Mycosphere 10(1): 1–186 (2019)
www.mycosphere.org
ISSN 2077 7019
Article
Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/1
Diversity, morphology and molecular phylogeny of Dothideomycetes
on decaying wild seed pods and fruits
Jayasiri SC1-3, Hyde KD1,2, Jones EBG4, McKenzie EHC5, Jeewon R6, Phillips
AJL7, Bhat DJ8, Wanasinghe DN1,2, Liu JK9, Lu YZ2,10, Kang JC10, Xu J1,
Karunarathna SC1
1
Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of
Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China
2
Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
3
School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
4
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455 Riyadh 11451,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
5
Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
6
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
7
Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Campo
Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
8
Formerly, Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa, India; No. 128/1-J, Azad Housing Society, Curca, P.O. Goa
Velha, 403108, India
9
School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731,
P.R. China
10
Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education Ministry of
China, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, P.R. China
Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, McKenzie EHC, Jeewon R, Phillips AJL, Bhat DJ, Wanasinghe
DN, Liu JK, Lu YZ, Kang JC, Xu J, Karunarathna SC 2019 – Diversity, morphology and molecular
phylogeny of Dothideomycetes on decaying wild seed pods and fruits. Mycosphere 10(1), 1–186,
Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/1
Abstract
Dothideomycetes is one of the largest and most diverse class of ascomycetes. Its members are
reported from many plant parts, but less has been reported from wild seed pods and fruits.
Dothideomycetes can be seed-borne or colonize fruits and seed pods when they fall to the ground.
We studied the Dothideomycetes found on wild fruits and seed pods, mainly in Thailand (tropical),
and to a lesser extent, in China (temperate) and UK (temperate). We describe eight new genera, 50
new species, provide 38 new host records and propose seven new combinations. The new genera
are:
Amorocoelophoma
(Amorosiaceae),
Cylindroaseptospora
(Didymosphaeriaceae),
Discotubeufia
(Tubeufiaceae),
Leucaenicola
(Bambusicolaceae),
Neolindgomyces
(Lindgomycetaceae), Pleohelicoon (Pleomonodictydaceae), Quercicola (Astrosphaeriellaceae) and
Xenoastrosphaeriella (Astrosphaeriellaceae). The new species are: Acrocalymma pterocarpi,
Allophoma siamensis, Amorocoelophoma cassiae, Anteaglonium gordoniae, Atrocalyx krabiensis,
Austropleospora keteleeriae, Caryospora quercus, Cladosporium entadae, C. magnoliigena,
Cycasicola leucaenae, Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae, C. siamensis, Delitschia nypae,
Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi, Didymella magnoliae, Didymocrea leucaenae, Diplodia
magnoliensis, Discotubeufia browneae, Dothiorella lampangensis, Ernakulamia krabiensis,
Gloniopsis fluctiformis, G. leucaenae, Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum, L. swieteniae, Leucaenicola
Submitted 6 January 2019, Accepted 13 February 2019, Published 26 February 2019
Corresponding Author: Karunarathna SC – e-mail – samakaru931@yahoo.com
1
aseptata, L. phraeana, Neodeightonia planchoniae, Neolindgomyces pandanae, Neopyrenochaeta
cercidis, Neoroussoella entadae, N. leucaenae, Ochroconis ailanthi, Periconia delonicis,
Phaeosphaeria
sinensis,
Pleohelicoon
fagi,
Psedochaetosphaeronema
siamensis,
Pseudoberkleasmium acaciae, Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae, Pseudofusicoccum calophylli,
Pseudohelicomyces quercus, Pseudopithomyces entadae, Quercicola fusiformis, Q. guttulospora,
Remotididymella bauhiniae, Spegazzinia radermacherae, Stagonosporopsis pini, Stomiopeltis
phyllanthi, S. sinensis, Tubeufia entadae and Vaginatispora nypae. These novelties represent both
sexual and asexual morphs of species in 35 families of this class. Taxonomic novelties are
morphologically illustrated and phylogeny investigated based on multi-gene sequence data. Our
results indicate that the plant genus Leucaena harbours higher species diversity.
Keywords – 58 new taxa – Amorocoelophoma – ascomycete – bitunicate – Leucaenicola –
Neolindgomyces
Dothideomycetes sensu O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1: 5 (1997)
Pleosporomycetidae C.L. Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker, Mycologia 98 (6): 1048 (2007)
Gloniales Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 9 (4): 809 (2018)
Gloniaceae E. Boehm, C.L. Schoch & Spatafora, Mycological Research 113 (4): 468 (2009)
1. Purpurepithecium murisporum Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde Cryptogamie Mycologie 38, 246
(2017)
Hysteriales Lindau, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren
Arten 1 (1): 265 (1897)
Hysteriaceae Chevall., Flore Générale des Environs de Paris 1: 432 (1826)
2. Gloniopsis fluctiformis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):15
(2019), new species
3. Gloniopsis leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):16
(2019), new species
4. Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.) Speg., Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina
90(1-6): 177 (1921) [1920], new host record
Pleosporales Luttr. ex M.E. Barr, Prodromus to class Loculoascomycetes: 67 (1987)
Acrocalymmaceae P.W. Crous & T. Trakunyingcharoen, IMA Fungus 5 (2): 404 (2014)
5. Acrocalymma pterocarpi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):20
(2019), new species
Amniculicolaceae Y. Zhang ter, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde, Studies in Mycology
64: 95 (2009)
6. Vargamyces aquaticus (Dudka) Tóth., Acta Mus. Silesiae, Ser. A 25(3–4): 403. (1980),
new host record
Amorosiaceae Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 74: 252 (2015)
7. Amorocoelophoma Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):25 (2019),
new genus
8. Amorocoelophoma cassiae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):25
(2019), new species
2
Antigloniaceae K.D. Hyde & A. Mapook, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 33 (2013)
9. Anteaglonium gordoniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):28
(2019), new species
Astrosphaeriellaceae Phook. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 74: 161 (2015)
10. Quercicola Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, in Fungal Diversity 10(1):29 (2019),
new genus
11. Quercicola fusiformis Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):30 (2019),
new species
12. Quercicola guttulospora Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):32
(2019), new species
13. Caryospora quercus Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):34 (2019),
new species
14. Xenoastrosphaeriella Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):36 (2019),
new genus
15. Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata (D. Hawksw. & Boise) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde,
Mycosphere 10(1):36 (2019), new combination
Bambusicolaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 49 (2013)
16. Leucaenicola Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):37 (2019), new
genus
17. Leucaenicola aseptata Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):39
(2019), new species
18. Leucaenicola phraeana Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):40
(2019), new species
Delitschiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 76: 109 (2000)
19. Delitschia nypae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 10(1):41
(2019), new species
Dictyosporiaceae Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 462 (2016)
20. Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere
10(1):45 (2019), new species
21. Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 10
(2019), new host record
22. Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere
10(1):47 (2019), new species
23. Pseudodictyosporium wauense Matsush. Bulletin of the National Science Museum
Tokyo 14(3): 473 (1971), new host record
Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Mycological Research 113 (4): 516 (2009)
24. Allophoma siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):51
(2019), new species
25. Didymella coffeae-arabicae (Aveskamp, Verkley & Gruyter) Qian Chen & L. Cai,
Studies in Mycology 82: 175 (2015), new host record
26. Didymella magnoliae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):55
(2019), new species
27. Nothophoma quercina (Syd. & P. Syd.) Qian Chen & L. Cai, Studies in Mycology 82:
213 (2015), new host record
28. Remotididymella bauhiniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity
10(1):58 (2019), new species
3
29. Stagonosporopsis pini Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 10(1):61
(2019), new species
Didymosphaeriaceae Munk, Dansk botanisk Arkiv 15 (2): 128 (1953)
30. Austropleospora archidendri (Verkley, Göker & Stielow) Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde,
Fungal Diversity 75: 64 (2015), new host record
31. Austropleospora keteleeriae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):65
(2019), new species
32. Cylindroaseptospora Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):67 (2019),
new genus
33. Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere
10(1):67 (2019), new species
34. Cylindroaseptospora siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere
10(1):68 (2019), new species
35. Didymocrea leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):69
(2019), new species
36. Pseudopithomyces chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Jin F. Li, Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde,
Fungal Diversity 75: 66 (2015), new host records
37. Pseudopithomyces entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):72
(2019), new species
38. Spegazzinia radermacherae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):73
(2019), new species
39. Xenocamarosporium acaciae Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia 34: 185 (2015), new
host record
Hermatomycetaceae Locq. ex A. Hashim. & Kaz. Tanaka, Persoonia 39: 56 (2017)
40. Hermatomyces sphaericus (Sacc.) S. Hughes, Mycological Papers 50: 100 (1953)
Lindgomycetaceae K. Hiray., Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer, Mycologia 102 (3): 733 (2010)
41. Neolindgomyces Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):79 (2019),
new genus
42. Neolindgomyces pandanae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):79
(2019), new species
43. Neolindgomyces submersa (K.D. Hyde & Goh) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere
10(1):81 (2019), new combination
Lophiostomataceae Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 2: 672 (1883)
44. Flabellascoma minimum A. Hashim., K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka, Studies in Mycology
90: 169 (2019), new host record
45. Vaginatispora nypae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):84 (2019),
new species
Lophiotremataceae K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka, Mycoscience 52: 405 (2011)
46. Atrocalyx krabiensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):84 (2019),
new species
Macrodiplodiopsidaceae Voglmayr, Jaklitsch & Crous, IMA Fungus 6 (1): 178 (2015)
47. Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde,
Mycosphere 10(1):88(2019), new species
Neopyrenochaetaceae Valenz.-Lopez, Crous, J.F. Cano, Guarro & Stchigel, Studies in Mycology
90: 54 (2017)
4
48. Neopyrenochaeta cercidis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):91
(2019), new species
Periconiaceae (Sacc.) Nann., Repertorio sistematico dei miceti dell' uomo e degli animali 4: 482
(1934)
49. Periconia byssoides Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 2: 686 (1801), new host records
50. Periconia delonicis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):95 (2019),
new species
Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71: 948 (1979)
51. Phaeosphaeria sinensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):96
(2019), new species
Pleomonodictydaceae Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gené, Studies in Mycology 86: 76 (2017)
52. Pleohelicoon Jayasiri, D.J. Bhat, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):98
(2019), new genus
53. Pleohelicoon fagi Jayasiri, D.J. Bhat, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):99
(2019), new species
54. Pleohelicoon richonis (Linder) Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity
10(1):101 (2019), new combination
Pleosporaceae Nitschke, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl.: 74 (1869)
55. Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., Zur Kenntnis der Pilzflora Krains. Beihefte zum
Botanischen Centralblatt. 29: 434. (1912), new host record
Roussoellaceae J.K. Liu, Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 181 (1): 7 (2014)
56. Neoroussoella entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):105
(2019), new species
57. Neoroussoella leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):106
(2019), new species
58. Neoroussoella solani (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere
10(1):108 (2019), new combination
59. Pararoussoella mukdahanensis (Phookamsak et al.) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde,
Mycosphere 10(1):109 (2019), new combination
Teichosporaceae M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 82: 374 (2002)
60. Ramusculicola thailandica (Thambug. & K.D. Hyde) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr,
Mycological Progress 15(31): 14 (2016), new host record
Testudinaceae Arx, Persoonia 6 (3): 366 (1971)
61. Verruculina enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycological Research 94:
689. (1990), new host record
Tetraplosphaeriaceae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Studies in Mycology 64: 177 (2009)
62. Ernakulamia krabiensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):114
(2019), new species
Thyridariaceae Q. Tian & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 254 (2013)
63. Cycasicola leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):116
(2019), new species
Torulaceae Corda, Deutschlands Flora, Abt. III. Die Pilze Deutschlands 2: 71 (1829)
5
64. Torula ficus P.W. Crous, IMA Fungus 6 (1): 192 (2015), new host records
Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis
65. Pseudoberkleasmium acaciae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere
10(1):119 (2019), new species
Subclass Dothideomycetidae P. M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, J.C. David & Stalpers ex C.L. Schoch,
Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker, Mycologia 98 (6): 1045 (2007)
Capnodiales Woron., Annales Mycologici 23: 177 (1925)
Capnodiaceae (Sacc.) Höhn. ex Theiss., Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft
Wien 66: 363 (1916)
66. Leptoxyphium kurandae Crous & R.G. Shivas, Persoonia 26: 145 (2011), new host
record
Cladosporiaceae Nann., Repertorio sistematico dei miceti dell' uomo e degli animali 4: 404 (1934)
67. Cladosporium aphidis Thüm., Oesterr. Landwirtsch. Wochenbl. 2(43): 505 (1876), new
host record
68. Cladosporium dominicanum Zalar, de Hoog & Gunde-Cimerman, Studies in Mycology
58: 169 (2007), new host record
69. Cladosporium entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):126
(2019), new species
70. Cladosporium magnoliigena Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere
10(1):127 (2019), new species
Phaeothecoidiellaceae K.D. Hyde & Hongsanan, Mycosphere 8 (1): 140 (2017)
71. Stomiopeltis sinensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):129
(2019), new species
72. Stomiopeltis phyllanthi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):131
(2019), new species
Dothideomycetes orders incertae sedis
Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker, Mycologia 98 (6): 1050 (2007)
Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & P. Syd., Annales Mycologici 16 (1–2): 16 (1918)
73. Cophinforma atrovirens (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, Studies in
Mycology 76: 80. (2013), new host record
74. Diplodia magnoliigena Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):135
(2019), new species
75. Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 393 (1870), different life
mode
76. Dothiorella lampangensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):137
(2019), new species
77. Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere
10(1):139 (2019), new species
78. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Fungal Diversity
28: 8 (2008), new host records
79. Lasiodiplodia swieteniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):143
(2019), new species
6
80. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., Bulletin de la Société Mycologique
de France 25: 57. (1909), new host records
81. Neodeightonia planchoniae Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):147 (2019), new
species
82. Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips,
Studies in Mycology 55: 248 (2006), new host records
Phyllostictaceae Fr. Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae 2: 420 (1849)
83. Pseudofusicoccum calophylli Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere
10(1):151 (2019), new species
Muyocopronales Mapook, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265 (3): 230 (2016)
Muyocopronaceae K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 164 (2013)
84. Muyocopron dipterocarpi Mapook, Doilom, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265
(3): 232 (2016), new host record
85. Muyocopron lithocarpi Mapook, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265 (3): 235
(2016), new host records
Tubeufiales Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 68 (1): 245 (2014)
Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71: 948 (1979)
86. Discotubeufia Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):156 (2019), new
genus
87. Discotubeufia browneae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):158
(2019), new species
88. Helicoma guttulatum Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 125
(2016), new record
89. Neohelicosporium fusisporum Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Studies in Fungi 2(1): 212
(2017), new record
90. Neohelicosporium hyalosporum Y.Z. Lu, J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity
92(1), 131–334(2018), new record
91. Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92:
250 (2018), new record
92. Pseudohelicomyces quercus Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere
10(1):164 (2019), new species
93. Pseudohelicomyces talbotii (Goos) Y.Z. Lu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 252
(2018), new record
94. Tubeufia dictyospora Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92 (1): 271
(2018), new record
95. Tubeufia entadae Jayasiri, E. B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):169 (2019),
new species
Venturiales Yin. Zhang & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 51: 249–277 (2011)
Sympoventuriaceae Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 51: 251 (2011)
96. Ochroconis ailanthi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 10(1):171
(2019), new species
Introduction
About 90% of all food crops grown on earth are propagated through seed (Neergaard 1977).
Seeds thus play a vital role in the total biological yield. However, fungal deterioration of crop seed
7
is a major problem (Christensen 1957, Christensen & Kaufmann 1965). Seeds are colonised by
various types of fungi, many of which are plant pathogens (Joshi & Mukerji 1999). There is also
some evidence of a relationship between seed size and susceptibility to fungal attack (Moles et al.
2003). Previous studies have led to an international perception that small seeds persist for longer in
the soil than large seeds (Thompson 2000). While many fungal diversity studies have investigated
various plant substrata, few have focused on fruits and seeds (Somrithipol et al. 2002). Therefore,
we herein investigate the fungal diversity on fruits and seeds exposed on the forest floor. Seeds
may be infected internally, resulting in the destruction of endosperm and embryo or externally on
the seed coat. Fungi exist in seeds as spores and hyphae, and they can survive for a long time on the
seed coat and in the internal, diseased seed tissue (Cram & Fraedrich 2010).
Factors affecting colonization of seeds and fruits by fungi
Seeds and fruits are filled with stored foods intended to help the embryo germinate and grow
or to attract an animal to eat the fruit and inadvertently carry the seeds away to spread them
elsewhere (Waldron 2014). The highly nutritious nature of fruits aids in their dispersal and is a
source of nutrients for microbes (Tang et al. 2003). Moisture content is the main factor affecting
fungal colonization. Somrithipol et al. (2002) followed the sequential occurrence of fungi on
exposed pods of Delonix regia, under different conditions, i.e. dry and attached to a tree (termed
classical seed fungi) or those on the forest floor. Dry attached pods were colonized by Aspergillus,
Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Penicillium and Rhizopus species, while those on the forest floor were
colonized by litter fungi, such as Dictyochaeta, Helicosporium, Phaeoisaria and Sporoschisma
species. The moisture content of the pods exposed on the forest floor increased with time of
exposure, which may account for the decline in typical seed fungi and the dominance of litter fungi
(Sinha 1992, Somrithipol et al. 2002). Specific fungi, however, can be limited in their range
because of climatic conditions and host type. For example, Fusarium circinatum (pitch canker
fungus) has been associated with southern pine and Monterey pine seeds in California maritime
areas. In contrast, Sirococcus conigenus and Caloscypha fulgens are only associated with conifer
seeds in the Northern United States (Sutherland et al. 1987).
Importance and application of seeds and fruit fungi
Seed decay fungi play an important role in recycling of nutrients in the forest ecosystem.
Seed fungi are involved in the breakdown of dead tissues and their conversion into simpler organic
forms. These materials are the food source for many species, including fungi, at the base of
ecosystem (Buczacki 1989, Coleman et al. 2004, Boberg 2009).
Much importance has been attached to seed and seedling health. Infection refers to the
penetration of seeds by an organism followed by the establishment of a relationship (i.e., saprobic
or parasitic) with the seeds. Some fungi are potentially pathogenic given the right environmental
conditions, while others are relatively harmless. Some saprobic fungal species may produce toxic
substances that control certain active pathogens (Malone & Muskett 1997). Therefore, studies on
fungal genera on seeds are of special importance to studies on seed and seedling health.
Many seed fungi are an important source of bioactive compounds. For example, Kionochaeta
pughii, isolated from decaying dipterocarp seeds, was shown to produce ‘pughiinin A’ and
‘pycnidione’ exhibiting anti-plasmodium activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Pycnidione also
possesses anti-cancer activity (Pittayakajonwut et al. 2002). Another example is Menisporopsis
theobromae, which produces ‘menisporopsin A’ that exhibits activity against Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (Chinworrungsee et al. 2004).
Seed-borne pathogens of woody trees affect nursery seedlings and reduce seed germination
and seedling vigor (Abdul-Baki & Anderson 1973, Rai & Mamatha 2005, Bewley & Black 2012).
They also decrease the longevity of stored seeds (Mittal et al. 1990). Several species of fungi that
are generally considered as saprobes behave as pathogens under certain circumstances while
endophytes can switch to a saprobic lifestyle (Promputtha et al. 2007). This happens following
injury to the seed or seed coat and when moisture and temperature are favourable and conducive to
8
fungal growth (Mittal et al. 1990). An example is Phoma spp., which can cause seed rot, and
suppress growth of seeds of Araucaria angustifolia, Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus camaldulensis,
Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus bengalensis under favourable conditions (Procházková et al.
2003). It is difficult to predict damage from seed-borne fungi. The most common fungi are
saprobes and these may even be beneficial because they compete with other potentially pathogenic
species. However, some are consistently associated with reduced germination rates and vigor
(Bloomberg 1969). Diplodia pinea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Sirococcus conigenus, and
Fusarium species (e.g. F. circinatum and F. oxysporum) are pathogenic and routinely associated
with conifer seeds (Sutherland et al. 1987, Cram & Fraedrich 2010). In general, fungi that are
present within seeds are more damaging than those that merely contaminate the outer seed coat
(Cram & Fraedrich 2010). Common genera, such as Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium,
Pestalotiopsis, Rhizopus and Trichoderma are associated with various tree seeds (Sutherland et al.
1987). Fungi are ubiquitous in soil and may affect seed survival directly by decomposition or
pathogenesis (Crist & Friese 1993).
Ali (1993) worked on fungi associated with forest seeds, but literature on seed mycota and its
significance, especially on tropical forest seeds, is still rudimentary.
Seed and fruit fungal diversity in Thailand
Fungi associated with wild seeds and fruits are one of the less well-defined assemblages of
Dothideomycetes. Fungi associated with seeds of economically important plant hosts have been
widely studied (Giatgong 1980, Sontirat et al. 1994) but there are few records of fungi on seeds of
wild hosts (Somrithipol et al. 2004, Udayanga et al. 2013, Jayasiri et al. 2017a, b, 2018a, b, Perera
et al. 2018a, b). Pongpanich (1990), Thienhirun (1997), Somrithipol et al. (1998), Réblov́a (2000)
and Udayanga et al. (2013) reported about 200 species of seed-borne and seed decay fungi from
Thailand. Most of them are asexual morph species with fewer sexual morphs (Réblová 2000,
Somrithipolet al. 2004). In this study, we isolated and identified Dothideomycetes as both sexual
and asexual morphs from several Provinces in Thailand using morphology and DNA sequence data.
Dothideomycetes on wild seeds and fruits
Dothideomycetes comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized by bitunicate asci,
usually with fissitunicate dehiscence (Kodsueb et al 2007, Jeewon et al 2013, Hyde et al. 2013,
McKenzie et al. 2014). Members of Dothideomycetes occur as pathogens, endophytes or epiphytes
of living plants and also as saprobes degrading cellulose and other complex carbohydrates in dead
or partially digested plant matter in leaf litter or dung (Tang et al 2005, Schoch et al. 2006).
Dothideomycetes comprises 33 orders and 175 families and highly diverse on various hosts, and in
different ecosystems (Hyde et al. 2013, Wijayawardene et al. 2016, 2017a, b, 2018). Somrithipol et
al. (2004) reported 15 seed decay and 30 seed-borne Dothideomycetes species from wild seeds.
Materials and Methods
Sample collection and specimen examination
Seeds and fruits samples were collected from Thailand, China and the United Kingdom (UK)
and incubated in moist conditions at room temperature (25°C). Samples were collected from
southern and northern parts in Thailand (Figs 1, 2), Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces in China; and
Bishops Waltham in the UK.
A morphological investigation was carried out as follows. The fungi mounted in water were
examined using a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound microscope and images recorded with a Canon
450D digital camera fitted to the microscope. Measurements (≥10 for each) were made with the
Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work program and images used for figures were processed with Adobe
Photoshop CS6 Extended version 10.0 (Adobe Systems, The United States). Single ascospore or
conidium was isolated on malt extract agar (MEA) following a modified method of Chomnunti et
al. (2014).
9
Type voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of Mae Fah Luang University
(Herb. MFLU) with isotypes and duplicates in Herbarium of Cryptogams Kunming Institute of
Botany Academia Sinica (KUN-HKAS), China. Ex-type cultures were deposited in the Mae Fah
Luang University Culture Collection (MFLUCC) with duplicates in Kunming Institute of Botany
Culture Collection (KUMCC). Facesoffungi and Index Fungorum numbers were registered
(Jayasiri et al. 2015, Index Fungorum 2018). New taxa were established based on the guidelines of
Jeewon & Hyde (2016).
Culture studies and asexual morphs
Pure cultures were maintained for studying colony characters and for inducing asexual morph
growth (Vijaykrishna et al. 2004, Liu et al 2010). In addition, pine needle or wooden tooth picks
were added to water agar medium to stimulate asexual morph sporulation. Pure cultures were
grown on MEA at 18°C or 25°C.
DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing
Pure fungal isolates were grown on MEA for 14–30 days at 18/25°C in the dark. Genomic
DNA were extracted from the growing mycelia using the Biospin Fungus Genomic DNA
Extraction Kit (BioFlux) following the manufacturer’s protocol (Hangzhou, P.R. China). For some
strains DNA was extracted directly from ascomata using a DNA extraction kit (E.Z.N.A. Forensic
DNA kit, D3591- 01, Omega Bio-Tek) following the manufacturer’s instructions and Zeng et al.
(2018). DNA amplifications were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Part of the large
subunit nuclear rRNA gene (LSU) was amplified with primer pairs LROR and LR5 (Vilgalys &
Hester 1990). The small subunit nuclear rRNA gene (SSU) was amplified with primer pairs NS1
and NS4 (White et al. 1990). Primer pairs ITS4 and ITS5 were used to amplify the 5.8S rDNA gene
and flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS) (White et al. 1990). The translation elongation
factor 1-alpha gene (tef1) was amplified by using primers EF1-983F and EF1-2218R (Rehner 2001)
or the primers EF1-728F and EF1-986R (Carbone & Kohn 1999). The RNA polymerase II second
largest subunit (rpb2) gene was amplified with primers fRPB2 and fRPB2-7cR (Liu et al. 1999,
Sung et al. 2007). The beta-tubulin (tub2) gene was amplified by using primers Btub2fdG and
Btub4fd (Woudenberg et al. 2009). The Glyceraldehyde-3- Phosphate Dehydrogenase (gapdh)
region was amplified with the primers GDP 1 and GDP 2 (Berbee et al. 1999), actin region with
ACT-512F and ACT-783R (Carbone & Kohn 1999) and calmodulin region with CAL-228F and
CAL-737R (Damm et al. 2012).
The amplification procedures were carried out in a final volume of 50 μl containing 2 µl
DNA, 25 μl PCR mix, 19 μl distilled water and 2 μl of each primer. The PCR reactions for
amplification of SSU, ITS, LSU, tef1, rpb2, tub2, gadph, actin and calmodulin were performed
under standard conditions (Vilgalys & Hester 1990, White et al. 1990, Carbone & Kohn 1999, Liu
et al. 1999, Myllys et al. 2002, Rehner 2001, Hong et al. 2005, Woudenberg et al. 2009).
Purification and sequencing of PCR products were carried at Shanghai Sangon Biological
Engineering Technology and Services Co. (China).
Phylogenetic analysis
The SSU, ITS and LSU and protein coding genes were used for different groups of fungi
where necessary. All reference sequences were retrieved from GenBank based on the latest
references for each group of fungi. Sequences were aligned with Bioedit version 5.0.6 (Hall 1999)
and ClustalX v. 1.83 (Thompson et al. 1997) or with MAFFT v. 6.864b
(http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html). The alignments were checked visually and
improved manually where necessary. Phylogenetic analyses were carried with and MrBayes v.
3.0b4 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003) for Bayesian analyses (BY). A maximum likelihood
analysis (ML) was performed at the CIPRES webportal (Miller et al. 2010) using RAxML v.7.2.8
as part of the “RAxML-HPC2 on TG” tool (Stamatakis 2006) or implemented in raxmlGUIv.0.9b2
(Silvestro & Michalak 2010). Other phylogenetic details are outlined in Jeewon et al (2002, 2003),
10
Cai et al. (2006) and Hongsanan et al. (2017). Phylogenetic trees were drawn with FigTree v. 1.4
(Rambaut 2014). Maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) equal or greater than 70% and
Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) equal or greater than 0.95 are indicated on the resulting
tree topology in each figure. Newly generated sequences were deposited at NCBI GenBank.
GenBank accession numbers for sequenced genes are given in the descriptions for materials
examined.
Figure 1 – Common host species in terrestrial environment in Thailand with their fruits or seed
pods. a, b Ailanthus sp. c, d Pterocarpus sp. e, f Radermachera sinica. g, h Delonix regia.
i Leucaena leucocephala. j, k Peltophorum sp.
11
Figure 2 – Host and collected fruits from intertidal zone in Thailand. a, d Avicennia marina.
b, e Pandanus sp. c, f Nypa fruticans.
Taxonomy
We describe eight new genera, 50 new species, provide 38 new host records and propose
seven new combinations. The novel strains were all collected as saprobic taxa. Sixteen species were
isolated from decaying seed pods of Leucaena sp. and Fabaceae was the family that supported the
most diverse mycota, while Fagaceae, Pinaceae and Bignoniaceae from Thailand supported fewer
taxa (Fig. 1). We also isolated species from fruits from intertidal zone plant species (Fig. 2) and
Dothideomycetes from Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae) in China and Fagus sylvatica
(Fagaceae) in the UK.
Novelties are morphologically illustrated and phylogenies based on multi-gene sequence data
are reported below to accommodate species in their orders, families and genera where appropriate.
Subclass Pleosporomycetidae C.L. Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker, Mycologia 98 (6):
1048 (2007)
Gloniales Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 9 (4): 809 (2018)
Gloniaceae E. Boehm, C.L. Schoch & Spatafora, Mycological Research 113 (4): 468 (2009)
This family comprises three genera, namely Glonium (saprobes), Cenococcum
(ectomycorrhizae) and Purpurepithecium (saprobes) (Boehm et al. 2009a, Spatafora et al. 2012,
Jayasiri et al. 2017b). In a previous study we introduced the sexual morph of Purpurepithecium
murisporum from a decaying pine cone as well as the asexual morph from culture (Jayasiri et al.
2017b). In this study, we isolated the asexual morph from the same host at a different locality in
Thailand (Fig. 3).
1. Purpurepithecium murisporum Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde Cryptogamie Mycologie 38: 246 (2017)
Fig. 4
12
Saprobic on pine cone. Sexual morph: see Jayasiri et al. (2017). Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate scattered. Mycelium immersed, composed of brown,
smooth, septate hyphae. Conidiomata sporodochial, dark brown to black. Conidiophores
macronematous, pale brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal, pale
brown, cylindrical, smooth-walled. Conidia 20–25 × 20–30 μm ( x = 23 × 25 μm, n = 20), solitary,
acrogenous, cheiroid, pale brown to brown, consisting of 4–5 rows of cells, rows digitate,
cylindrical, narrow at the tip, arising from a basal cell, without appendages, with each row
composed of 4–5 cells, euseptate, guttulate, slightly constricted at septa.
Figure 3 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU,
LSU, tef1 and rpb2 partial sequence data for Gloniales and related orders. One hundred and
seventeen strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 4271 characters
including alignment gaps. Schismatomma decolorans (DUKE 0047570) was used as the outgroup
taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and topology of the tree and clade stability were
compared. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the Bayesian tree. The best scoring RAxML
tree with a final likelihood value of -62775.294525 is presented. The matrix had 2524 distinct
alignment patterns, with 35.12% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies
13
were as follows; A = 0.254015, C = 0.233955, G = 0.273482, T = 0.238548; substitution rates AC
= 1.484534, AG = 4.072097, AT = 1.299365, CG = 1.098990, CT = 8.182420, GT = 1.000000. ML
bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or
greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strain is in blue. Strains isolated from the
holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I and R respectively.
Figure 4 – Purpurepithecium murisporum (MFLU 18–2094). a Host seed cone. b, c Conidiomata
on host material. d–m Conidia, conidiogenous cells and conidiophores. Scale bars: d–f, j = 20 μm,
g–i, k–m = 20 μm.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies reaching 20 mm
diam. after 4 weeks at 18oC, circular, effuse, dense, dark brown, diffuse into media, many layers,
outer layer slightly undulate edge, spreading yellow pigment.
Material examined – THAILAND, Huai Namdag, on decaying pine cone, 25 September
2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 172 (MFLU 18–2094, KUN-HKAS 102411), living culture MFLUCC 17–
0899, KUMCC 18–0293.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347827, LSU: MK347936, tef1: MK360084
Hysteriales Lindau, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren
Arten 1 (1): 265 (1897)
Hysteriaceae Chevall., Flore Générale des Environs de Paris 1: 432 (1826)
Jayasiri et al. (2018) provided an updated backbone tree for this family. We present an
updated tree for the genus Gloniopsis and introduce two new species, Gloniopsis fluctiformis and
Gloniopsis leucaenae (Fig 5).
Gloniopsis De Not., Giornale Botanico Italiano 2 (7–8): 12, 23 (1847)
This genus was introduced by Boehm et al. (2009b) and comprises five species based on
morphological and phylogenetic data (Boehm et al. 2009a, b, Hyde et al. 2016). However, the
genus is polyphyletic (Boehm et al. 2009a).
14
2. Gloniopsis fluctiformis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 6
Index Fungorum number: IF555526; Facesoffungi number: FoF05226
Holotype – MFLU 18–2186
Etymology – Latin ‘fluctus’, a wave, referring to the wave like hysterothecia.
Saprobic on fruit of unknown plant. Sexual morph: Ascomata 500–1000 μm long × 350–370
μm high × 200–230 μm diam. ( x = 820 × 365 × 220 μm, n = 10), hysterothecia erumpent, with a
longitudinal slit, which is wave-like on substrate, scattered. Peridium 50–100 μm wide ( x = 78, n =
20), composed of small pseudoparenchymatous cells, heavily pigmented on the surface, not
showing distinct layers, outer surface continuous with plant tissues, inner layer thin and hyaline.
Hamathecium 1.5–2 μm wide ( x = 1.8, n = 30), cellular pseudoparaphyses, hyaline, septate,
branched above the asci, borne in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 53–75 × 13–16 μm ( x = 68 × 14 μm, n
= 20), bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, stipe, sinuous stipe. Ascospores 14–18 × 5–7 μm, ( x = 16 ×
6 μm, n = 30), uni to bi-seriate, pale brown to dark brown, asymmetric, dictyosporous, mostly with
3–4 transverse and 1–3 vertical septa, thin-walled, constricted at septa, asymmetric. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA
reaching 25–30 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, with irregular, lobate margin, forming two layers,
outer layer off-white, center grey, reverse dark brown in center and pale yellow to off-white at
margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Phrae Province (18˚ 26̍ 32̎ N, 100˚ 27̍ 1̎ E), on decaying
fruit pericarp of Combretaceae sp. 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 419 (MFLU 18–2186,
holotype; KUN-HKAS 102434, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–0473, KUMCC 18–
0242.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347894, ITS: MK347787, LSU: MK348005, tef1: MK360055,
rpb2: MK434865
Notes – Gloniopsis fluctiformis is sister to G. arciformis in the multi-gene phylogenetic
analysis with moderate bootstrap support (75% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP). These two species are similar
in having cylindrical to clavate asci with a sinuous stalk and dictyospores (Fig. 6). However, G.
fluctiformis differs from G. arciformis in having wave-like, erumpent hysterothecia, absence of
pigmented epithecium, and straight ascospores with vertical septa in both middle and end cells
(Boehm et al. 2009a). ITS, tef1 and rpb2 sequence data are not available for Gloniopsis arciformis
and a comparison of the LSU nucleotides of these two strains reveals 22 (2.5%) nucleotide
differences which indicates that these two isolates are two distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
15
Figure 5 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU,
LSU, tef1 and rpb2 partial sequence data for Gloniopsis species. Sixteen strains were included in
the sequence analysis, which comprised 3880 characters including gaps. Hysterium pulicare (CBS
123377) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with
each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree
was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of 9402.630911 is presented. The matrix had 525 distinct alignment patterns, with 41.87% of
undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.253146, C =
0.230090, G = 0.276291, T = 0.240472; substitution rates AC = 1.684242, AG = 3.682892, AT =
1.317889, CG = 0.710989, CT = 8.985446, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
to each branch. The new strains are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype indicated in red
superscript H.
Figure 6 – Gloniopsis fluctiformis (MFLU 18–2186, holotype). a Host seeds. b, c Ascomata on
substrate. d Cross section of ascoma. e Longitudinal section of ascoma. f–i Ascospores.
j–m Asci. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 2 mm, e = 500 µm, d, e = 100 µm, f–i = 10 µm, j–m = 20 µm.
3. Gloniopsis leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 7
Index Fungorum number: IF555527; Facesoffungi number: FoF05227
Holotype – MFLU 18–2135
Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena sp.
(Fabaceae)
Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 95–160 μm high × 155–217 μm diam. ( x = 147 × 182 μm, n = 10),
pycnidial, globose to subglobose, on surface of the substrate, olivaceous to brick coloured, later
become olivaceous black, solitary or aggregated, lacking setose-like surface outgrowths, with
prominent ostiole. Conidiomata wall 8–34 μm wide ( x = 28 μm, n = 20), consisting of brown outer
layers to hyaline inner cell layers. Conidiogenous cells 6–9 × 1.5–2.5 μm ( x = 7.5 × 2.2 μm, n =
20), enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical to flask-shaped, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled. Conidia
16
3–4 × 1.5–2 μm ( x = 3.5 × 1.8 μm, n = 30), ellipsoidal to allantoid, hyaline, symmetric, with
rounded at ends, lacking prominent guttlues.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
25–30 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, colonies with irregular growth, lobate margin, forming two
layers, outer layer off white, grey at centre, reverse dark brown in center and pale yellow to off
white at margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Doi Pui, on decaying pod septum
of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 289 (MFLU 18–2135, holotype), extype living culture MFLUCC 17–2425, KUMCC 18–0243.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347857, ITS: MK347750, LSU: MK347967, tef1: MK360056,
rpb2: MK434888
Figure 7 – Gloniopsis leucaenae (MFLU 18–2135, holotype). a Part of host seed pod.
b Conidiomata on host surface. c Section through conidioma. d Ostiole. e–g Conidiogenous cells.
h–i Conidia. j Top view of culture in MEA. k Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a, j, k = 1 cm, b
= 500 µm, c, d = 50 µm, e–g = 10 µm, h, i = 5 µm.
Notes – Gloniopsis leucaenae, is a sister species to G. calami (MFLUCC 15–0739) with high
statistical support (99% MLBS/1.0 BYPP). However, G. leucaenae is an asexual morph (Fig. 7)
and while G. calami is known from only its sexual morph. It is therefore not possible to make a
morphololgical comparison of the two species. We have previously observed a similar
coelomycetous asexual morph in G. subrugosa (MFLCC 14–1179) (Jayasiri et al. 2018). A
comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of these two strains reveals 14 (2.2%) and 15 (1.6%)
nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Rhytidhysteron Speg., Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 12 (4): 188 (1881)
Thambugala et al. (2016) revised this genus introducing two new species. The genus
comprises six species (Spegazzini 1881, Samuels & Müller 1979, Doilom et al. 2017, Thambugala
et al. 2016, Vinit et al. 2019). We provide new host records of Rhytidhysteron rufulum from
decaying fruit of Swietenia mahagoni (Fig. 8).
4. Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.) Speg., Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 90(1–6):
177 (1921) [1920]
Fig. 9
17
=Hysterium rufulum Spreng., K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. 46: 50 (1820)
Saprobic on decaying wood and pericarp of Swietenia mahagoni fruits. Sexual morph:
Hystherothecia 1200–1800 μm long × 300–550 high × 750–1000 µm diam. ( x = 1600 × 450 × 850
µm, n = 10), arising singly or in small groups, sessile, slightly erumpent from the substrate.
Receptacle cupulate, black, flat or slightly concave, magenta-coloured when fresh, with slightly
dentate margin. Excipulum 55–65 µm wide ( x = 61 µm, n = 10), ectal excipulum narrow layered,
3–4 cells deep, thick-walled, with black cells of textura globulosa to textura angularis; medullary
excipulum composed of narrow, long, thin-walled, hyaline to brown cells of textura porrecta.
Hamathecium 1.5–2.2 µm wide ( x = 1.8 µm, n = 20), numerous, propoloid, exceeding asci in
length, apically branched and pigmented, branched apices form a layer on hymenium to develop
epithecium. Asci 160–200 × 10–17 µm ( x = 188 × 15 µm, n = 30), 8-spored, long cylindrical, short
pedicellate, rounded at apex. Ascospores 23–34 × 5–7 µm ( x = 29.8 × 6.4 µm, n = 40), uniseriate,
dark brown, ellipsoid with slightly pointed ends, regularly 3-septate, smooth walled.
Figure 8 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, ITS
and tef1 partial sequence data for Rhytidhysteron species. Twenty-three strains were included in the
sequence analysis, which comprised 2334 characters including alignment gaps. Gloniopsis
praelonga (CBS 112415) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out
and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree
topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final
likelihood value of -5195.407321 is presented. The matrix had 292 distinct alignment patterns, with
36.23% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A =
0.235530, C = 0.249898, G = 0.291686, T = 0.222886; substitution rates AC = 2.052756, AG =
2.918220, AT = 1.727617, CG = 0.661795, CT = 9.849620, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support
(first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95
are given near to each branch. The new strain is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype
and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I, and R respectively.
Material examined – THAILAND, Phrae Province (18˚ 26̍ 32̎ N, 100˚ 27̍ 1̎ E), on decaying
fruit pericarp of Swietenia mahagoni (Meliaceae) 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 426 (MFLU
18–2190).
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347897, LSU: MK348008, tef1: MK360087
Notes – Our new strain clusters with Rhytidhysteron rufulum (MFLUCC 14–0577) with high
18
statistical support (97% MLBS/1.0 BYPP) and they are morphologically similar in having
hystherothecia with receptacle and excipulum, hamathecium apically branched and pigmented,
branched apices form a layer on hymenium to develop epithecium. (Thambugala et al. 2016). A
comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides differences of the new strain (MFLU 18–2190) and
Rhytidhysteron rufulum (MFLUCC 14–0577) reveals no nucleotide differences, which indicates
that they are same species (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). There are many records of Rhytidhysteron
rufulum from different hosts (https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/). This is a species complex
with similar morphology and few base pair differences. This is the first report from Swietenia
mahagoni (Meliaceae).
Figure 9 – Rhytidhysteron rufulum (MFLU 18–2190). a, b Hystherothecia on host seed. c Cross
section of hystherothecium. d Peridium. e Paraphyses. f–i Asci. j–m Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1
cm, b = 2 mm, e = 500 µm, d, e = 100 µm, f–i = 10 µm, j–m = 20 µm.
Pleosporales Luttr. ex M.E. Barr, Prodromus to class Loculoascomycetes: 67 (1987)
This is the largest order in class Dothideomycetes, comprising 75 families and 52
Pleosporales genera incertae sedis (Wijayawardene et al. 2017, 2018). Our newly recovered taxa
are distributed in 25 families of Pleosporales and one Pleosporlaes genus incertae sedis.
Acrocalymmaceae P.W. Crous & T. Trakunyingcharoen, IMA Fungus 5 (2): 404 (2014)
19
Currently the family comprises the genus, Acrocalymma. We present an updated tree for the
family and introduce a new species, Acrocalymma pterocarpi (Fig. 10).
Figure 10 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined ITS and LSU matrix of eleven taxa including related species of the family
Acrocalymmaceae. The matrix comprised 1388 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was
rooted with Boeremia exigua CBS 431.74 (Didymellaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a
final likelihood value of -3200.844946 is presented. The matrix had 184 distinct alignment patterns,
with 14.74% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A =
0.242740, C = 0.220613, G = 0.274968, T = 0.261679; substitution rates AC = 1.795991, AG =
2.125348, AT = 2.997208, CG = 0.662801, CT = 8.524144, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support
(first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95
are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and
reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively.
Acrocalymma Alcorn & J.A.G. Irwin, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 88 (2): 163
(1987)
This genus was established to accommodate a root pathogen, Acrocalymma medicaginis on
Medicago in Australia (Alcorn & Irwin 1987, Farr et al. 1998). Later five species were introduced
to this genus (Zhang et al. 2012, Crous et al. 2014, Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2014) (Table 1).
Acrocalymma medicaginis has been linked to “Massarina” walkeri as the sexual morph
(Shoemaker et al. 1991). However, Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2014) noticed that they are
phylogenetically distinct, and A. medicaginis has somewhat smaller conidia than those of A. walker
(Massarina walkeri), which are 11–21 × 3.5–5 μm (Shoemaker et al. 1991).
5. Acrocalymma pterocarpi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Figs 11, 12
Index Fungorum number: IF555528; Facesoffungi number: FoF05228
Holotype – MFLU 18–2112
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Pterocarpus
20
(Fabaceae).
