Indian Pucciniales: taxonomic outline with important descriptive notes

Professor Dr. Kiran R Ranadive

Rusts constitute a major group of the Kingdom Fungi and they are distributed all over the world on a wide range of wild and cultivated plants. It is the largest natural group of plant pathogens including 95% of the subphylum Pucciniomycotina and about 8% of all described Fungi. This article provides an overview and outline of rust fungi of India with important descriptive notes. After compilation of available literature on Indian rust fungi from various sources, it was observed that these fungi are distributed in 16 families, 69 genera and 640 species. They belong to Coleosporiaceae, Crossopsoraceae, Gymnosporangiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Milesinaceae, Ochropsoraceae, Phakopsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pileolariaceae, Pucciniaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Raveneliaceae, Skierkaceae, Sphaerophragmiaceae, Tranzscheliaceae and Zaghouaniaceae. There are still many rust fungi with uncertain taxonomic position, and they have been referred to incertae sedis. The placement of all fungal genera is provided at the class, order and family-level along with number of species in a genus. Notes for each rust family along with total Indian records and other taxonomic information on transferred genera and species are also presented. A phylogenetic analysis from a combined LSU and ITS dataset for 25 rust genera is presented to provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.

Mycosphere 12(1): 89–162 (2021) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/12 Indian Pucciniales: taxonomic outline with important descriptive notes Gautam AK1, Avasthi S2, Verma RK3, Devadatha B4, Jayawardena RS5, Sushma6, Ranadive KR7, Kashyap PL8, Bhadauria R2, Prasher IB9, Sharma VK3, Niranjan M4,10, Jeewon R11 1 School of Agriculture, Abhilashi University, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175028, India School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474011, India 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India 4 Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014, India 5 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 6 Department of Botany, Dolphin PG College of Science and Agriculture Chunni Kalan, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India 7 Department of Botany, P.D.E.A.’s Annasaheb Magar Mahavidyalaya, Mahadevnagar, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, India 8 ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Karnal, Haryana, India 9 Department of Botany, Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Panjab University Chandigarh, 160014, India 10 Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India 11 Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius 2 Gautam AK, Avasthi S, Verma RK, Devadatha B, Jayawardena RS, Sushma, Ranadive KR, Kashyap PL, Bhadauria R, Prasher IB, Sharma VK, Niranjan M, Jeewon R 2021 – Indian Pucciniales: taxonomic outline with important descriptive notes. Mycosphere 12(1), 89–162, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/2 Abstract Rusts constitute a major group of the Kingdom Fungi and they are distributed all over the world on a wide range of wild and cultivated plants. It is the largest natural group of plant pathogens including 95% of the subphylum Pucciniomycotina and about 8% of all described Fungi. This article provides an overview and outline of rust fungi of India with important descriptive notes. After compilation of available literature on Indian rust fungi from various sources, it was observed that these fungi are distributed in 16 families, 69 genera and 640 species. They belong to Coleosporiaceae, Crossopsoraceae, Gymnosporangiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Milesinaceae, Ochropsoraceae, Phakopsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pileolariaceae, Pucciniaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Raveneliaceae, Skierkaceae, Sphaerophragmiaceae, Tranzscheliaceae and Zaghouaniaceae. There are still many rust fungi with uncertain taxonomic position, and they have been referred to incertae sedis. The placement of all fungal genera is provided at the class, order and family-level along with number of species in a genus. Notes for each rust family along with total Indian records and other taxonomic information on transferred genera and species are also presented. A phylogenetic analysis from a combined LSU and ITS dataset for 25 rust genera is presented to provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution. Key words – India – Phylogeny – Pucciniomycotina – rust fungi – Systematics Introduction Rust fungi (Basidiomycota, Pucciniales) are a highly diverse group of obligate biotrophic parasites, distributed in all geographical areas on a wide range of wild and cultivated plants ranging Submitted 8 December 2020, Accepted 9 February 2021, Published 22 February 2021 Corresponding Author: Ajay K. Gautam – e-mail – a2gautam2006@gmail.com 89 from ferns, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (Duplessis et al. 2011). They are called rusts as one of their spore types i.e. the urediniospores and (uredinia) on host surface are often rust coloured. These fungi are unique and fascinating group of organisms possessing diverse structures (spermogonia, two anamorphs, teleomorphs and basidiospores) in their life cycle. Besides having up to five or six morphologically and functionally distinct spore types, many rust fungi exhibit complicated life cycles with variable host plant specificity. Because of their obligate parasitic nature, actively growing rusts survive only on living hosts and produce teliospores towards the end of the growing season. Species of Pucciniomycotina show simple life cycle (simple teliosporic yeasts) to the complex elaborate fivestage life cycles of the biotrophic rust fungi, the latter regarded as the most complex organisms in Kingdom Fungi (Lutz et al. 2004). Along with various spore types, some rust fungi require alternation between two exclusive and unrelated host plant taxa to complete their life cycle (heteroecious rust), although others can complete their life cycle on a single host plant (autoecious rust) (Kolmer et al. 2009). Parasitism and host specialization is highly developed in rust fungi (Savile et al. 1971, Duplessis et al. 2011). They constitute one of the major groups of plant pathogenic fungi. Puccininales is the most speciose order in Pucciniomycotina and include 95% of the subphylum and ca. 8% of all described Fungi (Kirk et al. 2008). The rust fungi have a long research history, mostly due to their economic importance in agriculture and forestry, and easily noticeable symptoms (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003). Taxonomically the rust fungi belong to Pucciniomycotina, one of the three subphyla of Basidiomycota. Further, these fungi are placed in class Pucciniomycetes and order Pucciniales. In some systems of classifications, the rust fungi are placed in the subclass Heterobasidiomycetes based on basidial morphology while in other systems, they are with smut fungi in Teliomycetes based on their similar basidial characteristics (Talbot 1971, Webster 1980). Different morphological characters have been emphasized in earlier system of rust taxonomy and classifications (Ono & Hennen 1983). Initially, rust fungi were classified into three (or four) families, Melampsoraceae, (Coleosporiaceae), Pucciniaceae and Zaghouaniaceae based on the characteristics of basidia and teliospores (Sydow & Sydow 1915, Cunningham 1931). Classification of rust fungi in subfamilies or tribes and morphology of telia in taxonomy was also considered (Sydow & Sydow 1915, Dietel 1928). Use of morphology of spermogonial (0) and aecial (I) stages was emphasized by Hiratsuka & Cummins (1963) and Hiratsuka (1983) in the classification of rust fungi. The morphological characters of telium (Thirumalachar & Cummins 1949) and teliospores (Dietel 1928, Thirumalachar & Cummins 1948, Thirumalachar & Mundkur 1949) played an important role in the taxonomic placement of rust fungi (Alexopoulus 1962). However, with the combination of different character of uredinia, aecia, type of spermogonia and telia, there has been several conflicting taxonomic hypotheses with time and this led to the proposal of 13-family system of classification of rust fungi. Based on telial morphology, three families were accepted: Melampsoraceae (sessile teliospores formed in columns in the telium), Pucciniaceae (stalked teliospores, produced in a single layer in the telium) and Coleosporiaceae (do not form a promycelium but karyogamy and meiosis occur directly within the teliospores that become septate during the germination process). Cummins & Hiratsuka (1983, 2003) proposed 13 families. This was one of the the most accepted systems of rust classification till the incorporation of molecular data in systematic studies. With the use of modern techniques (molecular studies) along with conventional methods (morphological studies), new taxonomic suggestions have been proposed regarding interrelationships of different groups of fungi. However, the earlier systems of classifications of rust fungi were mainly based on shape, size and other morphological characters of different spores and spore producing structures. Based on recent molecular techniques (DNA sequence data from the large ribosomal subunit) and ultrastructural investigations, it was observed that rusts are distantly related to some of the smuts (Aime et al. 2006, Kijpornyongpan et al. 2018). Subsequently Swann & Taylor (1995a, b) and Swann et al. (2001) proposed the separation of class Urediniomycetes (the rust fungi), including the rusts (Uredinales), from class Ustilaginomycetes (the smut fungi) and class Hymenomycetes mushrooms and shelf or bracket fungi) under division Basidiomycota. Within the class Urediniomycetes, true rusts (Uredinales) account for over 95% of the species and more than 75% of 90 the genera. Several research series on fungal diversity published in recent years provided an updated information on addition, exclusion, correct taxonomic position and transferred taxa of fungi. Aime (2006) examined representative species from the 13 families proposed by Cummins & Hiratsuka (2003) and based on sequence analyses of the 18S and 28S nuclear rDNA regions, three major suborders were proposed Uredinineae, Melampsorineae and Mikronegeriineae. The Uredinineae includes species which produce the aecial stage on angiospermous host with pedicellate teliospores. Similarly, Melampsorineae comprises heteroecious, mostly macrocyclic rust species producing aecial stage on gymnosperms and producing sessile teliospores. Mikronegeriineae accomodates species with aecial stage usually on non-pine gymnosperms and in microcyclic types the teliospores functioned as urediniospores, with short pedicellate or sessile teliospores. He et al. (2019) presented notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota. They differentiated Urediniomycetes from Basidiomycetes, as the nuclear membrane partially degrades during mitosis (semiopen pleuromitosis) in some Urediniomycetes while mitosis in basidiomycetes proceeds with preservation of the nuclear membrane (intranuclear pleuromitosis). They also differentiated rusts and smuts as non-basidiomata forming members of Basidiomycota, which comprises Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina, respectively. They included eight families, Coleosporiaceae, Mikronegeriaceae, Phakopsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pileolariaceae, Pucciniaceae, Raveneliaceae and Sphaerophragmiaceae in order Pucciniales, class Pucciniomycetes and subphylum Pucciniomycotina in their phylogenetic studies. However, they also presented the estimated number for taxa in Basidiomycota, of which, order Pucciniales possesses 15 families, 162 genera and 8105 species. Recently, Wijayawardene et al. (2020) outlined the kingdom Fungi up to genus level. They also presented 15 families (138 genera) under the order Pucciniales, class Pucciniomycetes and phylum Basidiomycota. It is interesting to mention here that the majority of Pucciniomycotina species (ca. 7500 of nearly 8500) belong to a single order Pucciniales that cause rust diseases in numerous plants (He et al. 2019, Wijayawardene et al. 2020, Aime & McTaggart 2020). The recent higher-rank classification for rust fungi is provided by Aime & McTaggart (2020), wherein they proposed the addition of four new suborders and seven new families, with some amendments in existing families. The classification of Pucciniales now comprises seven suborders and 18 families. To understand the status of research on rust fungi in India, we have started this part here with the beginning of Indian mycological research. Here foreign visiting scientists or emigrant experts in the 18th and 19th centuries carried out most of the research. This started with the mycological studies initiated by K.R. Kirtikar in late 19th century who collected and identified numerous fungi. Although the special credit to initiate mycological research in India goes to A. Barclay and E.J. Butler because of their contribution to initiate and organize research on mycology and plant pathology in India. After the establishment of the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa (Bihar) during the year 1905 with the generous grant of 30,000 pounds from an American philanthropist, Mr. Henry Phipps, mycological research in India gained momentum. With the earlier efforts of E.J. Butler, the first imperial mycologists to the then British Government of India, a firm foundation of mycology and plant pathology was laid in this country and he is aptly referred to as the Father of Indian Mycology (Subramanian 1986). This research continued with the passage of time and involvement of many more mycologists. With the advancement in mycological research, B.B. Mundkur and M.J. Thirumalachar laid down a pioneer contribution in the studies of rust and smut fungi as Ustilaginales of India (Mundkar & Thirumalachar 1952). Foundation of the Indian Phytopathological Society was also laid down by B. B. Mundkur along with S.R. Bose, both sereved as its earliest presidents. K.C. Mehta (1940) studied the problem of the recurrence of the wheat rust in plains of India. They mainly focused on cereal rust of India. Balchandra Bhavanishankar Mundkur and Mandayam Jeersannidhi Thirumalachar in 1952 jointly published a consolidated list of Indian Ustilaginales. Similarly, Thirumalachar & Mundkar (1950) published a very useful appendix of genera of rust fungi. Simultaneously, Hans Sydow, a German mycologist, son of Paul Sydow also contributed a lot in understanding the Himalayan mycoflora including rust fungi. Similarly, George Baker Cummins, A. Barclay and Joseph Charles Arthur investigated the rusts occurring near North Western Himalayas. D.P. Mishra along with other mycologists also investigated rust fungi of agricultural crops in India. 91 Several other mycologists contributed significantly to the development of research on rust fungi in India on a regional basis. Pioneering work of C. Mohanan cannot be neglected as modern mycologists. He worked on biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi of the Western Ghats and published a book entitled “Rust Fungi of Kerala, India”. Some names worth mentioning are Ramesh Chand Sharma, Sanjeev Sharma, R.K. Sharma, S.N. Sachan and Ajay Kumar Gautam, who actively worked in the past and are still engaged in studies of various aspects of rust fungi of Himachal Pradesh. Dr. E.J. Butler & G.R. Bisby compiled a monograph “The Fungi of India”, in 1931. The fungi of India series have been revised from time to time and updated by several workers. However, the contribution of great Indian mycologists K.D. Bagchee, T.S. Ramakrishnan, J.H. Mitter, K.J. Narsimhan, S.N. Das Gupta, R.N. Tandon, R. Prasad, T.S. Sadasivan, C.V. Subramaniam and many more cannot be ignored. The taxonomic research on rust fungi in India has been based primarily on morphology of certain spore stages. Only a few studies published recently have employed modern tools and techniques for identification of rust fungi. Several institutes like Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC) New Delhi; National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI) Pune, Maharashtra; CSIR-IMTECH Chandigarh, NBAIM Mau and many more are actively carrying research on fungal taxonomy and other related aspects and providing facilities for molecular characterisation of fungi including rust fungi in India. A major scientific breakthrough of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) scientists lead to the decoding of genomes of 15 strains of wheat rust fungus Puccinia triticina. Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae Orientalis (HCIO) has a rich collection of rusts, smuts, powdery mildews and meliolales fungi and has more than 3500 type specimens (Maheswari et al. 2012). HCIO documented a comprehensive checklist of Puccinia species of India along with herbarium photographs and brief description (Kamil et al. 2013). Similarly, “Rust fungi of Kerala, India” (Mohanan 2010); First checklist of rust fungi in the genus Puccinia from Himachal Pradesh, India” (Gautam & Avasthi 2016a); and “A checklist of rust fungi from Himachal Pradesh, India” (Gautam & Avasthi 2019) are the recent compilations of rust fungi from India. In subsequent years, a plethora of articles on Pucciniales (Uredinales) has been published, which has added a lot to understanding this group of fungi, thus it is essential and pragmmatic to compile it into a single document. Therefore, we are starting a series of publications on rust fungal diversity from India, and this first paper provides basic information and the latest trends related to taxonomic outline of rust fungi of India with important descriptive notes. Materials & Methods Layout of the paper A brief description of each genus up to its higher taxonomic rank related with rust fungi of India is provided. During the listing of genera, their species, and other higher taxonomic ranks into a single outline, all generic names are listed from previously published literature pertaining to rust fungi of India. The detailed literature in reference to Indian rust fungi is summarised in the present study under the heading “literature used during the study of rust fungi”. The names of some species have been replaced by currently accepted names after consultation of MycoBank (www.mycobank.org)/ and Species Fungorum (www.speciesfungorum.org) websites and this has been indicated in such cases. For general outline of Indian rust fungi, we adopted He et al. (2019) and Wijayawardene et al. (2020). Aime & McTaggart (2020) was followed to provide a higher-rank classification of rust fungi. To confirm their scientific entity where some generic/species names have been updated with currently accepted name, more literature on rust fungi was consulted (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003, Aime 2006, Aime et al. 2018, Aime & McTaggart 2020. After complete verification, accepted taxa of rust fungi of Basidiomycota up to species level are presented in detailed. The existing and currently accepted names of various genera and species of rust fungi are provided as a separate section in this manuscript. Phylogenetic analyses Most of the rust fungi reported from India were characterized mainly based on the 92 morphological characters of uredia and telia or other successive stages observed on collected samples. However, rust fungi reported from India lack molecular studies. Based on earlier studies on Indian rust fungi, a checklist was prepared and the DNA sequence data from the LSU and ITS rDNA regions available for same rust fungi reported from other countries were downloaded from GenBank and through published literature (Maier et al. 2003, Aime 2006, Aime et al. 2006, Aime & McTaggart 2020). Individual nucleotide sequences of LSU and ITS were aligned distinctly using MAFFT 7 (http://mafft. cbrc.jp/alignment/server/) (Katoh & Standley 2013) and then manual checking and editing where necessary in BioEdit v.7.0.9 (Hall 1999). The ITS sequences of taxa containing weak aligned portions, incomplete data, missing sequence data and gaps were removed. The separate aligned gene regions of LSU and ITS were combined in BioEdit. The combined multigene sequence alignment was converted to PHYLIP format (.phy) using ALTER (alignment trans-formation environment: (http://sing.eiuvigo.es/ALTER/; 2021) for randomized accelerated maximum likelihood (RAxML) analysis. The aligned LSU and ITS single gene datasets and a concatenated dataset of LSU and ITS genes were analyzed with maximum likelihood using the RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE (8.2.8) (Stamatakis et al. 2008, Stamatakis 2014) in the CIPRES Science Gateway platform (Miller et al. 2010) using GTR+I+G model of evolution. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values greater than 70% were given above each node. Phylogenetic trees were visualized with FigTree v1.4.0 program (Rambaut 2012) and reorganized in Microsoft power point (2016). Table 1 GenBank and voucher/culture collection accession numbers of species included in the phylogenetic study Taxon Voucher/culture Cerotelium fici Chrysomyxa pirolae Coleosporium asterum Coleosporium bletiae Coleosporium campanulae Coleosporium campanulae Coleosporium inulae Coleosporium inulae Coleosporium ipomoeae LAH20019AM 190CHP_PCG_DU2 MCA3077 BSC1 -LB09265/ZT_Myc_58002 U717 LB09168/ZT_Myc_57996 JRH 485 GenBank accession Numbers ITS LSU -MK135779 GU049555 -MG907226 -MN108162 -KP017565 KY810467 --MG907223 KY810470 -MF769644 -- Coleosporium ipomoeae Coleosporium senecionis Coleosporium senecionis Coleosporium xanthoxyli Cronartium quercuum Cronartium ribicola R232 LB08877/ZT_Myc_57995 PDD 98309 KUS-F30013 CqvGa-1 -- -KY810472 --L76495 KX963430 Crossopsora ziziphi Gymnosporangium clavariiforme Gymnosporangium clavariiforme Gymnosporangium confusum Gymnosporangium confusum Hyalopsora polypodii BPI 877877 LD 1019 -HM114220 EU851160 -KJ716348 MK530184 --AF426240 MG744558 -- HMAS:24626 -- KU342766 Zhao et al. (2016) LD 1021 HM114219 -- Dervis et al. (2011) 20140808B H22 -- KP261043 BPI 893256 KY798367 -- Hyalopsora polypodii DB 1681 -- AY512852 Fernandez & Alvarado (2016) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Begerow et al. (unpublished) References Ishaq et al. (unpublished) Feau et al. (2011) Aime et al. (2018) Zhou (unpublished) Tian et al. (unpublished) Beenken et al. (2017) Aime et al. (2018) Beenken et al. (2017) McTaggart & Aime (2018) Zuluaga et al. (2011) Beenken et al. (2017) Shin et al. (2019) Vogler & Bruns (1998) Kaitera et al. (2017) Maier et al. (2003) Souza et al. (2018) Dervis et al. (2011) 93 Table 1 Continued. Taxon Voucher/culture Kernkampella breyniae Kweilingia divina Leucotelium prunipersicae Maravalia pterocarpi Melampsora caprearum Melampsora caprearum Melampsora epitea Melampsora epitea Melampsora euphorbiae Melampsora euphorbiae Melampsora hypericorum Melampsora hypericorum Melampsora populnea Melampsora populnea Melampsora salicisalbae Melampsora salicisalbae Melampsoridium betulinum Melampsoridium betulinum Melampsoridium hiratsukanum Melampsoridium hiratsukanum Milesina exigua Milesina polypodii Nyssopsora thwaitesii Ochropsora ariae Phakopsora apoda BRIP:56909 MCA3493 -- GenBank accession Numbers ITS LSU -KJ862346 -MG907215 AB097450 -- HNCM1 GE14_3_2 NYS-F-003819 -1046MEE-SA-QC.1 -BPI 863501 BPI 893298 KU301795 KY649193 --GQ479218 EF192199 --- --KU550033 DQ354564 --DQ437504 KY798351 PDD 97325 KJ716353 -- 892MPO-PTA-FR3.1 -HMAAC4068 HMAAC4068 EU808037 --- -AY444786 MK372199 13125 F FJ455128 -- KR-M-0048135 -- MK302187 Eslami et al. (unpublished) Bubner et al. (2019) H 6034375 KF031552 -- McKenzie et al. (2013) 421 KC313888 -- Blomquist et al. (2014) KR-M-0048149 -- MK302188 Bubner et al. (2019) KR-M-0050247 KR-M-0043190 AMH:9528 KR-M-42604 PDD 72076 MH908478 -KF550283 KX228773 MG461668 MK302211 MK302190 -KX228778 MG461668 Phakopsora cingens Phakopsora meibomiae Phakopsora meibomiae Phakopsora phyllanthi Phakopsora phyllanthi BRIP:55628 Brazil 82-1 R188 83 BPI 843632 -AF333501 -KF528025 -- KP729474 -EU851164 -KY764084 Phakopsora ziziphivulgaris Phragmidium barclayi Phragmidium brevipedicellatum Phragmidium butleri Phragmidium fragariae Phragmidium mucronatum Phragmidium potentillae HMJAU8595 MK296536 MK296506 Bubner et al. (2019) Bubner et al. (2019) Baiswar et al. (2014) Scholler et al. (2019) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Maier et al. (2016) Frederick et al. (2002) Zuluaga et al. (2011) Beenken (2014) Demers et al. (unpublished) Ji (unpublished) HMAS-67281 HMUT100463 --- MG669117 KU059170 Liu et al. (2018) Xu et al. (unpublished) HMAS-67841 -TFS01 ---- MG669118 AF426217 KJ867552 Liu et al. (2018) Maier et al. (2003) El-Deeb (unpublished) BRIP:60089 -- KT199403 McTaggart et al. (2016b) References McTaggart et al. (2015) Aime et al. (2018) Osaki (unpublished) Wang et al. (2016) Piskur (unpublished) Zhao (unpublished) Aime (2006) Vialle (unpublished) Aime (unpublished) Aime et al. (2006) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Padamsee & McKenzie (2014) Feau et al. (2009) Pei et al. (2005) Wang (unpublished) 94 Table 1 Continued. Taxon Voucher/culture Phragmidium potentillae Phragmidium rosaemoschatae Pileolaria pistaciae Puccinia actaeaeagropyri Puccinia antirrhini HMJAU8609 GenBank accession Numbers ITS LSU MK296538 -- BPI 893257 -- KY798368 -TUB 14959 MG860928 -- KY314266 DQ917746 BPI 910208 -- KY764090 Puccinia arenariae BPI 893275 Puccinia argentata IMI 502182 -- KC433402 Puccinia bistortae Puccinia brachypodii Puccinia brachypodii Puccinia bupleuri TUB 14964 HSZ0975 BRIP 59466 BPI 910217 -GQ457303 --- DQ917697 -KX999868 KY764100 Puccinia canaliculata Puccinia carthami U-77 SAF 1 HQ412647 AF064822 Puccinia carthami Puccinia cenchri -BPI055581 -- AY787782 KY575080 Puccinia chloridisincompletae Puccinia chrysanthemi HSZ1393 KM096427 KM096427 HSZ2154 KX369039 -- Puccinia chrysanthemi Puccinia circaeae Puccinia coronata Puccinia crepidisjaponicae Puccinia cyperi Puccinia dactylidina Puccinia dioicae Puccinia drabae Puccinia ferruginosa R79F TUB 14969 -BPI 893282 ----- HQ201322 DQ917716 DQ354526 KY798360 BRIP 60997 PUR F15426 DAR 77052 R209-16555 IBA7553 KU296885 JX533546 EF635897 EU014054 -- KU296885 JX533546 -EU014055 AB190901 Puccinia ferruginosa TSH-R6237 AB188126 -- Puccinia graminis Puccinia heterospora 72_2 BPI 893307 -KY798362 JQ688991 -- Puccinia heterospora Puccinia heucherae Puccinia hieracii Puccinia hordei BRIP 60937 RHS5296/05 DAOM 240969 PDD:101656 ----- KU296886 DQ359702 HQ317515 KX985762 Puccinia hydrocotyles Puccinia iridis Puccinia iridis Puccinia kuehnii -KUS-F23394 KUS-F30180 BPI 881011 --MK446718 -- GU936635 MK446720 KY798385 HQ666891 References Ji (unpublished) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Ishaq et al. (2020) Maier et al. (2007) Demers et al. (unpublished) Demers et al. (unpublished) Tanner et al. (unpublished) Maier et al. (2007) Jin et al. (2010) Marin-Felix et al. (2017) Demers et al. (unpublished) Deadman et al. (2011) Berthier-Schaad (unpublished) Deadman et al. (2005) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Mahadevakumar (unpublished) Szabo & Nguyen (unpublished) Alaei (unpublished) Maier et al. (2007) Aime et al. (2006) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) McTaggart et al. (2016a) Liu et al. (2013) Morin et al. (2009) Alaei et al. (2009) Engkhaninun et al. (unpublished) Engkhaninun et al. (2005) Berlin et al. (2012) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) McTaggart et al. (2016a) Henricot et al. (2007) Liu et al. (2015) Padamsee & McKenzie (2017) Zuluaga et al. (2011) Choi et al. (2019) Choi et al. (2019) Saumtally et al. (2011) 95 Table 1 Continued. Taxon Voucher/culture Puccinia kuehnii Puccinia lantanae Puccinia lateritia 090687 R190 BPI 910249 GenBank accession Numbers ITS LSU GU564421 --EU851144 -KY764134 Puccinia liberta Puccinia linkii BRIP 59686 DAOM:242721 -KM851040 KX999881 -- uccinia linkii DAOM:243230 -- KM851041 Puccinia malvacearum AFTOL-ID 1629 EF561641 -- Puccinia malvacearum Puccinia melanocephala Puccinia melanocephala Puccinia menthae U1384 PM_NayMex_Xalsco -MG564638 MG907249 -- PM_ColMex_CE_Tecoman -- MG564636 BPI 910255 KY764141 -- Puccinia menthae Puccinia nakanishikii BPI 871110 BPI 910261 KY764147 DQ354513 -- Puccinia nakanishikii Puccinia nepalensis Puccinia nepalensis Puccinia nitida -BA66 BA651 BPI 843472 --KX225481 -- GU058002 KX014746 -KY764148 Puccinia oahuensis BPI087481 -- KY575092 Puccinia obscura Puccinia obscura Puccinia ocimi KR14322 -BPI 910262 -AF468042 KY764149 FJ669234 -KY764149 Puccinia operta BPI142436 Puccinia oxalidis Puccinia oxalidis KUS-F27920 BPI 893310 MH325473 -- -KY798348 Puccinia paspali BPI841180 -- KY575098 Puccinia peradeniyae Puccinia pimpinellae Puccinia polygoniamphibii Puccinia polysora Puccinia porri BPI 089014 -BPI 893289 KX190906 GU058023 -- KX190906 GU058023 KY798381 -22-16 HM467909 KY492366 GU058024 -- Puccinia recondita BPI 910319 -- KY798399 Puccinia rufipes Puccinia scirpi Puccinia striiformis Puccinia striiformis Puccinia substriata -BRIP 61027 HSZ1834 HSZ1828 -- AJ406071 KX999892 GQ457306 -GU058028 -KX999892 -GQ457304 -- KY575095 References Glynn et al. (2010) Zuluaga et al. (2011) Demers et al. (unpublished) Marin-Felix et al. (2017) Mulvey & Hambleton (2015) Mulvey & Hambleton (2015) Matheny & Hibbett (unpublished) Aime et al. (2018) Bermudez et al. (unpublished) Bermudez et al. (unpublished) Demers et al. (unpublished) Aime et al. (2006) Demers et al. (unpublished) Dixon et al. (2010) Ali et al. (2017) Ali et al. 2017) Demers et al. (unpublished) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Scholler et al. (2011) Weber et al. (2003) Demers et al. (unpublished) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Lee et al. (2019) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Demers et al. (2017) Dixon et al. (2010) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Yu et al. (unpublished) Ristic et al. (unpublished) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Virtudazo et al. (2001) Marin-Felix et al. (2017) Jin et al. (2010) Jin et al. (2010) Dixon et al. (2010) 96 Table 1 Continued. GenBank accession Numbers ITS LSU KY575101 Taxon Voucher/culture Puccinia substriata BPI106260 Puccinia tanaceti Puccinia thlaspeos Puccinia thlaspeos Puccinia turgida Puccinia turgida Puccinia versicolor Puccinia violae Puccinia violae Puccinia xanthii Puccinia xanthii Pucciniastrum coryli Ravenelia acaciaearabicae Ravenelia acaciaepennatulae Ravenelia acaciicola Ravenelia evansii Ravenelia evansii Tranzschelia discolor Tranzschelia discolor R221 --NA224 NA223 U902 BPI 842321 -BRIP48819 BRIP 56946 TSH-R4237 (IBA8641) PREM61853 HQ201323 L76177 L76183 MH144383 MH144382 -DQ354509 -EU659694 References AB221419 -- MG907252 -GU058029 -KX999896 -MN072675 Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Alaei (unpublished) Roy et al. (1998) Roy et al. (1998) Otálora & Berndt (2018) Otálora & Berndt (2018) Aime et al. (2018) Aime (2006) Dixon et al. (2010) Seier et al. (2009) Marin-Felix et al. (2017) Liang et al. (2006) Ebinghaus et al. (2020) U115 -- MG907213 Aime et al. (2018) PREM61861 PREM61209 PREM61028 U-884 BRIP 57662 -MG945959 -DQ995341 -- MN072683 -MG945996 -KR994891 Tranzschelia prunispinosae Uromyces aloes Uromyces aloes Uromyces cicerisarietini Uromyces cicerisarietini Uromyces clignyi Uromyces commelinae Uromyces coronatus Uromyces coronatus KR-M-0002755 -- KX228774 Ebinghaus et al. (2020) Ebinghaus et al. (2018) Ebinghaus et al. (2018) Deadman et al. (2007) Doungsa-Ard (unpublished) Scholler et al. (2019) 2020-6-28-0005 WM 3290 -- MT136509 -GU058030 -DQ917740 -- Bily et al. (unpublished) Maier et al. (2007) Dixon et al. (2010) -- GQ914998 Stuteville et al. (2010) DAOM 192217 JW100 DAOM 32991 BPI 910293 HM131364 KF982855 HM131365 ---KY764191 Uromyces dactylidis Uromyces dactylidis Uromyces dolicholi Uromyces eragrostidis Uromyces eragrostidis PRC:705 TUB 14997 DAOM 116149 DAOM 106767 BPI004474 KM667955 -HQ317563 HQ317561 -- -DQ917745 HQ317563 -KY575113 Uromyces euphorbiae PUR N11621 KT750329 -- Uromyces euphorbiae BPI 863673 -- KT750330 Uromyces geranii Uromyces hedysariobscuri Uromyces hedysariobscuri Uromyces lespedezaeprocumbentis BRIP 60100 DAOM 189699 -HQ317573 KX999898 -- Liu & Hambleton (2013) Kwon & Kim (2014) Liu & Hambleton (2013) Demers et al. (unpublished) Hrabetova et al. (2015) Maier et al. (2007) Liu et al. (2015) Liu et al. (2015) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Rosskopf et al. (unpublished) Rosskopf et al. (unpublished) Marin-Felix et al. (2017) Liu et al. (2015) DAOM 223015 -- HQ317572 Liu et al. (2015) BPI 910294 KY764193 KY764193 Demers et al. (unpublished) HQ201324 -- 97 Table 1 Continued. Taxon Voucher/culture Uromyces minor Uromyces muscari Uromyces orientalis Uromyces peglerae MVAP50000151 DAOM 75626 BRIP 60934 BPI843311 GenBank accession Numbers ITS LSU MK045314 MK045314 HQ317552 HQ317552 KX999899 KX999899 KY575116 Uromyces pisi-sativi -- DQ521591 -- Uromyces pisi-sativi Uromyces polygoniavicularis Uromyces rumicis BRIP 60151 DAOM 181565 -- KX999900 HQ317558 PDD:93529 KX985763 -- Uromyces rumicis BPI 910298 Uromyces setariaeitalicae Uromyces setariaeitalicae Uromyces striatus Uromyces striatus Uromyces strobilanthis BPI863744 KY575068 BPI863750 -- KY575069 U-675 DAOM 240966 BPI 893253 HQ412651 --- -HQ317512 KY798375 Uromyces tenuicutis Uromyces trifolii Uromyces viciae-fabae Uromyces viciae-fabae Uromyces vignae Uromyces vignae Taphrina pruni BRIP 60012 --- --AB115665 -AB115731 -MH855700 KX999904 GU936634 -AF426199 -KX999906 MH867219 H92019 BRIP 60213 CBS 358.35 KY764197 References Blomquist (unpublished) Liu et al. (2015) Marin-Felix et al. (2017) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Sagliocco et al. (unpublished) Marin-Felix et al. (2017) Liu et al. (2015) Padamsee & McKenzie (2017) Demers et al. (unpublished) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Deadman et al. (2011) Liu et al. (2015) Demers & Castlebury (unpublished) Marin-Felix et al. (2017) Zuluaga et al. (2011) Chung et al. (2004) Maier et al. (2003) Chung et al. (2004) Marin-Felix et al. (2017) Vu et al. 2019) Genus-wise literature of Indian rust fungi Angiopsora: Bagchee & Singh 1960, Bahadur & Sinha 1967, Ramakrishnan 1950, Ramakrishnan & Sundaram 1954b, Thirumalachar & Mundkar 1951, Vaheeduddin 1955. Arthuria: Gokhle & Patel 1953. Bubakia: Butler & Bisby 1931, Mundkar 1938, 1943, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1950a. Calidion: Ramakrishnan 1950. Chaconia: Butler & Bisby 1931, Mishra et al. 1976, Patel et al. 1949, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1966a, Ramakrishnan 1950, Singh 1966. Ceropsora: Bakshi & Singh 1960. Cerotelium: Ahmad 1981, Arthur 1917, Bakshi et al. 1972, Butler 1914, Chowdhary 1948, Jain et al. 1966, Joshi & Vashiist 1959, Nagraj et al. 1971, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1966a, Pawar & Kulkarni 1973, Payak 1949, Ramachar et al. 1978, Ramakrishnan 1952, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Sathe 1972b, Sydow & Mitter 1935, Thite & Patil 1970, Vasudeva 1962, Venkatakrishaiya 1958, Wakhloo 1962, Yadav 1963a, Yadav & Thirumalachar 1955. Chrysocelis: Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1949. Chrysomyxa: Bakshi & Singh 1972, Barclay 1890a, Butler 1906, 1910, Dietal 1890, Puri 1955, Sydow & Butler 1901, Ulbitch 1938. Coleosporium: Anonymous 1950, Arthur 1934, Bagchee 1950b, Bakshi et al. 1972, Barclay 1890b, Berkeley 1856, Butler & Bisby 1931, Cummins 1943, Dewan & Kar 1974, Fleming 1874, Goswami & Singh 1973, Hafeezkhan 1928b, Kamal et al. 1979, Mitter & Tandon 1932a, b, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1966a, Prasada 1951, Puri 1955, Sanwal 1951b, Sydow 1922, Sydow & Mitter 1933, Sydow et al. 1937, Sydow & Butler 1901, Sydow et al. 1907, Sydow et al. 1912, Wani & Thirumalachar 1969, Yadav 1964a, Yadav & Thirumalachar 1955. Corbulopsora: Thirumalachar 1947. Cronartium: Anonymous 1950, Bagchee 1933, 1950a, b, c, Bakshi et al. 1972, 98 Butler & Bisby 1931, Goswami & Singh 1973, Hafeezkhan 1928a, Puri 1955. Crossopsora: Chavan & Bakare 1974, Malviya & Jain 1981, Mundkar & Thirumalachar 1945, Mundkar & Thirumalachar 1952, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1966a, Ramakrishnan & Soumini 1946a, Sunderam 1961, Sydow et al. 1912, Yadav 1963b. Cystopsora: Ramakrishnan & Sundaram 1952a, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Sharma 1977. Dasturella: Butler & Bisby 1931, Mishra & Nema 1976, Mundkar & Kheshwala 1943, Nema & Mishra 1965, Patel et al. 1949, 1951b, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1966a, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Sathe 1965a, Thirumalachar et al. 1956, Thirumalachar & Gopalkrishan 1947, Yadav 1964a. Didymopsorella: Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Thirumalachar 