluntry Agricultural Research in lnclia, Science Monograph l: XVIII, Calcutta. 1990. Introduction to Forest Pathology in Thailand. In, the Chalernrpongse, A. Proceedings ol the IUFRO Workshop on Pests and Diseases of Forest Plantations in the Asia - Pacilic Region RAPA Publication: l990/9. Cooke, M. C. 1876. Sonte Indian fungi. Grev., 5: 14-17. Cibson, l.A.S. 1975. Diseases of forestry trees widely planted as exotic in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, Part-I. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Sttrrey, 51 pp. Horst, R. K. 1979. Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Lonclon, 803 pp. Magnani, G. 1964. Porvclery nrilderv of eucalypts. Publ. Cent. Ser. Agric. for Roma 7: 17 -27 . Mango, V. C. 1986. Comn'rr-rnity Forestry Handbook, ADB Community Forestry Project, Banglaclesh, FAO/UNDP/B,GD/O28 Field Docun'rent No. I Ministry of Agrict-rltr-rre - Forest Departn-rent and FAO, Dhaka. Mahmood, T. 1971. Sultltression of Fusarium solani wilt by addtion of celh-rlose to Lhe soil, Jorrrnal ol-Lhe Tr-rrkish Phytopathology. l: 19-22. Munclkr-rr, B.B. 1946. Revisions of and acldilions to Indian fungi. 1. Mycological Paper Inrperial Mycological Institt-tte l6'. l-27. Narayanaswanry, P. ancl Ranrakrishnan, K. 1968. Powdery mildews of Combatore, Madras State. The Madras University Jottrnal 37-38 (B): 84-99: Neil, P.E. 1989. Exotic acacia trials in Vanuatu, Southwest Pacilic. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Report No. 7: 59-61. 81 dry-zone Ngulbe, M. R. 1988. Survival and growth olf seedlings of l4 Australian and Ecolo$r Forest Malawi. in Zomba, acacias ttnder nursery conditions Management 25: 29 | -297' Supplement I' Petel, M. K. Kan.ral, M. N. and Bhide, V'P' 1949. Fungi of Bombay. Indian Phytopatholog; 2'. 142-155' Seedling diseases Pongpanich, k. Chalernlpongse, A. and Boonthavikoon' T' 1988. on Silviculture, Seminar the Fourth at presented ,-r,-,.j.ry."P.per Sakaerat in held at Pattaya, Thailand, 18-22 January' 1988' in Bangladesh. Rahman. M. A. 1978. Isolation of fungi from blight affected bamboos Bano Biggran Patrika 7: 42-49' Rahman,M.A.andKhisha,S.K.lg8l.Bambooblightwith^particularreferenceto Acrcmonium strictum. Bano Blggran Patrika 1O: 81-93' -l,t..nati'6nal Rahman,M.A.lgBTa.BambooblightinthevillagegrovesofBangladesh.In.the Bamboo Wtrlishop, held on 6-l4 October' proceedings oi'tn" of China' pp' 266-270' republic people's 1985 at Fiang Zhou, the village groves and its control' in o[bamboos Rahman. M.A. 1987b. Mortaiity Krishi Katha No. 1364: 223-225' Rahn'ran,M'A.lg8g.RootrotofPyinkado(Xyliakerrii){u9-to^ganxlennatuctdum. Chittogorrg University Studies, Part II, Science 13:27-32' reference to top Rahman, M. A. lgg4. Diseases and clisorders of trees with special dying ol s,ndri irr the mangrove forests of Sundaibans in Bangladesh' FinalReportot.FAo/UNDPProjectBGD/84I056:IntegratedResource DevelopnienL of the Sundarbans Resenre Forest' 75 pp' Rahman,M.A.Mohiucl<]in,M.andMridha,A.U.lgsT.Diebackandcankerof Jackfruit te,ilicirp"t heterophgllus) trees in Bangladesh' Bangladesh Journal of Plant Pathology 3: 61-66' Indian Rao, P.N. 1962. Sonre Cercospora species