Saprobic on fallen pod of Pterocarpus indicus. Ascomata 140–150 μm high × 130–145 μm
diam. ( x = 143 × 141 μm, n = 10), scattered, erumpent to nearly superficial, with basal wall
remaining immersed in host tissue, globose or subglobose, often laterally flattened, with a flattened
base, black, roughened, without ostiole. Peridium 15–25 μm wide ( x = 22 μm, n = 20), composed
of heavily pigmented pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1–2 μm
wide ( x = 1.4 μm, n = 30), dense, broad, very long, septate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing and
branching between and above asci, embedded in gel matrix. Asci 65–75 × 7–12 μm ( x = 70 × 10
μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a short, narrowed, furcate pedicel,
and with a small ocular chamber. Ascospores 17–21 × 3–5 μm ( x = 19.5 × 4 μm, n = 30), obliquely
biseriate and partially overlapping to triseriate, hyaline, fusiform, 1–3-septate, with narrowly
rounded ends, sheath present in immature stage.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies reaching 30 mm
diam. after 4 weeks at 18oC, circular, effuse, dense, white, middle rough, edge smooth surface with
entire to slightly undulate edge with yellow pigment lower surface.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui (19˚ 49̍ 31̎ N, 99˚ 52̍ 23̎ E)
on fallen pod of Pterocarpus indicus (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 233 (MFLU 18–
2112, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–0926, KUMCC 18–0210.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347840, ITS: MK347732, LSU: MK347949, tef1: MK360040
Notes – Acrocalymma walkeri is the only species with a sexual morph, the other five species
being coelomycetous. We isolated the sexual morph of A. pterocarpi from a decaying Pterocarpus
indicus seed pod from Thailand. We failed to obtain an asexual morph from the culture and could
only observe chlamydospores (Fig. 12). Our isolate shares similar morphological characters (Fig.
12) of asci and ascospores with A. walker but differs in having light greyand warted hairs on the
ascomata with a beak and long ostiole (Shoemaker et al. 1991). Phylogenetic analysis of ITS and
LSU gene sequences shows that A. pterocarpi is a sister clade to A. medicaginis with high
statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two
species reveals 12 (2.3%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon
& Hyde 2016).
Table 1 Comparison of habitats and localities of Acrocalymma spp.
Species
Habitat
Locality
Reference
Acrocalymma aquatica
(coelomycetous)
Acrocalymma cycadis
(coelomycetous)
Acrocalymma fici
(coelomycetous)
Acrocalymma medicaginis
(coelomycetous)
Acrocalymma pterocarpi
(sexual morph)
Acrocalymma vagum
(coelomycetous)
Submerged wood in a
freshwater stream
Leaf litter of Cycas
calcicola
Ficus sp.
Thailand
Zhang et al. (2012)
Australia
Crous et al. (2014)
India
Medicago sativa
Australia
Pterocarpus indicus seed
pod
Amaranthusm sp.,
Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis
melo, C. sativus,
Cucurbita rootstock, Vitis
vinifera
Medicago sativa
Thailand
Trakunyingcharoen
et al. (2014)
Alcorn & Irwin
(1987)
In this study
Acrocalymma walker (sexual
morph)
Spain, USA
Trakunyingcharoen
et al. (2014)
Australia
Trakunyingcharoen
et al. (2014)
21
Figure 11 – Acrocalymma pterocarpi (MFLU 18–2112, holotype). a Pterocarpus indicus pod.
b, c View of ascomata on host surface. d Section through ascoma. e Peridium. f–h Ascospores.
i Pseudoparaphyses. j–l Asci. Scale bars: b = 500 µm, c = 200 µm, d = 50 µm, e = 20 µm, f–i = 10
µm, j–l = 20 µm.
Figure 12 – Acrocalymma pterocarpi. (MFLUCC 17–0926, ex-type). a Top view of colony on
MEA. b Reverse view of colony. c, d Structures formed in culture. e–g Chlamydospores. Scale
bars: a, b = 1 cm, c, d = 100 µm, e–j = 20 µm.
22
Figure 13 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, ITS and LSU matrix of ninety taxa including related species of the family
23
Amniculicolaceae and related families. The matrix comprised 3000 characters including alignment
gaps. The tree was rooted with Massaria gigantispora (M 19) and Massaria inquinans (M 26). The
best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -5459.143248 is presented. The matrix
had 1330 distinct alignment patterns, with 24.95% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated
base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.245853, C = 0.224850, G = 0.286226, T = 0.243071;
substitution rates AC = 2.002529, AG = 2.305031, AT = 1.738469, CG = 1.307794, CT =
10.135469, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and
Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new
isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, epitype, paratype and reference specimens are
indicated in red superscript H and R respectively.
Amniculicolaceae Y. Zhang ter, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde, Studies in Mycology
64: 95 (2009)
Currently the family comprises five genera, Amniculicola, Anguillospora, Murispora,
Neomassariosphaeria and Vargamyces (Zhang et al. 2009a, b, Hyde et al. 2013, Wanasinghe et al.
2015, Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2017). We present an updated tree for the family and introduce a
new host record of Vargamyces aquaticus from cupule of Fagus sylvatica (Fig. 13).
Vargamyces Tóth, Acta Botanica Hungarica 25: 403 (1980)
Vargamyces species form a well-supported subclade in Pleosporales. Repetophragma
ontariense was previously shown to be related to the Amniculicolaceae, which includes saprobic
freshwater fungi (Zhang et al. 2009a, b). Vargamyces aquaticus (FMR 11587) was also collected
from a freshwater habitat. Révay et al. (2014) suggested that Vargamyces aquaticus and
Repetophragma ontariense could be considered conspecific, but they did not propose any
taxonomic changes. Subsequently, Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2017) synonymized Repetophragma
ontariense as Vargamyces aquaticus based on morphological and molecular data.
6. Vargamyces aquaticus (Dudka) Tóth., Acta Botanica Hungarica 25: 403 (1980)
Fig. 14
Facesoffungi number: FoF05229
Saprobic on decaying wood and cupule of Fagus sylvatica. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect, simple,
subhyaline or pale brown, some short conidiophores with few percurrent elongations present, but
sympodial conidiogenesis predominant. Conidia 90–110 × 12–15 μm ( x = 102.5 × 13 µm, n = 30),
brown, fusiform, apical and basal cells slightly paler, 8–10 septate.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, colonies circular, medium dense, flattened, slightly raised
near centire, dull, surface smooth, colony from above, grey to dark brown, rough, sponge-like areas
in middle; from below: pale brown at the margin, dark brown at the center.
Material examined – UK, Bishops Waltham, Hampshire, on cupule of Fagus sylvatica
(Fagaceae), 29 September 2014, E.B.G. Jones, GJ 062-A (MFLU 18–2225, new host record), living
culture MFUCC 15–0183, KUMCC 18–0303.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347927, ITS: MK347818, LSU: MK348038, rpb2: MK434849
Notes – Our strain clusters with Vargamyces aquaticus (FMR 11587, CBS 636.91 and
HKUCC 10830) with low support (Fig. 13). All these Vargamyces aquaticus isolates are
morphologically similar in having macronematous, mononematous, erect conidiophores, sympodial
conidiogenesis and fusiform, brown, apical and basal cells slightly paler, 8–10 septate conidia (Fig.
14). A comparison of the LSU nucleotides of the new strain and existing strains reveals only 3 (0.3
%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are not distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Sequence data for other gene regions are not available. With morphological and multigene
phylogenetic support, we report a new host record of Vargamyces aquaticus from Fagus sylvatica
from a terrestrial habitat.
24
Amorosiaceae Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 74: 252 (2015)
This family was introduced by Thambugala et al. (2015) to accommodate Amorosia and
Angustimassarina. The type genus Amorosia, is a hyphomycetous species. Family Amorosiaceae
differs from Lophiostomataceae, Teichosporaceae and Sporormiaceae in having hyphomycete
asexual morphs and appears to grow within other ascomata (Thambugala et al. 2015). In this study
we isolated a coelomycetous fungus and accommodate it in a new genus Amorocoelophoma based
on multigene phylogenetic analysis of SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 gene sequence-data and its distinct
morphology (Fig. 15).
7. Amorocoelophoma Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF555529; Facesoffungi number: FoF05230
Etymology – Referring to the first coelomycetous species was found in family Amorosiaceae.
Saprobic on Cassia sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous.
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, ovoid to globose, brown, covered with hyaline to
pale brown, septate, branched hyphal growth as a layer with outer brown layer. Conidiomata wall
thick, two layers, inner hyaline textura angularis 1–2 cell layers, outer brown textura angularis
brown 1–2 cell layers. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, doliform, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia
hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, smooth- and thin-walled, guttulate concentrated to ends.
Notes – We isolated this coelomycetous species from a decaying pod of Cassia sp. This is the
first report of a coelomycetous species in family Amorosiaceae. Multigene phylogeny of SSU, ITS,
LSU and tef1 gene sequence data coupled with morphological observations confirm that the new
isolate is a novel genus in family Amorosiaceae. The novel species, Amorocoelophoma cassiae
constitutes an independent lineage close to the type species (Amorosia littoralis) of the family, with
high statistical support (97% MLBS/1.0 BYPP). Amorosia is characterized by a hyphomycetous
form.
Type species – Amorocoelophoma cassiae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde
Figure 14 – Vargamyces aquaticus (MFLU 15–1398). a Host cupule. b–d Hyphomycetes on host
surface. e–i Conidia. Scale bar: a = 1 cm, b = 300 µm, c, d = 200 µm, e–i = 50 µm.
8. Amorocoelophoma cassiae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 16
Index Fungorum number: IF555530; Facesoffungi number: FoF05231
Holotype – MFLU 18–2121
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Cassia
(Fabaceae)
25
Saprobic on Cassia sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous.
Conidiomata 130–150 μm high × 110–130 μm diam. ( x = 140 × 125 µm, n = 10), pycnidial,
solitary to gregarious, ovoid to globose, brown, covered with hyaline to pale brown, septate,
branched hyphal growth as an outer brown layer. Conidiomata wall 17–22 μm wide ( x = 19 µm, n
= 10), two layered, inner hyaline textura angularis 1–2 cell thickness, outer layer textura angularis
brown 1-2 cell thickness. Conidiogenous cells 6–8 × 2.3–3.7 μm ( x = 7.5 × 3.2 µm, n = 30),
phialidic, doliform, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 9–11 × 2–3 μm ( x = 10 × 2.5 µm, n = 30),
hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, guttulate concentrated at ends.
Figure 15 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 matrix of fourty-two taxa including families in order
Pleosporales, which comprised 3416 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with
Melanomma pulvis pyrius (CBS 124080). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood
value of -12603.498252 is presented. The matrix had 1054 distinct alignment patterns, with 26.45%
of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.245164, C =
0.246917, G = 0.271282, T = 0.236637; substitution rates AC = 1.203764, AG = 2.379392, AT =
1.581674, CG = 1.158826, CT = 8.203268, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference
specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively.
26
Figure 16 – Amorocoelophoma cassiae (MFLUCC 17–2283, ex-type). a Germinated spore.
b Top view of the culture. c Reverse view of the culture. d Conidiomata on the culture.
e Conidioma wall. f Section through conidiomata. g Section through conidioma.
h–j Conidiogenous cells. k–m Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 1 cm, d = 500 μm, e–h = 100 μm, h–j, l, m
= 5 μm, k = 10 μm.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C. Colonies circular, medium dense, flattened, slightly raised
near centire, dull, surface smooth, from above, pale brown to grey, rough, off white, sponge-like
areas in middle; from below pale brown at the margin, dark brown at the center.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on
fallen pod of Cassia sp. (Fabaceae), 3 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri C 259 (MFLU 18–2121, holotype;
KUN-HKAS 102420, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2283, KUMCC 18–0213.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347847, ITS: MK347739, LSU: MK347956, tef1: MK360041,
rpb2: MK434894
Antigloniaceae K.D. Hyde & A. Mapook, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 33 (2013)
Two genera are included in this family Anteaglonium and Flammeascoma (Hyde et al. 2013,
Liu et al. 2015). Morphologically they are quite similar to species in Psiloglonium (Hysteriaceae),
although phylogenetically distinct from Hysteriales and placed in Pleosporales (Hyde et al. 2013).
Herein we introduce a new species in Anteaglonium and provide an updated tree (Fig. 17).
Anteaglonium Mugambi & Huhndorf, Systematics and Biodiversity 7 (4): 460 (2009)
Anteaglonium includes seven species and our new isolate is well separated from other
species in the genus.
27
Figure 17 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, LSU and tef1 matrix of fourty-one taxa including families in order
Pleosporales, which comprised 2876 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with
Hysterium pulicare (ANM 1455). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of 12603.498252 is presented. The matrix had 790 distinct alignment patterns, with 33.13% of
undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.246630, C =
0.242408, G = 0.280474, T = 0.230488; substitution rates AC = 1.051659, AG = 3.085252, AT =
1.189543, CG = 1.159137, CT = 12.902430, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference
specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively.
9. Anteaglonium gordoniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 18
Index Fungorum number: IF555531; Facesoffungi number: FoF05232
Holotype – MFLU 18–2149
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Gordonia
(Gordoniaceae)
Saprobic on cupule of Gordonia sp. Sexual morph: Hysterothecia 400–500 μm long × 250–
290 μm high × 260–300 μm diam. ( x = 448 × 264 × 275 μm; n = 10), superficial, carbonaceous,
black, subglobose to oblong, straight, smooth or slightly striate laterally, with a longitudinal slit,
sulcus shallow, gregarious, lying at irregular angles, occurring on a black thin crust, tending to
darken the substratum, without KOH extractable pigments. Peridium 30–50 μm wide ( x = 43 μm;
n = 20), carbonaceous, brittle with age, longitudinally striated at the margins, equally thickened, the
inner layer compressed and pallid, the outer layer thickened, comprising pigmented cells of textura
angularis. Hamathecium 1–1.5 μm wide ( x = 1.3 μm; n = 30), comprising numerous, aseptate
pseudoparaphyses, branched above the asci. Asci 60–70 × 7–10 μm ( x = 64 × 8 μm; n = 20), 828
spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, obliquely to irregularly uniseriate. Ascospores 20–
22 × 1.5–3 μm ( x = 21 × 2.2 μm; n = 30), uni to biseriate, hyaline, fusiform, straight, 1–3 septate,
constricted at the middle septum, swollen near to middle
septum, smooth-walled, tapering towards the end, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA 20 mm
diam. after 1 week at 18oC, raised, with lobate margin, finely floccose to woolly aerial mycelium in
outer layer. Reverse off white with dark brown.
Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 6̍ 23̎ N, 99˚ 41̍ 26̎ E), on decaying
cupule of Gordonia sp. (Gordoniaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri C 332 (MFLU 18–2149,
holotype), ex-type culture MFLUCC 17–2431, KUMCC 18–0214.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347864, ITS: MK347758, tef1: MK360042, rpb2: MK434881
Notes – Anteaglonium gordoniae shares similar morphology with Anteaglonium latirostrum
but differs, in having shorter asci (60–70 vs. 115–124 μm) and ascospores (20–22 vs. 22–28 μm)
(Fig. 18). Anteaglonium latirostrum also has a sheath in immature ascospores and pale brown
mature ascospores (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009). Our phylogeny also supports that A. gordoniae as
a new species as it constitutes an independent lineage (Fig. 17).
Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 74: 161 (2015)
Notes – This family consists of four genera: Astrosphaeriella, Astrosphaeriellopsis,
Pteridiospora, and Pithomyces (Wanasinghe et al. 2018a). We introduce a fifth genus, Quercicola
(Figs 19, 20). Caryosporaceae was introduced to accommodate Caryospora and Acrocordiopsis
(Ariyawansa et al. 2015) based on sequences available at that time. However, with increased taxon
sampling herein, Caryospora and Acrocordiopsis group with other genera in Astrosphaeriellaceae
and further studies are needed to resolve this group. Acrocordiopsis, Astrosphaeriella,
Astrosphaeriellopsis,
Caryospora,
Pithomyces,
Pteridiospora,
Quercicola
and
Xenoastrosphaeriella are also similar due to their carbonaceous ascostromata, and trabeculate
pseudoparaphyses (Hawksworth 1981, Hyde & Fröhlich 1998, Liu et al. 2011, Zhang et al. 2012b).
Acrocordiopsis, with the type Acrocordiopsis patilii is a marine taxon. Caryospora aquatica
and the putative strain of C. minima are from freshwater. We identified another new species in
Caryospora quercus from wild fruit in a terrestrial habitat. Therefore, Caryospora species are both
freshwater and terrestrial.
Zopfia rhizophila also clusters with genera in Astrosphaeriellaceae and requires further
studies to resolve its taxonomic placement.
10. Quercicola Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index fungorum number: IF555532; Facesoffungi number: FoF05233
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Quercus
(Fagaceae).
Saprobic on Quercus sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata gregarious, semi-immersed beneath host
epidermis, visible as numerous, raised, dome-shaped areas on the host surface, hemispherical,
flattened or wedge-shaped at the base, uni-loculate, dark brown, carbonaceous, glabrous with rough
walls, ostiolate. Ostioles central, apapillate, with carbonaceous, and thin, slit-like opening.
Peridium of unequal thickness, poorly developed at the base, thick at sides towards the apex,
composed of several layers of dark brown to black, pseudoparenchymatous cells, with host cells
plus fungal tissue, arranged in textura angularis to textura prismatica. Hamathecium composed of
dense, filiform, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing among the asci, embedded in a
hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindric-clavate, or obclavate, with short
furcate to truncate pedicel, apically rounded, with a truncate ocular chamber. Ascospores
overlapping, 1–3-seriate at the base, uni-seriate at the apex, hyaline, fusiform with acute ends, 1–5septate, constricted at the medium septum, upper cell wider than lower cell, guttulate, surrounded
by thick asymmetric wall. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Notes – The two new Quercicola species constitute an independent clade close to
29
Caryospora. These two species share similar morphological characters with other genera in this
family in having carbonaceous ascostromata, and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses (Zhang et al.
2012b, Phookamsak et al. 2015, Wanasinghe et al. 2018a). However, Quercicola differs from the
other genera in having hyaline fusiform ascospores. Therefore, we introduce a new genus,
Quercicola.
Type species – Quercicola fusiformis Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde
Figure 18 – Anteaglonium gordoniae (MFLU 18–2149, holotype). a The host of Gordonia sp. fruit.
b Hysterothecia on substrate. c Section through hysterothecium. e, f Asci with pseudoparaphyses.
g, h Ascus. i–l Ascospores. m Germinated spore. Scale bar: a, b = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c, d = 100 µm,
e = 30 µm, f, h–k = 10 µm, g = 20 µm.
11. Quercicola fusiformis Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 21
Index fungorum number: IF555533; Facesoffungi number: FoF05234
Holotype – MFLU 18–2191
Etymology – Referring to the fusiform shaped ascospores of the identified fungus.
Saprobic on Quercus sp. fruit. Sexual morph: Ascomata 300–350 μm high × 340–390 μm
diam. ( x = 330 × 360 μm; n = 5), dark brown, gregarious, surface on host epidermis, visible as
numerous, raised, dome-shaped areas on the host surface, hemispherical, narrow at the base, uniloculate, glabrous with rough walls, carbonaceous, ostiolate. Ostiole central, apapillate, thin and
narrow. Peridium 43–68 μm wide ( x = 56 μm; n = 20), unequal thickness, carbonaceous, poorly
developed at the base, thick at sides towards the apex, composed of several layers of dark brown to
30
black, pseudoparenchymatous cells, base with host cells plus fungal tissue, arranged in a textura
angularis to textura prismatica. Hamathecium 0.8–1.5 μm wide ( x = 1.2 μm; n = 20), composed of
dense, filiform, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing among the asci, embedded in a
hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci 100–130 × 10–13 μm ( x = 120 × 11 μm; n = 20), 8-spored,
bitunicate, cylindric-clavate, or obclavate, with short furcate to truncate pedicel, apically rounded,
with a truncate ocular chamber. Ascospores 22–27 × 5–7 μm ( x = 24 × 6 μm; n = 30), overlapping,
1–3-seriate at the base, uni-seriate at the apex, hyaline, fusiform with acute ends, 1–5 septate,
constricted at the medium septum, upper cell wider than lower cell, guttulate, surrounded by thick,
rough wall. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Figure 19 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, LSU and tef1 matrix of ninety-eight taxa including families in order
Pleosporales, which comprised 2853 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with
Hysterium angustatum (CBS 236.34/CBS 123334). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final
likelihood value of -23760.928529 is presented. The matrix had 1237 distinct alignment patterns,
with 21.85% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A =
0.245539, C = 0.243122, G = 0.282056, T = 0.229283; substitution rates AC = 0.987487, AG =
3.393598, AT = 1.101006, CG = 1.234618, CT = 9.918774, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support
(first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95
are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue and the new combination is in purple.
Strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R
respectively.
31
Figure 20 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, LSU and tef1 matrix of thirty-one taxa including speces belong to
Astrosphaeriellaceae, which comprised 2772 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was
rooted with Aigialus parvus (BCC 32558/BCC 18403). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final
likelihood value of -8699.864067 is presented. The matrix had 546 distinct alignment patterns, with
25.55% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A =
0.245381, C = 0.241016, G = 0.284595, T = 0.229008; substitution rates AC = 1.369230, AG =
3.813023, AT = 0.930144, CG = 1.503050, CT = 15.300231, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap
support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater
than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue and the new combination is in
purple. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H
and R respectively.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA
reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C. Colonies circular, medium dense, slightly raised
in middle, dull, bluish grey, surface slightly smoth with flattened margin, reverse dark brown.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N,
99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 24 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C
437 (MFLU 18–2191, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102436, isotype), ex-type living culture MFUCC 18–
0479, KUMCC 18–0294.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347898, ITS: MK347790, LSU: MK348009, tef1: MK360085,
rpb2: MK434864
12. Quercicola guttulospora Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 22
Index fungorum number: IF555534; Facesoffungi number: FoF05235
Holotype – MFLU 18–2192
Etymology – Referring to the prominent guttule in ascospores of the identified fungus.
Saprobic on fruit of Fagaceae plant. Sexual morph: Ascomata 275–300 μm high × 325–352
32
μm diam. ( x = 290 × 340 μm; n = 10), gregarious, visible as numerous, raised, dome-shaped areas
on the host surface, hemispherical, narrow at the base, uni-loculate, dark brown, glabrous with
rough walls, coriaceous, ostiolate. Ostiole central, apapillate, carbonaceous, not prominent.
Peridium 50–76 μm wide ( x = 66 μm; n = 20), unequal thickness, carbonaceous, poorly developed
at the base, thick at sides towards the apex, composed of several layers of dark brown to black,
pseudoparenchymatous cells, base with host cells plus fungal tissue, arranged in a textura angularis
to textura prismatica. Hamathecium 0.7–1.6 μm wide ( x = 1.4 μm; n = 20), composed of dense,
filiform, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing among the asci, embedded in a hyaline
gelatinous matrix. Asci 135–160 × 8–9 μm ( x = 148 × 8.5 μm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate,
cylindric-clavate, or obclavate, with short furcate to truncate pedicel, apically rounded, with a
truncate ocular chamber. Ascospores 23–29 × 6–7 μm ( x = 24 × 6.5 μm; n = 30), uni to biseriate,
hyaline, fusiform, 1-septate, thin wall with rounded end, constricted at the septum, assymetric two
cells, guttulate; 2–4 big guttlues. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Figure 21 – Quercicola fusiformis (MFLU 18–2191, holotype). a Fruit of Lithocarpus sp.
b, d Ascoma on substrate. c Cross section of ascomata. e Pseudoparaphyses. f–i Asci.
j–n Ascospores. Scale bar: a, b = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c, d = 100 µm, e = 30 µm, f, h–k = 10 µm,
g = 20 µm.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA
reaching 3–4 cm diam. after 4 weeks at 25 ° C. Colonies circular, flattened, surface with hyphal
growing, with irregular edge, pale brown to grey, radially arranged, middle dark brown, reverse
pale brown to grey outer layer and center dark brown to black.
Material examined – Thailand, Chiang Rai Province, Huai-Chomphu, on decaying fruit
pericarp of Fagaceae sp., 24 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 439 (MFLU 18–2192, holotype; KUNHKAS 102437, isotype), ex-type living culture MFUCC 18–0481, KUMCC 18–0295
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347899, ITS: MK347791, LSU: MK348010, tef1: MK360086
33
Notes – Quercicola guttulospora is sister to Q. fusiformis with high statistical support (100%
MLBS/1.0 BYPP). These two species share similar morphology in having dome-shaped,
carbonaceous ascomata with poorly developed base, cylindric-clavate, or obclavate asci and
hyaline, fusiform ascospores (Fig. 21, 22). However, Q. guttulospora has longer asci (up to 160 μm
vs. up to 130 μm), 1-septate, round end ascospores with prominent guttule even in mature stage.
Quercicola fusiformis is characterized by 1–5-septate ascospores with acute ends and a thick wall.
Culture characters are different in these two species. A comparison of the tef1 nucleotides of these
two strains reveals 41 (4.7%) nucleotide differences and significant morphological differences,
which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Figure 22 – Quercicola guttulospora (MFLU 18–2192, holotype). a The host fruit.
b, c Ascomata on substrate. d–g Asci. h–l Ascospores. m Germinated spore. Scale bar: a = 1 cm, b,
c = 500 µm, d–g = 30 µm, h–m = 10 µm.
Caryospora De Not., Micromyc. Ital. Novi: 7 (1855)
Caryospora is placed under family Astrosphaeriellaceae based on our multigene phylogenetic
analysis (Figs. 19, 20). Only two Caryospora species have molecular data, but in this study, we
introduce another species (Ariyawansa et al. 2015).
13. Caryospora quercus Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF555535; Facesoffungi number: FoF05236
Fig. 23
34
Holotype – MFLU 18–2151
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Quercus
(Fagaceae).
Saprobic on Quercus sp. fruits. Sexual morph: Ascomata 300–420 μm high × 450–483 μm
diam. ( x = 334 × 430 μm, n = 10), solitary or gregarious, conical or semiglobose, immersed
becoming erumpent, ostiolate, eupapillate, carbonaceous. Peridium 0.8–1.4 μm wide,
carbonaceous, black, fragile. Hamathecium 0.8–1.4 μm wide ( x = 1.2 μm; n = 20), septate,
branched, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, numerous, persistent. Asci (69)–110 –147 μm × 30–35 μm
( x = 122 × 33 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, cylindrical, bitunicate, fissitunicate, persistent, with an ocular
chamber. Ascospores 41–54 μm × 18–28 μm ( x = 48 × 24 μm, n = 30), uni-seriate, hyaline, pale
brown to dark brown, ellipsoidal, diamond-shaped, apex pointed, 1- septate, with a dark band
around the septum, slightly constricted at the septum, with walls thickened at both ends, guttulate,
present polar germ pores, surrounded by a sheath 3.6–5.5 μm wide. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Figure 23 – Caryospora quercus (MFLU 18–2151, holotype). a Quercus sp. seeds host.
b Ascomata on host fruit. c, d Ascoma on host fruit. e Section of ascoma. f Pseudoparaphyses.
g, h Asci. i–m Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, e = 100 µm, f = 10 µm, g, h = 30 µm, i–m = 20
µm.
Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 6̍ 23̎ N, 99˚ 41̍ 26̎ E), on decaying
fruit pericarp of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri C 338 (MFLU 18–2151,
holotype: KUN-HKAS 102428, isotype)
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347869, LSU: MK347979
Notes – Caryospora quercus forms a sister clade (Fig. 19, 20) to C. minima and C. aquatica
with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Figs 19, 20). In addition, Caryospora
quercus fits within the generic concept of Caryospora species having erumpent, superficial, dark
brown to black, carbonaceous, ostiolate ascomata, a thick and carbonized peridium, and relatively
large and thick-walled ascospores (Jeffers 1940). Caryospora quercus has smaller ascomata
compaired to C. putaminum (up to 420 vs. up to 1200 μm) and 8-spored asci (2-spored in C.
35
putaminum). Caryospora aquatica also differs from C. quercus as it is from a freshwater habitat
(Ariyawansa et al. 2015). Caryospora minima differs from Caryospora quercus as the mature
ascospores of C. minima are light brown with 3 septa, while in C. quercus they become irregularly
diamond-shaped and dark brown with polar germ pores. No DNA sequences from protein coding
genes are available for three species (Caryospora aquatica, Caryospora minima and C. quercus)
and ITS sequence data is available only for Caryospora aquatica. However, significant
morphological differences and statistical support establishment of our novel species, Caryospora
quercus (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
14. Xenoastrosphaeriella Jayasiri, EBG Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index fungorum number: IF555536; Facesoffungi number: FoF05237
Etymology – Referring to the Xeno = ξένος in Greek, distinct; Astrosphaeriella =
Astrosphaeriella-like taxon.
Saprobic on bamboo and palms. Sexual morph: Ascostromata dark opaque, gregarious,
erumpent to superficial, conical with ruptured, reflexed, stellate, host remnants around the base,
uni-loculate, glabrous, brittle, carbonaceous, ostiole central, with pore-like opening. Peridium
unequal thickness, poorly developed at the base, thick at the sides towards the apex, composed of
thick, opaque and melanized cells. Hamathecium 1–2 μm wide ( x = 1.4 μm; n = 20), composed of
dense, branching, rough-walled, distinctly septate, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing
among the asci, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical,
subsessile to short pedicellate, apically rounded with an ocular chamber. Ascospores overlapping
uni- to bi-seriate, brown to reddish brown, fusiform with acute ends, 3-septate, slightly constricted
at the central septum, widest at the middle, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Notes – Xenoastrosphaeriella is distinct from all other genera in the family
Astrosphaeriellaceae (Phookamsak et al. 2015, Wanasinghe et al. 2018a, this study) in multi-loci
phylogenetic analysis of SSU, LSU and tef1 genes. Therefore, we introduce it as a new genus
within this family (Figs. 19, 20). Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata shares similar morphological
characters with Astrosphaeriella lenticularis, A. splendida, A. trochus and A. vesuvius in having
broadly fusiform, reddish brown ascospores. Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata is most similar to A.
splendida, but differs in having smaller ascospores with paler end cells (Phookamsak et al. 2015).
Wanasinghe et al. (2018a) synonymized Astrosphaeriella vesuvius under Pithomyces vesuvius
(MTCC 12224). There is no DNA sequence data for Astrosphaeriella lenticularis, A. splendida and
A. trochus. Therefore, we introduce Xenoastrosphaeriella as a new genus to accommodate
Astrosphaeriella tornata.
Type species – Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata (D. Hawksw. & Boise) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde
15. Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde comb. nov.
Index fungorum number: IF555537; Facesoffungi number: FoF05238
≡ Sphaeria tornata Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 10: 290
(1868)
= Astrosphaeriella tornata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) D. Hawksw. & Boise, Sydowia 38: 119
(1986)
= Trematosphaeria tornata Cooke, Grevillea 16: 91 (1888)
Notes – The type specimen of Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata is in poor condition and
Phookamsak et al. (2015) introduced a reference specimen for this species with molecular data
(MFLUCC 11–0196). Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata is distinct from all other species in genus
Astrosphaeriella and weakly supported to other genera in the family Astrosphaeriellaceae in multiloci phylogenetic analysis (Phookamsak et al. 2015, Wanasinghe et al. 2018a, this study, Fig. 19).
We introduce the new genus mainly based on Astrosphaeriella tornata (MFLUCC 11–0196)
phylogeny. Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata is morphologically similar to Astrosphaeriella spp. and
the only difference is the paler end cells of ascospores (Phookamsak et al. 2015).
Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata clusters with Acrocordiopsis patilii with low bootstrap support (Fig.
36
20). Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata differs from Acrocordiopsis patilii in having reddish brown,
fusiform, 3-septate ascospores with wide middle part (Borse & Hyde 1989).
Bambusicolaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 49 (2013)
The family Bambusicolaceae was introduced by Hyde et al. (2013), with the type genus
Bambusicola. This family has three genera Bambusicola, Neobambusicola and Palmiascoma (Dai
et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013, Crous et al. 2014b, Liu et al. 2015). We present an updated tree for
the family and introduce a new genus and two new species (Fig. 24).
16. Leucaenicola Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF555538; Facesoffungi number: FoF05239
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena
(Fabaceae).
Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed in substrate to superficial, visible as
black dots covered by epidermal tissues, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, glabrous, ostiolate
centrally, with minute papilla. Conidiomata wall thin-walled equal thickness, composed of several
layers of hyaline to dark brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells, outer layers comprising 2–3 cell
layers of thick-walled, dark brown to black cells, organized in a textura angularis to textura
prismatica, with inner layers comprising 1–2 layers of thin-walled, hyaline, and organized in
textura angularis. Conidiophores arising from basal cavity of conidiomata mostly reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells, enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline to brown, globose to
flask-shaped, smooth-walled. Conidia, solitary, one-celled, initially hyaline, becoming brown at
maturity, oblong to ellipsoidal, with rounded or obtuse ends, aseptate, smooth-walled.
Figure 24 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, ITS
LSU and rpb2 sequenced data of Bambusicolaceae. Related sequences were obtained from
37
GenBank. Eighteen strains were included in the combined sequence analyses, which comprised
3511 characters including alignment gaps. Murilentithecium clematidis (MFLUCC 14–0561) was
used as the outgroup taxon. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best
scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -11724.282862 is presented. The matrix had
752 distinct alignment patterns, with 21.23% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base
frequencies were as follows; A = 0.249293, C = 0.246762, G = 0.272901, T = 0.231045;
substitution rates AC = 1.454764, AG = 3.096539, AT = 0.856027, CG = 1.288498, CT =
6.726041, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian
posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. Newly generated
sequences are in blue and bold. Strains isolated from the holotype indicated in red superscript H.
Type species – Leucaenicola aseptata Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde
Notes – We isolated two species of this genus, both from a decaying pod of Leucaena sp.
(Fabaceae). The two Leucaenicola species form a sister clade to Bambusicola species with high
statistical support (77% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP, Fig. 24) in the multigene phylogenetic analysis. All
Bambusicola spp. were isolated from dead bamboo culms (Poaceae) while Neobambusicola and
Palmiascoma were from leaves of Strelitzia nicolai (Strelitziaceae) and a dead frond of a palm
(Arecaceae), respectively (Table 2).
Bambusicolaceae comprises both sexual and asexual morph species. Although our two
Leucaenicola species have asexual morphs similar to Bambusicola thailandica (Thambugala et al.
2017), they differ from B. thailandica in having micro- and macro- conidia. Leucaenicola is
characterized by conidial morphology, size and colour that are similar to those of the micro-conidia
of B. thailandica but are phylogenetically distinct. We did not observe macro-conidia in
Leucaenicola.
Table 2 Synopsis of host and genera in family Bambusicolaceae
Genera
Species
Host
Bambusicola
Bambusicola dimorpha (both
morph)
Bambusicola pustulata (sexual
morph)
Bambusicola bambusae
Bambusicola irregulispora
(asexual morph)
Bambusicola splendida
(asexual morph)
Bambusicola didymospora
(both morph)
Bambusicola loculata (sexual
morph)
Bambusicola triseptatispora
(both morph)
Bambusicola massarinia (both
morph)
Bambusicola thailandica
(sexual morph)
Leucaenicola aseptata
Leucaenicola phraeana
Neobambusicola strelitziae
Dead culm of bamboo
(Poaceae)
Leucaenicola
Neobambusicola
Decaying pod of Leucaena
sp. (Fabaceae)
Leaves of
Strelitzia nicolai
38
Palmiascoma
Palmiascoma
gregariascomum
(Strelitziaceae)
Dead frond of palm species in
family Arecaceae
17. Leucaenicola aseptata Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Figs 25, 26
Index Fungorum number: IF555539; Facesoffungi number: FoF05240
Holotype – MFLU 18–2129
Etymology – Referring to the aseptate conidia, which the fungus was identified.
Saprobic on pod of Leucaena sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 80–100 μm high × 100–125 μm diam. ( x = 93 × 117 μm, n = 10),
pycnidial, solitary, immersed in substrate to superficial, visible as black dots covered by epidermal
tissues, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, glabrous, ostiole central, with minute papilla.
Conidiomata wall 5–12 μm wide ( x = 10.2 μm, n = 20), thin-walled, of equal thickness, composed
of several layers of hyaline to dark brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells, outer layers comprising 2–
3 cell layers of thin-walled, dark brown to black, organized in a textura angularis to textura
prismatica, inner layers comprising 1–2 layers of thin-walled, hyaline, organized in a textura
angularis. Conidiophores arising from basal cavity of conidiomata mostly reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 2.5–3 × 1.5–2 μm ( x = 2.7 × 1.7 μm, n = 30),
enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline to brown, globose to flask-shaped, aseptate, smooth-walled.
Conidia 3–4 × 1.5–2 μm ( x = 3.5 × 1.7 μm, n = 30), solitary, initially hyaline, becoming brown at
maturity, one-celled, oblong to ellipsoidal, with rounded or obtuse ends, aseptate, smooth-walled.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
60–70 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18 ° C. Colonies grey to brown surface, slightly radiating; reverse
yellow to brown in the center, off white to yellow at margin; medium dense, circular, flattened to
slightly raised, dull to rough with entire edge, fairly fluffy to velvety, slightly radially furrowed.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on decaying pod of
Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 278 (MFLU 18–2129, holotype; KUNHKAS 102423, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2423, KUMCC 18–0256.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347853, ITS: MK347746, LSU: MK347963, tef1:
MK360059, rpb2: MK434891
39
Figure 25 – Leucaenicola aseptata (MFLU 18–2129, holotype). a Host pods. b, c Conidiomata in
substrate. d Section through conidioma. e, f Conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 2
cm, c = 500 μm, d–g = 10 μm.
Figure 26 – Leucaenicola aseptata in culture (MFLUCC 17–2423, ex-type). a Top view of culture.
b Reverse view of culture. c–f Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c, f = 10
μm, d, e = 5 μm.
18. Leucaenicola phraeana Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 27
Index Fungorum number: IF555540; Facesoffungi number: FoF05241
Holotype – MFLU 18–2184
Etymology – Referring to the location where the specimen was collected, Phrae Province,
Thailand.
Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 90–115 μm high × 130–150 μm diam. ( x = 105 × 135 μm, n = 10),
pycnidial, solitary, immersed in substrate to superficial, visible as black dots covered by epidermal
tissues, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, glabrous, ostiole central, with minute papilla,
Conidiomata wall 10–20 μm wide ( x = 16.4 μm, n = 20), thin-walled, of equal thickness,
composed of several layers of hyaline to brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells, outer layers
comprising 2–3 cell layers of thick-walled, dark brown, organized in a textura angularis to textura
prismatica, inner layers comprising 1–2 layers of thin-walled, hyaline, organized in a textura
angularis. Conidiophores arising from basal cavity of conidiomata mostly reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–4 × 1.5–2 μm ( x = 3.5 × 1.8 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic,
phialidic, hyaline, globose to flask-shaped, aseptate, smooth-walled. Conidia 3–4 × 1.5–2 μm ( x =
3.5 × 1.8 μm, n = 30), solitary, initially hyaline, becoming brown at maturity, oblong to ellipsoidal,
with rounded or obtuse ends, aseptate, smooth-walled.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
20–30 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18 ° C. Colonies forming white tufts on surface in the center,
outer layer pale brown, reverse dark brown, brown to yellow layers, pale yellow at margin; circular,
flattened, dull with entire edge.
Material examined – THAILAND, Phrae Province, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp.
(Fabaceae), 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 416 (MFLU 18–2184, holotype), ex-type living
culture MFLUCC 18–0472, KUMCC 18–0257.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347892, ITS: MK347785, LSU: MK348003, tef1: MK360060,
rpb2: MK434867
Notes – Based on the multi-gene sequence analysis, Leucaenicola phraeana (MFLUCC 18–
40
0472) clusters with L. aseptata with strong bootstrap support (Fig. 24). A comparison of the ITS,
tef1 and rpb2 nucleotides of these two strains reveals 24 (5.0%), 86 (8.2 %) and 23 (2.2%)
nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Leucaenicola phraeana has a prominent ostiole and different culture morphology to L. phraeana.
Leucaenicola phraeana is also characterized by white tufts surface (Fig. 26), but L. aseptata
comprised grey to brown surface in culture (Fig. 27).
Figure 27 – Leucaenicola phraeana (MFLU 18–2184, holotype). a Host pods. b Conidiomata in
the substrate. c Section through conidioma. d Ostiole. e–g Conidiogenous cells. h–i Conidia. j Top
view of the culture. k Reverse view of the culture. Scale bars: a, b = 2 cm, c = 500 μm, d–g = 10
μm.
Delitschiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 76: 109 (2000)
The family Delitschiaceae, typified by Delitschia, occurs on bovine dung (Doveri 2011), or
rarely on aged wood or plants (Hyde et al. 2013). Recent studies by Rivera-Chávez et al. (2018)
reported Delitschia species from submerged wood in freshwater habitat and Delitschia bispora
from a water-cooling tower (Eaton & Jones 1970). Wijayawardene et al. (2018) reported three
genera in this family (Delitschia, Ohleriella and Semidelitschia), but sequence data is available
only for Delitschia. Recently identified Delitschia strains from submerged wood show a diversity
of important chemicals (Rivera-Chávez et al. 2018) that show activity towards prostate cancer cell
lines. Study of the bioactive from sample accessioned as G858 (Delitschia sp.) led to the isolation
of eight new α-pyrone derivatives (Rivera-Chávez et al. 2018). In this study, we introduce a new
species Delitschia nypae, from Nypa fruticans in Thailand (Fig. 28).
19. Delitschia nypae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Figs 29, 30
Index Fungorum number: IF555540; Facesoffungi number: FoF05242
Holotype – MFLU 18–2184
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Nypa
41
(Arecaceae).
Saprobic on Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae) fruit. Sexual morph: Ascomata 420–500 μm high ×
375–425 μm diam. ( x = 445 × 410 μm; n = 10), solitary or gregarious, subepidermal, conical or
semiglobose, immersed becoming erumpent, black, carbonaceous, without ostiole. Peridium 38–85
μm wide ( x = 64 μm; n = 20), many layered; outer layer of small, irregular, thick-walled cells,
inner layer with larger lumina, black. Hamathecium 1.5–2 μm wide ( x = 1.7 μm; n = 20), septate,
simple, persistent, numerous pseudoparaphyses. Asci 130–150 × 15–19 μm ( x = 145 × 17 μm; n =
30), 8-spored, cylindrical, pedicel, bitunicate, fissitunicate, persistent, with an ocular chamber.
Ascospores 24–30 × 9–14 μm ( x = 28 × 12 μm; n = 30), uni-seriate, hyaline to dark brown,
ellipsoidal, 1- septate, with a dark band around the septum, constricted at the septum, fragment
when mature, thin-walled, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Figure 28 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU,
LSU and tef1 sequenced data of Delitschiaceae. Related sequences were obtained from GenBank.
Ten strains were included in the combined sequence analyses, which comprised 2950 characters
including alignment gaps. Massaria spp. (WU 30527 and WU 30611) are used as the outgroup
taxon. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with
a final likelihood value of -11724.282862 is presented. The matrix had 300 distinct alignment
patterns, with 37.12% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as
follows; A = 0.245487, C = 0.237535, G = 0.285962, T = 0.231015; substitution rates AC =
0.506809, AG = 1.576045, AT = 0.733037, CG = 1.093869, CT = 6.657433, GT = 1.000000. ML
bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or
greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. Newly generated sequence is in blue. Strains
isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I and
R
respectively.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA
reaching 25–30 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18oC, with irregular, lobate margin, forming two layers;
outer layer yellow to pale brown, center dark brown, reverse dark brown in center and off white to
pale yellow at margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on decaying fruit
pericarp of Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 349 (MFLU 18–2155,
42
holotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2588, KUMCC 18–0228.