1950a, 1951, Thirumalachar & Mundkar 1950. Diorchidium: Sydow et al. 1907, Yadav 1953. Elateraecium: Thirumalachar et al. 1966. Endophyllum: Arthur 1934, Cummins 1943, Gokhle et al. 1955, Singh & Jalan 1965, Nagraj et al. 1971, Patil 1966a, Thirumalachar & Govindu 1954, Thirumalachar & Narsimhan 1950b. Gambleola: Butler 1906, Sydow & Butler 1901, Sydow et al. 1907. Goplana: Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1949. Gymnopuccinia: Ramakrishnan 1951c, Thite & Patil 1970. Gymnosporangium: Arthur 1934, Arthur & Cummins 1936a, Barclay 1890d, Butler 1906, Cummins 1943, Sydow 1938, Sydow & Butler 1901. Hamaspora: Goswami & Singh 1973, Massee 1892, Ramakrishnan & Sundaram 1954a. Hapalophragmium: Jain et al. 1966, Mishra 1969, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1948a, Thirumalachar 1950c. Hemileia: Ananth & Chokanna 1961, Cooke 1876b, Krishnamurthy & Rangaswamy 1947, Massee 1906, Nagraj et al. 1971, Parndekar 1964, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1977, 1966a, Ramakrishnan 1957b, Ramakrishnan & Soumini 1946b, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Sydow & Mitter 1933, Sydow & Butler 1901, Thirumalachar 1947, Thirumalachar 1950b, Thirumalachar & Narsimhan 1947, Thite & Patil 1970, Yadav 1963b. Hyalopsora: Anonymous 1936, Arthur 1934, Chona & Munjal 1955, Munjal & Kapoor 1961, Sydow 1938. Kernella: Thirumalachar & Mundkar 1949. Kernkampella: Rajendren 1970, Bhagyanarayana & Ramachar 1985. Kuehneola: Chavan 1975, Malviya & Jain 1981, Patil 1966a, Thite & Patil 1970, Yadav 1963b, Bhagyanarayana & Rao 1995, Hosagoudar 1985. Kweilingia: Bakshi et al. 1972, Gautam & Avasthi 2018. Leucotelium: Sydow 1939, Sydow et al. 1912, Nema & Mishra 1965. Macabuna: Kamal et al. 1979. Maravalia: Ahmad 1981, Arthur & Cummins 1936b, Butler & Bisby 1931, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1966a, Thirumalachar 1949a, Yadav & Thirumalachar 1955. Masseeëlla: Joshi & Vashiist 1959, Mundkar & Thirumalachar 1952, Patel et al. 1949, Patil 1966a, Patwardhan 1964, Ramakrishnan 1957a, Sharma 1975, Thirumalachar 1943b, c. Melampsora: Agarwal et al. 1959, Ajrekar 1912, Bagchee 1950b, Bagchee & Singh 1960, Bakshi & Singh 1961, Barclay 1891, Butler 1905, 1918, Butler & Bisby 1931, 1960, Chavan & Bakare 1977, Cooke 1876b, Cummins 1943, Jain et al. 1966, Kala & Gaur 1983a, Kaul 1959a, b, Kern & Thurston 1944, Lele 1952, Manocharachary et al. 1976, Mcrae 1917, Mishra 1969, 1963a, Mishra & Prasad 1966, Pandotra 1966, Pandotra & Ganguly 1964b, Parndekar 1964, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1966a, Payak 1949, Puri 1955, Ramachar & Bhagyanarayana 1977a, b, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1949, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Ravindra Nath & Narahari Reddy 1964, Srivastava 1982, Sydow & Butler 1901, Sydow et al. 1907, Sydow et al. 1912, Thirumalachar 1941b, Vasudeva 1948, 1949, 1950a, b. Melampsoridium: Bakshi et al. 1972, Narayan & Kamal 1985, Patil 1966a, Sathe 1966a, Singh & Pandey 1972. Milesina: Anonymous 1959a, Bagchee & Singh 1960. Monosporidium: Barclay 1890c, Parndekar 1964, Patil 1966a, Sydow et al. 1912, Gokhle & Patel 1951. Neophysopella: Mundkar 1943, Vaheeduddin 1955, Bagchee & Singh 1960. Nyssopsora: Mundkar & Thirumalachar 1952, Nagachan & Goswami 1985, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Roy 1948. Ochropsora: Arthur & Cummins 1936a. Olivea: Bakshi et al. 1972, Butler & Bisby 1931, Pandotra & Ganguly 1964b, Patil 1966a. Peridermium: Anonymous 1950, Bakshi & Singh 1972, Barclay 1890b, Butler & Bisby 1931, Champion 1922, Cooke 1878b, Hafeezkhan 1928a, Mitter & Tandon 1932a, Puri 1955, Sydow & Butler 1901, Berkeley 1856, Cooke 1877. Peridiopsora: Sathe 1969b. Phakopsora: Bahekar 1966, Butler 1912, Butler & Bisby 1931, Dietal 1890, Jhooty et al. 1977, Kala & Gaur 1983a, Mundkar 1943, Nagraj et al. 1971, Patel et al. 1985, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1977, Ramachar et al. 1978, Ramakrishnan & Subramanian 1952, Ramakrishnan 1951c, Ramakrishnan 1952, 1955a, 1956, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1950a, Ramakrishnan et al.1952, Ramakrishnan & Sundaram 1954b, 1955a, b, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Sathe 1972a, Sharma & Jain 99 1981, Sydow 1938, Sydow et al. 1907, Sydow et al. 1912, Thirumalachar 1947, Uppal et al. 1935, Yadav 1963a, 1964a, Yadav & Thirumalachar 1955. Phragmidiella: Patel et al. 1949, Patil 1966a, Thirumalachar & Mundkar 1949. Phragmidium: Barclay 1890b, Barclay 1891, Bhattacharya & Baruah 1953, Cooke 1878a, b, Goswami & Singh 1973, Kala & Gaur 1983a, Mitter & Tandon 1932a, b, Mundkar 1938, Pandotra & Ganguly 1964b, Ramakrishnan & Sundaram 1953a, Sydow 1938, Sydow & Mitter 1935, Sydow et al. 1907, Sydow et al. 1911a, b. Physopella: Agarwal et al. 1964, Khanna & Chandra 1975, Malviya & Jain 1981, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Ramachar 1966, Ramachar & Bhagyanarayana 1976, Sathe 1965d, Subramaniam & Ramakrishnan 1956. Pileolaria: Sydow 1938, Gautam & Avasthi 2017c. Prospodium: Bagyanarayana & Ravinder 1995, Bagyanarayana et al. 1998. Puccinia: Agarwal et al. 1959, 1981, Ahmad 1977, Ahmad & Singh 1969, Ahmad et al. 1969, Anonymous 1950, Arthur 1934, Arthur & Cummins 1936a, Bagchee & Singh 1960, Balasubramanian 1973, Barclay 1890a, b, e, f, 1891, Berkeley 1856, Butler 1905, 1918, Butler & Bisby 1931, 1960, Butler & Hayman 1906, Chavan 1975, Chavan & Bakare 1974, Chavan & Bakare 1977, Chavan & Patil 1972, Chona et al. 1958, Chona & Munjal 1950, 1955, 1956, Chona et al. 1956, Chowdhary 1948, Cooke 1876a, b, Cooke 1878a, Cummins 1943, Cummins 1953, Dalela 1956, Dalela & Sinha 1964, Damle 1943, Darr & Shah 1980, Deoraj 1980, Dietal 1890, Dube 1958, Fleming 1874, Ganguly & Pandotra 1962, 1963, Gautam & Avasthi 2016b, Gautam & Avasthi 2017a, Gopinathnair 1972, Goswami 1974, Goswami & Singh 1973, Goyal et al. 1971, Gupta 1977, Gupta & Shukla 1955, Jadhav & Somani 1978a, b, Jain et al. 1966, Joshi & Lele 1984, Joshi & Merchand 1963, Joshi & Payak 1963, Joshi 1958, Joshi & Vashiist 1959, Kala & Gaur 1983a, b, Kamal et al. 1979, Kanaujia 1978, Kanaujia & Kishore 1981, Kanadswamy & Vijyalakshmi 1959, Kaul 1959b, Khanna 1961, Khosla et al. 1975, Khulbe & Verma 1978, Kolte & Awasthi 1979, Konger & Baruah 1958, Kumar et al. 1975, Malviya & Jain 1981, Mcrae 1917, Mehta 1934, Mishra et al. 1964, 1965, 1968, Mishra 1969, Mishra & Nema 1976, Mishra et al. 1976, Mishra & Mishra 1975, Mishra 1963b, Mishra & Lele 1963, Mishra & Sharma 1963, 1964, Mishra et al. 1975, Mitter & Tandon 1930, 1932a, b, 1937, Mundkar 1938, Mundkar & Ahmad 1946, Mundkar & Thirumalachar 1952, Mutkekar et al. 1968, Munshi 1976, Nema & Agarwal 1960, Nema & Mishra 1965, Padwick 1945a, b, Padwick & Khan 1944, Pandotra 1966, Pandotra & Ganguly 1962, Pandotra & Ganguly 1964a, b, Pandotra & Sastry 1969a, b, Parndekar 1964, Patel et al. 1949, 1950, Patil & Thirumalachar 1964, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1966a, Patil & Date 1980, Payak 1949, 1965, Payak & Khanna 1970, Payak & Mishra 1963, Payak & Renfro 1966, Prasad 1948, Prasada 1951, Rebenhorst 1878, Sharma & Shankar 1979, Rajendran 1966, Ramachar 1965, Ramachar et al. 1978, Ramachar & Bhagyanarayana 1976, Ramachar & Cummmins 1965, Ramakrishna & Subbayya 1973, Ramakrishnan 1950, Ramakrishnan 1952, 1955b, 1956, Ramakrishnan & Narasimhalu 1941, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1946, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1947, 1948a, b, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1949, 1950b, c, Ramakrishnan et al. 1952a, b, Ramakrishnan & Sundaram 1952b, 1953b, 1954a, b, 1955a, 1956a, b, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Roy 1964, 1968, Roy & Gupta 1959, Sachan et al. 1980, Sahni & Chona 1965, Salam & Ramachar 1955, Sathe 1965b, 1969a, 1971, Shanmugam et al. 1972, Sharma & Mukerji 1972, Sharma 1975, Sharma et al. 1979, Sharma & Singh 1964, Sharma 1957, Sharma et al. 1973, Shinde & More 1975, Shukla & Singh 1976, Siddiqui 1971, 1972, 1973, Singh & Kamal 1985, Singh & Sharma 1977, Singh 1962, Mishra et al. 1965, Mishra 1969, Sinha & Kapooria 1966, Sohi et al. 1967, Somani 1979, Soumini 1949, Srivastava 1979a, c, 1980, 1982, Subramaniam & Ramakrishnan 1956, Sunderam 1956, 1963, Sunderam et al. 1966, Sydow 1913, 1914, 1922, 1938, 1939, Sydow & Mitter 1935, Sydow et al. 1937, Sydow & Butler 1901, Sydow et al. 1907, Sydow et al. 1911a, b, Sydow et al. 1912, Thirumalachar 1941a, 1945, Thirumalachar 1947, 1949a, b, Thirumalachar & Mundkar 1951, Thirumalachar et al. 1943, Tilak & Rao 1968, Ulbitch 1938, Unni & Philip 1974, Uppal et al. 1935, Vasudeva 1948, 1949, 1950a, b, 1957, 1958, Wakhloo 1962, Yadav 1953, 1963b, 1964a, Yadav & Yadav 1965, Yadav et al. 1975. Pucciniastrum: Bakshi et al. 1972, Patil 1966a. Pucciniosira: Arthur 1934, Cummins 1943. Pucciniostele: Barclay 1891, Sydow et al. 1912. Ramakrishnania: Ramachar & Bhagyanarayana 1979. Ravenelia: Berkeley 1839, Butler & Bisby 1931, Chavan & Bakare 1974, Cooke 1880a, b, Jain et al. 1966, Kapoor & Agarwal 1972, 1974, Mishra 1969, Mishra et al. 1976, 100 Mundkar & Prasad 1938, Narasimhan & Thirumalachar 1961, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1977, Patil & Thite 1978, Patil 1966a, b, Patil & Date 1977, Pavgi & Singh 1969, Petch 1912, Ramakrishnan 1952, 1957a, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1948b, Ramakrishnan & Sundaram 1952b, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Roy 1964, Salam & Ramachar 1956, Sanwal 1951a, Sathe 1965c, Siddiqui 1957, Sydow 1913, Sydow & Mitter 1933, Sydow & Butler 1901, Sydow et al. 1907, Sydow et al. 1912, Tyagi & Prasad 1972, 1978, Yadav 1963b, Yadav & Thirumalachar 1955. Roestelia: Barclay 1891, Arthur & Cummins 1936a, Mitter & Tandon 1932a, 1937, Sydow et al. 1907. Scopella: Butler & Bisby 1931, Cummins1950, Mundkar & Thirumalachar 1952, Narayan & Kamal 1985, Parndekar 1964, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Payak 1949, Solanki et al. 1985, Thirumalachar 1950c, Thirumalachar & Mundkar 1951. Skierka: Chavan 1968, Gautam & Avasthi 2017c. Sphaerophragmium: Cooke 1880a. Stakmania: Sathe 1966c. Trachyspora: Arthur 1934, Padwick & Merh 1943. Tranzschelia: Patel et al. 1949, Waraitch & Khatri 1976, 1977. Trochodium: Gharse 1944, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1966a, Thirumalachar 1942a. Uredinopsis: Anonymous 1936, Munjal & Kapoor 1961, Patil 1966a, Puri 1955, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1950b. Uredopeltis: Ramachar et al. 1978, Sathe 1965e. Uromyces: Agarwal et al. 1959, Ahmad 1941, Ajrekar 1912, Ajrekar & Tonapy 1923, Anonymous 1950, 1954, Arthur 1934, Arthur & Cummins 1936a, Asthana 1952, Bahadur & Sinha 1967, Barclay 1890a, 1891, Basuchaudhary & Singh 1971, Behera & Mukerji 1974, Butler & Bisby 1931, 1960, Chaudhari 1958, Chavan 1975, Chavan & Bakare 1973a, b, Chavan & Bakare 1974, Chavan & Bakare 1977, Cooke 1876a, Cummins 1943, Dietal 1890, Dube 1958, Dube et al. 1979, Dublish & Singh 1977, Gautam & Avasthi 2017b, Gerdemann & Bakshi 1976, Jain et al. 1966, Joshi & Reddy 1958, Joshi & Reddy 1959, Joshi 1958, Kapooria & Sinha 1966, Manocharachary 1975, Mathur 1967, Mathur & Singh 1964, Mishra 1969, Mishra & Khare 1969, Mishra & Nema 1976, Mishra et al. 1976, Mitter & Tandon 1930, 1932b, More & Moniz 1964, Nagachan & Verma 1984, Narasimhan & Thirumalachar 1964, Nema & Agarwal 1960, Nema & Mishra 1965, Padwick & Khan 1944, Padwick & Merh 1943, Pandotra 1966, Pandotra & Sastry 1969a, Parndekar 1964, Patel et al. 1949, Patil & Thirumalachar 1968, Patil & Thirumalachar 1962, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Patil 1966a, Patil & Date 1980, Pavgi & Upadhyay 1966, Payak 1949, 1953, 1962, Ponappa 1969, Prasad et al. 1962, Rebenhorst 1878, Ramachar et al. 1978, Ramakrishnan & Subramanian 1952, Ramakrishnan 1951b, Ramakrishnan 1952, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1948b, Ramakrishnan & Rangaswamy 1948, Ramakrishnan & Shrinivasan 1950, Ramakrishnan et al. 1952a, b, Ramakrishnan & Sundaram 1955a, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Rolla & Addala 1963, Sachan et al. 1980, Saini & Chand 1984, Saksena 1956, 1930, Sokhi & Sohi 1976, Srivastava 1979b, Sunderam 1964, Sydow 1913, 1922, 1938, Sydow & Mitter 1935, Sydow et al. 1937, Sydow & Butler 1901, Sydow et al. 1907, Sydow et al. 1912, Thite & Patil 1970, Ulbitch 1938, Uppal et al. 1935, Vasudeva 1948, 1949, 1950a, b, Yadav 1963b, Yadav & Thirumalachar 1955. Xenostele: Ramakrishnan 1951a. Zaghouania: Butler & Bisby 1931. Pucciniales genera incertae sedis Aecidium: Ajrekar 1936, Arthur & Cummins 1936a, Bagchee & Singh 1960, Barclay 1890a, b, 1891, Bhagat & Kelkar 1974, Butler & Bisby 1931, 1960, Chavan & Bakare 1973a, b, 1974, Chavan & Patil 1972, Cooke 1878a, Cummins 1943, Goswami 1972, Goswami & Bhattacharjee 1973, Gupta & Gupta1985, Hennings 1900, Hosagaudar 1984, Kamal & Singh 1981, Kamal et al. 1979, Mishra et al. 1976, Mitter & Tandon 1932a, b, Mundkar 1938, Mundkar & Thirumalachar 1952, Pandotra & Ganguly 1964b, Pandotra & Sastry 1969b, Patel et al. 1949, Patil & Thirumalachar 1971, Prasad et al. 1962, Ramachar 1956, Ramakrishnan 1959, 1960, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1946, 1948a, 1949, Ramakrishnan et al. 1952a, b, Ramakrishnan & Sundaram 1953a, b, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Salam & Ramachar 1955, 1956, Sathe 1965c, 1966b, Singh & Kamal 1985, Sunderam & Rao 1950, Sydow 1913, Sydow 1914, Sydow & Mitter 1933, Sydow & Mitter 1935, Sydow & Sydow 1904a, 1911, 1912a, b, Sydow 1921, Sydow & Sydow 1917, Sydow & Butler 1901, Sydow et al. 1907, Sydow et al. 1912, Thirumalachar 1947, Thirumalachar 1950c, Thirumalachar & Narsimhan 1950a, Thite & Patil 1970, Ulbitch 1938, Uppal et al. 1935, Yadav 19563b, Yadav & Saran 1985. Phragmotelium: Thirumalachar 1942b, Thirumalachar et al. 1943. Tunicopsora Suj. Singh & P.C. 101 Pandey: Bakshi et al. 1972. Uraecium: Ramakrishnan 1965, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1948b. Uredo: Anonymous 1959b, Bagchee & Singh 1960, Barclay 1890b, 1891, Berkeley 1839, Butler & Bisby 1931, 1960, Chavan 1975, Chavan & Bakare 1973a, b, 1974, Chavan & Bhambure 1975, Cooke 1876b, 1879, Kamal et al. 1979, Kanaujia & Kishore 1981, Kapoor & Agarwal 1974, Laundon & Ponappa 1966, Nagraj et al. 1971, Padwick 1945a, b, Padwick & Khan 1944, Pandotra 1966, Patel et al. 1951a, Patil 1977, Patil & Thite 1978, Rahalkar 1977, Ramachar et al. 1978, Ramakrishnan 1951a, 1952, 1956, 1957a, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1948a, Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1949, Ramakrishnan et al. 1952a, Ramakrishnan & Sundaram 1953b, Rangaswamy et al. 1968, Sathe & Rahalkar 1976, Sunderam 1961, Sydow & Mitter 1935, Sydow et al. 1937, Sydow & Sydow 1904b, 1924, Sydow & Butler 1901, Sydow et al. 1912, Thirumalachar 1947, Thirumalachar 1950c, Vaheeduddin 1955, Yadav 1964b. Results Accepted taxa of rust fungi of Basidiomycota up to genus are summarized in Table 1 while, the species of each genus are mentioned in detailed outline of the fungi reported from India. The rust fungi of India comprised of 640 species and 69 genera belonging to 16 families. Highest numbers of species were reported in Pucciniaceae (393) followed by Raveneliaceae (61), Phakopsoraceae (50), Coleosporiaceae (32), Phragmidiaceae (27), Pucciniastraceae (19), Melampsoraceae (18), Crossopsoraceae (14), Zaghouaniaceae (13), Gymnosporangiaceae (7), Milesinaceae (5), Skierkaceae (3), Tranzscheliaceae (3), Pileolariaceae (2), Ochropsoraceae (1), Sphaerophragmiaceae (1). Similarly, when comparing the rust genera, highest number of species of rust fungi was found Puccinia (279), followed by Uromyces (89), Ravenelia (33), Phakospora (25), Coleosporium (19), Phragmidium (18), Melampsora (17) and Maravalia (11). Many taxa of rust fungi with uncertain taxonomic position are placed in incertae sedis. Similarly, the generic names have been transferred to new genera, but either their types or records from India still need to be revised. Such genera and their species are discussed in notes of Indian rust genera section of this manuscript. Outline of rust fungi reported from India The information presented in the outline is arranged as phylum followed by subphylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Taxonomy Basidiomycota R.T. Moore Pucciniomycotina R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw. Pucciniomycetes R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw. Pucciniales Clem. & Shear 1. Coleosporiaceae Dietel, In: Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Teil. I (Leipzig) 1: 548. 1900. emend. Aime & McTaggart Coleosporium Lév. (19) Coleosporium asterum (Dietel) Syd. & P. Syd. Coleosporium barclayense Bagchee Coleosporium bletiae Dietel Coleosporium campanulae (Pers.) Tul. Coleosporium clematidis Barclay Coleosporium datiscae Tranzschel Coleosporium inulae Rabenh. Coleosporium ipomoeae (Schwein.) Burrill Coleosporium himalayense Durrieu Coleosporium leptodermidis (Barclay) P. Syd. & Syd. 102 Coleosporium mitteri Syd. Coleosporium myriactidis Syd. Coleosporium oldenlandiae E.J. Butler Coleosporium perillae P. Syd. Coleosporium plectranthi Barclay Coleosporium satyrii Mundk. & Thirum. Coleosporium senecionis (Pers.) Fr. Coleosporium sidae Sanwal Coleosporium xanthoxyli Dietel & P. Syd. (1898) Chrysomyxa Unger (7) Chrysomyxa deformans (Dietel) Jacz. Chrysomyxa dietelii Syd. & P. Syd. Chrysomyxa himalensis Barclay Chrysomyxa piceae Barclay Chrysomyxa pirolae (DC.) Rostr. Chrysomyxa vitis E.J. Butler Chrysomyxa himalayensis Singh, Khan & Mishra Cronartium Fr. (4) Cronartium fici T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Cronartium himalayense Bagchee Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. Goplana Racib. (1) Goplana indica T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Stakmania Kamat & Sathe (1) Stakmania indica Kamat & Sathe 2. Crossopsoraceae Aime & McTaggart, In: Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21–47. 2020 Angiopsora Mains (2) Angiopsora cyrtococci T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Angiopsora apoda (Har. & Pat.) Aime & McTaggart Crossopsora Syd. & P. Syd. (3) Crossopsora premnae (Petch) Syd. & P. Syd. Crossopsora premnae-tomentosae T.S. Ramakr. & Soumini Crossopsora symphorematis Sundaram Crossopsora ziziphi (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) Syd. & P. Syd. Dasturella Mundk. & Khesw. (3) Dasturella bambusina Mundk. & Khesw. Dasturella boswelliae Patel, Payak & N.B. Kulk. Dasturella oxytenantherae Sathe Kweilingia Teng (2) Kweilingia bagchii (Suj. Singh & P.C. Pandey) Buriticá Kweilingia divina (Syd.) Buriticá Neophysopella Jing X. Ji & Kakish. (3) Neophysopella ampelopsidis (Dietel & P. Syd.) Jing X. Ji & Kakish. Neophysopella meliosmae (Kusano) Jing X. Ji & Kakish. Neophysopella meliosmae-myrianthae (Henn. & Shirai) Jing X. Ji & Kakish. Physopella (2) Physopella artocarpi (Berk. & Broome) Arthur Physopella vernoniae (T.S. Ramakr.) Ramachar & Bhagyan. 