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Diversity, morphology and molecular phylogeny of Dothideomycetes on decaying wild seed pods and fruits

Diversity, morphology and molecular phylogeny of Dothideomycetes on decaying wild seed pods and fruits

Profile image of Subashini C . JayasiriSubashini C . Jayasiri

2019, Mycosphere

Dothideomycetes is one of the largest and most diverse class of ascomycetes. Its members are reported from many plant parts, but less has been reported from wild seed pods and fruits. Dothideomycetes can be seed-borne or colonize fruits and seed pods when they fall to the ground. We studied the Dothideomycetes found on wild fruits and seed pods, mainly in Thailand (tropical), and to a lesser extent, in China (temperate) and UK (temperate). We describe eight new genera, 50 new species, provide 38 new host records and propose seven new combinations. The new genera are: Amorocoelophoma (Amorosiaceae),

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Mycosphere 10(1): 1–186 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/1 Diversity, morphology and molecular phylogeny of Dothideomycetes on decaying wild seed pods and fruits Jayasiri SC1-3, Hyde KD1,2, Jones EBG4, McKenzie EHC5, Jeewon R6, Phillips AJL7, Bhat DJ8, Wanasinghe DN1,2, Liu JK9, Lu YZ2,10, Kang JC10, Xu J1, Karunarathna SC1 1 Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China 2 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3 School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 4 Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455 Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 5 Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 6 Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius 7 Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal 8 Formerly, Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa, India; No. 128/1-J, Azad Housing Society, Curca, P.O. Goa Velha, 403108, India 9 School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P.R. China 10 Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, P.R. China Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, McKenzie EHC, Jeewon R, Phillips AJL, Bhat DJ, Wanasinghe DN, Liu JK, Lu YZ, Kang JC, Xu J, Karunarathna SC 2019 – Diversity, morphology and molecular phylogeny of Dothideomycetes on decaying wild seed pods and fruits. Mycosphere 10(1), 1–186, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/1 Abstract Dothideomycetes is one of the largest and most diverse class of ascomycetes. Its members are reported from many plant parts, but less has been reported from wild seed pods and fruits. Dothideomycetes can be seed-borne or colonize fruits and seed pods when they fall to the ground. We studied the Dothideomycetes found on wild fruits and seed pods, mainly in Thailand (tropical), and to a lesser extent, in China (temperate) and UK (temperate). We describe eight new genera, 50 new species, provide 38 new host records and propose seven new combinations. The new genera are: Amorocoelophoma (Amorosiaceae), Cylindroaseptospora (Didymosphaeriaceae), Discotubeufia (Tubeufiaceae), Leucaenicola (Bambusicolaceae), Neolindgomyces (Lindgomycetaceae), Pleohelicoon (Pleomonodictydaceae), Quercicola (Astrosphaeriellaceae) and Xenoastrosphaeriella (Astrosphaeriellaceae). The new species are: Acrocalymma pterocarpi, Allophoma siamensis, Amorocoelophoma cassiae, Anteaglonium gordoniae, Atrocalyx krabiensis, Austropleospora keteleeriae, Caryospora quercus, Cladosporium entadae, C. magnoliigena, Cycasicola leucaenae, Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae, C. siamensis, Delitschia nypae, Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi, Didymella magnoliae, Didymocrea leucaenae, Diplodia magnoliensis, Discotubeufia browneae, Dothiorella lampangensis, Ernakulamia krabiensis, Gloniopsis fluctiformis, G. leucaenae, Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum, L. swieteniae, Leucaenicola Submitted 6 January 2019, Accepted 13 February 2019, Published 26 February 2019 Corresponding Author: Karunarathna SC – e-mail – samakaru931@yahoo.com 1 aseptata, L. phraeana, Neodeightonia planchoniae, Neolindgomyces pandanae, Neopyrenochaeta cercidis, Neoroussoella entadae, N. leucaenae, Ochroconis ailanthi, Periconia delonicis, Phaeosphaeria sinensis, Pleohelicoon fagi, Psedochaetosphaeronema siamensis, Pseudoberkleasmium acaciae, Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae, Pseudofusicoccum calophylli, Pseudohelicomyces quercus, Pseudopithomyces entadae, Quercicola fusiformis, Q. guttulospora, Remotididymella bauhiniae, Spegazzinia radermacherae, Stagonosporopsis pini, Stomiopeltis phyllanthi, S. sinensis, Tubeufia entadae and Vaginatispora nypae. These novelties represent both sexual and asexual morphs of species in 35 families of this class. Taxonomic novelties are morphologically illustrated and phylogeny investigated based on multi-gene sequence data. Our results indicate that the plant genus Leucaena harbours higher species diversity. Keywords – 58 new taxa – Amorocoelophoma – ascomycete – bitunicate – Leucaenicola – Neolindgomyces Dothideomycetes sensu O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1: 5 (1997) Pleosporomycetidae C.L. Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker, Mycologia 98 (6): 1048 (2007) Gloniales Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 9 (4): 809 (2018) Gloniaceae E. Boehm, C.L. Schoch & Spatafora, Mycological Research 113 (4): 468 (2009) 1. Purpurepithecium murisporum Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde Cryptogamie Mycologie 38, 246 (2017) Hysteriales Lindau, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten 1 (1): 265 (1897) Hysteriaceae Chevall., Flore Générale des Environs de Paris 1: 432 (1826) 2. Gloniopsis fluctiformis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):15 (2019), new species 3. Gloniopsis leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):16 (2019), new species 4. Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.) Speg., Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 90(1-6): 177 (1921) [1920], new host record Pleosporales Luttr. ex M.E. Barr, Prodromus to class Loculoascomycetes: 67 (1987) Acrocalymmaceae P.W. Crous & T. Trakunyingcharoen, IMA Fungus 5 (2): 404 (2014) 5. Acrocalymma pterocarpi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):20 (2019), new species Amniculicolaceae Y. Zhang ter, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde, Studies in Mycology 64: 95 (2009) 6. Vargamyces aquaticus (Dudka) Tóth., Acta Mus. Silesiae, Ser. A 25(3–4): 403. (1980), new host record Amorosiaceae Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 74: 252 (2015) 7. Amorocoelophoma Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):25 (2019), new genus 8. Amorocoelophoma cassiae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):25 (2019), new species 2 Antigloniaceae K.D. Hyde & A. Mapook, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 33 (2013) 9. Anteaglonium gordoniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):28 (2019), new species Astrosphaeriellaceae Phook. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 74: 161 (2015) 10. Quercicola Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, in Fungal Diversity 10(1):29 (2019), new genus 11. Quercicola fusiformis Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):30 (2019), new species 12. Quercicola guttulospora Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):32 (2019), new species 13. Caryospora quercus Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):34 (2019), new species 14. Xenoastrosphaeriella Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):36 (2019), new genus 15. Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata (D. Hawksw. & Boise) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):36 (2019), new combination Bambusicolaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 49 (2013) 16. Leucaenicola Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):37 (2019), new genus 17. Leucaenicola aseptata Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):39 (2019), new species 18. Leucaenicola phraeana Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):40 (2019), new species Delitschiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 76: 109 (2000) 19. Delitschia nypae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 10(1):41 (2019), new species Dictyosporiaceae Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 462 (2016) 20. Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):45 (2019), new species 21. Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 10 (2019), new host record 22. Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):47 (2019), new species 23. Pseudodictyosporium wauense Matsush. Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo 14(3): 473 (1971), new host record Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Mycological Research 113 (4): 516 (2009) 24. Allophoma siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):51 (2019), new species 25. Didymella coffeae-arabicae (Aveskamp, Verkley & Gruyter) Qian Chen & L. Cai, Studies in Mycology 82: 175 (2015), new host record 26. Didymella magnoliae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):55 (2019), new species 27. Nothophoma quercina (Syd. & P. Syd.) Qian Chen & L. Cai, Studies in Mycology 82: 213 (2015), new host record 28. Remotididymella bauhiniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 10(1):58 (2019), new species 3 29. Stagonosporopsis pini Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 10(1):61 (2019), new species Didymosphaeriaceae Munk, Dansk botanisk Arkiv 15 (2): 128 (1953) 30. Austropleospora archidendri (Verkley, Göker & Stielow) Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 75: 64 (2015), new host record 31. Austropleospora keteleeriae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):65 (2019), new species 32. Cylindroaseptospora Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):67 (2019), new genus 33. Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):67 (2019), new species 34. Cylindroaseptospora siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):68 (2019), new species 35. Didymocrea leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):69 (2019), new species 36. Pseudopithomyces chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Jin F. Li, Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 75: 66 (2015), new host records 37. Pseudopithomyces entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):72 (2019), new species 38. Spegazzinia radermacherae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):73 (2019), new species 39. Xenocamarosporium acaciae Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia 34: 185 (2015), new host record Hermatomycetaceae Locq. ex A. Hashim. & Kaz. Tanaka, Persoonia 39: 56 (2017) 40. Hermatomyces sphaericus (Sacc.) S. Hughes, Mycological Papers 50: 100 (1953) Lindgomycetaceae K. Hiray., Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer, Mycologia 102 (3): 733 (2010) 41. Neolindgomyces Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):79 (2019), new genus 42. Neolindgomyces pandanae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):79 (2019), new species 43. Neolindgomyces submersa (K.D. Hyde & Goh) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):81 (2019), new combination Lophiostomataceae Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 2: 672 (1883) 44. Flabellascoma minimum A. Hashim., K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka, Studies in Mycology 90: 169 (2019), new host record 45. Vaginatispora nypae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):84 (2019), new species Lophiotremataceae K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka, Mycoscience 52: 405 (2011) 46. Atrocalyx krabiensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):84 (2019), new species Macrodiplodiopsidaceae Voglmayr, Jaklitsch & Crous, IMA Fungus 6 (1): 178 (2015) 47. Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):88(2019), new species Neopyrenochaetaceae Valenz.-Lopez, Crous, J.F. Cano, Guarro & Stchigel, Studies in Mycology 90: 54 (2017) 4 48. Neopyrenochaeta cercidis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):91 (2019), new species Periconiaceae (Sacc.) Nann., Repertorio sistematico dei miceti dell' uomo e degli animali 4: 482 (1934) 49. Periconia byssoides Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 2: 686 (1801), new host records 50. Periconia delonicis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):95 (2019), new species Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71: 948 (1979) 51. Phaeosphaeria sinensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):96 (2019), new species Pleomonodictydaceae Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gené, Studies in Mycology 86: 76 (2017) 52. Pleohelicoon Jayasiri, D.J. Bhat, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):98 (2019), new genus 53. Pleohelicoon fagi Jayasiri, D.J. Bhat, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):99 (2019), new species 54. Pleohelicoon richonis (Linder) Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 10(1):101 (2019), new combination Pleosporaceae Nitschke, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl.: 74 (1869) 55. Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., Zur Kenntnis der Pilzflora Krains. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt. 29: 434. (1912), new host record Roussoellaceae J.K. Liu, Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 181 (1): 7 (2014) 56. Neoroussoella entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):105 (2019), new species 57. Neoroussoella leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):106 (2019), new species 58. Neoroussoella solani (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):108 (2019), new combination 59. Pararoussoella mukdahanensis (Phookamsak et al.) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):109 (2019), new combination Teichosporaceae M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 82: 374 (2002) 60. Ramusculicola thailandica (Thambug. & K.D. Hyde) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Mycological Progress 15(31): 14 (2016), new host record Testudinaceae Arx, Persoonia 6 (3): 366 (1971) 61. Verruculina enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycological Research 94: 689. (1990), new host record Tetraplosphaeriaceae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Studies in Mycology 64: 177 (2009) 62. Ernakulamia krabiensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):114 (2019), new species Thyridariaceae Q. Tian & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 254 (2013) 63. Cycasicola leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):116 (2019), new species Torulaceae Corda, Deutschlands Flora, Abt. III. Die Pilze Deutschlands 2: 71 (1829) 5 64. Torula ficus P.W. Crous, IMA Fungus 6 (1): 192 (2015), new host records Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis 65. Pseudoberkleasmium acaciae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):119 (2019), new species Subclass Dothideomycetidae P. M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, J.C. David & Stalpers ex C.L. Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker, Mycologia 98 (6): 1045 (2007) Capnodiales Woron., Annales Mycologici 23: 177 (1925) Capnodiaceae (Sacc.) Höhn. ex Theiss., Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft Wien 66: 363 (1916) 66. Leptoxyphium kurandae Crous & R.G. Shivas, Persoonia 26: 145 (2011), new host record Cladosporiaceae Nann., Repertorio sistematico dei miceti dell' uomo e degli animali 4: 404 (1934) 67. Cladosporium aphidis Thüm., Oesterr. Landwirtsch. Wochenbl. 2(43): 505 (1876), new host record 68. Cladosporium dominicanum Zalar, de Hoog & Gunde-Cimerman, Studies in Mycology 58: 169 (2007), new host record 69. Cladosporium entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):126 (2019), new species 70. Cladosporium magnoliigena Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):127 (2019), new species Phaeothecoidiellaceae K.D. Hyde & Hongsanan, Mycosphere 8 (1): 140 (2017) 71. Stomiopeltis sinensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):129 (2019), new species 72. Stomiopeltis phyllanthi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):131 (2019), new species Dothideomycetes orders incertae sedis Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker, Mycologia 98 (6): 1050 (2007) Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & P. Syd., Annales Mycologici 16 (1–2): 16 (1918) 73. Cophinforma atrovirens (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, Studies in Mycology 76: 80. (2013), new host record 74. Diplodia magnoliigena Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):135 (2019), new species 75. Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 393 (1870), different life mode 76. Dothiorella lampangensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):137 (2019), new species 77. Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):139 (2019), new species 78. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Fungal Diversity 28: 8 (2008), new host records 79. Lasiodiplodia swieteniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):143 (2019), new species 6 80. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 25: 57. (1909), new host records 81. Neodeightonia planchoniae Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):147 (2019), new species 82. Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Studies in Mycology 55: 248 (2006), new host records Phyllostictaceae Fr. Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae 2: 420 (1849) 83. Pseudofusicoccum calophylli Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):151 (2019), new species Muyocopronales Mapook, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265 (3): 230 (2016) Muyocopronaceae K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 164 (2013) 84. Muyocopron dipterocarpi Mapook, Doilom, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265 (3): 232 (2016), new host record 85. Muyocopron lithocarpi Mapook, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265 (3): 235 (2016), new host records Tubeufiales Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 68 (1): 245 (2014) Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71: 948 (1979) 86. Discotubeufia Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):156 (2019), new genus 87. Discotubeufia browneae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):158 (2019), new species 88. Helicoma guttulatum Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 125 (2016), new record 89. Neohelicosporium fusisporum Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Studies in Fungi 2(1): 212 (2017), new record 90. Neohelicosporium hyalosporum Y.Z. Lu, J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92(1), 131–334(2018), new record 91. Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 250 (2018), new record 92. Pseudohelicomyces quercus Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):164 (2019), new species 93. Pseudohelicomyces talbotii (Goos) Y.Z. Lu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 252 (2018), new record 94. Tubeufia dictyospora Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92 (1): 271 (2018), new record 95. Tubeufia entadae Jayasiri, E. B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):169 (2019), new species Venturiales Yin. Zhang & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 51: 249–277 (2011) Sympoventuriaceae Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 51: 251 (2011) 96. Ochroconis ailanthi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):171 (2019), new species Introduction About 90% of all food crops grown on earth are propagated through seed (Neergaard 1977). Seeds thus play a vital role in the total biological yield. However, fungal deterioration of crop seed 7 is a major problem (Christensen 1957, Christensen & Kaufmann 1965). Seeds are colonised by various types of fungi, many of which are plant pathogens (Joshi & Mukerji 1999). There is also some evidence of a relationship between seed size and susceptibility to fungal attack (Moles et al. 2003). Previous studies have led to an international perception that small seeds persist for longer in the soil than large seeds (Thompson 2000). While many fungal diversity studies have investigated various plant substrata, few have focused on fruits and seeds (Somrithipol et al. 2002). Therefore, we herein investigate the fungal diversity on fruits and seeds exposed on the forest floor. Seeds may be infected internally, resulting in the destruction of endosperm and embryo or externally on the seed coat. Fungi exist in seeds as spores and hyphae, and they can survive for a long time on the seed coat and in the internal, diseased seed tissue (Cram & Fraedrich 2010). Factors affecting colonization of seeds and fruits by fungi Seeds and fruits are filled with stored foods intended to help the embryo germinate and grow or to attract an animal to eat the fruit and inadvertently carry the seeds away to spread them elsewhere (Waldron 2014). The highly nutritious nature of fruits aids in their dispersal and is a source of nutrients for microbes (Tang et al. 2003). Moisture content is the main factor affecting fungal colonization. Somrithipol et al. (2002) followed the sequential occurrence of fungi on exposed pods of Delonix regia, under different conditions, i.e. dry and attached to a tree (termed classical seed fungi) or those on the forest floor. Dry attached pods were colonized by Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Penicillium and Rhizopus species, while those on the forest floor were colonized by litter fungi, such as Dictyochaeta, Helicosporium, Phaeoisaria and Sporoschisma species. The moisture content of the pods exposed on the forest floor increased with time of exposure, which may account for the decline in typical seed fungi and the dominance of litter fungi (Sinha 1992, Somrithipol et al. 2002). Specific fungi, however, can be limited in their range because of climatic conditions and host type. For example, Fusarium circinatum (pitch canker fungus) has been associated with southern pine and Monterey pine seeds in California maritime areas. In contrast, Sirococcus conigenus and Caloscypha fulgens are only associated with conifer seeds in the Northern United States (Sutherland et al. 1987). Importance and application of seeds and fruit fungi Seed decay fungi play an important role in recycling of nutrients in the forest ecosystem. Seed fungi are involved in the breakdown of dead tissues and their conversion into simpler organic forms. These materials are the food source for many species, including fungi, at the base of ecosystem (Buczacki 1989, Coleman et al. 2004, Boberg 2009). Much importance has been attached to seed and seedling health. Infection refers to the penetration of seeds by an organism followed by the establishment of a relationship (i.e., saprobic or parasitic) with the seeds. Some fungi are potentially pathogenic given the right environmental conditions, while others are relatively harmless. Some saprobic fungal species may produce toxic substances that control certain active pathogens (Malone & Muskett 1997). Therefore, studies on fungal genera on seeds are of special importance to studies on seed and seedling health. Many seed fungi are an important source of bioactive compounds. For example, Kionochaeta pughii, isolated from decaying dipterocarp seeds, was shown to produce ‘pughiinin A’ and ‘pycnidione’ exhibiting anti-plasmodium activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Pycnidione also possesses anti-cancer activity (Pittayakajonwut et al. 2002). Another example is Menisporopsis theobromae, which produces ‘menisporopsin A’ that exhibits activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Chinworrungsee et al. 2004). Seed-borne pathogens of woody trees affect nursery seedlings and reduce seed germination and seedling vigor (Abdul-Baki & Anderson 1973, Rai & Mamatha 2005, Bewley & Black 2012). They also decrease the longevity of stored seeds (Mittal et al. 1990). Several species of fungi that are generally considered as saprobes behave as pathogens under certain circumstances while endophytes can switch to a saprobic lifestyle (Promputtha et al. 2007). This happens following injury to the seed or seed coat and when moisture and temperature are favourable and conducive to 8 fungal growth (Mittal et al. 1990). An example is Phoma spp., which can cause seed rot, and suppress growth of seeds of Araucaria angustifolia, Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus bengalensis under favourable conditions (Procházková et al. 2003). It is difficult to predict damage from seed-borne fungi. The most common fungi are saprobes and these may even be beneficial because they compete with other potentially pathogenic species. However, some are consistently associated with reduced germination rates and vigor (Bloomberg 1969). Diplodia pinea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Sirococcus conigenus, and Fusarium species (e.g. F. circinatum and F. oxysporum) are pathogenic and routinely associated with conifer seeds (Sutherland et al. 1987, Cram & Fraedrich 2010). In general, fungi that are present within seeds are more damaging than those that merely contaminate the outer seed coat (Cram & Fraedrich 2010). Common genera, such as Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Rhizopus and Trichoderma are associated with various tree seeds (Sutherland et al. 1987). Fungi are ubiquitous in soil and may affect seed survival directly by decomposition or pathogenesis (Crist & Friese 1993). Ali (1993) worked on fungi associated with forest seeds, but literature on seed mycota and its significance, especially on tropical forest seeds, is still rudimentary. Seed and fruit fungal diversity in Thailand Fungi associated with wild seeds and fruits are one of the less well-defined assemblages of Dothideomycetes. Fungi associated with seeds of economically important plant hosts have been widely studied (Giatgong 1980, Sontirat et al. 1994) but there are few records of fungi on seeds of wild hosts (Somrithipol et al. 2004, Udayanga et al. 2013, Jayasiri et al. 2017a, b, 2018a, b, Perera et al. 2018a, b). Pongpanich (1990), Thienhirun (1997), Somrithipol et al. (1998), Réblov́a (2000) and Udayanga et al. (2013) reported about 200 species of seed-borne and seed decay fungi from Thailand. Most of them are asexual morph species with fewer sexual morphs (Réblová 2000, Somrithipolet al. 2004). In this study, we isolated and identified Dothideomycetes as both sexual and asexual morphs from several Provinces in Thailand using morphology and DNA sequence data. Dothideomycetes on wild seeds and fruits Dothideomycetes comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized by bitunicate asci, usually with fissitunicate dehiscence (Kodsueb et al 2007, Jeewon et al 2013, Hyde et al. 2013, McKenzie et al. 2014). Members of Dothideomycetes occur as pathogens, endophytes or epiphytes of living plants and also as saprobes degrading cellulose and other complex carbohydrates in dead or partially digested plant matter in leaf litter or dung (Tang et al 2005, Schoch et al. 2006). Dothideomycetes comprises 33 orders and 175 families and highly diverse on various hosts, and in different ecosystems (Hyde et al. 2013, Wijayawardene et al. 2016, 2017a, b, 2018). Somrithipol et al. (2004) reported 15 seed decay and 30 seed-borne Dothideomycetes species from wild seeds. Materials and Methods Sample collection and specimen examination Seeds and fruits samples were collected from Thailand, China and the United Kingdom (UK) and incubated in moist conditions at room temperature (25°C). Samples were collected from southern and northern parts in Thailand (Figs 1, 2), Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces in China; and Bishops Waltham in the UK. A morphological investigation was carried out as follows. The fungi mounted in water were examined using a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound microscope and images recorded with a Canon 450D digital camera fitted to the microscope. Measurements (≥10 for each) were made with the Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work program and images used for figures were processed with Adobe Photoshop CS6 Extended version 10.0 (Adobe Systems, The United States). Single ascospore or conidium was isolated on malt extract agar (MEA) following a modified method of Chomnunti et al. (2014). 9 Type voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of Mae Fah Luang University (Herb. MFLU) with isotypes and duplicates in Herbarium of Cryptogams Kunming Institute of Botany Academia Sinica (KUN-HKAS), China. Ex-type cultures were deposited in the Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection (MFLUCC) with duplicates in Kunming Institute of Botany Culture Collection (KUMCC). Facesoffungi and Index Fungorum numbers were registered (Jayasiri et al. 2015, Index Fungorum 2018). New taxa were established based on the guidelines of Jeewon & Hyde (2016). Culture studies and asexual morphs Pure cultures were maintained for studying colony characters and for inducing asexual morph growth (Vijaykrishna et al. 2004, Liu et al 2010). In addition, pine needle or wooden tooth picks were added to water agar medium to stimulate asexual morph sporulation. Pure cultures were grown on MEA at 18°C or 25°C. DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing Pure fungal isolates were grown on MEA for 14–30 days at 18/25°C in the dark. Genomic DNA were extracted from the growing mycelia using the Biospin Fungus Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (BioFlux) following the manufacturer’s protocol (Hangzhou, P.R. China). For some strains DNA was extracted directly from ascomata using a DNA extraction kit (E.Z.N.A. Forensic DNA kit, D3591- 01, Omega Bio-Tek) following the manufacturer’s instructions and Zeng et al. (2018). DNA amplifications were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Part of the large subunit nuclear rRNA gene (LSU) was amplified with primer pairs LROR and LR5 (Vilgalys & Hester 1990). The small subunit nuclear rRNA gene (SSU) was amplified with primer pairs NS1 and NS4 (White et al. 1990). Primer pairs ITS4 and ITS5 were used to amplify the 5.8S rDNA gene and flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS) (White et al. 1990). The translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1) was amplified by using primers EF1-983F and EF1-2218R (Rehner 2001) or the primers EF1-728F and EF1-986R (Carbone & Kohn 1999). The RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) gene was amplified with primers fRPB2 and fRPB2-7cR (Liu et al. 1999, Sung et al. 2007). The beta-tubulin (tub2) gene was amplified by using primers Btub2fdG and Btub4fd (Woudenberg et al. 2009). The Glyceraldehyde-3- Phosphate Dehydrogenase (gapdh) region was amplified with the primers GDP 1 and GDP 2 (Berbee et al. 1999), actin region with ACT-512F and ACT-783R (Carbone & Kohn 1999) and calmodulin region with CAL-228F and CAL-737R (Damm et al. 2012). The amplification procedures were carried out in a final volume of 50 μl containing 2 µl DNA, 25 μl PCR mix, 19 μl distilled water and 2 μl of each primer. The PCR reactions for amplification of SSU, ITS, LSU, tef1, rpb2, tub2, gadph, actin and calmodulin were performed under standard conditions (Vilgalys & Hester 1990, White et al. 1990, Carbone & Kohn 1999, Liu et al. 1999, Myllys et al. 2002, Rehner 2001, Hong et al. 2005, Woudenberg et al. 2009). Purification and sequencing of PCR products were carried at Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering Technology and Services Co. (China). Phylogenetic analysis The SSU, ITS and LSU and protein coding genes were used for different groups of fungi where necessary. All reference sequences were retrieved from GenBank based on the latest references for each group of fungi. Sequences were aligned with Bioedit version 5.0.6 (Hall 1999) and ClustalX v. 1.83 (Thompson et al. 1997) or with MAFFT v. 6.864b (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html). The alignments were checked visually and improved manually where necessary. Phylogenetic analyses were carried with and MrBayes v. 3.0b4 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003) for Bayesian analyses (BY). A maximum likelihood analysis (ML) was performed at the CIPRES webportal (Miller et al. 2010) using RAxML v.7.2.8 as part of the “RAxML-HPC2 on TG” tool (Stamatakis 2006) or implemented in raxmlGUIv.0.9b2 (Silvestro & Michalak 2010). Other phylogenetic details are outlined in Jeewon et al (2002, 2003), 10 Cai et al. (2006) and Hongsanan et al. (2017). Phylogenetic trees were drawn with FigTree v. 1.4 (Rambaut 2014). Maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) equal or greater than 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) equal or greater than 0.95 are indicated on the resulting tree topology in each figure. Newly generated sequences were deposited at NCBI GenBank. GenBank accession numbers for sequenced genes are given in the descriptions for materials examined. Figure 1 – Common host species in terrestrial environment in Thailand with their fruits or seed pods. a, b Ailanthus sp. c, d Pterocarpus sp. e, f Radermachera sinica. g, h Delonix regia. i Leucaena leucocephala. j, k Peltophorum sp. 11 Figure 2 – Host and collected fruits from intertidal zone in Thailand. a, d Avicennia marina. b, e Pandanus sp. c, f Nypa fruticans. Taxonomy We describe eight new genera, 50 new species, provide 38 new host records and propose seven new combinations. The novel strains were all collected as saprobic taxa. Sixteen species were isolated from decaying seed pods of Leucaena sp. and Fabaceae was the family that supported the most diverse mycota, while Fagaceae, Pinaceae and Bignoniaceae from Thailand supported fewer taxa (Fig. 1). We also isolated species from fruits from intertidal zone plant species (Fig. 2) and Dothideomycetes from Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae) in China and Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae) in the UK. Novelties are morphologically illustrated and phylogenies based on multi-gene sequence data are reported below to accommodate species in their orders, families and genera where appropriate. Subclass Pleosporomycetidae C.L. Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker, Mycologia 98 (6): 1048 (2007) Gloniales Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 9 (4): 809 (2018) Gloniaceae E. Boehm, C.L. Schoch & Spatafora, Mycological Research 113 (4): 468 (2009) This family comprises three genera, namely Glonium (saprobes), Cenococcum (ectomycorrhizae) and Purpurepithecium (saprobes) (Boehm et al. 2009a, Spatafora et al. 2012, Jayasiri et al. 2017b). In a previous study we introduced the sexual morph of Purpurepithecium murisporum from a decaying pine cone as well as the asexual morph from culture (Jayasiri et al. 2017b). In this study, we isolated the asexual morph from the same host at a different locality in Thailand (Fig. 3). 1. Purpurepithecium murisporum Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde Cryptogamie Mycologie 38: 246 (2017) Fig. 4 12 Saprobic on pine cone. Sexual morph: see Jayasiri et al. (2017). Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate scattered. Mycelium immersed, composed of brown, smooth, septate hyphae. Conidiomata sporodochial, dark brown to black. Conidiophores macronematous, pale brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal, pale brown, cylindrical, smooth-walled. Conidia 20–25 × 20–30 μm ( x = 23 × 25 μm, n = 20), solitary, acrogenous, cheiroid, pale brown to brown, consisting of 4–5 rows of cells, rows digitate, cylindrical, narrow at the tip, arising from a basal cell, without appendages, with each row composed of 4–5 cells, euseptate, guttulate, slightly constricted at septa. Figure 3 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 partial sequence data for Gloniales and related orders. One hundred and seventeen strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 4271 characters including alignment gaps. Schismatomma decolorans (DUKE 0047570) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and topology of the tree and clade stability were compared. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the Bayesian tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -62775.294525 is presented. The matrix had 2524 distinct alignment patterns, with 35.12% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies 13 were as follows; A = 0.254015, C = 0.233955, G = 0.273482, T = 0.238548; substitution rates AC = 1.484534, AG = 4.072097, AT = 1.299365, CG = 1.098990, CT = 8.182420, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strain is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I and R respectively. Figure 4 – Purpurepithecium murisporum (MFLU 18–2094). a Host seed cone. b, c Conidiomata on host material. d–m Conidia, conidiogenous cells and conidiophores. Scale bars: d–f, j = 20 μm, g–i, k–m = 20 μm. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies reaching 20 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18oC, circular, effuse, dense, dark brown, diffuse into media, many layers, outer layer slightly undulate edge, spreading yellow pigment. Material examined – THAILAND, Huai Namdag, on decaying pine cone, 25 September 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 172 (MFLU 18–2094, KUN-HKAS 102411), living culture MFLUCC 17– 0899, KUMCC 18–0293. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347827, LSU: MK347936, tef1: MK360084 Hysteriales Lindau, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten 1 (1): 265 (1897) Hysteriaceae Chevall., Flore Générale des Environs de Paris 1: 432 (1826) Jayasiri et al. (2018) provided an updated backbone tree for this family. We present an updated tree for the genus Gloniopsis and introduce two new species, Gloniopsis fluctiformis and Gloniopsis leucaenae (Fig 5). Gloniopsis De Not., Giornale Botanico Italiano 2 (7–8): 12, 23 (1847) This genus was introduced by Boehm et al. (2009b) and comprises five species based on morphological and phylogenetic data (Boehm et al. 2009a, b, Hyde et al. 2016). However, the genus is polyphyletic (Boehm et al. 2009a). 14 2. Gloniopsis fluctiformis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 6 Index Fungorum number: IF555526; Facesoffungi number: FoF05226 Holotype – MFLU 18–2186 Etymology – Latin ‘fluctus’, a wave, referring to the wave like hysterothecia. Saprobic on fruit of unknown plant. Sexual morph: Ascomata 500–1000 μm long × 350–370 μm high × 200–230 μm diam. ( x = 820 × 365 × 220 μm, n = 10), hysterothecia erumpent, with a longitudinal slit, which is wave-like on substrate, scattered. Peridium 50–100 μm wide ( x = 78, n = 20), composed of small pseudoparenchymatous cells, heavily pigmented on the surface, not showing distinct layers, outer surface continuous with plant tissues, inner layer thin and hyaline. Hamathecium 1.5–2 μm wide ( x = 1.8, n = 30), cellular pseudoparaphyses, hyaline, septate, branched above the asci, borne in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 53–75 × 13–16 μm ( x = 68 × 14 μm, n = 20), bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, stipe, sinuous stipe. Ascospores 14–18 × 5–7 μm, ( x = 16 × 6 μm, n = 30), uni to bi-seriate, pale brown to dark brown, asymmetric, dictyosporous, mostly with 3–4 transverse and 1–3 vertical septa, thin-walled, constricted at septa, asymmetric. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 25–30 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, with irregular, lobate margin, forming two layers, outer layer off-white, center grey, reverse dark brown in center and pale yellow to off-white at margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Phrae Province (18˚ 26̍ 32̎ N, 100˚ 27̍ 1̎ E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Combretaceae sp. 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 419 (MFLU 18–2186, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102434, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–0473, KUMCC 18– 0242. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347894, ITS: MK347787, LSU: MK348005, tef1: MK360055, rpb2: MK434865 Notes – Gloniopsis fluctiformis is sister to G. arciformis in the multi-gene phylogenetic analysis with moderate bootstrap support (75% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP). These two species are similar in having cylindrical to clavate asci with a sinuous stalk and dictyospores (Fig. 6). However, G. fluctiformis differs from G. arciformis in having wave-like, erumpent hysterothecia, absence of pigmented epithecium, and straight ascospores with vertical septa in both middle and end cells (Boehm et al. 2009a). ITS, tef1 and rpb2 sequence data are not available for Gloniopsis arciformis and a comparison of the LSU nucleotides of these two strains reveals 22 (2.5%) nucleotide differences which indicates that these two isolates are two distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). 15 Figure 5 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 partial sequence data for Gloniopsis species. Sixteen strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 3880 characters including gaps. Hysterium pulicare (CBS 123377) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of 9402.630911 is presented. The matrix had 525 distinct alignment patterns, with 41.87% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.253146, C = 0.230090, G = 0.276291, T = 0.240472; substitution rates AC = 1.684242, AG = 3.682892, AT = 1.317889, CG = 0.710989, CT = 8.985446, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strains are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype indicated in red superscript H. Figure 6 – Gloniopsis fluctiformis (MFLU 18–2186, holotype). a Host seeds. b, c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascoma. e Longitudinal section of ascoma. f–i Ascospores. j–m Asci. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 2 mm, e = 500 µm, d, e = 100 µm, f–i = 10 µm, j–m = 20 µm. 3. Gloniopsis leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 7 Index Fungorum number: IF555527; Facesoffungi number: FoF05227 Holotype – MFLU 18–2135 Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae) Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 95–160 μm high × 155–217 μm diam. ( x = 147 × 182 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, globose to subglobose, on surface of the substrate, olivaceous to brick coloured, later become olivaceous black, solitary or aggregated, lacking setose-like surface outgrowths, with prominent ostiole. Conidiomata wall 8–34 μm wide ( x = 28 μm, n = 20), consisting of brown outer layers to hyaline inner cell layers. Conidiogenous cells 6–9 × 1.5–2.5 μm ( x = 7.5 × 2.2 μm, n = 20), enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical to flask-shaped, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled. Conidia 16 3–4 × 1.5–2 μm ( x = 3.5 × 1.8 μm, n = 30), ellipsoidal to allantoid, hyaline, symmetric, with rounded at ends, lacking prominent guttlues. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 25–30 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, colonies with irregular growth, lobate margin, forming two layers, outer layer off white, grey at centre, reverse dark brown in center and pale yellow to off white at margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Doi Pui, on decaying pod septum of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 289 (MFLU 18–2135, holotype), extype living culture MFLUCC 17–2425, KUMCC 18–0243. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347857, ITS: MK347750, LSU: MK347967, tef1: MK360056, rpb2: MK434888 Figure 7 – Gloniopsis leucaenae (MFLU 18–2135, holotype). a Part of host seed pod. b Conidiomata on host surface. c Section through conidioma. d Ostiole. e–g Conidiogenous cells. h–i Conidia. j Top view of culture in MEA. k Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a, j, k = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c, d = 50 µm, e–g = 10 µm, h, i = 5 µm. Notes – Gloniopsis leucaenae, is a sister species to G. calami (MFLUCC 15–0739) with high statistical support (99% MLBS/1.0 BYPP). However, G. leucaenae is an asexual morph (Fig. 7) and while G. calami is known from only its sexual morph. It is therefore not possible to make a morphololgical comparison of the two species. We have previously observed a similar coelomycetous asexual morph in G. subrugosa (MFLCC 14–1179) (Jayasiri et al. 2018). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of these two strains reveals 14 (2.2%) and 15 (1.6%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Rhytidhysteron Speg., Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 12 (4): 188 (1881) Thambugala et al. (2016) revised this genus introducing two new species. The genus comprises six species (Spegazzini 1881, Samuels & Müller 1979, Doilom et al. 2017, Thambugala et al. 2016, Vinit et al. 2019). We provide new host records of Rhytidhysteron rufulum from decaying fruit of Swietenia mahagoni (Fig. 8). 4. Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.) Speg., Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 90(1–6): 177 (1921) [1920] Fig. 9 17 =Hysterium rufulum Spreng., K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. 46: 50 (1820) Saprobic on decaying wood and pericarp of Swietenia mahagoni fruits. Sexual morph: Hystherothecia 1200–1800 μm long × 300–550 high × 750–1000 µm diam. ( x = 1600 × 450 × 850 µm, n = 10), arising singly or in small groups, sessile, slightly erumpent from the substrate. Receptacle cupulate, black, flat or slightly concave, magenta-coloured when fresh, with slightly dentate margin. Excipulum 55–65 µm wide ( x = 61 µm, n = 10), ectal excipulum narrow layered, 3–4 cells deep, thick-walled, with black cells of textura globulosa to textura angularis; medullary excipulum composed of narrow, long, thin-walled, hyaline to brown cells of textura porrecta. Hamathecium 1.5–2.2 µm wide ( x = 1.8 µm, n = 20), numerous, propoloid, exceeding asci in length, apically branched and pigmented, branched apices form a layer on hymenium to develop epithecium. Asci 160–200 × 10–17 µm ( x = 188 × 15 µm, n = 30), 8-spored, long cylindrical, short pedicellate, rounded at apex. Ascospores 23–34 × 5–7 µm ( x = 29.8 × 6.4 µm, n = 40), uniseriate, dark brown, ellipsoid with slightly pointed ends, regularly 3-septate, smooth walled. Figure 8 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, ITS and tef1 partial sequence data for Rhytidhysteron species. Twenty-three strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 2334 characters including alignment gaps. Gloniopsis praelonga (CBS 112415) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -5195.407321 is presented. The matrix had 292 distinct alignment patterns, with 36.23% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.235530, C = 0.249898, G = 0.291686, T = 0.222886; substitution rates AC = 2.052756, AG = 2.918220, AT = 1.727617, CG = 0.661795, CT = 9.849620, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strain is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I, and R respectively. Material examined – THAILAND, Phrae Province (18˚ 26̍ 32̎ N, 100˚ 27̍ 1̎ E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Swietenia mahagoni (Meliaceae) 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 426 (MFLU 18–2190). GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347897, LSU: MK348008, tef1: MK360087 Notes – Our new strain clusters with Rhytidhysteron rufulum (MFLUCC 14–0577) with high 18 statistical support (97% MLBS/1.0 BYPP) and they are morphologically similar in having hystherothecia with receptacle and excipulum, hamathecium apically branched and pigmented, branched apices form a layer on hymenium to develop epithecium. (Thambugala et al. 2016). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides differences of the new strain (MFLU 18–2190) and Rhytidhysteron rufulum (MFLUCC 14–0577) reveals no nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are same species (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). There are many records of Rhytidhysteron rufulum from different hosts (https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/). This is a species complex with similar morphology and few base pair differences. This is the first report from Swietenia mahagoni (Meliaceae). Figure 9 – Rhytidhysteron rufulum (MFLU 18–2190). a, b Hystherothecia on host seed. c Cross section of hystherothecium. d Peridium. e Paraphyses. f–i Asci. j–m Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 2 mm, e = 500 µm, d, e = 100 µm, f–i = 10 µm, j–m = 20 µm. Pleosporales Luttr. ex M.E. Barr, Prodromus to class Loculoascomycetes: 67 (1987) This is the largest order in class Dothideomycetes, comprising 75 families and 52 Pleosporales genera incertae sedis (Wijayawardene et al. 2017, 2018). Our newly recovered taxa are distributed in 25 families of Pleosporales and one Pleosporlaes genus incertae sedis. Acrocalymmaceae P.W. Crous & T. Trakunyingcharoen, IMA Fungus 5 (2): 404 (2014) 19 Currently the family comprises the genus, Acrocalymma. We present an updated tree for the family and introduce a new species, Acrocalymma pterocarpi (Fig. 10). Figure 10 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined ITS and LSU matrix of eleven taxa including related species of the family Acrocalymmaceae. The matrix comprised 1388 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Boeremia exigua CBS 431.74 (Didymellaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -3200.844946 is presented. The matrix had 184 distinct alignment patterns, with 14.74% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.242740, C = 0.220613, G = 0.274968, T = 0.261679; substitution rates AC = 1.795991, AG = 2.125348, AT = 2.997208, CG = 0.662801, CT = 8.524144, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. Acrocalymma Alcorn & J.A.G. Irwin, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 88 (2): 163 (1987) This genus was established to accommodate a root pathogen, Acrocalymma medicaginis on Medicago in Australia (Alcorn & Irwin 1987, Farr et al. 1998). Later five species were introduced to this genus (Zhang et al. 2012, Crous et al. 2014, Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2014) (Table 1). Acrocalymma medicaginis has been linked to “Massarina” walkeri as the sexual morph (Shoemaker et al. 1991). However, Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2014) noticed that they are phylogenetically distinct, and A. medicaginis has somewhat smaller conidia than those of A. walker (Massarina walkeri), which are 11–21 × 3.5–5 μm (Shoemaker et al. 1991). 5. Acrocalymma pterocarpi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Figs 11, 12 Index Fungorum number: IF555528; Facesoffungi number: FoF05228 Holotype – MFLU 18–2112 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Pterocarpus 20 (Fabaceae). Saprobic on fallen pod of Pterocarpus indicus. Ascomata 140–150 μm high × 130–145 μm diam. ( x = 143 × 141 μm, n = 10), scattered, erumpent to nearly superficial, with basal wall remaining immersed in host tissue, globose or subglobose, often laterally flattened, with a flattened base, black, roughened, without ostiole. Peridium 15–25 μm wide ( x = 22 μm, n = 20), composed of heavily pigmented pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1–2 μm wide ( x = 1.4 μm, n = 30), dense, broad, very long, septate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing and branching between and above asci, embedded in gel matrix. Asci 65–75 × 7–12 μm ( x = 70 × 10 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a short, narrowed, furcate pedicel, and with a small ocular chamber. Ascospores 17–21 × 3–5 μm ( x = 19.5 × 4 μm, n = 30), obliquely biseriate and partially overlapping to triseriate, hyaline, fusiform, 1–3-septate, with narrowly rounded ends, sheath present in immature stage. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies reaching 30 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18oC, circular, effuse, dense, white, middle rough, edge smooth surface with entire to slightly undulate edge with yellow pigment lower surface. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui (19˚ 49̍ 31̎ N, 99˚ 52̍ 23̎ E) on fallen pod of Pterocarpus indicus (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 233 (MFLU 18– 2112, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–0926, KUMCC 18–0210. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347840, ITS: MK347732, LSU: MK347949, tef1: MK360040 Notes – Acrocalymma walkeri is the only species with a sexual morph, the other five species being coelomycetous. We isolated the sexual morph of A. pterocarpi from a decaying Pterocarpus indicus seed pod from Thailand. We failed to obtain an asexual morph from the culture and could only observe chlamydospores (Fig. 12). Our isolate shares similar morphological characters (Fig. 12) of asci and ascospores with A. walker but differs in having light greyand warted hairs on the ascomata with a beak and long ostiole (Shoemaker et al. 1991). Phylogenetic analysis of ITS and LSU gene sequences shows that A. pterocarpi is a sister clade to A. medicaginis with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two species reveals 12 (2.3%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Table 1 Comparison of habitats and localities of Acrocalymma spp. Species Habitat Locality Reference Acrocalymma aquatica (coelomycetous) Acrocalymma cycadis (coelomycetous) Acrocalymma fici (coelomycetous) Acrocalymma medicaginis (coelomycetous) Acrocalymma pterocarpi (sexual morph) Acrocalymma vagum (coelomycetous) Submerged wood in a freshwater stream Leaf litter of Cycas calcicola Ficus sp. Thailand Zhang et al. (2012) Australia Crous et al. (2014) India Medicago sativa Australia Pterocarpus indicus seed pod Amaranthusm sp., Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita rootstock, Vitis vinifera Medicago sativa Thailand Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2014) Alcorn & Irwin (1987) In this study Acrocalymma walker (sexual morph) Spain, USA Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2014) Australia Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2014) 21 Figure 11 – Acrocalymma pterocarpi (MFLU 18–2112, holotype). a Pterocarpus indicus pod. b, c View of ascomata on host surface. d Section through ascoma. e Peridium. f–h Ascospores. i Pseudoparaphyses. j–l Asci. Scale bars: b = 500 µm, c = 200 µm, d = 50 µm, e = 20 µm, f–i = 10 µm, j–l = 20 µm. Figure 12 – Acrocalymma pterocarpi. (MFLUCC 17–0926, ex-type). a Top view of colony on MEA. b Reverse view of colony. c, d Structures formed in culture. e–g Chlamydospores. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c, d = 100 µm, e–j = 20 µm. 22 Figure 13 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, ITS and LSU matrix of ninety taxa including related species of the family 23 Amniculicolaceae and related families. The matrix comprised 3000 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Massaria gigantispora (M 19) and Massaria inquinans (M 26). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -5459.143248 is presented. The matrix had 1330 distinct alignment patterns, with 24.95% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.245853, C = 0.224850, G = 0.286226, T = 0.243071; substitution rates AC = 2.002529, AG = 2.305031, AT = 1.738469, CG = 1.307794, CT = 10.135469, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, epitype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. Amniculicolaceae Y. Zhang ter, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde, Studies in Mycology 64: 95 (2009) Currently the family comprises five genera, Amniculicola, Anguillospora, Murispora, Neomassariosphaeria and Vargamyces (Zhang et al. 2009a, b, Hyde et al. 2013, Wanasinghe et al. 2015, Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2017). We present an updated tree for the family and introduce a new host record of Vargamyces aquaticus from cupule of Fagus sylvatica (Fig. 13). Vargamyces Tóth, Acta Botanica Hungarica 25: 403 (1980) Vargamyces species form a well-supported subclade in Pleosporales. Repetophragma ontariense was previously shown to be related to the Amniculicolaceae, which includes saprobic freshwater fungi (Zhang et al. 2009a, b). Vargamyces aquaticus (FMR 11587) was also collected from a freshwater habitat. Révay et al. (2014) suggested that Vargamyces aquaticus and Repetophragma ontariense could be considered conspecific, but they did not propose any taxonomic changes. Subsequently, Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2017) synonymized Repetophragma ontariense as Vargamyces aquaticus based on morphological and molecular data. 6. Vargamyces aquaticus (Dudka) Tóth., Acta Botanica Hungarica 25: 403 (1980) Fig. 14 Facesoffungi number: FoF05229 Saprobic on decaying wood and cupule of Fagus sylvatica. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect, simple, subhyaline or pale brown, some short conidiophores with few percurrent elongations present, but sympodial conidiogenesis predominant. Conidia 90–110 × 12–15 μm ( x = 102.5 × 13 µm, n = 30), brown, fusiform, apical and basal cells slightly paler, 8–10 septate. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, colonies circular, medium dense, flattened, slightly raised near centire, dull, surface smooth, colony from above, grey to dark brown, rough, sponge-like areas in middle; from below: pale brown at the margin, dark brown at the center. Material examined – UK, Bishops Waltham, Hampshire, on cupule of Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae), 29 September 2014, E.B.G. Jones, GJ 062-A (MFLU 18–2225, new host record), living culture MFUCC 15–0183, KUMCC 18–0303. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347927, ITS: MK347818, LSU: MK348038, rpb2: MK434849 Notes – Our strain clusters with Vargamyces aquaticus (FMR 11587, CBS 636.91 and HKUCC 10830) with low support (Fig. 13). All these Vargamyces aquaticus isolates are morphologically similar in having macronematous, mononematous, erect conidiophores, sympodial conidiogenesis and fusiform, brown, apical and basal cells slightly paler, 8–10 septate conidia (Fig. 14). A comparison of the LSU nucleotides of the new strain and existing strains reveals only 3 (0.3 %) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are not distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Sequence data for other gene regions are not available. With morphological and multigene phylogenetic support, we report a new host record of Vargamyces aquaticus from Fagus sylvatica from a terrestrial habitat. 24 Amorosiaceae Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 74: 252 (2015) This family was introduced by Thambugala et al. (2015) to accommodate Amorosia and Angustimassarina. The type genus Amorosia, is a hyphomycetous species. Family Amorosiaceae differs from Lophiostomataceae, Teichosporaceae and Sporormiaceae in having hyphomycete asexual morphs and appears to grow within other ascomata (Thambugala et al. 2015). In this study we isolated a coelomycetous fungus and accommodate it in a new genus Amorocoelophoma based on multigene phylogenetic analysis of SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 gene sequence-data and its distinct morphology (Fig. 15). 7. Amorocoelophoma Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555529; Facesoffungi number: FoF05230 Etymology – Referring to the first coelomycetous species was found in family Amorosiaceae. Saprobic on Cassia sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, ovoid to globose, brown, covered with hyaline to pale brown, septate, branched hyphal growth as a layer with outer brown layer. Conidiomata wall thick, two layers, inner hyaline textura angularis 1–2 cell layers, outer brown textura angularis brown 1–2 cell layers. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, doliform, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, smooth- and thin-walled, guttulate concentrated to ends. Notes – We isolated this coelomycetous species from a decaying pod of Cassia sp. This is the first report of a coelomycetous species in family Amorosiaceae. Multigene phylogeny of SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 gene sequence data coupled with morphological observations confirm that the new isolate is a novel genus in family Amorosiaceae. The novel species, Amorocoelophoma cassiae constitutes an independent lineage close to the type species (Amorosia littoralis) of the family, with high statistical support (97% MLBS/1.0 BYPP). Amorosia is characterized by a hyphomycetous form. Type species – Amorocoelophoma cassiae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde Figure 14 – Vargamyces aquaticus (MFLU 15–1398). a Host cupule. b–d Hyphomycetes on host surface. e–i Conidia. Scale bar: a = 1 cm, b = 300 µm, c, d = 200 µm, e–i = 50 µm. 8. Amorocoelophoma cassiae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 16 Index Fungorum number: IF555530; Facesoffungi number: FoF05231 Holotype – MFLU 18–2121 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Cassia (Fabaceae) 25 Saprobic on Cassia sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 130–150 μm high × 110–130 μm diam. ( x = 140 × 125 µm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, ovoid to globose, brown, covered with hyaline to pale brown, septate, branched hyphal growth as an outer brown layer. Conidiomata wall 17–22 μm wide ( x = 19 µm, n = 10), two layered, inner hyaline textura angularis 1–2 cell thickness, outer layer textura angularis brown 1-2 cell thickness. Conidiogenous cells 6–8 × 2.3–3.7 μm ( x = 7.5 × 3.2 µm, n = 30), phialidic, doliform, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 9–11 × 2–3 μm ( x = 10 × 2.5 µm, n = 30), hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, guttulate concentrated at ends. Figure 15 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 matrix of fourty-two taxa including families in order Pleosporales, which comprised 3416 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Melanomma pulvis pyrius (CBS 124080). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -12603.498252 is presented. The matrix had 1054 distinct alignment patterns, with 26.45% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.245164, C = 0.246917, G = 0.271282, T = 0.236637; substitution rates AC = 1.203764, AG = 2.379392, AT = 1.581674, CG = 1.158826, CT = 8.203268, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. 26 Figure 16 – Amorocoelophoma cassiae (MFLUCC 17–2283, ex-type). a Germinated spore. b Top view of the culture. c Reverse view of the culture. d Conidiomata on the culture. e Conidioma wall. f Section through conidiomata. g Section through conidioma. h–j Conidiogenous cells. k–m Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 1 cm, d = 500 μm, e–h = 100 μm, h–j, l, m = 5 μm, k = 10 μm. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C. Colonies circular, medium dense, flattened, slightly raised near centire, dull, surface smooth, from above, pale brown to grey, rough, off white, sponge-like areas in middle; from below pale brown at the margin, dark brown at the center. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on fallen pod of Cassia sp. (Fabaceae), 3 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri C 259 (MFLU 18–2121, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102420, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2283, KUMCC 18–0213. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347847, ITS: MK347739, LSU: MK347956, tef1: MK360041, rpb2: MK434894 Antigloniaceae K.D. Hyde & A. Mapook, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 33 (2013) Two genera are included in this family Anteaglonium and Flammeascoma (Hyde et al. 2013, Liu et al. 2015). Morphologically they are quite similar to species in Psiloglonium (Hysteriaceae), although phylogenetically distinct from Hysteriales and placed in Pleosporales (Hyde et al. 2013). Herein we introduce a new species in Anteaglonium and provide an updated tree (Fig. 17). Anteaglonium Mugambi & Huhndorf, Systematics and Biodiversity 7 (4): 460 (2009) Anteaglonium includes seven species and our new isolate is well separated from other species in the genus. 27 Figure 17 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, LSU and tef1 matrix of fourty-one taxa including families in order Pleosporales, which comprised 2876 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Hysterium pulicare (ANM 1455). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of 12603.498252 is presented. The matrix had 790 distinct alignment patterns, with 33.13% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.246630, C = 0.242408, G = 0.280474, T = 0.230488; substitution rates AC = 1.051659, AG = 3.085252, AT = 1.189543, CG = 1.159137, CT = 12.902430, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. 9. Anteaglonium gordoniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 18 Index Fungorum number: IF555531; Facesoffungi number: FoF05232 Holotype – MFLU 18–2149 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Gordonia (Gordoniaceae) Saprobic on cupule of Gordonia sp. Sexual morph: Hysterothecia 400–500 μm long × 250– 290 μm high × 260–300 μm diam. ( x = 448 × 264 × 275 μm; n = 10), superficial, carbonaceous, black, subglobose to oblong, straight, smooth or slightly striate laterally, with a longitudinal slit, sulcus shallow, gregarious, lying at irregular angles, occurring on a black thin crust, tending to darken the substratum, without KOH extractable pigments. Peridium 30–50 μm wide ( x = 43 μm; n = 20), carbonaceous, brittle with age, longitudinally striated at the margins, equally thickened, the inner layer compressed and pallid, the outer layer thickened, comprising pigmented cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1–1.5 μm wide ( x = 1.3 μm; n = 30), comprising numerous, aseptate pseudoparaphyses, branched above the asci. Asci 60–70 × 7–10 μm ( x = 64 × 8 μm; n = 20), 828 spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, obliquely to irregularly uniseriate. Ascospores 20– 22 × 1.5–3 μm ( x = 21 × 2.2 μm; n = 30), uni to biseriate, hyaline, fusiform, straight, 1–3 septate, constricted at the middle septum, swollen near to middle septum, smooth-walled, tapering towards the end, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA 20 mm diam. after 1 week at 18oC, raised, with lobate margin, finely floccose to woolly aerial mycelium in outer layer. Reverse off white with dark brown. Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 6̍ 23̎ N, 99˚ 41̍ 26̎ E), on decaying cupule of Gordonia sp. (Gordoniaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri C 332 (MFLU 18–2149, holotype), ex-type culture MFLUCC 17–2431, KUMCC 18–0214. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347864, ITS: MK347758, tef1: MK360042, rpb2: MK434881 Notes – Anteaglonium gordoniae shares similar morphology with Anteaglonium latirostrum but differs, in having shorter asci (60–70 vs. 115–124 μm) and ascospores (20–22 vs. 22–28 μm) (Fig. 18). Anteaglonium latirostrum also has a sheath in immature ascospores and pale brown mature ascospores (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009). Our phylogeny also supports that A. gordoniae as a new species as it constitutes an independent lineage (Fig. 17). Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 74: 161 (2015) Notes – This family consists of four genera: Astrosphaeriella, Astrosphaeriellopsis, Pteridiospora, and Pithomyces (Wanasinghe et al. 2018a). We introduce a fifth genus, Quercicola (Figs 19, 20). Caryosporaceae was introduced to accommodate Caryospora and Acrocordiopsis (Ariyawansa et al. 2015) based on sequences available at that time. However, with increased taxon sampling herein, Caryospora and Acrocordiopsis group with other genera in Astrosphaeriellaceae and further studies are needed to resolve this group. Acrocordiopsis, Astrosphaeriella, Astrosphaeriellopsis, Caryospora, Pithomyces, Pteridiospora, Quercicola and Xenoastrosphaeriella are also similar due to their carbonaceous ascostromata, and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses (Hawksworth 1981, Hyde & Fröhlich 1998, Liu et al. 2011, Zhang et al. 2012b). Acrocordiopsis, with the type Acrocordiopsis patilii is a marine taxon. Caryospora aquatica and the putative strain of C. minima are from freshwater. We identified another new species in Caryospora quercus from wild fruit in a terrestrial habitat. Therefore, Caryospora species are both freshwater and terrestrial. Zopfia rhizophila also clusters with genera in Astrosphaeriellaceae and requires further studies to resolve its taxonomic placement. 10. Quercicola Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. Index fungorum number: IF555532; Facesoffungi number: FoF05233 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Quercus (Fagaceae). Saprobic on Quercus sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata gregarious, semi-immersed beneath host epidermis, visible as numerous, raised, dome-shaped areas on the host surface, hemispherical, flattened or wedge-shaped at the base, uni-loculate, dark brown, carbonaceous, glabrous with rough walls, ostiolate. Ostioles central, apapillate, with carbonaceous, and thin, slit-like opening. Peridium of unequal thickness, poorly developed at the base, thick at sides towards the apex, composed of several layers of dark brown to black, pseudoparenchymatous cells, with host cells plus fungal tissue, arranged in textura angularis to textura prismatica. Hamathecium composed of dense, filiform, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing among the asci, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindric-clavate, or obclavate, with short furcate to truncate pedicel, apically rounded, with a truncate ocular chamber. Ascospores overlapping, 1–3-seriate at the base, uni-seriate at the apex, hyaline, fusiform with acute ends, 1–5septate, constricted at the medium septum, upper cell wider than lower cell, guttulate, surrounded by thick asymmetric wall. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Notes – The two new Quercicola species constitute an independent clade close to 29 Caryospora. These two species share similar morphological characters with other genera in this family in having carbonaceous ascostromata, and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses (Zhang et al. 2012b, Phookamsak et al. 2015, Wanasinghe et al. 2018a). However, Quercicola differs from the other genera in having hyaline fusiform ascospores. Therefore, we introduce a new genus, Quercicola. Type species – Quercicola fusiformis Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde Figure 18 – Anteaglonium gordoniae (MFLU 18–2149, holotype). a The host of Gordonia sp. fruit. b Hysterothecia on substrate. c Section through hysterothecium. e, f Asci with pseudoparaphyses. g, h Ascus. i–l Ascospores. m Germinated spore. Scale bar: a, b = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c, d = 100 µm, e = 30 µm, f, h–k = 10 µm, g = 20 µm. 11. Quercicola fusiformis Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 21 Index fungorum number: IF555533; Facesoffungi number: FoF05234 Holotype – MFLU 18–2191 Etymology – Referring to the fusiform shaped ascospores of the identified fungus. Saprobic on Quercus sp. fruit. Sexual morph: Ascomata 300–350 μm high × 340–390 μm diam. ( x = 330 × 360 μm; n = 5), dark brown, gregarious, surface on host epidermis, visible as numerous, raised, dome-shaped areas on the host surface, hemispherical, narrow at the base, uniloculate, glabrous with rough walls, carbonaceous, ostiolate. Ostiole central, apapillate, thin and narrow. Peridium 43–68 μm wide ( x = 56 μm; n = 20), unequal thickness, carbonaceous, poorly developed at the base, thick at sides towards the apex, composed of several layers of dark brown to 30 black, pseudoparenchymatous cells, base with host cells plus fungal tissue, arranged in a textura angularis to textura prismatica. Hamathecium 0.8–1.5 μm wide ( x = 1.2 μm; n = 20), composed of dense, filiform, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing among the asci, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci 100–130 × 10–13 μm ( x = 120 × 11 μm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindric-clavate, or obclavate, with short furcate to truncate pedicel, apically rounded, with a truncate ocular chamber. Ascospores 22–27 × 5–7 μm ( x = 24 × 6 μm; n = 30), overlapping, 1–3-seriate at the base, uni-seriate at the apex, hyaline, fusiform with acute ends, 1–5 septate, constricted at the medium septum, upper cell wider than lower cell, guttulate, surrounded by thick, rough wall. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Figure 19 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, LSU and tef1 matrix of ninety-eight taxa including families in order Pleosporales, which comprised 2853 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Hysterium angustatum (CBS 236.34/CBS 123334). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -23760.928529 is presented. The matrix had 1237 distinct alignment patterns, with 21.85% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.245539, C = 0.243122, G = 0.282056, T = 0.229283; substitution rates AC = 0.987487, AG = 3.393598, AT = 1.101006, CG = 1.234618, CT = 9.918774, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue and the new combination is in purple. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. 31 Figure 20 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, LSU and tef1 matrix of thirty-one taxa including speces belong to Astrosphaeriellaceae, which comprised 2772 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Aigialus parvus (BCC 32558/BCC 18403). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -8699.864067 is presented. The matrix had 546 distinct alignment patterns, with 25.55% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.245381, C = 0.241016, G = 0.284595, T = 0.229008; substitution rates AC = 1.369230, AG = 3.813023, AT = 0.930144, CG = 1.503050, CT = 15.300231, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue and the new combination is in purple. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C. Colonies circular, medium dense, slightly raised in middle, dull, bluish grey, surface slightly smoth with flattened margin, reverse dark brown. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N, 99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 24 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 437 (MFLU 18–2191, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102436, isotype), ex-type living culture MFUCC 18– 0479, KUMCC 18–0294. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347898, ITS: MK347790, LSU: MK348009, tef1: MK360085, rpb2: MK434864 12. Quercicola guttulospora Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 22 Index fungorum number: IF555534; Facesoffungi number: FoF05235 Holotype – MFLU 18–2192 Etymology – Referring to the prominent guttule in ascospores of the identified fungus. Saprobic on fruit of Fagaceae plant. Sexual morph: Ascomata 275–300 μm high × 325–352 32 μm diam. ( x = 290 × 340 μm; n = 10), gregarious, visible as numerous, raised, dome-shaped areas on the host surface, hemispherical, narrow at the base, uni-loculate, dark brown, glabrous with rough walls, coriaceous, ostiolate. Ostiole central, apapillate, carbonaceous, not prominent. Peridium 50–76 μm wide ( x = 66 μm; n = 20), unequal thickness, carbonaceous, poorly developed at the base, thick at sides towards the apex, composed of several layers of dark brown to black, pseudoparenchymatous cells, base with host cells plus fungal tissue, arranged in a textura angularis to textura prismatica. Hamathecium 0.7–1.6 μm wide ( x = 1.4 μm; n = 20), composed of dense, filiform, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing among the asci, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci 135–160 × 8–9 μm ( x = 148 × 8.5 μm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindric-clavate, or obclavate, with short furcate to truncate pedicel, apically rounded, with a truncate ocular chamber. Ascospores 23–29 × 6–7 μm ( x = 24 × 6.5 μm; n = 30), uni to biseriate, hyaline, fusiform, 1-septate, thin wall with rounded end, constricted at the septum, assymetric two cells, guttulate; 2–4 big guttlues. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Figure 21 – Quercicola fusiformis (MFLU 18–2191, holotype). a Fruit of Lithocarpus sp. b, d Ascoma on substrate. c Cross section of ascomata. e Pseudoparaphyses. f–i Asci. j–n Ascospores. Scale bar: a, b = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c, d = 100 µm, e = 30 µm, f, h–k = 10 µm, g = 20 µm. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 3–4 cm diam. after 4 weeks at 25 ° C. Colonies circular, flattened, surface with hyphal growing, with irregular edge, pale brown to grey, radially arranged, middle dark brown, reverse pale brown to grey outer layer and center dark brown to black. Material examined – Thailand, Chiang Rai Province, Huai-Chomphu, on decaying fruit pericarp of Fagaceae sp., 24 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 439 (MFLU 18–2192, holotype; KUNHKAS 102437, isotype), ex-type living culture MFUCC 18–0481, KUMCC 18–0295 GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347899, ITS: MK347791, LSU: MK348010, tef1: MK360086 33 Notes – Quercicola guttulospora is sister to Q. fusiformis with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP). These two species share similar morphology in having dome-shaped, carbonaceous ascomata with poorly developed base, cylindric-clavate, or obclavate asci and hyaline, fusiform ascospores (Fig. 21, 22). However, Q. guttulospora has longer asci (up to 160 μm vs. up to 130 μm), 1-septate, round end ascospores with prominent guttule even in mature stage. Quercicola fusiformis is characterized by 1–5-septate ascospores with acute ends and a thick wall. Culture characters are different in these two species. A comparison of the tef1 nucleotides of these two strains reveals 41 (4.7%) nucleotide differences and significant morphological differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Figure 22 – Quercicola guttulospora (MFLU 18–2192, holotype). a The host fruit. b, c Ascomata on substrate. d–g Asci. h–l Ascospores. m Germinated spore. Scale bar: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 µm, d–g = 30 µm, h–m = 10 µm. Caryospora De Not., Micromyc. Ital. Novi: 7 (1855) Caryospora is placed under family Astrosphaeriellaceae based on our multigene phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 19, 20). Only two Caryospora species have molecular data, but in this study, we introduce another species (Ariyawansa et al. 2015). 13. Caryospora quercus Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555535; Facesoffungi number: FoF05236 Fig. 23 34 Holotype – MFLU 18–2151 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Quercus (Fagaceae). Saprobic on Quercus sp. fruits. Sexual morph: Ascomata 300–420 μm high × 450–483 μm diam. ( x = 334 × 430 μm, n = 10), solitary or gregarious, conical or semiglobose, immersed becoming erumpent, ostiolate, eupapillate, carbonaceous. Peridium 0.8–1.4 μm wide, carbonaceous, black, fragile. Hamathecium 0.8–1.4 μm wide ( x = 1.2 μm; n = 20), septate, branched, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, numerous, persistent. Asci (69)–110 –147 μm × 30–35 μm ( x = 122 × 33 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, cylindrical, bitunicate, fissitunicate, persistent, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 41–54 μm × 18–28 μm ( x = 48 × 24 μm, n = 30), uni-seriate, hyaline, pale brown to dark brown, ellipsoidal, diamond-shaped, apex pointed, 1- septate, with a dark band around the septum, slightly constricted at the septum, with walls thickened at both ends, guttulate, present polar germ pores, surrounded by a sheath 3.6–5.5 μm wide. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Figure 23 – Caryospora quercus (MFLU 18–2151, holotype). a Quercus sp. seeds host. b Ascomata on host fruit. c, d Ascoma on host fruit. e Section of ascoma. f Pseudoparaphyses. g, h Asci. i–m Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, e = 100 µm, f = 10 µm, g, h = 30 µm, i–m = 20 µm. Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 6̍ 23̎ N, 99˚ 41̍ 26̎ E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri C 338 (MFLU 18–2151, holotype: KUN-HKAS 102428, isotype) GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347869, LSU: MK347979 Notes – Caryospora quercus forms a sister clade (Fig. 19, 20) to C. minima and C. aquatica with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Figs 19, 20). In addition, Caryospora quercus fits within the generic concept of Caryospora species having erumpent, superficial, dark brown to black, carbonaceous, ostiolate ascomata, a thick and carbonized peridium, and relatively large and thick-walled ascospores (Jeffers 1940). Caryospora quercus has smaller ascomata compaired to C. putaminum (up to 420 vs. up to 1200 μm) and 8-spored asci (2-spored in C. 35 putaminum). Caryospora aquatica also differs from C. quercus as it is from a freshwater habitat (Ariyawansa et al. 2015). Caryospora minima differs from Caryospora quercus as the mature ascospores of C. minima are light brown with 3 septa, while in C. quercus they become irregularly diamond-shaped and dark brown with polar germ pores. No DNA sequences from protein coding genes are available for three species (Caryospora aquatica, Caryospora minima and C. quercus) and ITS sequence data is available only for Caryospora aquatica. However, significant morphological differences and statistical support establishment of our novel species, Caryospora quercus (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). 14. Xenoastrosphaeriella Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. Index fungorum number: IF555536; Facesoffungi number: FoF05237 Etymology – Referring to the Xeno = ξένος in Greek, distinct; Astrosphaeriella = Astrosphaeriella-like taxon. Saprobic on bamboo and palms. Sexual morph: Ascostromata dark opaque, gregarious, erumpent to superficial, conical with ruptured, reflexed, stellate, host remnants around the base, uni-loculate, glabrous, brittle, carbonaceous, ostiole central, with pore-like opening. Peridium unequal thickness, poorly developed at the base, thick at the sides towards the apex, composed of thick, opaque and melanized cells. Hamathecium 1–2 μm wide ( x = 1.4 μm; n = 20), composed of dense, branching, rough-walled, distinctly septate, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing among the asci, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, subsessile to short pedicellate, apically rounded with an ocular chamber. Ascospores overlapping uni- to bi-seriate, brown to reddish brown, fusiform with acute ends, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the central septum, widest at the middle, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Notes – Xenoastrosphaeriella is distinct from all other genera in the family Astrosphaeriellaceae (Phookamsak et al. 2015, Wanasinghe et al. 2018a, this study) in multi-loci phylogenetic analysis of SSU, LSU and tef1 genes. Therefore, we introduce it as a new genus within this family (Figs. 19, 20). Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata shares similar morphological characters with Astrosphaeriella lenticularis, A. splendida, A. trochus and A. vesuvius in having broadly fusiform, reddish brown ascospores. Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata is most similar to A. splendida, but differs in having smaller ascospores with paler end cells (Phookamsak et al. 2015). Wanasinghe et al. (2018a) synonymized Astrosphaeriella vesuvius under Pithomyces vesuvius (MTCC 12224). There is no DNA sequence data for Astrosphaeriella lenticularis, A. splendida and A. trochus. Therefore, we introduce Xenoastrosphaeriella as a new genus to accommodate Astrosphaeriella tornata. Type species – Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata (D. Hawksw. & Boise) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde 15. Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde comb. nov. Index fungorum number: IF555537; Facesoffungi number: FoF05238 ≡ Sphaeria tornata Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 10: 290 (1868) = Astrosphaeriella tornata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) D. Hawksw. & Boise, Sydowia 38: 119 (1986) = Trematosphaeria tornata Cooke, Grevillea 16: 91 (1888) Notes – The type specimen of Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata is in poor condition and Phookamsak et al. (2015) introduced a reference specimen for this species with molecular data (MFLUCC 11–0196). Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata is distinct from all other species in genus Astrosphaeriella and weakly supported to other genera in the family Astrosphaeriellaceae in multiloci phylogenetic analysis (Phookamsak et al. 2015, Wanasinghe et al. 2018a, this study, Fig. 19). We introduce the new genus mainly based on Astrosphaeriella tornata (MFLUCC 11–0196) phylogeny. Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata is morphologically similar to Astrosphaeriella spp. and the only difference is the paler end cells of ascospores (Phookamsak et al. 2015). Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata clusters with Acrocordiopsis patilii with low bootstrap support (Fig. 36 20). Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata differs from Acrocordiopsis patilii in having reddish brown, fusiform, 3-septate ascospores with wide middle part (Borse & Hyde 1989). Bambusicolaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 49 (2013) The family Bambusicolaceae was introduced by Hyde et al. (2013), with the type genus Bambusicola. This family has three genera Bambusicola, Neobambusicola and Palmiascoma (Dai et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013, Crous et al. 2014b, Liu et al. 2015). We present an updated tree for the family and introduce a new genus and two new species (Fig. 24). 16. Leucaenicola Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555538; Facesoffungi number: FoF05239 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena (Fabaceae). Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed in substrate to superficial, visible as black dots covered by epidermal tissues, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, glabrous, ostiolate centrally, with minute papilla. Conidiomata wall thin-walled equal thickness, composed of several layers of hyaline to dark brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells, outer layers comprising 2–3 cell layers of thick-walled, dark brown to black cells, organized in a textura angularis to textura prismatica, with inner layers comprising 1–2 layers of thin-walled, hyaline, and organized in textura angularis. Conidiophores arising from basal cavity of conidiomata mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells, enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline to brown, globose to flask-shaped, smooth-walled. Conidia, solitary, one-celled, initially hyaline, becoming brown at maturity, oblong to ellipsoidal, with rounded or obtuse ends, aseptate, smooth-walled. Figure 24 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, ITS LSU and rpb2 sequenced data of Bambusicolaceae. Related sequences were obtained from 37 GenBank. Eighteen strains were included in the combined sequence analyses, which comprised 3511 characters including alignment gaps. Murilentithecium clematidis (MFLUCC 14–0561) was used as the outgroup taxon. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -11724.282862 is presented. The matrix had 752 distinct alignment patterns, with 21.23% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.249293, C = 0.246762, G = 0.272901, T = 0.231045; substitution rates AC = 1.454764, AG = 3.096539, AT = 0.856027, CG = 1.288498, CT = 6.726041, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. Newly generated sequences are in blue and bold. Strains isolated from the holotype indicated in red superscript H. Type species – Leucaenicola aseptata Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde Notes – We isolated two species of this genus, both from a decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae). The two Leucaenicola species form a sister clade to Bambusicola species with high statistical support (77% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP, Fig. 24) in the multigene phylogenetic analysis. All Bambusicola spp. were isolated from dead bamboo culms (Poaceae) while Neobambusicola and Palmiascoma were from leaves of Strelitzia nicolai (Strelitziaceae) and a dead frond of a palm (Arecaceae), respectively (Table 2). Bambusicolaceae comprises both sexual and asexual morph species. Although our two Leucaenicola species have asexual morphs similar to Bambusicola thailandica (Thambugala et al. 2017), they differ from B. thailandica in having micro- and macro- conidia. Leucaenicola is characterized by conidial morphology, size and colour that are similar to those of the micro-conidia of B. thailandica but are phylogenetically distinct. We did not observe macro-conidia in Leucaenicola. Table 2 Synopsis of host and genera in family Bambusicolaceae Genera Species Host Bambusicola Bambusicola dimorpha (both morph) Bambusicola pustulata (sexual morph) Bambusicola bambusae Bambusicola irregulispora (asexual morph) Bambusicola splendida (asexual morph) Bambusicola didymospora (both morph) Bambusicola loculata (sexual morph) Bambusicola triseptatispora (both morph) Bambusicola massarinia (both morph) Bambusicola thailandica (sexual morph) Leucaenicola aseptata Leucaenicola phraeana Neobambusicola strelitziae Dead culm of bamboo (Poaceae) Leucaenicola Neobambusicola Decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae) Leaves of Strelitzia nicolai 38 Palmiascoma Palmiascoma gregariascomum (Strelitziaceae) Dead frond of palm species in family Arecaceae 17. Leucaenicola aseptata Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Figs 25, 26 Index Fungorum number: IF555539; Facesoffungi number: FoF05240 Holotype – MFLU 18–2129 Etymology – Referring to the aseptate conidia, which the fungus was identified. Saprobic on pod of Leucaena sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 80–100 μm high × 100–125 μm diam. ( x = 93 × 117 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary, immersed in substrate to superficial, visible as black dots covered by epidermal tissues, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, glabrous, ostiole central, with minute papilla. Conidiomata wall 5–12 μm wide ( x = 10.2 μm, n = 20), thin-walled, of equal thickness, composed of several layers of hyaline to dark brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells, outer layers comprising 2– 3 cell layers of thin-walled, dark brown to black, organized in a textura angularis to textura prismatica, inner layers comprising 1–2 layers of thin-walled, hyaline, organized in a textura angularis. Conidiophores arising from basal cavity of conidiomata mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 2.5–3 × 1.5–2 μm ( x = 2.7 × 1.7 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline to brown, globose to flask-shaped, aseptate, smooth-walled. Conidia 3–4 × 1.5–2 μm ( x = 3.5 × 1.7 μm, n = 30), solitary, initially hyaline, becoming brown at maturity, one-celled, oblong to ellipsoidal, with rounded or obtuse ends, aseptate, smooth-walled. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 60–70 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18 ° C. Colonies grey to brown surface, slightly radiating; reverse yellow to brown in the center, off white to yellow at margin; medium dense, circular, flattened to slightly raised, dull to rough with entire edge, fairly fluffy to velvety, slightly radially furrowed. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 278 (MFLU 18–2129, holotype; KUNHKAS 102423, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2423, KUMCC 18–0256. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347853, ITS: MK347746, LSU: MK347963, tef1: MK360059, rpb2: MK434891 39 Figure 25 – Leucaenicola aseptata (MFLU 18–2129, holotype). a Host pods. b, c Conidiomata in substrate. d Section through conidioma. e, f Conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 2 cm, c = 500 μm, d–g = 10 μm. Figure 26 – Leucaenicola aseptata in culture (MFLUCC 17–2423, ex-type). a Top view of culture. b Reverse view of culture. c–f Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c, f = 10 μm, d, e = 5 μm. 18. Leucaenicola phraeana Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 27 Index Fungorum number: IF555540; Facesoffungi number: FoF05241 Holotype – MFLU 18–2184 Etymology – Referring to the location where the specimen was collected, Phrae Province, Thailand. Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 90–115 μm high × 130–150 μm diam. ( x = 105 × 135 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary, immersed in substrate to superficial, visible as black dots covered by epidermal tissues, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, glabrous, ostiole central, with minute papilla, Conidiomata wall 10–20 μm wide ( x = 16.4 μm, n = 20), thin-walled, of equal thickness, composed of several layers of hyaline to brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells, outer layers comprising 2–3 cell layers of thick-walled, dark brown, organized in a textura angularis to textura prismatica, inner layers comprising 1–2 layers of thin-walled, hyaline, organized in a textura angularis. Conidiophores arising from basal cavity of conidiomata mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–4 × 1.5–2 μm ( x = 3.5 × 1.8 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline, globose to flask-shaped, aseptate, smooth-walled. Conidia 3–4 × 1.5–2 μm ( x = 3.5 × 1.8 μm, n = 30), solitary, initially hyaline, becoming brown at maturity, oblong to ellipsoidal, with rounded or obtuse ends, aseptate, smooth-walled. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 20–30 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18 ° C. Colonies forming white tufts on surface in the center, outer layer pale brown, reverse dark brown, brown to yellow layers, pale yellow at margin; circular, flattened, dull with entire edge. Material examined – THAILAND, Phrae Province, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 416 (MFLU 18–2184, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–0472, KUMCC 18–0257. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347892, ITS: MK347785, LSU: MK348003, tef1: MK360060, rpb2: MK434867 Notes – Based on the multi-gene sequence analysis, Leucaenicola phraeana (MFLUCC 18– 40 0472) clusters with L. aseptata with strong bootstrap support (Fig. 24). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and rpb2 nucleotides of these two strains reveals 24 (5.0%), 86 (8.2 %) and 23 (2.2%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Leucaenicola phraeana has a prominent ostiole and different culture morphology to L. phraeana. Leucaenicola phraeana is also characterized by white tufts surface (Fig. 26), but L. aseptata comprised grey to brown surface in culture (Fig. 27). Figure 27 – Leucaenicola phraeana (MFLU 18–2184, holotype). a Host pods. b Conidiomata in the substrate. c Section through conidioma. d Ostiole. e–g Conidiogenous cells. h–i Conidia. j Top view of the culture. k Reverse view of the culture. Scale bars: a, b = 2 cm, c = 500 μm, d–g = 10 μm. Delitschiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 76: 109 (2000) The family Delitschiaceae, typified by Delitschia, occurs on bovine dung (Doveri 2011), or rarely on aged wood or plants (Hyde et al. 2013). Recent studies by Rivera-Chávez et al. (2018) reported Delitschia species from submerged wood in freshwater habitat and Delitschia bispora from a water-cooling tower (Eaton & Jones 1970). Wijayawardene et al. (2018) reported three genera in this family (Delitschia, Ohleriella and Semidelitschia), but sequence data is available only for Delitschia. Recently identified Delitschia strains from submerged wood show a diversity of important chemicals (Rivera-Chávez et al. 2018) that show activity towards prostate cancer cell lines. Study of the bioactive from sample accessioned as G858 (Delitschia sp.) led to the isolation of eight new α-pyrone derivatives (Rivera-Chávez et al. 2018). In this study, we introduce a new species Delitschia nypae, from Nypa fruticans in Thailand (Fig. 28). 