Figure 29 – Delitschia nypae (MFLU 18–2155, holotype). a Host fruit. b Ascoma on substrate.
c Section through the ascomata. d Peridium. e Pseudoparaphyses. f, g Asci. h Separation of
ascospores in to two parts. i–o Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c, d = 50 µm, e = 10
µm, f–h = 30 µm, i–o = 20 µm.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347871, LSU: MK347981, tef1: MK360049, rpb2: MK434878
Notes: Our collection shares similar morphological (Fig. 29) characters with Delitschia in
having darkly pigmented, 2-celled, constricted ascospores with germ slits (Barr 2000, Luck-Allen
& Cain 2011). In the multigene phylogenetic analysis, Delitschia nypae forms a sister clade to
Delitschia chaetomioides (SMH 3253.2) with high statistical support (99% MLBS/1.0 BYPP). A
comparison of the tef1 nucleotides of these two strains reveals 30 (4.5%) nucleotide differences,
which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Morphologically Delitschia
nypae differs from type species of Delitschia chaetomioides in having smaller ascospores (24–30 ×
9–14 μm vs. 38–50 × 17–20 μm) and asci (145 × 17 μm vs 250 × 30 μm) (Karsten 1873). Type
species of Delitschia chaetomioides identified from Mustiala and two strains in GenBank identified
from Costa Rica (SMH 3253.2) and Kenya (GKM1283). Delitschia nypae identified from decaying
fruits of Nypa fruticans associated with estuarine habitats in Thailand.
Dictyosporiaceae Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 462 (2016)
Boonmee et al. (2016) introduced this family to accommodate mostly aquatic lignicolous
species. The family comprises 12 genera and the type genus is Dictyosporium, which has been
reported from decaying wood and plant litter in terrestrial and aquatic habitats, and is worldwide in
distribution (Hyde & Goh 1998, Pinnoi et al. 2006, Tsui et al 2006, Pinruan et al. 2007). We
43
present an updated tree for the family and introduce two new species and a new host record (Fig.
31).
Figure 30 – Delitschia nypae culture in MEA (MFLUCC 17–2588, ex-type). a Top view of the
culture in MEA. b Reverse view of the culure in MEA. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm.
44
Figure 31 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, LSU
and tef1 partial sequence data. Fifty-eight strains were included in the sequence analysis, which
comprised 2881 characters including alignment gaps. Murilentithecium clematidis
(Lentitheciaceae) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and
compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology
of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood
value of -7545.505967 is presented. The matrix had 876 distinct alignment patterns, with 37.76% of
undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.237662, C =
0.253136, G = 0.270383, T = 0.238820; substitution rates AC = 1.495111, AG = 3.041974, AT =
2.409593, CG = 0.651257, CT = 7.837986, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
to each branch. The new strains are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and
reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I and R respectively.
Dictyocheirospora M.J. D'souza, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 465 (2016)
Eleven species are accepted in the genus (Boonmee et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2016, Hyde et al.
2017, Li et al. 2017, Tibpromma et al. 2018, Yang et al. 2018). During our survey one new species
and a previously described species were added based on phylogeny and morphology.
20. Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 32
Index Fungorum number: IF555548; Facesoffungi number: FoF05250
Holotype – MFLU 18–2178
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Lithocarpus
(Fagaceae).
Figure 32 – Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi (MFLU 18–2178, holotype). a Lithocarpus sp. fruit.
b Conidiomata on the substrate. c–e Squash mount of conidioma with conidiogenous cells.
f–m Conidia. l Germinated conidium. m Top and reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a, m = 1 cm, b
= 500 μm, c–i = 20 μm.
45
Saprobic on Lithocarpus sp. fruit. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate superficial, scattered. Mycelium immersed,
composed of pale brown, smooth, septate, branched hyphae. Conidiomata 225–248 μm wide ( x =
232 μm, n = 10), sporodochial, dark brown to black. Conidiophores micronematous, short,
unbranched, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal, pale
brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 35–40 × 12–18 μm ( x = 38 × 16 μm, n = 30), solitary, acrogenous,
cheiroid, olivaceous brown, consisting of 6 rows of cells, with rows cylindrical, palmately
divergent, inwardly not curved at the tip, arising from a basal cell, without appendages, each row
composed of 10–16 cells, euseptate, slightly constricted at the septa, guttulate, smooth.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from
base of conidia. Colonies on MEA reaching 28–32 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C, grow with
circular, entire edge, off white margin and pale brown to dark brown in the central, raised in
Center.
Material examined – THAILAND, Payao Province, on decaying fruit pericarp of Lithocarpus
sp. (Fagaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 408 (MFLU 18–2178, holotype); ex-type living
culture MFLUCC 17–2537, KUMCC 18–0229.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347888, ITS: MK347781, LSU: MK347999, rpb2:
MK434869
Notes – Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated LSU, ITS and tef1 sequence data
indicated that Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi is related to D. heptaspora (CBS 396.59) with low
statistical support (Fig. 31). However, only an ITS gene sequence is available for D. heptaspora
(CBS 396.59) and there is no morphological description of this strain (Boonmee et al. 2016). Goh
et al. (1999) provided a description for Dictyosporium heptaspora, which was transferred by
Boonmee et al. (2016) to Dictyocheirospora, and is characterized by conidia that are olivaceous
brown, broadly ellipsoidal, with 7 curved rows of cells and 50–80 μm × 20–30 μm size.
Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi and Dictyosporium heptasporum share similar morphology in having
olivaceous brown, broadly ellipsoidal conidia (Fig. 32), but Dictyocheirospora lithocarpi lacks a
hook-like apex and has only 6 curved rows and smaller conidia (35–40 × 12–18 μm vs. 50–80 ×
20–30 μm) (Goh et al. 1999). A comparison of the ITS regions reveals Dictyocheirospora
lithocarpi differs from D. heptaspora by 9 (1.7%) nucleotide differences of ITS gene that warrants
separate species status (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
21. Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 10 (2018),
Fig. 33
Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate superficial, scattered. Mycelium immersed,
composed of pale brown, smooth, septate, branched hyphae. Conidiomata 245–290 μm wide ( x =
265 μm, n = 10), sporodochial, dark brown to black. Conidiophores micronematous, short.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal, pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 39–42 ×
15–20 μm ( x = 41 × 16 μm, n = 30), solitary, acrogenous, cheiroid, pale brown to brown,
consisting of 5–6 rows of cells, with rows cylindrical, palmately divergent, inwardly curved at the
tip, arising from a basal cell, rounded to cylindrical appendage, each row composed of 8–10 cells,
euseptate, slightly constricted at septa, guttlue in each cell, smooth.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from
base of conidia. Colonies on MEA reaching 25–30 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, with circular
entire edge, white margin and cream to yellow orange in the centre, raised on surface.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on decaying pod of
Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 285-A (MFLU 18–2132, new host record);
living culture, MFLUCC 17–2291, KUMCC 18–0230; THAILAND, Lampang Province, 19° 3' 44"
N, 99° 46' 54" E, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C
317 (MFLU 18–2142), living culture MFLUCC 17–2296, KUMCC 18–0231.
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2291: SSU: MK347855, ITS: MK347748, LSU:
46
MK347965, tef1: MK360050; MFLUCC 17–2296: SSU: MK347862, ITS: MK347756, LSU:
MK347973, tef1: MK360051
Notes – The two new strains grouped in the Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis clade with high
and low bootstrap support. In addition, they share similar morphological characters with D.
nabanheensis (Tibpromma et al. 2018). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 regions reveals
Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis (KUMCC 16–0152) differs from new strains (MFLUCC 17–2291
and MFLUCC 17–2296) by 1 (0.19%) and 3 (0.34%) nucleotide differences of ITS and tef1 genes
that suggest that our new records is Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). The
D. nabanheensis strains grouped as a sister clade to D. garethjonesii in an unsupported clade (Fig.
31). Therefore, this is a new record of D. nabanheensis from decaying pod of Leucaena sp. The
type of D. nabanheensis was isolated from Pandanus sp. (Tibpromma et al. 2018).
Figure 33 – Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis (MFLU 18–2132). a Leucaena sp. seed pod.
b, c Sporodochia on the substrate. d, e Squash mount of conidioma with conidiogenous cells.
f–i Conidia. j Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, d–j = 10 μm.
Pseudocoleophoma Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Studies in Mycology 82: 89 (2015)
This genus comprises three species (Tanaka et al. 2015, Hyde et al. 2016) and here we
introduce a new species from decaying pod of Bauhinia sp. in Thailand.
22. Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Figs 34, 35
Index Fungorum number: IF555549; Facesoffungi number: FoF05251
Holotype – MFLU 18–2178
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Bauhinia
(Fabaceae).
Saprobic on Bauhinia sp. pod. Sexual morph: Ascomata 125–145 µm high × 100–120 µm
47
diam. (x̅ = 133 × 105 µm; n = 5), immersed to erumpent through host tissue, solitary or scattered,
coriaceous, subglobose to obpyriform, dark brown. Ostiolar neck protruding. Peridium 22–32 µm
wide, comprising many layers of thick-walled, dark brown cells to hyaline inner layers of textura
angularis. Hamathecium 1.5–2 µm wide ( x = 1.8 μm; n = 10), septate, branching,
pseudoparaphyses. Asci 65–80 × 5–8 µm (x̅ = 75 × 7 µm; n = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate,
fissitunicate, clavate to cylindric-clavate, slightly curved, short-pedicellate with an ocular chamber.
Ascospores 17–20 × 3.5–4.5 (x̅ = 18 × 4 µm; n = 10), overlapping, 1–2 seriate, hyaline, cylindricfusiform, tapering towards the rounded ends, straight to slightly curved, 1–3-septate, smoothwalled, without terminal appendages and sheath. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata
90–115 μm high × 130–150 μm diam. ( x = 105 × 135 μm; n = 10), pycnidial, solitary, immersed in
substrate to superficial, visible as black dots covered by epidermal tissues, multiloculate, globose to
subglobose, glabrous, ostiole central, with minute papilla. Conidiomata wall 20–25 μm wide ( x =
23.2 μm; n = 20), thin-walled, of equal thickness, composed of several layers of hyaline to brown,
pseudoparenchymatous cells, outer layers comprising 1–2 cell layers of thick-walled, dark brown,
organized in a textura angularis, inner layers comprising 3–4 layers of thin-walled, hyaline,
organized in a textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells 2.5–5.5 × 2–3 μm ( x = 3.5 × 1.8 μm; n = 30), phialidic, doliiform to lageniform, hyaline,
aseptate, smooth-walled. Conidia 7.5–11 × 2–3 μm ( x = 10 × 2.5 μm; n = 30), solitary, hyaline,
oblong to ellipsoidal, with rounded or obtuse ends, smooth-walled, guttlue concentrated to ends.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
20–30 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18 ° C, with irregular, forming two layers, outer layer grey to
black, center dark brown, reverse dark brown in center and greenish brown at margin.
Figure 34 – Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae (MFLU 18–2178, holotype). a Host decaying pod.
b Ascomata on substrate. d Section through ascoma. e Cellular pseudoparaphyses.
f–h Ascospores. i–m Asci. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, d = 50 μm, e–h = 10 μm, i–m = 20 μm.
48
Material examined – THAILAND, Payao Province, on decaying pod of Bauhinia sp.
(Fabaceae), 27 June 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 251 (MFLU 18–2117, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102419,
isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2586, KUMCC 18–0280; C 248 (MFLU 18–2116);
living culture MFLUCC 17–2280, KUMCC 18–0281.
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2280: SSU: MK347843, ITS: MK347735, LSU:
MK347952, tef1: MK360075; MFLUCC 17–2586: SSU: MK347844, ITS: MK347736, LSU:
MK347953, tef1: MK360076
Notes – Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae forms a sister clade to P. polygonicola with moderate
support. Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae also shares similar morphology with P. polygonicola in
having scattered 2–4 grouped, immersed to erumpent ascomata and fusiform, 1-septate ascospores
with a sheath (Fig. 34). In addition, these two species have an asexual morph with similar
morphology. Pseudocoleophoma polygonicola differs from P. bauhiniae in having larger ascomata
with a long ostiolar neck, equally thickening peridium, 2–3 seriately arrange ascospores in asci,
wide hamathecium (2–2.5 μm vs. 1.5–2 μm) and large ascospores (20.6 × 4.8 μm vs. 18 × 4 µm). A
comparison of the ITS regions reveals Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae differs from P. polygonicola
by 27 (5.1%) nucleotide difference that warrants separate species status (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Therefore, based on the morphological differences and with phylogenetic support, we introduce the
new species.
Furthermore, we isolated the asexual morph of Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae (Fig. 35) from
the same substrate and this strain (MFLUCC 17–2280) sister clades to sexual morph strain
(MFLUCC 17–2286) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 31). These two
strains had only one nucleotide difference in ITS regions. Thefore, we confirm MFLUCC 17–2280
is the asexual morph of Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae.
Figure 35 – Asexual morph of Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae (MFLUCC 17–2280). a Seed pods of
Bauhinia sp. b Conidiomata in the substrate. c Section through conidiomata. d Section through
conidioma. e Conidioma wall. e Appendages. f, g Conidiogenous cells. h–j Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c, d = 100 μm, e = 20 μm, f–h = 10 μm, i, j = 5 μm.
49
Pseudodictyosporium Matsush., Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo 14 (3): 473
(1971)
Matsushima et al. (1971) introduced this genus based on the type species,
Pseudodictyosporium wauense. We introduce a new host record for this species based on
morphological similarities.
23. Pseudodictyosporium wauense Matsush. Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo
14(3): 473 (1971)
Fig. 36
Saprobic on leaf, stem and cupule of Fagus sylvatica. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiomata on natural substratum sporodochia, superficial, punctiform
to effuse, scattered, sometimes coalescing, pale brown to dark brown, without mucilage covering,
rarely inconspicuous. Mycelium immersed, composed of septate, branched, subhyaline to pale
brown, smooth-walled hyphae. Conidiophores micronematous, aseptate, simple, hyaline to pale
brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells integrated, holoblastic, terminal, determinate, doliiform to
cylindrical. Conidia 17–19 × 10–14 μm, ( x = 17.5 × 13 μm, n = 30), acrogenous, solitary, dry,
cheiroid, pale brown, euseptate or distoseptate, with three rows of cells arising parallelly from
truncate basal cell with three rows in different planes, smooth-walled.
Material examined – UK, Bishop Waltham, Hampshire from standing water in a moat, on
decaying cupule fruits of Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae), 12 August 2017, EBG Jones, GJ 416 (MFLU
18–2228, new host record).
Known distribution – Papua New Guinea (Matsushima 1971), China (Li et al. 2017a), UK
(this study)
Notes – Pseudodictyosporium wauense was observed on decaying fruits of Fagus sylvatica in
UK. This strain shares similar morphology with Pseudodictyosporium wauense in having pale
brown to dark brown sporodochia, integrated, holoblastic, doliiform to cylindrical conidiogenous
cells and cheiroid, pale brown, euseptate or distoseptate conidia (Fig. 36). In addition, conidia
consist of a truncate basal cell with three rows of cells arise in parallel (Matsushima et al. 1971, Li
et al. 2017a). Our collection identified based only on morphology as single spore isolation was
unsuccessfull.
Figure 36 – Pseudodictyosporium wauense (MFLU 18–2228). a Host cupule of Fagus sylvatica.
b Colonies on host fruit. c–g Conidiogenous cells. h–l Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, c–l = 10 μm.
50
Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Mycological Research 113 (4): 516 (2009)
Family contains economically important plant pathogens (de Gruyter et al. 2013, ValenzuelaLopez et al. 2018), diverse endophytic, fungicolous and lichenicolous members (Aveskamp et al.
2010), as well as a few human pathogens (de Hoog et al. 2011). This family comprises 26 genera
(Fig. 44) (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). We introduce 4 new species and three new records for
this family.
Allophoma Q. Chen & L. Cai, Studies in Mycology 82: 162 (2015)
Based on phylogenetic data, the genus Allophoma was introduced to accomodate the type
species, Allophoma tropica (Chen et al. 2015). Presently, this genus comprises nine species and
here we introduce a new species, Allophoma siamensis (Fig. 37).
24. Allophoma siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 38
Index Fungorum number: IF555550; Facesoffungi number: FoF05252
Holotype – MFLU 18–2124
Etymology – Referring to the country (Siam former name for Thailand) where specimen was
collected.
Saprobic on Radermachera sinica pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 70–90 μm high × 68–85 μm diam. ( x = 86 × 75 μm, n = 10),
pycnidial, brown to dark brown, confluent, superficial and immersed (in seed pods), glabrous,
ovoid, with a single papillate ostiolar neck. Conidiomata wall 8–26 μm wide ( x = 22 μm, n = 10),
2–4-layered, composed of brown to dark brown textura angularis cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–6 ×
4–5 μm ( x = 4.5 × 4.8 μm, n = 10), phialidic, hyaline, ampulliform, smooth-walled. Conidia 3–4 ×
2–3 μm ( x = 3.5 × 2.8 μm, n = 10), solitary, hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, smooth- and thin-walled,
guttulate. Chlamydospores absent.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
36 mm diam. after 1 week at 18 ° C, flattened, top grey; reverse dark brown.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on
decaying pod of Radermachera sinica (Bignoniaceae), 3 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 270 (MFLU
18–2124, holotype; KUN-HKAS 10242, isotype), dry culture 18–2125, ex-type living culture
MFLUCC 17–2422, KUMCC 18–0211.
51
Figure 37 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 matrix of twelve taxa including related species of the
genus Allophoma (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). The matrix comprised 2713 characters including
alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Epicoccum brasiliense (CBS 120105). The best scoring
RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -6509.571102 is presented. The matrix had 294
distinct alignment patterns, with 10.91% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base
frequencies were as follows; A = 0.244802, C = 0.240941, G = 0.273868, T = 0.240389;
substitution rates AC = 1.284768, AG = 2.506107, AT = 1.125523, CG = 0.949740, CT =
8.024084, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian
posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is
in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red
superscript Hand R respectively.
Figure 38 – Allophoma siamensis (MFLU 18–2124, holotype). a Host pod. b Conidiomata in the
substrate. c Section through conidioma. d Conidiogenous cells. e, f Conidia. g Top view of colony
on MEA. h Reverse view of colony. Scale bars: a, g, h = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 20 μm, d–f = 5 μm.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347850, ITS: MK347742, LSU: MK347959, tef1: MK340859,
rpb2: MK434912, tub2: MK412867, actin: MK412890
Notes – Allophoma siamensis forms a distinct clade from its closest relative, Allophoma
minor (CBS 32582) with high support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 37). Most of the species in the
family Didymellaceae share similar morphology and species segregation is based on molecular data
of protein coding genes (Aveskamp et al. 2010, Chen et al. 2015). Allophoma siamensis and A.
minor also share similar morphology in having phialidic, hyaline, smooth-walled conidiogenous
cells and aseptate, hyaline, cylindrical, conidia with guttules (Fig. 38). (Chen et al. 2015). A
comparison of the rpb2 and tub2 nucleotides of these two species reveal 60 (16.6%) and 7 (2.2%)
nucleotide differences, respectively, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde
2016).
Didymella Sacc., Michelia 2 (6): 57 (1880)
Didymella contains very important and serious plant pathogenic species, as well as species
that are endophytic and saprobic on a wide range of plant (Aveskamp et al. 2010, Chen et al. 2015,
Jayasiri et al. 2017, Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). We introduce a new host record from decaying
seed pod of Leucaena sp. and a new species from cones of Magnolia grandiflora (Fig. 39).
25. Didymella coffeae-arabicae (Aveskamp, Verkley & Gruyter) Qian Chen & L. Cai, Studies in
Mycology 82: 175 (2015)
Fig. 40
Facesoffungi number: FoF05254
Saprobic or pathogenic on Coffea Arabica, Euphorbia sp., Lagerstroemia indica and
Leucaena sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 81–111
μm long × 65–78 μm diam. ( x = 98 × 72 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary or in chains, on the agar
52
Figure 39 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 matrix of eighty-six taxa including related species of
the genus Didymella (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). The matrix comprised 2770 characters
including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Phoma herbarum (CBS 615.75, CBS 377.92).
53
The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -14265.646619 is presented. The
matrix had 569 distinct alignment patterns, with 11.70% of undetermined characters or gaps.
Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.241244, C = 0.239343, G = 0.275964, T =
0.243448; substitution rates AC = 1.071831, AG = 4.726251, AT = 1.430141, CG = 0.673042, CT
= 9.723633, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and
Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new
isolates are in bold and blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype, neotype and reference
specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I, N and R respectively.
surface or submerged, variable in shape, ovoid to subglobose or elongated, glabrous, ostiolate.
Conidiomata wall 11–15 μm wide ( x = 12.5 μm, n = 20), pseudoparenchymatous, composed of
textura angularis. Conidiogenous cells 6–7.2 × 5.3–7 μm ( x = 6.8 × 6.3 μm, n = 30), phialidic,
hyaline, simple, smooth, flask-shaped to globose. Conidia 4–6.4 × 2.3–3.6 μm ( x = 5.8 × 3.3 μm, n
= 30), hyaline, ellipsoidal to ovoid, variable in length, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, with minute
guttules.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA 57–70 mm
diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C, with entire, smooth, distinct margin. Aerial mycelium condensed,
white with rosy-vinaceous tinges. Agar surface iron-grey. Reverse fulvous to amber, but leaden
black in zones with abundant pycnidia.
Figure 40 – Didymella coffeae-arabicae from the culture (MFLUCC 18–1563). a Top view of
culture. b Reverse view of culture. c Conidioamata. d Conidioama. e Conidiogenous cells.
f–h Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c, d = 50 µm, e–h = 5 µm.
Material examined – CHINA, Kunming, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying pod of
Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 456 (MFLU 18–2211, new host record),
living culture MFLUCC 18–1563, KUMCC 18–0232; C 461-A (MFLU 18–2217) living culture
MFLUCC 18–1556, KUMCC 18–0233.
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–1563: SSU: MK347913, ITS: MK347805, LSU:
MK348024, rpb2: MK434859, tub2: MK412869, actin: MK412887; MFLUCC 18–1556: SSU:
MK347918, ITS: MK347810, LSU: MK348029, rpb2: MK434913, tub2: MK412871, actin:
MK412889
Known distribution – Italy, on Lagerstroemia indica (Chen et al. 2017); Ethiopia, on Coffea
54
arabica (Aveskamp et al. 2009); Russia, on phyllosphere of Euphorbia sp.; China on decaying pod
of Leucaena sp. (this study).
Notes – Our two new strains form a sister clade to Didymella coffeae-arabicae (CBS 123380)
with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 39) and share similar morphological
characters with the type strain of D. coffeae arabicae (Aveskamp et al. 2009). Didymella coffeaearabicae is characterized by solitary or chains of pycnidia, which are flask-shaped to globose;
ellipsoidal to ovoid conidiogenous cells and hyaline, aseptate conidia (Fig. 40). These charcaters
are shared with our strains with chlamydospores in culture as described in Aveskamp et al. (2009).
A comparison of ITS, rpb2 and tub2 nucleotides of new strains (MFLUCC 18–1563 and MFLUCC
18–1556) and existing strain (CBS 123380) reveals no nucleotide differences, which indicates that
they are not distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, a new record of Didymella coffeaearabicae from seed pod of Leucaena sp. host in China is documented.
26. Didymella magnoliae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 41
Index Fungorum number: IF 555552; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05255
Holotype – MFLU 18–2222
Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Magnolia
(Magnoliaceae).
Saprobic on Magnolia grandiflora cone. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 90–
130 μm long × 80–95 μm diam. ( x = 122 × 88 μm; n = 30), pycnidial, mostly solitary, on the agar
surface or submerged, mostly ovoid but also subglobose or elongated, glabrous, papillate or with an
elongated neck. Ostioles variable in size, and sometimes relatively wide. Conidiomata wall 10–17
μm wide ( x = 13.5 μm; n = 30), pseudoparenchymatous, composed of oblong to isodiametric cells,
3–5 layers. Conidiogenous cells 7.2–9 × 5–7 μm ( x = 8.5 × 6.4 μm; n = 30), phialidic, hyaline,
simple, smooth, flask-shaped to globose. Conidia 4.5–6 × 3–4 μm ( x = 5.5 × 3.4 μm; n = 30),
hyaline, ellipsoidal to ovoid, variable in length, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, eguttulate or with 1–
4-minute guttules.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA 57–70 mm
diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, with entire, smooth, distinct margin. Aerial mycelium condensed,
white with rosy-vinaceous tinges. Agar surface iron-grey. Reverse fulvous to amber, but leaden
black in zones with abundant pycnidia.
Figure 41 – Didymella magnoliae from culture (MFLUCC 18–1560, ex-type). a Top view of
culture. b Reverse view of culture. c, d Formation of conidiogenous cells. e, f Conidia. Scale bars:
a, b = 1 cm, c–f = 10 µm.
55
Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying cone
of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 465 (MFLU 18–2222,
holotype, MFLU 18–2223, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1560, KUMCC 18–0236.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347922, ITS: MK347814, LSU: MK348033, rpb2: MK434852
Notes – Didymella magnoliae groups in a sister clade to Didymella sinensis with high support
(91% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 39). Didymella sinensis is reported only as the sexual morph from
diseased leaves of three host families (Rosaceae, Orchidaceae and Urticaceae) indicative of an
opportunistic pathogenic lifestyle (Chen et al. 2017). Didymella magnoliae asexual morph is
reported here from a decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Fig. 41). Therefore, only sequence
data can be used to separate these strains. However, D. magnoliae fits with the generic description
of Didymella in having amphigenous, separate, globose, brown, uni- locular pycnidia, phialidic,
determinate, doliiform to lageniform conidiogenous cells and hyaline, thinwalled, smooth-walled,
guttulate, cylindrical to irregular conidia (Saccardo 1880). A comparison of the ITS, rpb2 and tub2
nucleotides of these two strains reveals 6 (1.2%), 27 (4.5%) and 12 (3.9%) nucleotide differences
which indicates that they are two distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Nothophoma Q. Chen & L. Cai, Studies in Mycology 82: 212 (2015)
This genus is typified by Nothophoma infossa and was established to accommodate five
Phoma species which clustered in a monophyletic clade in Didymellaceae (Chen et al. 2015). This
genus is ubiquitous and includes many important plant pathogens, some of which are of quarantine
concern (Aveskamp et al. 2008, 2010, Chen et al. 2015). We introduce a new record of
Nothophoma quercina from decaying cone of Keteleeria fortune in China. Many strains of this
species have been reported as pathogens of different host plant species (Jianyu et al. 2016, Yun &
Oh 2016, Chen et al. 2017, Jiao et al. 2017, Moral et al. 2017, Liu et al. 2018, Valenzuela-Lopez et
al. 2018), as well as from human superficial foot lesion (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). An updated
phylogenetic tree for the genus is presented in Fig. 42 and a new host record for Nothophoma
quercina is introduced.
Figure 42 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 matrix of eight strains including related species of the
56
genus Nothophoma (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). The matrix comprised 2698 characters
including alignment gaps. The tree is rooted with Didymella rumicicola (CBS 683.79). The best
scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -5686.669693 is presented. The matrix had
175 distinct alignment patterns, with 7.93% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base
frequencies were as follows; A = 0.242029, C = 0.239130, G = 0.277174, T = 0.241667;
substitution rates AC = 1.025250, AG = 3.394380, AT = 1.310418, CG = 0.819358, CT =
12.753666, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and
Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new
isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated
in red superscript H and R respectively.
27. Nothophoma quercina (Syd. & P. Syd.) Qian Chen & L. Cai, Studies in Mycology 82: 213
(2015)
Fig. 43
Facesoffungi number: FoF05256
Saprobic or fungicolous on Quercus sp., Keteleeria fortune and human superficial foot lesion.
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 76–140 μm high ×
95–165 μm diam. ( x = 125 × 132 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary, produced on the agar surface,
globose to subglobose, conspicuous, non-papillate ostiolate. Conidiomata wall 12–16 μm wide ( x
= 14.5 μm, n = 20), pale brown, pseudoparenchymatous, 3–5 layers. Conidiogenous cells 7.7–8.6 ×
5.2–6.7 μm ( x = 8.2 × 6.3 μm, n = 30), phialidic, hyaline, simple, smooth, doliiform to
ampulliform. Conidia 5.1–6.5 × 3.3–4.5 μm ( x = 6.2 × 4.1 μm, n = 30), initially hyaline, pale
brown at maturity, variable in shape, subglobose to oval or obtuse, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth,
guttulate.
Figure 43 – Nothophoma quercina from culture (MFLUCC 18–1550). a Top view of culture.
b Reverse view of the culture. c Hyphae and formation of conidia. d Conidiogenous cell.
e–g Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c–g = 10 µm.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA 60 mm
diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, margin regular. Aerial mycelium covering the whole colony, compact,
white to pale grey, with olivaceous tinges near the colony centre; reverse olivaceous-black in
centre, margin yellow to pale brown.
Material examined – CHINA, Kunming, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying cone of
Keteleeria fortunei (Pinaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 453-A (MFLU 18–2206-A, new host
57
record), living culture MFLUCC 18–1550, KUMCC 18–0269.
GenBank numbers: SSU: MK347909, ITS: MK347801, LSU: MK348020, tef1: MK340876,
rpb2: MK434911, tub2: MK412880, actin: MK412891, calmodulin: MK412897
Known Distribution – China, causing brown spot on Ziziphus jujube (Jianyu et al. 2016);
China, and leaf spot disease of Phellodendron amurense (Jiao et al. 2017), causing trunk canker on
Malus micromalus (Liu et al. 2018), on decaying cone of Keteleeria fortunei (this study); Italy, on
dead branch of Ulmus × hollandica (Tibpromma et al. 2017), Korea, causing shoot canker on
Chaenomeles sinensis in China (Yun & Oh 2016), Spain and Tunisia, dieback of Olea europaea
(Moral et al. 2017), Ukraine, on Quercus sp. (Chen et al. 2017, Moral et al. 2017, ValenzuelaLopez et al. 2018), USA, from human superficial foot lesion (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018).
Notes – Nothophoma quercina forms a sister clade to N. quercina (UTHSC DI16 270) with
high statistical support (75% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 42). It also shares similar morphological
characters with the type strain of N. quercina in having solitary, globose to subglobose pycnidia
with non-papillate ostiole, doliform conidiogenous cells and variable shaped, hyaline or pale brown
conidia (Fig. 43). A comparison of the ITS, rpb2 and tub2 nucleotides of these two strains reveals
less than ≤ 1.5% nucleotide differences which indicates that our isolate is Nothophoma quercina
(Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Remotididymella Valenz.-Lopez, Crous, J.F. Cano, Guarro & Stchigel, Studies in Mycology 90: 35
(2017)
This genus was introduced by Valenzuela-Lopez et al. (2018) based on a phylogenetic study,
which showed it was distinctness from other genera in family Didymellaceae. Currently, this genus
comprises two species namely, Remotididymella anthropophila (isolated from human sample) and
R. destructiva (from fruit of Lycopersicon esculentum). Both species are known only as
coelomycetous asexual morphs (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018), but we introduce a new, sexual
morph species (Fig. 44).
28. Remotididymella bauhiniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Figs 45, 46
Index Fungorum number: IF555553; Facesoffungi number: FoF05257
Holotype – MFLU 18–2118
Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Bauhinia (Fabaceae).
Saprobic on Bauhinia sp. pod. Sexual morph: Ascomata 125–150 μm high × 110–125 μm
diam. (x̅ = 135 × 115 μm; n = 10), immersed or superficial, globose, conical globose to lenticular,
scattered or clustered, papillate or apapillate, ostiolate. Peridium15–30 μm wide (x̅ = 24 μm; n =
20), composed of several layers of brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis, fusing at the outside
with the host tissue. Hamathecium with 1.5–2 μm wide (x̅ = 1.7 μm; n = 20), dense, filamentous,
septate, branching and hyaline, cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci 70–80 × 5–9 μm (x̅ = 75 × 7.5 μm;
n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, short-pedicellate, rounded at apex,
with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 22–26 × 3–6 μm (x̅ = 23.5 × 4.5 μm; n = 20), overlapping 2–3seriate, hyaline, fusiform, 1–3-septate, constricted at middle septum, containing up to four
refractive oil globules, irregular, hyaline, gelatinous sheath observed when mounted in Indian ink.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata not observed in culture. Chlamydospores 8–12 × 3–4 μm (x̅ = 10 ×
3.5 μm; n = 20), intercalary or terminal, solitary, subhyaline to dark brown, variable, irregular,
verruculose or incidentally tuberculate, 1–2 cells, smooth.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies reaching 15 mm
diam. after 1 week, flattened, top and reverse olive brown to dark grey, top white mass of hyphal
growth, NaOH spot test negative. Crystals absent.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on
decaying pod of Bauhinia sp. (Fabaceae), 27 June 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 254 (MFLU 18–2118,
holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2281, KUMCC 18–0296.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347845, ITS: MK347737, LSU: MK347954, rpb2:
MK434914, tub2: MK412884, actin: MK412894
58
Notes – Remotididymella bauhiniae forms a sister clade to R. anthropophila (CBS 142462)
with high support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 44). Remotididymella bauhiniae is the first record
of sexual morph taxon for this genus; we failed to isolate the asexual morph in culture. Therefore,
we compared morphology of R. bauhiniae (Fig. 45) with family descriptions of Didymellace;
characters such as immersed or superficial, globose, conical globose ascomata, filamentous,
septate, branched, cellular pseudoparaphyses, clavate to cylindrical, short-pedicellate asci and
fusiform, hyaline, 1–3-septate ascospores occur in both (Chen et al. 2015, Valenzuela-Lopez et al.
2018). Base pair difference of ITS, rpb2 and tub2 genes are 13 (2.6%), 57 (7.8%) and 33(9.9%),
respectively, which separates R. anthropophila and the new species.
Figure 44 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 matrix of 246 taxa including related species of the
family Didymellaceae (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). The matrix comprised 2524 characters
including alignment gaps. The tree was rooted with Leptosphaeria doliolum CBS 505.75
(Leptosphaeriaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -35336.736875
is presented. The matrix had 942 distinct alignment patterns, with 17.25% of undetermined
59
characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.237767, C = 0.243586, G =
0.273352, T = 0.245295; substitution rates AC = 1.587839, AG = 5.660755, AT = 1.923812, CG =
0.840031, CT = 11.057417, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than
70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch.
The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, isotype and reference
specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, I and R respectively.
Figure 45 – Remotididymella bauhiniae (MFLU 18–2118, holotype). a Host of decaying pod.
b, c Ascoma on substrate. d Section through ascoma. e–h Ascospores. i Cellular pseudoparaphyses.
j–m Asci. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 200 μm, d = 50 μm, e–i = 10 μm, i–k = 20 μm.
Figure 46 – Remotididymella bauhiniae in culture (MFLUCC 17–2281, ex-type). a Top view of
colony on MEA. b Reverse view of colony. c Chlamydospores. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c = 10 µm.
60
Stagonosporopsis Died., Annales Mycologici 10 (2): 142 (1912)
Stagonosporopsis is a coelomycetous genus in Didymellaceae (De Gruyter et al. 2009),
accommodating several important phytopathogenic species, some of which have sexual forms in
Didymella (Diedicke 1912, Aveskamp et al. 2010). Many Stagonosporopsis species are considered
serious quarantine organisms in parts of the world (Pethybridge et al. 2008, Vaghefi et al. 2012,
EPPO 2014). An updated phylogenetic tree for the genus is presented in Fig. 47 and a new species
of Stagonosporopsis is introduced.
Figure 47 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 matrix of thirty-two taxa including related species of
the genus Stagonosporopsis (Crous et al. 2015). The matrix comprised 2756 characters including
alignment gaps. The tree is rooted with Heterophoma poolensis (CBS 113.20). The best scoring
RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -8386.622374 is presented. The matrix had 388
distinct alignment patterns, with 11.83% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base
frequencies were as follows; A = 0.245798, C = 0.237676, G = 0.273178, T = 0.243348;
substitution rates AC = 1.882600, AG = 4.123164, AT = 2.015920, CG = 0.907833, CT =
12.626910, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and
Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new
isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, isotype, neotype and reference
specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, I, N and R respectively.
29. Stagonosporopsis pini Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 48
Index Fungorum number: IF555554; Facesoffungi number: FoF05258
Holotype – MFLU 18–2204
Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Pinus (Pinaceae).
Saprobic on Pinus sp. cone. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous.
Conidiomata 105–140 μm high × 122–153 μm diam. (x̅ = 125 × 143 μm, n = 10), pycnidial,
globose to subglobose, on agar surface or immersed, solitary or confluent, ostiolate or poroid.
Conidiomata wall 9–26 μm wide ( x = 19.5 μm, n = 20), pseudoparenchymatous, 2–6 cell layers of
which the outer 1–3 are brown/olivaceous. Conidiogenous cells 4–7.5 × 3–6 μm (x̅ = 5.8 × 4.5 μm,
n = 10), lining the inner cavity, ampulliform, hyaline, smooth, with prominent periclinal thickening
at apex. Conidia 5–6.7 × 2.7–2.9 μm (x̅ = 6.1 × 2.8 μm, n = 10), hyaline, ellipsoidal to subglobose,
aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, two prominent guttules.
61
Figure 48 – Stagonosporopsis pini (MFLUCC 18–1549, ex-type). a Top view of culture in MEA.
b Reverse view of culture in MEA. c Conidioma in culture. d Section through a conidiomata.
e–h Conidiogenous cells. i–k Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c = 200 μm, d = 100 μm, e–k = 5
μm.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at the
end of the conidia. Colonies on MEA reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C, circular,
edge lobate, raised, fluffy, dense, convex shaped with white to grey papillate surface, to superficial
at the center, flat or effuse at the edge, greyish brown centire and edge brown from above, reverse;
olivaceous green centire.
Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming, Kunming Institute, on decaying
cone of Pinus sp. (Pinaceae) 15 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 452 (MFLU 18–2204, holotype, MFLU
18–2205, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1549; KUMCC 18–0298.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347908, ITS: MK347800, LSU: MK348019, rpb2:
MK434860, tub2: MK412886, Calmodulin: MK412896, actin: MK412895
Notes – Stagonosporopsis pini groups as sister clade to Stagonosporopsis dorenboschii (CBS
426.90) with moderate support (Fig. 47). S. dorenboschii has been reported as an opportunistic
pathogen (Boerema et al. 2004) from different plant families including Asteraceae (Callistephus
sp.), causing leaf spots and anthracnose. Stagonosporopsis pini is a saprobe on cone of Pinus sp.
Although the morphological descriptions of S. dorenboschii are inadequate, our species fits with
the generic description of Stagonosporopsis in possessing globose to subglobose pycnidia,
ampulliform conidiogenous cells and aseptate, hyaline, ellipsoidal to subglobose conidia with
guttules (Fig. 48).
Species in this family are mainly based on molecular data as the morphotaxonomic characters
are sparse (Chen et al. 2015). Base pair differences between S. dorenboschii and S. pini are 12
(2.5%), 54 (9.1%) and 26 (8.3%) for ITS, rpb2 and tub2 genes respectively. Therefore, a new
species is introduced based primarily on molecular data (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Didymosphaeriaceae Munk, Dansk botanisk Arkiv 15 (2): 128 (1953)
Ariyawansa et al. (2014) revised the family Didymosphaeriaceae with 20 genera and listed
Montagnulaceae as a synonym of Didymosphaeriaceae. We provide an updated tree for this family
with a new genus, five new species and five new host records (Fig. 49).
62
Figure 49 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU,
ITS, LSU and tef1 sequenced data of Didymosphaeriaceae. Related sequences were obtained from
Wanasinghe et al. (2018b). Ninety-six strains were included in the combined sequence analyses,
which comprised 3300 characters including alignment gaps. Pleospora herbarum (CBS 191.86 and
IT 956) and P. tarda (CBS 714.68) are used as the outgroup taxa. Tree topology of the ML tree was
63
similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of 18303.530692 is presented. The matrix had 1159 distinct alignment patterns, with 33.72% of
undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.240711, C =
0.244769, G = 0.273737, T = 0.240783; substitution rates AC = 1.476563, AG = 2.183231, AT =
1.233338, CG = 0.923088, CT = 6.926094, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
to each branch. The new isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and
reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I and R respectively.
Austropleospora R.G. Shivas & L. Morin, Fungal Diversity 40 (1): 70 (2010)
This genus comprises two species namely Austropleospora archidendri and A. osteospermi
(Morin et al. 2010, Verkley et al. 2014, Ariyawansa et al. 2015). We introduce a new species A.
keteleeriae and a new record of A. archidendri (Fig. 49).
30. Austropleospora archidendri (Verkley, Göker & Stielow) Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal
Diversity 75: 64 (2015)
Figs 50, 51
Facesoffungi number: FoF05243
= Paraconiothyrium archidendri Verkley, Göker & Stielow, Persoonia 32: 37 (2014)
Figure 50 – Austropleospora archidendri (MFLU 18–2143). a Part of decaying host pod.
b Conidiomata in the substrate. c Section through conidioma. d–f Conidiogenous cells.
g–i Conidia. j Germinated spore. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 100 μm, d–j = 5 μm.
Pathogenic on Archidendron bigeminum leaf and saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 250–350 μm high × 200–300 μm
diam. ( x = 310 × 275 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary, immersed, globose, unilocular, centrally
ostiolate. Conidiomata wall 15–25 μm wide ( x = 22 μm, n = 20), 4–5-layered, composed of outer
3–4-layers brown and inner 1–2-layers hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, arising from the base and sides of the conidioma.
Conidiogenous cells 3.5–6.5 × 3–4 μm ( x = 5.2 × 3.5 μm, n = 10), phialidic, with minute collarette,
64
globose to doliiform, lining the inner wall layer of the pycnidium, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 4.5–6.5
× 3–4.5 μm ( x = 5.7 × 3.8 μm; n = 30), solitary, hyaline when attached to conidiogenous cells,
becoming dark brown, globose to obovate, one-celled, thick and, smooth-walled.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Culture on MEA reaching
55–60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, colonies colourless to buff margin; immersed mycelium,
dense moderately high mat of woolly-floccose, white to greyish, in the centre weakly hazel aerial
mycelium; conidiomata observed. Reverse predominantly ochreous, in the centre olivaceous-black
with reddish brown margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 41̍ 45̎ N, 99˚ 34̍ 55̎ E), on
decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 321 (MFLU 18–2143,
new host record), living culture MFLUCC 17–2429, KUMCC 18–0216.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347863, ITS: MK347757, LSU: MK347974, tef1: MK360044,
rpb2: MK434884
Notes – Our new isolate forms a sister clade to Austropleospora archidendri with high
statistical support (85% MLBS/0.97 BYPP, Fig. 49). In addition, the new strain (Figs. 50, 51)
morphologically fits with the description of A. archidendri in having globose pycnidia, globose to
doliiform conidiogenous cells, olivaceous-brown aseptate conidia and similar culture characters
(Verkley et al. 2014). Furthermore, there is no nucleotide difference in ITS regions between the
two. Therefore, we introduce this collection as a new host record of Austropleospora archidendri
from decaying pod of Leucaena sp. and the holotype was recorded from leaf spots in
Pithecellobium bigeminum in Burma on (Verkley et al. 2014). However, arrangements of
conidiomata change with the substrate texture.
Figure 51 – Austropleospora archidendri in culture (MFLUCC 17–2429). a Top view of the
culture. b Reverse view of the culture. c Conidiomata in culture. d, e Conidiogenous cells. f, g
Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c = 500 μm, d–g = 5 μm.
31. Austropleospora keteleeriae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 52
Index Fungorum number: IF555541; Facesoffungi number: FoF05244
Holotype – MFLU 18–2206
Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Keteleeria (Pinaceae).
Saprobic on decaying cone of Keteleeria fortunei. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 210–240 μm high × 220–255 μm diam. ( x = 228× 242 μm, n = 30),
pycnidial, solitary, immersed, globose to obpyriform, unilocular, centrally ostiolate. Conidiomata
65
wall 33–55 μm wide ( x = 44 μm; n = 20), thick, 5-6-layers, composed of an outer 4–5 layers,
brown and inner 1–2-layers hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells, arising from the base and sides of the conidioma. Conidiogenous cells 5–7
μm × 4–5 μm ( x = 6.2 × 4.5 μm, n = 30), phialidic, enteroblastic, determinate, ampulliform, lining
the inner wall layer of the pycnidium, hyaline, smooth, thin walled. Conidia 4–5.5 × 5–6 μm ( x = 5
× 5.5 μm; n = 10), solitary, hyaline when young, becoming dark brown at maturity, globose to
obovate, one-celled, thick andsmooth-walled.