103 3. Gymnosporangiaceae P. Zhou & L. Cai, Persoonia 45: 79. 2020. emend. Aime & McTaggart Peridiopsora Kamat & Sathe (1) Peridiopsora adelocaryi Kamat & Sathe Gymnosporangium R. Hedw. ex DC. (3) Gymnosporangium clavariiforme (Wulfen) DC. Gymnosporangium confusum Plowr. Gymnosporangium cunninghamianum Barclay Roestelia Rebent. (3) Roestelia distorta (Arthur & Cummins) F. Kern Roestelia cunninghamianum (Barclay) F. Kern Roestelia patula (Syd. & P. Syd.) F. Kern 4. Melampsoraceae Dietel, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Teil. I (Leipzig) 1: 38. 1897 Ceropsora B.K. Bakshi & Suj. Singh (1) Ceropsora piceae (Barclay) B.K. Bakshi & Suj. Singh Melampsora Castagne (17) Melampsora caprearum Thüm. Melampsora ciliata Barclay Melampsora damnosa (Sacc.) Lind. Melampsora epitea Thüm. Melampsora eucalypti Rabenh. Melampsora euphorbiae (Ficinus & C. Schub.) Castagne Melampsora euphorbiae-geniculatae F. Kern & Thurst. Melampsora geniculatae Ramachar & Bhagyan. Melampsora hypericorum (DC.) J. Schröt. Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév. Melampsora mundkurii Thirum. Melampsora oblonga Bagchee Melampsora populnea (Pers.) P. Karst. Melampsora salicis-albae Kleb. Melampsora salicis-wallichianae Ulbr. Melampsora sancti-johannis Barclay Melampsora stereospermi T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Melampsora yoshinagai Henn. Melampsora caprearum Thüm. 5. Milesinaceae Aime & McTaggart, In: Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21–47. 2020 Milesina Magnus (3) Milesina coniogrammes Hirats. f. Milesina exigua Faull Milesina polypodii (F.B. White) Aime & Rossman Uredinopsis Magnus (2) Uredinopsis macrosperma (Cooke) Magnus Uredinopsis syngrammes Munjal & J.N. Kapoor 6. Ochropsoraceae (Arthur) Aime & McTaggart, In: Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21–47. 2020 Ochropsora Dietel (1) Ochropsora ariae (Fuckel) Ramsb. 7. Phakopsoraceae Cummins & Y. Hirats., Illustr. Gen. Rust Fungi, rev. Edn (St. Paul): 13. 1983. emend. Aime & McTaggart 104 Arthuria Jackson (2) Arthuria glochidii Gokhale, Patel & Thirum. Arthuria tylophorae T.S. Ramakr. Bubakia Arthur (1) Bubakia indica T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Cerotelium Arthur (7) Cerotelium bauhiniae Thirum. & Yadav Cerotelium fici (Castagne) Arthur Cerotelium kirganeliae Thirum. & Yadav Cerotelium peregrinum (P. Syd. & Syd. & E.J. Butler) Arthur Cerotelium terminaliae-paniculatae Nag Raj, Govindu & Thirum. Cerotelium trichosanthis (Petch) Nag Raj, Govindu & Thirum. Cerotelium wagateae Thirum. & Gopalkr. Macabuna Buriticá & J.F. Hennen (1) Macabuna ziziphi (Pat.) Buriticá & J.F. Hennen Monosporidium Barclay (3) Monosporidium andrachnes Barclay ex Sacc. Monosporidium euphorbiae Barclay ex Sacc. Monosporidium pavettae (Gokhale & Patel) Buriticá Masseeella Dietel (6) Masseeella breyniae Thirum. Masseeella capparis (Hobson bis ex Cooke) Dietel Masseeella flueggeae Syd. Masseeella narasimhanii Thirum. Masseeella putranjivae T.S. Ramakr. Masseeella terminaliae Patw. Phakopsora Dietel (25) Phakopsora apludae M.S. Patil Phakopsora artemisiae Hirats. f. Phakopsora caseariae Yadav Phakopsora chorisandrae T.S. Ramakr. & G.S. Reddy Phakopsora cingens (Syd. & P. Syd.) Hirats. Phakopsora cronartiiformis Dietel Phakopsora desmium (Berk. & Broome) Cummins Phakopsora elephantopodis Hirats Phakopsora elettariae (Racib.) Cummins Phakopsora erythrinae Gäum. Phakopsora fici-elasticae T.S. Ramakr. Phakopsora formosana Syd. & P. Syd. Phakopsora incompleta (Syd. & P. Syd.) Cummins Phakopsora kirganeliae T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Phakopsora mangalorica T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Phakopsora meibomiae (Arthur) Arthur Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. Phakopsora odinae Mundk. Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. Phakopsora parasnathii Yadav & Thirum. Phakopsora phyllanthi Dietel Phakopsora punctiformis (Barclay & Dietel) Dietel Phakopsora sterculiae Nag Raj, Govindu & Thirum. Phakopsora zingiberis T.S. Ramakr Phakopsora ziziphi-vulgaris Dietel 105 Phragmidiella Henn. (3) Phragmidiella aliena (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) Buriticá & J.F. Hennen Phragmidiella heterophragmatis (Mundk. & Thirum.) Thirum. & Mundk. Phragmidiella holwayi (H.S. Jacks.) Buriticá Pucciniostele Tranzschel & K.L. Kom. (1) Pucciniostele clarkiana (Barclay) Tranzschel & K.L. Kom. Uredopeltis Henn. (1) Uredopeltis chevalieri J. Walker & R.G. Shivas 8. Phragmidiaceae Corda Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 6. 1837 Hamaspora Körn. (2) Hamaspora longissima (Thüm.) Körn. Hamaspora rubi-sieboldii (Kawagoe) Dietel Kuehneola Magnus (6) Kuehneola grewiae (Mundk. & Thirum.) Thirum. Kuehneola loeseneriana (Henn.) H.S. Jacks. & Holw. Kuehneola flacourtiae (Mundk. & Thirum.) Thirum. Kuehneola ramacharii Bagyan. & K.N. Rao Kuehneola spondiadis Hosag. Kuehneola ziziphi (T.S. Ramakr. & Subram.) Thirum. Phragmidium Link (18) Phragmidium assamense Syd. & P. Syd. Phragmidium barclayi Dietel Phragmidium brevipedicellatum Hirats. f. Phragmidium bulbosum (Fr.) Schltdl. Phragmidium butleri Syd. & P. Syd. Phragmidium egenulum Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Phragmidium fragariae (Rabenh.) Ces. Phragmidium kamtschatkae (H.W. Anderson) Arthur & Cummins Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl. Phragmidium orientale Syd. & P. Syd. Phragmidium potentillae (Pers.) P. Karst. Phragmidium rosae-moschatae Dietel Phragmidium incompletum Barclay Phragmidium laceianum Barclay Phragmidium malvacearum Bert. Phragmidium nepalense Barclay Phragmidium octoloculare Barclay Phragmidium quinqueloculare Barclay Trachyspora Fuckel (1) Trachyspora alchemillae (Pers.) Fuckel 9. Pileolariaceae (Arthur) Cummins & Y. Hirats., llustr. Gen. Rust Fungi, rev. Edn (St. Paul): 14. 1983. emend. Aime & McTaggart Pileolaria Castagne (2) Pileolaria indica Syd. Pileolaria pistaciae F.L. Tai & C.T. Wei 10. Pucciniastraceae Gäum. ex Leppik, Ann. bot. fenn. 9: 139. 1972. emend. Aime & McTaggart Hyalopsora Magnus (2) Hyalopsora orientalis Chona & Munjal Hyalopsora polypodii (Pers.) Magnus 106 Melampsoridium Kleb. (4) Melampsoridium betulinum (Pers.) Kleb. Melampsoridium hiratsukanum S. Ito ex Hirats. f. Melampsoridium indicum Sathe Melampsoridium inerme Suj. Singh & P.C. Pandey Pucciniastrum G.H. Otth (6) Pucciniastrum aceris Syd. Pucciniastrum agrimoniae (Dietel) Tranzschel Pucciniastrum celastri Syd. & P. Syd. Pucciniastrum coriariae Dietel Pucciniastrum coryli Kom. Pucciniastrum gaultheriae Syd. & P. Syd. Peridermium (Link) J.C. Schmidt & Kunze (7) Peridermium brevius Barclay Peridermium cedri Barclay Peridermium ephedrae Cooke Peridermium himalayense Bagchee Peridermium orientale Cooke Peridermium piceae Barclay Peridermium thomsonii Berk. 11. Pucciniaceae Chevall., Fl. gén. env. Paris (Paris) 1: 413. 1826. emend. Aime & McTaggart Caeoma Link (4) Caeoma himalayense Suj. Singh, S.N. Khan & B.M. Misra Caeoma scopariae K.N. Rao Caeoma euphorbiae-geniculatae Ramachar & Bhagyan. Caeoma indicum Rajendren Chrysocelis Lagerh. & Dietel (1) Chrysocelis butleri (Dietel, Syd. & P. Syd.) G.F. Laundon Corbulopsora Cummins (1) Corbulopsora cumminsii Thirum. Endophyllum Lév. (8) Endophyllum cassiae Nag Raj, Govindu & Thirum. Endophyllum cassiae (Bres.) F. Stevens & Mendiola Endophyllum elaeagni-latifoliae (Petch) Gokhale, Thirum. & Patel Endophyllum emiliae-sonchifoliae Nag Raj, Govindu & Thirum. Endophyllum heliotropii Thirum. & Naras. Endophyllum kaernbachii (Henn.) F. Stevens & Mendiola Endophyllum maheshwarii Hard. Singh & Jalan Endophyllum macowanianum (Thüm.) Pole-Evans Endophyllum spilanthis Thirum. & Govindu Gambleola Massee (1) Gambleola cornuta Massee Hapalophragmium Syd. & P. Syd. (4) Hapalophragmium anamalaiense T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Hapalophragmium mysorense Thirum. Hapalophragmium ponderosum Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Hapalophragmium tandonii Mitter Kernella Thirum. (1) Kernella lauricola (Thirum.) Thirum. Puccinia Pers. (279) Puccinia acanthospermi Henn. 107 Puccinia acrophila Peck Puccinia actaeae-agropyri E. Fisch. Puccinia adjuncta Mitter Puccinia aggregata Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia agrostidis Plowr. Puccinia ahmadiana Syd. Puccinia ainsliaeae P. Syd. & Syd. Puccinia altii Rud. Puccinia amphilophidis Doidge Puccinia angelicae (Schumach.) Fuckel Puccinia anodae P. Syd. & Syd. Puccinia antirrhini Dietel & Holw. Puccinia apii Desm. Puccinia apludae Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia arachidis Speg. Puccinia arenariae (Schumach.) J. Schröt. Puccinia argentata (Schultz) G. Winter Puccinia aristidae Tracy Puccinia aristidicola Henn. Puccinia arthraxonis-ciliaris Cummins Puccinia arundinellae Barclay Puccinia asterum (Schwein.) F. Kern Puccinia atropuncta Peck & Clinton Puccinia azanzae Yadav Puccinia baradensis P.B. Chavan & U.V. Kulk. Puccinia barbeyi (Roum.) Magnus Puccinia behenis G.H. Otth Puccinia belamcandae Dietel Puccinia bellurensis Thirum. Puccinia betae-bengalensis Mundk. & Thirum. Puccinia bistortae (F. Strauss) DC. Puccinia blepharidis Henn. Puccinia bottomleyae Doidge Puccinia brachypodii G.H. Otth Puccinia bulbostylidis Doidge Puccinia bupleuri F. Rudolphi Puccinia butleri Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia cacao McAlpine Puccinia caheunsis Ell. & Ev. Puccinia calcitrapae var. filicinae Barclay Puccinia calcitrapae DC. Puccinia calosperma Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Puccinia calthae Link Puccinia caricis-filicinae Barclay Puccinia caricis-nubigenae Padwick & A. Khan Puccinia cenchri Dietel & Holw. Puccinia cephalandrae-indicae Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia chaerophylli Purton Puccinia chloridis-incompletae T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram Puccinia chrysanthemi Roze Puccinia circaeae Pers. Puccinia citrina P. Syd. & Syd. 108 Puccinia citrulli Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Puccinia citrullina Raghun. & K. Ramakr. ex Hosag. & Raghun. Puccinia collettiana Barclay Puccinia conclusa Thüm. Puccinia congesta Berk. & Broome Puccinia coronata Corda Puccinia courtoisiae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd. Puccinia crepidis-japonicae (Lindr.) Dietel Puccinia crepidis-sibiricae Lindr. Puccinia cressae Lagerh. Puccinia ctenolepidis Ramachar & Bagyan. Puccinia curculiginis Racib. Puccinia curcumae T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Puccinia cynodontis Lacroix ex Desm. Puccinia cyperi Arthur Puccinia cyperi-tagetiformis (Henn.) F. Kern Puccinia dactylidina Bubák Puccinia deodikarii K.R.G. Nair Puccinia desertorum Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia digitariae Ramachar & George Puccinia digitariae-biformis P.B. Chavan & Hosag. Puccinia digitariae-vestitae Ramachar & Cummins Puccinia dioicae Magnus Puccinia dioscoreae Kom. Puccinia dovrensis A. Blytt Puccinia drabae F. Rudolphi Puccinia droogensis E.J. Butler Puccinia abutilonis Berk. & Broome Puccinia aristidae var. chaetariae Cummins & S.M. Husain Puccinia bulbocastani (A. Cumino) Fuckel Puccinia canaliculata (Schwein.) Lagerh. Puccinia centaureae H. Mart. Puccinia chrysopogoni Barclay Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae P. Syd. & Syd. Puccinia dissiliens Cooke Puccinia duthiei Ellis & Tracy Puccinia ellisii De Toni Puccinia elytrariae Henn. Puccinia engleriana Henn. Puccinia enteropogonis P. Syd. & Syd. Puccinia eragrostidis Petch Puccinia eremuri Kom. Puccinia erianthi Padwick & A. Khan Puccinia eulaliae Barclay Puccinia eutela Syd. Puccinia exhauriens Thüm. Puccinia expallens Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia echinopis DC. Puccinia excelsa Barclay Puccinia fagopyri Barclay Puccinia fagopyricola Jørst. Puccinia ferruginosa P. Syd. & Syd. 109 Puccinia festucae Plowr. Puccinia fimbristylidis Arthur Puccinia fimbristylidis-ferrugineae Ramachar, Bhagyan. & A. Kumar Puccinia flaccida Berk. & Broome Puccinia flavipes Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia fuirenicola Arthur Puccinia fusca G. Winter Puccinia garnotiae T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Puccinia gentianae (F. Strauss) Link Puccinia geranii-silvatici P. Karst. Puccinia gerberae Pole-Evans Puccinia gouaniae Holw. Puccinia gracilenta Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Puccinia graminis f. avenae Erikss. & Henning Puccinia graminis Pers. Puccinia graminis f. agropyri P.R. Mehta & R. Prasad Puccinia graminis f. poae Erikss. & Henning Puccinia graminis f. tritici Erikss. & Henning Puccinia gymnopetali-wightii T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram Puccinia helianthi Schwein. Puccinia heraclei Grev. Puccinia heracleicola Cummins Puccinia herqueri Puccinia heterospora Berk. & M.A. Curtis Puccinia heucherae (Schwein.) Dietel Puccinia hieracii (Röhl.) H. Mart. Puccinia himachalensis A.K. Gautam & S. Avasthi Puccinia holboelliae-latifoliae Cummins Puccinia hookeri P. Syd. & Syd. Puccinia hordei G.H. Otth Puccinia hyderabadensis Bagyan. & Ravinder Puccinia hydrocotyles (Mont.) Cooke Puccinia hypoxidis McAlpine Puccinia inayatii Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia insidiosa Berk. Puccinia intermixta Peck Puccinia invenusta Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia investita Schwein. Puccinia iridis Wallr. Puccinia isachnes Petch Puccinia jagopyri Barclay Puccinia jasminicola T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Puccinia joerstadii S. Ahmad Puccinia kalchbrenneri De Toni Puccinia kenmorensis Cummins Puccinia kraussiana Cooke Puccinia kuehnii (W. Krüger) E.J. Butler Puccinia kunthiana T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram Puccinia lantanae Farl. Puccinia lateripes Berk. & Ravenel Puccinia lateritia Berk. & M.A. Curtis Puccinia launaeae Maire 110 Puccinia leiocarpa Thirum. Puccinia leonotidicola Henn. Puccinia leucadis P. Syd. & Syd. Puccinia leucophaea Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Puccinia leveillei Mont. Puccinia levis (Sacc. & Bizz.) Magnus Puccinia libani Magnus Puccinia liberta F. Kern Puccinia ligustici Ellis & Everh. Puccinia linkii Klotzsch Puccinia lithospermi Ellis & Kellerm. Puccinia longirostris Kom Puccinia luculenta (Syd. & P. Syd.) T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Puccinia macrorhynchi Rabenh. Puccinia malvacearum Bertero ex Mont. Puccinia melanocephala Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia melasmioides Tranzschel Puccinia menthae Pers. Puccinia merrillii Henn. Puccinia microspora Dietel Puccinia minutissima Arthur Puccinia monticola Kom. Puccinia mysorensis Syd. Puccinia melothriicola Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia nakanishikii Dietel Puccinia nepalensis Barclay & Dietel Puccinia neyraudiae Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia nitida Barclay Puccinia oahuensis Ellis & Everh. Puccinia obscura J. Schröt. Puccinia ocimi Doidge Puccinia oligocarpa Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Puccinia operculinae T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Puccinia operta Mundk. & Thirum. Puccinia opizii Bubák Puccinia oplismeni Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia oreogeta Syd. Puccinia oryzopsidis Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Puccinia ottochloae T.S. Ramakr. Puccinia oxalidis Dietel & Ellis Puccinia pachypes Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia pacifica Blasdale ex Arthur Puccinia padwickii Cummins Puccinia panici-montani Fujik. ex Ramachar & Cummins Puccinia paspali Tracy & Earle Puccinia pectiniformis T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram Puccinia peradeniyae Demers & Castl. Puccinia peraffinis Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia phragmitis (Schumach.) Tul. Puccinia phyllocladiae Cooke Puccinia phyllostachydis Kusano Puccinia pieridiz Hazel. 