from Hyderabad, India, PhYtoPathologY l5: 112'40 PhYtoPathologY Reddy, S.M. 1969. Some new pathogenic I'ungi from India. Indian 22: 353'54. oidium spp. Salanr, M.A. and Rao, P'N. 1958. Fr-rngi fronr Hyderabad, India II. 26' Indian PhYtoPathology l1: 126 studies on rust Santoso, E. ancl Suharti, M. 1984. Morpholo$t and anatomicaplant' Report No' Cunn. A. auricuilformis Acacia attacked which diseases 441, Forest Research and Development Centre' Bogor' Indonesia' M.R. 1957. Two noteworthy folicolous fungi fromsaugar' Bulletin Siddiqui, ^ Botanical Society' University of Sau$er 9: l9-20' Present and Singh, G.B. 1987. Agroforestry in-the Indian Sub-continent: Past, and Steppler H.A. Eds., Future. r", e["io"r".trvl e- o..^ae or aevetopment. pp' 117-136' Kenya, Nairobi, P.K.R. Nair, li:RAF, auriculiJbrmis A' suharti, M. 1980. Prelinrinary study on fust disease of AcactaNo. 347, 17 pp. Report Cunn., nor.ri n.r.arc'h and berrelopment Centre, Sydow,H.,Sydorv,P.andBut.ler,E'J'1906'FungilndiaeOrientalis'Pars'lAnnals of MYcologY 4: 424-445. Uppal,B.N.,Patel'M.K.andKamal,M.N.,lg35.ThefungiofBombay,VIII(Private Publication) pP- l-56. and forest tree Valiela, F., Bakarcic, M. V. and Turica, A' 1954' Manual of fruit of Agric' Ministry Publnes. Parana, of delta in ttre disease ^,-,.i'p."t" Granada. Repr-rblicgent. B. Aires' Malaysia' In Zakaria, M. 1ggo. Diseases of iorest plantation species in Peninsular of Forest Diseases and Pests on proceedirg" workshop oitk,. IUFRd the plantations ini1re Asia Pacific Region. RAPA Publication : l990/9: 94-99' 82 ta+ AGROFORESTRY TRAINING COURSE MODULE FOR BANGLADESH Proceedings of the Workshop held at the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka 4-9 June, 1994 Edttors S.M. Ruhul Amin Mohd. Iqbal M. Fattah Training Support Series 3 BARC-Winrock International Agroforestry & Participatory Forestry Research and Training Support Program Dhaka, Eangladesh 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Technical Papers 6 Agroforestry Concepts Farid Uddin Ahmed Agroforestry in Forest Land Ali Akbar Bhuiyan 7 6 Agroforestry Livestock Linkages in Bangladesh S.S. Kibria and K.M. Hossain 2l 6 Agroforestry Research and Education Md. Giasuddin Mia g7 6 Agroforestry Practices in Homestead and Crop Iand Mrinal Kanti Chowdhury m 6 Flora and Forest Resources of Wetlands Nuruzzaman M G Diseases of Trees Grown in Agroforestry Practices in Bangladesh Mohammad Abdur Rahman 70 6 Multipurpose Trees Grown on Homestead and Farmland Monwar Hossain 83 Non-Wood Pl,ants in Agroforestry M.K. Alam g7 ry SALT for Sustainable Upland Development in the Chittagong HilI Tracts Suclibya Kanti Khisha s! F Commercialization of Agroforestry Products in Bangladesh A.R. Siddiqui lor i:li; -rff*i ,.$ tw 6 Thana Afforestation and Nursery Development Project and its Agfoforestry Programme S. M. Alauddin F Experiences Vilalge & Farm Forestry Progfamme Khairul Islam 6 Nationat & International Networks of Agroforestry S.M. Ruhul Amin and Mohd. Iqbal M. Fattah 6 Planning, Monitoring & Evatuation of Agroforestry A.R. Siddiqui r49 6 Diagnosis and Design in Aglroforestry Farid Uddin Ahmed r55 List of particiPants r%) tu L62