19. Delitschia nypae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Figs 29, 30 Index Fungorum number: IF555540; Facesoffungi number: FoF05242 Holotype – MFLU 18–2184 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Nypa 41 (Arecaceae). Saprobic on Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae) fruit. Sexual morph: Ascomata 420–500 μm high × 375–425 μm diam. ( x = 445 × 410 μm; n = 10), solitary or gregarious, subepidermal, conical or semiglobose, immersed becoming erumpent, black, carbonaceous, without ostiole. Peridium 38–85 μm wide ( x = 64 μm; n = 20), many layered; outer layer of small, irregular, thick-walled cells, inner layer with larger lumina, black. Hamathecium 1.5–2 μm wide ( x = 1.7 μm; n = 20), septate, simple, persistent, numerous pseudoparaphyses. Asci 130–150 × 15–19 μm ( x = 145 × 17 μm; n = 30), 8-spored, cylindrical, pedicel, bitunicate, fissitunicate, persistent, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 24–30 × 9–14 μm ( x = 28 × 12 μm; n = 30), uni-seriate, hyaline to dark brown, ellipsoidal, 1- septate, with a dark band around the septum, constricted at the septum, fragment when mature, thin-walled, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Figure 28 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, LSU and tef1 sequenced data of Delitschiaceae. Related sequences were obtained from GenBank. Ten strains were included in the combined sequence analyses, which comprised 2950 characters including alignment gaps. Massaria spp. (WU 30527 and WU 30611) are used as the outgroup taxon. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -11724.282862 is presented. The matrix had 300 distinct alignment patterns, with 37.12% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.245487, C = 0.237535, G = 0.285962, T = 0.231015; substitution rates AC = 0.506809, AG = 1.576045, AT = 0.733037, CG = 1.093869, CT = 6.657433, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. Newly generated sequence is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I and R respectively. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 25–30 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18oC, with irregular, lobate margin, forming two layers; outer layer yellow to pale brown, center dark brown, reverse dark brown in center and off white to pale yellow at margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on decaying fruit pericarp of Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 349 (MFLU 18–2155, 42 holotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2588, KUMCC 18–0228. Figure 29 – Delitschia nypae (MFLU 18–2155, holotype). a Host fruit. b Ascoma on substrate. c Section through the ascomata. d Peridium. e Pseudoparaphyses. f, g Asci. h Separation of ascospores in to two parts. i–o Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c, d = 50 µm, e = 10 µm, f–h = 30 µm, i–o = 20 µm. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347871, LSU: MK347981, tef1: MK360049, rpb2: MK434878 Notes: Our collection shares similar morphological (Fig. 29) characters with Delitschia in having darkly pigmented, 2-celled, constricted ascospores with germ slits (Barr 2000, Luck-Allen & Cain 2011). In the multigene phylogenetic analysis, Delitschia nypae forms a sister clade to Delitschia chaetomioides (SMH 3253.2) with high statistical support (99% MLBS/1.0 BYPP). A comparison of the tef1 nucleotides of these two strains reveals 30 (4.5%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Morphologically Delitschia nypae differs from type species of Delitschia chaetomioides in having smaller ascospores (24–30 × 9–14 μm vs. 38–50 × 17–20 μm) and asci (145 × 17 μm vs 250 × 30 μm) (Karsten 1873). Type species of Delitschia chaetomioides identified from Mustiala and two strains in GenBank identified from Costa Rica (SMH 3253.2) and Kenya (GKM1283). Delitschia nypae identified from decaying fruits of Nypa fruticans associated with estuarine habitats in Thailand. Dictyosporiaceae Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 462 (2016) Boonmee et al. (2016) introduced this family to accommodate mostly aquatic lignicolous species. The family comprises 12 genera and the type genus is Dictyosporium, which has been reported from decaying wood and plant litter in terrestrial and aquatic habitats, and is worldwide in distribution (Hyde & Goh 1998, Pinnoi et al. 2006, Tsui et al 2006, Pinruan et al. 2007). We 43 present an updated tree for the family and introduce two new species and a new host record (Fig. 31). Figure 30 – Delitschia nypae culture in MEA (MFLUCC 17–2588, ex-type). a Top view of the culture in MEA. b Reverse view of the culure in MEA. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm. 44 Figure 31 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, LSU and tef1 partial sequence data. Fifty-eight strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 2881 characters including alignment gaps. Murilentithecium clematidis (Lentitheciaceae) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -7545.505967 is presented. The matrix had 876 distinct alignment patterns, with 37.76% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.237662, C = 0.253136, G = 0.270383, T = 0.238820; substitution rates AC = 1.495111, AG = 3.041974, AT = 2.409593, CG = 0.651257, CT = 7.837986, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strains are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I and R respectively. Dictyocheirospora M.J. D'souza, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 465 (2016) Eleven species are accepted in the genus (Boonmee et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2016, Hyde et al. 2017, Li et al. 2017, Tibpromma et al. 2018, Yang et al. 2018). During our survey one new species and a previously described species were added based on phylogeny and morphology. 20. Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 32 Index Fungorum number: IF555548; Facesoffungi number: FoF05250 Holotype – MFLU 18–2178 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Lithocarpus (Fagaceae). Figure 32 – Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi (MFLU 18–2178, holotype). a Lithocarpus sp. fruit. b Conidiomata on the substrate. c–e Squash mount of conidioma with conidiogenous cells. f–m Conidia. l Germinated conidium. m Top and reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a, m = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c–i = 20 μm. 45 Saprobic on Lithocarpus sp. fruit. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate superficial, scattered. Mycelium immersed, composed of pale brown, smooth, septate, branched hyphae. Conidiomata 225–248 μm wide ( x = 232 μm, n = 10), sporodochial, dark brown to black. Conidiophores micronematous, short, unbranched, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal, pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 35–40 × 12–18 μm ( x = 38 × 16 μm, n = 30), solitary, acrogenous, cheiroid, olivaceous brown, consisting of 6 rows of cells, with rows cylindrical, palmately divergent, inwardly not curved at the tip, arising from a basal cell, without appendages, each row composed of 10–16 cells, euseptate, slightly constricted at the septa, guttulate, smooth. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from base of conidia. Colonies on MEA reaching 28–32 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C, grow with circular, entire edge, off white margin and pale brown to dark brown in the central, raised in Center. Material examined – THAILAND, Payao Province, on decaying fruit pericarp of Lithocarpus sp. (Fagaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 408 (MFLU 18–2178, holotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2537, KUMCC 18–0229. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347888, ITS: MK347781, LSU: MK347999, rpb2: MK434869 Notes – Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated LSU, ITS and tef1 sequence data indicated that Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi is related to D. heptaspora (CBS 396.59) with low statistical support (Fig. 31). However, only an ITS gene sequence is available for D. heptaspora (CBS 396.59) and there is no morphological description of this strain (Boonmee et al. 2016). Goh et al. (1999) provided a description for Dictyosporium heptaspora, which was transferred by Boonmee et al. (2016) to Dictyocheirospora, and is characterized by conidia that are olivaceous brown, broadly ellipsoidal, with 7 curved rows of cells and 50–80 μm × 20–30 μm size. Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi and Dictyosporium heptasporum share similar morphology in having olivaceous brown, broadly ellipsoidal conidia (Fig. 32), but Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi lacks a hook-like apex and has only 6 curved rows and smaller conidia (35–40 × 12–18 μm vs. 50–80 × 20–30 μm) (Goh et al. 1999). A comparison of the ITS regions reveals Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi differs from D. heptaspora by 9 (1.7%) nucleotide differences of ITS gene that warrants separate species status (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). 21. Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 10 (2018), Fig. 33 Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate superficial, scattered. Mycelium immersed, composed of pale brown, smooth, septate, branched hyphae. Conidiomata 245–290 μm wide ( x = 265 μm, n = 10), sporodochial, dark brown to black. Conidiophores micronematous, short. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal, pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 39–42 × 15–20 μm ( x = 41 × 16 μm, n = 30), solitary, acrogenous, cheiroid, pale brown to brown, consisting of 5–6 rows of cells, with rows cylindrical, palmately divergent, inwardly curved at the tip, arising from a basal cell, rounded to cylindrical appendage, each row composed of 8–10 cells, euseptate, slightly constricted at septa, guttlue in each cell, smooth. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from base of conidia. Colonies on MEA reaching 25–30 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, with circular entire edge, white margin and cream to yellow orange in the centre, raised on surface. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 285-A (MFLU 18–2132, new host record); living culture, MFLUCC 17–2291, KUMCC 18–0230; THAILAND, Lampang Province, 19° 3' 44" N, 99° 46' 54" E, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 317 (MFLU 18–2142), living culture MFLUCC 17–2296, KUMCC 18–0231. GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2291: SSU: MK347855, ITS: MK347748, LSU: 46 MK347965, tef1: MK360050; MFLUCC 17–2296: SSU: MK347862, ITS: MK347756, LSU: MK347973, tef1: MK360051 Notes – The two new strains grouped in the Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis clade with high and low bootstrap support. In addition, they share similar morphological characters with D. nabanheensis (Tibpromma et al. 2018). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 regions reveals Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis (KUMCC 16–0152) differs from new strains (MFLUCC 17–2291 and MFLUCC 17–2296) by 1 (0.19%) and 3 (0.34%) nucleotide differences of ITS and tef1 genes that suggest that our new records is Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). The D. nabanheensis strains grouped as a sister clade to D. garethjonesii in an unsupported clade (Fig. 31). Therefore, this is a new record of D. nabanheensis from decaying pod of Leucaena sp. The type of D. nabanheensis was isolated from Pandanus sp. (Tibpromma et al. 2018). Figure 33 – Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis (MFLU 18–2132). a Leucaena sp. seed pod. b, c Sporodochia on the substrate. d, e Squash mount of conidioma with conidiogenous cells. f–i Conidia. j Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, d–j = 10 μm. Pseudocoleophoma Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Studies in Mycology 82: 89 (2015) This genus comprises three species (Tanaka et al. 2015, Hyde et al. 2016) and here we introduce a new species from decaying pod of Bauhinia sp. in Thailand. 22. Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Figs 34, 35 Index Fungorum number: IF555549; Facesoffungi number: FoF05251 Holotype – MFLU 18–2178 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Bauhinia (Fabaceae). Saprobic on Bauhinia sp. pod. Sexual morph: Ascomata 125–145 µm high × 100–120 µm 47 diam. (x̅ = 133 × 105 µm; n = 5), immersed to erumpent through host tissue, solitary or scattered, coriaceous, subglobose to obpyriform, dark brown. Ostiolar neck protruding. Peridium 22–32 µm wide, comprising many layers of thick-walled, dark brown cells to hyaline inner layers of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.5–2 µm wide ( x = 1.8 μm; n = 10), septate, branching, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 65–80 × 5–8 µm (x̅ = 75 × 7 µm; n = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindric-clavate, slightly curved, short-pedicellate with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 17–20 × 3.5–4.5 (x̅ = 18 × 4 µm; n = 10), overlapping, 1–2 seriate, hyaline, cylindricfusiform, tapering towards the rounded ends, straight to slightly curved, 1–3-septate, smoothwalled, without terminal appendages and sheath. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 90–115 μm high × 130–150 μm diam. ( x = 105 × 135 μm; n = 10), pycnidial, solitary, immersed in substrate to superficial, visible as black dots covered by epidermal tissues, multiloculate, globose to subglobose, glabrous, ostiole central, with minute papilla. Conidiomata wall 20–25 μm wide ( x = 23.2 μm; n = 20), thin-walled, of equal thickness, composed of several layers of hyaline to brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells, outer layers comprising 1–2 cell layers of thick-walled, dark brown, organized in a textura angularis, inner layers comprising 3–4 layers of thin-walled, hyaline, organized in a textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 2.5–5.5 × 2–3 μm ( x = 3.5 × 1.8 μm; n = 30), phialidic, doliiform to lageniform, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled. Conidia 7.5–11 × 2–3 μm ( x = 10 × 2.5 μm; n = 30), solitary, hyaline, oblong to ellipsoidal, with rounded or obtuse ends, smooth-walled, guttlue concentrated to ends. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 20–30 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18 ° C, with irregular, forming two layers, outer layer grey to black, center dark brown, reverse dark brown in center and greenish brown at margin. Figure 34 – Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae (MFLU 18–2178, holotype). a Host decaying pod. b Ascomata on substrate. d Section through ascoma. e Cellular pseudoparaphyses. f–h Ascospores. i–m Asci. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, d = 50 μm, e–h = 10 μm, i–m = 20 μm. 48 Material examined – THAILAND, Payao Province, on decaying pod of Bauhinia sp. (Fabaceae), 27 June 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 251 (MFLU 18–2117, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102419, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2586, KUMCC 18–0280; C 248 (MFLU 18–2116); living culture MFLUCC 17–2280, KUMCC 18–0281. GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2280: SSU: MK347843, ITS: MK347735, LSU: MK347952, tef1: MK360075; MFLUCC 17–2586: SSU: MK347844, ITS: MK347736, LSU: MK347953, tef1: MK360076 Notes – Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae forms a sister clade to P. polygonicola with moderate support. Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae also shares similar morphology with P. polygonicola in having scattered 2–4 grouped, immersed to erumpent ascomata and fusiform, 1-septate ascospores with a sheath (Fig. 34). In addition, these two species have an asexual morph with similar morphology. Pseudocoleophoma polygonicola differs from P. bauhiniae in having larger ascomata with a long ostiolar neck, equally thickening peridium, 2–3 seriately arrange ascospores in asci, wide hamathecium (2–2.5 μm vs. 1.5–2 μm) and large ascospores (20.6 × 4.8 μm vs. 18 × 4 µm). A comparison of the ITS regions reveals Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae differs from P. polygonicola by 27 (5.1%) nucleotide difference that warrants separate species status (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, based on the morphological differences and with phylogenetic support, we introduce the new species. Furthermore, we isolated the asexual morph of Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae (Fig. 35) from the same substrate and this strain (MFLUCC 17–2280) sister clades to sexual morph strain (MFLUCC 17–2286) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 31). These two strains had only one nucleotide difference in ITS regions. Thefore, we confirm MFLUCC 17–2280 is the asexual morph of Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae. Figure 35 – Asexual morph of Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae (MFLUCC 17–2280). a Seed pods of Bauhinia sp. b Conidiomata in the substrate. c Section through conidiomata. d Section through conidioma. e Conidioma wall. e Appendages. f, g Conidiogenous cells. h–j Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c, d = 100 μm, e = 20 μm, f–h = 10 μm, i, j = 5 μm. 49 Pseudodictyosporium Matsush., Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo 14 (3): 473 (1971) Matsushima et al. (1971) introduced this genus based on the type species, Pseudodictyosporium wauense. We introduce a new host record for this species based on morphological similarities. 23. Pseudodictyosporium wauense Matsush. Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo 14(3): 473 (1971) Fig. 36 Saprobic on leaf, stem and cupule of Fagus sylvatica. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiomata on natural substratum sporodochia, superficial, punctiform to effuse, scattered, sometimes coalescing, pale brown to dark brown, without mucilage covering, rarely inconspicuous. Mycelium immersed, composed of septate, branched, subhyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled hyphae. Conidiophores micronematous, aseptate, simple, hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells integrated, holoblastic, terminal, determinate, doliiform to cylindrical. Conidia 17–19 × 10–14 μm, ( x = 17.5 × 13 μm, n = 30), acrogenous, solitary, dry, cheiroid, pale brown, euseptate or distoseptate, with three rows of cells arising parallelly from truncate basal cell with three rows in different planes, smooth-walled. Material examined – UK, Bishop Waltham, Hampshire from standing water in a moat, on decaying cupule fruits of Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae), 12 August 2017, EBG Jones, GJ 416 (MFLU 18–2228, new host record). Known distribution – Papua New Guinea (Matsushima 1971), China (Li et al. 2017a), UK (this study) Notes – Pseudodictyosporium wauense was observed on decaying fruits of Fagus sylvatica in UK. This strain shares similar morphology with Pseudodictyosporium wauense in having pale brown to dark brown sporodochia, integrated, holoblastic, doliiform to cylindrical conidiogenous cells and cheiroid, pale brown, euseptate or distoseptate conidia (Fig. 36). In addition, conidia consist of a truncate basal cell with three rows of cells arise in parallel (Matsushima et al. 1971, Li et al. 2017a). Our collection identified based only on morphology as single spore isolation was unsuccessfull. Figure 36 – Pseudodictyosporium wauense (MFLU 18–2228). a Host cupule of Fagus sylvatica. b Colonies on host fruit. c–g Conidiogenous cells. h–l Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, c–l = 10 μm. 50 Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Mycological Research 113 (4): 516 (2009) Family contains economically important plant pathogens (de Gruyter et al. 2013, ValenzuelaLopez et al. 2018), diverse endophytic, fungicolous and lichenicolous members (Aveskamp et al. 2010), as well as a few human pathogens (de Hoog et al. 2011). This family comprises 26 genera (Fig. 44) (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). We introduce 4 new species and three new records for this family. Allophoma Q. Chen & L. Cai, Studies in Mycology 82: 162 (2015) Based on phylogenetic data, the genus Allophoma was introduced to accomodate the type species, Allophoma tropica (Chen et al. 2015). Presently, this genus comprises nine species and here we introduce a new species, Allophoma siamensis (Fig. 37). 24. Allophoma siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 38 Index Fungorum number: IF555550; Facesoffungi number: FoF05252 Holotype – MFLU 18–2124 Etymology – Referring to the country (Siam former name for Thailand) where specimen was collected. Saprobic on Radermachera sinica pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 70–90 μm high × 68–85 μm diam. ( x = 86 × 75 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, brown to dark brown, confluent, superficial and immersed (in seed pods), glabrous, ovoid, with a single papillate ostiolar neck. Conidiomata wall 8–26 μm wide ( x = 22 μm, n = 10), 2–4-layered, composed of brown to dark brown textura angularis cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–6 × 4–5 μm ( x = 4.5 × 4.8 μm, n = 10), phialidic, hyaline, ampulliform, smooth-walled. Conidia 3–4 × 2–3 μm ( x = 3.5 × 2.8 μm, n = 10), solitary, hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, smooth- and thin-walled, guttulate. Chlamydospores absent. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 36 mm diam. after 1 week at 18 ° C, flattened, top grey; reverse dark brown. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on decaying pod of Radermachera sinica (Bignoniaceae), 3 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 270 (MFLU 18–2124, holotype; KUN-HKAS 10242, isotype), dry culture 18–2125, ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2422, KUMCC 18–0211. 51 Figure 37 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 matrix of twelve taxa including related species of the genus Allophoma (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). The matrix comprised 2713 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Epicoccum brasiliense (CBS 120105). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -6509.571102 is presented. The matrix had 294 distinct alignment patterns, with 10.91% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.244802, C = 0.240941, G = 0.273868, T = 0.240389; substitution rates AC = 1.284768, AG = 2.506107, AT = 1.125523, CG = 0.949740, CT = 8.024084, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript Hand R respectively. Figure 38 – Allophoma siamensis (MFLU 18–2124, holotype). a Host pod. b Conidiomata in the substrate. c Section through conidioma. d Conidiogenous cells. e, f Conidia. g Top view of colony on MEA. h Reverse view of colony. Scale bars: a, g, h = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 20 μm, d–f = 5 μm. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347850, ITS: MK347742, LSU: MK347959, tef1: MK340859, rpb2: MK434912, tub2: MK412867, actin: MK412890 Notes – Allophoma siamensis forms a distinct clade from its closest relative, Allophoma minor (CBS 32582) with high support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 37). Most of the species in the family Didymellaceae share similar morphology and species segregation is based on molecular data of protein coding genes (Aveskamp et al. 2010, Chen et al. 2015). Allophoma siamensis and A. minor also share similar morphology in having phialidic, hyaline, smooth-walled conidiogenous cells and aseptate, hyaline, cylindrical, conidia with guttules (Fig. 38). (Chen et al. 2015). A comparison of the rpb2 and tub2 nucleotides of these two species reveal 60 (16.6%) and 7 (2.2%) nucleotide differences, respectively, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Didymella Sacc., Michelia 2 (6): 57 (1880) Didymella contains very important and serious plant pathogenic species, as well as species that are endophytic and saprobic on a wide range of plant (Aveskamp et al. 2010, Chen et al. 2015, Jayasiri et al. 2017, Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). We introduce a new host record from decaying seed pod of Leucaena sp. and a new species from cones of Magnolia grandiflora (Fig. 39). 25. Didymella coffeae-arabicae (Aveskamp, Verkley & Gruyter) Qian Chen & L. Cai, Studies in Mycology 82: 175 (2015) Fig. 40 Facesoffungi number: FoF05254 Saprobic or pathogenic on Coffea Arabica, Euphorbia sp., Lagerstroemia indica and Leucaena sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 81–111 μm long × 65–78 μm diam. ( x = 98 × 72 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary or in chains, on the agar 52 Figure 39 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 matrix of eighty-six taxa including related species of the genus Didymella (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). The matrix comprised 2770 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Phoma herbarum (CBS 615.75, CBS 377.92). 53 The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -14265.646619 is presented. The matrix had 569 distinct alignment patterns, with 11.70% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.241244, C = 0.239343, G = 0.275964, T = 0.243448; substitution rates AC = 1.071831, AG = 4.726251, AT = 1.430141, CG = 0.673042, CT = 9.723633, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolates are in bold and blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype, neotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I, N and R respectively. surface or submerged, variable in shape, ovoid to subglobose or elongated, glabrous, ostiolate. Conidiomata wall 11–15 μm wide ( x = 12.5 μm, n = 20), pseudoparenchymatous, composed of textura angularis. Conidiogenous cells 6–7.2 × 5.3–7 μm ( x = 6.8 × 6.3 μm, n = 30), phialidic, hyaline, simple, smooth, flask-shaped to globose. Conidia 4–6.4 × 2.3–3.6 μm ( x = 5.8 × 3.3 μm, n = 30), hyaline, ellipsoidal to ovoid, variable in length, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, with minute guttules. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA 57–70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C, with entire, smooth, distinct margin. Aerial mycelium condensed, white with rosy-vinaceous tinges. Agar surface iron-grey. Reverse fulvous to amber, but leaden black in zones with abundant pycnidia. Figure 40 – Didymella coffeae-arabicae from the culture (MFLUCC 18–1563). a Top view of culture. b Reverse view of culture. c Conidioamata. d Conidioama. e Conidiogenous cells. f–h Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c, d = 50 µm, e–h = 5 µm. Material examined – CHINA, Kunming, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 456 (MFLU 18–2211, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 18–1563, KUMCC 18–0232; C 461-A (MFLU 18–2217) living culture MFLUCC 18–1556, KUMCC 18–0233. GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–1563: SSU: MK347913, ITS: MK347805, LSU: MK348024, rpb2: MK434859, tub2: MK412869, actin: MK412887; MFLUCC 18–1556: SSU: MK347918, ITS: MK347810, LSU: MK348029, rpb2: MK434913, tub2: MK412871, actin: MK412889 Known distribution – Italy, on Lagerstroemia indica (Chen et al. 2017); Ethiopia, on Coffea 54 arabica (Aveskamp et al. 2009); Russia, on phyllosphere of Euphorbia sp.; China on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (this study). Notes – Our two new strains form a sister clade to Didymella coffeae-arabicae (CBS 123380) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 39) and share similar morphological characters with the type strain of D. coffeae arabicae (Aveskamp et al. 2009). Didymella coffeaearabicae is characterized by solitary or chains of pycnidia, which are flask-shaped to globose; ellipsoidal to ovoid conidiogenous cells and hyaline, aseptate conidia (Fig. 40). These charcaters are shared with our strains with chlamydospores in culture as described in Aveskamp et al. (2009). A comparison of ITS, rpb2 and tub2 nucleotides of new strains (MFLUCC 18–1563 and MFLUCC 18–1556) and existing strain (CBS 123380) reveals no nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are not distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, a new record of Didymella coffeaearabicae from seed pod of Leucaena sp. host in China is documented. 26. Didymella magnoliae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 41 Index Fungorum number: IF 555552; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05255 Holotype – MFLU 18–2222 Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Saprobic on Magnolia grandiflora cone. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 90– 130 μm long × 80–95 μm diam. ( x = 122 × 88 μm; n = 30), pycnidial, mostly solitary, on the agar surface or submerged, mostly ovoid but also subglobose or elongated, glabrous, papillate or with an elongated neck. Ostioles variable in size, and sometimes relatively wide. Conidiomata wall 10–17 μm wide ( x = 13.5 μm; n = 30), pseudoparenchymatous, composed of oblong to isodiametric cells, 3–5 layers. Conidiogenous cells 7.2–9 × 5–7 μm ( x = 8.5 × 6.4 μm; n = 30), phialidic, hyaline, simple, smooth, flask-shaped to globose. Conidia 4.5–6 × 3–4 μm ( x = 5.5 × 3.4 μm; n = 30), hyaline, ellipsoidal to ovoid, variable in length, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, eguttulate or with 1– 4-minute guttules. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA 57–70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, with entire, smooth, distinct margin. Aerial mycelium condensed, white with rosy-vinaceous tinges. Agar surface iron-grey. Reverse fulvous to amber, but leaden black in zones with abundant pycnidia. Figure 41 – Didymella magnoliae from culture (MFLUCC 18–1560, ex-type). a Top view of culture. b Reverse view of culture. c, d Formation of conidiogenous cells. e, f Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c–f = 10 µm. 55 Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 465 (MFLU 18–2222, holotype, MFLU 18–2223, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1560, KUMCC 18–0236. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347922, ITS: MK347814, LSU: MK348033, rpb2: MK434852 Notes – Didymella magnoliae groups in a sister clade to Didymella sinensis with high support (91% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 39). Didymella sinensis is reported only as the sexual morph from diseased leaves of three host families (Rosaceae, Orchidaceae and Urticaceae) indicative of an opportunistic pathogenic lifestyle (Chen et al. 2017). Didymella magnoliae asexual morph is reported here from a decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Fig. 41). Therefore, only sequence data can be used to separate these strains. However, D. magnoliae fits with the generic description of Didymella in having amphigenous, separate, globose, brown, uni- locular pycnidia, phialidic, determinate, doliiform to lageniform conidiogenous cells and hyaline, thinwalled, smooth-walled, guttulate, cylindrical to irregular conidia (Saccardo 1880). A comparison of the ITS, rpb2 and tub2 nucleotides of these two strains reveals 6 (1.2%), 27 (4.5%) and 12 (3.9%) nucleotide differences which indicates that they are two distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Nothophoma Q. Chen & L. Cai, Studies in Mycology 82: 212 (2015) This genus is typified by Nothophoma infossa and was established to accommodate five Phoma species which clustered in a monophyletic clade in Didymellaceae (Chen et al. 2015). This genus is ubiquitous and includes many important plant pathogens, some of which are of quarantine concern (Aveskamp et al. 2008, 2010, Chen et al. 2015). We introduce a new record of Nothophoma quercina from decaying cone of Keteleeria fortune in China. Many strains of this species have been reported as pathogens of different host plant species (Jianyu et al. 2016, Yun & Oh 2016, Chen et al. 2017, Jiao et al. 2017, Moral et al. 2017, Liu et al. 2018, Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018), as well as from human superficial foot lesion (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). An updated phylogenetic tree for the genus is presented in Fig. 42 and a new host record for Nothophoma quercina is introduced. Figure 42 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 matrix of eight strains including related species of the 56 genus Nothophoma (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). The matrix comprised 2698 characters including alignment gaps. The tree is rooted with Didymella rumicicola (CBS 683.79). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -5686.669693 is presented. The matrix had 175 distinct alignment patterns, with 7.93% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.242029, C = 0.239130, G = 0.277174, T = 0.241667; substitution rates AC = 1.025250, AG = 3.394380, AT = 1.310418, CG = 0.819358, CT = 12.753666, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. 27. Nothophoma quercina (Syd. & P. Syd.) Qian Chen & L. Cai, Studies in Mycology 82: 213 (2015) Fig. 43 Facesoffungi number: FoF05256 Saprobic or fungicolous on Quercus sp., Keteleeria fortune and human superficial foot lesion. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 76–140 μm high × 95–165 μm diam. ( x = 125 × 132 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary, produced on the agar surface, globose to subglobose, conspicuous, non-papillate ostiolate. Conidiomata wall 12–16 μm wide ( x = 14.5 μm, n = 20), pale brown, pseudoparenchymatous, 3–5 layers. Conidiogenous cells 7.7–8.6 × 5.2–6.7 μm ( x = 8.2 × 6.3 μm, n = 30), phialidic, hyaline, simple, smooth, doliiform to ampulliform. Conidia 5.1–6.5 × 3.3–4.5 μm ( x = 6.2 × 4.1 μm, n = 30), initially hyaline, pale brown at maturity, variable in shape, subglobose to oval or obtuse, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, guttulate. Figure 43 – Nothophoma quercina from culture (MFLUCC 18–1550). a Top view of culture. b Reverse view of the culture. c Hyphae and formation of conidia. d Conidiogenous cell. e–g Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c–g = 10 µm. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA 60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, margin regular. Aerial mycelium covering the whole colony, compact, white to pale grey, with olivaceous tinges near the colony centre; reverse olivaceous-black in centre, margin yellow to pale brown. Material examined – CHINA, Kunming, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying cone of Keteleeria fortunei (Pinaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 453-A (MFLU 18–2206-A, new host 57 record), living culture MFLUCC 18–1550, KUMCC 18–0269. GenBank numbers: SSU: MK347909, ITS: MK347801, LSU: MK348020, tef1: MK340876, rpb2: MK434911, tub2: MK412880, actin: MK412891, calmodulin: MK412897 Known Distribution – China, causing brown spot on Ziziphus jujube (Jianyu et al. 2016); China, and leaf spot disease of Phellodendron amurense (Jiao et al. 2017), causing trunk canker on Malus micromalus (Liu et al. 2018), on decaying cone of Keteleeria fortunei (this study); Italy, on dead branch of Ulmus × hollandica (Tibpromma et al. 2017), Korea, causing shoot canker on Chaenomeles sinensis in China (Yun & Oh 2016), Spain and Tunisia, dieback of Olea europaea (Moral et al. 2017), Ukraine, on Quercus sp. (Chen et al. 2017, Moral et al. 2017, ValenzuelaLopez et al. 2018), USA, from human superficial foot lesion (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). Notes – Nothophoma quercina forms a sister clade to N. quercina (UTHSC DI16 270) with high statistical support (75% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 42). It also shares similar morphological characters with the type strain of N. quercina in having solitary, globose to subglobose pycnidia with non-papillate ostiole, doliform conidiogenous cells and variable shaped, hyaline or pale brown conidia (Fig. 43). A comparison of the ITS, rpb2 and tub2 nucleotides of these two strains reveals less than ≤ 1.5% nucleotide differences which indicates that our isolate is Nothophoma quercina (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Remotididymella Valenz.-Lopez, Crous, J.F. Cano, Guarro & Stchigel, Studies in Mycology 90: 35 (2017) This genus was introduced by Valenzuela-Lopez et al. (2018) based on a phylogenetic study, which showed it was distinctness from other genera in family Didymellaceae. Currently, this genus comprises two species namely, Remotididymella anthropophila (isolated from human sample) and R. destructiva (from fruit of Lycopersicon esculentum). Both species are known only as coelomycetous asexual morphs (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018), but we introduce a new, sexual morph species (Fig. 44). 28. Remotididymella bauhiniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Figs 45, 46 Index Fungorum number: IF555553; Facesoffungi number: FoF05257 Holotype – MFLU 18–2118 Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Bauhinia (Fabaceae). Saprobic on Bauhinia sp. pod. Sexual morph: Ascomata 125–150 μm high × 110–125 μm diam. (x̅ = 135 × 115 μm; n = 10), immersed or superficial, globose, conical globose to lenticular, scattered or clustered, papillate or apapillate, ostiolate. Peridium15–30 μm wide (x̅ = 24 μm; n = 20), composed of several layers of brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis, fusing at the outside with the host tissue. Hamathecium with 1.5–2 μm wide (x̅ = 1.7 μm; n = 20), dense, filamentous, septate, branching and hyaline, cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci 70–80 × 5–9 μm (x̅ = 75 × 7.5 μm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, short-pedicellate, rounded at apex, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 22–26 × 3–6 μm (x̅ = 23.5 × 4.5 μm; n = 20), overlapping 2–3seriate, hyaline, fusiform, 1–3-septate, constricted at middle septum, containing up to four refractive oil globules, irregular, hyaline, gelatinous sheath observed when mounted in Indian ink. Asexual morph: Conidiomata not observed in culture. Chlamydospores 8–12 × 3–4 μm (x̅ = 10 × 3.5 μm; n = 20), intercalary or terminal, solitary, subhyaline to dark brown, variable, irregular, verruculose or incidentally tuberculate, 1–2 cells, smooth. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies reaching 15 mm diam. after 1 week, flattened, top and reverse olive brown to dark grey, top white mass of hyphal growth, NaOH spot test negative. Crystals absent. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on decaying pod of Bauhinia sp. (Fabaceae), 27 June 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 254 (MFLU 18–2118, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2281, KUMCC 18–0296. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347845, ITS: MK347737, LSU: MK347954, rpb2: MK434914, tub2: MK412884, actin: MK412894 58 Notes – Remotididymella bauhiniae forms a sister clade to R. anthropophila (CBS 142462) with high support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 44). Remotididymella bauhiniae is the first record of sexual morph taxon for this genus; we failed to isolate the asexual morph in culture. Therefore, we compared morphology of R. bauhiniae (Fig. 45) with family descriptions of Didymellace; characters such as immersed or superficial, globose, conical globose ascomata, filamentous, septate, branched, cellular pseudoparaphyses, clavate to cylindrical, short-pedicellate asci and fusiform, hyaline, 1–3-septate ascospores occur in both (Chen et al. 2015, Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). Base pair difference of ITS, rpb2 and tub2 genes are 13 (2.6%), 57 (7.8%) and 33(9.9%), respectively, which separates R. anthropophila and the new species. Figure 44 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 matrix of 246 taxa including related species of the family Didymellaceae (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). The matrix comprised 2524 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Leptosphaeria doliolum CBS 505.75 (Leptosphaeriaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -35336.736875 is presented. The matrix had 942 distinct alignment patterns, with 17.25% of undetermined 59 characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.237767, C = 0.243586, G = 0.273352, T = 0.245295; substitution rates AC = 1.587839, AG = 5.660755, AT = 1.923812, CG = 0.840031, CT = 11.057417, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, I and R respectively. Figure 45 – Remotididymella bauhiniae (MFLU 18–2118, holotype). a Host of decaying pod. b, c Ascoma on substrate. d Section through ascoma. e–h Ascospores. i Cellular pseudoparaphyses. j–m Asci. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 200 μm, d = 50 μm, e–i = 10 μm, i–k = 20 μm. Figure 46 – Remotididymella bauhiniae in culture (MFLUCC 17–2281, ex-type). a Top view of colony on MEA. b Reverse view of colony. c Chlamydospores. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c = 10 µm. 60 Stagonosporopsis Died., Annales Mycologici 10 (2): 142 (1912) Stagonosporopsis is a coelomycetous genus in Didymellaceae (De Gruyter et al. 2009), accommodating several important phytopathogenic species, some of which have sexual forms in Didymella (Diedicke 1912, Aveskamp et al. 2010). Many Stagonosporopsis species are considered serious quarantine organisms in parts of the world (Pethybridge et al. 2008, Vaghefi et al. 2012, EPPO 2014). An updated phylogenetic tree for the genus is presented in Fig. 47 and a new species of Stagonosporopsis is introduced. Figure 47 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 matrix of thirty-two taxa including related species of the genus Stagonosporopsis (Crous et al. 2015). The matrix comprised 2756 characters including alignment gaps. The tree is rooted with Heterophoma poolensis (CBS 113.20). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -8386.622374 is presented. The matrix had 388 distinct alignment patterns, with 11.83% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.245798, C = 0.237676, G = 0.273178, T = 0.243348; substitution rates AC = 1.882600, AG = 4.123164, AT = 2.015920, CG = 0.907833, CT = 12.626910, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, isotype, neotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, I, N and R respectively. 29. Stagonosporopsis pini Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 48 Index Fungorum number: IF555554; Facesoffungi number: FoF05258 Holotype – MFLU 18–2204 Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Pinus (Pinaceae). Saprobic on Pinus sp. cone. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 105–140 μm high × 122–153 μm diam. (x̅ = 125 × 143 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, globose to subglobose, on agar surface or immersed, solitary or confluent, ostiolate or poroid. Conidiomata wall 9–26 μm wide ( x = 19.5 μm, n = 20), pseudoparenchymatous, 2–6 cell layers of which the outer 1–3 are brown/olivaceous. Conidiogenous cells 4–7.5 × 3–6 μm (x̅ = 5.8 × 4.5 μm, n = 10), lining the inner cavity, ampulliform, hyaline, smooth, with prominent periclinal thickening at apex. Conidia 5–6.7 × 2.7–2.9 μm (x̅ = 6.1 × 2.8 μm, n = 10), hyaline, ellipsoidal to subglobose, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, two prominent guttules. 61 Figure 48 – Stagonosporopsis pini (MFLUCC 18–1549, ex-type). a Top view of culture in MEA. b Reverse view of culture in MEA. c Conidioma in culture. d Section through a conidiomata. e–h Conidiogenous cells. i–k Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c = 200 μm, d = 100 μm, e–k = 5 μm. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at the end of the conidia. Colonies on MEA reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C, circular, edge lobate, raised, fluffy, dense, convex shaped with white to grey papillate surface, to superficial at the center, flat or effuse at the edge, greyish brown centire and edge brown from above, reverse; olivaceous green centire. Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming, Kunming Institute, on decaying cone of Pinus sp. (Pinaceae) 15 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 452 (MFLU 18–2204, holotype, MFLU 18–2205, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1549; KUMCC 18–0298. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347908, ITS: MK347800, LSU: MK348019, rpb2: MK434860, tub2: MK412886, Calmodulin: MK412896, actin: MK412895 Notes – Stagonosporopsis pini groups as sister clade to Stagonosporopsis dorenboschii (CBS 426.90) with moderate support (Fig. 47). S. dorenboschii has been reported as an opportunistic pathogen (Boerema et al. 2004) from different plant families including Asteraceae (Callistephus sp.), causing leaf spots and anthracnose. Stagonosporopsis pini is a saprobe on cone of Pinus sp. Although the morphological descriptions of S. dorenboschii are inadequate, our species fits with the generic description of Stagonosporopsis in possessing globose to subglobose pycnidia, ampulliform conidiogenous cells and aseptate, hyaline, ellipsoidal to subglobose conidia with guttules (Fig. 48). Species in this family are mainly based on molecular data as the morphotaxonomic characters are sparse (Chen et al. 2015). Base pair differences between S. dorenboschii and S. pini are 12 (2.5%), 54 (9.1%) and 26 (8.3%) for ITS, rpb2 and tub2 genes respectively. Therefore, a new species is introduced based primarily on molecular data (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Didymosphaeriaceae Munk, Dansk botanisk Arkiv 15 (2): 128 (1953) Ariyawansa et al. (2014) revised the family Didymosphaeriaceae with 20 genera and listed Montagnulaceae as a synonym of Didymosphaeriaceae. We provide an updated tree for this family with a new genus, five new species and five new host records (Fig. 49). 62 Figure 49 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 sequenced data of Didymosphaeriaceae. Related sequences were obtained from Wanasinghe et al. (2018b). Ninety-six strains were included in the combined sequence analyses, which comprised 3300 characters including alignment gaps. Pleospora herbarum (CBS 191.86 and IT 956) and P. tarda (CBS 714.68) are used as the outgroup taxa. Tree topology of the ML tree was 63 similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of 18303.530692 is presented. The matrix had 1159 distinct alignment patterns, with 33.72% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.240711, C = 0.244769, G = 0.273737, T = 0.240783; substitution rates AC = 1.476563, AG = 2.183231, AT = 1.233338, CG = 0.923088, CT = 6.926094, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I and R respectively. Austropleospora R.G. Shivas & L. Morin, Fungal Diversity 40 (1): 70 (2010) This genus comprises two species namely Austropleospora archidendri and A. osteospermi (Morin et al. 2010, Verkley et al. 2014, Ariyawansa et al. 2015). We introduce a new species A. keteleeriae and a new record of A. archidendri (Fig. 49). 30. Austropleospora archidendri (Verkley, Göker & Stielow) Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 75: 64 (2015) Figs 50, 51 Facesoffungi number: FoF05243 = Paraconiothyrium archidendri Verkley, Göker & Stielow, Persoonia 32: 37 (2014) Figure 50 – Austropleospora archidendri (MFLU 18–2143). a Part of decaying host pod. b Conidiomata in the substrate. c Section through conidioma. d–f Conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia. j Germinated spore. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 100 μm, d–j = 5 μm. Pathogenic on Archidendron bigeminum leaf and saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 250–350 μm high × 200–300 μm diam. ( x = 310 × 275 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary, immersed, globose, unilocular, centrally ostiolate. Conidiomata wall 15–25 μm wide ( x = 22 μm, n = 20), 4–5-layered, composed of outer 3–4-layers brown and inner 1–2-layers hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, arising from the base and sides of the conidioma. Conidiogenous cells 3.5–6.5 × 3–4 μm ( x = 5.2 × 3.5 μm, n = 10), phialidic, with minute collarette, 64 globose to doliiform, lining the inner wall layer of the pycnidium, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 4.5–6.5 × 3–4.5 μm ( x = 5.7 × 3.8 μm; n = 30), solitary, hyaline when attached to conidiogenous cells, becoming dark brown, globose to obovate, one-celled, thick and, smooth-walled. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Culture on MEA reaching 55–60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, colonies colourless to buff margin; immersed mycelium, dense moderately high mat of woolly-floccose, white to greyish, in the centre weakly hazel aerial mycelium; conidiomata observed. Reverse predominantly ochreous, in the centre olivaceous-black with reddish brown margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 41̍ 45̎ N, 99˚ 34̍ 55̎ E), on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 321 (MFLU 18–2143, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 17–2429, KUMCC 18–0216. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347863, ITS: MK347757, LSU: MK347974, tef1: MK360044, rpb2: MK434884 Notes – Our new isolate forms a sister clade to Austropleospora archidendri with high statistical support (85% MLBS/0.97 BYPP, Fig. 49). In addition, the new strain (Figs. 50, 51) morphologically fits with the description of A. archidendri in having globose pycnidia, globose to doliiform conidiogenous cells, olivaceous-brown aseptate conidia and similar culture characters (Verkley et al. 2014). Furthermore, there is no nucleotide difference in ITS regions between the two. Therefore, we introduce this collection as a new host record of Austropleospora archidendri from decaying pod of Leucaena sp. and the holotype was recorded from leaf spots in Pithecellobium bigeminum in Burma on (Verkley et al. 2014). However, arrangements of conidiomata change with the substrate texture. Figure 51 – Austropleospora archidendri in culture (MFLUCC 17–2429). a Top view of the culture. b Reverse view of the culture. c Conidiomata in culture. d, e Conidiogenous cells. f, g Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c = 500 μm, d–g = 5 μm. 31. Austropleospora keteleeriae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 52 Index Fungorum number: IF555541; Facesoffungi number: FoF05244 Holotype – MFLU 18–2206 Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Keteleeria (Pinaceae). Saprobic on decaying cone of Keteleeria fortunei. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 210–240 μm high × 220–255 μm diam. ( x = 228× 242 μm, n = 30), pycnidial, solitary, immersed, globose to obpyriform, unilocular, centrally ostiolate. Conidiomata 65 wall 33–55 μm wide ( x = 44 μm; n = 20), thick, 5-6-layers, composed of an outer 4–5 layers, brown and inner 1–2-layers hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, arising from the base and sides of the conidioma. Conidiogenous cells 5–7 μm × 4–5 μm ( x = 6.2 × 4.5 μm, n = 30), phialidic, enteroblastic, determinate, ampulliform, lining the inner wall layer of the pycnidium, hyaline, smooth, thin walled. Conidia 4–5.5 × 5–6 μm ( x = 5 × 5.5 μm; n = 10), solitary, hyaline when young, becoming dark brown at maturity, globose to obovate, one-celled, thick andsmooth-walled. Culture characters – Culture on MEA fast growing, reaching 25–30 mm diam. after 1 week at 18oC, circular, irregular margin, colonies grow in four layers, center grey, next brown layer, pinkish grey and dark brown at margin, reverse center brown, middle off white and dark brown at margin. Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute garden (19˚ 41̍ 45̎ N, 99˚ 34̍ 55̎ E), on decaying cone of Keteleeria fortunei (Pinaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 453-B (MFLU 18–2206-B, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1551, KUMCC 18–0217. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347910, ITS: MK347802, LSU: MK348021, tef1: MK360045, rpb2: MK434909 Notes – Austropleospora keteleeriae clustered with A. archidendri (CBS 168.77 and MFLUCC 17–2429) in the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 49). Austropleospora archidendri has similar shape and size of conidiogenous cells to A. keteleeriae but has hyaline conidia attached to the thin-walled conidiogenous cells (Fig. 52). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two species reveals 9 (1.9%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, our isolate is introduced as a new species from Keteleeria fortunei collected in China. Figure 52 – Austropleospora keteleeriae (MFLUCC 18–1551, ex-type). a Host cone. b Top view of the culture. c Reverse view of the culture. d Conidiomata in culture. e Section through conidioma. f Conidioma wall. g–k Conidiogenous cells. l–n Conidia. Scale bars: a–c = 1 cm, d = 500 μm, e = 50 μm, f = 30 μm, g–k = 10 μm, l–n = 10 μm. 66 32. Cylindroaseptospora Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555542; Facesoffungi number: FoF05243 Etymology – Referring to the cylindrical aseptate conidia in isolated fungus. Saprobic on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata superficial or immersed in the agar, eustromatic, dark brown to black, more often complex with several merging cavities, without ostioles, opening by dissolution of upper cells; conidiomatal wall composed of a thick outer layer of textura angularis with relatively thin, dark brown walls, thin inner layer of textura angularis, pale yellow to hyaline walls. Conidiogenous cells discrete or assembled into protruding masses, indeterminate, phialidic, formed from the inner cells all over the conidiomatal wall, hyaline, broadly ampulliform to globose, with distinct periclinal thickening. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical, rounded at both ends, 1-celled, with thin and smooth walls, with contents minutely granular or with a few small polar guttules. Type species – Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde Notes – Two asexual morph species clustered in Didymospheriaceae as a monophyletic clade (Fig. 49) in both ML and BY analyses. Both of these specimens were collected from two provinces in Thailand on decaying pod of Leucaena species. Since fungi collected herein clearly form an independent lineage and are phylogenetically segregated from other genera, we introduce, Cylindroaseptospora, as a new genus to accommodate these species. 33. Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 53 Index Fungorum number: IF555543; Facesoffungi number: FoF05244 Holotype – MFLU 18–2133 Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena (Fabaceae). Saprobic on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 95–170 μm high × 150–210 μm diam. ( x = 145 × 180 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, superficial or immersed in the agar, eustromatic, dark brown to black, more often complex with several merging cavities, ostioles absent, opening by dissolution of upper cells. Conidiomata wall 12–35 μm wide ( x = 28 μm, n = 20), composed of a thick outer layer of textura angularis with relatively thin, dark brown walls, thin inner layer of textura angularis, pale yellow to hyaline walls. Conidiogenous cells 5–10 × 4–6 μm ( x = 7.5 × 5.2 μm, n = 20), discrete or assembled into protruding masses, indeterminate, phialidic, formed from the inner cells all over the conidiomatal wall, hyaline, broadly ampulliform to globose, with distinct periclinal thickening. Conidia 12–19 × 2–2.5 μm ( x = 15 × 2.2 μm, n = 5), hyaline, cylindrical, rounded at both ends, 1celled, with thin and smooth walls, with contents minutely granular or with a few small polar guttules. Figure 53 – Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae (MFLUCC 17–2424, ex-type). a Top view of colony on MEA. b Reverse view of the colony. c, d Pycnidia in culture. e, f Conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c = 500 µm, d = 200 µm, e–i = 10 µm. 67 Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA and reaching of 55–60 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18oC, spreading, with an even, colourless to buff, glabrous margin; colony surface almost entirely covered by a dense mat of woolly floccose aerial mycelium that remains pure white except in the centre, where it becomes olivaceous buff, visible as scattered black dots in top view; reverse mostly ochreous, but with fulvous zones around a rust centre. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 20 June 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 286 (MFLU 18–2133, holotype, MFLU 18–2134, isotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2424, KUMCC 18–0226. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347856, ITS: MK347749, LSU: MK347966, tef1: MK360047, rpb2: MK434882 Notes – Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae and C. siamensis share phialidic, determinate, ampulliform conidiogenous cells but C. siamensis differs in having globose to subglobose, dark brown, 1-septate conidia at maturity (Figs. 53, 54). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of these two fungi revealed 23 (4.7%) and 81 (8.8%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). 34. Cylindroaseptospora siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 54 Index Fungorum number: IF555544; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05245 Holotype – MFLU 18–2147 Etymology – Referring to country (‘Siam’ earlier name of Thailand) where the specimen was collected. Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 110–165 μm high × 140–190 μm diam. ( x = 142 × 175 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary, immersed, globose to obpyriform, unilocular, thick-walled. Conidiomata wall 15–38 μm wide ( x = 29 μm, n = 20), comprised of brown outer layer, hyaline inner layer, with thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, arising from the base. Conidiogenous cells 6.5–7.4 × 3.2–4.7 μm ( x = 7.1 × 4.1 μm; n = 10), phialidic, determinate, ampulliform, lining the inner wall layer of the pycnidium, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 7.2–9.4 × 5.4–6.5 μm ( x = 8.6 × 6.1 μm; n = 30), hyaline when young, becoming dark brown, globose to subglobose, aseptate, 1-septate at maturity, thick and smooth-walled. Figure 54 – Cylindroaseptospora siamensis (MFLUCC 17–2527, ex-type). a Top view of the colony on MEA. b Reverse view of the colony. c–e Conidiogenous cells. f, g Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, e–g = 10 µm. 68 Culture characters – Culture on MEA reaching 40–50 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, circular, entire margin, colourless to buff, colony surface almost entirely covered by a mat of woolly floccose aerial mycelium that remains off-white except in the centre, where it later becomes olivaceous buff, visible as scattered black dots in top view; reverse mostly ochraceous, but with fulvous zones around a rusty centre. Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19° 3' 44" N, 99° 46' 54" E), on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 329 (MFLU 18–2147, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102427, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2527, KUMCC 18– 0227. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347866, ITS: MK347760, LSU: MK347976, tef1: MK360048 Didymocrea Kowalski, Mycologia 57 (3): 405 (1965) Aptroot (1995) suggested placement of this genus under family Zopfiaceae. Kruys et al. (2006) confirmed Didymocrea individual lineage within this family but Tanaka et al (2015) placed this genus under Didymospheriaceae with support of multi-loci analysis of SSU and LSU and tef1 genes (Fig. 49). 35. Didymocrea leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 55 Index Fungorum number: IF555546; Facesoffungi number: FoF05247 Holotype – MFLU 18–2092 Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena (Fabaceae). Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexaul morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Sporodochia on substrate punctiform, pulvinate, granular, black, shining. Mycelium immersed in the substrate, composed of branched, septate, smooth, subhyaline to pale brown, hyphae. Conidiophores 32–47 × 2.5–3.5 μm ( x = 40 × 3 μm; n = 20), micronematous or semi-macronematous, mononematous, fasciculate, simple or sometimes branched. Conidiogenous cells 12–17 × 11–15 μm ( x = 15 × 13 μm; n = 20), integrated, holoblastic, terminal, determinate. Conidia 15–17 × 16–19 μm ( x = 16.5 × 18.5 μm; n = 20), acrogenous, solitary, reddish brown to brown, broadly ellipsoidal to obovoid in surface view, fusiform to obclavate in lateral view, flattened, muriform, 3–4 rows of transverse septa, constricted at the septa, dark and thickly banded atthe septa, canals in the septa obscured by dark pigmentation in face view, and visible inside view, thin and smooth-walled. The number of cells per conidium varies from 9 to 11. Basal cell subhyaline to pale brown, cuneiform. Culture characteristics – Conidia germinating on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced an end of conidia. Colonies on MEA reaching 36–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, circular, edge entire, raised, fluffy, dense, convex or dome-shaped with white papillate surface, to superficial at the center, flat or effuse at the edge, greyish brown from above, dark brown from below. Material examined – THAILAND, Lumphang Province, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 30 August 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 150 (MFLU 18–2092, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–0896, KUMCC 18–0235. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347826, ITS: MK347721, LSU: MK347935, tef1: MK360052, rpb2: MK434905 Notes – Our isolate clades with Didymocrea sadasivanii which is the type and only species in this genus. However, Didymocrea sadasivanii is a sexual morph species and our isolate is an asexual morph (Fig. 55). Therefore, there is no morphological data to compare the two species. There is low bootstrap support for this relationship (Fig. 49). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two strains reveals 38 (6%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Morphology of Didymocrea leucaenae bears similarities to species in Canalisporium (Sordariomycetes), but phylogenetically they are distinct (Zhao et al. 2013). Pseudopithomyces Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 75: 64 (2015) 69 Pseudopithomyces was introduced to accommodate Pithomyces chartarum and characterized by fusiform, verruculose dark conidia and producing brown to black colonies on the host (Ariyawansa et al. 2015). Figure 55 – Didymocrea leucaenae (MFLU 18–2092, holotype). a Host Leucaena leucocephala pod. b–d Sporodochia and conidia. e–i Conidia. j Germinated conidium. k Top view of culture in MEA. l Reverse view of culture in MEA. m–o Conidia and conidiogenous cells in culture. Sale bars: a = 1 cm, d, n, o = 50 μm, e –g = 20 μm, h–j = 10 μm, k, l = 3 cm, m = 100 μm. 36. Pseudopithomyces chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Jin F. Li, Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 75: 66 (2015) Figs 56, 57 ≡Sporidesmium chartarum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, in Berkeley, Grevillea 3: 50 (1874) ≡Piricauda chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) R.T. Moore, Rhodora 61: 96 (1959) =Sporidesmium bakeri Syd. & P. Syd., Annales Mycologici 12 (2): 204 (1914) Saprobic and endophytic on wide host range. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores mononematous, micronematous, mostly intercalary, sometimes denticulate, aseptate. Conidiogenous cells mono or polyblastic, light brown, smooth, with upto 2 µm broad conidial attachment, with rhexolytic cesession. Conidia 16–22 × 8–12 μm ( x = 18 × 10 μm, n = 30), solitary, dark brown, obovate to oblong, verruculose to spinulose, slightly constricted at the septa, 3–4 vertical septa, mostly 1–2 longitudinal dark septa. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at end cells of conidia. Colonies cottony, pinkish white, light brown to brown, reaching 40–50 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C. Mycelium superficial, effuse and radially striated with regular edge. Sporulation observed after 4 weeks at 18°C. 70 Figure 56 – Pseudopithomyces chartarum (MFLU 18–2123). a Host seed pods. b, c Conidiomata on host material. d, e Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. f–j Conidia. k Germinated spore. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d–g, k = 20 μm, f–j = 10 μm. Figure 57 – Pseudopithomyces chartarum from culture (MFLUCC 17–2290). a Germinated spore. b, c Top view of culture. c Reverse view of culture. e–h Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. d, i–m Conidia. Scale bars: a, d–m = 10 μm, b, c = 1 cm. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on decaying pod of Radermachera sinica (Bignoniaceae), 7 July 2017, S. C. Jayasiri, C-268 (MFLU 18–2123, new host record); living culture, MFLUCC 17–2286, KUMCC 18–0287; ibid., Doi Pui (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N; 99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Bauhinia sp. (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S. C. Jayasiri, C 284 (MFLU 18–2131, new host record), living culture, MFLUCC 17–2290, KUMCC 18–0288; THAILAND, Koland, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 6 August 2017, S. C. Jayasiri, C 300 (MFLU 18–2137, new host record) living culture, MFLUCC 17–2293, KUMCC 18–0289; CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 25 May 2018, S. C. Jayasiri, C 459 (MFLU 18–2215), living culture MFLUCC 18–1564, KUMCC 18–0290. 71 GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2286: SSU: MK347849, ITS: MK347741, LSU: MK347958, tef1: MK360079, rpb2: MK434892; MFLUCC 17–2290: SSU: MK347854, ITS: MK347747, LSU: MK347964, tef1: MK360080, rpb2: MK434890; MFLUCC 17–2293: SSU: MK347859, ITS: MK347752, LSU: MK347969, tef1: MK360081, rpb2: MK434887; MFLUCC 18–1564: SSU: MK347916, ITS: MK347808, LSU: MK348027, tef1: MK360082, rpb2: MK434857 Notes – Four strains of Pseudopithomyces chartarum were isolated from decaying wild seed pods and a cone of Magnolia grandiflora. These are well supported in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 49) and morphs are in agreement with the type descriptions (Berkeley & Curtis 1874). Pseudopithomyces chartarum has been reported from different hosts (Ariyawansa et al. 2015), but this is the first report from Bauhinia sp., Leucaena sp., Magnolia grandiflora and Radermachera sinica species. This species appears as a species complex with many records worldwide but we suggest more gene sequences are needed for further resolve this complex (Fig. 49). 37. Pseudopithomyces entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 58 Index Fungorum number: IF555545; Facesoffungi number: FoF05246 Holotype – MFLU 18–2103 Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Entada (Fabaceae). Saprobic on pod of Entada phaseoloides. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores differentiated, arising from creeping hyphae, unbranched, with thin septa, straight to flexuous, hyaline to pale brown, thick-walled, producing conidium-bearing denticles that are widely spaced in the apical region, with rhexolytic conidial cesession. Conidia 10–14 × 6–9 μm ( x = 12 × 8 μm, n = 30), solitary, dark brown, obovate to oblong, verruculose, slightly constricted at the septa, with 1–2 septa, rarely 1 longitudinal septum in the middle cell. Figure 58 – Pseudopithomyces entadae (MFLU 18–2103, holotype). a Part of host seed pod. b Conidiomata on host material. c–g Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. h Conidia. i Germinated conidia. j Top view of culture. k Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a, j, k = 2 cm, b = 200 μm, c–g = 10 μm, h, i = 20 μm. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at end of conidia. Colonies cottony, pinkish white, light brown to brown, reaching 45–52 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C. Mycelium superficial, effuse and radially striate with regular edge. 72 Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N; 99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 219 (MFLU 18–2103, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–0917, KUMCC 18–0291; C 227 (MFLU 18–2107, paratype), MFLUCC 17–2585, KUMCC 18–0292. GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–0917: SSU: MK347835, LSU: MK347944, tef1: MK360083, rpb2: MK434899 Notes – Pseudopithomyces entadae constitutes an independent subclade to P. chartarum strains with high support (83% MLBS, Fig. 49). Morphologically P. chartarum differs from P. entadae in having conidium-bearing denticles in the apical region of the conidiophore and 1–2 septa, rarely longitudinal septa to the conidia (Fig. 58). However, Pseudopithomyces chartarum is characterized by mono or polyblastic conidiogenous cells and 3–4 septa, 1–2 longitudinal septate conidia (Berkeley & Curtis 1874, Ariyawansa et al. 2015). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of these two strains reveals 18 (3.9%) and 23 (2.6%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Spegazzinia Sacc., Michelia 2 (6): 37 (1880) Spegazzinia was classified in the Apiosporaceae (Sordariomycetes) based on its morphological traits (Hyde et al. 1998). Tanaka et al. (2015) placed this genus in Didymosphaeriaceae based on molecular evidence. We introduce a new species of Spegazzinia from fallen pod of Radermachera sinica in Thailand (Fig. 49). Figure 59 – Spegazzinia radermacherae (MFLU 18–2122, holotype). a Host seed pods. b, c Sporodochia on the host surface. d–g Conidiogenous cells and conidia (note conidiogenous mother cell in g). h, i α conidia. j β conidia. k Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, b = 500 μm, d–g, k = 20 μm, h–j = 20 μm. 38. Spegazzinia radermacherae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555547; Facesoffungi number: FoF05249 Fig. 59 73 Holotype – MFLU 18–2122 Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Radermachera (Bignoniaceae). Saprobic on Radermachera sinica. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Sporodochia dark, dense, dry, powdery, velvety. Conidiophores micronematous. Conidiogenous cells 4–5 μm × 3.5–4.5 μm ( x = 4.5 × 3.7 μm; n = 10), basauxic, ampulate, verrucose, producing an erect, verruculose unbranched filament up to 43–52 × 1.5–2.5 μm ( x = 48 × 1.8 μm; n = 20), pale, or golden brown. Conidia of two kinds: α conidia 4-celled, brown to black brown, 18–22 × 17.5–20 μm ( x = 19 × 18 μm; n = 30), with conspicuous spines 2–3 μm, scattered; β conida 15–17 × 8–10 μm ( x = 16.5 × 9.2 μm; n = 30), 4-celled, pale brown to dark brown, subglobose, flattened in one plane, cuciately septate, smooth to verrucose. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr and germ tubes produced from several cells. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 15–20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, flat, surface smooth, with entire edge, white to pale greenish-olivaceous, moderately dense, circular; reverse white to greenish olivaceous. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on fallen pod of Radermachera sinica (Bignoniaceae), 7 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 264 (MFLU 18– 2122, holotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2285, KUMCC 18–0297. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347848, ITS: MK347740, LSU: MK347957, tef1: MK360088, rpb2: MK434893 Notes – Spegazzinia radermacherae and S. tessarthra are related with high statistical support in the multigene phylogenetic analysis of SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 gene sequences (Fig. 49). Spegazzinia radermacherae is characteristic of Spegazzinia in having two types of conidia (Fig. 59). However, the type species of Spegazzinia tessarthra has longer spines (up to 10 μm) while in S. radermacherae, they are only 2–3 μm long. To further support the establishment a new taxon, as proposed by Jeewon & Hyde (2016), we examined the nucleotide differences of ITS and tef1 gene regions. There were 10 (3.1%) and 18 (2.0%) nucleotide differences between S. radermacherae and S. tessarthra for ITS and tef1 gene regions. Xenocamarosporium Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia 34: 185 (2015) This genus was added to Camarosporium complex by Crous et al. (2015). Xenocamarosporium acacia is the only species in the genus and it differs from Paracamarosporium in lacking paraphyses and from Pseudocamarosporium by not having muriformly septate conidia. 39. Xenocamarosporium acaciae Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia 34: 185 (2015) Fig. 60 Facesoffungi number: FoF05248 Saprobic on decaying Leucaena sp. pods. Sexual morph: Ascomata 150–170 μm high × 160– 200 μm diam. ( x = 164 × 185 μm, n = 10), scattered, solitary, immersed, visible as small, brown spots surrounded by pale yellowish region, uniloculate, subglobose, glabrous, with central black ostiole penetrating through host surface. Peridium 14–18 μm wide ( x = 14.5 μm; n = 20), thinwalled, of unequal thickness, composed of 3–4 layers of thickened, brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells, arranged in a textura angularis. Hamathecium 1–3 μm wide ( x = 2.2 μm; n = 20), composed of sparse, filiform, frequently anastomosing, broad cellular pseudoparaphyses, with distinct, constricted septa. Asci 60–75 × 8–10 μm ( x = 70 × 9 μm; n = 20), bitunicate, 8-spored, broadly cylindrical to cylindric-clavate, subsessile to short pedicellate, apically rounded with indistinct ocular chamber. Ascospores 15–20 × 3.5–5 μm ( x = 17 × 4 μm; n = 30), overlapping 1–3-seriate, phragmosporous, hyaline to brown, cylindrical, narrower and longer at the lower cell, 4-5-septate, often enlarged at the forth cell, rough-walled. Asexual morph: See Crous et al. (2015). Culture characters – Ascospores germinated in MEA. Colonies reaching 40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, spreading with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, margins, surface dirty white, reverse with cinnamon centire and margin in yellow layer. 74 Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District (8˚ 3̍ 22̎ N, 98˚ 46̍ 28̎ E), on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 354 (MFLU 18–2157, new host record); living culture MFLUCC 17–2432, KUMCC 18–0306. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347873, ITS: MK347766, LSU: MK347983, tef1: MK360093 Figure 60 – Xenocamarosporium acacia (MFLU 18–2157). a Pod of Leucaena sp. host. b, c Ascomata on host pod. d Section of ascoma. e Pseudoparaphyses. f–i Asci. j–n Ascospores. o Germinated ascospore. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, d = 50 µm, e = 10 µm, g, f–i = 20 µm, j–o = 10 µm. Notes – The sexual morph of Xenocamarosporium acacia is reported here and it groups with Alloconiothyrium aptrootii with moderate support. A sequence from our recent collection of X. acacia (MFLUCC 17–2432) groups with sequence of X. acacia (CPC 24755) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 49). Our isolate of X. acacia did not produce the asexual morph in culture. A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of the new strain (MFLUCC 17–2432) and Xenocamarosporium acacia (CPC 24755) reveals only 1 (0.2%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are not distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Hermatomycetaceae Locq. ex A. Hashim. & Kaz. Tanaka, Persoonia 39: 56 (2017) The family Hermatomycetaceae was introduced to accommodate the single genus Hermatomyces and two species, H. iriomotensis and H. nabanheensis (Hashimoto et al. 2017, Hyde et al. 2017). However, there are now 13 species in this genus (Tibpromma et al. 2016, 2017, Hyde et al. 2017, Koukol et al. 2018). 75 Hermatomyces Speg., Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Buenos Aires ser. 3, 13: 445 (1911) Some Hermatomyces species, such as H. sphaericus or H. tucumanensis, are seemingly common, but others are specific for one locality (Tibpromma et al. 2016, 2017b, Hyde et al. 2017, Koukol et al. 2018). We collected a specimen in Thailand and it is a new host record of H. sphaericus from decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides. Figure 61 – The best scoring RAxML tree from the maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, ITS, tef1 and rpb2 sequence data for Hermatomycetaceae. Forty-three strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 3322 characters including alignment gaps. Two strains of Anteaglonium (Anteagloniaceae) were used as the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -9995.716043 is presented. The matrix had 642 distinct alignment patterns, with 16.43% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.246000, C = 0.264750, G = 0.260783, T = 0.228466; substitution rates AC = 1.113195, AG = 4.383677, AT = 1.052816, CG = 0.868872, CT = 13.097676, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strain is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in with a red superscript H, P and R respectively. 40. Hermatomyces sphaericus (Sacc.) S. Hughes, Mycological Papers 50: 100 (1953) Fig 62 Facesoffungi number: FoF05259 Saprobic on decaying branch, leaves and pods. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual 76 morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate scattered, Mycelium 2–4 μm wide ( x = 3.2 μm; n = 20), immersed, composed of brown, smooth, septate hyphae. Conidiomata 300–800 μm wide ( x = 585 μm, n = 20), sporodochial, dark brown to black. Conidiophores 8–13 μm long × 2–4 μm diam. ( x = 11.5 × 3.4 μm; n = 20), micronematous, mononematous, pale brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells 4.5–10 × 3–4 μm ( x = 7.5 × 3.5 μm, n = 20), monoblastic, integrated, terminal, pale brown, cylindrical, smooth-walled. Conidia 25–31 × 20–30 μm ( x = 28 × 25 μm; n = 20), solitary, acrogenous, cheiroid, pale brown to brown, globose, subglobose, inwardly curved at the tip, arising from a basal cell, consisting of 4–5 rows of cells, rows digitate, without appendages, with each row composed of 4–5 cells, euseptate, constricted at the septa, guttulate. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 20–30 mm diam. after 1 week in 18 ° C, irregular in shape, undulate to lobate, flat or effuse to rise at the edge, convex with papillate surface on old mycelium plugs, aerial, medium sparse, grey above, pastel grey from below. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N; 99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 415 (MFLU 18–2183, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 17–0915, KUMCC 18–0246. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347891, ITS: MK347784, LSU: MK348002, tef1: MK360058, rpb2: MK434868 Notes – Hermatomyces sphaericus has been reported from different plant families and different plant parts (Koukol et al. 2018). We introduce a new host record from decaying pods of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae) in Thailand. The new strain groups with other strains of H. sphaericus in the multigene analysis (Fig. 61). Morphology of the new strain (Fig. 62) matches the type collection (K(M)–IMI 37763) in having dark brown to black sporodochia, micronematous, mononematous, pale brown, smooth, monoblastic, integrated, terminal, pale brown, cylindrical conidiogenous cells and globose to subglobose, acrogenous, cheiroid conidia with one cell type (Hughes 1953). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of Hermatomyces sphaericus (PMA 116081) and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–0915) revealed 3 (0.5%) and 3 (0.34%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that the new strain is Hermatomyces sphaericus (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Figure 62 – Hermatomyces sphaericus (MFLU 18–2183). a Part of host seed pod. b, c Conidiomata on host material. d, f conidia and conidiophores arrangement. e, g–k Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 200 μm, c = 500 μm, d–k = 20 μm. 77 Figure 63 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, LSU and tef1 matrix of 101 taxa including related families of the order 78 Pleosporales (Raja et al. 2017). The matrix comprised 2853 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Hysterium angustatum (Hysteriaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -23438.322933 is presented. The matrix had 1240 distinct alignment patterns, with 23.56% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.246725, C = 0.239974, G = 0.281460, T = 0.231841; substitution rates AC = 0.949077, AG = 3.313709, AT = 1.082049, CG = 1.230345, CT = 9.959676, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolates are in blue and the new combination is in purple. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I and R respectively. Lindgomycetaceae K. Hiray., Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer, Mycologia 102 (3): 733 (2010) This family contains four genera, Arundellina, Clohesyomyces, Hongkongmyces and Lolia. Most members in this family have been recorded from freshwater habitats, while Hongkongmyces is associated with IgG4-related sclerosing disease of humans (Tsang et al. 2014). We introduce a new genus to this family namely, Neolindgomyces with N. pandanae as the type species (Fig. 63). Quintaria submersa is transferred to Neolindgomyces as a second species. 41. Neolindgomyces Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555555; Facesoffungi number: FoF05260 Etymology – Referring to the morphological similarity of new taxon with genus Lindgomyces. Saprobic on Pandanus sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered to gregarious, immersed, coriaceous, dark brown to black, surrounded by large, carbonaceous parenchymatous cells, clypeus present. Ostiole slit-like, central, with a reduced crest and a pore-like opening, plugged by gelatinous tissue, made up of lightly pigmented, pseudoparenchymatous cells. Peridium circular, symmetric, dark brown to black layers, somewhat flattened cells of textura angularis, fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues, with inner stratum comprising hyaline cell layers of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, filamentous, branched septate, pseudoparaphyses. Asci, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate, apex rounded with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores uniseriate to bi-seriate, overlapping, hyaline, fusiform with narrow, acute ends, 8-septate, constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, guttulate, with a wide mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species – Neolindgomyces pandanae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde Notes – Neolindgomyces is introduced as a new genus belonging to family Lindgomycetaceae based on the multigene phylogenetic analysis of LSU, SSU and tef1 sequence data and morphological characters. Neolindgomyces forms a new lineage in the Lindgomycetaceae distinct from other genera in the family with high statistical support (83% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 63). Morphology of our strains are in line with the family descriptions in having subglobose to globose ostiolate ascomata, filamentous, branched, anastomosing pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical to clavate bitunicate asci with an ocular chamber, multi-septate, hyaline ascospores with a gelatinous sheath (Figs. 64, 65). Neolindgomyces differs from other genera in this family in having carbonaceous peridium and presence of clypeus (Zhang et al. 2009, Hirayama et al. 2010, Hyde et al. 2014). 42. Neolindgomyces pandanae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Figs 64, 65 Index Fungorum number: IF 555556; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05261 Holotype – MFLU 18–2161 Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Pandanus (Pandanaceae). Saprobic on Pandanus sp. fruits. Sexual morph: Ascomata 230–255 high × 220–248 µm diam. (x̅ = 235 × 225 µm; n = 10), scattered to gregarious, immersed, carbonaceous, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, clypeus present, ostiolate. Ostiole pore-like opening, with 79 periphyses made up of lightly pigmented, pseudoparenchymatous cells. Peridium 13–25 µm wide (x̅ = 21 µm; n = 20), circular, symmetric, dark brown to black layers, somewhat flattened cells of textura angularis, fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues, inner stratum comprising hyaline cell layers of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.0–1.5 µm wide (x̅ = 1.3 µm; n = 30), comprising numerous, filamentous, branched, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 100–140 × 11–13 µm (x̅ = 125 × 11.9 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate, apex rounded with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores 40–50 × 5–7 µm (x̅ = 43 × 6.2 µm; n = 30), uniseriate to bi-seriate, overlapping, hyaline, brown when speciemen dry, fusiform with narrow, acute ends, 8-septate, constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, with many guttules, surrounded by prominent mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18°C, colonies irregular, medium dense, brown to grey in top view with dark brown edge. Lower surface dark brown with radially arrange margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Ranong Province (9˚ 35̍ 43̎ N, 98˚ 80̍ 43̎ E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Pandanus sp. (Pandanaceae), 29 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 358 (MFLU 18– 2161, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102431, isotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–0245, KUMCC 18–0262; ibid., C 363 (MFLU 18–2162), living culture MFLUCC 18–1546, KUMCC 18–0263; ibid., 380-A (MFLU 18–2174); living culture MFLUCC 18–1539, KUMCC 18–0264. GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–0245: SSU: MK347875, ITS: MK347768, LSU: MK347985, tef1: MK360062, rpb2: MK434875; MFLUCC 18–1546: SSU: MK347877, ITS: MK347770, LSU: MK347987, tef1: MK360064, rpb2: MK434874; MFLUCC 18–1539: SSU: MK347877, ITS: MK347778, LSU: MK347995, tef1: MK360063 Figure 64 – Neolindgomyces pandanae (MFLU 18–2161, holotype). a Pandanus sp. host. b Ascomata on host seed. c Section of ascoma. d Pseudoparaphyses. e, f Asci. g, h Ascospores. i Germinated spore. j Sheath in Indian ink. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, c = 100 µm, d = 20 µm, e, f = 30 µm, g–j = 20 µm. 80 Figure 65 – Neolindgomyces pandanae in culture (MFLUCC 18–0245, ex-type). a Top view of culture. b Reverse view of culture. c Ascomata. d Hypha coils. e Section of ascoma. f Peridium. g Ostiolar neck. h–j Asci. k, l Ascospore. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, c = 300 µm, d = 10 µm, e = 100 µm, f, k, l = 20 µm, g–j = 30 µm. 43. Neolindgomyces submersa (K.D. Hyde & Goh) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov. ≡ Quintaria submersa K.D. Hyde & Goh, Nova Hedwigia 68(1–2): 262 (1999) Index Fungorum number: IF555557; Facesoffungi number: FoF05262 Description – Refer to Hyde & Goh (1999) Notes – Quintaria submersa (CBS 115553) forms a sister clade to our three strains (MFLUCC 18–0239, MFLUCC 18–0246 and MFLUCC 18–0253) of Neolindgomyces pandanae with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 65). Quintaria submersa shares similar morphology with Neolindgomyces pandanae in having globose to subglobose ascomata with clypeus and ostiolar canal filled with periphyses, cylindrical, short-pedicellate asci and hyaline, fusiform, guttulate ascospores with sheath (Hyde & Goh 1999). Therefore, we transfer Quintaria submersa to the genus Neolindgomyces. Neolindgomyces pandanae diffes from N. submera in having 8-septate, smaller ascospores (40–50 × 5–7 µm vs. 50–68 × 10–14 µm) and smaller asci (100–140 × 11–13 µm vs. 144–212 × 22–33 µm) (Hyde & Goh 1999). To further support the establishment a new taxon, as proposed by Jeewon & Hyde (2016), we examined the nucleotide differences of tef1 gene region. There was 53 (6.1%) nucleotide difference between Neolindgomyces pandanae and N. submersa for tef1 gene region. Neolindgomyces submersa differs from the type species of Quintaria (Quintaria lignatilis) in having coriaceous ascomata, presence of clypeus and ascospores with a sheath (Hyde & Goh 1999). Quintaria lignatilis groups with species in family Testudinaceae (Schoch et al. 2009, this study). However, LSU sequence data in GenBank blast with Lophiotremataceae species, while SSU and 81 rpb2 sequence data in GenBank blast with Testudinaceae. Recent studies of these families did not consider Q. lignatilis and further sampling is required to confirm the placement of this species. Two additional species, Q. aquatica and Q. microsporum have no sequence data available. Quintaria aquatica differs from Neolindgomyces pandanae, in having 11–13 septate ascospores with a thin sheath and asci with a ring-like apical thickening (Hyde & Goh 1999). Quintaria microsporum is characterized by short ascospores without a sheath and shorter asci compared to other species of Quintaria and Neolindgomyces pandanae (Zhang et al. 2008). Lophiostomataceae Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 2: 672 (1883) Species of the family are recognised by their carbonaceous ascomata with a slit-like ostiolar neck (Zhang et al 2009, Hashimoto et al. 2018). They are saprobes on woody plants from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments (Thambugala et al. 2015, Hashimoto et al. 2018, Tennakoon et al. 2018). We introduce a new host record of Flabellascoma minimum from fallen pods of Leucaena leucocephala and describe a new species, Vaginatispora nypae from fallen fruit of Nypa fruticans in intertial zone in Thailand (Fig. 66). 44. Flabellascoma minimum A. Hashim., K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka, Studies in Mycology 90: 169 (2018) Fig. 67 Facesoffungi number: FoF05263 Saprobic on dead herbaceous twigs and pods. Sexual morph: Ascomata 228–310 µm high × 245–325 µm diam. (x̅ = 265 × 286 µm, n = 20), solitary, immersed, papilla erumpent through host surface, coriaceous to carbonaceous, black, subglobose, ostiolate. Ostiole slit-like, variable in shape, central, papillate, with a crestlike apex and an irregular porelike opening, plugged by gelatinous tissue, made up of hyaline, periphyes and occasionally lighter coloured. Peridium 22–45 µm wide, wider at the apex and thinner at the base, composed of a single stratum, with several layers of lightly pigmented to brown cells of textura prismatica, cells towards the inside lighter and somewhat broad, at the outside, darker, fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues. Hamathecium 1.5–2.5 µm wide (x̅ = 2.2 µm; n = 30), comprising numerous, filamentous, branched, septate, pseudoparaphyses, situated between and above the asci, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 65–79 × 7–9.5 µm (x̅ = 74 × 8.3 µm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate, long pedicellate, rounded at the apex, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 19–22 × 3–5 µm (x̅ = 21 × 4.2 µm, n = 20), overlapping 1–2 seriate, hyaline, fusiform, with narrow, acute ends, mostly curved, 13 septate, constricted at the central septum, cell above central septum widest, smooth-walled, guttulate, with polar appendages at each end. Asexual morph: See Hashimoto et al. (2018). Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 35–45 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18°C, colonies irregular, medium dense, brown to grey in top view with pale grey edge. Lower surface grey to brown with radially arrange margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province, 19° 3' 44" N, 99° 46' 54" E, on fallen pod of Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 328 (MFLU 18–2146, new host record; KUN-HKAS 102426), living culture MFLUCC 18–0233, KUMCC 18–0241. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347865, ITS: MK347759, LSU: MK347975, tef1: MK360054, rpb2: MK434883 Notes – Our isolate forms a sister clade to two strains of Flabellascoma minimum (CBS 143645 and CBS 143645) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/ 1.0 BYPP, Fig. 66), and shares similar morphological characters (Hashimoto et al. 2018). Flabellascoma minimum has coriaceous to carbonaceous, black, subglobose ascomata with ostiole, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate asci and fusiform, 1-3 septate, guttulate ascospores with polar appendages at each end (Hashimoto et al. 2018). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and rpb2 nucleotides of Flabellascoma minimum (CBS 143646) and the new strain (MFLUCC 18–0245) revealed 3 (0.57%), 5 (0.56%) and 10 (0.9%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that the new strain is Flabellascoma minimum (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, we introduce this as a new record of Flabellascoma 82 minimum on Leucaena leucocephala in Thailand. Previously, this species was reported on petioles of Arenga engleri and pods of Bauhinia purpurea in Taiwan (Hashimoto et al. 2018). Figure 66 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, LSU, ITS, tef1 and rpb2 partial sequence data. Sixty-four strains are included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 3645 characters including alignment gaps. Teichospora rubriostiolata and Teichospora trabicola (Teichosporaceae) were used as the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML analysis was similar to the BY. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -24365.760802 is presented. The matrix had 1489 distinct alignment patterns, with 31.29% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as 83 follows; A = 0.244512, C = 0.262058, G = 0.270451, T = 0.222979; substitution rates AC = 1.513226, AG = 4.132155, AT = 1.335161, CG = 1.306726, CT = 8.580096, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, partype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, P and R respectively. Figure 67 – Flabellascoma minimum (MFLU 18–2146). a Host seed pod. b–d Ascomata in host. e Section through ascoma. f Ostiole. g Peridium. h Pseudoparaphyses. i–l Asci. m–q Ascospores. r Top view of culture. s Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, e, u = 50 µm, f, g, i–l = 20 µm, h, m–q = 10 µm, r, s = 1 cm. 45. Vaginatispora nypae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 68 Index Fungorum number: IF555558; Facesoffungi number: FoF05264 Holotype – MFLU 18–2156 Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Nypa (Arecaceae). Saprobic on brackish water palm Nypa fruticans. Sexual morph: Ascomata 305–360 µm high × 280–405 µm diam. ( x = 344 × 365 µm; n = 30), scattered to gregarious, immersed, coriaceous, dark brown to black, surrounded by large, blackened parenchymatous cells, ostiolate. Ostiole slitlike, central, with a reduced crest and a pore-like opening, plugged by gelatinous tissue, made up of lightly pigmented, periphyes. Peridium 22–30 µm wide, circular, symmetric, dark brown to black 84 layers, somewhat flattened cells of textura angularis, fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues, inner stratum comprising hyaline cell layers of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.0–1.5 µm wide ( x = 1.3 µm; n = 30), comprising numerous, filamentous, branched septate, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 75–85 × 11–13 µm ( x = 82 × 11.9 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical-clavate, short-pedicellate, apex rounded with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores 22–26 × 10–13 µm ( x = 24 × 12 µm; n = 30), uniseriate to bi-seriate, overlapping, hyaline, fusiform with narrow, acute ends, 8-septate, constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, guttulate, with a prominent mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 3–4 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18°C, colonies irregular, medium dense, brown to grey in top view with pale brown edge. Lower surface dark brown with radially arrange margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on fallen fruit pericarp of Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), 31 Aug 2017, S.C. Jayasiri C 350 (MFLU 18–2156, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1543, KUMCC 18–0302. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347872, ITS: MK347765, LSU: MK347982, tef1: MK360091, rpb2: MK434877 Notes – Vaginatispora nypae forms a sister clade to V. appendiculata (MFLUCC 16–0314) with good statistical support (78 % MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 67) and shares similar morphological characters. Both species have cylindrical to clavate asci and hyaline, narrow fusiform ascospores with sheaths (Fig. 68). However, V. nypae lacks a slit-like ostiole, appendages and ascospores with a wing like sheath seen in V. appendiculata (Wanasinghe et al. 2016). Vaginatispora nypae was collected from estuarine zone in Thailand, while V. appendiculata is known from a fresh water environment in Thailand. A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two strains reveals 58 (10.7%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Figure 68 – Vaginatispora nypae (MFLU 18–2156, holotype). a Host fruit. b Ascoma on substrate. c, d Section through ascoma. e Peridium. f Pseudoparaphyses. g Ascus. h–i Ascospore. j Ascospore stained with Indian ink. k Germinated ascospore. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c, d = 100 µm, e = 30 µm, f, h–k = 10 µm, g = 20 µm. Lophiotremataceae K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka, Mycoscience 52: 405 (2011) The taxonomic placement of Lophiotremataceae was reassessed by Hashimoto et al. (2017) and this family comprises six genera, Atrocalyx, Crassimassarina, Cryptoclypeus, Galeaticarpa, 85 Lophiotrema and Pseudocryptoclypeus. An updated phylogenetic tree for the family is presented in Fig. 69 and a new species of Atrocalyx is introduced. Atrocalyx A. Hashim. & Kaz. Tanaka, Persoonia 39: 59 (2017) This genus was introduced with the type Atrocalyx acutisporus (Hashimoto et al. 2017). Species in this genus inhabit twigs or bark of woody plants in Belgium, China and Japan (Hashimoto et al. 2017, De Silva et al. 2018). Figure 69 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 partial sequence data. Fifty-one strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 4908 characters including alignment gaps. Lophiostoma spp. (Lophiostomataceae) were used as the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -34728.193523 is presented. The matrix had 1750 distinct alignment patterns, with 19.64% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.250766, C = 0.249259, G = 0.268459, T = 0.231517; substitution rates AC = 1.562313, AG = 4.270025, AT = 1.434787, CG = 1.201086, CT = 9.281437, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strain is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype are indicated in red superscript H. 46. Atrocalyx krabiensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Figs 70, 71 Index Fungorum number: IF555559; Facesoffungi number: FoF05265 Holotype – MFLU 18–2167 Etymology – Referring to the location where the specimen was collected, Krabi province, Thailand. 86 Saprobic on Acacia sp. pods. Sexual morph: Ascomata 260–350 μm high × 250–320 μm diam. ( x = 315 × 288 μm, n = 10), solitary, scattered, immersed, slightly erumpent through host surface, visible as raised, black spots on host surface, globose to subglobose, glabrous, uni-loculate. Ostiole apical slit-like opening with periphyses. Peridium 40–50 μm wide ( x = 47 μm, n = 10), carbonaceous, fragile, thick at aside, composed of hyaline and dark brown layers, inner layers hyaline to light brown cells, arranged in a textura prismatica, outer layers thick, arranged in a textura angularis, dark brown cells. Pseudoparaphyses dense, 0.6–1.2 μm wide ( x = 0.9 μm, n = 10), indistinctly septate, branched, anastomosing at the apex, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci 75–90 × 7–9 μm ( x = 80 × 8 μm, n = 25), bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, apically round, with well-developed ocular chamber, with short furcate pedicel and 8-spored. Ascospores 18–23 × 2–3 μm ( x = 20 × 2.5 μm, n = 30), fusiform with acute ends, hyaline, 1–6-septate constricted at the medium septum, enlarged near medium septum at the upper cell, smooth, 4–6 guttules, surrounded by a thick mucilaginous sheath in immature stage (Fig. 70i). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, brown to dark brown, confluent, immersed. Hyphae hyaline, branched, septate, reddish brown pigmented, Conidiogenous cells 3–6 × 4–5 μm ( x = 4.8 × 4.5 μm; n = 20), phialidic, hyaline, smooth-walled, ampulliform. Conidia 3–4 × 2–3 μm ( x = 3.8 × 2.6 μm, n = 30), hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, guttulate (Fig. 71). Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 20–30 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18°C, colonies irregular, medium dense, dull, off-white to brown in top view, reverse pale brown, pale yellow in margin. Figure 70 – Atrocalyx krabiensis (MFLU 18–2167, holotype). a Host seed pods. b, c Ascomata on substrate. d Section through ascoma. e Paraphyses. f–h Asci. i–m Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 cm, d, e, i = 50 µm, f–h = 20 µm, i–m = 30 µm. 87 Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on fallen pod septum of Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 372-B (MFLU 18–2167, holotype, MFLU 18–2168, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–0237, KUMCC 18–0215. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347881, ITS: MK347774, LSU: MK347991, tef1: MK360043 Notes – Atrocalyx krabiensis fits the generic description of Atrocalyx (Hashimoto et al. 2017, de Silva et al. 2018) forming a sister clade to A. guttulata (MFLUCC 10–0929) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/ 1.0 BYPP, Fig. 69). They also share similar asexual morphs. Unfortunately, Atrocalyx guttulata does not have sequence data for ITS or any protein coding genes for nucleotide comparison with the new species. Atrocalyx krabiensis differs from A. guttulata in having smaller ascospores (20 × 2.5 μm vs. 26 × 5 μm) with a sheath in immature stage and lacking any appentages (Fig. 70). Figure 71 – Atrocalyx krabiensis asexual morph from culture (MFLUCC 18–0237, ex-type). a Top view of colony on MEA. b Reverse view of colony. c Conidiomata in the substrate. d–f Conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c = 20 μm, d–i = 5 μm. Macrodiplodiopsidaceae Voglmayr, Jaklitsch & Crous, IMA Fungus 6 (1): 178 (2015) This is a family of suborder Massarineae and was introduced by Crous et al. (2015); it contains two genera Macrodiplodiopsis and Pseudochaetosphaeronema. Pseudochaetosphaeronema Punith., Nova Hedwigia 31 (1–3): 126 (1979) This genus is recorded as a human pathogen (Ahmed et al. 2014) and as saprobic species on plants (Verkley et al. 2005, Tibpromma et al. 2018). We introduce a new species from fallen pod of Tamarind sp. (Fig. 72). 47. Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 73 Index Fungorum number: IF555560; Facesoffungi number: FoF05266 Holotype – MFLU 18–2126 Etymology – Referring to country (‘Siam’ synonyms of Thailand) where the specimen was collected. 88 Saprobic on tamarind pods. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 85–100 µm high × 80–90 µm diam. ( x = 87 × 84 µm, n = 5), pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, superficial, dark brown, shiny, solitary, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, without papilla and ostiole. Conidiomata wall 12–18 µm wide, composed of several layers of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura prismatica. Conidiogenous cells 8–17 × 1–2.5 µm ( x = 11 × 2 µm, n = 20), monophialidic, cylindrical, thick-walled, smooth, each with a small collarette at the tip. Conidia 3–5 × 2.5–3 µm ( x = 3 × 2 µm, n = 30), hyaline to subhyaline, subglobose to oval, aseptate, guttulate. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18 °C, colonies irregular, medium dense, dull, fluffy to floccose, slightly radiating with concentric ring of cottony mycelium at edge of colony; colony from above different layers in brown and grey; from below: pale brown at the margin, dark brown at the center. Material examined – THAILAND, Payao Province, Amphoe Phu Sang, on fallen pod of Tamarind sp. (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 273 (MFLU 18–2126, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102422, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2287, KUMCC 18–0279. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347851, ITS: MK347743, LSU: MK347960, tef1: MK360074 Figure 72 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, LSU and tef1 matrix of nineteen taxa including species of family Trematosphaeriaceae and Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, which comprised 2855 characters including alignment gaps. The tree is rooted with Morosphaeria spp. (Morosphaeriaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -34728.193523 is presented. The matrix had 789 distinct alignment patterns, with 20.02% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.240358, C = 0.246501, G = 0.271028, T = 0.242112; substitution rates AC = 1.087996, AG = 2.523011, AT = 1.574829, CG = 1.095648, CT = 6.682636, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian 89 posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H and R respectively. Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis clusters with other species of Pseudochaetosphaeronema. Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis shares similar morphology with other species in being coelomycetous with uniloculate, globose to subglobose pycnidia, monophialidic and cylindrical conidiogenous cells and subglobose to oval, aseptate, hyaline conidia with guttules (Fig. 73). However, pycnidia of P. siamensis do not have a papilla and/or ostiole while P. koreanum (CBS 117159) and P. larense (CBS 640.73) are characterized by prominent ostiolar necks (Punithalingam 1979, Verkley et al. 2005, Ahmed et al. 2014). In addition, P. koreanum has two types of conidia (Verkley et al. 2005). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis with P. koreanum and P. larense reveal 28 (5.2%) and 32 (5.9%) nucleotide differences respectively for each species and which indicates that P. siamensis is distinct from P. koreanum and P. larense (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Figure 73 – Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis (MFUCC 17–2287, ex-type). a Germinated conidium. b Top view of culture. c Reverse view of culture. d, e Conidiomata. f–h Conidia with conidiogenous cells. i–m Conidia. Scale bars: a, i–m = 5 µm, b, c = 2 cm, d, e = 50 µm, f–h = 10 µm. Neopyrenochaetaceae Valenz.-Lopez, Crous, J.F. Cano, Guarro & Stchigel, Studies in Mycology 90: 54 (2017) Valenzuela-Lopez et al. (2018) introduced this family based on multigene phylogenetic analyses. Previously Neopyrenochaetaceae species were included in family Cucurbitariaceae (Crous et al. 2015b). Neopyrenochaetaceae is a monophyletic family (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018, Jaklitsch et al. 2018). We present an updated tree for the family and introduce a new species, Neopyrenochaeta cercidis (Fig. 74). Neopyrenochaeta Valenz.-Lopez, Crous, Stchigel, Guarro & J.F. Cano, Studies in Mycology 90: 54 (2017) Neopyrenochaeta includes four species N. acicula, N. fragariae, N. inflorescentiae and N. 90 telephoni (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). We introduce a new species to this genus based on morphological and molecular data. 48. Neopyrenochaeta cercidis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 75 Index Fungorum number: IF555561; Facesoffungi number: FoF05267 Holotype – MFLU 18–2089 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Cercis (Fabaceae). Figure 74 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, ITS, LSU and rpb2 matrix of sixty-three taxa including related families of order Pleosporales, which comprised 2834 characters including aligment gaps. The tree is rooted with Massarina eburnea (Massarinaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -32269.150713 is presented. The matrix had 1413 distinct alignment patterns, with 30.12% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.253495, C = 0.232719, G = 0.268626, T = 0.245160; substitution rates AC = 1.944563, AG = 5.652011, AT = 2.157548, CG = 1.277423, CT = 9.738451, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near 91 to each branch. New isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, isotype, neotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, I, N and R respectively. Figure 75 – Neopyrenochaeta cercidis (MFLU 18–2089, holotype). a Seed pods of Cercis chinensis. b, c Conidiomata in the substrate. d Section through conidioma. d Conidioma wall. f Appendages. g, h Conidiogenous cells. i, j Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, d = 50 μm, e = 20 μm, f = 30 μm, g–j = 5 μm. Saprobic on pods of Cercis chinensis. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 130–150 μm high × 110–130 μm diam. ( x = 140 × 120 µm, n = 10), pycnidial, brown to dark brown, solitary, ovoid to globose, covered with brown to dark brown, septate, erect, smooth and thick-walled setae tapering towards the apex, mainly around the ostiole, with a single papillate ostiolar neck. Conidiomata wall 20–40 μm wide, 3–8 cell layers of textura angularis, composed of brown, flattened polygonal cells. Conidiogenous cells 4.5–7 × 3.5–4 μm ( x = 5.8 × 3.7 µm, n = 30), phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 8–10 × 1.7–2 μm ( x = 9 × 1.8 µm, n = 30), hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, smooth and thin-walled, guttulate; concentrated to ends. Material examined – CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, on fallen pod of Cercis chinensis (Fabaceae), 30 July 2016, S.C. Jayasiri C 136 (MFLU 18–2089, holotype; KUN-HKAS, isotype) GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347823, ITS: MK347718, LSU: MK347932, rpb2: MK434908 Notes – Neopyrenochaeta cercidis forms an independent lineage to other Neopyrenochaeta species with moderate statistical support (70% MLBS, Fig. 74) and forms a basal terminal clade in Neopyrenochaeta. Neopyrenochaeta cercidis (Fig. 77) differs from N. telephoni in having smaller conidiomata (120 × 140 µm vs. 160 × 186 µm), cylindrical conidia and only one type of setae 92 (Crous et al. 2015b). In N. telephoni one type of seta formed on the outer wall is long and mainly concentrated around the ostiole, while the second type around the pycnidia consists of non-stiff hairs or setae-like outgrowths (Crous et al. 2015b). Neopyrenochaeta cercidis differs (Fig. 75) from N. acicola in having cylindrical conidia (Boerema et al. 2004) and from N. fragariae in having longer (8–10 vs. 3.5–5 μm) cylindrical conidia (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). Periconiaceae (Sacc.) Nann., Repertorio sistematico dei miceti dell' uomo e degli animali 4: 482 (1934) The family Periconiaceae was introduced by Nannizzi (1934) with Periconia as the type genus, and revised by Hyde et al. (2017, 2018), Liu et al. (2017) and Thambugala et al. (2017). Periconia Tode, Fungi Mecklenburgenses Selecti 2: 2 (1791) The genus Periconia was introduced by Tode (1791) with P. lichenoides as the type species. Herein we introduce a new species and two host records in Periconia and provide an updated tree (Fig. 76). Figure 76 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, LSU and tef1 partial sequence data. Fifty strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 2284 characters including aligment gaps. Didymosphaeriaceae spp. (MFLUCC 13– 0349/CBS 100299) were used as the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -10448.537270 is presented. The matrix had 672 distinct alignment patterns, with 26.95% 93 of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.224485, C = 0.272782, G = 0.273778, T = 0.228955; substitution rates AC = 1.621763, AG = 2.587602, AT = 1.797216, CG = 1.264889, CT = 11.353607, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in bold and blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, P and R respectively. 49. Periconia byssoides Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 2: 686 (1801) Fig. 77 Saprobic on pods of Peltophorum sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colony effuse, powdery, gregarious, black. Mycelium composed of cottony, branched, hyphae forming dark clusters with conidia scattered on the host surface. Conidiophores 350–420 μm long × 4.5–5.5 μm diam. ( x = 385 × 5 μm, n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, single or rarely 2–3 together on stromata, brown to dark brown, erect, or bent, septate, smooth, thick-walled. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, discrete on stipe. Conidia 9–12 × 8–12 μm ( x = 10 × 11 μm, n = 20), catenate, globose, one-celled, hyaline to pale brown when immature, becoming brown to dark brown at maturity, verruculose. Figure 77 – Periconia byssoides (MFLU 18–2136). a Seed pod of Peltophorum sp. b–c Conidiophore with conidia. d Conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. e–g Conidia. h Top view of colony on MEA. i Reverse view of colony. Scale bars: b, c = 50 μm, d = 50 μm, e–g = 5 μm, h, i = 1 cm. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 20 mm diam. after 1 week at 18°C, flat, surface smooth, with entire edge, white to pinkish, pale white near the margin, moderately dense, circular; reverse white to yellow. Material examined – THAILAND, Ko Larn island, on decaying pod of Peltophorum sp. (Fabaceae), 6 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 292 (MFLU 18–2136, new host record); living culture, MFLUCC 17–2292, KUMCC 18–0272; CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 10 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 445-B (MFLU 18–2195, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 18–1548, KUMCC 18–0271; ibid., 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 457 (MFLU 18–2213), living culture MFLUCC 18–1553, KUMCC 18–0273, C 460 (MFLU 18–2216), living culture MFLUCC 18–1555, KUMCC 18– 0274. 94 GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2292: SSU: MK347858, ITS: MK347751, LSU: MK347968, tef1: MK360069, rpb2: MK434886; MFLUCC 18–1548: SSU: MK347902, ITS: MK347794, LSU: MK348013, tef1: MK360070, rpb2: MK434863; MFLUCC 18–1553: SSU: MK347914, ITS: MK347806, LSU: MK348025, tef1: MK360068, rpb2: MK434858; MFLUCC 18–1555: SSU: MK347917, ITS: MK347809, LSU: MK348028, rpb2: MK434856. Notes – Our four strains of Periconia byssoides group with other P. byssoides strains forming a sister clade to Periconia paseuobyssoides with high statistical support (Fig. 76). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of Periconia byssoides and new strains (MFLUCC 18–0245, MFLUCC 18–1548, MFLUCC 18–1553 and MFLUCC 18–1553) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is Periconia byssoides (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Morphologically our strains (Fig. 77) of P. byssoides are similar to the type species in having macronematous, mononematous, brown, septate conidiophores and one-celled, pale brown conidia (Persoon 1801). Morphologically and phylogenetically there are no significant differences between our new strains and other strains. Therefore we document two new records of Periconia byssoides from a decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora and decaying pod of Peltophorum sp. Periconia byssoides has been reported from many plant species but these are the first reports for the hosts sampled in this study (https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/). 50. Periconia delonicis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 78 Index Fungorum number: IF555562; Facesoffungi number: FoF05268 Holotype – MFLU 18−2100 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Delonix sp. (Fabaceae) Figure 78 – Periconia delonicis (MFLU 18−2100, holotype). a Part of seed pod of Delonix regia. b, c Colonies on host substrate. d Conidiophore with conidia. e Conidia on conidiophore. f, g Conidiogenous cells with conidia. h, i Conidia. Scale bars: a, c = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, d = 100 μm, e = 20 μm, f–h = 10 cm, i = 5 cm. Saprobic on pods of Delonix regia. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on substrate numerous, effuse, dark brown to black. Conidiophores 360−420 μm high × 8−12 μm diam. ( x = 398 × 11 µm, n = 10), macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, single, greyish brown to dark brown, septate, smooth to minutely verruculose, thickwalled. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, proliferating, hyaline, terminal, blunt end, ovoid to globose, thick-walled. Conidia 5.5−7 μm diam. ( x = 6.4 μm, n = 30), solitary, subhyaline to pale brown, subglobose to globose, verruculose, aseptate. Sexual morph: Undetermined. 95 Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies reaching about 50 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18 °C. Colonies on MEA with sparse white mycelia on the surface. The reverse of colony dark brown and yellow in the center with a white margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, on decaying pod of Delonix regia (Fabaceae), 28 January 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 199-B, (MFLU 18−2100, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17−2584, KUMCC 18−0275 GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347832, LSU: MK347941, tef1: MK360071, rpb2: MK434901 Notes – Periconia delonicis is introduced based on morphological and phylogenetic data. It groups with other Periconia species in the family Periconiaceae with high statistical support (95% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 76). Periconia delonicis differs from P. elaeidis by 5 base pairs in both ITS and LSU genes. tef1 gene sequence data are not available for P. elaeidis in GenBank. Morphologically, P. delonicis differs from P. elaeidis in having hyaline conidiogenous cells with blunt end and pale brown conidia (Fig. 78). Periconia elaeidis is characterized by pale brown, smooth conidiogenous cells and subhyaline to pale brown conidia (Hyde et al. 2018). Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71: 948 (1979) This is a highly diverse and large family in the order Pleosporales (Hyde et al. 2013) with 42 genera (Phookamsak et al. 2014, Hyde et al. 2017, Senanayake et al. 2018, Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). We introduce a new species from the genus Phaeosphaeria based on the multigene phylogeny coupled with morphological characters (Fig. 79). 51. Phaeosphaeria sinensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 80 Index Fungorum number: IF555564; Facesoffungi number: FoF05270 Holotype – MFLU 18–2208 Etymology – Referring to country where the specimen was collected, China. Saprobic on decaying pod of Wisteria sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 155–198 µm long × 139–159 µm diam. ( x = 172 µm × 143 µm, n = 20), pycnidial, erumpent, brown, globose, solitary, with central ostiole. Conidiomata wall 21–25 μm, 3 layers, dark brown outer layer with 1–2 layers of textura angularis, middle hyaline pale brown 4–5 layers of textura angularis, inner single layer of brown cells. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3.5–5.5 × 2.5–3.3 μm ( x = 4.7 µm × 3.2 µm, n = 20), phialidic, ampulliform, lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 3.5–4.1 × 1.9–2.4 µm ( x = 3.9 µm × 2.1 µm, n = 20), solitary, red-brown in mass, smooth, globose to subglobose, rounded ends, aseptate, guttulate. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA reaching 20–30 mm diam. after 1 week at 18°C, aerial mycelia present, surface smooth, with entire edge, white, moderately dense, circular; reverse yellow to pale brown. Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying pod of Wisteria sp. (Fabaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 454 (MFLU 18–2208, holotype), MFLUCC 18–1552, KUMCC 18–0276. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347911, ITS: MK347803, LSU: MK348022, tef1: MK360072 Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, Phaeosphaeria sinensis forms a sister clade to P. podocarpi (CBS 138903) with moderate support (71% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP, Fig. 79). These two species share similar morphological characters in having erumpent, brown, globose, solitary pycnidia with a central ostiole, phialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells and conidia red-brown in mass. There are significant differences between Ph. podocarpi and the new species (Fig. 80). P. podocarpi has conidia that are 1-septate, fusoid-ellipsoidal, with an obtuse apex, and a truncate base while P. sinensis is characterized by globose to subglobose conidia, rounded ends, and with prominent guttules (Crous et al. 2014). Phaeosphaeria sinensis and P. podocarpi differ by 6 base pairs in ITS gene. tef1 gene sequence data are not available for P. podocarpi in GenBank. Phaeosphaeria podocarpi was reported from leaves of Podocarpus latifolius while P. sinensis occurred on decaying pod of Wisteria sp. (Crous et al. 2014). 96 Figure 79 – The best scoring RAxML tree from the maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 sequence data for Phaeosphaeriaceae. Eightyfive strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 3366 characters including alignment gaps. The Didymella exigua (CBS 183.55) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -32087.882436 is presented. The matrix had 1027 distinct alignment patterns, with 33.63% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.244013, C = 0.231082, G = 0.267422, T = 0.257483; substitution rates AC = 1.891915, AG = 3.688826, AT = 3.749101, CG = 0.833773, CT = 9.399134, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolate is in bold and blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. 97 Figure 80 – Phaeosphaeria sinensis (MFLU 18–2208, holotype). a Host seed pod. b Conidiomata in the substrate. c Section through conidioma. d Conidioma wall. e, f Conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 5 μm, d = 20 μm, e–i = 5 μm. Pleomonodictydaceae Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gené, Studies in Mycology 86: 76 (2017) This family was introduced by Hernàndez-Restrepo et al. (2017) based on the type genus Pleomonodictys and single species P. descalsii. Herein we introduce a new genus and species and rename Pleohelicoon richonis in Pleomonodictydaceae and provide an updated tree (Fig. 81). 52. Pleohelicoon Jayasiri, D.J. Bhat, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF 555565; Facesoffungi number: FoF05271 Etymology – Referring “Pleo” to Pleosporales; and “helicon” referring to the morphological similarity to the genus Helicoon. Saprobic on Fagus sylvatica. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on substrate scattered or in groups, arising terminally from short, undifferentiated, superficial, hyaline hyphal branches, shiny black, ellipsoidal conidia are visible. Mycelium scanty mostly immersed. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, straight, hyaline to brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal and determinate. Conidia solitary, acrogenous, simple, pale brown to dark fuscous, nearly always clockwise tightly coiled 7–9 times in 3 planes to form an ovoid, spherical, ellipsoidal, hollow, doliiform spore body, with multiseptate conidial filament multiseptate, with 5–12 septa per coil, slightly constricted at the septa, 7–9 μm thick. Microcoidia hyaline, globose, aggregated, guttulate, located inside macroconidia. Type species – Pleohelicoon fagi Jayasiri, D.J. Bhat, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde Notes – Morgan (1892) established genus Helicoon to accommodate helicosporous species with developing nonproliferating, ellipsoidal to doliiform conidia. The type species of this genus, H. sessile, arose from the Orbiliales (Goh & Kuo 2018). However, species of Helicoon were placed in different ordinal lineages, namely Orbiliales, Pleosporales, Pleurotheciales, Tubeufiales and Venturiales. Given the polyphyletic nature of Helicoon, we suggest that there is a need to revisit the 98 taxonomy with additional support from new collections and DNA sequence data. Lu et al. (2018) introduced Pseudohelicoon, for helicoon-like species belonging to order Tubeufiales. We introduce a new genus, to Pleohelicoon to accommodate Helicoon species belonging to order Pleosporales. Pleohelicoon forms a sister clade to Pleomonodictys (Pleomonodictydaceae) with moderate bootstrap support (Fig. 81). Pleomonodictys has blastic conidia that are formed solitary or in short chains, muriform, verrucose to tuberculate and variable in shape. Therefore, we introduce a second genus of family Pleomonodictydaceae based on the type species, Pleohelicoon fagi. Figure 81 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, ITS and LSU matrix of seventy-four taxa including related families of order Pleosporales. The matrix comprised 2627 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Hysterium angustatum (Hysteriaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -21385.064811 is presented. The matrix had 1145 distinct alignment patterns, with 26.79% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.250635, C = 0.221769, G = 0.275500, T = 0.252096; substitution rates AC = 1.415901, AG = 2.608795, AT = 1.406746, CG = 0.901746, CT = 5.284979, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolates are in blue and the new combination is in purple. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, I and R respectively. 53. Pleohelicoon fagi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 82 99 Index Fungorum number: IF555566; Facesoffungi number: FoF05272 Holotype – MFLU 18–2224 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Fagus (Fagaceae) Saprobic on cupule of Fagus sylvatica. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on substrate individually scattered or in groups, arising terminally from short, undifferentiated, superficial, hyaline hyphal branches, shiny black, ellipsoidal conidia are visible. Mycelium scanty mostly immersed. Conidiophores 22–31 μm high × 3.3–3.7 μm diam. ( x = 26 × 3.5 μm, n = 30), macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, straight, hyaline to brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal and determinate. Conidia 57–90 μm × 35–50 μm ( x = 68 × 42 μm, n = 30), solitary, acrogenous, pale brown to dark fuscous, nearly always clockwise tightly coiled 7–9 times in 3 planes to form an ovoid, spherical, ellipsoidal, hollow, doliiform spore body; conidial filament multiseptate, with 5–12 septa per coil, slightly constricted at septa, 7–9 μm thick. Microcoidia 4.2–4.8 × 4.3–5.2 μm ( x = 4.5 × 4.8 μm, n = 30), globose, aggregated, hyaline, guttulate, located inside macroconidia. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 18–20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, elevated, velvety, with moderate amount of short mycelium, mouse grey, margin fimbriate, greyish; reverse dark mouse grey. Material examined – UK, Bishops Waltham, Hants., on decaying cupule of Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae), 3 September 2014, E.B.G. Jones, GJ 50 (MFLU 18–2224, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102441, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 15–0182, KUMCC 18–0277; ibid., Hampshire from standing water, on decaying cupule of Fagus sylvatica, 12 August 2017, E.B.G. Jones, GJ 415 (MFLU 18– 2227, paratype), living culture MFLUCC 17– 2538, KUMCC 18–0278. GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–0182: SSU: MK347926, ITS: MK347817, LSU: MK348037, rpb2: MK434853; MFLUCC 17– 2538: SSU: MK347925, ITS: MK347816, LSU: MK348036, rpb2: MK434851 Figure 82 – Pleohelicoon fagi (MFLU 18–2224, holotype). a Cupule of Fagus sylvatica. b, c Colonies on substrate. d–h Conidia. i Germinated conidium. j Top of culture. k Reverse of culture. Scale bars: d–i = 30 µm. 100 54. Pleohelicoon richonis (Boud.) Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555567; Facesoffungi number: FoF05273 ≡Helicosporium richonis Boud., Icones mycologicae 26-30: t. 599 (1907) ≡Helicoon richonis (Boud.) Linder, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 16: 323 (1929) Saprobic on dead branch of Populus sp. Sexual morph: Unknown. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on substrate blackening. Hyphae dark brown, giving rise to short conclorous filaments, septate. Conidiophores 1–1.5 μm long. Conidia 50–60 × 50–80 μm, 8–10 seriate, brown, irregularly oval or rounded, filaments, multiseptate (Linder 1929). Notes – Pleohelicoon richonis (CBS 282.54) forms a sister clade to two strains of P. fagi (MFLUCC 17–2538/ MFLUCC 15–0182) with high statistical support (87% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP, Fig. 81). The holotype of P. richonis was collected in France on Populus (Linder 1929) but sequence data was derived from a collection made in the Netherlands. Pleohelicoon richonis shares morphological characters with P. fagi in having coiled, multiseptate, brown conidia. Pleohelicoon fagi has much longer conidiophores than P. richonis (22–31 vs. 1–1.5 μm). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two species revealed 8 (1.6%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Pleosporaceae Nitschke, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl.: 74 (1869) Alternaria Nees, System der Pilze und Schwämme: 72 (1817) Alternaria species can be serious plant pathogens, causing stem cankers, leaf blight or leaf spots on a wide variety of crops (Peever et al. 2004, Thomma, 2003). Alternaria alternata can produce host-specific toxins (Akamatsu et al. 1999). Alternaria alternata and A. solani are important postharvest pathogens as well as being airborne allergens (El-Goorani & Sommer 1981, Reddy et al. 2000, Mitakakis et al. 2001). Many species are also saprobes (Ariyawansa et al. 2015, Woudenberg et al. 2015, Thambugala et al. 2017, Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). Alternaria comprises 24 sections (Woudenberg et al. 2013). We report a new host record for A. alternata from decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora in China. 55. Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., Zur Kenntnis der Pilzflora Krains. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt. 29: 434 (1912) Fig. 84 Facesoffungi number: FoF05274 Pathogeneic and saprobic on many plant species, human body, air. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium superficial, composed of septate, branched, smooth, thin-walled, white to pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores 18–50(–97) µm high × 4.1–5.3 µm diam. ( x = 46 × 4.6 µm, n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, light brown to brown, thick-walled, smooth, septate, branched at base, straight or flexuous, cylindrical. Conidiogenous cells 6.3–8.5 µm long × 7.1–8 µm diam ( x = 7.8 × 7.4 µm, n = 20), polytretic, integrated, terminal, determinate or percurrent, cylindrical, doliiform, brown, thin-walled. Conidia 14.5–26.6 × 10–15.5 µm ( x = 23 × 12 µm, n = 30), acrogenous, holoblastic, solitary, brown to dark brown, straight, curved, fusiform, obpyriform or obturbinate, subglobose, catenate, sometimes rostrate, rough, multiseptate, thin-walled, cicatrized at base. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr and germ tubes produced from upper cells. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 50 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18oC, hairy or cottony, white to light brown, mycelium superficial, effuse, radially striate, with regular edge, pale brown hyphae; conidia produced within 2 weeks. Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 10 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 445-A (MFLU 18–2194, new host record); ibid., 25 May 2018, S. C. Jayasiri, C 462 (MFLU 18–2218), dry culture MFLU 18–2219, living culture MFLUCC 18–1558, KUMCC 18–0212. GenBank numbers – MFLU 18–2194: SSU: MK347901, ITS: MK347793, LSU: MK348012, tef1: MK340863, rpb2: MK434862, tub2: MK412868, gapdh: MK412898; MFLUCC 18–1558: SSU: MK347920, ITS: MK347812, LSU: MK348031, tef1: MK340860, rpb2: MK434855, tub2: 101 MK412870, gapdh: MK412899 Notes – We collected the asexual morph of Alternaria alternata from decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora in China. It sporulated in culture (Fig. 84) producing the same characteristic morphology as in the type description (Ellis 1971). A comparison of the ITS, tef1, rpb2 and gapdh nucleotides of Alternaria alternata and new strains (MFLU 18–2194 and MFLUCC 18–1558) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strains are Alternaria alternata (Jeewon & Hyde 2016) and independent lineage of Alternaria alternata clade from other species in the section Alternaria. Therefore, we introduced new host record from decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora in China. Roussoellaceae J.K. Liu, Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 181 (1): 7 (2014) Liu et al. (2014) introduced this family to accommodate Neoroussoella, Roussoella and Roussoellopsis. Wanasinghe et al. (2018b) introduced two genera (Pararoussoella and Neoconiothyrium) in Thyridariaceae, which we transfer to Roussoellaceae in this study. Arthopyrenia sp. in GenBank clusters with species in family Roussoellaceae, but these species do not have a morphological description. The type species of Arthopyrenia, A. cerasi, belongs to family Arthopyreniaceae. Therefore, we tentatively designate Arthopyrenia sp. as Roussoella sp. because these strains are not related to any type material and therefore it is inappropriate to rely on it for a phylogenetic discussion (Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). We present an updated tree for the family and introduce two new species and rename two species (Fig. 88). Figure 83 – The best scoring RAxML tree from the maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, LSU, tef1, rpb2 and gapdh matrix of twenty strains including related species of the section Alternaria. The matrix comprised 3309 characters including alignment gaps. The Section porri (CBS 116698/ CBS 119411) was used as outgroup. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -6319.810823 is presented. The matrix had 267 distinct alignment patterns, with 21.34% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.246927, C = 0.251441, G = 0.266231, T = 0.235402; substitution rates AC = 1.583664, AG = 4.074495, AT = 1.496241, CG = 1.430388, CT = 10.663375, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near 102 to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. Figure 84 – Alternaria alternata from culture (MFLUCC 18–1558). a Top view of culture. b Reverse view of culture. c, d Structures in culture. e–h Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. i–l Conidial chains. m–r Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c–j = 20 µm, k, l = 10 µm. Neoroussoella J.K. Liu, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 181 (1): 21 (2014) This genus was introduced based on phylogenetic data coupled with distinct asexual morph from other genera, producing relatively small, hyaline conidia with smooth walls with type species Neoroussoella bambusae (Liu et al. 2014). Hyde et al. (2016) added another species to the genus. We introduce two new Neoroussoella species and transfer Roussoella solani (CPC 26331) to Neoroussoella based on the multigene phylogenetic analyses of LSU, SSU, ITS, rpb2 and tef1 sequence data coupled with morphological observations. However, Roussoella solani (KT 3264 and KT 3265) is distinct from R. solani (CPC 26331) and we rename KT 3264 and KT 3265 strains 103 as Neoroussoella leucaenae. Figure 85 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1 partial sequence data. Fifty-one strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 3442 characters with gaps. Two strains of Occultibambusa bambusae (Occultibambusaceae) were used as the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -14689.599902 is presented. The matrix had 1590 distinct alignment patterns, with 37.79% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.247628, C = 0.256142, G = 0.268302, T = 0.227927; substitution rates AC = 1.684273, AG = 4.305228, AT = 1.881038, CG = 1.378430, CT = 9.209369, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue and new combiinations are in purple. Strains isolated from 104 the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript respectively. H , I and R 56. Neoroussoella entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Figs 86, 87 Index Fungorum number: IF555568; Facesoffungi number: FoF05275 Holotype – MFLU 18–2106 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Entada (Fabaceae) Saprobic on Entada phaseoloides and Leucaena sp. pods. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 127–192 × 161–190 µm ( x = 169 × 184 µm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, occasionally confluent, formed in uni- or multi-loculate stromata, immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, circular. Conidiomata wall 20–37 µm wide, composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis; inner layer thin, hyaline. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3.5–5.6 × 0.7–1.8 µm ( x = 4.2 × 1.3 µm, n = 20), phialidic, ampulliform to cylindrical, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 3–4 × 1.7–1.9 μm ( x = 3.5 × 1.8 μm, n = 20), initially hyaline, becoming pale brown when mature, oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends, broadly rounded, aseptate. Figure 86 – Neoroussoella entadae (MFLU 18–2106, holotype). a Part of host pod. b, c Conidiomata on host material. d Section through conidioma. e–g Conidiogenous cells. h, i Conidia. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, b, c = 500 μm, d = 50 μm, e–i = 5 μm. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, with irregular edge and pale thin outer layer embedded in medium, dark brown three clearly visible layers, conidiomata spread throughout the media, reverse dark brown. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N; 99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 222 (MFLU 18–2106, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102415, isotype), ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 105 17–0920, KUMCC 18–0265; THAILAND, Phrae Province, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 417 (MFLU 18–2185); living culture MFLUCC 18– 0243, KUMCC 18–0267. GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–0920: SSU: MK347837, ITS: MK347729, LSU: MK347946; MFLUCC 18–0243: SSU: MK347893, ITS: MK347786, LSU: MK348004, tef1: MK360065, rpb2: MK434866 Notes – Neoroussoella entadae forms a sister clade to N. solani (CPC 26331) with high statistical support (Fig. 85). Neoroussoella solani (CPC 26331) has only ITS and LSU sequence data available in GenBank and a comparison of nucleotide difference in ITS regions reveals 9 (1.7%) difference between N. solani (CPC 26331) and N. entadae (MFLUCC 17–0920). Neoroussoella entadae (Figs. 86, 87) has smaller conidia than N. solani (3.5 × 1.8 μm vs. 4.5–5(–7) × 2(–3) µm) (Crous et al. 2016). Figure 87 – Neoroussoella entadae in culture (MFLUCC 17–0920, ex-type). a Top view of culture. b Reverse view of culture. c Conidiomata in culture. d–f Conidiogenous cells. g Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 2 cm, c = 500 μm, d–g = 10 μm. 57. Neoroussoella leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Figs 88, 89 Index Fungorum number: IF 555570; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05277 Holotype – MFLU 18–2159 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena (Fabaceae). Saprobic on Leucaena sp. and Pterocarpus sp. pods. Sexual morph: Ascomata 215–275 µm high × 175–225 µm diam. ( x = 169 × 184 µm; n = 20), scattered to gregarious, semi-immersed, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, surrounded by dark brown parenchymatous cells, nonostiolate. Peridium 5–15 µm wide, symmetric, hyaline to brown textura angularis cell layers, fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues. Hamathecium 1.1–1.5 µm wide ( x = 1.4 µm; n = 30), comprising numerous, filamentous, branched septate, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 50–60 × 4.5– 5.5 µm ( x = 55 × 5 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate, apex rounded with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores 8–9 × 2.5–3.5 µm ( x = 7 × 3 µm; n = 30), uniseriate, hyaline to brown, fusiform with narrow, acute ends, two asymmetric cells with guttules, constricted at the septum, smooth-walled, appendages absent. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 135–175 µm high × 120–180 µm diam. ( x = 156 × 134 µm; n = 10), pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, occasionally confluent, formed in uni- or multi-loculate stromata, immersed, covered by hyphae, becoming erumpent at maturity. Hyphae 1.5–1.7 μm wide ( x = 1.6 µm; n = 106 30), septate, branched, hyaline to pale brown, red pigmented. Conidiomata wall 28–35 μm wide ( x = 31 µm; n = 20), composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis; inner layer thin, hyaline. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5.5–9 × 3–4 µm ( x = 7.2 × 3.5 µm; n = 20), phialidic, hyaline, red pigmented, ampulliform to cylindrical, smooth-walled. Conidia 3.5–4.5 × 1.9–2.6 μm ( x = 4.2 × 2.2 μm; n = 20), initially hyaline, pale brown when mature, oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends broadly rounded, aseptate. Figure 88 – Neoroussoella leucaenae (MFLU 18–2159, holotype). a The host pod. b Ascoma on substrate. c Section through ascoma. d–g Asci. h–k Ascospores. l Germinated ascospore. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c = 50 µm, d–g = 20 µm, h–l = 5 µm. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C, surface with grey to brown hyphal growing, radially arranged brown edge, reverse dark brown and brown two layers. Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 356 (MFLU 18–2159, holotype; MFLU 18–2160, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1544, KUMCC 18–0266; THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on decaying pod of Pterocarpus sp. (Fabaceae), 02 January 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 235 (MFLU 18–2114, KUN-HKAS 102417); living culture MFLUCC 17–0927, KUMCC 18–0268. GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–1544: SSU: MK347874, ITS: MK347767, LSU: MK347984, tef1: MK360067, rpb2: MK434876; MFLUCC 17–0927: SSU: MK347841, ITS: MK347733, LSU: MK347950, tef1: MK360066, rpb2: MK434896 Notes – New strains (MFLUCC 18–1544 and MFLUCC 17–0927) and existing strains (KT 3264 and KT 3265) form a separate clade from Neoroussoella entadae and N. solani with high 107 statistical support (99% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 85). Neoroussoella entadae and N. solani only reported as asexual morph, Neoroussoella entadae differs from N. solani in having smaller conidia (3.5 × 1.8 μm vs. 4.5–5(–7) × 2(–3) µm) (Crous et al. 2016). Figure 89 – Neoroussoella leucaenae from culture (MFLUCC 18–1544, ex-type). a, b Top and reverse view of culture. c, d Conidiomata. e Red pigmented hyphae. f–i Conidiogenous cells. j Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 2 cm, c, d = 500 μm, e–i = 10 μm, j = 5 μm. For the new species Neoroussoella leucaenae both asexual and sexual morph are found. This species shares similar morphological characters with other Neoroussoella spp., such as phialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells and aseptate, pale brown, subcylindrical conidia, but differs in having red pigmented conidiogenous cells and hypha (Fig. 89). A comparison of the ITS and rpb2 nucleotides of N. entadae and N. leucaenae strains revealed 8 (1.5%) and 45 (4.3%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Neoroussoella solani has no molecular data available for protein coding genes and a comparison of the ITS nucleotides of N. solani and N. leucaenae strains reveal 8 (1.5%) differences which indicates that these two isolates are two distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Another two strains (KT 3264 and KT 3265) previously recorded as Roussoella solani (Mochizuki et al. 2017) clustered with Neoroussoella leucaenae. These two strains were introduced as human pathogenic species (Mochizuki et al. 2017). Morphology of strains KT 3264 and KT 3265 is similar to N. leucaenae in having cylindrical, short-pedicellate, asci with minute ocular chamber, hyaline to brown, 1-septate ascospores and phialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells and aseptate, pale brown, subcylindrical conidia (Figs. 88, 89). 