111 Puccinia pimpinellae (F. Strauss) Link Puccinia plicata Kom. Puccinia pogonatheri Petch Puccinia polliniae Barclay Puccinia polliniae-quadrinervis Dietel Puccinia polygoni-amphibii Pers. Puccinia polygoni-weyrichii Miyabe Puccinia polysora Underw. Puccinia porri (Sowerby) G. Winter Puccinia praecox Bubák Puccinia prainiana Barclay Puccinia prenanthis-purpureae (DC.) Lindr. Puccinia princeps Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia propinqua Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Puccinia prostii Moug. Puccinia pseudocesatii Cummins Puccinia pulverulenta Grev. Puccinia pulvinata Rabenh. Puccinia punctata Link Puccinia purpurea Cooke Puccinia pusilla Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desm. Puccinia ribis DC. Puccinia recondita var. simlensis A.P. Misra, S.T. Ahmad & Sheodh. Singh Puccinia ribis-caricis Kleb. Puccinia rhynchosporae Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia romagnoliana Maire & Sacc. Puccinia roscoeae Barclay Puccinia rostrata Cooke Puccinia rottboelliae P. Syd. & Syd. Puccinia ruelliae Lagerh. Puccinia rufipes Dietel Puccinia sacchari Patel, Kamat & Y.A. Padhye Puccinia sonchi Roberge ex Desm. Puccinia satarensis P.B. Chavan & Bakare Puccinia saussureae Thüm. Puccinia saviculae Grev. Puccinia saxifragae-ciliatae Barclay Puccinia schedonnardi Kellerm. & Swingle Puccinia schirajewskii Tranzschel Puccinia scirpi DC. Puccinia senecionis-scandentis Lindr. Puccinia shiraiana P. Syd. Puccinia silvaticella Arthur & Cummins Puccinia solanacearum Sacc. & P. Syd. Puccinia solani-giganteae T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Puccinia solmsii (Kuntze) Sacc. & P. Syd. Puccinia sorghi Schwein. Puccinia spongiosa Berk. & Broome Puccinia stenotaphricola J. Walker Puccinia striiformis Westend. Puccinia striiformis f. muehlenbergii 112 Puccinia suaveolens (Pers.) Rostr. Puccinia substriata Ellis & Barthol. Puccinia swertiae G. Winter Puccinia tanaceti DC. Puccinia terminaliae T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Puccinia thlaspeos Ficinus & C. Schub. Puccinia thomasiana T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Puccinia thunbergiae Cooke Puccinia thwaitesii Berk. Puccinia tiliaefolia T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Puccinia tragiae Cooke Puccinia tricholepidis Syd. Puccinia trollii P. Karst. Puccinia turgida P. Syd. & Syd. Puccinia tweediana T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Puccinia unica var. chica Cummins & S.M. Husain Puccinia urticae Barclay Puccinia ustalis Berk. Puccinia verruca Thüm. Puccinia vernoniae-monosis T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Puccinia versicolor Dietel & Holw. Puccinia violae (Schumach.) DC. Puccinia volutarellae Thirum. Puccinia wangikarii Somani Puccinia wattiana Barclay Puccinia weyrehii Miyabe Puccinia woodii (Kalchbr. & Cooke) P. Syd. & Syd. Puccinia xanthii Schwein. Puccinia xanthocarpi R.Y. Roy & P.C. Gupta Puccinia xanthopoda Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia xanthosperma Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia zingiberis T.S. Ramakr. Pucciniosira Lagerh (1) Pucciniosira tuberculata (Ellis & Kellerm.) Buriticá & J.F. Hennen Ramakrishnania Ramachar & Bhagyan. (1) Ramakrishnania ixorae Ramachar & Bhagyan. Trochodium Syd. & P. Syd. (2) Trochodium ajrekarii Gharse Trochodium sampathense Thirum. Uromyces (Link) Unger (89) Uromyces achrous Syd. & P. Syd. Uromyces aconiti Fuckel Uromyces acori T.S. Ramakr. & Rangaswami Uromyces agropyri Barclay Uromyces aloes (Cooke) Magnus Uromyces ambiens Cooke Uromyces amphilophis-insculptae T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram Uromyces andropogonis Tracy Uromyces andropogonis-annulati Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Uromyces anotidis-monospermatis T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Uromyces anthyllidis (Grev.) J. Schröt. Uromyces apludae Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler 113 Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link Uromyces behenis (DC.) Unger Uromyces bidentis Lagerh. Uromyces blainvilleae Berk. Uromyces callicarpae (Petch) Fujik. ex S. Ito Uromyces capitatus Syd. & P. Syd. Uromyces ciceris-arietini (Grognot) Jacz. & G. Boyer Uromyces clignyi Pat. & Har. Uromyces clivalis Mitter Uromyces commelinae Cooke Uromyces coronatus Yoshin. Uromyces dactylidis G.H. Otth Uromyces decoratus Syd. & P. Syd. Uromyces dolicholi Arthur Uromyces eragrostidis Tracy Uromyces eriochloae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Uromyces euphorbiae Cooke & Peck Uromyces fritillariae Thüm. Uromyces geranii (DC.) G.H. Otth & Wartm. Uromyces haussknechtii Tranzschel Uromyces hedysari-obscuri (DC.) Carestia & Picc. Uromyces heterogeneus Cooke Uromyces hobsonii Vize Uromyces hyderabadensis Ramachar, K.N. Rao & Bagyan. Uromyces indigoferae f.sp. tinctoriae L.M. Joshi & A.R. Reddy Uromyces ignobilis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Arthur Uromyces inayatii Syd. & P. Syd. Uromyces indicus Pat. Uromyces indigoferae Dietel & Holw. Uromyces lapponicus Lagerh. Uromyces lespedezae-procumbentis (Schwein.) Lagerh. Uromyces lespedezae-sericeae S. Ahmad Uromyces lineolatus (Desm.) J. Schröt. Uromyces loculiformis T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Uromyces macintirianus Barclay Uromyces minor J. Schröt. Uromyces mucunae Rabenh. Uromyces muscari (Duby) Niessl Uromyces mussooriensis Syd. & P. Syd. Uromyces nilagiricus T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Uromyces orientalis Syd. & P. Syd. Uromyces orthosiphonis T.S. Ramakr. & Sriniv. Uromyces ottochloae Ramakr. T.S. Uromyces panici-sanguinalis Rangel Uromyces pavgii R.N. Goswami & Ngachan Uromyces peglerae Pole-Evans Uromyces pianhyensis Henn. Uromyces pisi-sativi (Pers.) Liro Uromyces polygoni-avicularis (Pers.) G.H. Otth Uromyces pontederiicola Speg. Uromyces poonensis W.D. More & Moniz Uromyces proeminens (DC.) Lév. 114 Uromyces pseudarthriae Cooke Uromyces ramacharii Ravinder & Bagyan. Uromyces rottboelliae Arthur Uromyces rugulosus Pat. Uromyces rumicis (Schumach.) G. Winter Uromyces satarensis P.B. Chavan & Bakare Uromyces schoenanthi Syd. & P. Syd. Uromyces setariae-italicae Yoshino Uromyces sommerfeltii Hyl., Jørst. & Nannf. Uromyces spegazzinii (De Toni) Arthur Uromyces sphaeropleus Cooke Uromyces sporgoni Clint & Peck. subsp. asiaticus Uromyces striatus J. Schröt. Uromyces strobilanthis Barclay Uromyces superfluus P. Syd. & Syd. Uromyces tenuicutis McAlpine Uromyces triandrae T.S. Ramakr. & Sriniv. Uromyces trichoneurae Doidge Uromyces trifolii (R. Hedw.) Lév. Uromyces trigonellae Pass. Uromyces tripogonicola Payak & Thirum. Uromyces trollii-caroli Ulbr. Uromyces valerianae (Schumach.) Fuckel Uromyces valerianae-wallichii (Dietel) Arthur & Cummins Uromyces vestergrenii P. Syd. & Syd. Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt. Uromyces vignae Barclay Uromyces vossiae Barclay Uromyces wedeliae-biflorae Boedijn Uromyces wellingtonicus T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Xenostele Syd. & P. Syd. (1) Xenostele litseae (Pat.) Syd. & P. Syd. 12. Raveneliaceae Leppik, Ann. bot. fenn. 9: 139. 1972. emend. Aime & McTaggart Chaconia Juel (1) Chaconia butleri (Syd. & P. Syd.) Mains Didymopsorella Thirum. (1) Didymopsorella macrospora (Mundk. & Thirum.) Thirum. Diorchidium Kalchbr. (3) Diorchidium levigatum Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Diorchidium orientale Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Diorchidium tricholaenae Syd. & P. Syd. Gymnopuccinia K. Ramakr. (1) Gymnopuccinia pulneyensis K. Ramakr. Kernkampella Rajendren (6) Kernkampella breyniae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Rajendren Kernkampella breyniae-patentis (Mundk. & Thirum.) Rajendren Kernkampella coimbatorica (T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram) G.F. Laundon Kernkampella emblicae (Syd. & P. Syd.) G.F. Laundon Kernkampella kirganeliae (Mundk. & Thirum.) G.F. Laundon Kernkampella phyllanthi (Mundk. & Thirum.) G.F. Laundon 115 Maravalia Arthur (11) Maravalia achroa (Syd.) Arthur & Cummins Maravalia aulica (Syd.) Y. Ono Maravalia ascotela (Syd.) Mains Maravalia echinulata (Niessl ex Rabenh.) Y. Ono Maravalia fici (Mundk. & Thirum.) Y. Ono Maravalia gentilis (Syd.) Y. Ono Maravalia ichnocarpi (Barclay) Sathe Maravalia millettiae Yadav & Thirum. Maravalia milletticola Y. Ono & J.F. Hennen Maravalia mimusops (Cooke) Y. Ono Maravalia pterocarpi (Thirum.) Thirum. Scopella Mains (1) Scopella dalbergiae (T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.) Ragunathan & K. Ramakr. Olivea Arthur (3) Olivea colebrookiana Thirum. & Yadav Olivea isonandrae Hosag. Olivea tectonae (Racib.) Thirum. Ravenelia Berk. (33) Ravenelia acaciae-arabicae Mundk. & Thirum. Ravenelia acaciae-caesiae Tyagi & S.S. Prasad Ravenelia acaciae-concinnae Mundk. & Thirum. Ravenelia acaciae-intsiae B.V. Patil & Thirum. Ravenelia acaciae-pennatulae Dietel Ravenelia acaciae-pennatulae Dietel Ravenelia acaciae-sumae Thirum. & Mundk. Ravenelia acaciae-senegalae Sanwal Ravenelia acaciicola Sanwal Ravenelia aculeifera Berk. Ravenelia ajmerensis Sanwal Ravenelia albiziae-amarae Bacc. Ravenelia burmanica Thaung Ravenelia cassiicola G.F. Atk. Ravenelia clemensae Syd. Ravenelia deformis Tyagi & S.S. Prasad Ravenelia tephrosiicola (Henn.) Hirats. f. Ravenelia esculenta Naras. & Thirum. Ravenelia evansii Syd. & P. Syd. Ravenelia fragrans Long Ravenelia hansfordii Cummins Ravenelia hobsonii Cooke Ravenelia indica Berk. Ravenelia japonica Dietel & P. Syd. Ravenelia karadensis P.B. Chavan & U.V. Kulk. Ravenelia mitis Syd. & P. Syd. Ravenelia mitteri Syd. Ravenelia odoratissimae Tyagi & S.S. Prasad Ravenelia ornata Syd. & P. Syd. Ravenelia parasnathii Yadav Ravenelia radhanagarensis Patil Ravenelia satarensis P.B. Chavan & U.V. Kulk. Ravenelia sayeedii M.A. Salam & Ramachar 116 Ravenelia sessilis Berk. Ravenelia spicigerae B.V. Patil & Thirum. Ravenelia stictica Berk. & Broome Ravenelia sumatii S.D. Patil & Date Ravenelia tandonii Syd. Ravenelia taslimii Mundk. Ravenelia versatilis (Peck) Dietel Prospodium Arthur (2) Prospodium erebia (Syd. & P. Syd.) Bagyan. & Ravinder Prospodium tirumalense Bagyan., Ravinder & P. Ramesh 13. Skierkaceae (Arthur) Aime & McTaggart, Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21–47, 2020. Skierka Racib. (3) Skierka agallochae Racib. Skierka himalayensis A.K. Gautam & S. Avasthi Skierka toddaliae (Petch) Hirats. 14. Sphaerophragmiaceae Cummins & Y. Hirats., Illustr. Gen. Rust Fungi, rev. Edn (St. Paul): 15. 1983. emend. Aime & McTaggart Sphaerophragmium Magnus (1) Sphaerophragmium acaciae (Cooke) Magnus 15. Tranzscheliaceae (Arthur) Aime & McTaggart, Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21–47, 2020 Leucotelium Tranzschel (1) Leucotelium pruni-persicae (Hori) Tranzschel Tranzschelia Arthur (2) Tranzschelia discolor (Fuckel) Tranzschel & M.A. Litv. Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae (Pers.) Dietel 16. Zaghouaniaceae P. Syd. & Syd., Monogr. Uredin. (Lipsiae) 3(3): 586. 1915. emend. Aime & McTaggart Cystopsora E.J. Butler (1) Cystopsora antidesmatis T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Elateraecium Thirum., F. Kern & B.V. Patil (1) Elateraecium salaciicola Thirum., F. Kern & B.V. Patil Hemileia Berk. & Broome (10) Hemileia canthii Berk. & Broome Hemileia gardeniae-thunbergiae (Henn.) Maubl. & Roger Hemileia holarrhenae Syd. & P. Syd. Hemileia indica Massee Hemileia jasmini C.S. Krishnam. & Rangaswami Hemileia mysorensis Thirum. & Gopalakrishn. Hemileia pavetticola Maubl. & Roger Hemileia thomasii Thirum. & Naras. Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome Hemileia wrightiae (Racib.) Racib. Zaghouania Pat. (1) Zaghouania oleae (E.J. Butler) Cummins Pucciniales genera incertae sedis Aecidium Vuill. 117 Aecidium adhatodae Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium aechmantherae Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium ajugae Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium anaphalidis-leptophyllae T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram Aecidium argyreiae Berk. & Broome Aecidium brasiliense Dietel Aecidium callianthum Syd. Aecidium campanulae Pandotra & K.S.M. Sastry Aecidium carviae Sathe Aecidium cassiae-torae P.B. Chavan & Bakare Aecidium cinnamomi Racib. Aecidium cleomes Ellis & H.W. Anderson Aecidium clerodendri Henn. Aecidium colchici-aurei Ulbr. Aecidium crassocephali Wakef. & Hansf. Aecidium crini Kalchbr. Aecidium crypticum Kalchbr. & Cooke Aecidium cuspidatum T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram Aecidium delphinii Barthol. Aecidium deutziae Dietel Aecidium dichrocephalae Henn. Aecidium diospyri A.L. Sm. Aecidium distinctum Arthur & Cummins Aecidium elaeocarpi-tuberculati Hosag. Aecidium esculentum Barclay Aecidium flavescens Barclay Aecidium garciniae Sundaram & A.V. Rao Aecidium girardiniae Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium gymnematis T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Aecidium hartwegiae Thüm. Aecidium hedyotidis Syd. Aecidium hemidesmi Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium hemigraphidis B.V. Patil & Thirum. Aecidium infrequens Barclay Aecidium innatum Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Aecidium inquitosense P. Henn. Aecidium kamatii Sathe Aecidium latifolium Massee Aecidium leeae M.A. Salam & Ramachar Aecidium lepidagathis Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium leucadinum Mitter Aecidium lophanthi Henn. Aecidium lophopetali Wakef. Aecidium marsdeniae T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Aecidium melaleucum Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium meliosmae-wightii T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram Aecidium memecyli Thirum. Aecidium microrhynchi Henn. Aecidium miliare Berk. & Broome Aecidium montanum E.J. Butler Aecidium mori Barclay Aecidium morobeanum Cummins 118 Aecidium myriactidis (Barclay) P. Syd. & Syd. Aecidium nummulare Berk. Aecidium ocimi Henn. Aecidium orbiculare Barclay Aecidium osmanthi Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Aecidium painavuense Hosag. Aecidium paramignyae Racib. Aecidium pavoniae-odoratae T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram Aecidium peristrophes Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium petchii Sacc. & Trotter Aecidium plectranthicola Cummins Aecidium plectroniae Cooke Aecidium ponderosum Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium poonense Sathe Aecidium pulneyense T.S. Ramakr. & Sriniv. Aecidium pupaliae Prasad, L.C. Sharma & R.D. Singh Aecidium pygei Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium quintum Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium randiae Henn. Aecidium rhododendri Barclay Aecidium rhynchosiae Bagyan. & Ramachar Aecidium rhytismoideum Berk. & Broome Aecidium salamii G.F. Laundon Aecidium satarense P.B. Chavan & S.K. Patil Aecidium saussureae Johanson Aecidium scutellariae Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium sinhagadense Sathe Aecidium solani Mont. Aecidium spilanthis T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Aecidium stewartianum Cummins Aecidium stewartii Arthur & Cummin Aecidium stranvaesiae Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium strobilanthis Barclay Aecidium tandonii Mitter Aecidium terminaliae T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Aecidium travancoricum T.S. Ramakr. Aecidium tricholepidis P.B. Chavan & Bakare Aecidium tubulosum Pat. & Gaillard Aecidium urceolatum Cooke Aecidium urgineae Henn. & Pole-Evans Aecidium vangueriae Cooke Aecidium verbenae Speg. Aecidium vernoniae-cinereae Petch Aecidium walayarense T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Aecidium withaniae Thüm. Nyssopsora Arthur Nyssopsora cedrelae (Hori) Tranzschel Nyssopsora thirumalacharii R.N. Goswami & Ngachan Nyssopsora thwaitesii (Berk. & Broome) Syd. Phragmotelium Syd. Phragmotelium burmanicum (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd. Phragmidium mysorense (Thirum. & Mundk.) B. Ali & Berndt 119 Tunicopsora Suj. Singh & P.C. Pandey Tunicopsora bagchii Suj. Singh & P.C. Pandey Uraecium Arthur Uraecium nothopegiae T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Uredo Pers. Uredo acaciae-concinnae Kapoor bis & D.K. Agarwal Uredo acalyphae-fruticosae T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram Uredo allmaniae P.B. Chavan & U.V. Kulk. Uredo alpestris J. Schröt. Uredo amomi Petch Uredo apludae Barclay Uredo arachidis Lagerh. Uredo brachylepidis T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Uredo cajani Syd. & P. Syd. Uredo carissae Thirum. Uredo carissae–occidentalis Chavan & Kulkurni Uredo cassiae K.N. Rao Uredo cassiae-occidentalis T.S. Ramakr. Uredo celastri Arthur & Cummins Uredo celastri-paniculatae T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Uredo chasaliae Petch Uredo citri Vaheed. Uredo davaoensis Syd. & P. Syd. Uredo dalbergiae-latifoliae Hosag. & N.C. Nair Uredo deutziae Barclay Uredo dioscoreae Henn. Uredo dioscoreae-sativae Syd. & P. Syd. Uredo echinulata (Niessl.) Syd. Uredo ehretiae Barclay Uredo elephantopodis Petch Uredo elettariae Thirum. Uredo emiliae-scabrae T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Uredo exasperata (Cooke) Sacc. Uredo garugae Sundaram Uredo gayanae J.C. Lindq. Uredo gharsei Sathe & Rahalkar Uredo gomphrenae Barclay Uredo hygrophilicola G.F. Laundon & Ponnappa Uredo hyperici-mysorensis Petch Uredo khandalensis Sathe & Rahalkar Uredo launeae–coromandelicae Chavan & Bakare Uredo lipocarphae Syd. & P. Syd. Uredo malabarica T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Uredo mannanurensis K.N. Rao Uredo microspora (Vize) Sacc. Uredo mundkurii P.B. Chavan Uredo myriactidis Sundaram Uredo neilgherriensis T.S. Ramakr. Uredo niterogensis Rangel Uredo ochnae K.N. Rao Uredo ophiorrhizae Petch Uredo ophiuri Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler 120 Uredo paederiae Syd. & P. Syd. Uredo pallidula Cooke & Massee Uredo panacis Syd. & P. Syd. Uredo paspali Pandotra Uredo paspali-scrobiculati Syd. & P. Syd. Uredo phyllanthi-niruris M.S. Patil Uredo pileae Barclay Uredo pouzolziae Syd. & P. Syd. Uredo pterocarpi T.S. Ramakr. Uredo punctoidea Cooke Uredo ravennae Maire Uredo rhinacanthi T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Uredo rottboelliae Dietel Uredo shuteriae T.S. Ramakr. Uredo sesbaniae Henn. Uredo setariae-tomentosae Ramachar, Bhagyan. & A. Kumar Uredo sissoo Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Uredo spinulosa (Cooke) Sacc. Uredo tephrosiae Rabenh. Uredo terminaliae Henn. Uredo terminaliae-paniculatae T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Uredo thelypteridis Yadav Uredo thelypteridis var. thelypteridis Yadav Uredo verecunda Syd. Uredo victoriae Cummins Phylogenetic analysis The phylogenetic analyses based on the combined LSU and ITS rDNA sequence dataset comprised 189 taxa including various genera from 13 families belonging to Pucciniales were assessed with Taphrina pruni CBS 358.35 as an outgroup taxon. RAxML analysis of the combined dataset produced the best tree with a final ML optimization likelihood value of -34581.032655. The genera from different families included in the phylogenetic analyses are Coleosporiaceae, Cronartiaceae, Crossopsoraceae, Melampsoraceae, Milesinaceae, Ochropsoraceae, Phakopsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pileolariaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Pucciniaceae, Raveneliaceae and Tranzscheliaceae. The genera Coleosporium, Chrysomyxa clustered together in Coleosporiaceae clade with significant support from ML 93% and Cronartia formed a distinct clade sharing a sister group relationship with Coleosporium and Chrysomyxa. The Melampsoraceae clade is supported by taxa from Melampsora with significant support from ML 100%. The Pucciniastraceae clade consists of taxa from Hyalospora, Melampsoridium and Pucciniastrum and Milesinaceae includes Milesina. The genera Ravenelia, Kernkampella clustered in a Raveneliaceae clade and Maravalia formed a distinct lineage. While Nyssopsora belonging to Uredinineae incertae sedis formed a different lineage. The Tranzschelia includes Tranzschelia and Leucotelium and Ochropsoraceae comprises Ochropsora. The Phakopsoraceae includes Cerotelium and Phakopsora in a monophyletic clade. The Crossopsoraceae clade comprises Angiopsora, Crossopsora and Kweilingia. The Phragmidiaceae includes taxa from Phragmidium in monophyletic clade with significant support from ML 94%. The Gymnosporangiaceae comprised Gymnosporangium in a monophyletic clade with significant support from ML 96%. The Pucciniaceae includes polyphyletic taxa from Puccinia and Uromyces. Notes of