Culture characters – Culture on MEA fast growing, reaching 25–30 mm diam. after 1 week at
18oC, circular, irregular margin, colonies grow in four layers, center grey, next brown layer, pinkish
grey and dark brown at margin, reverse center brown, middle off white and dark brown at margin.
Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute garden (19˚ 41̍ 45̎ N, 99˚
34̍ 55̎ E), on decaying cone of Keteleeria fortunei (Pinaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 453-B
(MFLU 18–2206-B, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1551, KUMCC 18–0217.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347910, ITS: MK347802, LSU: MK348021, tef1: MK360045,
rpb2: MK434909
Notes – Austropleospora keteleeriae clustered with A. archidendri (CBS 168.77 and
MFLUCC 17–2429) in the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 49). Austropleospora archidendri has
similar shape and size of conidiogenous cells to A. keteleeriae but has hyaline conidia attached to
the thin-walled conidiogenous cells (Fig. 52). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two
species reveals 9 (1.9%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon
& Hyde 2016). Therefore, our isolate is introduced as a new species from Keteleeria fortunei
collected in China.
Figure 52 – Austropleospora keteleeriae (MFLUCC 18–1551, ex-type). a Host cone. b Top view
of the culture. c Reverse view of the culture. d Conidiomata in culture. e Section through
conidioma. f Conidioma wall. g–k Conidiogenous cells. l–n Conidia. Scale bars: a–c = 1 cm, d =
500 μm, e = 50 μm, f = 30 μm, g–k = 10 μm, l–n = 10 μm.
66
32. Cylindroaseptospora Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF555542; Facesoffungi number: FoF05243
Etymology – Referring to the cylindrical aseptate conidia in isolated fungus.
Saprobic on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata superficial or immersed in the agar, eustromatic, dark brown to
black, more often complex with several merging cavities, without ostioles, opening by dissolution
of upper cells; conidiomatal wall composed of a thick outer layer of textura angularis with
relatively thin, dark brown walls, thin inner layer of textura angularis, pale yellow to hyaline walls.
Conidiogenous cells discrete or assembled into protruding masses, indeterminate, phialidic, formed
from the inner cells all over the conidiomatal wall, hyaline, broadly ampulliform to globose, with
distinct periclinal thickening. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical, rounded at both ends, 1-celled, with thin
and smooth walls, with contents minutely granular or with a few small polar guttules.
Type species – Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde
Notes – Two asexual morph species clustered in Didymospheriaceae as a monophyletic clade
(Fig. 49) in both ML and BY analyses. Both of these specimens were collected from two provinces
in Thailand on decaying pod of Leucaena species. Since fungi collected herein clearly form an
independent lineage and are phylogenetically segregated from other genera, we introduce,
Cylindroaseptospora, as a new genus to accommodate these species.
33. Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 53
Index Fungorum number: IF555543; Facesoffungi number: FoF05244
Holotype – MFLU 18–2133
Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena (Fabaceae).
Saprobic on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 95–170 μm high × 150–210 μm diam. ( x = 145 × 180 μm, n = 10),
pycnidial, superficial or immersed in the agar, eustromatic, dark brown to black, more often
complex with several merging cavities, ostioles absent, opening by dissolution of upper cells.
Conidiomata wall 12–35 μm wide ( x = 28 μm, n = 20), composed of a thick outer layer of textura
angularis with relatively thin, dark brown walls, thin inner layer of textura angularis, pale yellow
to hyaline walls. Conidiogenous cells 5–10 × 4–6 μm ( x = 7.5 × 5.2 μm, n = 20), discrete or
assembled into protruding masses, indeterminate, phialidic, formed from the inner cells all over the
conidiomatal wall, hyaline, broadly ampulliform to globose, with distinct periclinal thickening.
Conidia 12–19 × 2–2.5 μm ( x = 15 × 2.2 μm, n = 5), hyaline, cylindrical, rounded at both ends, 1celled, with thin and smooth walls, with contents minutely granular or with a few small polar
guttules.
Figure 53 – Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae (MFLUCC 17–2424, ex-type). a Top view of colony
on MEA. b Reverse view of the colony. c, d Pycnidia in culture. e, f Conidiogenous cells. g–i
Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c = 500 µm, d = 200 µm, e–i = 10 µm.
67
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA and reaching of 55–60 mm diam. in 2
weeks at 18oC, spreading, with an even, colourless to buff, glabrous margin; colony surface almost
entirely covered by a dense mat of woolly floccose aerial mycelium that remains pure white except
in the centre, where it becomes olivaceous buff, visible as scattered black dots in top view; reverse
mostly ochreous, but with fulvous zones around a rust centre.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on decaying pod of
Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 20 June 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 286 (MFLU 18–2133, holotype, MFLU
18–2134, isotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2424, KUMCC 18–0226.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347856, ITS: MK347749, LSU: MK347966, tef1: MK360047,
rpb2: MK434882
Notes – Cylindroaseptospora leucaenae and C. siamensis share phialidic, determinate,
ampulliform conidiogenous cells but C. siamensis differs in having globose to subglobose, dark
brown, 1-septate conidia at maturity (Figs. 53, 54). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of
these two fungi revealed 23 (4.7%) and 81 (8.8%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they
are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
34. Cylindroaseptospora siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 54
Index Fungorum number: IF555544; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05245
Holotype – MFLU 18–2147
Etymology – Referring to country (‘Siam’ earlier name of Thailand) where the specimen was
collected.
Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 110–165 μm high × 140–190 μm diam. ( x = 142 × 175 μm, n = 10),
pycnidial, solitary, immersed, globose to obpyriform, unilocular, thick-walled. Conidiomata wall
15–38 μm wide ( x = 29 μm, n = 20), comprised of brown outer layer, hyaline inner layer, with
thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, arising from
the base. Conidiogenous cells 6.5–7.4 × 3.2–4.7 μm ( x = 7.1 × 4.1 μm; n = 10), phialidic,
determinate, ampulliform, lining the inner wall layer of the pycnidium, hyaline, smooth. Conidia
7.2–9.4 × 5.4–6.5 μm ( x = 8.6 × 6.1 μm; n = 30), hyaline when young, becoming dark brown,
globose to subglobose, aseptate, 1-septate at maturity, thick and smooth-walled.
Figure 54 – Cylindroaseptospora siamensis (MFLUCC 17–2527, ex-type). a Top view of the
colony on MEA. b Reverse view of the colony. c–e Conidiogenous cells. f, g Conidia. Scale bars: a,
b = 1 cm, e–g = 10 µm.
68
Culture characters – Culture on MEA reaching 40–50 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC,
circular, entire margin, colourless to buff, colony surface almost entirely covered by a mat of
woolly floccose aerial mycelium that remains off-white except in the centre, where it later becomes
olivaceous buff, visible as scattered black dots in top view; reverse mostly ochraceous, but with
fulvous zones around a rusty centre.
Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19° 3' 44" N, 99° 46' 54" E), on
decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 329 (MFLU 18–2147,
holotype; KUN-HKAS 102427, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2527, KUMCC 18–
0227.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347866, ITS: MK347760, LSU: MK347976, tef1: MK360048
Didymocrea Kowalski, Mycologia 57 (3): 405 (1965)
Aptroot (1995) suggested placement of this genus under family Zopfiaceae. Kruys et al.
(2006) confirmed Didymocrea individual lineage within this family but Tanaka et al (2015) placed
this genus under Didymospheriaceae with support of multi-loci analysis of SSU and LSU and tef1
genes (Fig. 49).
35. Didymocrea leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 55
Index Fungorum number: IF555546; Facesoffungi number: FoF05247
Holotype – MFLU 18–2092
Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena (Fabaceae).
Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pod. Sexaul morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Sporodochia on substrate punctiform, pulvinate, granular, black, shining.
Mycelium immersed in the substrate, composed of branched, septate, smooth, subhyaline to pale
brown, hyphae. Conidiophores 32–47 × 2.5–3.5 μm ( x = 40 × 3 μm; n = 20), micronematous or
semi-macronematous, mononematous, fasciculate, simple or sometimes branched. Conidiogenous
cells 12–17 × 11–15 μm ( x = 15 × 13 μm; n = 20), integrated, holoblastic, terminal, determinate.
Conidia 15–17 × 16–19 μm ( x = 16.5 × 18.5 μm; n = 20), acrogenous, solitary, reddish brown to
brown, broadly ellipsoidal to obovoid in surface view, fusiform to obclavate in lateral view,
flattened, muriform, 3–4 rows of transverse septa, constricted at the septa, dark and thickly banded
atthe septa, canals in the septa obscured by dark pigmentation in face view, and visible inside view,
thin and smooth-walled. The number of cells per conidium varies from 9 to 11. Basal cell
subhyaline to pale brown, cuneiform.
Culture characteristics – Conidia germinating on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced an
end of conidia. Colonies on MEA reaching 36–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, circular, edge
entire, raised, fluffy, dense, convex or dome-shaped with white papillate surface, to superficial at
the center, flat or effuse at the edge, greyish brown from above, dark brown from below.
Material examined – THAILAND, Lumphang Province, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp.
(Fabaceae), 30 August 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 150 (MFLU 18–2092, holotype), ex-type living
culture MFLUCC 17–0896, KUMCC 18–0235.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347826, ITS: MK347721, LSU: MK347935, tef1: MK360052,
rpb2: MK434905
Notes – Our isolate clades with Didymocrea sadasivanii which is the type and only species in
this genus. However, Didymocrea sadasivanii is a sexual morph species and our isolate is an
asexual morph (Fig. 55). Therefore, there is no morphological data to compare the two species.
There is low bootstrap support for this relationship (Fig. 49). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides
of these two strains reveals 38 (6%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct
taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Morphology of Didymocrea leucaenae bears similarities to species in Canalisporium
(Sordariomycetes), but phylogenetically they are distinct (Zhao et al. 2013).
Pseudopithomyces Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 75: 64 (2015)
69
Pseudopithomyces was introduced to accommodate Pithomyces chartarum and characterized
by fusiform, verruculose dark conidia and producing brown to black colonies on the host
(Ariyawansa et al. 2015).
Figure 55 – Didymocrea leucaenae (MFLU 18–2092, holotype). a Host Leucaena leucocephala
pod. b–d Sporodochia and conidia. e–i Conidia. j Germinated conidium. k Top view of culture in
MEA. l Reverse view of culture in MEA. m–o Conidia and conidiogenous cells in culture. Sale
bars: a = 1 cm, d, n, o = 50 μm, e –g = 20 μm, h–j = 10 μm, k, l = 3 cm, m = 100 μm.
36. Pseudopithomyces chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Jin F. Li, Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal
Diversity 75: 66 (2015)
Figs 56, 57
≡Sporidesmium chartarum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, in Berkeley, Grevillea 3: 50 (1874)
≡Piricauda chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) R.T. Moore, Rhodora 61: 96 (1959)
=Sporidesmium bakeri Syd. & P. Syd., Annales Mycologici 12 (2): 204 (1914)
Saprobic and endophytic on wide host range. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores mononematous, micronematous, mostly intercalary, sometimes
denticulate, aseptate. Conidiogenous cells mono or polyblastic, light brown, smooth, with upto 2
µm broad conidial attachment, with rhexolytic cesession. Conidia 16–22 × 8–12 μm ( x = 18 × 10
μm, n = 30), solitary, dark brown, obovate to oblong, verruculose to spinulose, slightly constricted
at the septa, 3–4 vertical septa, mostly 1–2 longitudinal dark septa.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at end
cells of conidia. Colonies cottony, pinkish white, light brown to brown, reaching 40–50 mm diam.
after 2 weeks at 18°C. Mycelium superficial, effuse and radially striated with regular edge.
Sporulation observed after 4 weeks at 18°C.
70
Figure 56 – Pseudopithomyces chartarum (MFLU 18–2123). a Host seed pods. b, c Conidiomata
on host material. d, e Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. f–j Conidia. k Germinated spore.
Scale bars: a = 2 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d–g, k = 20 μm, f–j = 10 μm.
Figure 57 – Pseudopithomyces chartarum from culture (MFLUCC 17–2290). a Germinated spore.
b, c Top view of culture. c Reverse view of culture. e–h Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells.
d, i–m Conidia. Scale bars: a, d–m = 10 μm, b, c = 1 cm.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on
decaying pod of Radermachera sinica (Bignoniaceae), 7 July 2017, S. C. Jayasiri, C-268 (MFLU
18–2123, new host record); living culture, MFLUCC 17–2286, KUMCC 18–0287; ibid., Doi Pui
(19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N; 99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Bauhinia sp. (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S. C. Jayasiri,
C 284 (MFLU 18–2131, new host record), living culture, MFLUCC 17–2290, KUMCC 18–0288;
THAILAND, Koland, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 6 August 2017, S. C. Jayasiri,
C 300 (MFLU 18–2137, new host record) living culture, MFLUCC 17–2293, KUMCC 18–0289;
CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora
(Magnoliaceae), 25 May 2018, S. C. Jayasiri, C 459 (MFLU 18–2215), living culture MFLUCC
18–1564, KUMCC 18–0290.
71
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2286: SSU: MK347849, ITS: MK347741, LSU:
MK347958, tef1: MK360079, rpb2: MK434892; MFLUCC 17–2290: SSU: MK347854, ITS:
MK347747, LSU: MK347964, tef1: MK360080, rpb2: MK434890; MFLUCC 17–2293: SSU:
MK347859, ITS: MK347752, LSU: MK347969, tef1: MK360081, rpb2: MK434887; MFLUCC
18–1564: SSU: MK347916, ITS: MK347808, LSU: MK348027, tef1: MK360082, rpb2:
MK434857
Notes – Four strains of Pseudopithomyces chartarum were isolated from decaying wild seed
pods and a cone of Magnolia grandiflora. These are well supported in the phylogenetic tree (Fig.
49) and morphs are in agreement with the type descriptions (Berkeley & Curtis 1874).
Pseudopithomyces chartarum has been reported from different hosts (Ariyawansa et al. 2015), but
this is the first report from Bauhinia sp., Leucaena sp., Magnolia grandiflora and Radermachera
sinica species. This species appears as a species complex with many records worldwide but we
suggest more gene sequences are needed for further resolve this complex (Fig. 49).
37. Pseudopithomyces entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 58
Index Fungorum number: IF555545; Facesoffungi number: FoF05246
Holotype – MFLU 18–2103
Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Entada (Fabaceae).
Saprobic on pod of Entada phaseoloides. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores differentiated, arising from creeping hyphae, unbranched, with
thin septa, straight to flexuous, hyaline to pale brown, thick-walled, producing conidium-bearing
denticles that are widely spaced in the apical region, with rhexolytic conidial cesession. Conidia
10–14 × 6–9 μm ( x = 12 × 8 μm, n = 30), solitary, dark brown, obovate to oblong, verruculose,
slightly constricted at the septa, with 1–2 septa, rarely 1 longitudinal septum in the middle cell.
Figure 58 – Pseudopithomyces entadae (MFLU 18–2103, holotype). a Part of host seed pod.
b Conidiomata on host material. c–g Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. h Conidia. i
Germinated conidia. j Top view of culture. k Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a, j, k = 2 cm, b =
200 μm, c–g = 10 μm, h, i = 20 μm.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at end
of conidia. Colonies cottony, pinkish white, light brown to brown, reaching 45–52 mm diam. after
2 weeks at 18°C. Mycelium superficial, effuse and radially striate with regular edge.
72
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N;
99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C
219 (MFLU 18–2103, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–0917, KUMCC 18–0291; C
227 (MFLU 18–2107, paratype), MFLUCC 17–2585, KUMCC 18–0292.
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–0917: SSU: MK347835, LSU: MK347944, tef1:
MK360083, rpb2: MK434899
Notes – Pseudopithomyces entadae constitutes an independent subclade to P. chartarum
strains with high support (83% MLBS, Fig. 49). Morphologically P. chartarum differs from P.
entadae in having conidium-bearing denticles in the apical region of the conidiophore and 1–2
septa, rarely longitudinal septa to the conidia (Fig. 58). However, Pseudopithomyces chartarum is
characterized by mono or polyblastic conidiogenous cells and 3–4 septa, 1–2 longitudinal septate
conidia (Berkeley & Curtis 1874, Ariyawansa et al. 2015). A comparison of the ITS and tef1
nucleotides of these two strains reveals 18 (3.9%) and 23 (2.6%) nucleotide differences, which
indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Spegazzinia Sacc., Michelia 2 (6): 37 (1880)
Spegazzinia was classified in the Apiosporaceae (Sordariomycetes) based on its
morphological traits (Hyde et al. 1998). Tanaka et al. (2015) placed this genus in
Didymosphaeriaceae based on molecular evidence. We introduce a new species of Spegazzinia
from fallen pod of Radermachera sinica in Thailand (Fig. 49).
Figure 59 – Spegazzinia radermacherae (MFLU 18–2122, holotype). a Host seed pods.
b, c Sporodochia on the host surface. d–g Conidiogenous cells and conidia (note conidiogenous
mother cell in g). h, i α conidia. j β conidia. k Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, b = 500
μm, d–g, k = 20 μm, h–j = 20 μm.
38. Spegazzinia radermacherae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF555547; Facesoffungi number: FoF05249
Fig. 59
73
Holotype – MFLU 18–2122
Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Radermachera
(Bignoniaceae).
Saprobic on Radermachera sinica. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Sporodochia dark, dense, dry, powdery, velvety. Conidiophores micronematous.
Conidiogenous cells 4–5 μm × 3.5–4.5 μm ( x = 4.5 × 3.7 μm; n = 10), basauxic, ampulate,
verrucose, producing an erect, verruculose unbranched filament up to 43–52 × 1.5–2.5 μm ( x = 48
× 1.8 μm; n = 20), pale, or golden brown. Conidia of two kinds: α conidia 4-celled, brown to black
brown, 18–22 × 17.5–20 μm ( x = 19 × 18 μm; n = 30), with conspicuous spines 2–3 μm, scattered;
β conida 15–17 × 8–10 μm ( x = 16.5 × 9.2 μm; n = 30), 4-celled, pale brown to dark brown,
subglobose, flattened in one plane, cuciately septate, smooth to verrucose.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr and germ tubes produced from
several cells. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 15–20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, flat,
surface smooth, with entire edge, white to pale greenish-olivaceous, moderately dense, circular;
reverse white to greenish olivaceous.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on
fallen pod of Radermachera sinica (Bignoniaceae), 7 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 264 (MFLU 18–
2122, holotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2285, KUMCC 18–0297.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347848, ITS: MK347740, LSU: MK347957, tef1: MK360088,
rpb2: MK434893
Notes – Spegazzinia radermacherae and S. tessarthra are related with high statistical support
in the multigene phylogenetic analysis of SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 gene sequences (Fig. 49).
Spegazzinia radermacherae is characteristic of Spegazzinia in having two types of conidia (Fig.
59). However, the type species of Spegazzinia tessarthra has longer spines (up to 10 μm) while in
S. radermacherae, they are only 2–3 μm long. To further support the establishment a new taxon, as
proposed by Jeewon & Hyde (2016), we examined the nucleotide differences of ITS and tef1 gene
regions. There were 10 (3.1%) and 18 (2.0%) nucleotide differences between S. radermacherae and
S. tessarthra for ITS and tef1 gene regions.
Xenocamarosporium Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia 34: 185 (2015)
This genus was added to Camarosporium complex by Crous et al. (2015).
Xenocamarosporium acacia is the only species in the genus and it differs from
Paracamarosporium in lacking paraphyses and from Pseudocamarosporium by not having
muriformly septate conidia.
39. Xenocamarosporium acaciae Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia 34: 185 (2015)
Fig. 60
Facesoffungi number: FoF05248
Saprobic on decaying Leucaena sp. pods. Sexual morph: Ascomata 150–170 μm high × 160–
200 μm diam. ( x = 164 × 185 μm, n = 10), scattered, solitary, immersed, visible as small, brown
spots surrounded by pale yellowish region, uniloculate, subglobose, glabrous, with central black
ostiole penetrating through host surface. Peridium 14–18 μm wide ( x = 14.5 μm; n = 20), thinwalled, of unequal thickness, composed of 3–4 layers of thickened, brown, pseudoparenchymatous
cells, arranged in a textura angularis. Hamathecium 1–3 μm wide ( x = 2.2 μm; n = 20), composed
of sparse, filiform, frequently anastomosing, broad cellular pseudoparaphyses, with distinct,
constricted septa. Asci 60–75 × 8–10 μm ( x = 70 × 9 μm; n = 20), bitunicate, 8-spored, broadly
cylindrical to cylindric-clavate, subsessile to short pedicellate, apically rounded with indistinct
ocular chamber. Ascospores 15–20 × 3.5–5 μm ( x = 17 × 4 μm; n = 30), overlapping 1–3-seriate,
phragmosporous, hyaline to brown, cylindrical, narrower and longer at the lower cell, 4-5-septate,
often enlarged at the forth cell, rough-walled. Asexual morph: See Crous et al. (2015).
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated in MEA. Colonies reaching 40 mm diam. after 2
weeks at 18°C, spreading with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, margins, surface dirty white,
reverse with cinnamon centire and margin in yellow layer.
74
Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District (8˚ 3̍ 22̎ N, 98˚ 46̍
28̎ E), on decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 354 (MFLU
18–2157, new host record); living culture MFLUCC 17–2432, KUMCC 18–0306.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347873, ITS: MK347766, LSU: MK347983, tef1: MK360093
Figure 60 – Xenocamarosporium acacia (MFLU 18–2157). a Pod of Leucaena sp. host. b, c
Ascomata on host pod. d Section of ascoma. e Pseudoparaphyses. f–i Asci. j–n Ascospores. o
Germinated ascospore. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, d = 50 µm, e = 10 µm, g, f–i = 20 µm, j–o = 10 µm.
Notes – The sexual morph of Xenocamarosporium acacia is reported here and it groups with
Alloconiothyrium aptrootii with moderate support. A sequence from our recent collection of X.
acacia (MFLUCC 17–2432) groups with sequence of X. acacia (CPC 24755) with high statistical
support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 49). Our isolate of X. acacia did not produce the asexual
morph in culture. A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of the new strain (MFLUCC 17–2432) and
Xenocamarosporium acacia (CPC 24755) reveals only 1 (0.2%) nucleotide differences, which
indicates that they are not distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Hermatomycetaceae Locq. ex A. Hashim. & Kaz. Tanaka, Persoonia 39: 56 (2017)
The family Hermatomycetaceae was introduced to accommodate the single genus
Hermatomyces and two species, H. iriomotensis and H. nabanheensis (Hashimoto et al. 2017, Hyde
et al. 2017). However, there are now 13 species in this genus (Tibpromma et al. 2016, 2017, Hyde
et al. 2017, Koukol et al. 2018).
75
Hermatomyces Speg., Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Buenos Aires ser. 3, 13: 445
(1911)
Some Hermatomyces species, such as H. sphaericus or H. tucumanensis, are seemingly
common, but others are specific for one locality (Tibpromma et al. 2016, 2017b, Hyde et al. 2017,
Koukol et al. 2018). We collected a specimen in Thailand and it is a new host record of H.
sphaericus from decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides.
Figure 61 – The best scoring RAxML tree from the maximum likelihood analysis based on
combined LSU, ITS, tef1 and rpb2 sequence data for Hermatomycetaceae. Forty-three strains were
included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 3322 characters including alignment gaps. Two
strains of Anteaglonium (Anteagloniaceae) were used as the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses
were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade
stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree
with a final likelihood value of -9995.716043 is presented. The matrix had 642 distinct alignment
patterns, with 16.43% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as
follows; A = 0.246000, C = 0.264750, G = 0.260783, T = 0.228466; substitution rates AC =
1.113195, AG = 4.383677, AT = 1.052816, CG = 0.868872, CT = 13.097676, GT = 1.000000. ML
bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or
greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strain is in blue. Strains isolated from the
holotype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in with a red superscript H, P and R
respectively.
40. Hermatomyces sphaericus (Sacc.) S. Hughes, Mycological Papers 50: 100 (1953)
Fig 62
Facesoffungi number: FoF05259
Saprobic on decaying branch, leaves and pods. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
76
morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate scattered, Mycelium 2–4 μm wide ( x = 3.2
μm; n = 20), immersed, composed of brown, smooth, septate hyphae. Conidiomata 300–800 μm
wide ( x = 585 μm, n = 20), sporodochial, dark brown to black. Conidiophores 8–13 μm long × 2–4
μm diam. ( x = 11.5 × 3.4 μm; n = 20), micronematous, mononematous, pale brown, smooth.
Conidiogenous cells 4.5–10 × 3–4 μm ( x = 7.5 × 3.5 μm, n = 20), monoblastic, integrated,
terminal, pale brown, cylindrical, smooth-walled. Conidia 25–31 × 20–30 μm ( x = 28 × 25 μm; n =
20), solitary, acrogenous, cheiroid, pale brown to brown, globose, subglobose, inwardly curved at
the tip, arising from a basal cell, consisting of 4–5 rows of cells, rows digitate, without appendages,
with each row composed of 4–5 cells, euseptate, constricted at the septa, guttulate.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
20–30 mm diam. after 1 week in 18 ° C, irregular in shape, undulate to lobate, flat or effuse to rise
at the edge, convex with papillate surface on old mycelium plugs, aerial, medium sparse, grey
above, pastel grey from below.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N;
99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C
415 (MFLU 18–2183, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 17–0915, KUMCC 18–0246.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347891, ITS: MK347784, LSU: MK348002, tef1: MK360058,
rpb2: MK434868
Notes – Hermatomyces sphaericus has been reported from different plant families and
different plant parts (Koukol et al. 2018). We introduce a new host record from decaying pods of
Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae) in Thailand. The new strain groups with other strains of H.
sphaericus in the multigene analysis (Fig. 61). Morphology of the new strain (Fig. 62) matches the
type collection (K(M)–IMI 37763) in having dark brown to black sporodochia, micronematous,
mononematous, pale brown, smooth, monoblastic, integrated, terminal, pale brown, cylindrical
conidiogenous cells and globose to subglobose, acrogenous, cheiroid conidia with one cell type
(Hughes 1953). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of Hermatomyces sphaericus (PMA
116081) and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–0915) revealed 3 (0.5%) and 3 (0.34%) nucleotide
differences, which indicates that the new strain is Hermatomyces sphaericus (Jeewon & Hyde
2016).
Figure 62 – Hermatomyces sphaericus (MFLU 18–2183). a Part of host seed pod. b, c
Conidiomata on host material. d, f conidia and conidiophores arrangement. e, g–k Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 1 cm, b = 200 μm, c = 500 μm, d–k = 20 μm.
77
Figure 63 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, LSU and tef1 matrix of 101 taxa including related families of the order
78
Pleosporales (Raja et al. 2017). The matrix comprised 2853 characters including alignment gaps.
The tree was rooted with Hysterium angustatum (Hysteriaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with
a final likelihood value of -23438.322933 is presented. The matrix had 1240 distinct alignment
patterns, with 23.56% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as
follows; A = 0.246725, C = 0.239974, G = 0.281460, T = 0.231841; substitution rates AC =
0.949077, AG = 3.313709, AT = 1.082049, CG = 1.230345, CT = 9.959676, GT = 1.000000. ML
bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or
greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolates are in blue and the new
combination is in purple. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are
indicated in red superscript H, I and R respectively.
Lindgomycetaceae K. Hiray., Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer, Mycologia 102 (3): 733 (2010)
This family contains four genera, Arundellina, Clohesyomyces, Hongkongmyces and Lolia.
Most members in this family have been recorded from freshwater habitats, while Hongkongmyces
is associated with IgG4-related sclerosing disease of humans (Tsang et al. 2014). We introduce a
new genus to this family namely, Neolindgomyces with N. pandanae as the type species (Fig. 63).
Quintaria submersa is transferred to Neolindgomyces as a second species.
41. Neolindgomyces Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF555555; Facesoffungi number: FoF05260
Etymology – Referring to the morphological similarity of new taxon with genus
Lindgomyces.
Saprobic on Pandanus sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered to gregarious, immersed,
coriaceous, dark brown to black, surrounded by large, carbonaceous parenchymatous cells, clypeus
present. Ostiole slit-like, central, with a reduced crest and a pore-like opening, plugged by
gelatinous tissue, made up of lightly pigmented, pseudoparenchymatous cells. Peridium circular,
symmetric, dark brown to black layers, somewhat flattened cells of textura angularis, fusing and
indistinguishable from the host tissues, with inner stratum comprising hyaline cell layers of textura
angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, filamentous, branched septate, pseudoparaphyses.
Asci, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate, apex rounded with a minute
ocular chamber. Ascospores uniseriate to bi-seriate, overlapping, hyaline, fusiform with narrow,
acute ends, 8-septate, constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, guttulate, with a wide mucilaginous
sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species – Neolindgomyces pandanae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde
Notes – Neolindgomyces is introduced as a new genus belonging to family Lindgomycetaceae
based on the multigene phylogenetic analysis of LSU, SSU and tef1 sequence data and
morphological characters. Neolindgomyces forms a new lineage in the Lindgomycetaceae distinct
from other genera in the family with high statistical support (83% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 63).
Morphology of our strains are in line with the family descriptions in having subglobose to globose
ostiolate ascomata, filamentous, branched, anastomosing pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical to clavate
bitunicate asci with an ocular chamber, multi-septate, hyaline ascospores with a gelatinous sheath
(Figs. 64, 65). Neolindgomyces differs from other genera in this family in having carbonaceous
peridium and presence of clypeus (Zhang et al. 2009, Hirayama et al. 2010, Hyde et al. 2014).
42. Neolindgomyces pandanae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Figs 64, 65
Index Fungorum number: IF 555556; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05261
Holotype – MFLU 18–2161
Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Pandanus
(Pandanaceae).
Saprobic on Pandanus sp. fruits. Sexual morph: Ascomata 230–255 high × 220–248 µm
diam. (x̅ = 235 × 225 µm; n = 10), scattered to gregarious, immersed, carbonaceous, globose to
subglobose, dark brown to black, clypeus present, ostiolate. Ostiole pore-like opening, with
79
periphyses made up of lightly pigmented, pseudoparenchymatous cells. Peridium 13–25 µm wide
(x̅ = 21 µm; n = 20), circular, symmetric, dark brown to black layers, somewhat flattened cells of
textura angularis, fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues, inner stratum comprising
hyaline cell layers of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.0–1.5 µm wide (x̅ = 1.3 µm; n = 30),
comprising numerous, filamentous, branched, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 100–140 × 11–13
µm (x̅ = 125 × 11.9 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate,
apex rounded with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores 40–50 × 5–7 µm (x̅ = 43 × 6.2 µm; n =
30), uniseriate to bi-seriate, overlapping, hyaline, brown when speciemen dry, fusiform with
narrow, acute ends, 8-septate, constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, with many guttules,
surrounded by prominent mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
30–40 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18°C, colonies irregular, medium dense, brown to grey in top
view with dark brown edge. Lower surface dark brown with radially arrange margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Ranong Province (9˚ 35̍ 43̎ N, 98˚ 80̍ 43̎ E), on decaying
fruit pericarp of Pandanus sp. (Pandanaceae), 29 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 358 (MFLU 18–
2161, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102431, isotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–0245, KUMCC
18–0262; ibid., C 363 (MFLU 18–2162), living culture MFLUCC 18–1546, KUMCC 18–0263;
ibid., 380-A (MFLU 18–2174); living culture MFLUCC 18–1539, KUMCC 18–0264.
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–0245: SSU: MK347875, ITS: MK347768, LSU:
MK347985, tef1: MK360062, rpb2: MK434875; MFLUCC 18–1546: SSU: MK347877, ITS:
MK347770, LSU: MK347987, tef1: MK360064, rpb2: MK434874; MFLUCC 18–1539: SSU:
MK347877, ITS: MK347778, LSU: MK347995, tef1: MK360063
Figure 64 – Neolindgomyces pandanae (MFLU 18–2161, holotype). a Pandanus sp. host. b
Ascomata on host seed. c Section of ascoma. d Pseudoparaphyses. e, f Asci. g, h Ascospores. i
Germinated spore. j Sheath in Indian ink. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, c = 100 µm, d = 20 µm, e, f = 30
µm, g–j = 20 µm.
80
Figure 65 – Neolindgomyces pandanae in culture (MFLUCC 18–0245, ex-type). a Top view of
culture. b Reverse view of culture. c Ascomata. d Hypha coils. e Section of ascoma. f Peridium.
g Ostiolar neck. h–j Asci. k, l Ascospore. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, c = 300 µm, d = 10 µm, e = 100 µm,
f, k, l = 20 µm, g–j = 30 µm.
43. Neolindgomyces submersa (K.D. Hyde & Goh) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov.
≡ Quintaria submersa K.D. Hyde & Goh, Nova Hedwigia 68(1–2): 262 (1999)
Index Fungorum number: IF555557; Facesoffungi number: FoF05262
Description – Refer to Hyde & Goh (1999)
Notes – Quintaria submersa (CBS 115553) forms a sister clade to our three strains
(MFLUCC 18–0239, MFLUCC 18–0246 and MFLUCC 18–0253) of Neolindgomyces pandanae
with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 65). Quintaria submersa shares similar
morphology with Neolindgomyces pandanae in having globose to subglobose ascomata with
clypeus and ostiolar canal filled with periphyses, cylindrical, short-pedicellate asci and hyaline,
fusiform, guttulate ascospores with sheath (Hyde & Goh 1999). Therefore, we transfer Quintaria
submersa to the genus Neolindgomyces. Neolindgomyces pandanae diffes from N. submera in
having 8-septate, smaller ascospores (40–50 × 5–7 µm vs. 50–68 × 10–14 µm) and smaller asci
(100–140 × 11–13 µm vs. 144–212 × 22–33 µm) (Hyde & Goh 1999). To further support the
establishment a new taxon, as proposed by Jeewon & Hyde (2016), we examined the nucleotide
differences of tef1 gene region. There was 53 (6.1%) nucleotide difference between
Neolindgomyces pandanae and N. submersa for tef1 gene region.
Neolindgomyces submersa differs from the type species of Quintaria (Quintaria lignatilis) in
having coriaceous ascomata, presence of clypeus and ascospores with a sheath (Hyde & Goh 1999).
Quintaria lignatilis groups with species in family Testudinaceae (Schoch et al. 2009, this study).
However, LSU sequence data in GenBank blast with Lophiotremataceae species, while SSU and
81
rpb2 sequence data in GenBank blast with Testudinaceae. Recent studies of these families did not
consider Q. lignatilis and further sampling is required to confirm the placement of this species.
Two additional species, Q. aquatica and Q. microsporum have no sequence data available.
Quintaria aquatica differs from Neolindgomyces pandanae, in having 11–13 septate ascospores
with a thin sheath and asci with a ring-like apical thickening (Hyde & Goh 1999). Quintaria
microsporum is characterized by short ascospores without a sheath and shorter asci compared to
other species of Quintaria and Neolindgomyces pandanae (Zhang et al. 2008).
Lophiostomataceae Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 2: 672 (1883)
Species of the family are recognised by their carbonaceous ascomata with a slit-like ostiolar
neck (Zhang et al 2009, Hashimoto et al. 2018). They are saprobes on woody plants from
terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments (Thambugala et al. 2015, Hashimoto et al. 2018,
Tennakoon et al. 2018). We introduce a new host record of Flabellascoma minimum from fallen
pods of Leucaena leucocephala and describe a new species, Vaginatispora nypae from fallen fruit
of Nypa fruticans in intertial zone in Thailand (Fig. 66).
44. Flabellascoma minimum A. Hashim., K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka, Studies in Mycology 90: 169
(2018)
Fig. 67
Facesoffungi number: FoF05263
Saprobic on dead herbaceous twigs and pods. Sexual morph: Ascomata 228–310 µm high ×
245–325 µm diam. (x̅ = 265 × 286 µm, n = 20), solitary, immersed, papilla erumpent through host
surface, coriaceous to carbonaceous, black, subglobose, ostiolate. Ostiole slit-like, variable in
shape, central, papillate, with a crestlike apex and an irregular porelike opening, plugged by
gelatinous tissue, made up of hyaline, periphyes and occasionally lighter coloured. Peridium 22–45
µm wide, wider at the apex and thinner at the base, composed of a single stratum, with several
layers of lightly pigmented to brown cells of textura prismatica, cells towards the inside lighter and
somewhat broad, at the outside, darker, fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues.
Hamathecium 1.5–2.5 µm wide (x̅ = 2.2 µm; n = 30), comprising numerous, filamentous, branched,
septate, pseudoparaphyses, situated between and above the asci, embedded in a gelatinous matrix.
Asci 65–79 × 7–9.5 µm (x̅ = 74 × 8.3 µm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate, long
pedicellate, rounded at the apex, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 19–22 × 3–5 µm (x̅ = 21 × 4.2
µm, n = 20), overlapping 1–2 seriate, hyaline, fusiform, with narrow, acute ends, mostly curved, 13 septate, constricted at the central septum, cell above central septum widest, smooth-walled,
guttulate, with polar appendages at each end. Asexual morph: See Hashimoto et al. (2018).
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
35–45 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18°C, colonies irregular, medium dense, brown to grey in top
view with pale grey edge. Lower surface grey to brown with radially arrange margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province, 19° 3' 44" N, 99° 46' 54" E, on fallen
pod of Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 328 (MFLU 18–2146,
new host record; KUN-HKAS 102426), living culture MFLUCC 18–0233, KUMCC 18–0241.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347865, ITS: MK347759, LSU: MK347975, tef1: MK360054,
rpb2: MK434883
Notes – Our isolate forms a sister clade to two strains of Flabellascoma minimum (CBS
143645 and CBS 143645) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/ 1.0 BYPP, Fig. 66), and
shares similar morphological characters (Hashimoto et al. 2018). Flabellascoma minimum has
coriaceous to carbonaceous, black, subglobose ascomata with ostiole, bitunicate, fissitunicate,
clavate asci and fusiform, 1-3 septate, guttulate ascospores with polar appendages at each end
(Hashimoto et al. 2018). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and rpb2 nucleotides of Flabellascoma
minimum (CBS 143646) and the new strain (MFLUCC 18–0245) revealed 3 (0.57%), 5 (0.56%)
and 10 (0.9%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that the new strain is Flabellascoma
minimum (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, we introduce this as a new record of Flabellascoma
82
minimum on Leucaena leucocephala in Thailand. Previously, this species was reported on petioles
of Arenga engleri and pods of Bauhinia purpurea in Taiwan (Hashimoto et al. 2018).
Figure 66 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU,
LSU, ITS, tef1 and rpb2 partial sequence data. Sixty-four strains are included in the sequence
analysis, which comprised 3645 characters including alignment gaps. Teichospora rubriostiolata
and Teichospora trabicola (Teichosporaceae) were used as the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses
were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade
stability. Tree topology of the ML analysis was similar to the BY. The best scoring RAxML tree
with a final likelihood value of -24365.760802 is presented. The matrix had 1489 distinct alignment
patterns, with 31.29% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as
83
follows; A = 0.244512, C = 0.262058, G = 0.270451, T = 0.222979; substitution rates AC =
1.513226, AG = 4.132155, AT = 1.335161, CG = 1.306726, CT = 8.580096, GT = 1.000000. ML
bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or
greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from
the epitype, holotype, partype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, P and R
respectively.
Figure 67 – Flabellascoma minimum (MFLU 18–2146). a Host seed pod. b–d Ascomata in host.
e Section through ascoma. f Ostiole. g Peridium. h Pseudoparaphyses. i–l Asci. m–q Ascospores. r
Top view of culture. s Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, e, u = 50 µm, f, g, i–l = 20
µm, h, m–q = 10 µm, r, s = 1 cm.
45. Vaginatispora nypae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 68
Index Fungorum number: IF555558; Facesoffungi number: FoF05264
Holotype – MFLU 18–2156
Etymology – Referring to the host on which the fungus was collected, Nypa (Arecaceae).
Saprobic on brackish water palm Nypa fruticans. Sexual morph: Ascomata 305–360 µm high
× 280–405 µm diam. ( x = 344 × 365 µm; n = 30), scattered to gregarious, immersed, coriaceous,
dark brown to black, surrounded by large, blackened parenchymatous cells, ostiolate. Ostiole slitlike, central, with a reduced crest and a pore-like opening, plugged by gelatinous tissue, made up of
lightly pigmented, periphyes. Peridium 22–30 µm wide, circular, symmetric, dark brown to black
84
layers, somewhat flattened cells of textura angularis, fusing and indistinguishable from the host
tissues, inner stratum comprising hyaline cell layers of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.0–1.5 µm
wide ( x = 1.3 µm; n = 30), comprising numerous, filamentous, branched septate,
pseudoparaphyses. Asci 75–85 × 11–13 µm ( x = 82 × 11.9 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate,
fissitunicate, cylindrical-clavate, short-pedicellate, apex rounded with a minute ocular chamber.
Ascospores 22–26 × 10–13 µm ( x = 24 × 12 µm; n = 30), uniseriate to bi-seriate, overlapping,
hyaline, fusiform with narrow, acute ends, 8-septate, constricted at the septa, smooth-walled,
guttulate, with a prominent mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
3–4 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18°C, colonies irregular, medium dense, brown to grey in top view
with pale brown edge. Lower surface dark brown with radially arrange margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on fallen fruit
pericarp of Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), 31 Aug 2017, S.C. Jayasiri C 350 (MFLU 18–2156,
holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1543, KUMCC 18–0302.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347872, ITS: MK347765, LSU: MK347982, tef1: MK360091,
rpb2: MK434877
Notes – Vaginatispora nypae forms a sister clade to V. appendiculata (MFLUCC 16–0314)
with good statistical support (78 % MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 67) and shares similar morphological
characters. Both species have cylindrical to clavate asci and hyaline, narrow fusiform ascospores
with sheaths (Fig. 68). However, V. nypae lacks a slit-like ostiole, appendages and ascospores with
a wing like sheath seen in V. appendiculata (Wanasinghe et al. 2016). Vaginatispora nypae was
collected from estuarine zone in Thailand, while V. appendiculata is known from a fresh water
environment in Thailand. A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two strains reveals 58
(10.7%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Figure 68 – Vaginatispora nypae (MFLU 18–2156, holotype). a Host fruit. b Ascoma on
substrate. c, d Section through ascoma. e Peridium. f Pseudoparaphyses. g Ascus. h–i Ascospore. j
Ascospore stained with Indian ink. k Germinated ascospore. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c, d
= 100 µm, e = 30 µm, f, h–k = 10 µm, g = 20 µm.
Lophiotremataceae K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka, Mycoscience 52: 405 (2011)
The taxonomic placement of Lophiotremataceae was reassessed by Hashimoto et al. (2017)
and this family comprises six genera, Atrocalyx, Crassimassarina, Cryptoclypeus, Galeaticarpa,
85
Lophiotrema and Pseudocryptoclypeus. An updated phylogenetic tree for the family is presented in
Fig. 69 and a new species of Atrocalyx is introduced.
Atrocalyx A. Hashim. & Kaz. Tanaka, Persoonia 39: 59 (2017)
This genus was introduced with the type Atrocalyx acutisporus (Hashimoto et al. 2017).
Species in this genus inhabit twigs or bark of woody plants in Belgium, China and Japan
(Hashimoto et al. 2017, De Silva et al. 2018).
Figure 69 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU,
ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 partial sequence data. Fifty-one strains were included in the sequence
analysis, which comprised 4908 characters including alignment gaps. Lophiostoma spp.
(Lophiostomataceae) were used as the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses were carried out and
compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology
of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood
value of -34728.193523 is presented. The matrix had 1750 distinct alignment patterns, with 19.64%
of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.250766, C =
0.249259, G = 0.268459, T = 0.231517; substitution rates AC = 1.562313, AG = 4.270025, AT =
1.434787, CG = 1.201086, CT = 9.281437, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
to each branch. The new strain is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype are indicated in red
superscript H.
46. Atrocalyx krabiensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Figs 70, 71
Index Fungorum number: IF555559; Facesoffungi number: FoF05265
Holotype – MFLU 18–2167
Etymology – Referring to the location where the specimen was collected, Krabi province,
Thailand.