58. Neoroussoella solani (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde comb. nov. = Roussoella solani Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia 36: 341 (2016) Index Fungorum number: IF555715; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05322 Description – Ref. Crous et al. (2016) Notes – In our multigene phylogenetic study, Roussoella solani (CPC 26331) clustered with other species of Neoroussoella with high statistical support (78% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 88) and distant from other Roussoella sp. This species also shares similar morphological characters with other Neoroussoella spp., such as phialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells and aseptate, pale brown, subcylindrical conidia. Therefore, we synonymize Roussoella solani as Neoroussoella solani. 108 Pararoussoella Wanas., E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 89: [169] (2018) Pararoussoella was introduced by Wanasinghe et al. (2018b) to accomodate the type species Pararoussoella rosarum from Rosa sp. in UK. 59. Pararoussoella mukdahanensis (Phookamsak D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov. ≡ Roussoella mukdahanensis Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 82: 32 (2016) Index Fungorum number: IF555572; Facesoffungi number: FoF05279 Description – Ref. Dai et al. (2016) Notes – In our multigene phylogenetic study, Roussoella mukdahanensis (MFLUCC 11– 0201) clusters with Pararoussoella rosarum (MFLU 17–0654/ MFLUCC 17–0796) with high statistical support (99% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 88) and distant from other Roussoella sp. In addition, these two species share similar morphological characters, such as globose, ostiolate ascomata, filamentous, branched, septate, pseudoparaphyses, narrowly ellipsoid, straight to slightly curved, ascospores with 1-septum. Pararoussoella rosarum differ from Roussoella mukdahanensis in having irregular longitudinal striations ascospores. A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two species reveal 14 (3%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, we transfer Roussoella mukdahanensis to Pararoussoella. Teichosporaceae M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 82: 374 (2002) The family Teichosporaceae was proposed by Barr (2002) in the order Pleosporales to accommodate eight genera. We present an updated tree for the family with eleven genera (Thambugala et al. 2015) and introduce a new host record for Ramusculicola thailandica (Fig. 90). 60. Ramusculicola thailandica Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 74: 251(2015) Fig. 91 Saprobic on twig of deciduous tree and Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Ascomata 180–200 μm high × 250–270 μm diam. ( x = 190 × 260 μm; n = 10), immersed, solitary, scattered, subglobose to obpyriform, coriaceous, dark brown, without a subiculum covering the host, erumpent ostiole. Ostiole papillate, protruding from the substrate. Peridium 18–25 μm wide ( x = 22.5 μm; n = 20), comprising two types of cell layers, dark brown outer layers and hyaline inner layers, covered by plant tissues. Hamathecium comprising 1.5–2 μm wide ( x = 1.8 μm; n = 30), filiform, septate, branching pseudoparaphyses. Asci 65–80 × 8–11 μm ( x = 72 × 9 μm; n = 20), 8spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindric-subclavate, slightly curved, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 20–30 × 3–5 μm ( x = 24 × 4 μm; n = 30), overlapping 2–3-seriate, hyaline, cylindric-fusiform, tapering towards the rounded ends, straight to slightly curved, 1-septate, guttulate, with mucilagenous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching a diameter of 20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25°C, surface with hyphal growing, with entire edge, white, middle grey, dense, circular; reverse white to pale yellow. Material examined – THAILAND, Mae Pha, on decaying pods of Acacia sp. 21 September 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 193 (MFLU 18–2097, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 17–0909, KUMCC 18–0299. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347830, ITS: MK347724, LSU: MK347939, tef1: MK360089 Notes – Our isolate groups with other sequences of Ramusculicola thailandica (MFLUCC 10–0126/MFLUCC 13–0284) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 90). They are morphologically similar in having immersed, papillate usually erumpent, black, subglobose to globose, coriaceous, uniloculate, ostiolate ascomata, central, rounded, compressed, periphysate, ostiole with a pore-like opening and hyaline, fusiform ascospores with a thin mucilaginous sheath (Thambugala et al. 2015). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and rpb2 nucleotides of Ramusculicola thailandica (MFLUCC 10–0126/MFLUCC 13–0284) and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–0909) 109 Figure 90 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, LSU, ITS, tef1 and rpb2 sequence data related to family Teichosporaceae. Sixty strains were included in the combined sequence analyses, which comprised 4709 characters with gaps. Melanomma pulvis-pyrius (CBS 124080) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were also performed and topology and clade stability compared from combinbed gene analyses. Tree topology of the ML analysis was similar to the BY. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -22095.570405 is presented. The matrix had 1542 distinct alignment patterns, with 49.68% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.242601, C = 0.252145, G = 0.278539, T = 0.226715; substitution rates AC = 1.366345, AG = 3.813280, AT = 1.945628, CG = 1.436558, CT = 9.159549, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 110 are given near to each branch. The newly generated sequence is in blue. New isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, P and R respectively. revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is Ramusculicola thailandica (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, our strain is morphologically (Fig. 91) and phylogenetically in agreement with Ramusculicola thailandica and we report a new record from decaying pods of Acacia sp. in Thailand. Figure 91 – Ramusculicola thailandica (MFLU 18–2097). a Host of decaying pod. b, c Immersed ascomata on substrate. d, e Section through ascoma. f Peridium. g–j Ascospores. k Cellular pseudoparaphyses. l–o Asci. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, d, e = 50 μm, g–k = 10 μm, l–o = 20 μm. Testudinaceae Arx, Persoonia 6 (3): 366 (1971) This family is poorly studied and relationships mainly based on DNA sequence analyses of a few species (Wanasinghe et al. 2017). This has resulted in an inadequate understanding of the genera and species in this family (Jeewon & Hyde 2007, Zhang et al. 2012). Verruculina Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycological Research 94: 689 (1990) This genus was introduced to accommodate an obligate marine species, Verruculina enalia (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1990). In this study, we introduce new host record for Verruculina enalia from Thailand (Fig. 92). 61. Verruculina enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycological Research 94: 689 (1990) Fig. 93 111 Figure 92 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 matrix of fourty-eight strains including related species of the family Testudinaceae and families related to Testudinaceae. Lophiostoma spp. were used as the outgroup taxa. The matrix comprised 4944 characters including aligment gaps. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -13396.714097 is presented. The matrix had 1706 distinct alignment patterns, with 28.45% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.250985, C = 0.245666, G = 0.269693, T = 0.233655; substitution rates AC = 1.621034, AG = 4.550733, AT = 1.588888, CG = 1.284743, CT = 9.542453, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strain is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, P and R respectively. Facesoffungi number: FoF05281 Saprobic on Rhizophora spp., Phragmites sp. and Pandanus sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 110–138 µm high × 94–145 µm diam. ( x = 126 × 121 µm; n = 10), solitary or gregarious, globose, superficial or clypeate, carbonaceous, black, thick-walled, ostiolate. Peridium 19–29 µm wide ( x = 24.2 μm; n = 20), outer layer of small irregular, dark brown, thick-walled cells, inner layer of cells with larger lumina, arranged in a textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.2–1.5 µm ( x = 1.3 µm; n = 30), simple or branched, filiform, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 144–151 × 11–14 µm ( x = 148 × 12.5 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, broadly clavate, ovoid or ellipsoidal, short pedicellate, apically rounded, without an apical apparatus, asci arising from a hemisphaerical pulvinus composed of radiating hyphae. Ascospores 20–21 × 7.7–10 µm ( x = 20.4 × 8.4 µm; n = 30), uni112 seriate, dark brown to blackish brown, biturbinate to subellipsoidal, 1-septate, with a dark band around the septum, constricted at the septum, apically papillate, with apical germ pores, thickwalledguttulate. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching a diameter of 20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, surface with hyphal growing, with lobate edge, off-white to grey, dense, circular; reverse grey with pale yellow margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District (8˚ 3̍ 22̎ N, 98˚ 46̍ 28̎ E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Pandanus sp. (Pandanaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 364 (MFLU 18–2163, new host record); living culture MFLUCC 18–1547, KUMCC 18–0304. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347878, ITS: MK347771, LSU: MK347988, tef1: MK360092, rpb2: MK434873 Notes – The new isolate groups with three other strains (BCC 18401, BCC 18402 and CBS 304.66) of Verruculina enalia in GenBank. The new strain (Fig. 93) is in agreement with the type description in having clypeate or ostiloate, black, carbonaceous ascomata, long cellular, septate, sparsely branching pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical, short pedicel asci and ovoid or ellipsoidal, dark brown, 1-septate, verrucose or verruculose ascospores with germ pore (Kohlmeyer & VolkmannKohlmeyer 1990). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and rpb2 nucleotides of Verruculina enalia (BCC 18401, BCC 18402 and CBS 304.66) and the new strain (MFLUCC 18–1547) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is Verruculina enalia (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, we document the new record of Verruculina enalia from Pandanus sp. Verruculina enalia was previously reported from Rhizophora mangle, R. racemose, and Phragmites sp. (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1990, Suetrong et al. 2009). Figure 93 – Verruculina enalia (MFLU 18–2163). a Fruit of Pandanus sp. host. b Ascomata on host. c Ostiole neck. d Section of ascoma. e Pseudoparaphyses. f–i Asci. j–n Ascospores. o Germinated ascospore. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, d = 100 µm, e = 10 µm, g, f–i = 30 µm, j–o = 10 µm. 113 Tetraplosphaeriaceae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Studies in Mycology 64: 177 (2009) This family was introduced to accommodate five genera producing conidia with setose appendages (Tanaka et al. 2009) and Ernakulamia was later added (Delgado et al. (2017). We present an updated tree for the family and introduce a new species, Ernakulamia krabiensis (Fig. 94). Ernakulamia Subram., Kavaka 22/23: 67 (1996) Delgado et al. (2017) introduced this genus based on type species, Ernakulamia cochinensis collected from Strocaryum standleyanum (Arecaceae) in Panama. We introduce a new species from pods of Acacia sp. in Thailand. 62. Ernakulamia krabiensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 95 Index Fungorum number: IF555574; Facesoffungi number: FoF05282 Holotype – MFLU 18–2166 Etymology – Referring to the Province where the specimen was collected, Krabi (Thailand). Saprobic on Acacia sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on substrate dark brown, effuse. Conidiophores arising laterally from cells of intricately branched repent hyphae, crowded, erect, short, cylindrical, subhyaline, simple, thin-walled, rarely septate. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia 46–55 × 36–49 μm ( x = 53 × 42 μm, n = 30), acrogenous and singly at the tip of conidiophores, dark brown, obconical, ovoid, broad-fusiform or subglobose, muriform. Thin-walled, dark brown, constricted cells attach wth appendages. Appendages 21–32 × 3.3–3.7 μm ( x = 28 × 3.5 μm, n = 30), arising from basel part brown, hyaline tip, straight, septate, wide similar base to tip, 3–4 per conidium. Spermatia 2.7–3.4 × 1.6–2.1 μm ( x = 3.1 × 1.8 μm, n = 30), hyaline, subglobose, two prominent guttules. Figure 94 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, ITS and LSU matrix of twenty-three strains including related species of the family Tetraplosphaeriaceae. The matrix comprised 2886 characters including aligment gaps. The tree was rooted with Amniculicola spp. (Amniculicolaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -7792.333429 is presented. The matrix had 367 distinct alignment 114 patterns, with 12.64% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.252367, C = 0.232260, G = 0.275939, T = 0.239434; substitution rates AC = 3.635512, AG = 3.074785, AT = 2.569761, CG = 1.114076, CT = 13.620941, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. Figure 95 – Ernakulamia krabiensis (MFLU 18–2166, holotype). a Host seed pods. b, c Colonies on dead pod. d Hyphae with conidia. e–g Conidia. h, i Spermatia. j Top view of culture. k Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a, j, k = 1 cm, b = 100 μm, c, d = 50 μm, e–g = 20 μm, h, i = 5 μm. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, surface with hyphal growing, with irregular edge, different layers, middle grey, off white and brown layers, dense, circular; reverse black, pale brown and dark brown. Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on decaying pods septum of Acacia sp., 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 372-A (MFLU 18–2166, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–0237; KUMCC 18–0240. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347880, ITS: MK347773, LSU: MK347990, tef1: MK360053, rpb2: MK434872 Notes – We isolated a tetraploa-like species from decaying Acacia sp. seed pod from Krabi province, Thailand. Most tetraploa-like species were identified from bamboo (Tanaka et al. 2009). Ernakulamia krabiensis forms a sister clade to E. cochinensis (PRC 3992) with high statistical support (82 %MLBS/0.99 BYPP, Fig. 94). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two strains reveals 9 (1.9%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Morphologically E. krabiensis and E. cochinensis are similar in having monoblastic conidiogenous cells, acrogenous, obconical, ovoid or broad-fusiform, dark brown, muriform conidia with appendages (Fig. 95). However, conidia of E. krabiensis have 3–4 appendages that are 115 shorter (21–32 μm) than those of E. cochinensis which are up to 150 μm. In addition, the appendages of E. cochinensis have a broad base and apex while in E. krabiensis they are uniform from base to apex (Subramanian 1957). The holotype of E. cochinensis was collected from Cocos nucifera in India and later recorded from Astrocaryum standleyanum (Arecaceae) in Panama (Subramanian 1957, Delgado et al. 2017). Another strain (ARIZ FL 2038) in GenBank groups with E. krabiensis and E. cochinensis with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 94). This strain was isolated as an endophytic species from a senescent leaf in the canopy of Serenoa repens (U’Ren & Arnold 2016). Thyridariaceae Q. Tian & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 254 (2013) Hyde et al. (2013) introduced Thyridariaceae to accommodate the genus Thyridaria based on its unique morphology and phylogenetic placement in the Dothideomycetes. Jaklitsch & Voglmayr (2016) synonymized Roussoellaceae under Thyridariaceae but Tibpromma et al. (2017, 2018) recommended retaining Roussoellaceae based on phylogenetic analysis and its distinct morphology. Currently, Thyridariaceae comprise three genera Cycasicola, Parathyridaria and Thyridaria (Hyde et al. 2013, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2016, Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). We present an updated tree for the family and introduce a new species, Cycasicola leucaenae (Fig. 85). Cycasicola Wanas., E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 89: 89: 161 (2018) Wanasinghe et al. (2018b) introduced this genus based on phylogeny of the type species, Cycasicola goaensis. We isolated a new species from decaying seed pod of Leucaena sp. 63. Cycasicola leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 96 Index Fungorum number: IF555573; Facesoffungi number: FoF05280 Holotype – MFLU 18–2101 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena (Fabaceae). Figure 96 – Cycasicola leucaenae (MFLU 18–2101, holotype). a Seed pods of Leucaena sp. b Conidiomata in the substrate. c Section through conidioma. d, e Conidiogenous cells. f Conidia. g Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 100 μm, e = 20 μm, f–g = 10 μm. Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pods. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 70–80 µm high 90–120 µm diam. ( x = 75 × 110 µm; n = 20), pycnidial, solitary, gregarious or confluent, immersed, unilocular, globose, dark brown. Conidiomata wall 8–12 µm wide, composed of brown two cell layers and a hyaline cell layer of 116 textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, ampulliform, smooth-walled. Conidia 3–4 × 1.5–2.5 µm ( x = 3.5 × 2 µm; n = 30), hyaline or pale brown, fusiform to cylindrical, continuous, straight or slightly curved, obtuse at apex and base, sometimes slightly truncate at base, aseptate, guttulate, smooth-walled. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 50 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, with pale brown crenate edge, middle grey with crenate edge in margin of layer, reverse dark brown middle and pale brown outer layer. Material examined – THAILAND, Lumphang Province, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 24 September 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 215 (MFLU 18–2101, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102413, isotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–0914, KUMCC 18–0225. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347833, ITS: MK347726, LSU: MK347942, tef1: MK360046 Notes – Cycasicola leucaenae forms a sister clade to C. goaensis with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 85). Cycasicola leucaenae morphologically agrees with the generic description of the type species, C. goaensis in having globose, dark brown, gregarious conidiomata, phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline conidiogenous cells and cylindrical, guttulate, aseptate, hyaline to pale brown conidia (Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). Cycasicola leucaenae differs from C. goaensis in having a thin-walled peridium with two brown and a hyaline layer and lacking an ostiole (Fig. 96). In addition, the substrate around the conidiomata of C. goaensis is stained black but this was not observed in C. leucaena (Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two strains reveals 9 (1.9%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Based on these differences we introduce a second species of Cycasicola. Torulaceae Corda, Deutschlands Flora, Abt. III. Die Pilze Deutschlands 2: 71 (1829) This consists of five hyphomycetous genera, Torula, Dendryphion, Neotorula, Rostriconidium and Sporidesmioides (Su et al. 2016, Hyde et al. 2016, Li et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017, Su et al. 2018). Most of the species in this family occur in fresh water habitats (Su et al. 2018). We document two strains of Torula ficus from wild mangosteen fruit in Thailand and fruit of Magnolia grandiflora in China (Fig. 97). Figure 97 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 matrix of 35 strains including related species of the family Torulaceae (Su et al. 2018). The matrix comprised 3130 characters including alignment 117 gaps. The tree was rooted with Neoroussoella bambusae MFLUCC 11 0124 (Roussoellaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -13396.714097 is presented. The matrix had 996 distinct alignment patterns, with 28.67% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.241477, C = 0.270123, G = 0.274045, T = 0.214355; substitution rates AC = 1.730630, AG = 4.254515, AT = 2.022183, CG = 1.205691, CT = 9.382099, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strains are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I, P and R respectively. Figure 98 – Torula ficus (MFLU 18–2199). a Magnolia grandiflora cone. b, c Colonies on dead pod. d Hypha with conidia. e–i Conidiophores with conidiogenous cell. j Conidial chain. k Conidia l Budding on conidium. m Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d = 30 μm, e–m = 10 μm. 64. Torula ficus P.W. Crous, IMA Fungus 6 (1): 192 (2015) Fig. 98 Saprobic on a submerged decaying wood and wild fruits. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies effuse on host, blackish green, powdery. Mycelium 1.5– 2 μm wide ( x = 1.8 μm; n = 30), superficial to partly immersed on the substrate, composed of septate, branched, smooth, hyaline to brown hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary, erect, light brown, verruculose, thick-walled, consisting of with 1 or 2 cells, without apical branches, ellipsoid to subglobose, arising from hypha. Conidiogenous cells 6– 11 × 3.5–6 μm ( x = 8.5 × 4.5 μm; n = 20), polyblastic, terminal, light brown to brown, paler at apex, smooth to minutely verruculose, thick-walled, doliiform. Conidia 10–22 × 6–7 μm ( x = 15.5 118 × 6.5 μm; n = 30), catenated, acrogenous, simple, light brown to brown, phragmosporous, mainly subcylindrical, smooth to minutely verruculose, rounded at both ends, often paler at apex, 2–3septate, constricted at septa. Conidial secession schizolytic. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr. and germ tubes produced from the apex. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 50 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18ºC, mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed, slightly effuse, cottony, with regular edge, grayish-brown to brown. Material examined – THAILAND, Ranong Province (8˚ 45' 5̎ N; 98˚ 23' 40" E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Garcinia sp. (Clusiaceae), 29 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 374 (MFLU 18–2171, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 18–0469, KUMCC 18–0300; CHINA, Yunnan province, Kunming, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 10 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 448 (MFLU 18–2199, new host record). GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–0469: SSU: MK347883, ITS: MK347776, LSU: MK347993, tef1: MK360090, rpb2: MK434871; MFLU 18–2199: SSU: MK347905, ITS: MK347797, LSU: MK348016 Known distribution – Europe from Ficus sp. (Crous et al. 2015a); Thailand from Chromolaena odorata (Li et al. 2017b); China from submerged decaying wood (Su et al. 2017) and from Magnolia grandiflora (this study); Thailand from Garcinia sp. (this study). Notes – Our two strains group with other sequences of Torula ficus in GenBank (Fig. 97). Morphological characters (Fig. 98) such as macronematous conidiophores, mono- to polyblastic, doliiform conidiogenous cells and dry, acrogenous, brown, constricted at septa, verrucose conidia in chains and consticted at the septa, fit well within the species concept of T. ficus (Crous et al. 2015a). Therefore, we report on two new host records for T. ficus from terrestrial environments on decaying fruit of Garcinia sp. and cone of Magnolia grandiflora. Pleosporales, incertae sedis Pseudoberkleasmium Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 93:50 (2018) This genus was established with Ps. pandanicola as the type species based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses (Tibpromma et al. 2018). Herein we introduce a new species in Pseudoberkleasmium (Fig. 99). 65. Pseudoberkleasmium acaciae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 100 Index Fungorum number: IF555575; Facesoffungi number: FoF05283 Holotype – MFLU 18–2169 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Acacia (Fabaceae). Saprobic on Acacia sp. pods. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate, superficial, gregarious, scattered, black, powdery, glistening, with conidia readily liberated when disturbed. Mycelium 1.9–3.3 μm wide ( x = 2.8 μm; n = 30), superficial to immersed, hyaline to pale brown, branched, septate. Conidiophores micronematous, mononematous, fasciculate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells 10–12 × 6–10 μm ( x = 11 × 8.4 μm; n = 30), globose to subglobose, terminal, thick-walled, determinate, hyaline. Conidia 28–38 × 17–24 μm ( x = 34 × 22 μm; n = 30), initially hyaline, later brown to olivaceous green, hyaline basal cell, muriform, globose to subglobose, rounded at apex. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 15 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C, surface with hyphal growing, with irregular edge, pale brown to grey, radially arrange, middle dark brown, muciligenous extudate, reverse three layers, pale brown to grey outer layer, yellowish brown middle layer and center dark brown to black. Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District (8˚ 3̍ 22̎ N, 98˚ 46̍ 28̎ E), on decaying pod septum of Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 373 119 (MFLU 18–2169, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2590, KUMCC 18–0286. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347882, ITS: MK347775, LSU: MK347992, tef1: MK360073 Notes – Pseudoberkleasmium acaciae forms a sister clade to P. pandanicola (MFLUCC 17– 2264) with high statistical support (Fig. 100). Both species share morphological features (Fig. 101) such as hyphomycetous form, micronematous, mononematous conidiophores and muriform ascospores. However, P. pandanicola has conidiogenous cells that remain connected to the base of conidia, with guttules and broadly ellipsoidal to obovoid, flattened, one-cell thick, guttulate conidia (Tibpromma et al. 2018). Therefore, we describe a new species of Pseudoberkleasmium. A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two species reveal 33 (6.7%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Figure 99 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 matrix of 74 strains was including related families of order Pleosporales. The matrix comprised 3394 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Lophiostoma spp. (Lophiostomataceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -21848.231790 is presented. The matrix had 873 distinct alignment patterns, with 22.56% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.242601, C = 0.252145, G = 0.278539, T = 0.226715; substitution rates AC = 0.767335, AG = 2.871799, AT = 1.203512, CG = 1.169423, CT = 11.302775, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap 120 support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. Figure 100 – Pseudoberkleasmium acaciae (MFLUCC 17–2590, ex-type). a Germinated conidium. b, c Top and reverse views of culture. d Growth in culture. e–f Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. g–k Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 1 cm, a, d–k = 20 μm. Subclass Dothideomycetidae P.M. Kirk et al. Mycologia 98: 1045 (2007) Capnodiales Woron., Annales Mycologici 23: 177 (1925) Capnodiaceae (Sacc.) Höhn. ex Theiss., Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft Wien 66: 363 (1916) Capnodiaceae contains species of sooty moulds (Hyde et al. 2013, Chomnunti et al. 2011, 2014). The family is commonly found on leaves and associated with the honeydew of insects (Chomnunti et al. 2011). Leptoxyphium Speg., Physis Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 4 (17): 294 (1918) Leptoxyphium is the asexual morph genus in Capnodiaceae. It has elongated pycnidia, with short or long necks, an apical ostiole, and aseptate, hyaline conidia (Chomnunti et al. 2011, 2014). Herein introduce a new host record of Leptoxyphium kurandae from Thailand. 66. Leptoxyphium kurandae Crous & R.G. Shivas, Persoonia 26: 145 (2011) Fig. 101 Facesoffungi number: FoF05284 Saprobic sooty moulds, forming on the upper surface of leaves and fruits. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Hyphae olivaceous brown to dark brown, branched, septate, constricted at the septa, bead-like, forming an irregular network. Conidiomata 121 342–422 μm high ( x = 381 μm; n = 10), synnematal, dark olivaceous-brown to black, straight to slightly flexuous, base 37–47 × 37–43 μm wide ( x = 44 × 39 μm; n = 20), basal cells dark olivaceous-brown, bulbous, apex 29–37 × 28–32 μm wide ( x = 34 ×31 μm; n = 20), funnel-shaped, resembling a cupula. Conidiogenous cells arising from the inner cell wall of the cupulate apex, olivaceous-brown to hyaline. Conidia 6.2–7.4 × 2.7–3.4 μm ( x = 6.7 × 3 μm; n = 20), hyaline, broadly ellipsoid with rounded ends, aseptate and lacking guttules. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, decaying fruits of Lagerstroemia loudoni (Lythraceae), 23 October 2015, S.C. Jayasiri, C 67 (MFLU 18–2085, new host record). Notes – The morphology of this new collection is identical with description of Leptoxyphium kurandae (Crous et al. 2011). Leptoxyphium kurandae was reported from leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Crous et al. 2011), on extrafloral nectaries of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Park et al. 2015) and on leaves of H. cannabinus (Choi et al. 2015). This is the first report of L. kurandae from fruit (Lagerstroemia loudoni) and as a saprobe. Our new collection identified based only on morphology (Fig. 107) as single spore isolation was unsuccessfuled. Figure 101 – Leptoxyphium kurandae (MFLU 18–2085). a Host seed. b, c Mycelium on host surface. d Apex swelling on synnemata. e Close up of synnematal stalk. f Synnematal stalk. g Condiogenous cells close up view of formation of conidia. h, i Conidia. Scale bars: d, e, g–j = 10 μm, f = 100 μm. 122 Figure 102 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, tef1 and actin partial sequence data for Cladosporium species. One hundred and seven strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprise 1378 characters including alignment gaps. 123 Cercospora beticola (CBS 116456) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -20894.787676 is presented. The matrix had 845 distinct alignment patterns, with 23.69% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.226943, C = 0.290615, G = 0.251331, T = 0.231112; substitution rates AC = 1.878021, AG = 3.250831, AT = 1.689030, CG = 1.117942, CT = 5.560854, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I and R respectively. Cladosporiaceae Nann., Repertorio sistematico dei miceti dell' uomo e degli animali 4: 404 (1934) Cladosporiaceae contains eight genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2018) including the divese and species rich genus, Cladosporium. Cladosporium Link, Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin 8: 37 (1816) This genus mostly comprises saprobes with a worldwide distribution, and growing on a wide range of substrates (Bensch et al. 2012, Crous et al. 2014, Sandoval-Denis et al. 2016). We collected three host records and two new species of Cladosporium. 67. Cladosporium aphidis Thüm., Oesterr. Landwirtsch. Wochenbl. 2(43): 505 (1876) Fig. 103 Facesoffungi number: FoF05285 Saprobic on aphids, Aphis symphyti and pods of Laburnum anagyroides. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium 2–3 μm wide (x̅ = 2.2 μm; n = 30), superficial and immersed composed of septate, branched, subhyaline to pale green-brown, roughand thick-walled, anastomosing hyphae. Conidiophores 43–58 μm high × 3–3.5 μm diam. (x̅ = 52 × 3.2 μm; n = 30), erect, cylindrical, nodulose, septate, simple or branched, brown, roughened to verruculose, thick-walled. Conidiogenous cells 4.5–7.5 × 1–2 μm (x̅ = 6.8 × 1.8 μm; n = 20), terminal or intercalary, subcylindrical or cylindrical, bearing up to four conidiogenous loci, darkened and refringent. Ramoconidia 11–20 × 3–3.5 μm (x̅ = 15 × 3.2 μm; n = 30), pale brown to brown, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, smooth or finely verruculose, 1–4-septate. Conidia 5–9 × 3–4 μm (x̅ = 6 × 3.5 μm; n = 30), pale brown to brown, obovoidal to short ellipsoid, aseptate, smooth- and thick-walled. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies reaching a diam. of 50 mm after 2 weeks at 18°C. Colonies olivaceous-grey to olivaceous, pale olivaceous-grey due to aerial mycelium, iron-grey reverse, sometimes zonate, velvety or powdery, margin colourless or white, regular, radially furrowed, feathery, colony centre often forming a crater like structure, immersed, aerial mycelium sparse, diffuse or dense, numerous small prominent exudates formed, appear almost blackish, profuse sporulation. Material examined – UK, Southsea, on decaying pods of Laburnum anagyroides (Fabaceae), 8 November 2015, E.B.G. Jones, GJ 210 (MFLU 18–2226, new host record); living culture MFLUCC 18–1561, KUMCC 18–0219. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347924, ITS: MK347815, LSU: MK348035, rpb2: MK434850 Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, the new strain grouped in a clade with Cladosporium aphidis (CBS 132182) with high support (100 % MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 102). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and actin nucleotides of Cladosporium aphidis and the new strain (MFLUCC 18–1561) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is Cladosporium aphidis (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Cladosporium aphidis has erect, cylindrical, nodulose, septate, simple or branched, brown conidiophores, terminal or intercalary, subcylindrical or cylindrical conidiogenous cells, 1–4-septate, ellipsoidal to cylindrical ramoconidia and obovoidal to short ellipsoid, aseptate, pale green-brown conidia (Bensch et al. 2012). Cladosporium aphidis is the only example of a Cladosporium species on aphids. However, in our study we isolated the same 124 species from wild seed pods of Laburnum anagyroides. Lectotype of this species is from Symphytum officinale associated with Aphis symphyti and a later epitype by Bensch et al. (2012) on dead carcasses of aphids on leaves of Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae). It formed colonies on the leaf surface around the carcasses and finally spread over the whole leaf (Bensch et al. 2012). Our sample may be associated with aphids, although we only observed colonies growning on surface of the seed coat. Figure 103 – Cladosporium aphidis (MFLU 18–2226). a Host pods of Laburnum anagyroides. b, c Appearance of colonies. d, e Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. f–g Conidia and ramoconidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, d, e = 10 µm, f–h = 5 µm. 68. Cladosporium dominicanum Zalar, de Hoog & Gunde-Cimerman, Studies in Mycology 58: 169 (2007) Fig. 104 Facesoffungi number: FoF05323 Saprobic on Delonix regia pod and in hypersaline water. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium 2–4 μm wide (x̅ = 3.2 μm; n = 30), partly superficial partly submerged; hyphae branched, septate, often with swellings and constrictions, irregular, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, walls, slightly thickened. Conidiophores 50–80 (–150) μm long × 2–3 μm diam. (x̅ = 72 × 2.5 μm; n = 30), arising laterally or terminally, erect, micronematous and semimacronematous, straight to slightly flexuous, filiform to narrowly cylindrical, unbranched or branched, brown. Conidiogenous cells undifferentiated. Condiogenous scars thickened and conspicuous, protuberant. Ramoconidia rarely formed. Conidia 5–6 × 2.5–2.6 μm (x̅ = 5.5 × 2.5 μm; n = 30), catenate, in branched chains, hyaline to dark brown, narrower at both ends, straight, guttulate. Culture characters – Conida germinated on MEA with in 18 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, dark green, velvety, furrowed, with undulate margin. Reverse dark green-brown. Material examined – THAILAND, Ko Larn Island, on decaying pod septum of Delonix regia 125 (Fabaceae), 6 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 302 (MFLU 18–2138, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 17–2294, KUMCC 18–0222. GenBank numbers – ITS: MK347753, LSU: MK347970, tef1: MK340861, actin: MK412888 Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, the new strain grouped in a clade with Cladosporium dominicanum (CBS 119415) with high support (100 % MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 102) and shares similar morphology with type description (Zalar et al. 2007). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and actin nucleotides of Cladosporium dominicanum and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–2294) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is Cladosporium dominicanum (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). The type of C. dominicanum was identified from hypersaline water of salt lake, while our new strain collected from decaying pods of Delonix regia (Zalar et al. 2007). Figure 104 – Cladosporium dominicanum (MFLU 18–2138). a Host seed pods of Delonix regia. b Appearance of colonies in the substrate. c Conidiogenous cell with conidia. d, e Conidia. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, b = 200 µm, c–e = 5 µm, f–g = 1 cm. 69. Cladosporium entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 105 Index Fungorum number: IF555576; Facesoffungi number: FoF05287 Holotype – MFLU 18–2104 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Entada (Fabaceae). Saprobic on pod of Entada phaseoloides. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium partly superficial partly submerged; hyphae branched, septate, irregular, often with swellings and constrictions, hyaline to pale brown to, smooth, walls, slightly thickened. Conidiophores arising laterally or terminally, erect, straight to slightly flexuous, filiform to narrowly cylindrical, broad towards the base, unbranched or branched, hyaline to pale brown. Condiogenous scars thickened and conspicuous, protuberant. Conidia 5–6 × 2.5–2.6 μm (x̅ = 5.5 × 2.5 μm; n = 30), in branched chains, terminal chains with up to five conidia, hyaline to dark brown, guttulate, flat end, straight. Ramoconidia in the culture, hyaline to pale brown, globose, subglobose, ovoid, apex rounded, aseptate, 1-prominent guttule. Culture characters – Conida germinated on MEA with in 18 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, pale green, radially furrowed, with raised, crater-shaped central part, with white, undulate, submerged margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N; 99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 221 (MFLU 18–2104, holotype, MFLU 18–2105, isotype), living culture MFLUCC 17–0919, KUMCC 18–0223. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347836, ITS: MK347728, LSU: MK347945 126 Figure 105 – Cladosporium entadae (MFLU 18–2104, holotype). a Part of Entada phaseoloides pod. b Appearance of colonies on substrate. c–e Conidia. f, g Conidiophore and conidiogenous cell. h Conidial chain. i, j Top and reverse view of culture. k Conidia in culture (MEA). Scale bars: a, i, j = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c–e = 5 µm, f–h, k = 10 µm. Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, Cladosporium entadae formed a sister clade to C. velox with high support (97 % MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 102). Cladosporium velox characterized by olivaceous-brown, dichotomously branched conidiophores 5(–7)-septate with 5 conidia in the chain, verruculose, pale brown, non-septate conidia and cylindrical, 0–1-septate ramoconidia (Zalar et al. 2007). Cladosporium entadae is characterized by hyaline to pale brown, erect conidiophores, hyaline to dark brown conidia with flat, dark wall ends and globose to subglobose ramoconidia (Fig. 106). With these significant morphological differences and with phylogenetic support we introduce C. entadae as a new species. A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two strains reveal 8 (1.7%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). 70. Cladosporium magnoliigena Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 106 Index Fungorum number: IFIF555716; Facesoffungi number: FoF05286 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Saprobic on cone of Magnolia grandiflora. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium partly superficial partly submerged, overgrowing entire pod, thin to dense, later often forming colonies on the surface, hyphae straight to strongly flexuous sinuous, branched, subhyaline to olivaceous-brown. Conidiophores 50–150 × 3–4.5 μm (x̅ = 88 × 3.8 μm; n = 20), erect, stipes, slightly attenuated towards the apex, olivaceous-brown, smooth and thickwalled, arising terminally and laterally from aerial hyphae, dichotomously branched, septate. Conidia 4.2–5.5 × 2–5 μm (x̅ = 5.1 × 3.5 μm; n = 30), in simple and branched chains, subhyaline to olivaceous-brown, shape and size variable, subglobose, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid, fusiform, subcylindrical, aseptate, smooth to faintly rough-walled, conidia thin-walled. Secondary ramoconidia 9.5–18 × 2.7–4.2 μm (x̅ = 14 × 3.5 μm; n = 30), olivaceous-brown, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid, fusiform, subcylindrical, 0–3-septate, smooth to faintly rough-walled. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching 50–60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C. Colonies olivaceous-grey to olivaceous, pale olivaceous127 grey due to aerial mycelium, iron-grey reverse, sometimes zonate, velvety or powdery, margin colourless or white, regular, radially furrowed, feathery, colony centre often forming a crater like structure, immersed, aerial mycelium sparse, diffuse or dense, numerous small prominent exudates formed, appear almost blackish, sporulation profuse. Figure 106 – Cladosporium magnolicola (MFLU 18–2220, holotype). a Host fruits of Magnolia grandiflora. b Appearance of colonies. d Conidiophore. e–g Conidia and ramoconidia. h–j Conidia. k Top view of culture. l Reverse view of culture. m Sporulation on culture. Scale bars: a, k, l = 1 cm, b, m = 200 µm, c, d = 20 µm, e–j = 10 µm. Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Botany, on decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 463 (MFLU 18– 2220, holotype; KUN-HKAS102440, isotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1559, KUMCC 18–0220; ibid C 461-B (MFLU 18–2217-B), living culture MFLUCC 18–1557, KUMCC 18–0221. GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–1559: SSU: MK347921, ITS: MK347813, LSU: MK348032, tef1: MK340864, rpb2: MK434854; MFLUCC 18–1557: SSU: MK347919, ITS: MK347811, LSU: MK348030, tef1: MK340862, rpb2: MK434910 Notes – Cladosporium magnoliigena, is a sister species to C. cladosporioides with high statistical support (86% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 102). Cladosporium magnoliigena is morphologically (Fig. 107) similar but phylogenetically distant from C. cladosporioides (Torres et al. 2017). A comparison of the tef1 and actin nucleotides of these two strains reveals 39 (17.4%) and 12 (5.2%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). 128 Figure 107 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS and LSU partial sequence data for Stomiopeltis species. Eighteen strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprise 1378 characters including alignment gaps. Mycosphaerella bixea (AF 362056) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analysis was carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of 4755.099490 is presented. The matrix had 290 distinct alignment patterns, with 41.44% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.225933, C = 0.259155, G = 0.286189, T = 0.228723; substitution rates AC = 1.079318, AG = 1.717967, AT = 1.184400, CG = 1.238487, CT = 4.663407, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype specimens are indicated in red superscript H. Phaeothecoidiellaceae K.D. Hyde & Hongsanan, Mycosphere 8 (1): 140 (2017) This family comprises several species which cause sooty blotch and flyspeck diseases of some economic fruits. We introduce two new species from decaying wild fruits (Fig. 107). Stomiopeltis Theiss., Brotéria Série Botânica 12: 85 (1914) Index Fugorum lists 48 records for this genus, with 33 records in USDA Fungal database from different hosts. Many species have been synonymized under different names and few have sequence data with their morphological descriptions. Most species in this genus have been reported as pathogens on fruits (Mayfield et al. 2013, Ajitomi et al. 2017). We introduce two new species from decaying wild fruits from China and Thailand. 71. Stomiopeltis sinensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 108 Index Fungorum number: IF555578; Facesoffungi number: FoF05289 Holotype – MFLU 18–2203 Etymology – Referring to the place where the fungus was collected, China. Saprobic on Harpephyllum sp. fruit. Sexual morph: Thyriothecia 86–104 μm high × 220–228 μm diam. (x̅ = 96 × 225 μm, n = 20), solitary, gregarious, superficial, rounded, easily removed from 129 the host surface, black, ostiolate. Peridium 40–59 μm wide (x̅ = 51 μm; n = 20), dark brown textura angularis cell layers. Hamathecium 2–2.5 μm wide (x̅ = 2.2 μm; n = 30), hyaline, filiform, unbranched, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 44–49 × 15–21 μm (x̅ = 45 × 19 μm; n = 20), 4spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong to subglobose, with a minute pedicel, arranged vertically, apical region of asci usually with a thick opaque region, without an ocular chamber. Ascospores 19–21 × 5–7 μm (x̅ = 20 × 5.5 μm; n = 20), uniseriate, hyaline, obovoid to ellipsoid, 1-septate, strongly constricted at the septum, with two different length cells, upper cell slightly broader, asymmetric, guttulate. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Figure 108 – Stomiopeltis sinensis (MFLU 18–2203, holotype). a Host seed. b, c View of thyriothecia on host surface. d, e Section through thyriothecia. f–h Asci. i–n Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 μm, d, e = 30 μm, f–n = 10 μm. Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Botany, on decaying fruit pericarp of Harpephyllum sp. (Anacardiaceae), 25 April 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 450 (MFLU 18–2203, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102438, isotype). GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347907, ITS: MK347799, LSU: MK348018 Notes – Stomiopeltis sinensis clusters with Stomiopeltis sp. (RS7.1 and RS7.2) introduced from apple sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) disease in northeastern Turkey (Mayfield et al. 2013). However, there is no morphological description of this strain, only described culture morphology. However, we were unable to get a culture of Stomiopeltis sinensis and DNA was extracted directly from the fruiting bodies (Zeng et al. 2018). Stomiopeltis sp. (RS7.2) has good support in multi-loci 130 phylogeny (77% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 107) with new strain and there were 75 (13.3%) base pair differences for ITS gene region. Therefore, we introduce a new species, Stomiopeltis sinensis (Fig. 108) as it fits with the description of the genus in having superficial, orbicular, conical to lenticular, ostiolar, unilocular thyriothecia with pseudoparenchyma cell wall, bitunicate asci with thick neck and hyaline, guttulate ascospores with a transverse septum (Ajitomi et al. 2017). Figure 109 – Stomiopeltis phyllanthi (MFLU 18–2115, holotype). a Phyllanthus emblica seeds. b–d View of thyriothecia on host surface. e Section through thyriothecium. f–h Asci. i–n Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, e = 20 μm, f–h = 10 μm, i–n = 5 μm. 72. Stomiopeltis phyllanthi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 109 Index Fungorum number: IF555577; Facesoffungi number: FoF05288 Holotype – MFLU 18–2115 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae). Saprobic on Phyllanthus emblica fruits. Sexual morph: Thyriothecia 19–35 μm high × 67–84 μm diam. (x̅ = 23 × 74 μm; n = 20), solitary, gregarious, superficial, rounded, easily removed from the host surface, black; upper wall comprising a thin layer of neatly arranged dark cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium lacking pseudoparaphyses. Asci 44–49 × 7–9 μm (x̅ = 45 × 8 μm; n = 20), 4- spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong to subglobose, with a minute pedicel, arranged vertically, apical region of asci usually with a thick opaque region, ocular chamber not observed. Ascospores 15–17 × 4–5 μm (x̅ = 16 × 4.5 μm; n = 20), uniseriate, hyaline, obovoid to ellipsoid, 1-septate, strongly constricted at the septum, equal length cells, but upper cell slightly broader, asymmetric. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Luang University, on decaying fruit pericarp of Phyllanthus emblica (Phyllanthaceae), 20 March 2017, D. Thennakon, C-241 (MFLU 18–2115, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102418, isotype). GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347842, ITS: MK347734, LSU: MK347951 Notes – Stomiopeltis phyllanthi forms a sister clade to Stomiopeltis spp. strains (RS4, 11R Gp010 and AY160170) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 107), although 131 these strains do not have any morphological description. However, S. phyllanthi (Fig. 109) fits with the description of the genus Stomiopeltis in having superficial, orbicular, unilocular thyriothecia with pseudoparenchyma cell wall, bitunicate asci with thicked neck and hyaline ascospores with a transverse septum (Ajitomi et al. 2017). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of Stomiopeltis phyllanthi and Stomiopeltis sp. (RS4, 11R Gp010 and AY160170) strains reveals 58 (12.8%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Dothideomycetes orders incertae sedis Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker, Mycologia 98 (6): 1050 (2007) Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & P. Syd., Annales Mycologici 16 (1–2): 16 (1918) Among the six families in the order (Phillips et al. 2019), Botryosphaeriaceae is the largest. The species in Botryosphaeriaceae are morphologically diverse and include pathogens, endophytes or saprobes usually associated with woody hosts (Phillips et al. 2013). Interest in this fungal group is mainly because they cause plant diseases (Phillips et al. 2013, Marin-Felix et al. 2017). We introduce novelties within seven of the 22 genera currently recognised in this family. All our isolates came from decaying wild fruits or seed pods. Cophinforma Doilom, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 57: 174 (2012) This genus comprises Cophinforma atrovirens and C. mamane, two species that are morphologically very similar, with significant overlap in conidial dimensions. Phillips et al. (2013) suggested that they can be distinguished based only on DNA data. Figure 110 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS partial sequence data. Thirteen strains are included in the sequence analyses that comprise 560 characters including alignment gaps. Neofusicoccum parvum (ATCC 58191) was used as the outgroup taxon. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -1101.021888 is presented. The matrix had 82 distinct 132 alignment patterns, with 5.88% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.218330, C = 0.296118, G = 0.255108, T = 0.230444; substitution rates AC = 1.091606, AG = 3.291473, AT = 2.663012, CG = 2.340074, CT = 11.299261, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, neotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, N and R respectively. 73. Cophinforma atrovirens (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, Studies in Mycology 76: 80 (2013) Fig. 111 ≡Fusicoccum atrovirens Mehl & Slippers, Mycologia 103: 543 (2011) =Cophinforma eucalypti Doilom, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 57:174 (2012) Facesoffungi number: FoF05290 Saprobic or pathogenic on branches or pod of Ailanthus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 78–100 μm high × 82–105 μm diam. ( x = 85 × 90 μm; n = 10), on host seed pod, superficial, multilocular, dark brown to black, eustromatic, complex, effuse, globose, with wall composed of two layers, an outer layer of thick-walled dark brown cells of textura angularis, and inner layer of thin-walled hyaline textura angularis cells. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells 15–19 × 5–8 μm ( x = 16 × 6 μm; n = 10), enteroblastic, annellidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently to form one or two distinct annellations, or proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings. Paraphyses absent. Conidia 24– 32 × 8–10 μm ( x = 27 × 9 μm; n = 30), hyaline, ellipsoid to obovoid, unicellular, contents granular, asymmetric, smooth, thin-walled. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA 50 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, fluffy, initially white to olivaceous in the center, later becoming black on both sides. Figure 111 – Cophinforma atrovirens (MFLU 18–2179). a Ailanthus sp. pod. b, c Conidiomata on host surface. d Section through conidiomata. e Conidioma wall. f, g Conidiogenous cells. h–j Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 200 μm, d = 20 μm, e–j = 10 μm. 133 Material examined – THAILAND, Phrae Province (18˚ 22' 9" N, 100˚ 21' 12"), on fallen pod of Ailanthus sp. (Simaroubaceae), 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 411 (MFLU 18–2179, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 18–0241, KUMCC 18–0224. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347889, ITS: MK347782, LSU: MK348000, tef1: MK340865 Notes – Species in this genus are recognized mainly based on phylogenetic data and for Cophinforma mamane only ITS sequence data are available (Phillips et al. 2013). Our strain groups well with other C. atrovirens strains in GenBank (Fig. 110). Therefore, we introduce a new host record for C. atrovirens, i.e. seed pods of Ailanthus sp. This is the second record of C. atrovirens from Thailand. Cophinforma atrovirens is reported as a saprobe or pathogen on various plant hosts, namely Acacia mangium, Dimocarpus longan, Eucalyptus hybrid, Eucalyptus sp., E. urophylla and Pterocarpus angolensis from China, South Africa, Thailand and Venezuela (Mohali et al. 2007, Mehl et al. 2011, Liu et al. 2012, Xu et al. 2015, Li et al. 2018). In most of these reports C. atrovirens was regarded as a pathogen. We report C. atrovirens as a saprobe from Ailanthus sp. (Simaroubaceae). 134 Figure 112 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, tef1 and tub2 partial sequence data. Forty-seven strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprise 1308 characters including alignment gaps. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (CBS 164.96) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of 4780.098792 is presented. The matrix had 394 distinct alignment patterns, with 18.09% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.205692, C = 0.307983, G = 0.260318, T = 0.226007; substitution rates AC = 1.026040, AG = 3.116482, AT = 1.028957, CG = 1.577387, CT = 4.393616, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, isotype, neotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, I, N and R respectively. Diplodia Fr., in Montagne, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., 2e Sér., 1:302 (1834) This genus comprises 31 species based of the molecular and morphological data (Dissanayake et al. 2016, Linaldeddu et al. 2016, Yang et al. 2017). We add a new species and a new host record (Fig. 113). 74. Diplodia magnoliigena Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 113 Index Fungorum number: IF555579; Facesoffungi number: FoF05291 Holotype – MFLU 18–2214 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Figure 113 – Diplodia magnoliigena (MFLU 18–2214, holotype). a Host cone. b, c Conidiomata on host surface. d Section through conidioma. e Conidioma wall. f–h Conidiogenous cells. i–m Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 200 μm, d = 100 μm, e–h, k–m = 20 μm, i, j = 10 μm. Saprobic on cone of Magnolia grandiflora. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 190–210 μm high × 182–212 μm diam. ( x = 205 × 198 μm; n = 10), 135 solitary, partly immersed, partially erumpent when mature, dark brown to black, more or less globose, with wall composed of two layers; an outer layer of dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis and an inner layer of thin-walled hyaline cells. Ostiole 55–65 μm high ( x = 62 μm; n = 10), central, circular, papillate. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells 9–15 × 2–3 μm ( x = 13 × 2.5 μm; n = 20), holoblastic, integrated, annellidic, hyaline, cylindrical, smooth, indeterminate, proliferating percurrently to form one or two indistinct annellations. Conidia 26–30 × 12–14 μm ( x = 28 × 12.5 μm; n = 30), hyaline and aseptate at first, becoming dark brown and 1septate, oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends broadly rounded, smooth, thick-walled. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA reaching 40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, with fluffy mycelium, initially white to amber in the centre, after two weeks turning dark amber, white to dark amber, olivaceous with age; reverse submerged mycelium, first yellow, with age dark amber, almost olivaceous, and with age olivaceous center. Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute, on fallen cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 15 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 458 (MFLU 18–2214, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1554, KUMCC 18–0236. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347915, ITS: MK347807, LSU: MK348026, tub2: MK412873 Notes – Diplodia magnoliigena groups sister to D. mutila and Diplodia pyri with high support (Fig. 112) but differs morphologically (Fig. 113) from the latter by having dark brown, 1septate, longer conidia and the conidiomatal wall consists of two layers. Diplodia mutila is characterized by short conidia, which are rarely pale brown, and a three-layered peridium (Phillips et al. 2013). In addition, these two species can be distinguished by 13 (4.1) and 7 (1.8%) base pair differences in tef1 and tub2 gene regions respectively. Confirmed hosts for the D. mutila are Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Fraxinus, Malus, Populus, Taxus baccata and Vitis vinifera (Phillips et al. 2013) together with a recent record on Juglans regia (Díaz et al. 2018). 75. Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 393 (1870) Fig. 114 Facesoffungi number: FoF05292 Saprobic on cone of Pinus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 240–550 μm high × 300–500 μm diam. ( x = 385 × 445 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, stromatic, globose, immersed, sometimes appearing superficial, separate or aggregated, dark brown to black, unilocular. Conidiomata wall 30–60 μm wide ( x = 47 μm; n = 10), 6–8 layered, with outer wall of dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, with wall cells darker around the circular, central ostiole. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells arising from inner wall of the locule. Conidia 28–33 × 11–16 μm ( x = 30 × 14 μm; n = 10), dark brown, oblong to clavate, straight to slightly curved, at first aseptate, when old 1-septate. Spermatogenous cells 2.5–3.5 × 2–3.5 μm ( x = 3 × 3 μm; n = 20), holoblastic or proliferating via phialides with periclinal thickenings, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical. Spermatia 3.5–5.5 × 1.5–2.5 μm ( x = 4.7 × 2 μm; n = 20), hyaline, cylindrical with rounded ends, smooth, aseptate. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA 40 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18oC, initially off white to grey, when mature becoming black, reverse grey to black. Material examined – CHINA, Guizhou Province, on decaying cone of Pinus sp. (Pinaceae), 25 May 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 140 (MFLU 18–2090, KUN-HKAS 102410), living culture MFLUCC 18–1542, KUMCC 18–0237. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347824, ITS: MK347719, LSU: MK347933, tef1: MK340866, tub2: MK412872 Notes – Our isolate clustered with other Diplodia sapinea strains (Fig. 112). Base pair differences between our isolate and D. sapinea (CBS 109725, CBS 393.84) are 1 and 3 respectively for ITS and tub2 and no base pair differences for tef1. Morphological characters could not be described clearly because the sample was very dry and conidia were not observed in culture. However, we obtained spermatia (Fig. 114). Diplodia sapinea has been recorded worldwide, 136 especially from Pinus species as a pathogen (Palmer et al. 1987); in this study it was also isolated it from a pine cone in China, but as a saprobe. Other host species associated with D. sapinea include Abies, Larix, Picea, Thuja and Pseudotsuga (Palmer et al. 1987, Phillips et al. 2013). Considering these features, we introduce another strain of Diplodia sapinea with spermatia in culture. Figure 114 – Diplodia sapinea (MFLU 18–2090). a Conidiomata on host surface. b, c Conidiogenous cells. d Conidia. e, f Top and reverse view of culture. g Conidimata in culture. h Spermatogenous cells. i–k Spermatia. Scale bars: a = 200 μm, b–e = 20 μm, f, g = 1 cm, i–l = 5 μm. Dothiorella Sacc., Michelia 2 (6): 5 (1880) Based on the most recent study, Dothiorella contains 40 species based on molecular and morphological data (Dissanayake et al. 2016, 2017, Yang et al. 2017, You et al. 2017). Yang et al. (2017) concluded that the most useful gene regions for separation of species are ITS and tef1. 76. Dothiorella lampangensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 116 Index Fungorum number: IF555580; Facesoffungi number: FoF05293 Holotype – MFLU 18–2145 Etymology – Referring to the place where the specimen was collected, Lampang Province (Thailand). Saprobic on an unidentified wild fruit. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 265–320 μm high × 260–380 μm diam. ( x = 295 × 274 μm; n = 10), pycnidial, stromatic, mostly superficial, dark brown to black, globose, solitary, occasionally covered by mycelium. Conidiomata wall 40–65 μm wide ( x = 58 μm; n = 20). Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells 11–22 × 3–8 μm ( x = 18.5 × 5.2 μm, n = 20), holoblastic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, sometimes slightly swollen at the base. Conidia 22–28 × 9–11 ( x = 25 × 10 μm; n = 30), initially hyaline and aseptate, when mature becoming yellowish brown, orange to dark brown, asymmetric, ellipsoid, obtuse at apex, truncate at base, 1-septate. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA attaining 70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, becoming pale olivaceous-grey to dark olivaceousgrey at the surface, and yellowish brown to iron-grey in the reverse, with irregular edges. Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 6̍ 23̎ N, 99˚ 41̍ 26̎ E), on fallen fruit pericarp of Rutaceae, 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 322 (MFLU 18–2145, holotype; KUNHKAS102425, isotype), ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 18–0232, KUMCC 18–0239. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347864, ITS: MK347758, tef1: MK340869, tub2: MK412874 Notes – Dothiorella lampangensis lies in a clade sister to D. brevicollis (CBS 130411) with high bootstrap support (97% MLBS/ 1.0 BYPP, Fig. 115). Base pair differences between these two species are 5 (1.1%) and 18 (4.9%) in ITS and tub2 gene sequences. Morphologically, D. 137 lampangensis differs from D. brevicollis in having asymmetric conidia with obtuse apex and truncate base (Jami et al. 2012, Phillips et al. 2013). Dothiorella brevicollis was isolated from healthy wood of Acacia karroo (Fabaceae) from South Africa, whereas D. lampangensis was isolated from a decaying fruit in Thailand. Dothiorella lampangensis clades close to D. tectonae with high support (83% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP, Fig. 115). Base pair differences between these two species are 7 (1.5%), 17 (8.5%) and 20 (5.2%) respectively for ITS, tef1 and tub2 gene regions. Dothiorella lampangensis has longer conidia than D. tectonae (22–28 μm vs. 21–22 μm) and lacks irregular striations on the surface (Fig. 116). Figure 115 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, tef1 and tub2 partial sequence data. Sixtythree strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 1184 characters including alignment gaps. Neofusicoccum parvum (CMW 9081) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -5766.079927 is presented. The matrix had 442 distinct alignment patterns, with 23.28% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.207748, C = 0.311193, G = 138 0.249528, T = 0.231530; substitution rates AC = 1.306974, AG = 1.985424, AT = 1.310930, CG = 1.254756, CT = 4.360996, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, P and R respectively. Figure 116 – Dothiorella lampangensis (MFLU 18–2145, holotype). a, b Top and reverse view of culture. c–f Conidiogenous cells. g–k Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c–e = 20 μm, f–k = 10 μm. Lasiodiplodia Ellis & Everh., Botanical Gazette Crawfordsville 21: 92 (1896) The latest revisions accept 36 species in this genus based of the molecular and morphological data (Dissanayake et al. 2016, Dou et al. 2017a, b, Yang et al. 2017). Previous studies have shown that morphology alone is not a reliable character for species differentiation and species can be recognized only from combined ITS and tef1 sequence data (Phillips et al. 2013, Slippers et al. 2014). Yang et al. 2017 found that tub2 is the most useful gene for separation of species. We used multigene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, tef1 and tub2 genes) and established two novel species (Fig. 117). 77. Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde sp. nov. Fig. 118 Index Fungorum number: IF555581; Facesoffungi number: FoF05294 Holotype – MFLU 18–2173 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Avicennia (Acanthaceae). Saprobic on fruit of Avicennia marina. Sexual morph: Not determined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 180–220 μm high × 160–180 μm diam. ( x = 213 × 174 μm; n = 10), pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, occasionally confluent, formed in uni- or multi-loculate stromata, immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, circular. Conidiomata wall 40–50 μm wide ( x = 43 μm; n = 20), composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis; inner layer thin, hyaline. Hamathecium 2–3 μm wide ( x = 2.3 μm; n = 30), hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, not branched, round at apex. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 15–18 × 5–8 μm ( x = 17 × 7 μm; n = 30), phialidic or annellidic, hyaline, cylindrical, discrete or occasionally integrated, determinate or proliferating at 139 Figure 117 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, tef1 and tub2 partial sequence data. Sixty-eight strains were included in the sequence analysis, 140 which comprise 829 characters with gaps. Diplodia mutila (CBS 112553) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -3533.673744 is presented. The matrix had 391 distinct alignment patterns, with 15.23% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.209713, C = 0.303667, G = 0.256066, T = 0.230553; substitution rates AC = 1.085553, AG = 2.917602, AT = 1.419541, CG = 1.096504, CT = 4.741431, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in bold and blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, neotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, N and R respectively. Figure 118 – Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum (MFLU 18–2173, holotype). a Fruit of the host, Avicennia marina. b, c Conidiomata on host surface. d Ostiole. e Section through conidiomata. f, g Conidiogenous cells and immature conidia. h-j Conidia. k Germinated conidium. l Top view of culture. m Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a, l, m = 1 cm, b, c = 500 μm, d, e = 50 μm, f–j = 20 μm, k = 30 μm. the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently. Conidia 26–32 × 11–14 μm ( x = 28 × 12 μm; n = 30), initially hyaline, aseptate, at maturity 1-septate and dark brown, ellipsoidal, straight, both ends, broadly rounded, thick-walled. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at end of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC. Colonies with aerial mycelia, becoming smoke grey to olivaceous-grey at surface; reverse dark grey to black. Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on decaying fruit pericarp of Avicennia marina (Acanthaceae), 30 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 376 (MFLU 18– 2173, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC17–2591, KUMCC 18–0250. GenBank numbers: SSU: MK347884, ITS: MK347777, LSU: MK347994, tef1: MK340867 Notes – Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum lies in a clade sister to L. brasiliense (CMM 4015 and CMM 2185) with high statistical support (89% MLBS/ 0.96 BYPP, Fig. 118). There are 12 (2.5%) base pair differences in ITS regions between these two species. In addition, L. avicenniarum differs from L. brasiliense in having multi-loculate stromata and lacking longitudinal striations on conidial wall (Netto et al. 2014). However, Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum and L. brasiliense have similar 141 morphology of conidiogenous cells and conidia (Netto et al. 2014). 78. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Fungal Diversity 28: 8 (2008) Fig. 119 Saprobic and pathogenic on twigs, fruits and seed pods. Sexual morph: see Tennakoon et al. (2016). Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 320–350 μm high × 215–245 μm diam. ( x = 332 × 232 μm n = 10), pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, occasionally confluent, formed in uni- or multi-loculate stromata, immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, circular. Conidiomata walls 26–55 μm wide, composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis; inner layer thin, hyaline. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells, when present hyaline, simple, occasionally septate, rarely branched, cylindrical, arising from cells lining the pycnidial cavity. Conidiogenous cells 15–19 × 4–8 ( x = 17 × 6.5 μm, n = 30), phialidic or annellidic, hyaline, cylindrical, discrete or occasionally integrated, determinate or proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently and forming two or three annellations. Conidia 23–30 × 11–13 ( x = 28 × 12 μm, n = 30), initially hyaline, aseptate, mature 1-septate and pale brown to dark brown, oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends, broadly rounded, thin-walled, with longitudinal striations. Figure 119 – Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae (MFLU 18–2128). a Part of Afzelia xylocarpa seed pod. b, c Conidiomata on host surface. d–g Conidiogenous cells. h–j Conidia k Germinated conidium. Scale bars: b = 1 cm, d = 500 μm, f–h = 10 μm. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from end of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 oC. Colonies with aerial mycelia, aerial mycelia becoming smoke grey to olivaceous-grey at the surface and reverse dark grey to black. 142 Material examined – THAILAND, Payao Province, Amphoe Phu Sang, on decaying pod septum of Afzelia xylocarpa (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 277 (MFLU 18–2128, new host record); living culture MFLUCC 17–2289, KUMCC 18–0249; THAILAND, Mae Hong Son Province, on decaying fruits pericarp of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 22 September 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 197 (MFLU 18–2099, new host record). GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2289: SSU: MK347852, ITS: MK347745, LSU: MK347962, tef1: MK340871, tub2: MK412875; MFLU 18–2099: SSU: MK347831, ITS: MK347725, LSU: MK347940, tub2: MK412876 Notes – Phylogenetically our two strains clade together with other reported strains of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae (Fig. 117). Therefore we herein introduce a new record of L. pseudotheobromae, from a decaying pod of Afzelia xylocarpa and fruits of Quercus sp. in Thailand. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae has been previously reported from many host species (Alves et al. 2008, Correia et al. 2013 Pillay et al. 2013, Phillips et al. 2013, Sanchez et al. 2013, SandovalMarques et al. 2013a, Castro-Medina et al. 2014, Machado et al. 2014a, b, Mehl et al. 2014, Netto et al. 2014, Dissanayake et al. 2015a, Doilom et al. 2015, Li et al. 2015, Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2015b, Correia et al. 2016a, Li et al. 2016b, Rosado et al. 2016). There were two and one base pair differences between our two strains and CBS 116459/CBS 447.62, respectively, for tef1 and tub2 genes, but no difference in ITS. 79. Lasiodiplodia swieteniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde sp. nov. Fig. 120 Index Fungorum number: IF555582; Facesoffungi number: FoF05296 Holotype – MFLU 18–2188 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Swietenia (Meliaceae). Figure 120 – Lasiodiplodia swieteniae (MFLU 18–2188, holotype). a Host fruit of Swietenia sp. b Conidiomata on host surface. c Conidioma wall. d–f Conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia. j Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 20 μm, d–j = 10μm. 143 Saprobic on fruit of Swietenia sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 310–330 μm high × 300–370 μm diam. ( x = 315 × 345 μm; n = 10), pycnidial, semi-immersed, solitary, rarely aggregated, dark brown to black, unilocular, with globose base. Conidiomata wall 33–51 μm wide ( x = 46 μm; n = 20), outer layers composed of dark brown textura angularis, becoming thin-walled and hyaline toward the inner region; with brown, septate, hyphal hairs, with rounded tips covering the outer wall of fruiting body. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 11–13 × 7–8.5 μm ( x = 12 × 7.5 μm; n = 20), hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, discrete, phialidic, proliferating percurrently, arising from hyaline inner conidiomatal wall. Hamathecium 2–3 μm wide ( x = 2.3 μm; n = 30), hyaline, aseptate, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, originating from the hyaline inner cells of conidiomata wall, with basal cells slightly swollen and apical cells rounded at tips. Conidia 24–32 × 11–14 μm ( x = 30 × 13 μm; n = 30), initially hyaline, mature conidia turning dark brown, ellipsoid, with granular content, 1–3 septate. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from end of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ˚ C. Colonies with white fluffy mycelium, slightly dense and flattening at the centre, mycelium turning smokygrey to olivaceous-grey, mycelium turning greenish olivaceous to black-olivaceous in reverse. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on decaying fruit pericarp of Swietenia sp. (Meliaceae), 15 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 425 (MFLU 18–2188, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102435, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–0244, KUMCC 18–0251. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347896, ITS: MK347789, LSU: MK348007, tef1: MK340870, tub2: MK412877 Notes – Lasiodiplodia swieteniae is in a clade sister to L. thailandica with high statistical support (83% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP, Fig. 117) in multigene phylogenetic analysis of tef1 and tub2 genes. Base pair differences of the two species are 1 and 7 (2.0%) respectively, for tef1 and tub2 genes. Conidia of L. swieteniae differ from L. thailandica in having 1–3-septate, dark brown conidia without longitudinal striations (Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2015). Therefore, we introduce a new species based on molecular and morphological differences. 80. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 25: 57 (1909) Fig. 121 Figure 121 – Lasiodiplodia theobromae (MFLU 18–2139). a Host Calophyllum inophyllum fruit. b Host decaying Acacia sp. pods. c Host decaying fruit. d Conidiomata on host surface. e, f Conidiogenous cells. g, h Conidia. i Top view of culture. j Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a–c, i, j = 1 cm, d = 200 μm, e–h = 20 μm. 144 Saprobic or pathogenic on wide host range. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 58–80 μm high × 74–90 μm diam. (74 × 80 μm; n = 10), pycnidial, semi-immersed, unilocular, solitary, scattered, globose or subglobose, dark brown. Conidiomata wall 12–27 μm wide ( x = 21.6 μm; n = 20), outer layers dark brown to black, thick-walled, inner layers thin-walled, pale brown to hyaline, comprising 2–3 layers of dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses hyaline, septate, cylindrical, occasionally branched, ends rounded. Conidiogenous cells 19–23 × 7–8 μm ( x = 21 × 7.5 μm; n = 20), phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical. Conidia 18–24 × 8–9 μm ( x = 22 × 8.5 μm; n = 30), initially hyaline and aseptate when immature, becoming medianly 1-euseptate, dark brown, ellipsoid to obovoid, truncate or rounded at base, with longitudinal striations from apex to base, thick-walled. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from end of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 50–60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, with white fluffy mycelium, slightly dense and flattening at the centre, turn smoky-grey to olivaceousgrey with age, mycelium turning greenish olivaceous to black-olivaceous in reverse after 1 week. Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 6̍ 23̎ N, 99˚ 41̍ 26̎ E), on decaying pod of Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 311 (MFLU 18–2139, new record); living culture MFLUCC 17–2295, KUMCC 18–0254; THAILAND, Krabi Province (8˚ 2' 27" N, 98˚ 49' 5" E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Calophyllum inophyllum (Calophyllaceae), 31 August 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 345 (MFLU 18–2152, new host record); living culture, MFLUCC 17–2532, KUMCC 18–0253; THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on decaying fruit pericarp of unknown plant, 24 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 443-B (MFLU 18–2193), living culture MFLUCC 18–0482, KUMCC 18–0252. GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2295: SSU: MK347860, ITS: MK347754, LSU: MK347971, tef1: MK340872, tub2: MK412878; MFLUCC 17–2532: SSU: MK347870, ITS: MK347763, LSU: MK347980, tef1: MK340873, tub2: MK412879; MFLUCC 18–0482: SSU: MK347900, ITS: MK347792, LSU: MK348011, tef1: MK340874 Notes – We isolated three strains of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from decaying wild fruits and pods. The holotype of this species could not be found and a neotype was designated (Phillips et al. 2013) from an unidentified fruit in New Guinea (CBS H-21411). This species has a wide host range in tropical and subtropical regions (Dissanayake 2016). Figure 122 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS and tef1 partial sequence data. Thirteen strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 872 characters including alignment gaps. Diplodia seriata (CBS 112555) was used as 145 the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -1941.053640 is presented. The matrix had 132 distinct alignment patterns, with 13.53% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.201898, C = 0.303509, G = 0.274434, T = 0.220159; substitution rates AC = 2.133078, AG = 3.446620, AT = 1.016394, CG = 1.506886, CT = 5.661906, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and isotype specimens are indicated in red superscript H and I respectively. We compared base pair differences of our three strains of L. theobromae with three other strains (CBS 124.13, CBS 164.96 and MFLUCC 17–0952). ITS sequences were identical for all six strains. However, there were 4, 1 and 1 base pair differences in strains MFLUCC 17–2295, MFLUCC 17–2532 and MFLUCC 18–0482, respectively, for tef1 gene region. In addition, MFLUCC 18–0482 had 1 base pair difference with CBS 164.96 for tub2 gene. Figure 123 – Neodeightonia planchoniae (MFLU 18–2140, holotype). a Host pod. b View of ascomata on host surface. c Section through ascoma. d–g Asci. h–l Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c = 100 µm, d–g = 20 µm, h–l = 10 µm. Neodeightonia in Punithalingam, Mycol. Pap. 19: 17 (1970) [1969] This genus comprises six species namely N. licuriensis from Syagrus coronate (Adamčík et al. 2015), N. palmicola from Arenga westerhoutii (Liu et al. 2012), N. phoenicum from Phoenix sp. (Phillips et al. 2008, Ligoxigakis et al. 2013), N. rattanica from Calamus sp. (Konta et al. 2016a), 146 N. rattanicola from Calamus sp. (Konta et al. 2016a) and N.subglobosa from Bambusa arundinacea (Punithalingam 1970), with both pathogenic and saprobic species (Punithalingam 1970, Liu et al. 2010, Phillips et al. 2008, Ligoxigakis et al. 2013, Konta et al. 2016a). We add another species to this genus from decaying fruit of Planchonia sp. from Thailand (Fig. 122). 81. Neodeightonia planchoniae Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 123 Index Fungorum number: IF555583; Facesoffungi number: FoF05297 Holotype – MFLU 18–2140 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Planchonia (Lecythidaceae). Saprobic on fruit of Planchonia sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 175–210 × 182–250 μm ( x = 190 × 220 μm; n = 10), immersed, dark brown to black, with a single aparaphysate locule, with wall composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells many layers thick, asci developing amongst partially disintegrating sterile thin-walled tissue in locule. Neck of ascostromata narrow, opening by an apical ostiole, formed by the disintegration of the central thin-walled cells. Peridium 28–60 μm wide ( x = 42 μm; n = 20), dark brown, smooth, two cell layers of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.5–2.5 μm wide ( x = 1.9 μm, n = 30), Pseudoparaphyses, hyphae-like, septate, constricted at the septa. Asci 58–70 × 15–21 μm ( x = 64 × 18 μm; n = 20), parallel, more or less separated from one another by stromatic tissue, clavate to cylindric-clavate, 8-spored, bitunicate with a thick endotunica. Ascospores 18–26 × 7–9 μm ( x = 23 × 8 μm; n = 30), biseriate, hyaline to pale brown, oval to broadly ellipsoidal, when mature muriform, aseptate, with bipolar germ pores, immature with large guttule, surrounded by a thick mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from ends of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 50–60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC. Colonies with aerial mycelia, becoming smoke grey to olivaceous-grey at the surface and reverse dark grey to black. Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 6̍ 23̎ N, 99˚ 41̍ 26̎ E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Planchonia sp. (Lecythidaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 312 (MFLU 18– 2140, holotype; MFLU 18–2141, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2427, KUMCC 18– 0260. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347861, ITS: MK347755, LSU: MK347972 Notes – Based on phylogenetic and morphological differences, a new species, Neodeightonia planchoniae, is introduced. Neodeightonia planchoniae, forms a sister clade to N. palmicola with high statistical support (79% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 122). There are 8 (1.5%) base pair differences between N. planchoniae and N. palmicola in the ITS gene sequence. tef1 gene sequences are not available for N. palmicola for comparison. Neodeightonia palmicola and N. planchoniae share many similar morphological characters e.g. ostiolate ascomata, clavate to cylindric-clavate asci with a thick endotunica, ascospores with bipolar germ pores and thick mucilaginous sheaths (Fig. 123). However, N. palmicola differs in having pale brown and muriform mature ascospores and a thin peridium. Taking these differences into account, we identify our strain as a new species. Neofusicoccum Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Studies in Mycology 55: 247 (2006) The genus Neofusicoccum includes some important plant pathogens, especially those associated with woody crop plant species (Phillips et al. 2013, Marin-Felix et al. 2017). Currently 37 species have been reported from this genus (Dissanayake 2016, Marin-Felix et al. 2017, Zhang et al. 2017, Li et al. 2018). Neofusicoccum is morphologically similar to Botryosphaeria but phylogenetically distinct (Phillips et al. 2013). Most species of Neofusicoccum are morphologically similar and are defined on ITS sequence data, often together with loci of other genes (Phillips et al. 2013). We introduce both morphs of the type species (Neofusicoccum parvum) on two different hosts from China (Fig. 124). 147 Figure 124 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, tef1 and tub2 partial sequence data. Seventyeight strains are included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 1585 characters including alignment gaps. Two Dothiorella species were used as the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -5063.598833 is presented. The matrix had 423 distinct alignment patterns, with 16.48% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.205999, C = 0.308748, G = 0.265038, T = 0.220215; substitution rates AC = 1.211622, AG = 4.547892, AT = 0.800196, CG = 0.869036, 148 CT = 8.086004, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively. 82. Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Studies in Mycology 55: 248 (2006) Figs 125, 126 Facesoffungi number: FoF05298 Figure 125 – Sexual morph of Neofusicoccum parvum (MFLU 18–2196). a Host cone. b, c View of ascomata on host surface. d Peridium. e Section through ascomata. f–h Ascospores. i, j Asci with cellular paraphyses. k Top view of culture. l Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 µm, d, i, j = 30 µm, f–g = 10 µm. Saprobic or pathogenic on wild host range. Sexual morph: Ascomata 170–205 μm high × 139–261 μm diam. ( x = 184 × 221 μm; n = 10), forming clusters, locules, erumpent through surface of fruit, globose, with a short, sunken ostiole. Peridium 30–60 μm wide, dark brown to black, smooth, with wall composed of dark brown thick-walled cells, lined with thin-walled, hyaline cells. Asci 106–131 × 19–24 μm ( x = 124 × 22 μm; n = 20), clavate, 8-spored, bitunicate. Ascospores 29–32 × 8–10 μm ( x = 30.5 × 9 μm; n = 20), broadly ellipsoidal to fusoid, apiculus at each end, hyaline, smooth, aseptate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 175–218 μm high × 220–245 μm diam. ( x = 196 × 231 μm; n = 10), aggregated and morphologically indistinguishable from ascomatal aggregates, individually globose, apapillate to pyriform with a 149 short, acute papilla, entire locule lined with conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 25–34 × 3–5 μm ( x = 26 × 4 μm; n = 10), phialidic or annellidic, hyaline, subcylindrical, proliferating percurrently to form 1–2 annellations, or proliferating at the same level to form periclinal thickenings. Conidia 16–19 × 4–6 μm ( x = 17 × 5 μm; n = 30), hyaline, ellipsoidal with apex round and base flat, unicellular. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at end of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 50–60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC. Colonies with aerial mycelia, becoming smoke off white to olivaceous-grey at the surface and reverse dark grey to black. Material examined – CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, on fallen pod of Cercis chinensis (Fabaceae), 30 July 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 133 (MFLU 18–2086, new host record); CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute, on fallen cone scale of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 10 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 446 (MFLU 18–2196, new host record) GenBank numbers – MFLU 18–2086: SSU: MK347820, ITS: MK347715, LSU: MK347929; MFLU 18–2196: SSU: MK347903, ITS: MK347795, LSU: MK348014, tef1: MK340875, rpb2: MK434861 Notes – Both sexual and asexual stages of Neofusicoccum parvum are reported here for China and are in agreement with descriptions in Phillips et al. (2013). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and tub2 nucleotides of Neofusicoccum parvum (CMW 9081) and the new strain (MFLU 18–2086 and MFLU 18–2196) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strains are N. parvum (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). There are many host records for N. parvum from different localities, but this is the first record from Cercis chinensis and Magnolia grandiflora in China. Figure 126 – Asexual morph of Neofusicoccum parvum (MFLU 18–2086). a Host pod of Cercis chinensis. b, c Conidiomata on host surface. d Section through conidioma. e–g Conidiogenus cells. h–m Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c = 300 µm, d = 50 µm, e–m = 10 µm. 150 Phyllostictaceae Fr., Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae 2: 420 (1849) Pseudofusicoccum Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Studies in Mycology 55: 249 (2006) This genus is known only as the asexual morph and seven species have been reported. Species are found on different plant families and are not considered to be host specific (Phillips et al. 2013). We introduce another species to this genus, Pseudofusicoccum calophylli (Fig. 127). 83. Pseudofusicoccum calophylli Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde sp. nov. Fig. 128 Index Fungorum number: IF555584; Facesoffungi number: FoF05299 Holotype – MFLU 18–2153 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Calophyllum (Calophyllaceae). Saprobic on Calophyllum inophyllum. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 140–160 μm high × 133–197 μm diam. ( x = 144 × 160 μm; n = 10), semi-immersed, solitary, globose to subglobose, papillate, covered by host epidermal tissues, lack of ostiole. Conidiomata wall 30–50 μm wide ( x = 47 μm; n = 20), outer pale brown textura angularis cell layers, inner hyaline textura angularis cell layer, embedded within plant tissues. Conidiogenous cells 10–14 × 3–5 μm ( x = 13 × 4 μm; n = 20), phialidic, ovate to cylindrical, smooth, hyaline. Conidia 14–17 × 4–5 μm ( x = 16 × 4.5 μm; n = 30), hyaline, ellipsoid, occasionally slightly bent or irregularly shaped, apices rounded, smooth with fine granular content, unicellular, thin-walled. Figure 127 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS and tef1 partial sequence data. Fifteen strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 896 characters including alignment gaps. Neofusicoccum parvum (CBS 110301) was used as the 151 outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -2088.268519 is presented. The matrix had 120 distinct alignment patterns, with 9.49% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.201315, C = 0.289437, G = 0.269133, T = 0.240115; substitution rates AC = 1.326098, AG = 10.505713, AT = 1.200532, CG = 0.946602, CT = 11.682318, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype specimens are indicated in red superscript H. Figure 128 – Pseudofusicoccum calophylli (MFLU 18–2153, holotype). a Host fruit. b Conidiomata on host surface. c Section through conidioma. d–f Conidiogenus cells. g–j Conidia. k Germinated conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c = 50 µm, d–k = 10 µm. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at one end or both ends of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 35–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC. Colonies fluffy, initially white to amber at the centre, olivaceous at the edges, becoming white to olivaceous with age. Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District (8˚ 2' 27" N, 98˚ 49' 5" E), decaying fruit pericarp of Calophyllum inophyllum (Calophyllaceae), 31 August 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 346 (MFLU 18–2153, holotype; KUN-HKAS102429, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2533, KUMCC 18–0282. GenBank numbers – ITS: MK347764, tef1: MK340877, rpb2: MK434879, tub2: MK412885 Notes – Pseudofusicoccum calophylli clusters with two strains of P. violaceum. Pseudofusicoccum violaceum is characterized by bacilliform conidia with a mucilaginous sheath and larger spores compared to P. calophylli (33 × 9.5 vs. 16 × 4.5 μm) (Mehl et al. 2011). However, Pseudofusicoccum calophylli has bacilliform conidia in the immature stage but these later become irregular in shape, without a mucilaginous sheath (Fig. 129). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of these two strains reveals 5 (0.8%) and 5 (1.6%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Muyocopronales Mapook, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265 (3): 230 (2016) Muyocopronaceae K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 164 (2013) 152 This family was introduced for the monotypic genus Muyocopron with type species Muyocopron corrientinum (Hyde et al. 2013). Muyocopron Speg., Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 12 (3): 113 (1881) Species of Muyocopron occur worldwide and are associated with a wide variety of plant substrates (Mapook et al. 2016). We record three new host records from fallen pods from China and Thailand (Fig 129). Figure 129 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU and LSU partial sequence data. Fortyeight strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprise 1883 characters including alignment gaps. Lichenothelia convexa (L1606/ L1607) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -13815.005728 is presented. The matrix had 889 distinct alignment patterns, with 14.10% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.251270, C = 0.224786, G = 0.292104, T = 0.231840; substitution rates AC = 0.952432, AG = 2.650848, AT = 1.001097, CG = 1.197500, CT = 6.662515, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype, neotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I, N and R respectively. 84. Muyocopron dipterocarpi Mapook, Doilom, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265 (3): 232 (2016) Fig. 130 Saprobic on twigs and pod of Delonix regia. Sexual morph: Ascomata 90–140 μm high × 220–270 μm diam. (x̅ = 110 × 258 μm; n = 10), superficial, coriaceous, solitary or scattered, appearing as circular, scattered, flattened, brown to dark brown spots, covering the host, without a 153 subiculum, with a poorly developed basal layer and an irregular margin. Ostiole central. Peridium 20–30 μm wide, widest at the sides, outer layer comprising dark brown to black pseudoparenchymatous, occluded cells of textura angularis, inner layer comprising light brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.5–3 μm wide (x̅ = 2.2 μm; n = 30), cylindrical to filiform, septate, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 50–70 × 18–20 μm (x̅ = 60 × 19 μm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, saccate or broadly obpyriform, pedicellate, straight or slightly curved, with small ocular chamber. Ascospores 15–18 × 7–10 μm (x̅ = 16 × 9 μm; n = 30), irregularly arranged, overlapping in the ascus, hyaline, oval to obovoid with obtuse ends, aseptate, with granular appearance. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. and germ tubes produced from the ends of the ascospore. Colonies on MEA reaching 40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 oC. Initially aerial mycelium white, slightly raised, in old cultures grayish to light brown, flattened on surface, dark to dark brown from below, light brown to white margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Phrae Province, on decaying pod septum of Delonix regia (Fabaceae), 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 412 (MFLU 18–2181, new host record; KUN-HKAS 102433), living culture, MFLUCC 18–0470, KUMCC 18–0258. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347890, ITS: MK347783, LSU: MK348001 Notes – The new strain formed a sister clade to Muyocopron dipterocarpi (MFLUCC 14– 1103) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 129). These two strains share similar morphology in having superficial, coriaceous, circular, scattered, flattened, brown to dark brown spots ascomata, broadly obpyriform asci and irregularly arranged, hyaline, oval to obovoid, aseptate ascospores with granular appearance (Mapook et al. 2016). A comparison of the SSU and LSU nucleotides of Muyocopron dipterocarpi (MFLUCC 14–1103) and the new strain (MFLUCC 18–0470) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that new strains are M. dipterocarpi (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, we introduce a new strain of M. dipterocarpi from decaying pod of Delonix regia; the holotype was recorded from dead twigs of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus in Thailand. Figure 130 – Muyocopron dipterocarpi (MFLU 18–2181). a Part of the host seed pod. b Superficial ascomata on substrate. c Section of ascoma. d Peridium. e Pseudoparaphyses. f, g Asci. h, i Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c, d = 50 μm, f, g = 20 μm, e, h, i = 10 μm. 85. Muyocopron lithocarpi Mapook, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265 (3): 235 (2016) Fig. 131 154 Saprobic on leaves and wild pods. Sexual morph: Ascomata 90–102 μm high × 225–358 μm diam. (x̅ = 72 × 275 μm; n = 10), superficial, coriaceous, solitary or scattered, appearing as circular, scattered, flattened, brown to dark brown spots, covering the host, without a subiculum, with a poorly developed basal layer and an irregular margin. Ostiole central. Peridium 10–27 μm wide (x̅ = 23 μm; n = 20), widest at the sides, outer layer comprising dark brown to black pseudoparenchymatous, occluded cells of textura epidermoidea, inner layer comprising light brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.5–2.5 μm wide (x̅ = 2.1 μm; n = 20), cylindrical to filiform, septate, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 55–77 × 19–23 μm (x̅ = 65 × 21 μm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, saccate or broadly obpyriform, pedicellate, straight or slightly curved, with small ocular chamber. Ascospores 14–19 × 8–12 μm (x̅ = 16 × 10 μm; n = 20), irregularly arranged, overlapping in the ascus, hyaline, oval to obovoid with obtuse ends, aseptate, with granular appearance. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Figure 131 – Muyocopron lithocarpi (MFLU 18–2087). a Host pods. b, c Superficial ascomata on substrate. d Top view of ascoma. e Squash mounts showing peridium. f, g Section of ascoma. h–k Asci. l–p Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 μm, d = 50 μm, e = 10 μm, h–k = 20 μm, l–p = 10 μm. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. and germ tubes produced from the ends of the ascospore. Colonies on MEA reaching 20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 oC. Initially aerial mycelium white, slightly rose, in old cultures greyish to light brown, flattened on 155 surface, brown to dark brown from below, light brown to white margin. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on decaying pods of Peltophorum sp., 25 August 2015, S.C. Jayasiri, C 61 (MFLU 16–0962, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 16–0962, KUMCC 18–0259; CHINA, Guizhou province, Guizhou University, on fallen pod of Cercis chinensis (Fabaceae), 10 May 2106, S.C. Jayasiri, C134/C135 (MFLU 18–2087, MFLU 18–2088, new host record). GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 16–0962: SSU: MK347923, LSU: MK348034; MFLU 18– 2087: SSU: MK347716, ITS: MK347716, LSU: MK347930; MFLU 18–2088: SSU: MK347822, ITS: MK347717, LSU: MK347931 Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, the three new strains grouped with other strains (MFLUCC 10–0041 and 14–1106) of Muyocopron lithocarpi. They are also morphologically identical to the type species (Fig. 131). A comparison of the SSU and LSU nucleotides of Muyocopron lithocarpi (MFLUCC 14–1106) and new strains (MFLUCC 16–0962, MFLU 18– 2087 and MFLU 18–2088) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that new strains are M. lithocarpi (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, we record new host records of M. lithocarpi in Peltophorum sp. and Cercis chinensis from Thailand and China, respectively. Tubeufiales Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 68 (1): 245 (2014) Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71: 948 (1979) The phylogenetic affinities of this family were initially investigated by Kodsueb et al. (2006) and the latest overview for this order was by Lu et al. (2018) in which 42 genera were recognized in the family Tubeufiaceae (Tubeufiales). We introduce one new genus, three new species and six new records in this group based on morphology and multigene phylogeny. Most species in the family are saprobic on terrestrial woody substrates although some are from aquatic habitats (Boonmee et al. 2011, 2014, Hyde et al. 2016a, Brahamanage et al. 2017, Chaiwan et al. 2017, Doilom et al. 2017, Lu et al. 2017a, b, c, 2018b, Luo et al. 2017, Liu et al. 2018, Phookamsak et al. 2018). We report species isolated from decaying wild seeds and fruits from Thailand. We also introduce a sexual morph genus Neohelicosporium (Jayasiri et al. 2017b) from a decaying fruit of Malvaceae sp. 86. Discotubeufia Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555585; Facesoffungi number: FoF05300 Etymology – Referring to the dish shaped ascomata bearing members in order Tubeufiales. Saprobic on decaying pod of Brownea sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata globose when dry becoming cup-shaped, erumpent to superficial, light brown to dark, setiferous; setae attached to outer wall, tapering towards the tip, dark brown, rough. Peridium composed of pseudoparenchymatous dark brown outer layer, pale brown middle layer and hyaline inner layer, forming a textura angularis in surface view, with inner layers textura angularis to textura prismatica. Hamathecium sparse, septate pseudoparaphyses, immersed in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to sub cylindrical or obclavate, tapering toward the base, with a long stipe, thick-walled at the apex. Ascospores uni to biseriate, hyaline, asymmetric, with upper part broader than lower part, fusiform to cylindrical, 3-septate, multi-guttulate, without an appendage. Asexual morph: Unknown. Type species – Discotubeufia browneae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde Notes – Discotubeufia forms a sister group to Kamalomyces species with low bootstrap support (Fig. 132). Kamalomyces is characterized by solitary, gregarious, subglobose to lemoniform ascomata on a black hyphal subiculum and broadly cylindrical to clavate asci (Verma et al. 2008, Phookamsak et al. 2017). However, Discotubeufia is characterized by cup-shaped, erumpent to superficial, light brown to dark, setiferous ascomata and cylindrical to sub cylindrical asci (Fig. 133). Discotubeufia browneae also clusters with Helicoarctatus aquaticus and Neohelicoma fagacearum. However, Helicoarctatus aquaticus is an asexual morph genus. 156 157 Figure 132 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained using the combined ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 matrix of 187 taxa including related species of the order Tubeufiales (Lu et al. 2018b). The matrix comprised 3525 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Botryosphaeria spp. (Botryosphaeriales). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -60324.463725 is presented. The matrix had 1790 distinct alignment patterns, with 35.67% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.243594, C = 0.251595, G = 0.260381, T = 0.244430; substitution rates AC = 1.047549, AG = 4.941476, AT = 2.193590, CG = 0.734873, CT = 8.281175, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, epitype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, E, P and R respectively. Discotubeufia browneae comprises only a sexual morph. Therefore, it was possible to compare its morphology only with Neohelicoma fagacearum, the type species of the genus. Discotubeufia browneae has cup-shaped, black, setiferous ascomata, and 3-septate, broad ascospores, while Neohelicoma fagacearum has globose to subglobose, pale brown, ostiolate ascomata and 9–12septate narrow ascospores. Although phylogenetic support among these three genera is low, they appear in different lineages. We introduce the new genus based on sequence data and its distinct morphology. 87. Discotubeufia browneae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555586; Facesoffungi number: FoF05301 Fig. 133 158 Holotype – MFLU 18–2096 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Brownea (Fabaceae). Figure 133 – Discotubeufia browneae (MFLU 18–2096, holotype). a Host species on forest floor. b View of ascomata on host. c Section through ascoma with setae. d Setae e Section through ascoma. f Peridium. g–i Ascospores. j Pseudoparaphyses. k–n Asci. Scale bars: a = 4 cm, b = 500 µm, c = 30 µm, d = 20 µm, e = 30 µm, g–j = 10 µm, d, f, k–n = 20 µm. Saprobic on pod of Brownea sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 105–130 μm high × 225–266 μm diam. ( x = 122 × 252 μm; n = 10), cup-shaped, erumpent to superficial, light brown to dark, setiferous; setae 45–57 μm long ( x = 52.5 μm; n = 20), attached to outer wall, tapering towards base, dark brown, rough. Peridium 18–27 μm wide ( x = 22 μm; n = 20), composed of pseudoparenchymatous dark brown outer layer, pale brown middle layer and hyaline inner layer, forming a textura angularis in surface view, with inner layers textura angularis to textura prismatica. Hamathecium 1.5–2 μm wide ( x = 1.7 μm; n = 30), composed of sparse, septate pseudoparaphyses, immersed in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 83–95 × 6–11 μm ( x = 87 × 9 μm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to sub-cylindrical or obclavate, tapering towards the base, with a long stipe, thick-walled at the apex. Ascospores 20–25 × 4–6 μm ( x = 23 × 5 μm; n = 30), uni- to biseriate, hyaline, asymmetrical, with lower part broader than upper part, fusiform to cylindrical, 3-septate, multi-guttulate, without an appendage. Asexual morph: Unknown. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA reaching 50 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 oC, colonies circular, effuse, dense, dark brown, 159 many layered and rough on surface with entire to slightly undulate edge with brown yellow diffused pigment in media. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Mae Kam, on decaying pod septum of Brownea sp. (Fabaceae), 21 September 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 191 (MFLU 18–2096, holotype), ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 17–0908, KUMCC 18–0238. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347829, ITS: MK347723, LSU: MK347938 Helicoma Corda, Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum 1: 15 (1837) More than 80 records are listed under Helicoma in Index Fungorum however, a recent study accepts 57 species and excludes twelve species from this genus (Lu et al. 2018b). We report a new host record for Helicoma guttulatum, from decaying wild fruits (Fig. 132). 88. Helicoma guttulatum Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 125 (2016) Fig. 134 Saprobic on woody substrates and fruit of Lithocarpus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, helicosporous. Colonies appear as a yellow droplet on host seed. Mycelium mostly superficial, septate, branched, smooth, subhyaline to pale brown. Conidiophores 91–200 × 4–6 μm ( x = 120 × 5 μm; n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, cylindrical, unbranched, septate, erect, subhyaline to yellowish, dark brown towards the base, septate, unbranched, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, monoblastic to polyblastic, subhyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 47–58 × 6–8 μm ( x = 53 × 7.2 μm; n = 20), conidial filament 16–22 μm wide ( x = 19 μm; n = 20), solitary, acrogenous, helicoid, hyaline to pale brown, tapering toward flat end, rounded at the apex, conico-truncate at the base, tightly coiled 1–1½ times, smooth-walled. Figure 134 – Helicoma guttulatum (MFLU 18–2095). a Lithocarpus species host fruit. b, c Colonies on host material. d–f Immature conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. g, h Immature conidia. i–l Mature conidia. m Germinated spore. Scale bars: b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d–f = 10 μm, g–m = 20 μm. Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. and germ tubes produced from all cells. Colonies growing on MEA reaching 8 mm diam. in 1 week at 18oC, slightly effuse, edge entire rise or dentate and darkened to blackish. Material examined – THAILAND, Mae Hong Son Province, on decaying fruit of Lithocarpus 160 sp., 22 September 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 177 (MFLU 18–2095, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 17–0903, KUMCC 18–0244; THAILAND, Lampang Province, on fruit of unknown species, S.C. Jayasiri, C 334 (MFLU 18–2150), living culture MFLUCC 17–2529, KUMCC 18– 0245. GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–0903: SSU: MK347828, ITS: MK347722, LSU: MK347937, rpb2: MK434904; MFLUCC 17–2529: SSU: MK347868, ITS: MK347762, LSU: MK347978, tef1: MK360057, rpb2: MK434880 Notes – We introduce a new host record for Helicoma guttulatum on wild fruit of Lithocarpus sp. (Fig. 132). Our new collections resemble H. guttulatum (MFLUCC 16–0022) in conidiophores and conidial morphology (Hyde et al. 2016) and in the phylogenetic analyses our new isolates clustered together with H. guttulatum (MFLUCC 16–0022). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and rpb2 nucleotides of Helicoma guttulatum (MFLUCC 16–0022) and new strains (MFLUCC 17– 0903 and MFLUCC 17–2529) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that new strain are H. guttulatum (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). The conidia are 7 septate in the new collections while they were 8–9 septate in the type specimen (Hyde et al. 2016). With strong molecular evidence, we identified them as the same species. Neohelicosporium Y.Z. Lu, J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde, Mycological Progress 17 (5): 637 (2018) This genus was introduced by Lu et al. (2018a) with 19 species based on a multigene phylogenetic analyses coupled with morphological data (Jayasiri et al. 2017b, Lu et al. 2018a, b). We introduce two new host records, on decaying seed pods from Thailand (Fig. 132). 89. Neohelicosporium fusisporum Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Studies in Fungi 2(1): 212 (2017) Fig 135 Saprobic on pod of Oroxylum sp. Sexual morph: See Jayasiri et al (2017). Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, helicosporous. Mycelium composed of partly immersed, partly superficial, hyaline to pale brown, septate, abundantly branched hyphae, with masses of crowded, glistening conidia. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, flexuous, cylindrical, long, septate, branched, pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells 14–22 × 2–3 μm, holoblastic, mono- to polyblastic, discrete, intercalary, cylindrical, with denticles, pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 100–150 × 1.8–2.5 μm ( x = 135 × 2.2 μm; n = 20), conidial filament 18–25 μm wide ( x = 22 μm; n = 20), solitary, pleurogenous, helicoid, hyaline, rounded at ends, tightly coiled 2½–3¼ times, loosely coiled in water, multi-septate, verruculose, guttulate. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA. Colonies reaching 10 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18oC. Colonies on MEA are adpressed, circular, flat on surface, entire on edge, first cream then becoming dark brown and raised in the centre with mycelium, reverse brown. Material examined – THAILAND, Amphoe, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Bang Saphan District, on decaying pod of Oroxylum sp. (Bignoniaceae), 28 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 397 (MFLU 18–2176, new host record). GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347887, LSU: MK347997 Notes – Our isolate forms a sister clade to Neohelicosporium fusisporum with low statistical support. A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of Neohelicosporium fusisporum (MFUCC 16–0642) and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–0903) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is N. fusisporum (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). New strain shares similar morphology with type strain of Neohelicosporium fusisporum (MFUCC 16–0642) in having macronematous, cylindrical, septate, branched, pale brown conidiophores, holoblastic, mono- to polyblastic, cylindrical, pale brown conidiogenous cells with denticles, and helicoid, tightly coiled, multiseptate, verruculose, hyaline conidia with guttules (Jayasiri et al. 2017b). We record Oroxylum sp. (Bignoniaceae) in Thailand as a new host for Neohelicosporium fusisporum (Fig. 135). In a previous study, we introduced the sexual morph of Neohelicosporium fusisporum from decaying fruit of Malvaceae sp. and asexual morph from the resulting culture (Jayasiri et al. 2017b). 161 Figure 135 – Neohelicosporium fusisporum (MFLU 18–2176). a, b Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. c–g Conidia. Scale bars: a–g = 10 µm. 90. Neohelicosporium hyalosporum Y.Z. Lu, J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde, Mycological Progress 17 (5): 641 (2017) Fig. 136 Figure 136 – Neohelicosporium hyalosporum (MFLU 18–2175). a Part of seed of pod. b, c Colonies on host material. d–f Hyphal arrangement and conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia. j Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 μm, d, e = 10 μm, f–j = 10 μm. 162 Saprobic on submerged wood and pods of Delonix regia. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, helicosporous. Colonies on the substratum superficial, effuse, gregarious, white. Mycelium composed of partly immersed, partly superficial, hyaline to pale brown, septate, abundantly branched hyphae, with masses of crowded, glistening conidia. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, flexuous, long, cylindrical, branched, septate, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, mono- to polyblastic, integrated, intercalary, cylindrical, with pale brown, smooth-walled denticles. Conidia 130–140 μm long × 3.5–4.5 μm diam. ( x = 137 × 4.2 μm; n = 30), conidial filament 17–21 μm wide, ( x = 19 μm; n = 30), solitary, pleurogenous, helicoid, hyaline, rounded at the tip, tightly coiled 3–3½ times, not loosely coiled in water, multi-septate, guttulate. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA and producing germ tubes within 12 hr. Colonies reaching 11 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18°C, growing on MEA circular, flat at surface, entire at edge, pale brown to brown. Mycelium superficial and partially immersed, branched, septate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Material examined – THAILAND, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Bang Saphan District, decaying pod of Delonix regia (Fabaceae), 28 August 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 388 (MFLU 18–2175, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 18–0240, KUMCC 18–0261. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347886, ITS: MK347779, LSU: MK347996, tef1: MK360061, rpb2: MK434870 Notes – Our isolate is phylogenetically close (92% MLBS/0.96 BYPP, Fig. 132) to Neohelicosporium hyalosporum. Although it exhibits a few differences in morphology with shorter and narrower conidia and not uncoiling in water, its DNA sequences are identical to the holotype of N. hyalosporum (Fig. 136). Therefore, we record a new host species Delonix regia pod from Thailand for our new collection. Pseudohelicomyces Y.Z. Lu, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 248 (2018), nom. illegit., non Garnica & E. Valenz. (2000) Recently introduced, this genus includes five species, viz. P. aquaticus, P. hyalosporus, P. indicus, P. paludosus and P. talbotii (Lu et al. 2018b). Pseudohelicomyces is a monotypic genus whose only species, P. albus, is based on the asexual morph of Deconica merdaria (Valenzuela & Garnica 2000, as “Psilocybe merdaria”), the genus is thus a junior heterotypic synonym of Deconica. We will be submitting a “Proposal to conserve Pseudohelicomyces Y.Z. Lu, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde (Tubeufiaceae) against Pseudohelicomyces Garnica & Valenz. (Hymenogastraceae).” Here we introduce a new species Pseudohelicomyces quercus. In addition, we present new records for P aquaticus and P. talbotii from decaying pod of Tamarindus indica and fruit of a Meliaceae sp. respectively. 91. Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 250 (2018) Fig. 137 Index Fungorum number: IF555590; Facesoffungi number: FoF05325 Saprobic on wood and fruit of Tamarindus indica. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, helicosporous. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, setiferous, erect, septate, unbranched, dark-brown, fertile in the middle, tapering to a narrow subacute sterile apex, smooth-walled, arising directly from a thick-walled, closely septate, repent hyphae on the substrate, crowded or in fascicles, glistening, light-coloured. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, intercalary, rarely terminal, with lateral conspicuous denticles, each with single conidium. Conidia 80–100 μm long × 1–2 μm diam. ( x = 19 × 1.9 µm; n = 20), conidial filament 18–21 μm wide ( x = 19.5 μm; n = 30), coiled 3–4 times, tightly to loosely coiled, hyaline, rounded at apical end, truncate at base, septate, slightly constricted at septa, smooth-walled. Culture characters – Spores germinated on MEA, colonies reaching 15–20 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18oC, colonies adpressed, circular, first cream-coloured becoming dark brown and rose in the centre of mycelium, reverse brown, slow growing. 163 Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, decaying pod of Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae), 20 June 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 276 (MFLU 18–2127, new host record); living culture MFLUCC 17–2288, KUMCC 18–0283. GenBank numbers – ITS: MK347744, LSU: MK347961 Notes – Morphologically and phylogenetically, our strain is in agreement with the type strain of Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus (Lu et al. 2018b) with high statistical support (90% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 132). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus (MFLUCC 16–0234) and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–2288) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is P. aquaticus (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, we introduce pods of Tamarindus indica as a new host record the type strain was also reported from Thailand in an aquatic habitat. Figure 137 – Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus (MFLUCC 17–2288). a Top view of colony on MEA. b Reverse view of colony. c, d Fungus in culture. e–g Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. h–l Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c, d = 500 µm, e–l = 20 µm. 92. Pseudohelicomyces quercus Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 138 Index Fungorum number: IF555587; Facesoffungi number: FoF05302 Holotype – MFLU 18–2091 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Quercus (Fagaceae). Saprobic on fruit of Quercus sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 150–200 µm high × 140–180 µm diam. ( x = 175 × 160 µm), superficial, solitary, scattered, subglobose, ellipsoidal-ovate, with few hyphae developing from ascomatal base on substrate, pale brown to dark brown, velvety, ostiolate. Peridium 25–30 µm wide ( x = 27 μm; n = 20), comprising 3–4 layers, composed of cells of textura angularis, with inner layer cells light brown and outer cells dark brown. Hamathecium comprised of 1–2 µm wide ( x = 1.6 μm; n = 30), numerous, filiform pseudoparaphyses. Asci 85–110 × 6–8 µm ( x = 92 × 7 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, apically thickened and rounded, with a pedicel. Ascospores 37–49 × 2–3 µm ( x = 42 × 2.5 µm; n = 30), overlapping, fasciculate, hyaline, elongate-fusiform, with tapering and rounded ends, straight to slightly curved, 5–6-septate, not constricted at septa, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characters – Ascospores readily germinated on MEA. Colonies on MEA reaching 10 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18oC, slow growing, circular, flat at surface, entire at edge, first creamcoloured, then becoming dark brown and raised in the centre with mycelium, reverse brown. 164 Material examined – THAILAND, Lamphang Province, on decaying fruit pericarp of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 30 August 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 143 (MFLU 18–2091, holotype), ex-type living culture MFUCC 17–0895, KUMCC 18–0284. Figure 138 – Pseudohelicomyces quercus (MFLU 18–2091, holotype). a The host seed. b, c Superficial ascomata on substrate, oozing mass of ascospores at apex of ascomata. d Squash prepartion of ascomata. e–g Asci. h–l Ascospores. Scale bar: a = 1 cm, b = 100 µm, e–g = 30 µm, h–i = 10 µm. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347825, ITS: MK347720, LSU: MK347934, tef1: MK360077, rpb2: MK434906 Notes – Pseudohelicomyces quercus form a sister clade with two strains of P. aquaticus with high statistical support (80% MLBS/0.96 BYPP, Fig. 132). We could not induce sporulation of the asexual morph of R. quercus. Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus is known only as an asexual morph and therefore a morphological comparison of the two species is not possible. A comparison of the tef1 nucleotides of these two species reveal 14 (1.5%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Pseudohelicomyces quercus (Fig. 138) fits well with the generic description in having superficial, pale brown to reddish-brown ascomata seated on a subiculum, cylindrical, pedicellate, Morphological and phylogenetic evidence places Pseudohelicomyces quercus as the sixth species 165 apically rounded asci and fusiform, straight or slightly curved, guttulate ascospores (Lu et al. 2018). of the genus Pseudohelicomyces. 93. Pseudohelicomyces talbotii (Goos) Y.Z. Lu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 252 (2018) Figs 139, 140 ≡ Helicosporium talbotii Goos, Mycologia 81(3): 368 (1989) ≡ Helicosporium ramosum P.H.B. Talbot, Bothalia 6: 493 (1956), nom. illegit., non (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Massee 1893 Index Fungorum number: IF 555591; Facesoffungi number: FoF05326 Figure 139 – Pseudohelicomyces talbotii (MFLU 16–0959). a Host fruit. b, c Superficial ascomata on substrate. d Close up view of ascoma. e Section through ascoma. f Peridium. g–i Ascospores. j Asci arranged with pseudoparaphyses. k–n Asci with ascospores. Scale bars: d, e = 100 µm, f, j–n = 30 µm, g–i = 20 µm Saprobic on fruits of Meliaceae sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 225–270 µm high × 138–200 µm diam. ( x = 250 × 165 µm; n = 10), superficial, solitary, scattered, subglobose, ellipsoidalovate, with few hyphae developing from ascomatal base on substrate, dark brown to black, velvety, ostiolate. Peridium comprising 4–5 layers, composed of cells of textura angularis, with inner cells brown and outer cells dark brown. Hamathecium 1–2 µm wide ( x = 1.7 µm; n = 30), filiform, hyaline, numerous, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 104–148 × 10–16 µm ( x = 128 × 13 µm; n = 20), 8spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, apically thickened and rounded, with a long pedicel. Ascospores 47– 62 × 2.5–4.8 µm ( x = 54 × 3.7 µm; n = 30), overlapping, fasciculate, hyaline to pale brown, cylindric-fusiform, with tapering and rounded ends, straight to slightly curved, 5–6-septate, constricted at septa, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, helicosporous. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, dark-brown, erect, septate, branched, smooth166 walled, arising directly on substrate from thick-walled, closely septate, repent hyphae, crowded or in fascicles, glistening, light-coloured. Conidiogenous cells 7–15 × 3–5 μm ( x = 13.5 × 4.2 µm; n = 20), polyblastic, intercalary, rarely terminal, with lateral minute denticles each with single conidium. Conidia 95–110 μm long × 2–2.5 μm diam. ( x = 107 × 2.2 µm; n = 30), conidial filament 15–20 μm wide (17.4 μm; n = 30), coiled 3–4 times, tightly to loosely coiled, solitary, acropleurogenous, helicoid, hyaline, rounded at the tip, multi-septate, smooth-walled. Culture characters – Spores germinated on MEA. Colonies on MEA reaching 15 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18oC. Colonies adpressed, circular, first cream-coloured, later becoming dark brown and rose in the centre of mycelium, reverse brown, and slow growing. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Doi Suthep, 22 December 2015, on decaying fruits of Meliaceae sp., S.C. Jayasiri, C 126 (MFLU 16–0959, new host record), living culture MFUCC 16–0613, KUMCC 18–0285. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347819, ITS: MK347714, LSU: MK347928, tef1: MK360078, rpb2: MK434907 Notes – Our collection of Pseudohelicomyces talbotii is morphologically (Fig. 139) and phylogenetically (Fig. 132) similar to the fungus referred to as Pseudohelicomyces talbotii by Lu et al. (2018). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of Pseudohelicomyces talbotii (MFLUCC 16–0234) and the new strain (MFUCC 16–0613) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is P. talbotii (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). We record a new host on decaying fruits of Meliaceae sp. The fungus was previously recorded from decaying wood in aquatic and terrestrial habitats in China, Japan, Mexico, South Africa and Thailand (Lu et al. 2018). Tubeufia Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11: 517 (1898) A recent multigene phylogeny coupled with morphological data, recognised 50 species of Tubeufia (Lu et al. 2018). We add a new species and provide a new host record for Tubeufia dictyospora from decaying wild seed pods in Thailand (Fig. 132). Figure 140 – Asexual morph of Pseudohelicomyces talbotii (MFUCC 16–0613). a Germinated ascospores. b Top view of colony on MEA. c Reverse view of colony. d–g Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. h–k Conidia. Scale bars: a = 10µm, b, c = 1 cm, d–f = 30 µm, g = 20 µm, h–k = 10 µm. 167 94. Tubeufia dictyospora Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92 (1): 271 (2018) Fig. 141 Saprobic on submerged wood and pod of Delonix regia. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, dictyosporous. Conidiophores lacking. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, monoblastic, integrated, cylindrical, apical, pale brown. Conidia 65–110 × 53–94 μm ( x = 95 × 70 μm; n = 20), dictyosporous, acrogenous, carbonaceous, friable, solitary, pale brown when young, becoming dark brown to black, variable in shape, globose to subglobose, ovoid to irregular, indistinctly dictyoseptate, verrucose. Material examined – THAILAND, Phang Nga Province, Thap Put District, on decaying pod of Delonix regia (Fabaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 405 (MFLU 18–2177, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 17–2593, KUMCC 18–0301. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA and producing germ tubes within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA and reaching 20 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18 ° C. Colonies circular, with flat surface, filiform at edge, brown to dark brown. Mycelium superficial and partially immersed, branched, septate, hyaline to pale brown. GenBank numbers – ITS: MK347780, LSU: MK347998 Notes – Tubeufia dictyospora is characterized by dictyosporous conidia which are similar to T. chlamydospora (Lu et al. 2018). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of Tubeufia dictyospora (MFLUCC 17–1805) and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–2593) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is T. dictyospora (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). We isolated a new strain of T. dictyospora from decaying pod of Delonix regia (Fig. 141); it was previously, recorded from decaying wood. Tubeufia machaerinae forms a sister clade to T. dictyospora and T. chlamydospora (MFLUCC 17–0055). Tubeufia machaerinae is characterized by helicosporous conidia (Lu et al. 2018). Figure 141 – Tubeufia dictyospora (MFLU 18–2177). a Part of host pod. b, c Colonies on decaying pod. d–k Conidia. l, m Colony on MEA from above and below. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 μm, d–i, k = 50 μm, j = 30 μm, l, m = 1 cm. 168 95. Tubeufia entadae Jayasiri, E. B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 142 Index Fungorum number: IF555588; Facesoffungi number: FoF05303 Holotype – MFLU 18–2102 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Entada (Fabaceae). Saprobic on pod of Entada phaseoloides. Sexual morph: Ascomata 120–145 µm high × 95– 105 µm diam. ( x = 140 × 100 µm; n = 10), superficial, solitary, scattered, subglobose, ellipsoidalovate, with a few hyphae developing from ascomatal base on substrate, orange to brown, velvety, without a prominent ostiole. Peridium 17–23 µm wide ( x = 21.5 µm; n = 20), comprising many indistinguishable layers, overlapping, composed of cells of textura angularis to textura prismatica, with base intermixed with plant tissues and dark brown thickening. Hamathecium comprising numerous, 1–2 µm wide ( x = 1.8 µm; n = 30), filiform, hyaline pseudoparaphyses. Asci 104–125 × 10–16 µm ( x = 120 × 14 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, apically thickened and rounded, short-pedicellate. Ascospores 50–64 × 3–5 µm ( x = 60 × 4 µm; n = 30), overlapping fasciculate, pale pinkish brown, cylindric-fusiform, with tapering and rounded ends, straight to slightly curved, 8–9-septate, constricted at septa, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA, colonies reaching 20 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18oC. Colonies on MEA appear, circular, first cream-coloured, later becoming dark brown and raised in the centre with mycelium, reverse brown. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N, 99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 218 (MFLU 18–2102, holotype; KUN-HKAS, isotype). 169 Figure 142 – Tubeufia entadae (MFLU 18–2102, holotype). a Part of the host seed pod. b, c Ascomata on substrate. d Ascoma. e Section through ascoma. f–h Ascospores. i–m Asci. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 µm, d, e, i = 50 µm, f–h = 20 µm, j–m = 30 µm. GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347834, ITS: MK347727, LSU: MK347943 Notes – Tubeufia entadae forms a sister clade to T. chiangmaiensis (MFLUCC 11–0514) with high statistical support (75% MLBS/0.96 BYPP, Fig. 132). However, these two species share few morphological characters in common. Tubeufia chiangmaiensis has dark brown ascomata with brown to reddish-brown peridial cells and hyaline to pale brown ascospores (Boonmee et al. 2014). Tubeufia entadae is characterized by pale brown to orange ascomata with out well developed peridium and pinkish brown ascospores in immature stage (Fig. 142). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two strains reveals 17 (3.4%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Venturiales Yin. Zhang & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 51: 249–277 (2011) Sympoventuriaceae Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 51: 251 (2011) These fungi exhibit a parasitic or saprobic lifestyle and occur on leaves or stems of dicotyledons (Zhang et al. 2011). Subsequently, Samerpitak et al. (2014) recorded that nearly all members of Venturiales are plant pathogens as well as associated with animals. This order comprises two families Sympoventuriaceae and Venturiaceae. Ochroconis is a genus belonging to the family Sympoventuriaceae. Ochroconis de Hoog & Arx, Kavaka 1: 57 (1973) Ochroconis is reported as mesophilic, with several species causing infections in coldblooded animals (Samerpitak et al. 2014). Currently, 28 species have been reported from this genus, including our new species (Fig. 143). Figure 143 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined SSU, ITS, LSU, tub2 and actin matrix of eleven taxa including related species 170 of the genus Ochroconis. The matrix comprised 4379 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Verruconis spp. (CBS 437.64, CBS 125818 and CBS 119775). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -3200.844946 is presented. The matrix had 1673 distinct alignment patterns, with 24.27% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.238060, C = 0.237325, G = 0.294478, T = 0.230137; substitution rates AC = 0.876705, AG = 1.707991, AT = 0.830163, CG = 0.856733, CT = 2.871062, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and isotype specimens are indicated in red superscript H, and I respectively. 96. Ochroconis ailanthi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 144 Index Fungorum number: IF555608; Facesoffungi number: FoF05304 Holotype – MFLU 18–2108 Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Ailanthus (Simaroubaceae). Saprobic on pod of Ailanthus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Hyphae 2.0–2.5 μm wide ( x = 2.2 µm; n = 20), branched, with thin septa, hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidiophores differentiated, arising at right angles from creeping hyphae, unbranched, with thin septa, straight to flexuous, brown, thick-walled, rhexolytic, producing conidium-bearing denticles that are widely spaced in the apical region. Conidia 9–10 × 2.4–2.6 μm ( x = 9.4 × 2.5 µm; n = 20), solitary, dark brown, fusiform, with a thick median septum, with longitudinally striate, thick-walled. Figure 144 – Ochroconis ailanthi (MFLUCC 17–0923, ex-type). a Top view of culture. b Reverse view of culture. c–i Hyphal coils and anastomosing hyphae. j–l Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c–i = 10 μm, j–l = 5μm. 171 Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA 4 mm diam. after 30 days at 18oC, moderate growth, circular, effuse, dense, dark brown, diffuse into media, rough at surface, with entire to slightly undulate edge, with grey white pigment. Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui (19˚ 49̍ 31̎ N, 99˚ 52̍ 23̎) on fallen pod of Ailanthus sp. (Simaroubaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 228 (MFLU 18– 2108, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102416, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–0923, KUMCC 18–0270; C 229 (MFLU 18–2110). GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–0923: SSU: MK347838, ITS: MK347730, LSU: MK347947, tub2: MK412883, actin: MK412893; MFLU 18–2110: SSU: MK347839, ITS: MK347731, LSU: MK347948, tub2: MK412881, ACT: MK412892 Notes – Ochroconis ailanthi is introduced based on morphological and phylogenetic differences with other species in the genus. In multi loci phylogenetic analysis of SSU, ITS, LSU, tub2 and actin genes, O. ailanthi forms a sister clade to O. cordanae (CBS 475.80) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 143). However, O. ailanthi (Fig. 144) has dark brown fusiform conidia with longitudinal striations while O. cordanae has pale brown, cylindrical conidia without longitudinal striations (Samerpitak et al. 2014). Base pair differences between the two species were 13 (5.1%) and 26 (10.4%) base pairs for tub2 and actin, respectively. Agaricales Underw., Moulds, mildews and mushrooms: 97 (1899) Hymenogastraceae Vittad. [as ‘Hymenogastereae’], Monogr. Tuberac. (Milano): 11 (1831) In this study, we point out that the genus Pseudohelicomyces Garnica & E. Valenz (2000) is a junior heterotypic synonym of Deconica. Deconica (W.G. Sm.) P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 32: XXVI (1879) = Pseudohelicomyces Garnica & E. Valenz., Mycological Research 104(6): 739 (2000) Notes – The monotypic genus Pseudohelicomyces Garnica & E. Valenz was established by Valenzuela & Garnica (2000) based on the type species Pseudohelicomyces albus, which was introduced as the asexual morph of Psilocybe merdaria. Noordeloos (2009) transferred Psilocybe merdaria to Deconica merdaria. Based on “One Fungus = One Name” (Hawksworth et al. 2011, Hawksworth 2012), Pseudohelicomyces albus is a junior synonym of the currently accepted name Deconica merdaria. Therefore, the genus Pseudohelicomyces Garnica & E. Valenz (not Pseudohelicomyces Y.Z. Lu, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) is a junior heterotypic synonym of Deconica. Deconica merdaria (Fr.) Noordel., Öst. Z. Pilzk. 18: 199 (2009) ≡ Agaricus merdarius Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 1: 291 (1821) ≡ Psilocybe merdaria (Fr.) Ricken, Die Blätterpilze: 251 (1912) = Pseudohelicomyces albus Garnica & E. Valenz., Mycological Research 104(6): 739 (2000) Notes – Agaricus merdarius was introduced by Fries (1821). Ricken (1912) synonymized it as Psilocybe merdaria. Pseudohelicomyces albus was introduced as the asexual morph of Psilocybe merdaria by Valenzuela & Garnica (2000). Noordeloos (2009) transferred Agaricus merdarius and Psilocybe merdaria as Deconica, thus the currently accepted name for Agaricus merdarius, Psilocybe merdaria and Pseudohelicomyces albus is Deconica merdaria. Discussion In this paper we document saprobic Dothideomycetes from selected seed pods and fruits in wild plant species. There are 8 new genera, 50 new species and 38 new host records. These novelties are accommodated in 35 families in the class Dothideomycetes. The study was based on decaying wild seed pods and fruits mainly from Thailand and a few from China and the UK. The saprobic species were from 18 host plant families. Fifty species were found on the family Fabaceae, including 16 species from Leucaena. Magnoliaceae, Fagaceae, Pinaceae, and Bignoniaceae yielded 12, 10, 5 and 4 species respectively. 172 In our study 38 new host records are reported based on multigene phylogeny coupled with morphological studies. If fungal occurrence is genus-specific as compared to host-specific, this would have important implications for estimates of fungal numbers (Jeewon et al. 2004, Hyde et al. 2007). In our study, we introduced a new genus in the family Bambusicolaceae with two new species from host genus Leucaena and observed that fungal species from other genera of this family could also be associated with other hosts. Based on previous studies, Leptoxyphium kurandae was thought to be host specific to Hibiscus but we found it on fruit of Lagerstroemia loudoni (Crous et al. 2011, Choi et al. 2015). According to Phillips et al. (2013), confirmed hosts for Diplodia mutila are Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Fraxinus, Malus, Populus, Taxus baccata and Vitis vinifera together with a recent record on Juglans regia (Díaz et al. 2018). We isolated a new strain from a cone of Magnolia grandiflora from China. Some species have been presumed to be host-specific, for instance Diplodia sapinea has been recorded worldwide, especially as pathogens from Pinus species (Palmer et al. 1987) but in this study we also report D. sapinea as a saprobe from a pine cone in China which indicates that this species can exhibit different lifestyle (Promputtha et al. 2007). Fungi are capable of shifting their modes of nutrition, for instance many endophytic and pathogenic fungi may persist as saprobes once the plant organ, on which they inhabit, has aged and senesced (Zhou & Hyde 2001, Photita et al. 2004, 2005, Promputtha et al. 2005, Promputtha et al. 2010). In our study, a new species (Austropleospora keteleeriae) and a new host record (A. archidendri) are reported from decaying pod of Leucaena sp. as saprobes. However, these are the first report of Austropleospora spp. as saprobes. Previous studies have reported Austropleospora archidendri as pathogens on Pithecellobium bigeminum and Austropleospora osteospermi on Chrysanthemoides monilifera and Osteospermum sp. (Morin et al. 2010, Verkley et al. 2014). These taxa collected herein could also have been pathogens before they become saprobes. Didymella coffeae-arabicae has been reported as plant pathogens in the family Didymellaceae but in our study we recorded it as a saprobic species from fallen Leucaena sp. pod. Nothophoma quercina is also reported as pathogens on many plant species, however we collected it from decaying cone of Keteleeria fortunei. Samerpitak et al. (2014) recorded that nearly all members of Venturiales are plant pathogens as well as being associated with animals while in our study we introduced a new saprobic species of Ochroconis from decaying seed pods of Ailanthus sp. in China. Vargamyces aquaticus was reported as a saprobic freshwater fungus (Zhang et al. 2009a, b), but we found it on Fagus sylvatica cupules in a terrestrial environment. Delitschia species are mostly reported from dung, rarely on aged wood or plants, but recently introduced from a freshwater habitat. In the present study we found it on Nypa fruticans in estuarine habitats. Verruculina was introduced to accommodate an obligate marine species and in our study and we provide a new host record from fallen fruit of Pandanus sp. the in intertidal zone in Thailand. Neofusicoccum species are important plant pathogens (Phillips et al. 2013, Marin-Felix et al. 2017), but we isolated N. parvum from wild seed pod and cone of Cercis chinensis and Magnolia grandiflora from China. Dothideomycetes from wild seed pods and fruits are more diverse than expected with possibly a broad range of host association, wide environmental adaptations with a possible transition from pathogenic mode of life to saprobic one. Further studies are needed for other Ascomycetes to obtain a better picture of diversity of fungi from wild seeds and fruits. This study gives a better knowledge about saprobic species that can be associated with wild plant species and it will be important to ecologist and agricultural scientist as well. Therefore, knowledge about these groups is important for sustainability in wild environment. Acknowledgment Kevin D. Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund entitled “The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate: baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants, Rhododendron species and Dracaena species” (grant no: DBG6080013). Samantha C. 173 Karunarathna thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for funding his postdoctoral research (number 2018PC0006) and the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) for funding this work under the project code 31750110478. Alan JL Phillips acknowledges the support from Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI, FCT/UID/ Multi/04046/2013)." with "Alan JL Phillips acknowledges the support from UID/MULTI/04046/2019 Research Unit grant from FCT, Portugal to BioISI. Gareth Jones is supported under the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program (DSFP), King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The University of Mauritius is also thanked for research support. The authors also would like to thank Dr. Shaun Pennycook (Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, New Zealand) for providing advice on fungal nomenclature. D.N. Wanasinghe would like to thank CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for funding his postdoctoral research (number 2019PC0008), the National Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for financial support under the following grants: 41761144055, 41771063 and Y4ZK111B01. References Abdul-Baki AA, Anderson JD. 1973 – Vigor determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria 1. Crop science 13, 630–633 Adamčík S, Cai L, Chakraborty D, Chen XH et al. 2015 – Fungal Biodiversity profiles 1-10. Cryptogamie Mycologie 36, 121–166. Ahmed SA, Van De Sande WW, Stevens DA, Fahal A et al. 2014 – Revision of agents of blackgrain eumycetoma in the order Pleosporales. Persoonia 33, 141 Ajitomi A, Takushi T, Sato T, Ooshiro A et al. 2017 – First report of flyspeck of mango caused by Stomiopeltis sp. in Japan. 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