Indian rust genera After going through the available literature on Indian rust fungi, it is now clear that identification of these fungi has primarily been based on morphological characters. Few studies are 121 reported to use modern tools and molecular based techniques (specifically DNA-based) in their taxonomy. But wth the use of all modern molecular methdologies, a number of alterations in existing system of classification of rust fungi has been proposed by Cummins & Hiratsuka (2003). Number of changes as proposed recently in classification of rust fungi (Aime 2006, Aime & McTaggart 2020), has led to the introcution of many new families as well as transfer of many genera and species. Keeping in view all the proposed changes, this outline of Indian Pucciniales incorporates updated changes. Of the 18 families of rust fungi, 16 are reported from India, consists 69 genera and 640 species. Most of the genera and species of Indian collections still required DNA based identification. Therefore, a brief description of each rust family along with total number of genera as well as species reported from India and their host families are provided in this section. In addition, a brief note, where further studies on Indian collections are urgently required to resolve their taxonomic uncertainty is also provided. Phylum – Basidiomycota R. T. Moore, Bot. Mar.23: 371 (1980). Synonyms – Basidiomycota Bold, Morph. Pl.: 7, 198 (1958), nomen invalidum Basidiomycota is the second largest phyla of kingdom Fungi which shares 97% of all fungal species along with phylum Ascomycota (Wijayawardene et al. 2017, 2018, 2020, Niskanen et al. 2018). The fungi included in Basidiomycota possess basidia as meiosporocysts in the sexual life stage. The hyphae appeared to have single-layered wall (which actually is multi-layered) are divided by septa into mononucleate, binucleate, or multinucleate segments. The septal pore is generally closed, however, in some cases barrel-like thickening is present on both sides. Chemotaxonomy, formation of urease, siderochromes, and the type of ubiquinone system also differentiate basidiomycetous fungi from ascomycetes. In addition, the guanine-cytosine content of the total DNA exceeds 50% in basidiomycetous species. The updated outline of Basidiomycota includes four subphyla, 18 classes, 68 orders, 241 families, 1928 genera and 41270 species, of which rust fungi are included in subphylum Pucciniomycotina (He et al. 2019, Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Subphylum: Pucciniomycotina R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiß & Oberw., Mycol. Progr.5: 45 (2006). Equivalent to Urediniomycetes (Swann & Taylor 1995b, Kirk et al. 2001, Swann et al. 2001). Pucciniomycotina is a diverse group of fungi, including rusts, yeasts, smut-like and jelly-like fungi. It is the sister to the Ustilaginomycotina and Agaricomycotina, forming the basal lineage of Basidiomycota. Species of Pucciniomycotina studied so far lack dolipores (septal pore swellings) and septal pore caps. Absence of the predominant cell wall sugar, mannose (Prillinger et al. 1993) and disc like spindle pole bodies (McLaughlin et al. 1995, Wells 1994), distinguishes them from most other Basidiomycota. These fungi show very simple to complex life cycle, considered as most complex organisms (Lutz et al. 2004). Most described species are predominantly phytopathogens but also include asymptomatic members. Subphylum Pucciniomycotina is estimated to have 10 classes, 22 orders, 49 families, 270 genera, and 8653 species with rust fungi placed in class Pucciniomycetes (He et al. 2019, Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Class: Pucciniomycetes R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycol. Progr. 5: 48 (2006). Equivalent to Urediniomycetidae (Swann et al. 2001). Pucciniomycetes is a diverse class of subphylum Pucciniomycotina. It is one of the major classes of basidiomycete fungi containing about 8000 species (Kirk et al. 2008). Based on rDNA phylogenetic studies, rust fungi and their closest relatives in Pucciniomycetes are reported to have ambiguous phylogenetic positions within the Pucciniomycotina (Aime et al. 2006). All species of Pucciniomycetes are dikaryotic (containing two haploid nuclei per cell) except for Septobasidiales, which are monokaryotic (containing a single haploid nucleus per cell). Lack of clamp connections in their hyphae (Bauer et al. 2006) is another characteristic feature of these fungi. Production of asexual spores, especially among rusts, is often well developed (Bruckart et al. 2010). Sexual reproduction takes place via the formation of basidiospores. This class contains 5 orders, 20 families, 180 genera, 122 and 8016 species. Majority of the fungal species in Pucciniomycetes are parasitic in nature. Pucciniales is the most species-rich group of the Pucciniomycetes with over 95% of the species and 75% of the genera placed in this order, the plant parasitic rust fungi. Order: Pucciniales Clem. & Shear, Gen. Fungi (2nd edn): 147 (1931). Equivalent to Uredinales. Exemplar genera: Puccinia Pers. 1801, Uromyces (Link) Unger 1832. The Pucciniales is one of the largest and major orders in Basidiomycota (class Pucciniomycetes). This order mainly contains many important plant pathogens popularly known as rusts. These fungi are obligate plant parasites occurring on ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. They have been studied in detailed as many of the most devastating plant diseases in agricultural crops are caused by the members of Pucciniales. Morphologically, the species of Pucciniales are characterized by their rusty appearance on infected host parts such as leaves, petioles, tender shoots, stems, fruits, etc. and named for the typically rusty coloration of their urediniospores. These obligate parasites have highly complex life cycles with up to five spore stages and two unrelated hosts (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003). Of 7800 described species, Pucciniales constitutes 25% of all known species in Basidiomycota and ca. 8% of all described Fungi (Kirk et al. 2008). The Pucciniales is estimated to have 15 families, ca. 150 genera and ca.7, 800 species, and is considered as the most speciose order of fungi (Kirk et al. 2008, Wijayawardene et al. (2020). Recently, a higher-rank classification for rust fungi, with notes on genera was provided by Aime & McTaggart (2020). They have proposed four new suborders and seven new families based on the evaluation of 80 % of accepted genera including type species wherever possible, and three DNA loci. As per this classification, Pucciniales now comprises seven suborders as Araucariomycetineae, Melampsorineae, Mikronegeriineae, Raveneliineae, Rogerpetersoniineae, Skierkineae, and Uredinineae. There are now 18 families Araucariomycetaceae, Coleosporiaceae, Crossopsoraceae, Gymnosporangiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Milesinaceae, Ochropsoraceae, Phakopsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pileolariaceae, Pucciniaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Raveneliaceae, Rogerpetersoniaceae, Skierkaceae, Sphaerophragmiaceae, Tranzscheliaceae, and Zaghouaniaceae (Aime & McTaggart 2020). Therefore, we followed Aime & McTaggart (2020) to present updated information on genera and species in each family. The numbers of genera and species of rust fungi were presented as per Wijayawardene et al. (2020). The distinct characteristics of various spore stages (telia, teliospores, uredinia, uredinospores, aecia, aeciospores, spermogonia and basidia) for each family are summarized in this section. The notes on rust families reported from India are described here in this section of manuscript. Coleosporiaceae Dietel, In: Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Teil. I (Leipzig) 1: 548. 1900. emend. Aime & McTaggart Type genus – Coleosporium Lév., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III, Ser. 8: 373. 1847 The species of family Coleosporiaceae bear large, bladder-like aecia covered with welldeveloped peridium and have catenulate, verrucose aeciospores. Uredinia with rudimentary peridium or none and urediniospores are formed in chain with verrucose echinulate ornamentation on surface. The germ pores are mostly obscure and scattered. The teliospores are formed one by one (catenulate, pseudocatenulate or in a single layer) in erumpent, hard, waxy or gelatinous, pulvinate or columnar telia under the epidermis of the host plant. The teliospores are generally unicellular, thin walled and sessile with non-differentiated germ pores. The spermogonia are of Group I (type 2 or 3) (but Group II, type 9 in Cronartium). Most of the species are heteroecious and macrocyclic, with aecial stage on needle, buds and cones of conifers (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003, Aime & McTaggart 2020). Genera reported in India – Coleosporium (19), Chrysomyxa (7), Cronartium (4), Goplana (1), Stakmania (1) total 32 species. Host families – Asteraceae, Campanulaceae, Ericaceae, Gentianaceae, Grossulariaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Phyllanthaceae, Pinaceae, Ranunculaceae. 123 Figure 1 – Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Indian rust fungi based on two concatenated loci (LSU and ITS) of taxa from Pucciniales. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood equal to or 124 greater than 70% are given above each branch respectively. Outgroup taxon is Taphrina pruni CBS 358.35. Figure 1 – Continued. Notes – Two species of rust genus Stakmania (S. formosana and S. indica) were reported from India. Among the two, S. formosana Syd. & P. Syd. has been transferred to Phakopsora formosana while, S. indica Kamat & Sathe remains unchanged (Index Fungorum 2020). Hence, this species has been retained in this family. Crossopsoraceae Aime & McTaggart, In: Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21–47. 2020 Type genus – Crossopsora Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 16(3/6): 243. 1919. Fig. 9 125 Crossopsoraceae is characterized by producing Group VI (type 7) spermogonia and aecidiumtype aecia wherever known. Uredinia are of malupa-type and usually paraphysate. The teliospores produced by these fungi are 1-celled, compact and often produced in catenulate chains of a few to many cells. These spores germinate externally, with or without dormancy. The fungi in this family are mostly identified from the sporothallus (uredinial, and telial) stages. The genus Neophysopella in this family is macrocyclic and heteroecious in nature (Aime & McTaggart 2020) and considered the same for other genus/species also. A total of 7 genera have been included in this family, of which, six genera being reported from India. Genera reported in India – Angiopsora (2), Crossopsora (3), Dasturella (3), Kweilingia (2), Neophysopella (2), Physopella (2); total 14 species. Host families – Poaceae, Rhamnaceae Verbenaceae. Notes – Two Indian records of the genus Physopella i.e. P. artocarpi (Berk. & Broome) Arthur and P. vernoniae (T.S. Ramakr.) Ramachar & Bhagyan are solely based on morphs. Since the genus Physopella has now been changed to Neophysopella, these two Indian records are still unchanged (Index Fungorum 2020). Hence, we retained this species in this family and proposed DNA based studies to resolve its taxonomic position. Gymnosporangiaceae P. Zhou & L. Cai, Persoonia 45: 79. 2020. emend. Aime & McTaggart Type genus – Gymnosporangium R. Hedw. ex DC., In: Lamarck & de Candolle, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 2: 216. 1805. The family Gymnosporangiaceae consists of Group V (type 4) Spermogonia, bounded with well developed peripheral flexuous hyphae. Aecia Roestelia-type, subepidermal, with welldeveloped peridia (Gymnosporangium) or less frequently aecidium-type (Gymnotelium). Aeciospores catenulate, with intercalary cells. Urediniospores borne singly on pedicels in Uredotype, subepidermal Uredinia. Telia subepidermal, erumpent consists mostly 2-celled teliospores, borne singly on gelatinising pedicels without dormancy via external basidia. Life cycle mostly demicyclic and heteroecious (Zhao et al. 2020, Aime & McTaggart 2020). Genera reported in India – Peridiopsora (1) Gymnosporangium (3) Roestelia (3) Host families – Boraginaceae, Cupressaceae, Rosaceae. Notes – Based on puccinioid character of 2-celled, pedicellate teliospores, the genus name Gymnosporangium has been conserved against the older name Roestelia Rebent. (Aime et al. 2018b). Hence, the genus Roestelia has now been transferred to Gymnosporangium. Because of lack of molecular data, Indian records of this genus reported as Roestelia distorta (Arthur & Cummins) F. Kern, Roestelia cunninghamianum (Barclay) F. Kern and Roestelia patula (Syd. & P. Syd.) F. Kern are still unchanged (Index Fungorum 2020). Melampsoraceae Dietel, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Teil. I (Leipzig) 1: 38. 1897. Figs 2, 7, 9 Type genus – Melampsora Castagne, Obs. Plantes Acotylédonées Fam. Urédinié 2: 18. 1843. Melampsoraceae is characterized by aecia without peridium or rudimentary if present with catenulate and verrucose aeciospores. Uredinia contain abundant paraphyses (sometimes rudimentary peridium also) and echinulate urediniospores with scattered or bizonate germ pores and borne singly. Telia are embedded (subepidermal or rarely subcuticular) containing unicellular, sessile, pigmented teliospores with one germ pore. Germination external or semi-external (Ceropsora). The basidium is external and spermogonia are of Group I (Type 2 or 3). These fungi are mostly macrocyclic and inhabit two different unrelated hosts or same host to produce all spore stages. Most of the species are heteroecious and macrocyclic; however, the species of Ceropsora are microcyclic. Total 100 species of Melampsora have been reported globally (He et al. 2019, Wijayawardene et al. 2020), of which only 17 species have been reported so far in India. Genera reported in India – Ceropsora (1), Melampsora (17); total 18 species. Host families – Euphorbiaceae, Hypericaceae, Linaceae, Pinaceae, Salicaceae. 126 Notes – The type species of the genus Ceropsora (C. picea) infecting Picea sp. was reported from India (Bakshi & Singh 1960). It was placed in family Coleosporiaceae (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003, Wijayawardene et al. 2020). The telia of two species of Ceropsora viz., C. picea and C. weirii contain some thin-walled sterile cells on the sides (been interpreted as remnants of a peridermium). Teliospores of the genus are subtended by adherent crusts of sterile basal cells in the beginning that separate at dispersal stage (Bakshi & Singh 1960, Crane et al. 2000). Aime & McTaggart (2020) proposed the inclusion of the genus Ceropsora in to this family. Figure 2 – Rust fungi Melampsora sp. A-B Euphorbia helioscopia. C-D Populus sp. Milesinaceae Aime & McTaggart, In: Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21–47. 2020 Type genus – Milesina Magnus, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 27: 325. 1909. Two important characters, production of colourless urediniospores in species that infect ferns and production of aecia (milesia-type) in species that infect Ericaceae differentiate this family from Melampsorineae. The important characters of this family include production of Group I (mostly type 1, also type 2 and 3) Spermogonia and colourless sori. Although urediniospores of Naohidemyces are orange in colour. The presence of peridermium-type aecia (milesia-type in Naohidemyces); milesiatype uredinia; 1- to many-celled, barely differentiated, sometimes laterally adherent teliospores with dormant germination are found. These fungi are mostly macrocyclic and heteroecious in nature. They produce sporothalli on ferns (except Naohidemyces on Ericaceae), and gametothalli on Pinaceae. Genera reported in India – Milesina (3), Uredinopsis (2); total 5 species Host families – Dryopteridaceae, Pteridaceae. 127 Note – This is newly proposed family by Aime & McTaggart (2020). Out of 4 genera included in this family (Aime & McTaggart 2020), two genera namely, Milesina and Uredinopsis are reported from India. Aime et al. (2018) recommended the protection of the name Milesina Magnus over Milesia F.B. White, but they do not found the type species of both the genera congeneric and recommended retaining both the genera. In India, the molecular studes on Milesina and Uredinopsis are also required to demonstrate their correct taxonomic position. Ochropsoraceae (Arthur) Aime & McTaggart, In: Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21–47. 2020 Type genus – Ochropsora Dietel, Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 13: 401. 1895. The family Ochropsoraceae contains Group VI (type 7) spermogonia. Aecia are of aecidiumtype, these states systemic in nature and overwintering as mycelium. Uredinia are of malupa-type. The genera of this family produce 1-cell deep telia forming crusts, which are at first subepidermal, then erumpent. Teliospores germinate without dormancy, either internally (Ochropsora) or externally (Aplopsora). These fungi are macrocyclic and heteroecious in nature. Genera reported in India – Ochropsora (1); total 1 species Host families – Ranunculaceae. Note – Aime & McTaggart (2020) proposed Ochropsoraceae as new family. The rust genera Aplopsora and Ochropsora included in this family were previously treated within the Chaconiaceae (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003). Of these, Ochropsora (Ochropsora ariae (Fuckel) Ramsb.) was also reported from India. However, only morphotaxonomic studies are available for this record, and molecular studies can be helpful to establish the correct taxonomic position. Phakopsoraceae Cummins & Y. Hirats., Illustr. Gen. Rust Fungi, rev. Edn (St. Paul): 13. 1983. emend. Aime & McTaggart Type genus – Phakopsora Dietel, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 13: 333. 