86
Saprobic on Acacia sp. pods. Sexual morph: Ascomata 260–350 μm high × 250–320 μm
diam. ( x = 315 × 288 μm, n = 10), solitary, scattered, immersed, slightly erumpent through host
surface, visible as raised, black spots on host surface, globose to subglobose, glabrous, uni-loculate.
Ostiole apical slit-like opening with periphyses. Peridium 40–50 μm wide ( x = 47 μm, n = 10),
carbonaceous, fragile, thick at aside, composed of hyaline and dark brown layers, inner layers
hyaline to light brown cells, arranged in a textura prismatica, outer layers thick, arranged in a
textura angularis, dark brown cells. Pseudoparaphyses dense, 0.6–1.2 μm wide ( x = 0.9 μm, n =
10), indistinctly septate, branched, anastomosing at the apex, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous
matrix. Asci 75–90 × 7–9 μm ( x = 80 × 8 μm, n = 25), bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, apically
round, with well-developed ocular chamber, with short furcate pedicel and 8-spored. Ascospores
18–23 × 2–3 μm ( x = 20 × 2.5 μm, n = 30), fusiform with acute ends, hyaline, 1–6-septate
constricted at the medium septum, enlarged near medium septum at the upper cell, smooth, 4–6
guttules, surrounded by a thick mucilaginous sheath in immature stage (Fig. 70i). Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, brown to dark brown, confluent, immersed. Hyphae hyaline, branched,
septate, reddish brown pigmented, Conidiogenous cells 3–6 × 4–5 μm ( x = 4.8 × 4.5 μm; n = 20),
phialidic, hyaline, smooth-walled, ampulliform. Conidia 3–4 × 2–3 μm ( x = 3.8 × 2.6 μm, n = 30),
hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, guttulate (Fig. 71).
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
20–30 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18°C, colonies irregular, medium dense, dull, off-white to brown
in top view, reverse pale brown, pale yellow in margin.
Figure 70 – Atrocalyx krabiensis (MFLU 18–2167, holotype). a Host seed pods. b, c Ascomata on
substrate. d Section through ascoma. e Paraphyses. f–h Asci. i–m Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm,
b, c = 500 cm, d, e, i = 50 µm, f–h = 20 µm, i–m = 30 µm.
87
Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on fallen pod
septum of Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 372-B (MFLU 18–2167,
holotype, MFLU 18–2168, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–0237, KUMCC 18–0215.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347881, ITS: MK347774, LSU: MK347991, tef1: MK360043
Notes – Atrocalyx krabiensis fits the generic description of Atrocalyx (Hashimoto et al. 2017,
de Silva et al. 2018) forming a sister clade to A. guttulata (MFLUCC 10–0929) with high statistical
support (100% MLBS/ 1.0 BYPP, Fig. 69). They also share similar asexual morphs. Unfortunately,
Atrocalyx guttulata does not have sequence data for ITS or any protein coding genes for nucleotide
comparison with the new species. Atrocalyx krabiensis differs from A. guttulata in having smaller
ascospores (20 × 2.5 μm vs. 26 × 5 μm) with a sheath in immature stage and lacking any
appentages (Fig. 70).
Figure 71 – Atrocalyx krabiensis asexual morph from culture (MFLUCC 18–0237, ex-type). a Top
view of colony on MEA. b Reverse view of colony. c Conidiomata in the substrate. d–f
Conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c = 20 μm, d–i = 5 μm.
Macrodiplodiopsidaceae Voglmayr, Jaklitsch & Crous, IMA Fungus 6 (1): 178 (2015)
This is a family of suborder Massarineae and was introduced by Crous et al. (2015); it
contains two genera Macrodiplodiopsis and Pseudochaetosphaeronema.
Pseudochaetosphaeronema Punith., Nova Hedwigia 31 (1–3): 126 (1979)
This genus is recorded as a human pathogen (Ahmed et al. 2014) and as saprobic species on
plants (Verkley et al. 2005, Tibpromma et al. 2018). We introduce a new species from fallen pod of
Tamarind sp. (Fig. 72).
47. Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 73
Index Fungorum number: IF555560; Facesoffungi number: FoF05266
Holotype – MFLU 18–2126
Etymology – Referring to country (‘Siam’ synonyms of Thailand) where the specimen was
collected.
88
Saprobic on tamarind pods. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous.
Conidiomata 85–100 µm high × 80–90 µm diam. ( x = 87 × 84 µm, n = 5), pycnidial, scattered to
gregarious, superficial, dark brown, shiny, solitary, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, without
papilla and ostiole. Conidiomata wall 12–18 µm wide, composed of several layers of thick-walled,
dark brown cells of textura prismatica. Conidiogenous cells 8–17 × 1–2.5 µm ( x = 11 × 2 µm, n =
20), monophialidic, cylindrical, thick-walled, smooth, each with a small collarette at the tip.
Conidia 3–5 × 2.5–3 µm ( x = 3 × 2 µm, n = 30), hyaline to subhyaline, subglobose to oval,
aseptate, guttulate.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
30–40 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18 °C, colonies irregular, medium dense, dull, fluffy to floccose,
slightly radiating with concentric ring of cottony mycelium at edge of colony; colony from above
different layers in brown and grey; from below: pale brown at the margin, dark brown at the center.
Material examined – THAILAND, Payao Province, Amphoe Phu Sang, on fallen pod of Tamarind
sp. (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 273 (MFLU 18–2126, holotype; KUN-HKAS
102422, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2287, KUMCC 18–0279.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347851, ITS: MK347743, LSU: MK347960, tef1: MK360074
Figure 72 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, LSU and tef1 matrix of nineteen taxa including species of family
Trematosphaeriaceae and Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, which comprised 2855 characters including
alignment gaps. The tree is rooted with Morosphaeria spp. (Morosphaeriaceae). The best scoring
RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -34728.193523 is presented. The matrix had 789
distinct alignment patterns, with 20.02% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base
frequencies were as follows; A = 0.240358, C = 0.246501, G = 0.271028, T = 0.242112;
substitution rates AC = 1.087996, AG = 2.523011, AT = 1.574829, CG = 1.095648, CT =
6.682636, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian
89
posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is
in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red
superscript E, H and R respectively.
Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis clusters with
other species of Pseudochaetosphaeronema. Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis shares similar
morphology with other species in being coelomycetous with uniloculate, globose to subglobose
pycnidia, monophialidic and cylindrical conidiogenous cells and subglobose to oval, aseptate,
hyaline conidia with guttules (Fig. 73). However, pycnidia of P. siamensis do not have a papilla
and/or ostiole while P. koreanum (CBS 117159) and P. larense (CBS 640.73) are characterized by
prominent ostiolar necks (Punithalingam 1979, Verkley et al. 2005, Ahmed et al. 2014). In
addition, P. koreanum has two types of conidia (Verkley et al. 2005). A comparison of the ITS
nucleotides of Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis with P. koreanum and P. larense reveal 28
(5.2%) and 32 (5.9%) nucleotide differences respectively for each species and which indicates that
P. siamensis is distinct from P. koreanum and P. larense (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Figure 73 – Pseudochaetosphaeronema siamensis (MFUCC 17–2287, ex-type). a Germinated
conidium. b Top view of culture. c Reverse view of culture. d, e Conidiomata. f–h Conidia with
conidiogenous cells. i–m Conidia. Scale bars: a, i–m = 5 µm, b, c = 2 cm, d, e = 50 µm, f–h = 10
µm.
Neopyrenochaetaceae Valenz.-Lopez, Crous, J.F. Cano, Guarro & Stchigel, Studies in Mycology
90: 54 (2017)
Valenzuela-Lopez et al. (2018) introduced this family based on multigene phylogenetic
analyses. Previously Neopyrenochaetaceae species were included in family Cucurbitariaceae
(Crous et al. 2015b). Neopyrenochaetaceae is a monophyletic family (Valenzuela-Lopez et al.
2018, Jaklitsch et al. 2018). We present an updated tree for the family and introduce a new species,
Neopyrenochaeta cercidis (Fig. 74).
Neopyrenochaeta Valenz.-Lopez, Crous, Stchigel, Guarro & J.F. Cano, Studies in Mycology 90:
54 (2017)
Neopyrenochaeta includes four species N. acicula, N. fragariae, N. inflorescentiae and N.
90
telephoni (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). We introduce a new species to this genus based on
morphological and molecular data.
48. Neopyrenochaeta cercidis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 75
Index Fungorum number: IF555561; Facesoffungi number: FoF05267
Holotype – MFLU 18–2089
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Cercis
(Fabaceae).
Figure 74 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, ITS, LSU and rpb2 matrix of sixty-three taxa including related families of
order Pleosporales, which comprised 2834 characters including aligment gaps. The tree is rooted
with Massarina eburnea (Massarinaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood
value of -32269.150713 is presented. The matrix had 1413 distinct alignment patterns, with 30.12%
of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.253495, C =
0.232719, G = 0.268626, T = 0.245160; substitution rates AC = 1.944563, AG = 5.652011, AT =
2.157548, CG = 1.277423, CT = 9.738451, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
91
to each branch. New isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, isotype, neotype
and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, I, N and R respectively.
Figure 75 – Neopyrenochaeta cercidis (MFLU 18–2089, holotype). a Seed pods of Cercis
chinensis. b, c Conidiomata in the substrate. d Section through conidioma. d Conidioma wall. f
Appendages. g, h Conidiogenous cells. i, j Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, d = 50 μm, e
= 20 μm, f = 30 μm, g–j = 5 μm.
Saprobic on pods of Cercis chinensis. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 130–150 μm high × 110–130 μm diam. ( x = 140 × 120 µm, n = 10),
pycnidial, brown to dark brown, solitary, ovoid to globose, covered with brown to dark brown,
septate, erect, smooth and thick-walled setae tapering towards the apex, mainly around the ostiole,
with a single papillate ostiolar neck. Conidiomata wall 20–40 μm wide, 3–8 cell layers of textura
angularis, composed of brown, flattened polygonal cells. Conidiogenous cells 4.5–7 × 3.5–4 μm ( x
= 5.8 × 3.7 µm, n = 30), phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 8–10 × 1.7–2 μm
( x = 9 × 1.8 µm, n = 30), hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, smooth and thin-walled, guttulate;
concentrated to ends.
Material examined – CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, on fallen pod of Cercis
chinensis (Fabaceae), 30 July 2016, S.C. Jayasiri C 136 (MFLU 18–2089, holotype; KUN-HKAS,
isotype)
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347823, ITS: MK347718, LSU: MK347932, rpb2: MK434908
Notes – Neopyrenochaeta cercidis forms an independent lineage to other Neopyrenochaeta
species with moderate statistical support (70% MLBS, Fig. 74) and forms a basal terminal clade in
Neopyrenochaeta. Neopyrenochaeta cercidis (Fig. 77) differs from N. telephoni in having smaller
conidiomata (120 × 140 µm vs. 160 × 186 µm), cylindrical conidia and only one type of setae
92
(Crous et al. 2015b). In N. telephoni one type of seta formed on the outer wall is long and mainly
concentrated around the ostiole, while the second type around the pycnidia consists of non-stiff
hairs or setae-like outgrowths (Crous et al. 2015b). Neopyrenochaeta cercidis differs (Fig. 75) from
N. acicola in having cylindrical conidia (Boerema et al. 2004) and from N. fragariae in having
longer (8–10 vs. 3.5–5 μm) cylindrical conidia (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018).
Periconiaceae (Sacc.) Nann., Repertorio sistematico dei miceti dell' uomo e degli animali 4: 482
(1934)
The family Periconiaceae was introduced by Nannizzi (1934) with Periconia as the type
genus, and revised by Hyde et al. (2017, 2018), Liu et al. (2017) and Thambugala et al. (2017).
Periconia Tode, Fungi Mecklenburgenses Selecti 2: 2 (1791)
The genus Periconia was introduced by Tode (1791) with P. lichenoides as the type species.
Herein we introduce a new species and two host records in Periconia and provide an updated tree
(Fig. 76).
Figure 76 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, LSU
and tef1 partial sequence data. Fifty strains were included in the sequence analysis, which
comprised 2284 characters including aligment gaps. Didymosphaeriaceae spp. (MFLUCC 13–
0349/CBS 100299) were used as the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses were carried out and
compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology
of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood
value of -10448.537270 is presented. The matrix had 672 distinct alignment patterns, with 26.95%
93
of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.224485, C =
0.272782, G = 0.273778, T = 0.228955; substitution rates AC = 1.621763, AG = 2.587602, AT =
1.797216, CG = 1.264889, CT = 11.353607, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
to each branch. New isolates are in bold and blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, paratype and
reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, P and R respectively.
49. Periconia byssoides Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 2: 686 (1801)
Fig. 77
Saprobic on pods of Peltophorum sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Colony effuse, powdery, gregarious, black. Mycelium composed of cottony,
branched, hyphae forming dark clusters with conidia scattered on the host surface. Conidiophores
350–420 μm long × 4.5–5.5 μm diam. ( x = 385 × 5 μm, n = 20), macronematous, mononematous,
single or rarely 2–3 together on stromata, brown to dark brown, erect, or bent, septate, smooth,
thick-walled. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, discrete on stipe. Conidia 9–12 × 8–12 μm ( x = 10
× 11 μm, n = 20), catenate, globose, one-celled, hyaline to pale brown when immature, becoming
brown to dark brown at maturity, verruculose.
Figure 77 – Periconia byssoides (MFLU 18–2136). a Seed pod of Peltophorum sp. b–c
Conidiophore with conidia. d Conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. e–g Conidia. h Top view of
colony on MEA. i Reverse view of colony. Scale bars: b, c = 50 μm, d = 50 μm, e–g = 5 μm, h, i =
1 cm.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA,
reaching 20 mm diam. after 1 week at 18°C, flat, surface smooth, with entire edge, white to
pinkish, pale white near the margin, moderately dense, circular; reverse white to yellow.
Material examined – THAILAND, Ko Larn island, on decaying pod of Peltophorum sp.
(Fabaceae), 6 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 292 (MFLU 18–2136, new host record); living culture,
MFLUCC 17–2292, KUMCC 18–0272; CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming, Kunming Institute
garden, on decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 10 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C
445-B (MFLU 18–2195, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 18–1548, KUMCC 18–0271;
ibid., 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 457 (MFLU 18–2213), living culture MFLUCC 18–1553,
KUMCC 18–0273, C 460 (MFLU 18–2216), living culture MFLUCC 18–1555, KUMCC 18–
0274.
94
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2292: SSU: MK347858, ITS: MK347751, LSU:
MK347968, tef1: MK360069, rpb2: MK434886; MFLUCC 18–1548: SSU: MK347902, ITS:
MK347794, LSU: MK348013, tef1: MK360070, rpb2: MK434863; MFLUCC 18–1553: SSU:
MK347914, ITS: MK347806, LSU: MK348025, tef1: MK360068, rpb2: MK434858; MFLUCC
18–1555: SSU: MK347917, ITS: MK347809, LSU: MK348028, rpb2: MK434856.
Notes – Our four strains of Periconia byssoides group with other P. byssoides strains forming
a sister clade to Periconia paseuobyssoides with high statistical support (Fig. 76). A comparison of
the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of Periconia byssoides and new strains (MFLUCC 18–0245,
MFLUCC 18–1548, MFLUCC 18–1553 and MFLUCC 18–1553) revealed nucleotide differences ≤
1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is Periconia byssoides (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Morphologically our strains (Fig. 77) of P. byssoides are similar to the type species in having
macronematous, mononematous, brown, septate conidiophores and one-celled, pale brown conidia
(Persoon 1801). Morphologically and phylogenetically there are no significant differences between
our new strains and other strains. Therefore we document two new records of Periconia byssoides
from a decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora and decaying pod of Peltophorum sp. Periconia
byssoides has been reported from many plant species but these are the first reports for the hosts
sampled in this study (https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/).
50. Periconia delonicis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 78
Index Fungorum number: IF555562; Facesoffungi number: FoF05268
Holotype – MFLU 18−2100
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Delonix sp.
(Fabaceae)
Figure 78 – Periconia delonicis (MFLU 18−2100, holotype). a Part of seed pod of Delonix regia.
b, c Colonies on host substrate. d Conidiophore with conidia. e Conidia on conidiophore.
f, g Conidiogenous cells with conidia. h, i Conidia. Scale bars: a, c = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, d = 100
μm, e = 20 μm, f–h = 10 cm, i = 5 cm.
Saprobic on pods of Delonix regia. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on substrate
numerous, effuse, dark brown to black. Conidiophores 360−420 μm high × 8−12 μm diam. ( x =
398 × 11 µm, n = 10), macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, erect, straight or slightly
flexuous, single, greyish brown to dark brown, septate, smooth to minutely verruculose, thickwalled. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, proliferating, hyaline, terminal, blunt end, ovoid to
globose, thick-walled. Conidia 5.5−7 μm diam. ( x = 6.4 μm, n = 30), solitary, subhyaline to pale
brown, subglobose to globose, verruculose, aseptate. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
95
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies reaching about 50 mm
diam. in 2 weeks at 18 °C. Colonies on MEA with sparse white mycelia on the surface. The reverse
of colony dark brown and yellow in the center with a white margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, on decaying pod of Delonix regia
(Fabaceae), 28 January 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 199-B, (MFLU 18−2100, holotype), ex-type living
culture MFLUCC 17−2584, KUMCC 18−0275
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347832, LSU: MK347941, tef1: MK360071, rpb2: MK434901
Notes – Periconia delonicis is introduced based on morphological and phylogenetic data. It
groups with other Periconia species in the family Periconiaceae with high statistical support (95%
MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 76). Periconia delonicis differs from P. elaeidis by 5 base pairs in both ITS
and LSU genes. tef1 gene sequence data are not available for P. elaeidis in GenBank.
Morphologically, P. delonicis differs from P. elaeidis in having hyaline conidiogenous cells with
blunt end and pale brown conidia (Fig. 78). Periconia elaeidis is characterized by pale brown,
smooth conidiogenous cells and subhyaline to pale brown conidia (Hyde et al. 2018).
Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71: 948 (1979)
This is a highly diverse and large family in the order Pleosporales (Hyde et al. 2013) with 42
genera (Phookamsak et al. 2014, Hyde et al. 2017, Senanayake et al. 2018, Wanasinghe et al.
2018b). We introduce a new species from the genus Phaeosphaeria based on the multigene
phylogeny coupled with morphological characters (Fig. 79).
51. Phaeosphaeria sinensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 80
Index Fungorum number: IF555564; Facesoffungi number: FoF05270
Holotype – MFLU 18–2208
Etymology – Referring to country where the specimen was collected, China.
Saprobic on decaying pod of Wisteria sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 155–198 µm long × 139–159 µm diam. ( x = 172 µm × 143 µm, n =
20), pycnidial, erumpent, brown, globose, solitary, with central ostiole. Conidiomata wall 21–25
μm, 3 layers, dark brown outer layer with 1–2 layers of textura angularis, middle hyaline pale
brown 4–5 layers of textura angularis, inner single layer of brown cells. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3.5–5.5 × 2.5–3.3 μm ( x = 4.7 µm × 3.2 µm, n = 20),
phialidic, ampulliform, lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 3.5–4.1 × 1.9–2.4 µm ( x =
3.9 µm × 2.1 µm, n = 20), solitary, red-brown in mass, smooth, globose to subglobose, rounded
ends, aseptate, guttulate.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA
reaching 20–30 mm diam. after 1 week at 18°C, aerial mycelia present, surface smooth, with entire
edge, white, moderately dense, circular; reverse yellow to pale brown.
Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming, Kunming Institute garden, on
decaying pod of Wisteria sp. (Fabaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 454 (MFLU 18–2208,
holotype), MFLUCC 18–1552, KUMCC 18–0276.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347911, ITS: MK347803, LSU: MK348022, tef1: MK360072
Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, Phaeosphaeria sinensis forms a sister clade to P.
podocarpi (CBS 138903) with moderate support (71% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP, Fig. 79). These two
species share similar morphological characters in having erumpent, brown, globose, solitary
pycnidia with a central ostiole, phialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells and conidia red-brown
in mass. There are significant differences between Ph. podocarpi and the new species (Fig. 80). P.
podocarpi has conidia that are 1-septate, fusoid-ellipsoidal, with an obtuse apex, and a truncate
base while P. sinensis is characterized by globose to subglobose conidia, rounded ends, and with
prominent guttules (Crous et al. 2014). Phaeosphaeria sinensis and P. podocarpi differ by 6 base
pairs in ITS gene. tef1 gene sequence data are not available for P. podocarpi in GenBank.
Phaeosphaeria podocarpi was reported from leaves of Podocarpus latifolius while P. sinensis
occurred on decaying pod of Wisteria sp. (Crous et al. 2014).
96
Figure 79 – The best scoring RAxML tree from the maximum likelihood analysis based on
combined SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 sequence data for Phaeosphaeriaceae. Eightyfive strains were
included in the sequence analysis, which comprised 3366 characters including alignment gaps. The
Didymella exigua (CBS 183.55) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried
out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree
topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final
likelihood value of -32087.882436 is presented. The matrix had 1027 distinct alignment patterns,
with 33.63% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A =
0.244013, C = 0.231082, G = 0.267422, T = 0.257483; substitution rates AC = 1.891915, AG =
3.688826, AT = 3.749101, CG = 0.833773, CT = 9.399134, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support
(first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95
are given near to each branch. New isolate is in bold and blue. Strains isolated from the holotype
and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively.
97
Figure 80 – Phaeosphaeria sinensis (MFLU 18–2208, holotype). a Host seed pod.
b Conidiomata in the substrate. c Section through conidioma. d Conidioma wall.
e, f Conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 5 μm, d = 20 μm, e–i =
5 μm.
Pleomonodictydaceae Hern.-Restr., J. Mena & Gené, Studies in Mycology 86: 76 (2017)
This family was introduced by Hernàndez-Restrepo et al. (2017) based on the type genus
Pleomonodictys and single species P. descalsii. Herein we introduce a new genus and species and
rename Pleohelicoon richonis in Pleomonodictydaceae and provide an updated tree (Fig. 81).
52. Pleohelicoon Jayasiri, D.J. Bhat, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF 555565; Facesoffungi number: FoF05271
Etymology – Referring “Pleo” to Pleosporales; and “helicon” referring to the morphological
similarity to the genus Helicoon.
Saprobic on Fagus sylvatica. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Colonies on substrate scattered or in groups, arising terminally from short,
undifferentiated, superficial, hyaline hyphal branches, shiny black, ellipsoidal conidia are visible.
Mycelium scanty mostly immersed. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, unbranched,
straight, hyaline to brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal and
determinate. Conidia solitary, acrogenous, simple, pale brown to dark fuscous, nearly always
clockwise tightly coiled 7–9 times in 3 planes to form an ovoid, spherical, ellipsoidal, hollow,
doliiform spore body, with multiseptate conidial filament multiseptate, with 5–12 septa per coil,
slightly constricted at the septa, 7–9 μm thick. Microcoidia hyaline, globose, aggregated, guttulate,
located inside macroconidia.
Type species – Pleohelicoon fagi Jayasiri, D.J. Bhat, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde
Notes – Morgan (1892) established genus Helicoon to accommodate helicosporous species
with developing nonproliferating, ellipsoidal to doliiform conidia. The type species of this genus,
H. sessile, arose from the Orbiliales (Goh & Kuo 2018). However, species of Helicoon were placed
in different ordinal lineages, namely Orbiliales, Pleosporales, Pleurotheciales, Tubeufiales and
Venturiales. Given the polyphyletic nature of Helicoon, we suggest that there is a need to revisit the
98
taxonomy with additional support from new collections and DNA sequence data. Lu et al. (2018)
introduced Pseudohelicoon, for helicoon-like species belonging to order Tubeufiales. We introduce
a new genus, to Pleohelicoon to accommodate Helicoon species belonging to order Pleosporales.
Pleohelicoon forms a sister clade to Pleomonodictys (Pleomonodictydaceae) with moderate
bootstrap support (Fig. 81). Pleomonodictys has blastic conidia that are formed solitary or in short
chains, muriform, verrucose to tuberculate and variable in shape. Therefore, we introduce a second
genus of family Pleomonodictydaceae based on the type species, Pleohelicoon fagi.
Figure 81 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, ITS and LSU matrix of seventy-four taxa including related families of
order Pleosporales. The matrix comprised 2627 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was
rooted with Hysterium angustatum (Hysteriaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final
likelihood value of -21385.064811 is presented. The matrix had 1145 distinct alignment patterns,
with 26.79% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A =
0.250635, C = 0.221769, G = 0.275500, T = 0.252096; substitution rates AC = 1.415901, AG =
2.608795, AT = 1.406746, CG = 0.901746, CT = 5.284979, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support
(first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95
are given near to each branch. The new isolates are in blue and the new combination is in purple.
Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red
superscript E, H, I and R respectively.
53. Pleohelicoon fagi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 82
99
Index Fungorum number: IF555566; Facesoffungi number: FoF05272
Holotype – MFLU 18–2224
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Fagus
(Fagaceae)
Saprobic on cupule of Fagus sylvatica. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Colonies on substrate individually scattered or in groups, arising terminally from
short, undifferentiated, superficial, hyaline hyphal branches, shiny black, ellipsoidal conidia are
visible. Mycelium scanty mostly immersed. Conidiophores 22–31 μm high × 3.3–3.7 μm diam. ( x
= 26 × 3.5 μm, n = 30), macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, straight, hyaline to brown,
smooth. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal and determinate. Conidia 57–90 μm
× 35–50 μm ( x = 68 × 42 μm, n = 30), solitary, acrogenous, pale brown to dark fuscous, nearly
always clockwise tightly coiled 7–9 times in 3 planes to form an ovoid, spherical, ellipsoidal,
hollow, doliiform spore body; conidial filament multiseptate, with 5–12 septa per coil, slightly
constricted at septa, 7–9 μm thick. Microcoidia 4.2–4.8 × 4.3–5.2 μm ( x = 4.5 × 4.8 μm, n = 30),
globose, aggregated, hyaline, guttulate, located inside macroconidia.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
18–20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, elevated, velvety, with moderate amount of short
mycelium, mouse grey, margin fimbriate, greyish; reverse dark mouse grey.
Material examined – UK, Bishops Waltham, Hants., on decaying cupule of Fagus sylvatica
(Fagaceae), 3 September 2014, E.B.G. Jones, GJ 50 (MFLU 18–2224, holotype; KUN-HKAS
102441, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 15–0182, KUMCC 18–0277; ibid., Hampshire
from standing water, on decaying cupule of Fagus sylvatica, 12 August 2017, E.B.G. Jones, GJ 415
(MFLU 18– 2227, paratype), living culture MFLUCC 17– 2538, KUMCC 18–0278.
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–0182: SSU: MK347926, ITS: MK347817, LSU:
MK348037, rpb2: MK434853; MFLUCC 17– 2538: SSU: MK347925, ITS: MK347816, LSU:
MK348036, rpb2: MK434851
Figure 82 – Pleohelicoon fagi (MFLU 18–2224, holotype). a Cupule of Fagus sylvatica. b, c
Colonies on substrate. d–h Conidia. i Germinated conidium. j Top of culture. k Reverse of culture.
Scale bars: d–i = 30 µm.
100
54. Pleohelicoon richonis (Boud.) Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF555567; Facesoffungi number: FoF05273
≡Helicosporium richonis Boud., Icones mycologicae 26-30: t. 599 (1907)
≡Helicoon richonis (Boud.) Linder, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 16: 323 (1929)
Saprobic on dead branch of Populus sp. Sexual morph: Unknown. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Colonies on substrate blackening. Hyphae dark brown, giving rise to short
conclorous filaments, septate. Conidiophores 1–1.5 μm long. Conidia 50–60 × 50–80 μm, 8–10
seriate, brown, irregularly oval or rounded, filaments, multiseptate (Linder 1929).
Notes – Pleohelicoon richonis (CBS 282.54) forms a sister clade to two strains of P. fagi
(MFLUCC 17–2538/ MFLUCC 15–0182) with high statistical support (87% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP,
Fig. 81). The holotype of P. richonis was collected in France on Populus (Linder 1929) but
sequence data was derived from a collection made in the Netherlands. Pleohelicoon richonis shares
morphological characters with P. fagi in having coiled, multiseptate, brown conidia. Pleohelicoon
fagi has much longer conidiophores than P. richonis (22–31 vs. 1–1.5 μm). A comparison of the
ITS nucleotides of these two species revealed 8 (1.6%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that
they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Pleosporaceae Nitschke, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl.: 74 (1869)
Alternaria Nees, System der Pilze und Schwämme: 72 (1817)
Alternaria species can be serious plant pathogens, causing stem cankers, leaf blight or leaf
spots on a wide variety of crops (Peever et al. 2004, Thomma, 2003). Alternaria alternata can
produce host-specific toxins (Akamatsu et al. 1999). Alternaria alternata and A. solani are
important postharvest pathogens as well as being airborne allergens (El-Goorani & Sommer 1981,
Reddy et al. 2000, Mitakakis et al. 2001). Many species are also saprobes (Ariyawansa et al. 2015,
Woudenberg et al. 2015, Thambugala et al. 2017, Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). Alternaria comprises
24 sections (Woudenberg et al. 2013). We report a new host record for A. alternata from decaying
cone of Magnolia grandiflora in China.
55. Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., Zur Kenntnis der Pilzflora Krains. Beihefte zum Botanischen
Centralblatt. 29: 434 (1912)
Fig. 84
Facesoffungi number: FoF05274
Pathogeneic and saprobic on many plant species, human body, air. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium superficial, composed of septate,
branched, smooth, thin-walled, white to pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores 18–50(–97) µm high ×
4.1–5.3 µm diam. ( x = 46 × 4.6 µm, n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, light brown to
brown, thick-walled, smooth, septate, branched at base, straight or flexuous, cylindrical.
Conidiogenous cells 6.3–8.5 µm long × 7.1–8 µm diam ( x = 7.8 × 7.4 µm, n = 20), polytretic,
integrated, terminal, determinate or percurrent, cylindrical, doliiform, brown, thin-walled. Conidia
14.5–26.6 × 10–15.5 µm ( x = 23 × 12 µm, n = 30), acrogenous, holoblastic, solitary, brown to dark
brown, straight, curved, fusiform, obpyriform or obturbinate, subglobose, catenate, sometimes
rostrate, rough, multiseptate, thin-walled, cicatrized at base.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr and germ tubes produced from
upper cells. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 50 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18oC, hairy or
cottony, white to light brown, mycelium superficial, effuse, radially striate, with regular edge, pale
brown hyphae; conidia produced within 2 weeks.
Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming, Kunming Institute garden, on
decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 10 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 445-A
(MFLU 18–2194, new host record); ibid., 25 May 2018, S. C. Jayasiri, C 462 (MFLU 18–2218),
dry culture MFLU 18–2219, living culture MFLUCC 18–1558, KUMCC 18–0212.
GenBank numbers – MFLU 18–2194: SSU: MK347901, ITS: MK347793, LSU: MK348012,
tef1: MK340863, rpb2: MK434862, tub2: MK412868, gapdh: MK412898; MFLUCC 18–1558:
SSU: MK347920, ITS: MK347812, LSU: MK348031, tef1: MK340860, rpb2: MK434855, tub2:
101
MK412870, gapdh: MK412899
Notes – We collected the asexual morph of Alternaria alternata from decaying cone of
Magnolia grandiflora in China. It sporulated in culture (Fig. 84) producing the same characteristic
morphology as in the type description (Ellis 1971). A comparison of the ITS, tef1, rpb2 and gapdh
nucleotides of Alternaria alternata and new strains (MFLU 18–2194 and MFLUCC 18–1558)
revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strains are Alternaria
alternata (Jeewon & Hyde 2016) and independent lineage of Alternaria alternata clade from other
species in the section Alternaria. Therefore, we introduced new host record from decaying cone of
Magnolia grandiflora in China.
Roussoellaceae J.K. Liu, Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 181 (1): 7 (2014)
Liu et al. (2014) introduced this family to accommodate Neoroussoella, Roussoella and
Roussoellopsis. Wanasinghe et al. (2018b) introduced two genera (Pararoussoella and
Neoconiothyrium) in Thyridariaceae, which we transfer to Roussoellaceae in this study.
Arthopyrenia sp. in GenBank clusters with species in family Roussoellaceae, but these species do
not have a morphological description. The type species of Arthopyrenia, A. cerasi, belongs to
family Arthopyreniaceae. Therefore, we tentatively designate Arthopyrenia sp. as Roussoella sp.
because these strains are not related to any type material and therefore it is inappropriate to rely on
it for a phylogenetic discussion (Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). We present an updated tree for the
family and introduce two new species and rename two species (Fig. 88).
Figure 83 – The best scoring RAxML tree from the maximum likelihood analysis based on
combined ITS, LSU, tef1, rpb2 and gapdh matrix of twenty strains including related species of the
section Alternaria. The matrix comprised 3309 characters including alignment gaps. The Section
porri (CBS 116698/ CBS 119411) was used as outgroup. Single gene analyses were carried out and
compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology
of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood
value of -6319.810823 is presented. The matrix had 267 distinct alignment patterns, with 21.34% of
undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.246927, C =
0.251441, G = 0.266231, T = 0.235402; substitution rates AC = 1.583664, AG = 4.074495, AT =
1.496241, CG = 1.430388, CT = 10.663375, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
102
to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype and reference
specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively.
Figure 84 – Alternaria alternata from culture (MFLUCC 18–1558). a Top view of culture. b
Reverse view of culture. c, d Structures in culture. e–h Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. i–l
Conidial chains. m–r Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c–j = 20 µm, k, l = 10 µm.
Neoroussoella J.K. Liu, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 181 (1): 21 (2014)
This genus was introduced based on phylogenetic data coupled with distinct asexual morph
from other genera, producing relatively small, hyaline conidia with smooth walls with type species
Neoroussoella bambusae (Liu et al. 2014). Hyde et al. (2016) added another species to the genus.
We introduce two new Neoroussoella species and transfer Roussoella solani (CPC 26331) to
Neoroussoella based on the multigene phylogenetic analyses of LSU, SSU, ITS, rpb2 and tef1
sequence data coupled with morphological observations. However, Roussoella solani (KT 3264
and KT 3265) is distinct from R. solani (CPC 26331) and we rename KT 3264 and KT 3265 strains
103
as Neoroussoella leucaenae.
Figure 85 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU,
ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1 partial sequence data. Fifty-one strains were included in the sequence
analysis, which comprised 3442 characters with gaps. Two strains of Occultibambusa bambusae
(Occultibambusaceae) were used as the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses were carried out and
compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology
of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood
value of -14689.599902 is presented. The matrix had 1590 distinct alignment patterns, with 37.79%
of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.247628, C =
0.256142, G = 0.268302, T = 0.227927; substitution rates AC = 1.684273, AG = 4.305228, AT =
1.881038, CG = 1.378430, CT = 9.209369, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
to each branch. New isolates are in blue and new combiinations are in purple. Strains isolated from
104
the holotype, isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript
respectively.
H
,
I
and
R
56. Neoroussoella entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Figs 86, 87
Index Fungorum number: IF555568; Facesoffungi number: FoF05275
Holotype – MFLU 18–2106
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Entada
(Fabaceae)
Saprobic on Entada phaseoloides and Leucaena sp. pods. Sexual morph: undetermined.
Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 127–192 × 161–190 µm ( x = 169 × 184 µm, n =
10), pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, occasionally confluent, formed in uni- or multi-loculate
stromata, immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, circular.
Conidiomata wall 20–37 µm wide, composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis; inner layer thin, hyaline. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells 3.5–5.6 × 0.7–1.8 µm ( x = 4.2 × 1.3 µm, n = 20), phialidic, ampulliform to
cylindrical, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 3–4 × 1.7–1.9 μm ( x = 3.5 × 1.8 μm, n = 20), initially
hyaline, becoming pale brown when mature, oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends, broadly rounded,
aseptate.
Figure 86 – Neoroussoella entadae (MFLU 18–2106, holotype). a Part of host pod.
b, c Conidiomata on host material. d Section through conidioma. e–g Conidiogenous cells.
h, i Conidia. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, b, c = 500 μm, d = 50 μm, e–i = 5 μm.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on
MEA, reaching 40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, with irregular edge and pale thin outer layer
embedded in medium, dark brown three clearly visible layers, conidiomata spread throughout the
media, reverse dark brown.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N;
99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C
222 (MFLU 18–2106, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102415, isotype), ex-type living culture, MFLUCC
105
17–0920, KUMCC 18–0265; THAILAND, Phrae Province, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp.
(Fabaceae), 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 417 (MFLU 18–2185); living culture MFLUCC 18–
0243, KUMCC 18–0267.
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–0920: SSU: MK347837, ITS: MK347729, LSU:
MK347946; MFLUCC 18–0243: SSU: MK347893, ITS: MK347786, LSU: MK348004, tef1:
MK360065, rpb2: MK434866
Notes – Neoroussoella entadae forms a sister clade to N. solani (CPC 26331) with high
statistical support (Fig. 85). Neoroussoella solani (CPC 26331) has only ITS and LSU sequence
data available in GenBank and a comparison of nucleotide difference in ITS regions reveals 9
(1.7%) difference between N. solani (CPC 26331) and N. entadae (MFLUCC 17–0920).
Neoroussoella entadae (Figs. 86, 87) has smaller conidia than N. solani (3.5 × 1.8 μm vs. 4.5–5(–7)
× 2(–3) µm) (Crous et al. 2016).
Figure 87 – Neoroussoella entadae in culture (MFLUCC 17–0920, ex-type). a Top view of culture.
b Reverse view of culture. c Conidiomata in culture. d–f Conidiogenous cells. g Conidia. Scale
bars: a, b = 2 cm, c = 500 μm, d–g = 10 μm.
57. Neoroussoella leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Figs 88, 89
Index Fungorum number: IF 555570; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05277
Holotype – MFLU 18–2159
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena
(Fabaceae).
Saprobic on Leucaena sp. and Pterocarpus sp. pods. Sexual morph: Ascomata 215–275 µm
high × 175–225 µm diam. ( x = 169 × 184 µm; n = 20), scattered to gregarious, semi-immersed,
globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, surrounded by dark brown parenchymatous cells, nonostiolate. Peridium 5–15 µm wide, symmetric, hyaline to brown textura angularis cell layers,
fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues. Hamathecium 1.1–1.5 µm wide ( x = 1.4 µm; n
= 30), comprising numerous, filamentous, branched septate, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 50–60 × 4.5–
5.5 µm ( x = 55 × 5 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate,
apex rounded with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores 8–9 × 2.5–3.5 µm ( x = 7 × 3 µm; n = 30),
uniseriate, hyaline to brown, fusiform with narrow, acute ends, two asymmetric cells with guttules,
constricted at the septum, smooth-walled, appendages absent. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous.
Conidiomata 135–175 µm high × 120–180 µm diam. ( x = 156 × 134 µm; n = 10), pycnidial,
solitary to gregarious, occasionally confluent, formed in uni- or multi-loculate stromata, immersed,
covered by hyphae, becoming erumpent at maturity. Hyphae 1.5–1.7 μm wide ( x = 1.6 µm; n =
106
30), septate, branched, hyaline to pale brown, red pigmented. Conidiomata wall 28–35 μm wide ( x
= 31 µm; n = 20), composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis; inner layer thin,
hyaline. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5.5–9 × 3–4
µm ( x = 7.2 × 3.5 µm; n = 20), phialidic, hyaline, red pigmented, ampulliform to cylindrical,
smooth-walled. Conidia 3.5–4.5 × 1.9–2.6 μm ( x = 4.2 × 2.2 μm; n = 20), initially hyaline, pale
brown when mature, oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends broadly rounded, aseptate.
Figure 88 – Neoroussoella leucaenae (MFLU 18–2159, holotype). a The host pod. b Ascoma on
substrate. c Section through ascoma. d–g Asci. h–k Ascospores. l Germinated ascospore. Scale
bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c = 50 µm, d–g = 20 µm, h–l = 5 µm.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on
MEA, reaching 30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C, surface with grey to brown hyphal
growing, radially arranged brown edge, reverse dark brown and brown two layers.
Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on decaying pod
of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 356 (MFLU 18–2159, holotype;
MFLU 18–2160, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1544, KUMCC 18–0266;
THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on decaying pod of Pterocarpus sp. (Fabaceae), 02
January 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 235 (MFLU 18–2114, KUN-HKAS 102417); living culture
MFLUCC 17–0927, KUMCC 18–0268.
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–1544: SSU: MK347874, ITS: MK347767, LSU:
MK347984, tef1: MK360067, rpb2: MK434876; MFLUCC 17–0927: SSU: MK347841, ITS:
MK347733, LSU: MK347950, tef1: MK360066, rpb2: MK434896
Notes – New strains (MFLUCC 18–1544 and MFLUCC 17–0927) and existing strains (KT
3264 and KT 3265) form a separate clade from Neoroussoella entadae and N. solani with high
107
statistical support (99% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 85). Neoroussoella entadae and N. solani only
reported as asexual morph, Neoroussoella entadae differs from N. solani in having smaller conidia
(3.5 × 1.8 μm vs. 4.5–5(–7) × 2(–3) µm) (Crous et al. 2016).
Figure 89 – Neoroussoella leucaenae from culture (MFLUCC 18–1544, ex-type). a, b Top and
reverse view of culture. c, d Conidiomata. e Red pigmented hyphae. f–i Conidiogenous cells. j
Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 2 cm, c, d = 500 μm, e–i = 10 μm, j = 5 μm.
For the new species Neoroussoella leucaenae both asexual and sexual morph are found. This
species shares similar morphological characters with other Neoroussoella spp., such as phialidic,
ampulliform conidiogenous cells and aseptate, pale brown, subcylindrical conidia, but differs in
having red pigmented conidiogenous cells and hypha (Fig. 89). A comparison of the ITS and rpb2
nucleotides of N. entadae and N. leucaenae strains revealed 8 (1.5%) and 45 (4.3%) nucleotide
differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Neoroussoella
solani has no molecular data available for protein coding genes and a comparison of the ITS
nucleotides of N. solani and N. leucaenae strains reveal 8 (1.5%) differences which indicates that
these two isolates are two distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Another two strains (KT 3264 and KT 3265) previously recorded as Roussoella solani
(Mochizuki et al. 2017) clustered with Neoroussoella leucaenae. These two strains were introduced
as human pathogenic species (Mochizuki et al. 2017). Morphology of strains KT 3264 and KT
3265 is similar to N. leucaenae in having cylindrical, short-pedicellate, asci with minute ocular
chamber, hyaline to brown, 1-septate ascospores and phialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells
and aseptate, pale brown, subcylindrical conidia (Figs. 88, 89).
58. Neoroussoella solani (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde comb. nov.
= Roussoella solani Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia 36: 341 (2016)
Index Fungorum number: IF555715; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05322
Description – Ref. Crous et al. (2016)
Notes – In our multigene phylogenetic study, Roussoella solani (CPC 26331) clustered with
other species of Neoroussoella with high statistical support (78% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 88) and
distant from other Roussoella sp. This species also shares similar morphological characters with
other Neoroussoella spp., such as phialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells and aseptate, pale
brown, subcylindrical conidia. Therefore, we synonymize Roussoella solani as Neoroussoella
solani.
108
Pararoussoella Wanas., E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 89: [169] (2018)
Pararoussoella was introduced by Wanasinghe et al. (2018b) to accomodate the type species
Pararoussoella rosarum from Rosa sp. in UK.
59. Pararoussoella mukdahanensis (Phookamsak D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde) Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde,
comb. nov.
≡ Roussoella mukdahanensis Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 82: 32
(2016)
Index Fungorum number: IF555572; Facesoffungi number: FoF05279
Description – Ref. Dai et al. (2016)
Notes – In our multigene phylogenetic study, Roussoella mukdahanensis (MFLUCC 11–
0201) clusters with Pararoussoella rosarum (MFLU 17–0654/ MFLUCC 17–0796) with high
statistical support (99% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 88) and distant from other Roussoella sp. In
addition, these two species share similar morphological characters, such as globose, ostiolate
ascomata, filamentous, branched, septate, pseudoparaphyses, narrowly ellipsoid, straight to slightly
curved, ascospores with 1-septum. Pararoussoella rosarum differ from Roussoella mukdahanensis
in having irregular longitudinal striations ascospores. A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these
two species reveal 14 (3%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa
(Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, we transfer Roussoella mukdahanensis to Pararoussoella.
