Quercus dilatata (QD) is traditionally used to treat inflammation and pain. In the present study, aqueous methanolic extract of QD was evaluated for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic and anti-nociceptive potential by using in-vitro (protein denaturation and Human red blood cell membrane stabilization) and in-vivo (carrageenan induced inflammation and formaldehyde induced arthritic) assays. More so, analgesic potential was determined by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed for quantitative estimation of phenol and flavonoids in the QD extract. HPLC analysis of QD extract indicated the presence of quercetin, sinapic acid, and gallic acid. The extract (250 and 500 mg/Kg) exhibited significant (p<0.001) in-vitro and in-vivo anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential as compared to standard (diclofenac sodium) group mainly at higher (500 mg/Kg) dosage level. The QD extract exhibited g...

Plants have served either as a natural templates for the development of new chemicals or a phytomedicine since antiquity. Therefore, the present study was aimed to appraise the polarity directed antioxidant, cytotoxic, protein kinase inhibitory, antileishmanial and glucose modulatory attributes of a Himalayan medicinal plant- Quercus dilatata. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined colorimetrically and various polyphenols were identified by RP-HPLC analysis. Brine shrimp lethality, SRB and MTT assays were employed to test cytotoxicity against Artemia salina and human cancer cell lines respectively. Antileishmanial activity was determined using standard MTT protocol. Glucose modulation was assessed by α-amylase inhibition assay while disc diffusion assay was used to establish protein kinase inhibitory and antifungal spectrum. Among 14 extracts of aerial parts, distilled water-acetone extract demonstrated maximum extract recovery (10.52% w/w), phenolic content (21.37 ± ...

Quercus species, also known as oak, represent an important genus of the Fagaceae family. It is widely distributed in temperate forests of the northern hemisphere and tropical climatic areas. Many of its members have been used in traditional medicine to treat and prevent various human disorders such as asthma, hemorrhoid, diarrhea, gastric ulcers, and wound healing. The multiple biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, anticancer, gastroprotective, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities have been ascribed to the presence of bioactive compounds such as triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. This paper aimed to provide available information on the medicinal uses, phytochemicals, and pharmacology of species from Quercus. However, further investigation is needed to fully clarify the mode of action of its bioactive compounds and to evaluate in vivo chronic toxicity, before exploring their potential use as a supplement in func...

When one thinks of a homoeopathic proving one is overwhelmed with the idea of a well-defined and revised linear structured process governing a select group of participants of various racial, sex and age variation, spanning a period of time no shorter than a month with strict parameters for optimum perception of experience. One anticipates the result being a compendium of thoughts and actions and processes constructive and destructive, all documented and confined to a small black book carried and completed by the prover and assembled meticulously by the researcher guided through the experienced hand of the research supervisor. This research followed this impeccable oft repeated and fine-tuned standard. This research seeks to reinforce the efficacy of the established proving process by utilising the methodology as a guide to maximally elicit the numerous symptoms of a new unproved substance of a kingdom that has yet to truly be explored, understood, and conquered. Aim The true goal of...

Introduction: Medicinal plants are a rich source of producing wide number of chemical constituents, the beneficial medicinal effects of the medicinal plant materials typically result from the combinations of secondary products present in the plant making the medicinal actions of plants unique to particular plant species or groups. Recently, many plant extracts have shown to have therapeutic values indifferent disease conditions. Quercus infectoria is a small tree or a shrub belonging to the Fagaceae (Quercaceae) family. The Gall of Quercus infectoria is described in detail in ethnobotanical and literature to possess various pharmacological actions such as analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antistomatitis, deodorant, derivative, desiccant, expectorant, germicidal, hypnotic, hypoglycaemic, powerful astringent, sedative, local anesthetic, antiviral, antibacterial, larvicidal and antifungal activities. The main constituents found in the galls of Q. infectoria are tannin (50-70%) and small amount of free gallic acid and ellagic acid. Methods: Ethanolic extract prepared from Quercus Infectoria Galls as well as the bioactive compounds screened from these crude extracts. Results and Discussion: An evaluation on the phytochemical screening of Galls of QI extracts revealed the presence of medicinally active constituents, in these screening process tannins, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes, anthraquinones and cumarines gave positive

Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) Wall. ex A.DC. is well known medicinal plant used in the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, helminthic, astringent and haemostatic disorders. Root extract having antibacterial, antiamoebic, anti-hemorrhoid and detoxifier properties. Present study deals with the pharmacognostical standardization of root bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) Wall. ex A.DC. Anatomical studies of root bark reveals multi-cellular cork cells, medullary rays, starch grains and group of stone cells. The powder characteristics revealed the presence of group of stone cells with crystals, fibers, simple pitted vessels, tracheids, prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, cortical parenchyma with starch grains, parenchyma embedded with crystals, parenchyma filled with starch grains, sectional view cork cell and surface view thick walled cork cells. The oraganoleptic characters showed brown colour, characteristic odour and slightly bitter in taste. The percentage yield of physico-chemical analysis with the determination of loss on drying were recorded 3.0%, water soluble extractive 17.3%, methanol soluble extractive 22.50%, and chloroform soluble extractive 3.31%, total ash 6.95%, acid insoluble ash 1.19% and water soluble ash 6.58%. Phytochemical screening in three different extracts viz. aqueous, methanol and chloroform was carried out and showed presence of alkaloids and resins but saponin, starch, flavonoid, glycoside and tannin were absent in all extracts. Anthrone's, Fehling's and Molish's tests of carbohydrate observed only in chloroform extract. Molish's test showed presence of carbohydrate in all extracts but Anthrone's and Fehling's tests were found negative in aqueous and methanolic extracts. Bieuret's and Ninhydrin tests of protein were absent in all extracts but Millon's reagent test was positive in all three extracts. Xanthoproteic test revealed the presence in aqueous and methanolic extracts but absent in chloroform extracts. Salkowski's test of steroid showed presence in aqueous and methanolic extracts while absent in chloroform extract. Fluorescence study showed the color change of the powdered samples with respect to different chemical reagents was observed in daylight and ultraviolet (at 366 nm) that gives an idea on its chemical nature. Microbial limit assay were carried out against four specific pathogens viz. Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli along withtotal bacterial count(TBC) andYeast & Mould (Y & M) respectively. The Y & M andTBCshowed 29 cfu/g and 729/g cfu which were found under the limit prescribed by the World Health Organization(WHO) and Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India (API). This indicated that sample study is satisfactorily pure and may be used in the preparation of medicines. Results of all parameters showed good quality, strength, purity and authenticity of the crude drug.

Nowadays, stocks of naturally growing medicinal plants are declining under human influence. In order to compensate for this and meet the needs of our people, it would be expedient to increase the number of medicinal plants and plant them in irrigated areas, taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of Uzbekistan. In order to provide the pharmaceutical industry in Uzbekistan with raw materials for medicinal plants, it would be expedient to establish and increase the number of farms and specialized farms growing medicinal plants in the coming years.