1895. The genera of Phakopsoraceae show both heteroecious and autoecious (species of Bubakia, Masseeëlla and Nothoravenelia) mode of life cycle on various hosts but not host restricted. Spermogonia are of Group IV (type 7). The aecia are caeoma-type (some Masseeëlla with aecidiumtype) with aeciospores either verrucose or echinulate, borne singly or in chains. Uredinia lecythea or uredo-type consisting echinulate urediniospores, mostly borne singly (catenulate in Arthuria) with scattered germ pores or obscure. Both erumpent and embedded types of telia are found which contain 1-celled, sessile, catenulate or irregularly arranged teliospores with mostly 1 germ pore in each cell The majority of Phakopsora and Uredopeltis species are only known from the sporothallus (uredinial, and telial) stages (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003, Aime & McTaggart 2020). This family comprises 15 genera and 209 species (Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Aime & McTaggart (2020) in recent treatment included 12 genera in this family, 10 being reported from India. Genera reported in India – Arthuria (2), Bubakia (1), Cerotelium (7), Macabuna (1), Monosporidium (3), Masseeëlla (6), Phakopsora (25), Phragmidiella (3), Pucciniostele (1), Uredopeltis (1); total 50 species. Host families – Bignoniaceae, Burseraceae, Combretaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Putranjivaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Salicaceae, Saxifragaceae and Vitaceae. Notes – The rust genus Bubakia has now been transferred to Phakopsora (Index Fungorum 2021). It is often treated as a synonym of Phakopsora (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003). But, Aime & McTaggart (2020) found a distinct lineage of the Bubakia argentinensis within Phakopsoraceae and similar characteristics and hosts with type, B. crotonis. Hence, they proposed Bubakia for these species. However, the only India record of Bubakia indica T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. still requires molecular studes, as it was identified based on morphology only. The genus Masseeëlla is also placed within this family (Aime & McTaggart 2020), although previously treated as incertae sedis within Pucciniales (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003). Phragmidiaceae Corda Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 6. 1837 Type genus – Phragmidium Link, Mag. Ges. Naturfr. Freunde Berlin 7: 30. 1816. Figs 3, 9 128 Phragmidiaceae is characterized by forming spermogonia Group IV (type 6, 8, 10 or 11). The aecia variable, caeoma-, petersonia- or uredo-type and are formed with or without peridium. Aeciospores are verrucose or echninulate aeciospores borne in chains or singly on pedicels with few or no paraphyses. Uredinia lecythea or uredo-type, thin-walled, with incurved paraphyses consisting of echninulate urediniospores borne singly and have scattered germ pores. Telia erumpent, with or without paraphyses, with teliospores born on short pedicels, 3- to several cells (by transverse septa) with 1 or more apical germ pore in each cell. Basidium is external. Life cycle is mainly of autoecious type. Wijayawardene et al. (2020) documented 13 genera and 178 species in this family; however, Aime & McTaggart (2020) included only 9 genera. Genera reported in India – Hamaspora (2), Kuehneola (6), Phragmidium (18), Trachyspora (1); total 27 species. Host families – Poaceae, Rosaceae. Notes – Of the 9 genera included in this family, only 4 genera and 27 species have been reported in India. Phragmidiaceae species are confined almost exclusively to the Rosoideae subfamily of Rosaceae (Aime 2006). Figure 3 – A-B Phragmidium sp. on Rosa sp. Pileolariaceae (Arthur) Cummins & Y. Hirats., llustr. Gen. Rust Fungi, rev. Edn (St. Paul): 14. 1983. emend. Aime & McTaggart Figs 4A, 9 Type genus – Pileolaria Castagne, Obs. Plantes Acotylédonées Fam. Urédinées 1: 22. 1842. The genera of the family are characterized by forming spermogonia Group VI (type 7). Aecia (uredo-type) with or without peridium contains reticulate, ridged, verrucose, spirally marked aeciospores borne singly and germ pores zonate. Uredia (uredo-type) are similar to aecia except not accompanied by spermogonia. Telia erumpent and having unicellular teliospores 1-celled, borne one or few on each pedicel with one germ pore per spore. Basidium is external. Species are mostly macrocyclic and autoecious. The genera of this family mostly inhabit members of Anacardiaceae (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003, Aime & McTaggart 2020). Genera reported in India – Pileolaria (2); total 2 species. Host family – Anacardiaceae. Notes – Four genera and 43 species have been documented in this family (Wijayawardene et al. 2020), of which two genera, Pileolaria and Skierka were reported from India. However, Aime & McTaggart (2020) included only the genus i.e. Pileolaria and proposed the placement of Skierka within another family. A total 25 species of Pileolaria are recorded worldwide (Index Fungorum 2021). The two Indian records (P. indica Syd. and P. pistaciae F.L. Tai & C.T. Wei) require further molecular studies. 129 Figure 4 – Rust fungi. A Pileolaria sp. on Pistacia sp. B Skierka sp. on Pistacia sp. Pucciniastraceae Gäum. ex Leppik, Ann. bot. fenn. 9: 139. 1972. emend. Aime & McTaggart Type genus – Pucciniastrum G.H. Otth, Mitt. Naturforsch. Ges. Bern 1861: 71. 1861. Pucciniastraceae members are heteroecious and mostly macrocyclic. Spermogonia and aecia produced on conifers; uredinia and telia often on ferns. Spermogonia are of Group I (type 2 or 3). Aecia with well developed peridium and contain catenulate aeciospores. Uredinia are formed with cellular peridium and ostiolar opening and contain pedicellate or non pedicellate, echinulate urediniospores, borne singly and possess obscure, scattered or bizonate germ pores. Telia are not well differentiated i.e. either subepidermal or intradermal, not erumpent, composed of unicellular or multicellular, sessile teliospores having obscure or 1 germ pore per cell. Basidia are external (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003, Aime & McTaggart 2020). The family was reported to contain 10 genera and 210 species (Wijayawardene et al. 2020). The recent higher rank classification for rust fungi proposed the inclusion of only six genera in this family (Aime & McTaggart 2020), of which four were recorded from India. Genera reported in India – Hyalopsora (2), Melampsoridium (4), Peridermium (7), Pucciniastrum (6); total 19 species. Host families – Betulaceae, Celastraceae, Coriariaceae Magnoliaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Pinaceae, Pteridaceae, Rosaceae, Sapindaceae. Notes – As per the proposal to conserve the name of rust fungi (Aime et al. 2018), the sexual name Melampsorella has been conserved over Peridermium. However, the Indian records of Peridermium are devoid of any molecular studies and are still unchanged (Index Fungorum 2021). Pucciniaceae Chevall., Fl. gén. env. Paris (Paris) 1: 413. 1826. emend. Aime & McTaggart Figs 5, 6, 7, 8 Type genus – Puccinia Pers., Synopsis methodica fungorum: 225. 1801. Pucciniaceae is a largest family that infects nearly all the major angiospermous orders. They are destructive phytopathogens infecting mainly cereals such as wheat. Spermogonia belong to Group V (type 4). Aecidia are with or without a peridium and have verrucose aeciospores borne singly, or in chain (catenulate). Uredinia with palisade like peridium contain echinulate urediniospores borne singly and have many germ pores. The most important distinguishing character is that these fungi having stalked teliospores borne singly or united in telia with or without paraphyses. In some cases, palisade like peridium or separation of telia into locules by stromatoid paraphyses is also observed. 130 Teliospores are mostly 1 or 2 (rarely more) celled with one germ pore in each cell and germination mostly by external basidium (sometimes internal). The genera are mostly heteroecious exhibiting four spore stages usually upon two or more distinct hosts followed by an independent promycelial stage upon germination of the teliospores. The largest two genera are Puccinia, with two-celled teliospores, and Uromyces where they are one-celled. This is the most speciose family of the Pucciniales, and contains 21 genera and over 4961 species (Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Aime & McTaggart (2020) proposed the inclusion of 23 genera and 9 more genera likely to include in this family. Total 12 genera with 393 species have been recorded in India. Genera reported in India – Caeoma (4), Chrysocelis (1), Corbulopsora (1), Endophyllum (8), Gambleola (1), Hapalophragmium (4), Kernella (1), Puccinia (279), Pucciniosira (1), Ramakrishnania (1), Trochodium (2), Uromyces (89); total 393 species. Host families – Acanthaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Boraginaceae, Celastraceae, Convolvulaceae, Cyperaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Liliaceae, Loranthaceae, Malvaceae, Orchidaceae, Pinaceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rubiaceae, Saxifragaceae, Schisandraceae, Solanaceae. Notes – The genus Caeoma, as typified by C. berberidis, is a synonym of Puccinia (Aime et al. 2018). One of its species C. torreyae is presented as basionym of Rogerpetersonia torreyae (Bonar) Aime & McTaggart (Aime & McTaggart 2020) based on broad molecular assessment. Similarly, the genus Trochodium has now been transferred to Uromyces. The types of two genera, Gambleola and Ramakrishnania are of Indian origin and identified mainly based on mophotaxonomic characters. The Indian records for all three genera are still unchanged (Index fungorum 2021) and required investigation at molecular level. Raveneliaceae Leppik, Ann. bot. fenn. 9: 139. 1972. emend. Aime & McTaggart Fig. 9 Type genus – Ravenelia Berk., Gard. Chron. 13:132. 1853. Raveneliaceae consists Group VI (type 5, 7) spermogonia. The genera of this family produce typically uredo- (rarely aecidium-, caeoma-, or lecythea-) type aecia with or without peridium and paraphyses. Aeciospores are pedicellate and echinulate or verrucose borne singly or in chain. Uredinia are of subepidermal or erumpent, with or without paraphyses. These are similar to aecia while unknown in some cases. Urediniospores borne singly, mostly echinulate with several germ pores. Telia are erumpent with or without paraphyses contain pedicellate, vertically septate or vertically or radially arranged 1- to many-celled teliospores (2 or more) on the top of pedicel, often subtended by hygroscopic crystals or with pedicel having apical cells. Each cell or spore contains one or two germ pores. Basidium is of external type. Members of this family have autoecious and macrocyclic type of life cycle mostly on Fabaceae or Rosaceae. Although 24 genera and 384 species have been documented within this family (Wijayawardene et al. 2020), Aime & McTaggart (2020) proposed the inclusion of 16 genera and 16 more genera likely to include in this family. Total 10 genera with 61 species have been recorded in India. Genera reported in India – Chaconia (1), Didymopsorella (1), Diorchidium (3), Gymnopuccinia (1), Kernkampella (5), Maravalia (11), Scopella (1), Olivea (3), Prospodium (2) Ravenelia (33); total 61 species. Host families – Fabaceae, Oleaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Poaeae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae. Notes – The identification of Indian records in this family, Didymopsorella macrospora (Mundk. & Thirum.) Thirum., Gymnopuccinia pulneyensis K. Ramakr. and Scopella dalbergiae (T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.) Ragunathan & K. Ramakr. is mainly based on their morphological caharcters. Similarly, the genus Scopella has now been transferred to Maravalia. However, its indian record Scopella dalbergiae (T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.) Ragunathan & K. Ramakr. is still unchanged. DNA sequence studies can be helpful to establish their correct taxonomic placement. Skierkaceae (Arthur) Aime & McTaggart, Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21–47, 2020. Figs 4B, 9 Type genus – Skierka Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Javas (Jakarta) 2: 30. 1900. 131 Skierkaceae is a newly introduced family by Aime & McTaggart (2020), mainly characterized by subepidermal, periphysate, deep-seated spermogonia with convex hymenium. Aecia and uredinia uredo-type. The Uredia and telia (sporothalli sori) are deep-seated and subepidermal which differentailed these from all other rust fungi. Urediniospores and teliospores are single-celled produced on sporogenous cells through a narrow sorus opening. Before emenrgence, these spores leaving behind new spores on sporogenous cells from which they are detached. Teliospores strongly adherent, extruded in hair-like columns, germination external, without dormancy. These fungi possess autoecious and macrocyclic type of life cycle. Genera reported in India – Skierka (3); total 3 species. Host families – Anacardiaceae. Notes – A total of 14 species of the genus Skierka have been reported so far (Index Fungorum 2021), three species reported from India too. Skierka himalayensis A.K. Gautam & S. Avasthi was reported as new from India (Gautam & Avasthi 2017c). But all three records are identified on based on morphological characters only and require molecular identification. Sphaerophragmiaceae Cummins & Y. Hirats., Illustr. Gen. Rust Fungi, rev. Edn (St. Paul): 15. 1983. emend. Aime & McTaggart Type genus – Sphaerophragmium Magnus Ber. dt. bot. Ges 9: 121. 1891. Spermogonia are mostly lacking and unknown, Group V (type 4) in Sphenorchidium, if present. Aecia are aecidium-type and uredinia resembling aecia (lecythea-type in Sphenorchidium). Teliospores 2- to multicelled, pedicellate, globose to subglobose, with furcated or simple blunt wall projections, with one germ pore per cell borne in compact telia (Beenken & Berndt 2010). In Austropuccinia, urediniospores with a smooth patch (tonsure) as comparison to echinulate or verrucose in other cases. Telia subepidermal to erumpent, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, with a rounded apex, 2-celled teliospores, constricted at the septum. Basidia are mostly external. Species are autoecious with variable life cycles. Wijayawardene et al. (2020) documented 2 genera and 25 species in this family, however, Aime & McTaggart (2020) proposed the inclusion of 5 genera. Genera reported in India – Sphaerophragmium (1); total 1 species. Host families – Fabaceae. Notes – Only single genus Sphaerophragmium with one species (S. acacia (Cooke) Magnus) was reported from India. The identification of this species is solely based on moprhological characters, and DNA based molecular studies are necessary. Tranzscheliaceae (Arthur) Aime & McTaggart, Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21–47, 2020 Type genus – Tranzschelia Arthur, Rés. Sci. Congr. Int. Vienne: 340. 1906. The rust fungi of family Tranzscheliaceae are mostly macrocyclic and heteroecious in nature. However, some microcyclic species may be found. The species consists of Group VI (type 7) spermogonia. Aecia are of aecidium type while, uredinia uredo-type. Teliospores produced cby theses fungi are 2-celled, pedicellate, produced from sterile basal cells. Genera reported in India – Leucotelium (1), Tranzschelia (2); total 3 species Host families – Rosaceae. Notes – Tranzscheliaceae is proposed as new family by Aime & McTaggart (2020), included two genera, Leucotelium and Tranzschelia. Both the genera were previously treated within Uropyxidaceae (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003). The Indian records of these genera still required DNA sequence based studies to establish their correct taxonomic position. Zaghouaniaceae P. Syd. & Syd., Monogr. Uredin. (Lipsiae) 3(3): 586. 1915. emend. Aime & McTaggart Type genus – Zaghouania Pat., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 17: 187. 1901 The species of this family most often consists of deep seated and non-periphysate Group III (type 12) spermogonia. Aecia are mostly petersonia-type (without peridium or intercalary cells). Aeciospores are echinulate or verrucose; borne singly or in chain. The uredinia are generally 132 produced without peridium (most often uredo-type) or weakly developed peridium in some cases and produce echinulate, singly borne ureniniospores. Telia are with or without paraphyses, produce teliospores germinating externally (internally in some cases) by apical growth without dormancy. These rust fungi have both autoecious and heteroecious mode of life cycle. Genera reported in India – Cystopsora (1), Elateraceium (1), Hemileia (10), Zaghouania (1); total 13 species Host families – Apocynaceae, Celastraceae, Oleaceae, Penaeaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Rubiaceae. Notes – Aime & McTaggart (2020) included 8 genera in this family, of which, four genera namely Cystopsora, Elateraceium, Hemileia, Zaghouania have been reported from India. The genus Cystopsora is now considered as synonym of Zaghouania (Aime & McTaggart 2020). The identity of Indian record Cystopsora antidesmatis T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram is mainly based on morphological observations. DNA sequence based studies are required to provide its exact taxonomic position. Figure 5 – Rust fungi Puccinia spp. A Rubia cordifolia. B Clematis sp. C Berberis sp. D Clematis sp. E Oxalis sp. F Mentha sp. Figure 6 – Rust fungi Uromyces spp. A Trifolium sp. B Geranium sp. C Rumex sp. 133 Figure 7 – Uredinospores. A Puccinia himachalensis on Clematis sp. B P. tiliaefolia on Grewia sp. C P. fagopyri on Fagopyrum sp. D P. menthae on Mentha sp. E P. Oxalidis on Oxalis sp. F P. flavipes on Duchesnea sp. G P. abrupta on Parthenium sp. H P. colletiana on Rubia sp. I Melampsora caprearum on Salix sp. J P. Nepalensis on Rumex sp. K Uredo sp. on Ehretia sp. L Melampsora populnea on Populus sp. Scale Bar = 10µm. 134 Figure 8 – Teliospores of Puccinia. A P. himachalensis on Clematis sp. B P. fagopyri on Fagopyrum sp. C P. tiliaefolia on Grewia sp. D P. agrostdis on Aquilegia sp. E P. Cynodontis on Cyanodon sp. F P. cynodontis on Cyanodon sp. G P. colletiana on Rubia sp. H P. colletiana on Rubia sp. I P. gouriana on Clematis sp. Scale Bar = 10µm. Excluded and replaced names of rust fungi in India With the use of DNA sequence based techniques, the economically important rusts are relatively well explored, but not much attention has been paid to species infecting wild plants in general. The identification of most of the Indian rust fungi is largely based on morphological characters especially morphology of certain spore stages. Use of DNA sequence based studies along with morphotaxonomic characters has made identification and characterization of rust fungi more efficient and accurate. The names of many rust genera/species as reported in the cited publications have been replaced with new accepted names. Numbers of genera and species of Indian rust fungi have also been replaced with currently accepted name according to MycoBank (www.mycobank.org)/ and Species Fungorum (www.speciesfungorum.org) websites and this is indicated in Table 3. 