Teichosporaceae M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 82: 374 (2002)
The family Teichosporaceae was proposed by Barr (2002) in the order Pleosporales to
accommodate eight genera. We present an updated tree for the family with eleven genera
(Thambugala et al. 2015) and introduce a new host record for Ramusculicola thailandica (Fig. 90).
60. Ramusculicola thailandica Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 74: 251(2015) Fig. 91
Saprobic on twig of deciduous tree and Leucaena sp. pod. Sexual morph: Ascomata 180–200
μm high × 250–270 μm diam. ( x = 190 × 260 μm; n = 10), immersed, solitary, scattered,
subglobose to obpyriform, coriaceous, dark brown, without a subiculum covering the host,
erumpent ostiole. Ostiole papillate, protruding from the substrate. Peridium 18–25 μm wide ( x =
22.5 μm; n = 20), comprising two types of cell layers, dark brown outer layers and hyaline inner
layers, covered by plant tissues. Hamathecium comprising 1.5–2 μm wide ( x = 1.8 μm; n = 30),
filiform, septate, branching pseudoparaphyses. Asci 65–80 × 8–11 μm ( x = 72 × 9 μm; n = 20), 8spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindric-subclavate, slightly curved, short
pedicellate, apically rounded, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 20–30 × 3–5 μm ( x = 24 × 4
μm; n = 30), overlapping 2–3-seriate, hyaline, cylindric-fusiform, tapering towards the rounded
ends, straight to slightly curved, 1-septate, guttulate, with mucilagenous sheath. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on
MEA, reaching a diameter of 20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25°C, surface with hyphal growing,
with entire edge, white, middle grey, dense, circular; reverse white to pale yellow.
Material examined – THAILAND, Mae Pha, on decaying pods of Acacia sp. 21 September
2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 193 (MFLU 18–2097, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 17–0909,
KUMCC 18–0299.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347830, ITS: MK347724, LSU: MK347939, tef1: MK360089
Notes – Our isolate groups with other sequences of Ramusculicola thailandica (MFLUCC
10–0126/MFLUCC 13–0284) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 90). They
are morphologically similar in having immersed, papillate usually erumpent, black, subglobose to
globose, coriaceous, uniloculate, ostiolate ascomata, central, rounded, compressed, periphysate,
ostiole with a pore-like opening and hyaline, fusiform ascospores with a thin mucilaginous sheath
(Thambugala et al. 2015). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and rpb2 nucleotides of Ramusculicola
thailandica (MFLUCC 10–0126/MFLUCC 13–0284) and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–0909)
109
Figure 90 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU,
LSU, ITS, tef1 and rpb2 sequence data related to family Teichosporaceae. Sixty strains were
included in the combined sequence analyses, which comprised 4709 characters with gaps.
Melanomma pulvis-pyrius (CBS 124080) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses
were also performed and topology and clade stability compared from combinbed gene analyses.
Tree topology of the ML analysis was similar to the BY. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final
likelihood value of -22095.570405 is presented. The matrix had 1542 distinct alignment patterns,
with 49.68% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A =
0.242601, C = 0.252145, G = 0.278539, T = 0.226715; substitution rates AC = 1.366345, AG =
3.813280, AT = 1.945628, CG = 1.436558, CT = 9.159549, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support
(first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95
110
are given near to each branch. The newly generated sequence is in blue. New isolate is in blue.
Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in red
superscript E, H, P and R respectively.
revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is Ramusculicola
thailandica (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, our strain is morphologically (Fig. 91) and
phylogenetically in agreement with Ramusculicola thailandica and we report a new record from
decaying pods of Acacia sp. in Thailand.
Figure 91 – Ramusculicola thailandica (MFLU 18–2097). a Host of decaying pod. b, c Immersed
ascomata on substrate. d, e Section through ascoma. f Peridium. g–j Ascospores. k Cellular
pseudoparaphyses. l–o Asci. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, d, e = 50 μm, g–k = 10 μm, l–o = 20 μm.
Testudinaceae Arx, Persoonia 6 (3): 366 (1971)
This family is poorly studied and relationships mainly based on DNA sequence analyses of a
few species (Wanasinghe et al. 2017). This has resulted in an inadequate understanding of the
genera and species in this family (Jeewon & Hyde 2007, Zhang et al. 2012).
Verruculina Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycological Research 94: 689 (1990)
This genus was introduced to accommodate an obligate marine species, Verruculina enalia
(Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1990). In this study, we introduce new host record for
Verruculina enalia from Thailand (Fig. 92).
61. Verruculina enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycological Research 94: 689 (1990)
Fig. 93
111
Figure 92 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 matrix of fourty-eight strains including related
species of the family Testudinaceae and families related to Testudinaceae. Lophiostoma spp. were
used as the outgroup taxa. The matrix comprised 4944 characters including aligment gaps. The best
scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -13396.714097 is presented. The matrix had
1706 distinct alignment patterns, with 28.45% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base
frequencies were as follows; A = 0.250985, C = 0.245666, G = 0.269693, T = 0.233655;
substitution rates AC = 1.621034, AG = 4.550733, AT = 1.588888, CG = 1.284743, CT =
9.542453, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian
posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strain is in
blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in red
superscript H, P and R respectively.
Facesoffungi number: FoF05281
Saprobic on Rhizophora spp., Phragmites sp. and Pandanus sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata
110–138 µm high × 94–145 µm diam. ( x = 126 × 121 µm; n = 10), solitary or gregarious, globose,
superficial or clypeate, carbonaceous, black, thick-walled, ostiolate. Peridium 19–29 µm wide ( x =
24.2 μm; n = 20), outer layer of small irregular, dark brown, thick-walled cells, inner layer of cells
with larger lumina, arranged in a textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.2–1.5 µm ( x = 1.3 µm; n =
30), simple or branched, filiform, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 144–151 × 11–14 µm ( x = 148 ×
12.5 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, broadly clavate, ovoid or ellipsoidal, short pedicellate,
apically rounded, without an apical apparatus, asci arising from a hemisphaerical pulvinus
composed of radiating hyphae. Ascospores 20–21 × 7.7–10 µm ( x = 20.4 × 8.4 µm; n = 30), uni112
seriate, dark brown to blackish brown, biturbinate to subellipsoidal, 1-septate, with a dark band
around the septum, constricted at the septum, apically papillate, with apical germ pores, thickwalledguttulate.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on
MEA, reaching a diameter of 20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, surface with hyphal growing,
with lobate edge, off-white to grey, dense, circular; reverse grey with pale yellow margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District (8˚ 3̍ 22̎ N, 98˚ 46̍
28̎ E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Pandanus sp. (Pandanaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C
364 (MFLU 18–2163, new host record); living culture MFLUCC 18–1547, KUMCC 18–0304.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347878, ITS: MK347771, LSU: MK347988, tef1: MK360092,
rpb2: MK434873
Notes – The new isolate groups with three other strains (BCC 18401, BCC 18402 and CBS
304.66) of Verruculina enalia in GenBank. The new strain (Fig. 93) is in agreement with the type
description in having clypeate or ostiloate, black, carbonaceous ascomata, long cellular, septate,
sparsely branching pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical, short pedicel asci and ovoid or ellipsoidal, dark
brown, 1-septate, verrucose or verruculose ascospores with germ pore (Kohlmeyer & VolkmannKohlmeyer 1990). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and rpb2 nucleotides of Verruculina enalia (BCC
18401, BCC 18402 and CBS 304.66) and the new strain (MFLUCC 18–1547) revealed nucleotide
differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is Verruculina enalia (Jeewon & Hyde
2016). Therefore, we document the new record of Verruculina enalia from Pandanus sp.
Verruculina enalia was previously reported from Rhizophora mangle, R. racemose, and Phragmites
sp. (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1990, Suetrong et al. 2009).
Figure 93 – Verruculina enalia (MFLU 18–2163). a Fruit of Pandanus sp. host. b Ascomata on
host. c Ostiole neck. d Section of ascoma. e Pseudoparaphyses. f–i Asci. j–n Ascospores. o
Germinated ascospore. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, d = 100 µm, e = 10 µm, g, f–i = 30 µm, j–o = 10 µm.
113
Tetraplosphaeriaceae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Studies in Mycology 64: 177 (2009)
This family was introduced to accommodate five genera producing conidia with setose
appendages (Tanaka et al. 2009) and Ernakulamia was later added (Delgado et al. (2017). We
present an updated tree for the family and introduce a new species, Ernakulamia krabiensis (Fig.
94).
Ernakulamia Subram., Kavaka 22/23: 67 (1996)
Delgado et al. (2017) introduced this genus based on type species, Ernakulamia cochinensis
collected from Strocaryum standleyanum (Arecaceae) in Panama. We introduce a new species from
pods of Acacia sp. in Thailand.
62. Ernakulamia krabiensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 95
Index Fungorum number: IF555574; Facesoffungi number: FoF05282
Holotype – MFLU 18–2166
Etymology – Referring to the Province where the specimen was collected, Krabi (Thailand).
Saprobic on Acacia sp. pod. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous.
Colonies on substrate dark brown, effuse. Conidiophores arising laterally from cells of intricately
branched repent hyphae, crowded, erect, short, cylindrical, subhyaline, simple, thin-walled, rarely
septate. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia 46–55 × 36–49 μm ( x = 53 × 42 μm, n = 30),
acrogenous and singly at the tip of conidiophores, dark brown, obconical, ovoid, broad-fusiform or
subglobose, muriform. Thin-walled, dark brown, constricted cells attach wth appendages.
Appendages 21–32 × 3.3–3.7 μm ( x = 28 × 3.5 μm, n = 30), arising from basel part brown, hyaline
tip, straight, septate, wide similar base to tip, 3–4 per conidium. Spermatia 2.7–3.4 × 1.6–2.1 μm
( x = 3.1 × 1.8 μm, n = 30), hyaline, subglobose, two prominent guttules.
Figure 94 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, ITS and LSU matrix of twenty-three strains including related species of
the family Tetraplosphaeriaceae. The matrix comprised 2886 characters including aligment gaps.
The tree was rooted with Amniculicola spp. (Amniculicolaceae). The best scoring RAxML tree
with a final likelihood value of -7792.333429 is presented. The matrix had 367 distinct alignment
114
patterns, with 12.64% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as
follows; A = 0.252367, C = 0.232260, G = 0.275939, T = 0.239434; substitution rates AC =
3.635512, AG = 3.074785, AT = 2.569761, CG = 1.114076, CT = 13.620941, GT = 1.000000. ML
bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or
greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the
holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively.
Figure 95 – Ernakulamia krabiensis (MFLU 18–2166, holotype). a Host seed pods. b, c Colonies
on dead pod. d Hyphae with conidia. e–g Conidia. h, i Spermatia. j Top view of culture. k Reverse
view of culture. Scale bars: a, j, k = 1 cm, b = 100 μm, c, d = 50 μm, e–g = 20 μm, h, i = 5 μm.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on MEA,
reaching 20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, surface with hyphal growing, with irregular edge,
different layers, middle grey, off white and brown layers, dense, circular; reverse black, pale brown
and dark brown.
Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on decaying pods
septum of Acacia sp., 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 372-A (MFLU 18–2166, holotype), ex-type
living culture MFLUCC 18–0237; KUMCC 18–0240.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347880, ITS: MK347773, LSU: MK347990, tef1: MK360053,
rpb2: MK434872
Notes – We isolated a tetraploa-like species from decaying Acacia sp. seed pod from Krabi
province, Thailand. Most tetraploa-like species were identified from bamboo (Tanaka et al. 2009).
Ernakulamia krabiensis forms a sister clade to E. cochinensis (PRC 3992) with high statistical
support (82 %MLBS/0.99 BYPP, Fig. 94). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two
strains reveals 9 (1.9%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon
& Hyde 2016). Morphologically E. krabiensis and E. cochinensis are similar in having monoblastic
conidiogenous cells, acrogenous, obconical, ovoid or broad-fusiform, dark brown, muriform
conidia with appendages (Fig. 95). However, conidia of E. krabiensis have 3–4 appendages that are
115
shorter (21–32 μm) than those of E. cochinensis which are up to 150 μm. In addition, the
appendages of E. cochinensis have a broad base and apex while in E. krabiensis they are uniform
from base to apex (Subramanian 1957). The holotype of E. cochinensis was collected from Cocos
nucifera in India and later recorded from Astrocaryum standleyanum (Arecaceae) in Panama
(Subramanian 1957, Delgado et al. 2017).
Another strain (ARIZ FL 2038) in GenBank groups with E. krabiensis and E. cochinensis
with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 94). This strain was isolated as an
endophytic species from a senescent leaf in the canopy of Serenoa repens (U’Ren & Arnold 2016).
Thyridariaceae Q. Tian & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 254 (2013)
Hyde et al. (2013) introduced Thyridariaceae to accommodate the genus Thyridaria based on
its unique morphology and phylogenetic placement in the Dothideomycetes. Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
(2016) synonymized Roussoellaceae under Thyridariaceae but Tibpromma et al. (2017, 2018)
recommended retaining Roussoellaceae based on phylogenetic analysis and its distinct
morphology. Currently, Thyridariaceae comprise three genera Cycasicola, Parathyridaria and
Thyridaria (Hyde et al. 2013, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2016, Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). We present
an updated tree for the family and introduce a new species, Cycasicola leucaenae (Fig. 85).
Cycasicola Wanas., E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 89: 89: 161 (2018)
Wanasinghe et al. (2018b) introduced this genus based on phylogeny of the type species,
Cycasicola goaensis. We isolated a new species from decaying seed pod of Leucaena sp.
63. Cycasicola leucaenae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 96
Index Fungorum number: IF555573; Facesoffungi number: FoF05280
Holotype – MFLU 18–2101
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Leucaena
(Fabaceae).
Figure 96 – Cycasicola leucaenae (MFLU 18–2101, holotype). a Seed pods of Leucaena sp.
b Conidiomata in the substrate. c Section through conidioma. d, e Conidiogenous cells. f Conidia.
g Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 100 μm, e = 20 μm,
f–g = 10 μm.
Saprobic on Leucaena sp. pods. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 70–80 µm high 90–120 µm diam. ( x = 75 × 110 µm; n = 20),
pycnidial, solitary, gregarious or confluent, immersed, unilocular, globose, dark brown.
Conidiomata wall 8–12 µm wide, composed of brown two cell layers and a hyaline cell layer of
116
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic,
hyaline, ampulliform, smooth-walled. Conidia 3–4 × 1.5–2.5 µm ( x = 3.5 × 2 µm; n = 30), hyaline
or pale brown, fusiform to cylindrical, continuous, straight or slightly curved, obtuse at apex and
base, sometimes slightly truncate at base, aseptate, guttulate, smooth-walled.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on
MEA, reaching 50 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, with pale brown crenate edge, middle grey
with crenate edge in margin of layer, reverse dark brown middle and pale brown outer layer.
Material examined – THAILAND, Lumphang Province, on decaying pod of Leucaena sp.
(Fabaceae), 24 September 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 215 (MFLU 18–2101, holotype; KUN-HKAS
102413, isotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–0914, KUMCC 18–0225.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347833, ITS: MK347726, LSU: MK347942, tef1: MK360046
Notes – Cycasicola leucaenae forms a sister clade to C. goaensis with high statistical support
(100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 85). Cycasicola leucaenae morphologically agrees with the generic
description of the type species, C. goaensis in having globose, dark brown, gregarious conidiomata,
phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline conidiogenous cells and cylindrical, guttulate, aseptate, hyaline to
pale brown conidia (Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). Cycasicola leucaenae differs from C. goaensis in
having a thin-walled peridium with two brown and a hyaline layer and lacking an ostiole (Fig. 96).
In addition, the substrate around the conidiomata of C. goaensis is stained black but this was not
observed in C. leucaena (Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these
two strains reveals 9 (1.9%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa
(Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Based on these differences we introduce a second species of Cycasicola.
Torulaceae Corda, Deutschlands Flora, Abt. III. Die Pilze Deutschlands 2: 71 (1829)
This consists of five hyphomycetous genera, Torula, Dendryphion, Neotorula,
Rostriconidium and Sporidesmioides (Su et al. 2016, Hyde et al. 2016, Li et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017,
Su et al. 2018). Most of the species in this family occur in fresh water habitats (Su et al. 2018). We
document two strains of Torula ficus from wild mangosteen fruit in Thailand and fruit of Magnolia
grandiflora in China (Fig. 97).
Figure 97 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 matrix of 35 strains including related species of the
family Torulaceae (Su et al. 2018). The matrix comprised 3130 characters including alignment
117
gaps. The tree was rooted with Neoroussoella bambusae MFLUCC 11 0124 (Roussoellaceae). The
best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -13396.714097 is presented. The matrix
had 996 distinct alignment patterns, with 28.67% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated
base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.241477, C = 0.270123, G = 0.274045, T = 0.214355;
substitution rates AC = 1.730630, AG = 4.254515, AT = 2.022183, CG = 1.205691, CT =
9.382099, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian
posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new strains are
in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated
in red superscript H, I, P and R respectively.
Figure 98 – Torula ficus (MFLU 18–2199). a Magnolia grandiflora cone. b, c Colonies on dead
pod. d Hypha with conidia. e–i Conidiophores with conidiogenous cell. j Conidial chain. k Conidia
l Budding on conidium. m Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d
= 30 μm, e–m = 10 μm.
64. Torula ficus P.W. Crous, IMA Fungus 6 (1): 192 (2015)
Fig. 98
Saprobic on a submerged decaying wood and wild fruits. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies effuse on host, blackish green, powdery. Mycelium 1.5–
2 μm wide ( x = 1.8 μm; n = 30), superficial to partly immersed on the substrate, composed of
septate, branched, smooth, hyaline to brown hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous,
mononematous, solitary, erect, light brown, verruculose, thick-walled, consisting of with 1 or 2
cells, without apical branches, ellipsoid to subglobose, arising from hypha. Conidiogenous cells 6–
11 × 3.5–6 μm ( x = 8.5 × 4.5 μm; n = 20), polyblastic, terminal, light brown to brown, paler at
apex, smooth to minutely verruculose, thick-walled, doliiform. Conidia 10–22 × 6–7 μm ( x = 15.5
118
× 6.5 μm; n = 30), catenated, acrogenous, simple, light brown to brown, phragmosporous, mainly
subcylindrical, smooth to minutely verruculose, rounded at both ends, often paler at apex, 2–3septate, constricted at septa. Conidial secession schizolytic.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 18 hr. and germ tubes produced
from the apex. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 50 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18ºC, mycelium
partly superficial, partly immersed, slightly effuse, cottony, with regular edge, grayish-brown to
brown.
Material examined – THAILAND, Ranong Province (8˚ 45' 5̎ N; 98˚ 23' 40" E), on decaying
fruit pericarp of Garcinia sp. (Clusiaceae), 29 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 374 (MFLU 18–2171,
new host record), living culture MFLUCC 18–0469, KUMCC 18–0300; CHINA, Yunnan province,
Kunming, Kunming Institute garden, on decaying cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae),
10 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 448 (MFLU 18–2199, new host record).
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–0469: SSU: MK347883, ITS: MK347776, LSU:
MK347993, tef1: MK360090, rpb2: MK434871; MFLU 18–2199: SSU: MK347905, ITS:
MK347797, LSU: MK348016
Known distribution – Europe from Ficus sp. (Crous et al. 2015a); Thailand from
Chromolaena odorata (Li et al. 2017b); China from submerged decaying wood (Su et al. 2017) and
from Magnolia grandiflora (this study); Thailand from Garcinia sp. (this study).
Notes – Our two strains group with other sequences of Torula ficus in GenBank (Fig. 97).
Morphological characters (Fig. 98) such as macronematous conidiophores, mono- to polyblastic,
doliiform conidiogenous cells and dry, acrogenous, brown, constricted at septa, verrucose conidia
in chains and consticted at the septa, fit well within the species concept of T. ficus (Crous et al.
2015a). Therefore, we report on two new host records for T. ficus from terrestrial environments on
decaying fruit of Garcinia sp. and cone of Magnolia grandiflora.
Pleosporales, incertae sedis
Pseudoberkleasmium Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 93:50 (2018)
This genus was established with Ps. pandanicola as the type species based on morphology
and phylogenetic analyses (Tibpromma et al. 2018). Herein we introduce a new species in
Pseudoberkleasmium (Fig. 99).
65. Pseudoberkleasmium acaciae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 100
Index Fungorum number: IF555575; Facesoffungi number: FoF05283
Holotype – MFLU 18–2169
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Acacia
(Fabaceae).
Saprobic on Acacia sp. pods. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate, superficial, gregarious, scattered, black, powdery,
glistening, with conidia readily liberated when disturbed. Mycelium 1.9–3.3 μm wide ( x = 2.8 μm;
n = 30), superficial to immersed, hyaline to pale brown, branched, septate. Conidiophores
micronematous, mononematous, fasciculate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells 10–12 × 6–10
μm ( x = 11 × 8.4 μm; n = 30), globose to subglobose, terminal, thick-walled, determinate, hyaline.
Conidia 28–38 × 17–24 μm ( x = 34 × 22 μm; n = 30), initially hyaline, later brown to olivaceous
green, hyaline basal cell, muriform, globose to subglobose, rounded at apex.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. Colonies growing on
MEA, reaching 15 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ° C, surface with hyphal growing, with irregular
edge, pale brown to grey, radially arrange, middle dark brown, muciligenous extudate, reverse three
layers, pale brown to grey outer layer, yellowish brown middle layer and center dark brown to
black.
Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District (8˚ 3̍ 22̎ N, 98˚ 46̍
28̎ E), on decaying pod septum of Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 373
119
(MFLU 18–2169, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2590, KUMCC 18–0286.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347882, ITS: MK347775, LSU: MK347992, tef1: MK360073
Notes – Pseudoberkleasmium acaciae forms a sister clade to P. pandanicola (MFLUCC 17–
2264) with high statistical support (Fig. 100). Both species share morphological features (Fig. 101)
such as hyphomycetous form, micronematous, mononematous conidiophores and muriform
ascospores. However, P. pandanicola has conidiogenous cells that remain connected to the base of
conidia, with guttules and broadly ellipsoidal to obovoid, flattened, one-cell thick, guttulate conidia
(Tibpromma et al. 2018). Therefore, we describe a new species of Pseudoberkleasmium. A
comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two species reveal 33 (6.7%) nucleotide differences,
which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Figure 99 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, ITS, LSU and tef1 matrix of 74 strains was including related families of
order Pleosporales. The matrix comprised 3394 characters including alignment gaps. The tree was
rooted with Lophiostoma spp. (Lophiostomataceae). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final
likelihood value of -21848.231790 is presented. The matrix had 873 distinct alignment patterns,
with 22.56% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A =
0.242601, C = 0.252145, G = 0.278539, T = 0.226715; substitution rates AC = 0.767335, AG =
2.871799, AT = 1.203512, CG = 1.169423, CT = 11.302775, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap
120
support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater
than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype,
isotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H and R respectively.
Figure 100 – Pseudoberkleasmium acaciae (MFLUCC 17–2590, ex-type). a Germinated conidium.
b, c Top and reverse views of culture. d Growth in culture. e–f Conidiophores and conidiogenous
cells. g–k Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 1 cm, a, d–k = 20 μm.
Subclass Dothideomycetidae P.M. Kirk et al. Mycologia 98: 1045 (2007)
Capnodiales Woron., Annales Mycologici 23: 177 (1925)
Capnodiaceae (Sacc.) Höhn. ex Theiss., Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft
Wien 66: 363 (1916)
Capnodiaceae contains species of sooty moulds (Hyde et al. 2013, Chomnunti et al. 2011,
2014). The family is commonly found on leaves and associated with the honeydew of insects
(Chomnunti et al. 2011).
Leptoxyphium Speg., Physis Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 4 (17): 294
(1918)
Leptoxyphium is the asexual morph genus in Capnodiaceae. It has elongated pycnidia, with
short or long necks, an apical ostiole, and aseptate, hyaline conidia (Chomnunti et al. 2011, 2014).
Herein introduce a new host record of Leptoxyphium kurandae from Thailand.
66. Leptoxyphium kurandae Crous & R.G. Shivas, Persoonia 26: 145 (2011)
Fig. 101
Facesoffungi number: FoF05284
Saprobic sooty moulds, forming on the upper surface of leaves and fruits. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Hyphae olivaceous brown to dark brown,
branched, septate, constricted at the septa, bead-like, forming an irregular network. Conidiomata
121
342–422 μm high ( x = 381 μm; n = 10), synnematal, dark olivaceous-brown to black, straight to
slightly flexuous, base 37–47 × 37–43 μm wide ( x = 44 × 39 μm; n = 20), basal cells dark
olivaceous-brown, bulbous, apex 29–37 × 28–32 μm wide ( x = 34 ×31 μm; n = 20), funnel-shaped,
resembling a cupula. Conidiogenous cells arising from the inner cell wall of the cupulate apex,
olivaceous-brown to hyaline. Conidia 6.2–7.4 × 2.7–3.4 μm ( x = 6.7 × 3 μm; n = 20), hyaline,
broadly ellipsoid with rounded ends, aseptate and lacking guttules.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, decaying fruits of Lagerstroemia
loudoni (Lythraceae), 23 October 2015, S.C. Jayasiri, C 67 (MFLU 18–2085, new host record).
Notes – The morphology of this new collection is identical with description of Leptoxyphium
kurandae (Crous et al. 2011). Leptoxyphium kurandae was reported from leaves of Eucalyptus sp.
(Crous et al. 2011), on extrafloral nectaries of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Park et al. 2015) and on
leaves of H. cannabinus (Choi et al. 2015). This is the first report of L. kurandae from fruit
(Lagerstroemia loudoni) and as a saprobe. Our new collection identified based only on morphology
(Fig. 107) as single spore isolation was unsuccessfuled.
Figure 101 – Leptoxyphium kurandae (MFLU 18–2085). a Host seed. b, c Mycelium on host
surface. d Apex swelling on synnemata. e Close up of synnematal stalk. f Synnematal stalk.
g Condiogenous cells close up view of formation of conidia. h, i Conidia. Scale bars: d, e, g–j = 10
μm, f = 100 μm.
122
Figure 102 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS,
tef1 and actin partial sequence data for Cladosporium species. One hundred and seven strains were
included in the sequence analysis, which comprise 1378 characters including alignment gaps.
123
Cercospora beticola (CBS 116456) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were
carried out and compared with each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability.
Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final
likelihood value of -20894.787676 is presented. The matrix had 845 distinct alignment patterns,
with 23.69% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A =
0.226943, C = 0.290615, G = 0.251331, T = 0.231112; substitution rates AC = 1.878021, AG =
3.250831, AT = 1.689030, CG = 1.117942, CT = 5.560854, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support
(first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95
are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype
and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, I and R respectively.
Cladosporiaceae Nann., Repertorio sistematico dei miceti dell' uomo e degli animali 4: 404 (1934)
Cladosporiaceae contains eight genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2018) including the divese and
species rich genus, Cladosporium.
Cladosporium Link, Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin 8: 37 (1816)
This genus mostly comprises saprobes with a worldwide distribution, and growing on a wide
range of substrates (Bensch et al. 2012, Crous et al. 2014, Sandoval-Denis et al. 2016). We
collected three host records and two new species of Cladosporium.
67. Cladosporium aphidis Thüm., Oesterr. Landwirtsch. Wochenbl. 2(43): 505 (1876)
Fig. 103
Facesoffungi number: FoF05285
Saprobic on aphids, Aphis symphyti and pods of Laburnum anagyroides. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium 2–3 μm wide (x̅ = 2.2 μm; n = 30),
superficial and immersed composed of septate, branched, subhyaline to pale green-brown, roughand thick-walled, anastomosing hyphae. Conidiophores 43–58 μm high × 3–3.5 μm diam. (x̅ = 52 ×
3.2 μm; n = 30), erect, cylindrical, nodulose, septate, simple or branched, brown, roughened to
verruculose, thick-walled. Conidiogenous cells 4.5–7.5 × 1–2 μm (x̅ = 6.8 × 1.8 μm; n = 20),
terminal or intercalary, subcylindrical or cylindrical, bearing up to four conidiogenous loci,
darkened and refringent. Ramoconidia 11–20 × 3–3.5 μm (x̅ = 15 × 3.2 μm; n = 30), pale brown to
brown, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, smooth or finely verruculose, 1–4-septate. Conidia 5–9 × 3–4 μm
(x̅ = 6 × 3.5 μm; n = 30), pale brown to brown, obovoidal to short ellipsoid, aseptate, smooth- and
thick-walled.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies reaching a diam. of
50 mm after 2 weeks at 18°C. Colonies olivaceous-grey to olivaceous, pale olivaceous-grey due to
aerial mycelium, iron-grey reverse, sometimes zonate, velvety or powdery, margin colourless or
white, regular, radially furrowed, feathery, colony centre often forming a crater like structure,
immersed, aerial mycelium sparse, diffuse or dense, numerous small prominent exudates formed,
appear almost blackish, profuse sporulation.
Material examined – UK, Southsea, on decaying pods of Laburnum anagyroides (Fabaceae),
8 November 2015, E.B.G. Jones, GJ 210 (MFLU 18–2226, new host record); living culture
MFLUCC 18–1561, KUMCC 18–0219.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347924, ITS: MK347815, LSU: MK348035, rpb2: MK434850
Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, the new strain grouped in a clade with Cladosporium
aphidis (CBS 132182) with high support (100 % MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 102). A comparison of the
ITS, tef1 and actin nucleotides of Cladosporium aphidis and the new strain (MFLUCC 18–1561)
revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is Cladosporium
aphidis (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Cladosporium aphidis has erect, cylindrical, nodulose, septate,
simple or branched, brown conidiophores, terminal or intercalary, subcylindrical or cylindrical
conidiogenous cells, 1–4-septate, ellipsoidal to cylindrical ramoconidia and obovoidal to short
ellipsoid, aseptate, pale green-brown conidia (Bensch et al. 2012). Cladosporium aphidis is the
only example of a Cladosporium species on aphids. However, in our study we isolated the same
124
species from wild seed pods of Laburnum anagyroides. Lectotype of this species is from
Symphytum officinale associated with Aphis symphyti and a later epitype by Bensch et al. (2012) on
dead carcasses of aphids on leaves of Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae). It formed colonies on the
leaf surface around the carcasses and finally spread over the whole leaf (Bensch et al. 2012). Our
sample may be associated with aphids, although we only observed colonies growning on surface of
the seed coat.
Figure 103 – Cladosporium aphidis (MFLU 18–2226). a Host pods of Laburnum anagyroides.
b, c Appearance of colonies. d, e Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. f–g Conidia and
ramoconidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, d, e = 10 µm, f–h = 5 µm.
68. Cladosporium dominicanum Zalar, de Hoog & Gunde-Cimerman, Studies in Mycology 58:
169 (2007)
Fig. 104
Facesoffungi number: FoF05323
Saprobic on Delonix regia pod and in hypersaline water. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium 2–4 μm wide (x̅ = 3.2 μm; n = 30), partly superficial
partly submerged; hyphae branched, septate, often with swellings and constrictions, irregular,
hyaline to pale brown, smooth, walls, slightly thickened. Conidiophores 50–80 (–150) μm long ×
2–3 μm diam. (x̅ = 72 × 2.5 μm; n = 30), arising laterally or terminally, erect, micronematous and
semimacronematous, straight to slightly flexuous, filiform to narrowly cylindrical, unbranched or
branched, brown. Conidiogenous cells undifferentiated. Condiogenous scars thickened and
conspicuous, protuberant. Ramoconidia rarely formed. Conidia 5–6 × 2.5–2.6 μm (x̅ = 5.5 × 2.5
μm; n = 30), catenate, in branched chains, hyaline to dark brown, narrower at both ends, straight,
guttulate.
Culture characters – Conida germinated on MEA with in 18 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, dark green, velvety, furrowed, with undulate margin.
Reverse dark green-brown.
Material examined – THAILAND, Ko Larn Island, on decaying pod septum of Delonix regia
125
(Fabaceae), 6 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 302 (MFLU 18–2138, new host record), living culture
MFLUCC 17–2294, KUMCC 18–0222.
GenBank numbers – ITS: MK347753, LSU: MK347970, tef1: MK340861, actin: MK412888
Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, the new strain grouped in a clade with Cladosporium
dominicanum (CBS 119415) with high support (100 % MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 102) and shares
similar morphology with type description (Zalar et al. 2007). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and
actin nucleotides of Cladosporium dominicanum and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–2294) revealed
nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is Cladosporium dominicanum
(Jeewon & Hyde 2016). The type of C. dominicanum was identified from hypersaline water of salt
lake, while our new strain collected from decaying pods of Delonix regia (Zalar et al. 2007).
Figure 104 – Cladosporium dominicanum (MFLU 18–2138). a Host seed pods of Delonix regia.
b Appearance of colonies in the substrate. c Conidiogenous cell with conidia. d, e Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 2 cm, b = 200 µm, c–e = 5 µm, f–g = 1 cm.
69. Cladosporium entadae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 105
Index Fungorum number: IF555576; Facesoffungi number: FoF05287
Holotype – MFLU 18–2104
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Entada
(Fabaceae).
Saprobic on pod of Entada phaseoloides. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Mycelium partly superficial partly submerged; hyphae branched, septate,
irregular, often with swellings and constrictions, hyaline to pale brown to, smooth, walls, slightly
thickened. Conidiophores arising laterally or terminally, erect, straight to slightly flexuous, filiform
to narrowly cylindrical, broad towards the base, unbranched or branched, hyaline to pale brown.
Condiogenous scars thickened and conspicuous, protuberant. Conidia 5–6 × 2.5–2.6 μm (x̅ = 5.5 ×
2.5 μm; n = 30), in branched chains, terminal chains with up to five conidia, hyaline to dark brown,
guttulate, flat end, straight. Ramoconidia in the culture, hyaline to pale brown, globose, subglobose,
ovoid, apex rounded, aseptate, 1-prominent guttule.
Culture characters – Conida germinated on MEA with in 18 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
30–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C, pale green, radially furrowed, with raised, crater-shaped
central part, with white, undulate, submerged margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N;
99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C
221 (MFLU 18–2104, holotype, MFLU 18–2105, isotype), living culture MFLUCC 17–0919,
KUMCC 18–0223.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347836, ITS: MK347728, LSU: MK347945
126
Figure 105 – Cladosporium entadae (MFLU 18–2104, holotype). a Part of Entada phaseoloides
pod. b Appearance of colonies on substrate. c–e Conidia. f, g Conidiophore and conidiogenous cell.
h Conidial chain. i, j Top and reverse view of culture. k Conidia in culture (MEA). Scale bars: a, i, j
= 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c–e = 5 µm, f–h, k = 10 µm.
Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, Cladosporium entadae formed a sister clade to C.
velox with high support (97 % MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 102). Cladosporium velox characterized by
olivaceous-brown, dichotomously branched conidiophores 5(–7)-septate with 5 conidia in the
chain, verruculose, pale brown, non-septate conidia and cylindrical, 0–1-septate ramoconidia (Zalar
et al. 2007). Cladosporium entadae is characterized by hyaline to pale brown, erect conidiophores,
hyaline to dark brown conidia with flat, dark wall ends and globose to subglobose ramoconidia
(Fig. 106). With these significant morphological differences and with phylogenetic support we
introduce C. entadae as a new species. A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of these two strains
reveal 8 (1.7%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde
2016).
70. Cladosporium magnoliigena Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 106
Index Fungorum number: IFIF555716; Facesoffungi number: FoF05286
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Magnolia
(Magnoliaceae).
Saprobic on cone of Magnolia grandiflora. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Mycelium partly superficial partly submerged, overgrowing entire pod, thin to
dense, later often forming colonies on the surface, hyphae straight to strongly flexuous sinuous,
branched, subhyaline to olivaceous-brown. Conidiophores 50–150 × 3–4.5 μm (x̅ = 88 × 3.8 μm; n
= 20), erect, stipes, slightly attenuated towards the apex, olivaceous-brown, smooth and thickwalled, arising terminally and laterally from aerial hyphae, dichotomously branched, septate.
Conidia 4.2–5.5 × 2–5 μm (x̅ = 5.1 × 3.5 μm; n = 30), in simple and branched chains, subhyaline to
olivaceous-brown, shape and size variable, subglobose, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid, fusiform,
subcylindrical, aseptate, smooth to faintly rough-walled, conidia thin-walled. Secondary
ramoconidia 9.5–18 × 2.7–4.2 μm (x̅ = 14 × 3.5 μm; n = 30), olivaceous-brown, ellipsoid-ovoid,
obovoid, fusiform, subcylindrical, 0–3-septate, smooth to faintly rough-walled.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies on MEA reaching
50–60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18°C. Colonies olivaceous-grey to olivaceous, pale olivaceous127
grey due to aerial mycelium, iron-grey reverse, sometimes zonate, velvety or powdery, margin
colourless or white, regular, radially furrowed, feathery, colony centre often forming a crater like
structure, immersed, aerial mycelium sparse, diffuse or dense, numerous small prominent exudates
formed, appear almost blackish, sporulation profuse.
Figure 106 – Cladosporium magnolicola (MFLU 18–2220, holotype). a Host fruits of Magnolia
grandiflora. b Appearance of colonies. d Conidiophore. e–g Conidia and ramoconidia. h–j Conidia.
k Top view of culture. l Reverse view of culture. m Sporulation on culture. Scale bars: a, k, l = 1
cm, b, m = 200 µm, c, d = 20 µm, e–j = 10 µm.
Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Botany, on decaying
cone of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 25 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 463 (MFLU 18–
2220, holotype; KUN-HKAS102440, isotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1559, KUMCC
18–0220; ibid C 461-B (MFLU 18–2217-B), living culture MFLUCC 18–1557, KUMCC 18–0221.
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 18–1559: SSU: MK347921, ITS: MK347813, LSU:
MK348032, tef1: MK340864, rpb2: MK434854; MFLUCC 18–1557: SSU: MK347919, ITS:
MK347811, LSU: MK348030, tef1: MK340862, rpb2: MK434910
Notes – Cladosporium magnoliigena, is a sister species to C. cladosporioides with high
statistical support (86% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 102). Cladosporium magnoliigena is
morphologically (Fig. 107) similar but phylogenetically distant from C. cladosporioides (Torres et
al. 2017). A comparison of the tef1 and actin nucleotides of these two strains reveals 39 (17.4%)
and 12 (5.2%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde
2016).
128
Figure 107 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS and
LSU partial sequence data for Stomiopeltis species. Eighteen strains were included in the sequence
analysis, which comprise 1378 characters including alignment gaps. Mycosphaerella bixea (AF
362056) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analysis was carried out and compared with
each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree
was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of 4755.099490 is presented. The matrix had 290 distinct alignment patterns, with 41.44% of
undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.225933, C =
0.259155, G = 0.286189, T = 0.228723; substitution rates AC = 1.079318, AG = 1.717967, AT =
1.184400, CG = 1.238487, CT = 4.663407, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype specimens are indicated
in red superscript H.
Phaeothecoidiellaceae K.D. Hyde & Hongsanan, Mycosphere 8 (1): 140 (2017)
This family comprises several species which cause sooty blotch and flyspeck diseases of
some economic fruits. We introduce two new species from decaying wild fruits (Fig. 107).
Stomiopeltis Theiss., Brotéria Série Botânica 12: 85 (1914)
Index Fugorum lists 48 records for this genus, with 33 records in USDA Fungal database
from different hosts. Many species have been synonymized under different names and few have
sequence data with their morphological descriptions. Most species in this genus have been reported
as pathogens on fruits (Mayfield et al. 2013, Ajitomi et al. 2017). We introduce two new species
from decaying wild fruits from China and Thailand.
71. Stomiopeltis sinensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 108
Index Fungorum number: IF555578; Facesoffungi number: FoF05289
Holotype – MFLU 18–2203
Etymology – Referring to the place where the fungus was collected, China.
Saprobic on Harpephyllum sp. fruit. Sexual morph: Thyriothecia 86–104 μm high × 220–228
μm diam. (x̅ = 96 × 225 μm, n = 20), solitary, gregarious, superficial, rounded, easily removed from
129
the host surface, black, ostiolate. Peridium 40–59 μm wide (x̅ = 51 μm; n = 20), dark brown textura
angularis cell layers. Hamathecium 2–2.5 μm wide (x̅ = 2.2 μm; n = 30), hyaline, filiform,
unbranched, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 44–49 × 15–21 μm (x̅ = 45 × 19 μm; n = 20), 4spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong to subglobose, with a minute pedicel, arranged vertically,
apical region of asci usually with a thick opaque region, without an ocular chamber. Ascospores
19–21 × 5–7 μm (x̅ = 20 × 5.5 μm; n = 20), uniseriate, hyaline, obovoid to ellipsoid, 1-septate,
strongly constricted at the septum, with two different length cells, upper cell slightly broader,
asymmetric, guttulate. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Figure 108 – Stomiopeltis sinensis (MFLU 18–2203, holotype). a Host seed. b, c View of
thyriothecia on host surface. d, e Section through thyriothecia. f–h Asci. i–n Ascospores. Scale
bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 μm, d, e = 30 μm, f–n = 10 μm.
Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Botany, on decaying
fruit pericarp of Harpephyllum sp. (Anacardiaceae), 25 April 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 450 (MFLU
18–2203, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102438, isotype).
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347907, ITS: MK347799, LSU: MK348018
Notes – Stomiopeltis sinensis clusters with Stomiopeltis sp. (RS7.1 and RS7.2) introduced
from apple sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) disease in northeastern Turkey (Mayfield et al. 2013).
However, there is no morphological description of this strain, only described culture morphology.
However, we were unable to get a culture of Stomiopeltis sinensis and DNA was extracted directly
from the fruiting bodies (Zeng et al. 2018). Stomiopeltis sp. (RS7.2) has good support in multi-loci
130
phylogeny (77% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 107) with new strain and there were 75 (13.3%) base pair
differences for ITS gene region. Therefore, we introduce a new species, Stomiopeltis sinensis (Fig.
108) as it fits with the description of the genus in having superficial, orbicular, conical to lenticular,
ostiolar, unilocular thyriothecia with pseudoparenchyma cell wall, bitunicate asci with thick neck
and hyaline, guttulate ascospores with a transverse septum (Ajitomi et al. 2017).
Figure 109 – Stomiopeltis phyllanthi (MFLU 18–2115, holotype). a Phyllanthus emblica seeds.
b–d View of thyriothecia on host surface. e Section through thyriothecium. f–h Asci. i–n
Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, e = 20 μm, f–h = 10 μm, i–n = 5 μm.
72. Stomiopeltis phyllanthi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 109
Index Fungorum number: IF555577; Facesoffungi number: FoF05288
Holotype – MFLU 18–2115
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Phyllanthus
(Phyllanthaceae).
Saprobic on Phyllanthus emblica fruits. Sexual morph: Thyriothecia 19–35 μm high × 67–84
μm diam. (x̅ = 23 × 74 μm; n = 20), solitary, gregarious, superficial, rounded, easily removed from
the host surface, black; upper wall comprising a thin layer of neatly arranged dark cells of textura
angularis. Hamathecium lacking pseudoparaphyses. Asci 44–49 × 7–9 μm (x̅ = 45 × 8 μm; n = 20),
4- spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong to subglobose, with a minute pedicel, arranged vertically,
apical region of asci usually with a thick opaque region, ocular chamber not observed. Ascospores
15–17 × 4–5 μm (x̅ = 16 × 4.5 μm; n = 20), uniseriate, hyaline, obovoid to ellipsoid, 1-septate,
strongly constricted at the septum, equal length cells, but upper cell slightly broader, asymmetric.
Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Luang University, on decaying fruit
pericarp of Phyllanthus emblica (Phyllanthaceae), 20 March 2017, D. Thennakon, C-241 (MFLU
18–2115, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102418, isotype).