135 Figure 9 – Teliospores of rust fungi. A Uromyces on Trifolium sp. B Uromyces on Rumex sp. C Uromyces on Geranium sp. D Ravenelia on Pongamia sp. E Skierka on Pistacia sp. F Kweilingia on Bamusa sp. G Phragmidium on Rosa sp. H Pileolaria on Pistacia sp. I Melampsora on Euphorbia sp. Scale Bar = 10µm. Table 3 Excluded and replaced names of rust fungi in India. (Index Fungorum 2020, Mycobank 2020) Old Name Acervulopsora ichnocarpi (Barclay) Thirum. Aecidium acanthospermi P.B. Chavan & Bakare Aecidium asterum Schwein. Aecidium barleriae M.A. Salam & Ramachar Aecidium berberidis Pers. ex J.F. Gmel. Aecidium cassiae Bres. Aecidium cunninghamianum Barclay New Name Maravalia ichnocarpi (Barclay) Sathe Puccinia acanthospermi Henn. Puccinia asterum (Schwein.) F. Kern Aecidium salamii G.F. Laundon Puccinia graminis Pers. Endophyllum cassiae (Bres.) F. Stevens & Mendiola Roestelia cunninghamianum (Barclay) F. Kern 136 Table 3 Continued. Old Name Aecidium elaeagni-latifoliae Petch Aecidium kaernbachii Henn. Aecidium leucospermum DC. Aecidium macowanianum Thüm. Aecidium meliosmae-myrianthae Henn. & Shirai Aecidium patulum Syd. & P. Syd. Aecidium plectranthi Barclay Aecidium ranunculacearum DC. Angiopsora ampelopsidis (Dietel & P. Syd.) Thirum. & F. Kern Angiopsora elephantopodis (Hirats.) Mundk. & Thirum. Angiopsora meliosmae (Kusano) Thirum. & F. Kern Angiopsora vernoniae T.S. Ramakr. Bubakia cingens (Syd. & P. Syd.) S. Ito Catenulopsora flacourtiae Mundk. & Thirum. Catenulopsora grewiae Mundk. & Thirum. Catenulopsora ziziphi T.S. Ramakr. & Subram. Cerotelium fici (Castagne) Arthur Chnoopsora butleri Dietel, Syd. & P. Syd. Chnoopsora sancti-johannis (Barclay) Dietel Cystopsora oleae E.J. Butler Dasturella divina (Syd.) Mundk. & Khesw. Dasturella grewiae (Pat. & Har.) Thirum. Didymopsorella toddaliae (Petch) Thirum. Elateraecium divinum (Syd.) Thirum., F. Kern & B.V. Patil Endophyllum tuberculatum (Ellis & Kellerm.) Arthur & Fromme Frommea obtusa (F. Strauss) Arthur Gymnosporangium distortum Arthur & Cummins Hamaspora benguetensis Syd. Hemileia woodii Kalchbr. & Cooke Jacksoniella holwayi (H.S. Jacks.) Kamat & Sathe Kamatomyces narasimhanii (Thirum.) Sathe Kuehneola aliena (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) P. Syd. & Syd. & E.J. Butler Kuehneola trichosanthis (Petch) T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram Kuehneola vitis (E.J. Butler) P. Syd. & Syd. Melampsora laricis-epitea Kleb. Nyssopsora schefflerae Ramachar, Bagyan., Subbal. & Hosag. Ochropsora sorbi Dietel Oplophora cedrelae (Hori) Syd. Phakopsora apoda (Har. & Pat.) Mains Phakopsora gossypii (Lagerh.) Hirats. f. Phakopsora grewiae (Pat. & Har.) Cummins New Name Endophyllum elaeagni-latifoliae (Petch) Gokhale, Thirum. & Patel Endophyllum kaernbachii (Henn.) F. Stevens & Mendiola Ochropsora ariae (Fuckel) Ramsb. Endophyllum macowanianum (Thüm.) Pole-Evans Neophysopella meliosmae-myrianthae (Henn. & Shirai) Jing X. Ji & Kakish. Roestelia patula (Syd. & P. Syd.) F. Kern Coleosporium plectranthi (Barclay) Sacc. Uromyces dactylidis G.H. Otth Neophysopella ampelopsidis (Dietel & P. Syd.) Jing X. Ji & Kakish. Phakopsora elephantopodis Hirats. Neophysopella meliosmae (Kusano) Jing X. Ji & Kakish. Physopella vernoniae (T.S. Ramakr.) Ramachar & Bhagyan. Phakopsora cingens (Syd. & P. Syd.) Hirats. Kuehneola flacourtiae (Mundk. & Thirum.) Thirum. Kuehneola grewiae (Mundk. & Thirum.) Thirum. Kuehneola ziziphi (T.S. Ramakr. & Subram.) Thirum. Puccinia fuirenicola Arthur Chrysocelis butleri (Dietel, Syd. & P. Syd.) G.F. Laundon Melampsora sancti-johannis Barclay Zaghouania oleae (E.J. Butler) Cummins Kweilingia divina (Syd.) Buriticá Uredopeltis chevalieri J. Walker & R.G. Shivas Skierka toddaliae (Petch) Hirats., Kweilingia divina (Syd.) Buriticá Pucciniosira tuberculata (Ellis & Kellerm.) Buriticá & J.F. Hennen Phragmidium potentillae (Pers.) P. Karst. Roestelia distorta (Arthur & Cummins) F. Kern Hamaspora rubi-sieboldii (Kawagoe) Dietel Puccinia woodii (Kalchbr. & Cooke) P. Syd. & Syd. Phragmidiella holwayi (H.S. Jacks.) Buriticá Masseeella narasimhanii Thirum. Phragmidiella aliena (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) Buriticá & J.F. Hennen Cerotelium trichosanthis (Petch) Nag Raj, Govindu & Thirum. Chrysomyxa vitis E.J. Butler Melampsora epitea Thüm. Nyssopsora thwaitesii (Berk. & Broome) Syd. Ochropsora ariae (Fuckel) Ramsb. Nyssopsora cedrelae (Hori) Tranzschel Angiopsora apoda (Har. & Pat.) Aime & McTaggart. Phakopsora desmium (Berk. & Broome) Cummins Uredopeltis chevalieri J. Walker & R.G. Shivas 137 Table 3 Continued. Old Name Phakopsora tecta H.S. Jacks. & Holw. Phakopsora vignae (Bres.) Arthur Phakopsora ampelopsidis Dietel & P. Syd. Phragmidium disciflorum (Tode) J. James Phragmidium rubi (Pers.) G. Winter Puccinia absinthii DC. Puccinia abutili Berk. & Broome Puccinia allii (DC.) F. Rudolphi Puccinia artemisiella P. Syd. & Syd. Puccinia arthraxonis (Henn.) Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Puccinia bullata (Pers.) J. Schröt. Puccinia calcitrapae var. centaureae (DC.) Cummins Puccinia carduorum Jacky Puccinia caricis Rebent. Puccinia coronata f. agrostidis Erikss. Puccinia coronata var. himalensis Barclay Puccinia dispersa Erikss. & Henning Puccinia epilobii-tetragoni G. Winter Puccinia extensicola Plowr. Puccinia glumarum (J.C. Schmidt) Erikss. & Henning Puccinia graminis var. tritici Erikss. & Henning Puccinia himalensis (Barclay) Dietel Puccinia leptodermidis (Barclay) Sacc. Puccinia levis var. panici-sanguinalis (Rangel) Ramachar & Cummins Puccinia lolii E. Nielsen Puccinia lycoctoni Fuckel Puccinia maydis Bérenger Puccinia obtegens (Link) Tul. Puccinia orientalis (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) Arthur & Cummins Puccinia orientalis (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) Arthur & Cummins Puccinia penniseti Zimm. Puccinia persistens Plowr. Puccinia poae-nemoralis G.H. Otth Puccinia polygoni Alb. & Schwein. Puccinia prunicolor Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Puccinia pruni-persicae Hori Puccinia pruni-spinosae Pers. Puccinia pulsatillae Kalchbr. Puccinia punctiformis (F. Strauss) Röhl. Puccinia rubigo-vera var. tritici (Erikss.) Carleton Puccinia rubigo-vera (DC.) G. Winter Puccinia saxifragae-micranthae Barclay Puccinia substriata var. indica Ramachar & Cummins Puccinia substriata var. penicillariae (Speg.) Ramachar & Cummins Puccinia taraxaci Plowr. Puccinia tricholaenae (Syd. & P. Syd.) T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr. Puccinia triticina Erikss. New Name Uromyces spegazzinii (De Toni) Arthur Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. Neophysopella ampelopsidis (Dietel & P. Syd.) Jing X. Ji & Kakish. Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl. Phragmidium bulbosum (Fr.) Schltdl. Puccinia chrysanthemi Roze Puccinia abutilonis Berk. & Broome Puccinia porri (Sowerby) G. Winter Puccinia tanaceti DC. Kuehneola loeseneriana (Henn.) H.S. Jacks. & Holw. Puccinia angelicae (Schumach.) Fuckel Puccinia carthami Corda Puccinia calcitrapae DC. Puccinia dioicae Magnus Puccinia coronata Corda Puccinia coronata Corda Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desm. Puccinia pulverulenta Grev. Puccinia dioicae Magnus Puccinia striiformis Westend. Puccinia graminis Pers. Chrysomyxa himalensis Barclay Coleosporium leptodermidis (Barclay) P. Syd. & Syd. Uromyces panici-sanguinalis Rangel Puccinia coronata Corda Uromyces dactylidis G.H. Otth Puccinia sorghi Schwein. Puccinia suaveolens (Pers.) Rostr. Diorchidium orientale Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Diorchidium orientale Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler Puccinia substriata Ellis & Barthol. Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desm. Puccinia brachypodii G.H. Otth Puccinia polygoni-amphibii Pers. Puccinia purpurea Cooke Leucotelium pruni-persicae (Hori) Tranzschel Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae (Pers.) Dietel Puccinia ustalis Berk. Puccinia suaveolens (Pers.) Rostr. Puccinia striiformis Westend. Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desm. Puccinia heucherae (Schwein.) Dietel Puccinia substriata Ellis & Barthol. Puccinia substriata Ellis & Barthol. Puccinia hieracii (Röhl.) H. Mart. Diorchidium tricholaenae Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desm. 138 Table 3 Continued. Old Name Puccinia anomala Rostr. Puccinia anthistiriae Barclay Puccinia baryi (Berk. & Broome) G. Winter Puccinia brizae-maximae T.S. Ramakr. Puccinia bupleuri-falcati (DC.) G. Winter Puccinia cichorii Bellynck ex J. Kickx f. Ravenelia berkeleyi Mundk. & Thirum. Ravenelia breyniae Syd. & P. Syd. Ravenelia breyniae-patentis Mundk. & Thirum. Ravenelia emblicae Syd. & P. Syd. Ravenelia evernia Syd. Ravenelia kirganeliae Mundk. & Thirum. Ravenelia phyllanthi Mundk. & Thirum. Scopella aulica (Syd.) Mundk. & Thirum. Scopella echinulata (Niessl) Mains Scopella fici Mundk. & Thirum. Scopella gentilis (Syd.) Mundk. & Thirum. Scopella mimusops (Cooke) Cummins Stakmania formosana (Syd. & P. Syd.) Sathe Teloconia rosae (Kuntze) Syd. Thekopsora gaultheriae (Syd. & P. Syd.) P. Syd. & Syd. Trachyspora intrusa (Grev.) Arthur Tranzschelia punctata Arthur Tunicopsora bagchii Suj. Singh & P.C. Pandey Uredo artocarpi Berk. & Broome Uredo bombacis Petch Uredo callicarpae Petch Uredo colebrookeae Barclay Uredo fici Castagne Uredo gaultheriae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Hirats. f. Uredo ipomoeae Yadav Uredo plumeriiae Pravenna, Nasheema & Balakrishna Uredo tephrosiicola Henn. Uredo ziziphi Pat. Uredopeltis boswelliae (Patel, Payak & N.B. Kulk.) Sathe Uredopeltis boswelliae (Patel, Payak & N.B. Kulk.) Sathe Uromyces fabae (Pers.) de Bary Uromyces leptodermus Syd. & P. Syd. Uromyces linearis Berk. & Broome Uromyces lycoctoni (Kalchbr.) Trotter Uromyces phaseoli G. Winter Uromyces pisi (DC.) G.H. Otth Uromyces scillarum (Grev.) G. Winter Uromyces scirpi Burrill Uromyces sojae (Henn.) Syd. & P. Syd. Xenostele indica Thirum. New Name Puccinia hordei G.H. Otth Puccinia graminis Pers. Puccinia brachypodii G.H. Otth Puccinia graminis Pers. Puccinia bupleuri F. Rudolphi Puccinia hieracii (Röhl.) H. Mart. Ravenelia cassiicola G.F. Atk. Kernkampella breyniae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Rajendren Kernkampella breyniae-patentis (Mundk. & Thirum.) Rajendren Kernkampella emblicae (Syd. & P. Syd.) G.F. Laundon Ravenelia fragrans Long Kernkampella kirganeliae (Mundk. & Thirum.) G.F. Laundon Kernkampella phyllanthi (Mundk. & Thirum.) G.F. Laundon Maravalia aulica (Syd.) Y. Ono Maravalia echinulata (Niessl ex Rabenh.) Y. Ono Maravalia fici (Mundk. & Thirum.) Y. Ono Maravalia gentilis (Syd.) Y. Ono Maravalia mimusops (Cooke) Y. Ono Phakopsora formosana Syd. & P. Syd. Phragmidium kamtschatkae (H.W. Anderson) Arthur & Cummins Pucciniastrum gaultheriae Syd. & P. Syd. Trachyspora alchemillae (Pers.) Fuckel Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae (Pers.) Dietel Kweilingia bagchii (Suj. Singh & P.C. Pandey) Buriticá Physopella artocarpi (Berk. & Broome) Arthur Calidion bombacis (Petch) D.J. Soares & R.W. Barreto Uromyces callicarpae (Petch) Fujik. ex S. Ito Olivea colebrookeae (Barclay) Thirum. & Yadav Cerotelium fici (Castagne) Arthur Pucciniastrum gaultheriae Syd. & P. Syd. Coleosporium ipomoeae (Schwein.) Burrill Coleosporium plumeriae Pat. Ravenelia tephrosiicola (Henn.) Hirats. f. Macabuna ziziphi (Pat.) Buriticá & J.F. Hennen Dasturella boswelliae Patel, Payak & N.B. Kulk. Dasturella boswelliae Patel, Payak & N.B. Kulk. Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt. Uromyces setariae-italicae Yoshino Puccinia peradeniyae Demers & Castl. Uromyces dactylidis G.H. Otth Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link Uromyces pisi-sativi (Pers.) Liro Uromyces muscari (Duby) Niessl Uromyces lineolatus (Desm.) J. Schröt. Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. Xenostele litseae (Pat.) Syd. & P. Syd. 139 Discussion This study provides an outline for rust fungi of India based on the literature. It provides complete information of Indian Pucciniales in one compilation as 69 genera and 640 species belonging to 16 families. Rust fungi are one of the extensively studied fungal groups of India, as evident from the number of researchers who have investigated these fungi since pre-independance. The outline presented in this study helps to better understand the taxonomy of Indian rust fungi. In addition to broadly studied fungal group of India, rust fungi possessed a broad host range and distribution too. As per earlier reports, rust fungi cause diseases on various plant hosts (Misra et al. 1975, Bisht & Srivastava 1990, Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003, Jiao et al. 2016). High relative humidity and dense forest cover might be the possible reasons to promote these rust fungi in these regions to cause diseases. The occurrence of 167 species of rust fungi belonging to 23 genera and 11 families on 170 plant species belonging to 52 families from Himachal Pradesh justified their diversity in this hilly state. Similarly, the broader host range from Poaceae with highest number of records followed by Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Polygonaceae, Fabaceae, Salicaceae, Acanthaceae, Lamicaeae, Pinnaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Saxifragaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Berberidiaceae, Geraniaceae, Linaceae and Zinziberaceae support a wide distribution of these fungi (Gautam & Avasthi 2019). The occurence of 12 rust genera with 35 species belonging to 7 families on large number of herbaceous, shrubby plants including climbers, grass and trees also support the diversity and distribution of rust fungi in Himalayan regions (Singh & Palni 2011). However, these fungi are not only limited to hilly regions of India; Mohanan (2010) documented a total of 95 rust fungi belonging to 25 genera associated with 117 forest plant species belonging to 80 host genera under 43 host families from the Western Ghats regions of Kerala. Similarly, the checklist of the rust genus Uromyces was documented by Gautam & Avasthi (2017b), also support broad diversity of these fungi on wide-ranging host range. Besides the diversity and distribution, rust fungi cause very devastating diseases on various agricultural crops in India. Wheat rusts caused by three species of Puccinia namely, stripe rust (by P. striiformis f. sp. tritici Westend.), stem rust (by P. graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn.) and leaf rust (caused by P. triticina Eriks.) pose a threat to global wheat production. The detection of Ug99 led the global community to work together to combat this disease, re-emerged as a threat and the establishment of the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI, earlier Global Rust Initiative) in September 9, 2005. Pathotyping of rust pathogens and their identification are some important steps being deployed by researchers to find out management strategies of rust diseases. Emphasis is laid on evaluation of germplasm for rust resistance and development of various rust resistance varieties through various breeding programmes. In comparison to other crops, wheat has achieved a record high production in India during the current century. The development of rust resistance varieties has also progressed which played a vital role in protecting wheat from any epidemic threat (Tomar et al. 2014). The ICAR scientists cracked the whole genome of Puccinia triticina which is now proving very helpful in understanding the nature of this wheat rust pathogen (Kiran et al. 2016). Similarly, about 22 varieties of wheat which are are resistant to the deadly Ug99 fungal disease caused by Puccinia graminis- tritici are developed, of which, some of the varieties such as DBW 17, PBW 550, and Lok 1 are being cultivated in wheat-growing states in India (Bhardwaj et al. 2019). Both morphological and molecular characterization of rust fungi is required to understand the natural classification and evolutionary relationship of rust fungi. Because with the difficulty of culturing of these fungi artificially, the success rate of culturing is also not so encouraging. The direct sequencing of rust fungi is also not so easy because of the isolation of DNA of other microbes associated with main rust pathogens. This may affects the quality and purity of DNA and ultimately the sequencing process and final identification. Due to all the above reasons, the information on molecular identification of Indian rust fungi is not adequate. Although a phylogeny of Indian rust fungi based on the sequence data of LSU and ITS available for corresponding rust fungi in GenBank (NCBI) is presented, the lack of molecular data for most of the rust fungi included requires the application of molecular techniques. Our phylogenetic studies based on LSU and ITS sequence data showed that few taxa of family Pucciniaceae include polyphetic taxa i.e. from Puccinia and 140 Uromyces. More studies are still required for the better understanding of their taxonomic placement at different levels. Hence, fresh collections are required to generate molecular data to understand their phylogenetic relationships. This study has set the foundation for the systematics and taxonomic studies of rust fungi in India at generic and species level. Although 69 genera of Indian rust fungi were included in this study, very few of these are known to have DNA sequence data. Molecular studies of these fungi are still scanty and there is much scope for exploratory work on this fungal group. Due to the lack of molecular studies, many genera or species need to be recollected and epitypifed, in order to place them in their correct taxonomic position. Some Indian rust fungi require much attention as there is confusion in their correct taxonomic placement. Therefore, future works are likely to focus on reassessing the samples of rust fungi reported from India on both morphological and molecular characterization. Emphasis should also be given on understanding the relationship between rust pathogens and host preference to elaborate this fungal group more precisely. In addition, a digital web based platform should be developed which help the researchers to identify Indian Pucciniales and to provide all information on their diversity, distribution and host association. 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