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347842, ITS: MK347734, LSU: MK347951
Notes – Stomiopeltis phyllanthi forms a sister clade to Stomiopeltis spp. strains (RS4, 11R
Gp010 and AY160170) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 107), although
131
these strains do not have any morphological description. However, S. phyllanthi (Fig. 109) fits with
the description of the genus Stomiopeltis in having superficial, orbicular, unilocular thyriothecia
with pseudoparenchyma cell wall, bitunicate asci with thicked neck and hyaline ascospores with a
transverse septum (Ajitomi et al. 2017). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of Stomiopeltis
phyllanthi and Stomiopeltis sp. (RS4, 11R Gp010 and AY160170) strains reveals 58 (12.8%)
nucleotide differences, which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Dothideomycetes orders incertae sedis
Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker, Mycologia 98 (6): 1050 (2007)
Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & P. Syd., Annales Mycologici 16 (1–2): 16 (1918)
Among the six families in the order (Phillips et al. 2019), Botryosphaeriaceae is the largest.
The species in Botryosphaeriaceae are morphologically diverse and include pathogens, endophytes
or saprobes usually associated with woody hosts (Phillips et al. 2013). Interest in this fungal group
is mainly because they cause plant diseases (Phillips et al. 2013, Marin-Felix et al. 2017). We
introduce novelties within seven of the 22 genera currently recognised in this family. All our
isolates came from decaying wild fruits or seed pods.
Cophinforma Doilom, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 57: 174 (2012)
This genus comprises Cophinforma atrovirens and C. mamane, two species that are
morphologically very similar, with significant overlap in conidial dimensions. Phillips et al. (2013)
suggested that they can be distinguished based only on DNA data.
Figure 110 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS
partial sequence data. Thirteen strains are included in the sequence analyses that comprise 560
characters including alignment gaps. Neofusicoccum parvum (ATCC 58191) was used as the
outgroup taxon. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML
tree with a final likelihood value of -1101.021888 is presented. The matrix had 82 distinct
132
alignment patterns, with 5.88% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies
were as follows; A = 0.218330, C = 0.296118, G = 0.255108, T = 0.230444; substitution rates AC
= 1.091606, AG = 3.291473, AT = 2.663012, CG = 2.340074, CT = 11.299261, GT = 1.000000.
ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities
equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated
from the holotype, neotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, N and R
respectively.
73. Cophinforma atrovirens (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, Studies in Mycology
76: 80 (2013)
Fig. 111
≡Fusicoccum atrovirens Mehl & Slippers, Mycologia 103: 543 (2011)
=Cophinforma eucalypti Doilom, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 57:174 (2012)
Facesoffungi number: FoF05290
Saprobic or pathogenic on branches or pod of Ailanthus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 78–100 μm high × 82–105 μm diam. ( x = 85 × 90
μm; n = 10), on host seed pod, superficial, multilocular, dark brown to black, eustromatic, complex,
effuse, globose, with wall composed of two layers, an outer layer of thick-walled dark brown cells
of textura angularis, and inner layer of thin-walled hyaline textura angularis cells. Conidiophores
absent. Conidiogenous cells 15–19 × 5–8 μm ( x = 16 × 6 μm; n = 10), enteroblastic, annellidic,
hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently to form one or two distinct annellations, or
proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings. Paraphyses absent. Conidia 24–
32 × 8–10 μm ( x = 27 × 9 μm; n = 30), hyaline, ellipsoid to obovoid, unicellular, contents granular,
asymmetric, smooth, thin-walled.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA
50 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, fluffy, initially white to olivaceous in the center, later
becoming black on both sides.
Figure 111 – Cophinforma atrovirens (MFLU 18–2179). a Ailanthus sp. pod. b, c Conidiomata on
host surface. d Section through conidiomata. e Conidioma wall. f, g Conidiogenous cells. h–j
Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 200 μm, d = 20 μm, e–j = 10 μm.
133
Material examined – THAILAND, Phrae Province (18˚ 22' 9" N, 100˚ 21' 12"), on fallen pod
of Ailanthus sp. (Simaroubaceae), 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 411 (MFLU 18–2179, new
host record), living culture MFLUCC 18–0241, KUMCC 18–0224.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347889, ITS: MK347782, LSU: MK348000, tef1: MK340865
Notes – Species in this genus are recognized mainly based on phylogenetic data and for
Cophinforma mamane only ITS sequence data are available (Phillips et al. 2013). Our strain groups
well with other C. atrovirens strains in GenBank (Fig. 110). Therefore, we introduce a new host
record for C. atrovirens, i.e. seed pods of Ailanthus sp. This is the second record of C. atrovirens
from Thailand. Cophinforma atrovirens is reported as a saprobe or pathogen on various plant hosts,
namely Acacia mangium, Dimocarpus longan, Eucalyptus hybrid, Eucalyptus sp., E. urophylla and
Pterocarpus angolensis from China, South Africa, Thailand and Venezuela (Mohali et al. 2007,
Mehl et al. 2011, Liu et al. 2012, Xu et al. 2015, Li et al. 2018). In most of these reports C.
atrovirens was regarded as a pathogen. We report C. atrovirens as a saprobe from Ailanthus sp.
(Simaroubaceae).
134
Figure 112 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS,
tef1 and tub2 partial sequence data. Forty-seven strains were included in the sequence analysis,
which comprise 1308 characters including alignment gaps. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (CBS
164.96) was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with
each species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree
was similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of 4780.098792 is presented. The matrix had 394 distinct alignment patterns, with 18.09% of
undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.205692, C =
0.307983, G = 0.260318, T = 0.226007; substitution rates AC = 1.026040, AG = 3.116482, AT =
1.028957, CG = 1.577387, CT = 4.393616, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal
or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near
to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the epitype, holotype, isotype,
neotype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript E, H, I, N and R respectively.
Diplodia Fr., in Montagne, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., 2e Sér., 1:302 (1834)
This genus comprises 31 species based of the molecular and morphological data
(Dissanayake et al. 2016, Linaldeddu et al. 2016, Yang et al. 2017). We add a new species and a
new host record (Fig. 113).
74. Diplodia magnoliigena Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 113
Index Fungorum number: IF555579; Facesoffungi number: FoF05291
Holotype – MFLU 18–2214
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Magnolia
(Magnoliaceae).
Figure 113 – Diplodia magnoliigena (MFLU 18–2214, holotype). a Host cone. b, c Conidiomata
on host surface. d Section through conidioma. e Conidioma wall. f–h Conidiogenous cells.
i–m Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 200 μm, d = 100 μm, e–h, k–m = 20 μm, i, j = 10 μm.
Saprobic on cone of Magnolia grandiflora. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 190–210 μm high × 182–212 μm diam. ( x = 205 × 198 μm; n = 10),
135
solitary, partly immersed, partially erumpent when mature, dark brown to black, more or less
globose, with wall composed of two layers; an outer layer of dark brown, thick-walled cells of
textura angularis and an inner layer of thin-walled hyaline cells. Ostiole 55–65 μm high ( x = 62
μm; n = 10), central, circular, papillate. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells 9–15 × 2–3 μm
( x = 13 × 2.5 μm; n = 20), holoblastic, integrated, annellidic, hyaline, cylindrical, smooth,
indeterminate, proliferating percurrently to form one or two indistinct annellations. Conidia 26–30
× 12–14 μm ( x = 28 × 12.5 μm; n = 30), hyaline and aseptate at first, becoming dark brown and 1septate, oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends broadly rounded, smooth, thick-walled.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA
reaching 40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, with fluffy mycelium, initially white to amber in the
centre, after two weeks turning dark amber, white to dark amber, olivaceous with age; reverse
submerged mycelium, first yellow, with age dark amber, almost olivaceous, and with age
olivaceous center.
Material examined – CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute, on fallen cone of
Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 15 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 458 (MFLU 18–2214,
holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–1554, KUMCC 18–0236.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347915, ITS: MK347807, LSU: MK348026, tub2: MK412873
Notes – Diplodia magnoliigena groups sister to D. mutila and Diplodia pyri with high
support (Fig. 112) but differs morphologically (Fig. 113) from the latter by having dark brown, 1septate, longer conidia and the conidiomatal wall consists of two layers. Diplodia mutila is
characterized by short conidia, which are rarely pale brown, and a three-layered peridium (Phillips
et al. 2013). In addition, these two species can be distinguished by 13 (4.1) and 7 (1.8%) base pair
differences in tef1 and tub2 gene regions respectively. Confirmed hosts for the D. mutila are
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Fraxinus, Malus, Populus, Taxus baccata and Vitis vinifera (Phillips
et al. 2013) together with a recent record on Juglans regia (Díaz et al. 2018).
75. Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 393 (1870)
Fig. 114
Facesoffungi number: FoF05292
Saprobic on cone of Pinus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 240–550 μm high × 300–500 μm diam. ( x = 385 × 445 μm, n = 10),
pycnidial, stromatic, globose, immersed, sometimes appearing superficial, separate or aggregated,
dark brown to black, unilocular. Conidiomata wall 30–60 μm wide ( x = 47 μm; n = 10), 6–8
layered, with outer wall of dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, with wall cells
darker around the circular, central ostiole. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells arising from
inner wall of the locule. Conidia 28–33 × 11–16 μm ( x = 30 × 14 μm; n = 10), dark brown, oblong
to clavate, straight to slightly curved, at first aseptate, when old 1-septate. Spermatogenous cells
2.5–3.5 × 2–3.5 μm ( x = 3 × 3 μm; n = 20), holoblastic or proliferating via phialides with periclinal
thickenings, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical. Spermatia 3.5–5.5 × 1.5–2.5 μm ( x = 4.7 × 2 μm; n =
20), hyaline, cylindrical with rounded ends, smooth, aseptate.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA
40 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 18oC, initially off white to grey, when mature becoming black,
reverse grey to black.
Material examined – CHINA, Guizhou Province, on decaying cone of Pinus sp. (Pinaceae),
25 May 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 140 (MFLU 18–2090, KUN-HKAS 102410), living culture
MFLUCC 18–1542, KUMCC 18–0237.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347824, ITS: MK347719, LSU: MK347933, tef1: MK340866,
tub2: MK412872
Notes – Our isolate clustered with other Diplodia sapinea strains (Fig. 112). Base pair
differences between our isolate and D. sapinea (CBS 109725, CBS 393.84) are 1 and 3 respectively
for ITS and tub2 and no base pair differences for tef1. Morphological characters could not be
described clearly because the sample was very dry and conidia were not observed in culture.
However, we obtained spermatia (Fig. 114). Diplodia sapinea has been recorded worldwide,
136
especially from Pinus species as a pathogen (Palmer et al. 1987); in this study it was also isolated it
from a pine cone in China, but as a saprobe. Other host species associated with D. sapinea include
Abies, Larix, Picea, Thuja and Pseudotsuga (Palmer et al. 1987, Phillips et al. 2013). Considering
these features, we introduce another strain of Diplodia sapinea with spermatia in culture.
Figure 114 – Diplodia sapinea (MFLU 18–2090). a Conidiomata on host surface. b, c
Conidiogenous cells. d Conidia. e, f Top and reverse view of culture. g Conidimata in culture. h
Spermatogenous cells. i–k Spermatia. Scale bars: a = 200 μm, b–e = 20 μm, f, g = 1 cm, i–l = 5 μm.
Dothiorella Sacc., Michelia 2 (6): 5 (1880)
Based on the most recent study, Dothiorella contains 40 species based on molecular and
morphological data (Dissanayake et al. 2016, 2017, Yang et al. 2017, You et al. 2017). Yang et al.
(2017) concluded that the most useful gene regions for separation of species are ITS and tef1.
76. Dothiorella lampangensis Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 116
Index Fungorum number: IF555580; Facesoffungi number: FoF05293
Holotype – MFLU 18–2145
Etymology – Referring to the place where the specimen was collected, Lampang Province
(Thailand).
Saprobic on an unidentified wild fruit. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 265–320 μm high × 260–380 μm diam. ( x = 295 × 274 μm; n = 10),
pycnidial, stromatic, mostly superficial, dark brown to black, globose, solitary, occasionally
covered by mycelium. Conidiomata wall 40–65 μm wide ( x = 58 μm; n = 20). Conidiophores
absent. Conidiogenous cells 11–22 × 3–8 μm ( x = 18.5 × 5.2 μm, n = 20), holoblastic, hyaline,
smooth, cylindrical, sometimes slightly swollen at the base. Conidia 22–28 × 9–11 ( x = 25 × 10
μm; n = 30), initially hyaline and aseptate, when mature becoming yellowish brown, orange to dark
brown, asymmetric, ellipsoid, obtuse at apex, truncate at base, 1-septate.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA
attaining 70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, becoming pale olivaceous-grey to dark olivaceousgrey at the surface, and yellowish brown to iron-grey in the reverse, with irregular edges.
Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 6̍ 23̎ N, 99˚ 41̍ 26̎ E), on fallen
fruit pericarp of Rutaceae, 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 322 (MFLU 18–2145, holotype; KUNHKAS102425, isotype), ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 18–0232, KUMCC 18–0239.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347864, ITS: MK347758, tef1: MK340869, tub2: MK412874
Notes – Dothiorella lampangensis lies in a clade sister to D. brevicollis (CBS 130411) with
high bootstrap support (97% MLBS/ 1.0 BYPP, Fig. 115). Base pair differences between these two
species are 5 (1.1%) and 18 (4.9%) in ITS and tub2 gene sequences. Morphologically, D.
137
lampangensis differs from D. brevicollis in having asymmetric conidia with obtuse apex and
truncate base (Jami et al. 2012, Phillips et al. 2013). Dothiorella brevicollis was isolated from
healthy wood of Acacia karroo (Fabaceae) from South Africa, whereas D. lampangensis was
isolated from a decaying fruit in Thailand. Dothiorella lampangensis clades close to D. tectonae
with high support (83% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP, Fig. 115). Base pair differences between these two
species are 7 (1.5%), 17 (8.5%) and 20 (5.2%) respectively for ITS, tef1 and tub2 gene regions.
Dothiorella lampangensis has longer conidia than D. tectonae (22–28 μm vs. 21–22 μm) and lacks
irregular striations on the surface (Fig. 116).
Figure 115 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS,
tef1 and tub2 partial sequence data. Sixtythree strains were included in the sequence analysis,
which comprised 1184 characters including alignment gaps. Neofusicoccum parvum (CMW 9081)
was used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each
species, to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was
similar to the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -5766.079927
is presented. The matrix had 442 distinct alignment patterns, with 23.28% of undetermined
characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.207748, C = 0.311193, G =
138
0.249528, T = 0.231530; substitution rates AC = 1.306974, AG = 1.985424, AT = 1.310930, CG =
1.254756, CT = 4.360996, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70
% and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch.
The new isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, paratype and reference specimens are
indicated in red superscript H, P and R respectively.
Figure 116 – Dothiorella lampangensis (MFLU 18–2145, holotype). a, b Top and reverse view of
culture. c–f Conidiogenous cells. g–k Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c–e = 20 μm, f–k = 10 μm.
Lasiodiplodia Ellis & Everh., Botanical Gazette Crawfordsville 21: 92 (1896)
The latest revisions accept 36 species in this genus based of the molecular and
morphological data (Dissanayake et al. 2016, Dou et al. 2017a, b, Yang et al. 2017). Previous
studies have shown that morphology alone is not a reliable character for species differentiation and
species can be recognized only from combined ITS and tef1 sequence data (Phillips et al. 2013,
Slippers et al. 2014). Yang et al. 2017 found that tub2 is the most useful gene for separation of
species. We used multigene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, tef1 and tub2 genes) and established two
novel species (Fig. 117).
77. Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde sp. nov.
Fig. 118
Index Fungorum number: IF555581; Facesoffungi number: FoF05294
Holotype – MFLU 18–2173
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Avicennia
(Acanthaceae).
Saprobic on fruit of Avicennia marina. Sexual morph: Not determined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 180–220 μm high × 160–180 μm diam. ( x = 213 × 174 μm; n = 10),
pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, occasionally confluent, formed in uni- or multi-loculate stromata,
immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, circular.
Conidiomata wall 40–50 μm wide ( x = 43 μm; n = 20), composed of thick-walled, brown cells of
textura angularis; inner layer thin, hyaline. Hamathecium 2–3 μm wide ( x = 2.3 μm; n = 30),
hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, not branched, round at apex. Conidiophores usually reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 15–18 × 5–8 μm ( x = 17 × 7 μm; n = 30), phialidic or
annellidic, hyaline, cylindrical, discrete or occasionally integrated, determinate or proliferating at
139
Figure 117 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS,
tef1 and tub2 partial sequence data. Sixty-eight strains were included in the sequence analysis,
140
which comprise 829 characters with gaps. Diplodia mutila (CBS 112553) was used as the outgroup
taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare the
topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY tree.
The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -3533.673744 is presented. The
matrix had 391 distinct alignment patterns, with 15.23% of undetermined characters or gaps.
Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.209713, C = 0.303667, G = 0.256066, T =
0.230553; substitution rates AC = 1.085553, AG = 2.917602, AT = 1.419541, CG = 1.096504, CT
= 4.741431, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and
Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New
isolates are in bold and blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, neotype and reference specimens
are indicated in red superscript H, N and R respectively.
Figure 118 – Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum (MFLU 18–2173, holotype). a Fruit of the host,
Avicennia marina. b, c Conidiomata on host surface. d Ostiole. e Section through conidiomata.
f, g Conidiogenous cells and immature conidia. h-j Conidia. k Germinated conidium. l Top view of
culture. m Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a, l, m = 1 cm, b, c = 500 μm, d, e = 50 μm,
f–j = 20 μm, k = 30 μm.
the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently. Conidia 26–32 ×
11–14 μm ( x = 28 × 12 μm; n = 30), initially hyaline, aseptate, at maturity 1-septate and dark
brown, ellipsoidal, straight, both ends, broadly rounded, thick-walled.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at end
of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 70 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC. Colonies with
aerial mycelia, becoming smoke grey to olivaceous-grey at surface; reverse dark grey to black.
Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District, on decaying fruit
pericarp of Avicennia marina (Acanthaceae), 30 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 376 (MFLU 18–
2173, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC17–2591, KUMCC 18–0250.
GenBank numbers: SSU: MK347884, ITS: MK347777, LSU: MK347994, tef1: MK340867
Notes – Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum lies in a clade sister to L. brasiliense (CMM 4015 and
CMM 2185) with high statistical support (89% MLBS/ 0.96 BYPP, Fig. 118). There are 12 (2.5%)
base pair differences in ITS regions between these two species. In addition, L. avicenniarum differs
from L. brasiliense in having multi-loculate stromata and lacking longitudinal striations on conidial
wall (Netto et al. 2014). However, Lasiodiplodia avicenniarum and L. brasiliense have similar
141
morphology of conidiogenous cells and conidia (Netto et al. 2014).
78. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Fungal Diversity 28: 8
(2008)
Fig. 119
Saprobic and pathogenic on twigs, fruits and seed pods. Sexual morph: see Tennakoon et al.
(2016). Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 320–350 μm high × 215–245 μm diam. ( x =
332 × 232 μm n = 10), pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, occasionally confluent, formed in uni- or
multi-loculate stromata, immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate,
central, circular. Conidiomata walls 26–55 μm wide, composed of thick-walled, brown cells of
textura angularis; inner layer thin, hyaline. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells,
when present hyaline, simple, occasionally septate, rarely branched, cylindrical, arising from cells
lining the pycnidial cavity. Conidiogenous cells 15–19 × 4–8 ( x = 17 × 6.5 μm, n = 30), phialidic
or annellidic, hyaline, cylindrical, discrete or occasionally integrated, determinate or proliferating at
the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently and forming two or
three annellations. Conidia 23–30 × 11–13 ( x = 28 × 12 μm, n = 30), initially hyaline, aseptate,
mature 1-septate and pale brown to dark brown, oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends, broadly
rounded, thin-walled, with longitudinal striations.
Figure 119 – Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae (MFLU 18–2128). a Part of Afzelia xylocarpa seed
pod. b, c Conidiomata on host surface. d–g Conidiogenous cells. h–j Conidia k Germinated
conidium. Scale bars: b = 1 cm, d = 500 μm, f–h = 10 μm.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from
end of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 oC. Colonies
with aerial mycelia, aerial mycelia becoming smoke grey to olivaceous-grey at the surface and
reverse dark grey to black.
142
Material examined – THAILAND, Payao Province, Amphoe Phu Sang, on decaying pod
septum of Afzelia xylocarpa (Fabaceae), 20 July 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 277 (MFLU 18–2128, new
host record); living culture MFLUCC 17–2289, KUMCC 18–0249; THAILAND, Mae Hong Son
Province, on decaying fruits pericarp of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 22 September 2016, S.C. Jayasiri,
C 197 (MFLU 18–2099, new host record).
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2289: SSU: MK347852, ITS: MK347745, LSU:
MK347962, tef1: MK340871, tub2: MK412875; MFLU 18–2099: SSU: MK347831, ITS:
MK347725, LSU: MK347940, tub2: MK412876
Notes – Phylogenetically our two strains clade together with other reported strains of
Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae (Fig. 117). Therefore we herein introduce a new record of L.
pseudotheobromae, from a decaying pod of Afzelia xylocarpa and fruits of Quercus sp. in Thailand.
Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae has been previously reported from many host species (Alves et
al. 2008, Correia et al. 2013 Pillay et al. 2013, Phillips et al. 2013, Sanchez et al. 2013, SandovalMarques et al. 2013a, Castro-Medina et al. 2014, Machado et al. 2014a, b, Mehl et al. 2014, Netto
et al. 2014, Dissanayake et al. 2015a, Doilom et al. 2015, Li et al. 2015, Trakunyingcharoen et al.
2015b, Correia et al. 2016a, Li et al. 2016b, Rosado et al. 2016). There were two and one base pair
differences between our two strains and CBS 116459/CBS 447.62, respectively, for tef1 and tub2
genes, but no difference in ITS.
79. Lasiodiplodia swieteniae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde sp. nov.
Fig. 120
Index Fungorum number: IF555582; Facesoffungi number: FoF05296
Holotype – MFLU 18–2188
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Swietenia
(Meliaceae).
Figure 120 – Lasiodiplodia swieteniae (MFLU 18–2188, holotype). a Host fruit of Swietenia sp. b
Conidiomata on host surface. c Conidioma wall. d–f Conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia.
j Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c = 20 μm, d–j = 10μm.
143
Saprobic on fruit of Swietenia sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 310–330 μm high × 300–370 μm diam. ( x = 315 × 345 μm; n = 10),
pycnidial, semi-immersed, solitary, rarely aggregated, dark brown to black, unilocular, with
globose base. Conidiomata wall 33–51 μm wide ( x = 46 μm; n = 20), outer layers composed of
dark brown textura angularis, becoming thin-walled and hyaline toward the inner region; with
brown, septate, hyphal hairs, with rounded tips covering the outer wall of fruiting body.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 11–13 × 7–8.5 μm ( x = 12 ×
7.5 μm; n = 20), hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, discrete, phialidic, proliferating percurrently, arising
from hyaline inner conidiomatal wall. Hamathecium 2–3 μm wide ( x = 2.3 μm; n = 30), hyaline,
aseptate, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, originating from the hyaline inner cells of conidiomata
wall, with basal cells slightly swollen and apical cells rounded at tips. Conidia 24–32 × 11–14 μm
( x = 30 × 13 μm; n = 30), initially hyaline, mature conidia turning dark brown, ellipsoid, with
granular content, 1–3 septate.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from
end of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 ˚ C. Colonies
with white fluffy mycelium, slightly dense and flattening at the centre, mycelium turning smokygrey to olivaceous-grey, mycelium turning greenish olivaceous to black-olivaceous in reverse.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on
decaying fruit pericarp of Swietenia sp. (Meliaceae), 15 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 425 (MFLU
18–2188, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102435, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–0244,
KUMCC 18–0251.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347896, ITS: MK347789, LSU: MK348007, tef1: MK340870,
tub2: MK412877
Notes – Lasiodiplodia swieteniae is in a clade sister to L. thailandica with high statistical
support (83% MLBS/ 0.95 BYPP, Fig. 117) in multigene phylogenetic analysis of tef1 and tub2
genes. Base pair differences of the two species are 1 and 7 (2.0%) respectively, for tef1 and tub2
genes. Conidia of L. swieteniae differ from L. thailandica in having 1–3-septate, dark brown
conidia without longitudinal striations (Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2015). Therefore, we introduce a
new species based on molecular and morphological differences.
80. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de
France 25: 57 (1909)
Fig. 121
Figure 121 – Lasiodiplodia theobromae (MFLU 18–2139). a Host Calophyllum inophyllum fruit.
b Host decaying Acacia sp. pods. c Host decaying fruit. d Conidiomata on host surface.
e, f Conidiogenous cells. g, h Conidia. i Top view of culture. j Reverse view of culture. Scale bars:
a–c, i, j = 1 cm, d = 200 μm, e–h = 20 μm.
144
Saprobic or pathogenic on wide host range. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 58–80 μm high × 74–90 μm diam. (74 × 80 μm; n = 10), pycnidial,
semi-immersed, unilocular, solitary, scattered, globose or subglobose, dark brown. Conidiomata
wall 12–27 μm wide ( x = 21.6 μm; n = 20), outer layers dark brown to black, thick-walled, inner
layers thin-walled, pale brown to hyaline, comprising 2–3 layers of dark brown cells of textura
angularis. Paraphyses hyaline, septate, cylindrical, occasionally branched, ends rounded.
Conidiogenous cells 19–23 × 7–8 μm ( x = 21 × 7.5 μm; n = 20), phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical.
Conidia 18–24 × 8–9 μm ( x = 22 × 8.5 μm; n = 30), initially hyaline and aseptate when immature,
becoming medianly 1-euseptate, dark brown, ellipsoid to obovoid, truncate or rounded at base, with
longitudinal striations from apex to base, thick-walled.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from
end of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 50–60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC, with
white fluffy mycelium, slightly dense and flattening at the centre, turn smoky-grey to olivaceousgrey with age, mycelium turning greenish olivaceous to black-olivaceous in reverse after 1 week.
Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 6̍ 23̎ N, 99˚ 41̍ 26̎ E), on decaying
pod of Acacia sp. (Fabaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 311 (MFLU 18–2139, new record);
living culture MFLUCC 17–2295, KUMCC 18–0254; THAILAND, Krabi Province (8˚ 2' 27" N,
98˚ 49' 5" E), on decaying fruit pericarp of Calophyllum inophyllum (Calophyllaceae), 31 August
2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 345 (MFLU 18–2152, new host record); living culture, MFLUCC 17–2532,
KUMCC 18–0253; THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on decaying
fruit pericarp of unknown plant, 24 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 443-B (MFLU 18–2193), living
culture MFLUCC 18–0482, KUMCC 18–0252.
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–2295: SSU: MK347860, ITS: MK347754, LSU:
MK347971, tef1: MK340872, tub2: MK412878; MFLUCC 17–2532: SSU: MK347870, ITS:
MK347763, LSU: MK347980, tef1: MK340873, tub2: MK412879; MFLUCC 18–0482: SSU:
MK347900, ITS: MK347792, LSU: MK348011, tef1: MK340874
Notes – We isolated three strains of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from decaying wild fruits and
pods. The holotype of this species could not be found and a neotype was designated (Phillips et al.
2013) from an unidentified fruit in New Guinea (CBS H-21411). This species has a wide host range
in tropical and subtropical regions (Dissanayake 2016).
Figure 122 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS and
tef1 partial sequence data. Thirteen strains were included in the sequence analysis, which
comprised 872 characters including alignment gaps. Diplodia seriata (CBS 112555) was used as
145
the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to
compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to
the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -1941.053640 is
presented. The matrix had 132 distinct alignment patterns, with 13.53% of undetermined characters
or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.201898, C = 0.303509, G = 0.274434,
T = 0.220159; substitution rates AC = 2.133078, AG = 3.446620, AT = 1.016394, CG = 1.506886,
CT = 5.661906, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and
Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New
isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and isotype specimens are indicated in red
superscript H and I respectively.
We compared base pair differences of our three strains of L. theobromae with three other
strains (CBS 124.13, CBS 164.96 and MFLUCC 17–0952). ITS sequences were identical for all six
strains. However, there were 4, 1 and 1 base pair differences in strains MFLUCC 17–2295,
MFLUCC 17–2532 and MFLUCC 18–0482, respectively, for tef1 gene region. In addition,
MFLUCC 18–0482 had 1 base pair difference with CBS 164.96 for tub2 gene.
Figure 123 – Neodeightonia planchoniae (MFLU 18–2140, holotype). a Host pod. b View of
ascomata on host surface. c Section through ascoma. d–g Asci. h–l Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1
cm, b = 500 µm, c = 100 µm, d–g = 20 µm, h–l = 10 µm.
Neodeightonia in Punithalingam, Mycol. Pap. 19: 17 (1970) [1969]
This genus comprises six species namely N. licuriensis from Syagrus coronate (Adamčík et
al. 2015), N. palmicola from Arenga westerhoutii (Liu et al. 2012), N. phoenicum from Phoenix sp.
(Phillips et al. 2008, Ligoxigakis et al. 2013), N. rattanica from Calamus sp. (Konta et al. 2016a),
146
N. rattanicola from Calamus sp. (Konta et al. 2016a) and N.subglobosa from Bambusa
arundinacea (Punithalingam 1970), with both pathogenic and saprobic species (Punithalingam
1970, Liu et al. 2010, Phillips et al. 2008, Ligoxigakis et al. 2013, Konta et al. 2016a). We add
another species to this genus from decaying fruit of Planchonia sp. from Thailand (Fig. 122).
81. Neodeightonia planchoniae Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 123
Index Fungorum number: IF555583; Facesoffungi number: FoF05297
Holotype – MFLU 18–2140
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Planchonia
(Lecythidaceae).
Saprobic on fruit of Planchonia sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 175–210 × 182–250 μm ( x =
190 × 220 μm; n = 10), immersed, dark brown to black, with a single aparaphysate locule, with
wall composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells many layers thick, asci developing amongst
partially disintegrating sterile thin-walled tissue in locule. Neck of ascostromata narrow, opening
by an apical ostiole, formed by the disintegration of the central thin-walled cells. Peridium 28–60
μm wide ( x = 42 μm; n = 20), dark brown, smooth, two cell layers of textura angularis.
Hamathecium 1.5–2.5 μm wide ( x = 1.9 μm, n = 30), Pseudoparaphyses, hyphae-like, septate,
constricted at the septa. Asci 58–70 × 15–21 μm ( x = 64 × 18 μm; n = 20), parallel, more or less
separated from one another by stromatic tissue, clavate to cylindric-clavate, 8-spored, bitunicate
with a thick endotunica. Ascospores 18–26 × 7–9 μm ( x = 23 × 8 μm; n = 30), biseriate, hyaline to
pale brown, oval to broadly ellipsoidal, when mature muriform, aseptate, with bipolar germ pores,
immature with large guttule, surrounded by a thick mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced from
ends of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 50–60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC.
Colonies with aerial mycelia, becoming smoke grey to olivaceous-grey at the surface and reverse
dark grey to black.
Material examined – THAILAND, Lampang Province (19˚ 6̍ 23̎ N, 99˚ 41̍ 26̎ E), on decaying
fruit pericarp of Planchonia sp. (Lecythidaceae), 18 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 312 (MFLU 18–
2140, holotype; MFLU 18–2141, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–2427, KUMCC 18–
0260.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347861, ITS: MK347755, LSU: MK347972
Notes – Based on phylogenetic and morphological differences, a new species, Neodeightonia
planchoniae, is introduced. Neodeightonia planchoniae, forms a sister clade to N. palmicola with
high statistical support (79% MLBS/0.95 BYPP, Fig. 122). There are 8 (1.5%) base pair differences
between N. planchoniae and N. palmicola in the ITS gene sequence. tef1 gene sequences are not
available for N. palmicola for comparison. Neodeightonia palmicola and N. planchoniae share
many similar morphological characters e.g. ostiolate ascomata, clavate to cylindric-clavate asci
with a thick endotunica, ascospores with bipolar germ pores and thick mucilaginous sheaths (Fig.
123). However, N. palmicola differs in having pale brown and muriform mature ascospores and a
thin peridium. Taking these differences into account, we identify our strain as a new species.
Neofusicoccum Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Studies in Mycology 55: 247 (2006)
The genus Neofusicoccum includes some important plant pathogens, especially those
associated with woody crop plant species (Phillips et al. 2013, Marin-Felix et al. 2017). Currently
37 species have been reported from this genus (Dissanayake 2016, Marin-Felix et al. 2017, Zhang
et al. 2017, Li et al. 2018). Neofusicoccum is morphologically similar to Botryosphaeria but
phylogenetically distinct (Phillips et al. 2013). Most species of Neofusicoccum are morphologically
similar and are defined on ITS sequence data, often together with loci of other genes (Phillips et al.
2013). We introduce both morphs of the type species (Neofusicoccum parvum) on two different
hosts from China (Fig. 124).
147
Figure 124 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS,
tef1 and tub2 partial sequence data. Seventyeight strains are included in the sequence analysis,
which comprised 1585 characters including alignment gaps. Two Dothiorella species were used as
the outgroup taxa. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to
compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to
the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -5063.598833 is
presented. The matrix had 423 distinct alignment patterns, with 16.48% of undetermined characters
or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.205999, C = 0.308748, G = 0.265038,
T = 0.220215; substitution rates AC = 1.211622, AG = 4.547892, AT = 0.800196, CG = 0.869036,
148
CT = 8.086004, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and
Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New
isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in red
superscript H and R respectively.
82. Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Studies in
Mycology 55: 248 (2006)
Figs 125, 126
Facesoffungi number: FoF05298
Figure 125 – Sexual morph of Neofusicoccum parvum (MFLU 18–2196). a Host cone. b, c View
of ascomata on host surface. d Peridium. e Section through ascomata. f–h Ascospores. i, j Asci with
cellular paraphyses. k Top view of culture. l Reverse view of culture. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c =
500 µm, d, i, j = 30 µm, f–g = 10 µm.
Saprobic or pathogenic on wild host range. Sexual morph: Ascomata 170–205 μm high ×
139–261 μm diam. ( x = 184 × 221 μm; n = 10), forming clusters, locules, erumpent through
surface of fruit, globose, with a short, sunken ostiole. Peridium 30–60 μm wide, dark brown to
black, smooth, with wall composed of dark brown thick-walled cells, lined with thin-walled,
hyaline cells. Asci 106–131 × 19–24 μm ( x = 124 × 22 μm; n = 20), clavate, 8-spored, bitunicate.
Ascospores 29–32 × 8–10 μm ( x = 30.5 × 9 μm; n = 20), broadly ellipsoidal to fusoid, apiculus at
each end, hyaline, smooth, aseptate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 175–218 μm
high × 220–245 μm diam. ( x = 196 × 231 μm; n = 10), aggregated and morphologically
indistinguishable from ascomatal aggregates, individually globose, apapillate to pyriform with a
149
short, acute papilla, entire locule lined with conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 25–34 × 3–5
μm ( x = 26 × 4 μm; n = 10), phialidic or annellidic, hyaline, subcylindrical, proliferating
percurrently to form 1–2 annellations, or proliferating at the same level to form periclinal
thickenings. Conidia 16–19 × 4–6 μm ( x = 17 × 5 μm; n = 30), hyaline, ellipsoidal with apex round
and base flat, unicellular.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at end
of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 50–60 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18oC. Colonies
with aerial mycelia, becoming smoke off white to olivaceous-grey at the surface and reverse dark
grey to black.
Material examined – CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, on fallen pod of Cercis
chinensis (Fabaceae), 30 July 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 133 (MFLU 18–2086, new host record);
CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute, on fallen cone scale of Magnolia grandiflora
(Magnoliaceae), 10 May 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 446 (MFLU 18–2196, new host record)
GenBank numbers – MFLU 18–2086: SSU: MK347820, ITS: MK347715, LSU: MK347929;
MFLU 18–2196: SSU: MK347903, ITS: MK347795, LSU: MK348014, tef1: MK340875, rpb2:
MK434861
Notes – Both sexual and asexual stages of Neofusicoccum parvum are reported here for China
and are in agreement with descriptions in Phillips et al. (2013). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and
tub2 nucleotides of Neofusicoccum parvum (CMW 9081) and the new strain (MFLU 18–2086 and
MFLU 18–2196) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that the new strains are
N. parvum (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). There are many host records for N. parvum from different
localities, but this is the first record from Cercis chinensis and Magnolia grandiflora in China.
Figure 126 – Asexual morph of Neofusicoccum parvum (MFLU 18–2086). a Host pod of Cercis
chinensis. b, c Conidiomata on host surface. d Section through conidioma. e–g Conidiogenus cells.
h–m Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c = 300 µm, d = 50 µm, e–m = 10 µm.
150
Phyllostictaceae Fr., Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae 2: 420 (1849)
Pseudofusicoccum Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Studies in Mycology 55: 249 (2006)
This genus is known only as the asexual morph and seven species have been reported.
Species are found on different plant families and are not considered to be host specific (Phillips et
al. 2013). We introduce another species to this genus, Pseudofusicoccum calophylli (Fig. 127).
83. Pseudofusicoccum calophylli Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde sp. nov.
Fig. 128
Index Fungorum number: IF555584; Facesoffungi number: FoF05299
Holotype – MFLU 18–2153
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Calophyllum
(Calophyllaceae).
Saprobic on Calophyllum inophyllum. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 140–160 μm high × 133–197 μm diam. ( x = 144 × 160 μm; n = 10),
semi-immersed, solitary, globose to subglobose, papillate, covered by host epidermal tissues, lack
of ostiole. Conidiomata wall 30–50 μm wide ( x = 47 μm; n = 20), outer pale brown textura
angularis cell layers, inner hyaline textura angularis cell layer, embedded within plant tissues.
Conidiogenous cells 10–14 × 3–5 μm ( x = 13 × 4 μm; n = 20), phialidic, ovate to cylindrical,
smooth, hyaline. Conidia 14–17 × 4–5 μm ( x = 16 × 4.5 μm; n = 30), hyaline, ellipsoid,
occasionally slightly bent or irregularly shaped, apices rounded, smooth with fine granular content,
unicellular, thin-walled.
Figure 127 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS and
tef1 partial sequence data. Fifteen strains were included in the sequence analysis, which comprised
896 characters including alignment gaps. Neofusicoccum parvum (CBS 110301) was used as the
151
outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species, to compare
the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to the BY
tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -2088.268519 is presented. The
matrix had 120 distinct alignment patterns, with 9.49% of undetermined characters or gaps.
Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.201315, C = 0.289437, G = 0.269133, T =
0.240115; substitution rates AC = 1.326098, AG = 10.505713, AT = 1.200532, CG = 0.946602, CT
= 11.682318, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and
Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. The new
isolate is in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype specimens are indicated in red superscript H.
Figure 128 – Pseudofusicoccum calophylli (MFLU 18–2153, holotype). a Host fruit. b
Conidiomata on host surface. c Section through conidioma. d–f Conidiogenus cells. g–j Conidia. k
Germinated conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 µm, c = 50 µm, d–k = 10 µm.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Germ tubes produced at one
end or both ends of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 35–40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at
18oC. Colonies fluffy, initially white to amber at the centre, olivaceous at the edges, becoming
white to olivaceous with age.
Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, Mueang Krabi District (8˚ 2' 27" N, 98˚
49' 5" E), decaying fruit pericarp of Calophyllum inophyllum (Calophyllaceae), 31 August 2018,
S.C. Jayasiri, C 346 (MFLU 18–2153, holotype; KUN-HKAS102429, isotype), ex-type living
culture MFLUCC 17–2533, KUMCC 18–0282.
GenBank numbers – ITS: MK347764, tef1: MK340877, rpb2: MK434879, tub2: MK412885
Notes – Pseudofusicoccum calophylli clusters with two strains of P. violaceum.
Pseudofusicoccum violaceum is characterized by bacilliform conidia with a mucilaginous sheath
and larger spores compared to P. calophylli (33 × 9.5 vs. 16 × 4.5 μm) (Mehl et al. 2011).
However, Pseudofusicoccum calophylli has bacilliform conidia in the immature stage but these
later become irregular in shape, without a mucilaginous sheath (Fig. 129). A comparison of the ITS
and tef1 nucleotides of these two strains reveals 5 (0.8%) and 5 (1.6%) nucleotide differences,
which indicates that they are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Muyocopronales Mapook, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265 (3): 230 (2016)
Muyocopronaceae K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 63 (1): 164 (2013)
152
This family was introduced for the monotypic genus Muyocopron with type species
Muyocopron corrientinum (Hyde et al. 2013).
Muyocopron Speg., Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 12 (3): 113 (1881)
Species of Muyocopron occur worldwide and are associated with a wide variety of plant
substrates (Mapook et al. 2016). We record three new host records from fallen pods from China and
Thailand (Fig 129).
Figure 129 – Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU
and LSU partial sequence data. Fortyeight strains were included in the sequence analysis, which
comprise 1883 characters including alignment gaps. Lichenothelia convexa (L1606/ L1607) was
used as the outgroup taxon. Single gene analyses were carried out and compared with each species,
to compare the topology of the tree and clade stability. Tree topology of the ML tree was similar to
the BY tree. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -13815.005728 is
presented. The matrix had 889 distinct alignment patterns, with 14.10% of undetermined characters
or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows; A = 0.251270, C = 0.224786, G = 0.292104,
T = 0.231840; substitution rates AC = 0.952432, AG = 2.650848, AT = 1.001097, CG = 1.197500,
CT = 6.662515, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and
Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New
isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the holotype, isotype, neotype and reference specimens
are indicated in red superscript H, I, N and R respectively.
84. Muyocopron dipterocarpi Mapook, Doilom, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265 (3): 232
(2016)
Fig. 130
Saprobic on twigs and pod of Delonix regia. Sexual morph: Ascomata 90–140 μm high ×
220–270 μm diam. (x̅ = 110 × 258 μm; n = 10), superficial, coriaceous, solitary or scattered,
appearing as circular, scattered, flattened, brown to dark brown spots, covering the host, without a
153
subiculum, with a poorly developed basal layer and an irregular margin. Ostiole central. Peridium
20–30 μm wide, widest at the sides, outer layer comprising dark brown to black
pseudoparenchymatous, occluded cells of textura angularis, inner layer comprising light brown
cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.5–3 μm wide (x̅ = 2.2 μm; n = 30), cylindrical to
filiform, septate, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 50–70 × 18–20 μm (x̅ = 60 × 19 μm; n = 20), 8-spored,
bitunicate, saccate or broadly obpyriform, pedicellate, straight or slightly curved, with small ocular
chamber. Ascospores 15–18 × 7–10 μm (x̅ = 16 × 9 μm; n = 30), irregularly arranged, overlapping
in the ascus, hyaline, oval to obovoid with obtuse ends, aseptate, with granular appearance. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. and germ tubes produced
from the ends of the ascospore. Colonies on MEA reaching 40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 oC.
Initially aerial mycelium white, slightly raised, in old cultures grayish to light brown, flattened on
surface, dark to dark brown from below, light brown to white margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Phrae Province, on decaying pod septum of Delonix regia
(Fabaceae), 10 January 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 412 (MFLU 18–2181, new host record; KUN-HKAS
102433), living culture, MFLUCC 18–0470, KUMCC 18–0258.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347890, ITS: MK347783, LSU: MK348001
Notes – The new strain formed a sister clade to Muyocopron dipterocarpi (MFLUCC 14–
1103) with high statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 129). These two strains share
similar morphology in having superficial, coriaceous, circular, scattered, flattened, brown to dark
brown spots ascomata, broadly obpyriform asci and irregularly arranged, hyaline, oval to obovoid,
aseptate ascospores with granular appearance (Mapook et al. 2016). A comparison of the SSU and
LSU nucleotides of Muyocopron dipterocarpi (MFLUCC 14–1103) and the new strain (MFLUCC
18–0470) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that new strains are M.
dipterocarpi (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, we introduce a new strain of M. dipterocarpi from
decaying pod of Delonix regia; the holotype was recorded from dead twigs of Dipterocarpus
tuberculatus in Thailand.
Figure 130 – Muyocopron dipterocarpi (MFLU 18–2181). a Part of the host seed pod.
b Superficial ascomata on substrate. c Section of ascoma. d Peridium. e Pseudoparaphyses.
f, g Asci. h, i Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 500 μm, c, d = 50 μm, f, g = 20 μm, e, h, i = 10
μm.
85. Muyocopron lithocarpi Mapook, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 265 (3): 235 (2016)
Fig. 131
154
Saprobic on leaves and wild pods. Sexual morph: Ascomata 90–102 μm high × 225–358 μm
diam. (x̅ = 72 × 275 μm; n = 10), superficial, coriaceous, solitary or scattered, appearing as circular,
scattered, flattened, brown to dark brown spots, covering the host, without a subiculum, with a
poorly developed basal layer and an irregular margin. Ostiole central. Peridium 10–27 μm wide (x̅
= 23 μm; n = 20), widest at the sides, outer layer comprising dark brown to black
pseudoparenchymatous, occluded cells of textura epidermoidea, inner layer comprising light brown
cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.5–2.5 μm wide (x̅ = 2.1 μm; n = 20), cylindrical to
filiform, septate, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 55–77 × 19–23 μm (x̅ = 65 × 21 μm; n = 20), 8-spored,
bitunicate, saccate or broadly obpyriform, pedicellate, straight or slightly curved, with small ocular
chamber. Ascospores 14–19 × 8–12 μm (x̅ = 16 × 10 μm; n = 20), irregularly arranged, overlapping
in the ascus, hyaline, oval to obovoid with obtuse ends, aseptate, with granular appearance. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Figure 131 – Muyocopron lithocarpi (MFLU 18–2087). a Host pods. b, c Superficial ascomata on
substrate. d Top view of ascoma. e Squash mounts showing peridium. f, g Section of ascoma.
h–k Asci. l–p Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 μm, d = 50 μm, e = 10 μm, h–k = 20 μm,
l–p = 10 μm.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 18 hr. and germ tubes produced
from the ends of the ascospore. Colonies on MEA reaching 20 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 oC.
Initially aerial mycelium white, slightly rose, in old cultures greyish to light brown, flattened on
155
surface, brown to dark brown from below, light brown to white margin.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on
decaying pods of Peltophorum sp., 25 August 2015, S.C. Jayasiri, C 61 (MFLU 16–0962, new host
record), living culture MFLUCC 16–0962, KUMCC 18–0259; CHINA, Guizhou province,
Guizhou University, on fallen pod of Cercis chinensis (Fabaceae), 10 May 2106, S.C. Jayasiri,
C134/C135 (MFLU 18–2087, MFLU 18–2088, new host record).
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 16–0962: SSU: MK347923, LSU: MK348034; MFLU 18–
2087: SSU: MK347716, ITS: MK347716, LSU: MK347930; MFLU 18–2088: SSU: MK347822,
ITS: MK347717, LSU: MK347931
Notes – In the phylogenetic analysis, the three new strains grouped with other strains
(MFLUCC 10–0041 and 14–1106) of Muyocopron lithocarpi. They are also morphologically
identical to the type species (Fig. 131). A comparison of the SSU and LSU nucleotides of
Muyocopron lithocarpi (MFLUCC 14–1106) and new strains (MFLUCC 16–0962, MFLU 18–
2087 and MFLU 18–2088) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that new strains
are M. lithocarpi (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, we record new host records of M. lithocarpi in
Peltophorum sp. and Cercis chinensis from Thailand and China, respectively.
Tubeufiales Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 68 (1): 245 (2014)
Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71: 948 (1979)
The phylogenetic affinities of this family were initially investigated by Kodsueb et al. (2006)
and the latest overview for this order was by Lu et al. (2018) in which 42 genera were recognized in
the family Tubeufiaceae (Tubeufiales). We introduce one new genus, three new species and six
new records in this group based on morphology and multigene phylogeny. Most species in the
family are saprobic on terrestrial woody substrates although some are from aquatic habitats
(Boonmee et al. 2011, 2014, Hyde et al. 2016a, Brahamanage et al. 2017, Chaiwan et al. 2017,
Doilom et al. 2017, Lu et al. 2017a, b, c, 2018b, Luo et al. 2017, Liu et al. 2018, Phookamsak et al.
2018). We report species isolated from decaying wild seeds and fruits from Thailand. We also
introduce a sexual morph genus Neohelicosporium (Jayasiri et al. 2017b) from a decaying fruit of
Malvaceae sp.
86. Discotubeufia Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF555585; Facesoffungi number: FoF05300
Etymology – Referring to the dish shaped ascomata bearing members in order Tubeufiales.
Saprobic on decaying pod of Brownea sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata globose when dry
becoming cup-shaped, erumpent to superficial, light brown to dark, setiferous; setae attached to
outer wall, tapering towards the tip, dark brown, rough. Peridium composed of
pseudoparenchymatous dark brown outer layer, pale brown middle layer and hyaline inner layer,
forming a textura angularis in surface view, with inner layers textura angularis to textura
prismatica. Hamathecium sparse, septate pseudoparaphyses, immersed in a gelatinous matrix. Asci
8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to sub cylindrical or obclavate, tapering toward the
base, with a long stipe, thick-walled at the apex. Ascospores uni to biseriate, hyaline, asymmetric,
with upper part broader than lower part, fusiform to cylindrical, 3-septate, multi-guttulate, without
an appendage. Asexual morph: Unknown.
Type species – Discotubeufia browneae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde
Notes – Discotubeufia forms a sister group to Kamalomyces species with low bootstrap
support (Fig. 132). Kamalomyces is characterized by solitary, gregarious, subglobose to
lemoniform ascomata on a black hyphal subiculum and broadly cylindrical to clavate asci (Verma
et al. 2008, Phookamsak et al. 2017). However, Discotubeufia is characterized by cup-shaped,
erumpent to superficial, light brown to dark, setiferous ascomata and cylindrical to sub cylindrical
asci (Fig. 133). Discotubeufia browneae also clusters with Helicoarctatus aquaticus and
Neohelicoma fagacearum. However, Helicoarctatus aquaticus is an asexual morph genus.
156
157
Figure 132 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
using the combined ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 matrix of 187 taxa including related species of the
order Tubeufiales (Lu et al. 2018b). The matrix comprised 3525 characters including alignment
gaps. The tree was rooted with Botryosphaeria spp. (Botryosphaeriales). The best scoring RAxML
tree with a final likelihood value of -60324.463725 is presented. The matrix had 1790 distinct
alignment patterns, with 35.67% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies
were as follows; A = 0.243594, C = 0.251595, G = 0.260381, T = 0.244430; substitution rates AC
= 1.047549, AG = 4.941476, AT = 2.193590, CG = 0.734873, CT = 8.281175, GT = 1.000000. ML
bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal or
greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in blue. Strains isolated from the
holotype, epitype, paratype and reference specimens are indicated in red superscript H, E, P and R
respectively.
Discotubeufia browneae comprises only a sexual morph. Therefore, it was possible to compare its
morphology only with Neohelicoma fagacearum, the type species of the genus. Discotubeufia
browneae has cup-shaped, black, setiferous ascomata, and 3-septate, broad ascospores, while
Neohelicoma fagacearum has globose to subglobose, pale brown, ostiolate ascomata and 9–12septate narrow ascospores. Although phylogenetic support among these three genera is low, they
appear in different lineages. We introduce the new genus based on sequence data and its distinct
morphology.
87. Discotubeufia browneae Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF555586; Facesoffungi number: FoF05301
Fig. 133
158
Holotype – MFLU 18–2096
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Brownea
(Fabaceae).
Figure 133 – Discotubeufia browneae (MFLU 18–2096, holotype). a Host species on forest floor.
b View of ascomata on host. c Section through ascoma with setae. d Setae e Section through
ascoma. f Peridium. g–i Ascospores. j Pseudoparaphyses. k–n Asci. Scale bars: a = 4 cm, b = 500
µm, c = 30 µm, d = 20 µm, e = 30 µm, g–j = 10 µm, d, f, k–n = 20 µm.
Saprobic on pod of Brownea sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 105–130 μm high × 225–266 μm
diam. ( x = 122 × 252 μm; n = 10), cup-shaped, erumpent to superficial, light brown to dark,
setiferous; setae 45–57 μm long ( x = 52.5 μm; n = 20), attached to outer wall, tapering towards
base, dark brown, rough. Peridium 18–27 μm wide ( x = 22 μm; n = 20), composed of
pseudoparenchymatous dark brown outer layer, pale brown middle layer and hyaline inner layer,
forming a textura angularis in surface view, with inner layers textura angularis to textura
prismatica. Hamathecium 1.5–2 μm wide ( x = 1.7 μm; n = 30), composed of sparse, septate
pseudoparaphyses, immersed in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 83–95 × 6–11 μm ( x = 87 × 9 μm; n =
20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to sub-cylindrical or obclavate, tapering towards
the base, with a long stipe, thick-walled at the apex. Ascospores 20–25 × 4–6 μm ( x = 23 × 5 μm; n
= 30), uni- to biseriate, hyaline, asymmetrical, with lower part broader than upper part, fusiform to
cylindrical, 3-septate, multi-guttulate, without an appendage. Asexual morph: Unknown.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on
MEA reaching 50 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 18 oC, colonies circular, effuse, dense, dark brown,
159
many layered and rough on surface with entire to slightly undulate edge with brown yellow
diffused pigment in media.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Mae Kam, on decaying pod septum
of Brownea sp. (Fabaceae), 21 September 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 191 (MFLU 18–2096, holotype),
ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 17–0908, KUMCC 18–0238.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347829, ITS: MK347723, LSU: MK347938
Helicoma Corda, Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum 1: 15 (1837)
More than 80 records are listed under Helicoma in Index Fungorum however, a recent study
accepts 57 species and excludes twelve species from this genus (Lu et al. 2018b). We report a new
host record for Helicoma guttulatum, from decaying wild fruits (Fig. 132).
88. Helicoma guttulatum Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 125 (2016)
Fig. 134
Saprobic on woody substrates and fruit of Lithocarpus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, helicosporous. Colonies appear as a yellow droplet on host seed.
Mycelium mostly superficial, septate, branched, smooth, subhyaline to pale brown. Conidiophores
91–200 × 4–6 μm ( x = 120 × 5 μm; n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, cylindrical,
unbranched, septate, erect, subhyaline to yellowish, dark brown towards the base, septate,
unbranched, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, monoblastic to polyblastic,
subhyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 47–58 × 6–8 μm ( x = 53 × 7.2 μm; n = 20),
conidial filament 16–22 μm wide ( x = 19 μm; n = 20), solitary, acrogenous, helicoid, hyaline to
pale brown, tapering toward flat end, rounded at the apex, conico-truncate at the base, tightly coiled
1–1½ times, smooth-walled.
Figure 134 – Helicoma guttulatum (MFLU 18–2095). a Lithocarpus species host fruit. b, c
Colonies on host material. d–f Immature conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. g, h Immature
conidia. i–l Mature conidia. m Germinated spore. Scale bars: b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d–f = 10
μm, g–m = 20 μm.
Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hr. and germ tubes produced
from all cells. Colonies growing on MEA reaching 8 mm diam. in 1 week at 18oC, slightly effuse,
edge entire rise or dentate and darkened to blackish.
Material examined – THAILAND, Mae Hong Son Province, on decaying fruit of Lithocarpus
160
sp., 22 September 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 177 (MFLU 18–2095, new host record), living culture
MFLUCC 17–0903, KUMCC 18–0244; THAILAND, Lampang Province, on fruit of unknown
species, S.C. Jayasiri, C 334 (MFLU 18–2150), living culture MFLUCC 17–2529, KUMCC 18–
0245.
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–0903: SSU: MK347828, ITS: MK347722, LSU:
MK347937, rpb2: MK434904; MFLUCC 17–2529: SSU: MK347868, ITS: MK347762, LSU:
MK347978, tef1: MK360057, rpb2: MK434880
Notes – We introduce a new host record for Helicoma guttulatum on wild fruit of Lithocarpus
sp. (Fig. 132). Our new collections resemble H. guttulatum (MFLUCC 16–0022) in conidiophores
and conidial morphology (Hyde et al. 2016) and in the phylogenetic analyses our new isolates
clustered together with H. guttulatum (MFLUCC 16–0022). A comparison of the ITS, tef1 and
rpb2 nucleotides of Helicoma guttulatum (MFLUCC 16–0022) and new strains (MFLUCC 17–
0903 and MFLUCC 17–2529) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates that new
strain are H. guttulatum (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). The conidia are 7 septate in the new collections
while they were 8–9 septate in the type specimen (Hyde et al. 2016). With strong molecular
evidence, we identified them as the same species.
Neohelicosporium Y.Z. Lu, J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde, Mycological Progress 17 (5): 637 (2018)
This genus was introduced by Lu et al. (2018a) with 19 species based on a multigene
phylogenetic analyses coupled with morphological data (Jayasiri et al. 2017b, Lu et al. 2018a, b).
We introduce two new host records, on decaying seed pods from Thailand (Fig. 132).
89. Neohelicosporium fusisporum Jayasiri & K.D. Hyde, Studies in Fungi 2(1): 212 (2017)
Fig 135
Saprobic on pod of Oroxylum sp. Sexual morph: See Jayasiri et al (2017). Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous, helicosporous. Mycelium composed of partly immersed, partly superficial, hyaline
to pale brown, septate, abundantly branched hyphae, with masses of crowded, glistening conidia.
Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, flexuous, cylindrical, long, septate, branched, pale
brown, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells 14–22 × 2–3 μm, holoblastic, mono- to polyblastic,
discrete, intercalary, cylindrical, with denticles, pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 100–150 ×
1.8–2.5 μm ( x = 135 × 2.2 μm; n = 20), conidial filament 18–25 μm wide ( x = 22 μm; n = 20),
solitary, pleurogenous, helicoid, hyaline, rounded at ends, tightly coiled 2½–3¼ times, loosely
coiled in water, multi-septate, verruculose, guttulate.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA. Colonies reaching 10 mm diam. in 2
weeks at 18oC. Colonies on MEA are adpressed, circular, flat on surface, entire on edge, first cream
then becoming dark brown and raised in the centre with mycelium, reverse brown.
Material examined – THAILAND, Amphoe, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Bang Saphan
District, on decaying pod of Oroxylum sp. (Bignoniaceae), 28 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 397
(MFLU 18–2176, new host record).
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347887, LSU: MK347997
Notes – Our isolate forms a sister clade to Neohelicosporium fusisporum with low statistical
support. A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of Neohelicosporium fusisporum (MFUCC 16–0642)
and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–0903) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which indicates
that the new strain is N. fusisporum (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). New strain shares similar morphology
with type strain of Neohelicosporium fusisporum (MFUCC 16–0642) in having macronematous,
cylindrical, septate, branched, pale brown conidiophores, holoblastic, mono- to polyblastic,
cylindrical, pale brown conidiogenous cells with denticles, and helicoid, tightly coiled, multiseptate, verruculose, hyaline conidia with guttules (Jayasiri et al. 2017b). We record Oroxylum sp.
(Bignoniaceae) in Thailand as a new host for Neohelicosporium fusisporum (Fig. 135). In a
previous study, we introduced the sexual morph of Neohelicosporium fusisporum from decaying
fruit of Malvaceae sp. and asexual morph from the resulting culture (Jayasiri et al. 2017b).
161
Figure 135 – Neohelicosporium fusisporum (MFLU 18–2176). a, b Conidiophores and
conidiogenous cells. c–g Conidia. Scale bars: a–g = 10 µm.
90. Neohelicosporium hyalosporum Y.Z. Lu, J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde, Mycological Progress 17
(5): 641 (2017)
Fig. 136
Figure 136 – Neohelicosporium hyalosporum (MFLU 18–2175). a Part of seed of pod. b, c
Colonies on host material. d–f Hyphal arrangement and conidiogenous cells. g–i Conidia. j
Germinated conidium. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 μm, d, e = 10 μm, f–j = 10 μm.
162
Saprobic on submerged wood and pods of Delonix regia. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, helicosporous. Colonies on the substratum superficial, effuse,
gregarious, white. Mycelium composed of partly immersed, partly superficial, hyaline to pale
brown, septate, abundantly branched hyphae, with masses of crowded, glistening conidia.
Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, flexuous, long, cylindrical, branched, septate,
smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, mono- to polyblastic, integrated, intercalary,
cylindrical, with pale brown, smooth-walled denticles. Conidia 130–140 μm long × 3.5–4.5 μm
diam. ( x = 137 × 4.2 μm; n = 30), conidial filament 17–21 μm wide, ( x = 19 μm; n = 30), solitary,
pleurogenous, helicoid, hyaline, rounded at the tip, tightly coiled 3–3½ times, not loosely coiled in
water, multi-septate, guttulate.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA and producing germ tubes within 12 hr.
Colonies reaching 11 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18°C, growing on MEA circular, flat at surface,
entire at edge, pale brown to brown. Mycelium superficial and partially immersed, branched,
septate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth.
Material examined – THAILAND, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Bang Saphan District,
decaying pod of Delonix regia (Fabaceae), 28 August 2018, S.C. Jayasiri, C 388 (MFLU 18–2175,
new host record), living culture MFLUCC 18–0240, KUMCC 18–0261.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347886, ITS: MK347779, LSU: MK347996, tef1: MK360061,
rpb2: MK434870
Notes – Our isolate is phylogenetically close (92% MLBS/0.96 BYPP, Fig. 132) to
Neohelicosporium hyalosporum. Although it exhibits a few differences in morphology with shorter
and narrower conidia and not uncoiling in water, its DNA sequences are identical to the holotype of
N. hyalosporum (Fig. 136). Therefore, we record a new host species Delonix regia pod from
Thailand for our new collection.
Pseudohelicomyces Y.Z. Lu, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 248 (2018), nom. illegit.,
non Garnica & E. Valenz. (2000)
Recently introduced, this genus includes five species, viz. P. aquaticus, P. hyalosporus, P.
indicus, P. paludosus and P. talbotii (Lu et al. 2018b). Pseudohelicomyces is a monotypic genus
whose only species, P. albus, is based on the asexual morph of Deconica merdaria (Valenzuela &
Garnica 2000, as “Psilocybe merdaria”), the genus is thus a junior heterotypic synonym of
Deconica. We will be submitting a “Proposal to conserve Pseudohelicomyces Y.Z. Lu, J.K. Liu &
K.D. Hyde (Tubeufiaceae) against Pseudohelicomyces Garnica & Valenz. (Hymenogastraceae).”
Here we introduce a new species Pseudohelicomyces quercus. In addition, we present new records
for P aquaticus and P. talbotii from decaying pod of Tamarindus indica and fruit of a Meliaceae
sp. respectively.
91. Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 250
(2018)
Fig. 137
Index Fungorum number: IF555590; Facesoffungi number: FoF05325
Saprobic on wood and fruit of Tamarindus indica. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Hyphomycetous, helicosporous. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous,
setiferous, erect, septate, unbranched, dark-brown, fertile in the middle, tapering to a narrow subacute sterile apex, smooth-walled, arising directly from a thick-walled, closely septate, repent
hyphae on the substrate, crowded or in fascicles, glistening, light-coloured. Conidiogenous cells
polyblastic, intercalary, rarely terminal, with lateral conspicuous denticles, each with single
conidium. Conidia 80–100 μm long × 1–2 μm diam. ( x = 19 × 1.9 µm; n = 20), conidial filament
18–21 μm wide ( x = 19.5 μm; n = 30), coiled 3–4 times, tightly to loosely coiled, hyaline, rounded
at apical end, truncate at base, septate, slightly constricted at septa, smooth-walled.
Culture characters – Spores germinated on MEA, colonies reaching 15–20 mm diam. in 2
weeks at 18oC, colonies adpressed, circular, first cream-coloured becoming dark brown and rose in
the centre of mycelium, reverse brown, slow growing.
163
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, decaying pod of
Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae), 20 June 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 276 (MFLU 18–2127, new host
record); living culture MFLUCC 17–2288, KUMCC 18–0283.
GenBank numbers – ITS: MK347744, LSU: MK347961
Notes – Morphologically and phylogenetically, our strain is in agreement with the type strain
of Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus (Lu et al. 2018b) with high statistical support (90% MLBS/1.0
BYPP, Fig. 132). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus (MFLUCC
16–0234) and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–2288) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which
indicates that the new strain is P. aquaticus (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). Therefore, we introduce pods
of Tamarindus indica as a new host record the type strain was also reported from Thailand in an
aquatic habitat.
Figure 137 – Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus (MFLUCC 17–2288). a Top view of colony on MEA.
b Reverse view of colony. c, d Fungus in culture. e–g Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells.
h–l Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm, c, d = 500 µm, e–l = 20 µm.
92. Pseudohelicomyces quercus Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 138
Index Fungorum number: IF555587; Facesoffungi number: FoF05302
Holotype – MFLU 18–2091
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Quercus
(Fagaceae).
Saprobic on fruit of Quercus sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 150–200 µm high × 140–180 µm
diam. ( x = 175 × 160 µm), superficial, solitary, scattered, subglobose, ellipsoidal-ovate, with few
hyphae developing from ascomatal base on substrate, pale brown to dark brown, velvety, ostiolate.
Peridium 25–30 µm wide ( x = 27 μm; n = 20), comprising 3–4 layers, composed of cells of textura
angularis, with inner layer cells light brown and outer cells dark brown. Hamathecium comprised
of 1–2 µm wide ( x = 1.6 μm; n = 30), numerous, filiform pseudoparaphyses. Asci 85–110 × 6–8
µm ( x = 92 × 7 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, apically thickened and rounded, with
a pedicel. Ascospores 37–49 × 2–3 µm ( x = 42 × 2.5 µm; n = 30), overlapping, fasciculate,
hyaline, elongate-fusiform, with tapering and rounded ends, straight to slightly curved, 5–6-septate,
not constricted at septa, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Culture characters – Ascospores readily germinated on MEA. Colonies on MEA reaching 10
mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18oC, slow growing, circular, flat at surface, entire at edge, first creamcoloured, then becoming dark brown and raised in the centre with mycelium, reverse brown.
164
Material examined – THAILAND, Lamphang Province, on decaying fruit pericarp of
Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 30 August 2016, S.C. Jayasiri, C 143 (MFLU 18–2091, holotype), ex-type
living culture MFUCC 17–0895, KUMCC 18–0284.
Figure 138 – Pseudohelicomyces quercus (MFLU 18–2091, holotype). a The host seed.
b, c Superficial ascomata on substrate, oozing mass of ascospores at apex of ascomata. d Squash
prepartion of ascomata. e–g Asci. h–l Ascospores. Scale bar: a = 1 cm, b = 100 µm, e–g = 30 µm,
h–i = 10 µm.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347825, ITS: MK347720, LSU: MK347934, tef1: MK360077,
rpb2: MK434906
Notes – Pseudohelicomyces quercus form a sister clade with two strains of P. aquaticus with
high statistical support (80% MLBS/0.96 BYPP, Fig. 132). We could not induce sporulation of the
asexual morph of R. quercus. Pseudohelicomyces aquaticus is known only as an asexual morph and
therefore a morphological comparison of the two species is not possible. A comparison of the tef1
nucleotides of these two species reveal 14 (1.5%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they
are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Pseudohelicomyces quercus (Fig. 138) fits well with the generic description in having
superficial, pale brown to reddish-brown ascomata seated on a subiculum, cylindrical, pedicellate,
Morphological and phylogenetic evidence places Pseudohelicomyces quercus as the sixth species
165
apically rounded asci and fusiform, straight or slightly curved, guttulate ascospores (Lu et al. 2018).
of the genus Pseudohelicomyces.
93. Pseudohelicomyces talbotii (Goos) Y.Z. Lu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92: 252 (2018)
Figs 139, 140
≡ Helicosporium talbotii Goos, Mycologia 81(3): 368 (1989)
≡ Helicosporium ramosum P.H.B. Talbot, Bothalia 6: 493 (1956), nom. illegit., non (Berk. &
M.A. Curtis) Massee 1893
Index Fungorum number: IF 555591; Facesoffungi number: FoF05326
Figure 139 – Pseudohelicomyces talbotii (MFLU 16–0959). a Host fruit. b, c Superficial ascomata
on substrate. d Close up view of ascoma. e Section through ascoma. f Peridium. g–i Ascospores. j
Asci arranged with pseudoparaphyses. k–n Asci with ascospores. Scale bars: d, e = 100 µm, f, j–n =
30 µm, g–i = 20 µm
Saprobic on fruits of Meliaceae sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 225–270 µm high × 138–200
µm diam. ( x = 250 × 165 µm; n = 10), superficial, solitary, scattered, subglobose, ellipsoidalovate, with few hyphae developing from ascomatal base on substrate, dark brown to black, velvety,
ostiolate. Peridium comprising 4–5 layers, composed of cells of textura angularis, with inner cells
brown and outer cells dark brown. Hamathecium 1–2 µm wide ( x = 1.7 µm; n = 30), filiform,
hyaline, numerous, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 104–148 × 10–16 µm ( x = 128 × 13 µm; n = 20), 8spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, apically thickened and rounded, with a long pedicel. Ascospores 47–
62 × 2.5–4.8 µm ( x = 54 × 3.7 µm; n = 30), overlapping, fasciculate, hyaline to pale brown,
cylindric-fusiform, with tapering and rounded ends, straight to slightly curved, 5–6-septate,
constricted at septa, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, helicosporous.
Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, dark-brown, erect, septate, branched, smooth166
walled, arising directly on substrate from thick-walled, closely septate, repent hyphae, crowded or
in fascicles, glistening, light-coloured. Conidiogenous cells 7–15 × 3–5 μm ( x = 13.5 × 4.2 µm; n =
20), polyblastic, intercalary, rarely terminal, with lateral minute denticles each with single
conidium. Conidia 95–110 μm long × 2–2.5 μm diam. ( x = 107 × 2.2 µm; n = 30), conidial
filament 15–20 μm wide (17.4 μm; n = 30), coiled 3–4 times, tightly to loosely coiled, solitary,
acropleurogenous, helicoid, hyaline, rounded at the tip, multi-septate, smooth-walled.
Culture characters – Spores germinated on MEA. Colonies on MEA reaching 15 mm diam. in
2 weeks at 18oC. Colonies adpressed, circular, first cream-coloured, later becoming dark brown and
rose in the centre of mycelium, reverse brown, and slow growing.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Doi Suthep, 22 December 2015, on
decaying fruits of Meliaceae sp., S.C. Jayasiri, C 126 (MFLU 16–0959, new host record), living
culture MFUCC 16–0613, KUMCC 18–0285.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347819, ITS: MK347714, LSU: MK347928, tef1: MK360078,
rpb2: MK434907
Notes – Our collection of Pseudohelicomyces talbotii is morphologically (Fig. 139) and
phylogenetically (Fig. 132) similar to the fungus referred to as Pseudohelicomyces talbotii by Lu et
al. (2018). A comparison of the ITS and tef1 nucleotides of Pseudohelicomyces talbotii (MFLUCC
16–0234) and the new strain (MFUCC 16–0613) revealed nucleotide differences ≤ 1.5%, which
indicates that the new strain is P. talbotii (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). We record a new host on
decaying fruits of Meliaceae sp. The fungus was previously recorded from decaying wood in
aquatic and terrestrial habitats in China, Japan, Mexico, South Africa and Thailand (Lu et al. 2018).
Tubeufia Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11: 517 (1898)
A recent multigene phylogeny coupled with morphological data, recognised 50 species of
Tubeufia (Lu et al. 2018). We add a new species and provide a new host record for Tubeufia
dictyospora from decaying wild seed pods in Thailand (Fig. 132).
Figure 140 – Asexual morph of Pseudohelicomyces talbotii (MFUCC 16–0613). a Germinated
ascospores. b Top view of colony on MEA. c Reverse view of colony. d–g Conidiophores and
conidiogenous cells. h–k Conidia. Scale bars: a = 10µm, b, c = 1 cm, d–f = 30 µm, g = 20 µm, h–k
= 10 µm.
167
94. Tubeufia dictyospora Y.Z. Lu, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 92 (1): 271 (2018)
Fig. 141
Saprobic on submerged wood and pod of Delonix regia. Sexual morph: undetermined.
Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, dictyosporous. Conidiophores lacking. Conidiogenous cells
holoblastic, monoblastic, integrated, cylindrical, apical, pale brown. Conidia 65–110 × 53–94 μm
( x = 95 × 70 μm; n = 20), dictyosporous, acrogenous, carbonaceous, friable, solitary, pale brown
when young, becoming dark brown to black, variable in shape, globose to subglobose, ovoid to
irregular, indistinctly dictyoseptate, verrucose.
Material examined – THAILAND, Phang Nga Province, Thap Put District, on decaying pod
of Delonix regia (Fabaceae), 31 August 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 405 (MFLU 18–2177, new host
record), living culture MFLUCC 17–2593, KUMCC 18–0301.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA and producing germ tubes within 24 hr.
Colonies growing on MEA and reaching 20 mm diam. in 2 weeks at 18 ° C. Colonies circular, with
flat surface, filiform at edge, brown to dark brown. Mycelium superficial and partially immersed,
branched, septate, hyaline to pale brown.
GenBank numbers – ITS: MK347780, LSU: MK347998
Notes – Tubeufia dictyospora is characterized by dictyosporous conidia which are similar to
T. chlamydospora (Lu et al. 2018). A comparison of the ITS nucleotides of Tubeufia dictyospora
(MFLUCC 17–1805) and the new strain (MFLUCC 17–2593) revealed nucleotide differences ≤
1.5%, which indicates that the new strain is T. dictyospora (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). We isolated a
new strain of T. dictyospora from decaying pod of Delonix regia (Fig. 141); it was previously,
recorded from decaying wood. Tubeufia machaerinae forms a sister clade to T. dictyospora and T.
chlamydospora (MFLUCC 17–0055). Tubeufia machaerinae is characterized by helicosporous
conidia (Lu et al. 2018).
Figure 141 – Tubeufia dictyospora (MFLU 18–2177). a Part of host pod. b, c Colonies on decaying
pod. d–k Conidia. l, m Colony on MEA from above and below. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500
μm, d–i, k = 50 μm, j = 30 μm, l, m = 1 cm.
168
95. Tubeufia entadae Jayasiri, E. B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 142
Index Fungorum number: IF555588; Facesoffungi number: FoF05303
Holotype – MFLU 18–2102
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Entada
(Fabaceae).
Saprobic on pod of Entada phaseoloides. Sexual morph: Ascomata 120–145 µm high × 95–
105 µm diam. ( x = 140 × 100 µm; n = 10), superficial, solitary, scattered, subglobose, ellipsoidalovate, with a few hyphae developing from ascomatal base on substrate, orange to brown, velvety,
without a prominent ostiole. Peridium 17–23 µm wide ( x = 21.5 µm; n = 20), comprising many
indistinguishable layers, overlapping, composed of cells of textura angularis to textura prismatica,
with base intermixed with plant tissues and dark brown thickening. Hamathecium comprising
numerous, 1–2 µm wide ( x = 1.8 µm; n = 30), filiform, hyaline pseudoparaphyses. Asci 104–125 ×
10–16 µm ( x = 120 × 14 µm; n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, apically thickened and
rounded, short-pedicellate. Ascospores 50–64 × 3–5 µm ( x = 60 × 4 µm; n = 30), overlapping
fasciculate, pale pinkish brown, cylindric-fusiform, with tapering and rounded ends, straight to
slightly curved, 8–9-septate, constricted at septa, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA, colonies reaching 20 mm diam. in 2 weeks
at 18oC. Colonies on MEA appear, circular, first cream-coloured, later becoming dark brown and
raised in the centre with mycelium, reverse brown.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Khun Korn waterfall (19˚ 52̍ 5̎ N,
99˚ 38̍ 5̎ E), on decaying pod of Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C
218 (MFLU 18–2102, holotype; KUN-HKAS, isotype).
169
Figure 142 – Tubeufia entadae (MFLU 18–2102, holotype). a Part of the host seed pod. b, c
Ascomata on substrate. d Ascoma. e Section through ascoma. f–h Ascospores. i–m Asci. Scale
bars: a = 1 cm, b, c = 500 µm, d, e, i = 50 µm, f–h = 20 µm, j–m = 30 µm.
GenBank numbers – SSU: MK347834, ITS: MK347727, LSU: MK347943
Notes – Tubeufia entadae forms a sister clade to T. chiangmaiensis (MFLUCC 11–0514)
with high statistical support (75% MLBS/0.96 BYPP, Fig. 132). However, these two species share
few morphological characters in common. Tubeufia chiangmaiensis has dark brown ascomata with
brown to reddish-brown peridial cells and hyaline to pale brown ascospores (Boonmee et al. 2014).
Tubeufia entadae is characterized by pale brown to orange ascomata with out well developed
peridium and pinkish brown ascospores in immature stage (Fig. 142). A comparison of the ITS
nucleotides of these two strains reveals 17 (3.4%) nucleotide differences, which indicates that they
are distinct taxa (Jeewon & Hyde 2016).
Venturiales Yin. Zhang & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 51: 249–277 (2011)
Sympoventuriaceae Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 51: 251 (2011)
These fungi exhibit a parasitic or saprobic lifestyle and occur on leaves or stems of
dicotyledons (Zhang et al. 2011). Subsequently, Samerpitak et al. (2014) recorded that nearly all
members of Venturiales are plant pathogens as well as associated with animals. This order
comprises two families Sympoventuriaceae and Venturiaceae. Ochroconis is a genus belonging to
the family Sympoventuriaceae.
Ochroconis de Hoog & Arx, Kavaka 1: 57 (1973)
Ochroconis is reported as mesophilic, with several species causing infections in coldblooded animals (Samerpitak et al. 2014). Currently, 28 species have been reported from this
genus, including our new species (Fig. 143).
Figure 143 – Simplified phylogram showing the best RAxML maximum likelihood tree obtained
from the combined SSU, ITS, LSU, tub2 and actin matrix of eleven taxa including related species
170
of the genus Ochroconis. The matrix comprised 4379 characters including alignment gaps. The tree
was rooted with Verruconis spp. (CBS 437.64, CBS 125818 and CBS 119775). The best scoring
RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -3200.844946 is presented. The matrix had 1673
distinct alignment patterns, with 24.27% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base
frequencies were as follows; A = 0.238060, C = 0.237325, G = 0.294478, T = 0.230137;
substitution rates AC = 0.876705, AG = 1.707991, AT = 0.830163, CG = 0.856733, CT =
2.871062, GT = 1.000000. ML bootstrap support (first set) equal or greater than 70 % and Bayesian
posterior probabilities equal or greater than 0.95 are given near to each branch. New isolates are in
blue. Strains isolated from the holotype and isotype specimens are indicated in red superscript H,
and I respectively.
96. Ochroconis ailanthi Jayasiri, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 144
Index Fungorum number: IF555608; Facesoffungi number: FoF05304
Holotype – MFLU 18–2108
Etymology – Referring to the host genus on which the fungus was collected, Ailanthus
(Simaroubaceae).
Saprobic on pod of Ailanthus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Hyphae 2.0–2.5 μm wide ( x = 2.2 µm; n = 20), branched, with thin septa, hyaline
to pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidiophores differentiated, arising at right angles from creeping
hyphae, unbranched, with thin septa, straight to flexuous, brown, thick-walled, rhexolytic,
producing conidium-bearing denticles that are widely spaced in the apical region. Conidia 9–10 ×
2.4–2.6 μm ( x = 9.4 × 2.5 µm; n = 20), solitary, dark brown, fusiform, with a thick median septum,
with longitudinally striate, thick-walled.
Figure 144 – Ochroconis ailanthi (MFLUCC 17–0923, ex-type). a Top view of culture. b Reverse
view of culture. c–i Hyphal coils and anastomosing hyphae. j–l Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm,
c–i = 10 μm, j–l = 5μm.
171
Culture characters – Conidia germinated on MEA within 24 hr. Colonies growing on MEA 4
mm diam. after 30 days at 18oC, moderate growth, circular, effuse, dense, dark brown, diffuse into
media, rough at surface, with entire to slightly undulate edge, with grey white pigment.
Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui (19˚ 49̍ 31̎ N, 99˚ 52̍ 23̎) on
fallen pod of Ailanthus sp. (Simaroubaceae), 2 February 2017, S.C. Jayasiri, C 228 (MFLU 18–
2108, holotype; KUN-HKAS 102416, isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17–0923,
KUMCC 18–0270; C 229 (MFLU 18–2110).
GenBank numbers – MFLUCC 17–0923: SSU: MK347838, ITS: MK347730, LSU:
MK347947, tub2: MK412883, actin: MK412893; MFLU 18–2110: SSU: MK347839, ITS:
MK347731, LSU: MK347948, tub2: MK412881, ACT: MK412892
Notes – Ochroconis ailanthi is introduced based on morphological and phylogenetic
differences with other species in the genus. In multi loci phylogenetic analysis of SSU, ITS, LSU,
tub2 and actin genes, O. ailanthi forms a sister clade to O. cordanae (CBS 475.80) with high
statistical support (100% MLBS/1.0 BYPP, Fig. 143). However, O. ailanthi (Fig. 144) has dark
brown fusiform conidia with longitudinal striations while O. cordanae has pale brown, cylindrical
conidia without longitudinal striations (Samerpitak et al. 2014). Base pair differences between the
two species were 13 (5.1%) and 26 (10.4%) base pairs for tub2 and actin, respectively.
Agaricales Underw., Moulds, mildews and mushrooms: 97 (1899)
Hymenogastraceae Vittad. [as ‘Hymenogastereae’], Monogr. Tuberac. (Milano): 11 (1831)
In this study, we point out that the genus Pseudohelicomyces Garnica & E. Valenz (2000) is a
junior heterotypic synonym of Deconica.
Deconica (W.G. Sm.) P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 32: XXVI (1879)
= Pseudohelicomyces Garnica & E. Valenz., Mycological Research 104(6): 739 (2000)
Notes – The monotypic genus Pseudohelicomyces Garnica & E. Valenz was established by
Valenzuela & Garnica (2000) based on the type species Pseudohelicomyces albus, which was
introduced as the asexual morph of Psilocybe merdaria. Noordeloos (2009) transferred Psilocybe
merdaria to Deconica merdaria. Based on “One Fungus = One Name” (Hawksworth et al. 2011,
Hawksworth 2012), Pseudohelicomyces albus is a junior synonym of the currently accepted name
Deconica merdaria. Therefore, the genus Pseudohelicomyces Garnica & E. Valenz (not
Pseudohelicomyces Y.Z. Lu, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) is a junior heterotypic synonym of Deconica.
Deconica merdaria (Fr.) Noordel., Öst. Z. Pilzk. 18: 199 (2009)
≡ Agaricus merdarius Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 1: 291 (1821)
≡ Psilocybe merdaria (Fr.) Ricken, Die Blätterpilze: 251 (1912)
= Pseudohelicomyces albus Garnica & E. Valenz., Mycological Research 104(6): 739 (2000)
Notes – Agaricus merdarius was introduced by Fries (1821). Ricken (1912) synonymized it as
Psilocybe merdaria. Pseudohelicomyces albus was introduced as the asexual morph of Psilocybe
merdaria by Valenzuela & Garnica (2000). Noordeloos (2009) transferred Agaricus merdarius and
Psilocybe merdaria as Deconica, thus the currently accepted name for Agaricus merdarius,
Psilocybe merdaria and Pseudohelicomyces albus is Deconica merdaria.
Discussion
In this paper we document saprobic Dothideomycetes from selected seed pods and fruits in
wild plant species. There are 8 new genera, 50 new species and 38 new host records. These
novelties are accommodated in 35 families in the class Dothideomycetes. The study was based on
decaying wild seed pods and fruits mainly from Thailand and a few from China and the UK. The
saprobic species were from 18 host plant families. Fifty species were found on the family Fabaceae,
including 16 species from Leucaena. Magnoliaceae, Fagaceae, Pinaceae, and Bignoniaceae yielded
12, 10, 5 and 4 species respectively.
172
In our study 38 new host records are reported based on multigene phylogeny coupled with
morphological studies. If fungal occurrence is genus-specific as compared to host-specific, this
would have important implications for estimates of fungal numbers (Jeewon et al. 2004, Hyde et al.
2007). In our study, we introduced a new genus in the family Bambusicolaceae with two new
species from host genus Leucaena and observed that fungal species from other genera of this
family could also be associated with other hosts. Based on previous studies, Leptoxyphium
kurandae was thought to be host specific to Hibiscus but we found it on fruit of Lagerstroemia
loudoni (Crous et al. 2011, Choi et al. 2015). According to Phillips et al. (2013), confirmed hosts
for Diplodia mutila are Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Fraxinus, Malus, Populus, Taxus baccata and
Vitis vinifera together with a recent record on Juglans regia (Díaz et al. 2018). We isolated a new
strain from a cone of Magnolia grandiflora from China. Some species have been presumed to be
host-specific, for instance Diplodia sapinea has been recorded worldwide, especially as pathogens
from Pinus species (Palmer et al. 1987) but in this study we also report D. sapinea as a saprobe
from a pine cone in China which indicates that this species can exhibit different lifestyle
(Promputtha et al. 2007).
Fungi are capable of shifting their modes of nutrition, for instance many endophytic and
pathogenic fungi may persist as saprobes once the plant organ, on which they inhabit, has aged and
senesced (Zhou & Hyde 2001, Photita et al. 2004, 2005, Promputtha et al. 2005, Promputtha et al.
2010). In our study, a new species (Austropleospora keteleeriae) and a new host record (A.
archidendri) are reported from decaying pod of Leucaena sp. as saprobes. However, these are the
first report of Austropleospora spp. as saprobes. Previous studies have reported Austropleospora
archidendri as pathogens on Pithecellobium bigeminum and Austropleospora osteospermi on
Chrysanthemoides monilifera and Osteospermum sp. (Morin et al. 2010, Verkley et al. 2014).
These taxa collected herein could also have been pathogens before they become saprobes.
Didymella coffeae-arabicae has been reported as plant pathogens in the family Didymellaceae but
in our study we recorded it as a saprobic species from fallen Leucaena sp. pod. Nothophoma
quercina is also reported as pathogens on many plant species, however we collected it from
decaying cone of Keteleeria fortunei. Samerpitak et al. (2014) recorded that nearly all members of
Venturiales are plant pathogens as well as being associated with animals while in our study we
introduced a new saprobic species of Ochroconis from decaying seed pods of Ailanthus sp. in
China.
Vargamyces aquaticus was reported as a saprobic freshwater fungus (Zhang et al. 2009a, b),
but we found it on Fagus sylvatica cupules in a terrestrial environment. Delitschia species are
mostly reported from dung, rarely on aged wood or plants, but recently introduced from a
freshwater habitat. In the present study we found it on Nypa fruticans in estuarine habitats.
Verruculina was introduced to accommodate an obligate marine species and in our study and we
provide a new host record from fallen fruit of Pandanus sp. the in intertidal zone in Thailand.
Neofusicoccum species are important plant pathogens (Phillips et al. 2013, Marin-Felix et al. 2017),
but we isolated N. parvum from wild seed pod and cone of Cercis chinensis and Magnolia
grandiflora from China.
Dothideomycetes from wild seed pods and fruits are more diverse than expected with
possibly a broad range of host association, wide environmental adaptations with a possible
transition from pathogenic mode of life to saprobic one. Further studies are needed for other
Ascomycetes to obtain a better picture of diversity of fungi from wild seeds and fruits. This study
gives a better knowledge about saprobic species that can be associated with wild plant species and
it will be important to ecologist and agricultural scientist as well. Therefore, knowledge about these
groups is important for sustainability in wild environment.
Acknowledgment
Kevin D. Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund entitled “The future of
specialist fungi in a changing climate: baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated
with ants, Rhododendron species and Dracaena species” (grant no: DBG6080013). Samantha C.
173
Karunarathna thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for funding his
postdoctoral research (number 2018PC0006) and the National Science Foundation of China
(NSFC) for funding this work under the project code 31750110478. Alan JL Phillips acknowledges
the support from Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI, FCT/UID/
Multi/04046/2013)." with "Alan JL Phillips acknowledges the support from
UID/MULTI/04046/2019 Research Unit grant from FCT, Portugal to BioISI. Gareth Jones is
supported under the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program (DSFP), King Saud University,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The University of Mauritius is also thanked for research support. The
authors also would like to thank Dr. Shaun Pennycook (Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, New
Zealand) for providing advice on fungal nomenclature. D.N. Wanasinghe would like to thank CAS
President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for funding his postdoctoral research (number
2019PC0008), the National Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for
financial support under the following grants: 41761144055, 41771063 and Y4ZK111B01.
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