Mycologia, 98(4), 2006, pp. 616–627.
# 2006 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897
Studies on Morinia: Recognition of Morinia longiappendiculata sp. nov. as a new
endophytic fungus, and a new circumscription of Morinia pestalozzioides
Javier Collado1
Gonzalo Platas
Gerald F. Bills
Ángela Basilio
Francisca Vicente
J. Rubén Tormo
Pilar Hernández
M. Teresa Dı́ez
Fernando Peláez
INTRODUCTION
The monotypic genus Morinia Berl. & Bres. was based
on Morinia pestalozzioides Berl. & Bres. and encompassed an anamorphic fungus forming appendagebearing and muriform conidia in acervular conidiomata. The fungus was found on dried stems of
Artemisia camphorata Vill. (Berlese and Bresadola
1889). Passerini described the fungus as Pestalotia
artemisiae Pass. from a later collection on the same
host and assigned it to his new subgenus Pestalozziana
Pass. (Passerini 1891). The synonymy was established
in 1892 (Saccardo 1892, 1901; Guba 1961; Nag Raj
1993). Rinomia pestalozzioides (Berl. & Bres.) Nieuwl.
subsequently was proposed as the valid name for the
fungus by Nieuwland, who considered that the
Linnaean genus Morina (Dipsacaceae, Phanerogam)
rendered the Morinia Berl. & Bres. a homonym
(Nieuwland 1916). Currently, Rinomia is considered
as a homotypic synonym of Morinia (Kirk et al 2001).
While studying the endophytic fungi in plants in
southeastern and central Spain we isolated into
culture six strains producing conidia that matched
the characteristics of Morinia. Preliminary morphological analysis indicated that one of the isolates
differed in micromorphology. High-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and DNA
sequencing of fragments of actin, chitin synthase and
elongation factor 1 (EF1) genes along with the ITS
region indicated that the strain’s distinct morphology
was consistently separated from the other five, which
were almost identical among themselves according to
the results of the DNA sequence analyses. Systematic
morphological comparison of the strain that showed
different HPLC profile and DNA sequences and the
only strain out of the remaining five isolates that
retained capacity of producing conidia in culture
confirmed the differences observed in the molecular
study. In addition morphological comparison with an
authentic specimen of M. pestalozzioides showed that
the strain having different morphological and molecular characteristics was close to M. pestalozzioides. The
results supported the recognition of a new species in
the genus for the rest of isolates.
In this work we describe the new endophytic species
of Morinia. The type species M. pestalozzioides is
redescribed based on morphology data that were absent
in the original description as well as on molecular data.
The taxonomic position of genus Morinia is assessed
based on ITS sequence analyses. The production of
Centro de Investigación Básica (CIBE). Merck Research
Laboratories, Merck, Sharp and Dohme de España,
Josefa Valcárcel 38 E-28027 Madrid, España
Abstract: A new coelomycete, Morinia longiappendiculata sp. nov., isolated from living stems of four plant
species in central Spain, is described. The distinctive
morphological characteristics of this fungus are the
production of conidia with long basal and apical
appendages on filiform conidiogenous cells that
contrasts with the short-appendaged conidia and
cylindrical conidiogenic cells of the type species, M.
pestalozzioides. Comparative sequence analysis of the
ITS rDNA region and fragments of the translation
elongation factor 1a, actin and chitin synthase 1
genes and the study of the HPLC profiles of the M.
longiappendiculata and M. pestalozzioides isolates
supported the recognition of the new species.
Comparison of the ITS rDNA sequences of the
Morinia isolates with GenBank sequences indicated
that the genus belongs to the Amphisphaeriaceae
with the highest similarity to Bartalinia and Truncatella. Bresadola’s original definition of M. pestalozzioides is updated by adding information on conidiogenesis and molecular data. A lectotype and
epitype are designated for the species. A study of
bioactive metabolites revealed that M. pestalozzioides
cultures produced moriniafungin, a novel sordarin
analog with potent antifungal activity.
Key words: Amphisphaeriaceae, appendaged
conidia, Coelomycetes, DNA-sequencing, HPLC,
moriniafungin, typification
Accepted for publication 21 May 2006.
1
Corresponding author. E-mail: javier_colladomartinez@merck.
com
616
COLLADO ET AL: STUDIES ON MORINIA
moriniafungin, an antifungal diterpene glycoside, by M.
pestalozzioides also is discussed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant collections.—These plant species were sampled in
three surveys carried out in central and southeastern
Spain: Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench, Santolina
rosmarinifolia L., Thymus mastichina L. (Torrelodones,
Madrid, Jun 1995), Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau (Sierra
Alhamilla, Almerı́a, Sep 1998), and Calluna vulgaris (L.)
Hull. (Riaza, Segovia, Jan 1999). Samples of fresh and
apparently healthy stems and leaves were collected and
taken to the laboratory where they were processed 24–
48 h after collection.
Fungal isolation, strain identification and culture description.—Leaf and stem fragments about 1 cm long were
surface-sterilized by successive dipping in ethanol 70%,
hypochlorite 4%, ethanol 70% (Collado et al 1996).
Isolation plates were prepared with YM (1 g yeast
extract, 10 g malt extract, 5 mg streptomycin; 50 mg
terramycin, 20 g agar, 1 L distilled water) and YMC (YM
+ 4 mg cyclosporin A). Plates were incubated at 22 C
and 80% relative humidity 2–3 wk. Emerging fungal
colonies were transferred individually to potato-dextrose agar (PDA, Difco) purification plates. The agar
media used for morphological characterization and
culture description were PDA, oatmeal agar (OTM,
Difco) and cornmeal agar (CMA, Difco). Purification
and characterization plates were incubated 21 d under
the same conditions as isolation plates. In addition
Morinia isolates were subcultured up to three times on
PDA for 21 d to assess the variation in the morphology
associated with colony transfer. For morphological
analysis microscope slides were prepared from sporulated cultures on PDA and examined with a Leitz
Diaplan microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Morphology data were reported as
the range of 20 measurements of each character.
Morinia strains were compared morphologically with
a herbarium specimen of M. pestalozzioides from Artemisia
camphorata Vill., U.S. National Fungus Collections,
Beltsville, Maryland (BPI 453814). Isolates were preserved in the CIBE Culture Collection as frozen agar
plugs in glycerol 10% at 280 C unless noted otherwise.
DNA extraction, PCR amplification, DNA sequencing and
data analysis.—DNA extraction was performed by the
methodology described in Peláez et al (1996). The
amplification of both internal transcribed spacers (ITS1
and ITS2) and the 5.8S gene of these isolates was
performed with primers ITS5 (White et al 1990) and
ITS4a (Larena et al 1998). Amplifications of portions of
the EF1, actin, and chitin synthase 1 genes were
performed respectively with primers EF1-728F/EF1986R, ACT-512F/ACT.783R and CHS-79F/CHS-354R
(Carbone and Kohn 1999).
PCR reactions were performed according to standard
procedures (5 min at 93 C followed by 40 cycles of 30 s at
617
93 C, 30 s at 53 C and 2 min at 72 C) with Taq DNA
polymerase (Q-bioGene) following the recommendations of
the manufacturer. The amplification products (0.1 mg/mL)
were sequenced with the Bigdye Terminators version 1.1
(Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California). For all the
amplification products each strand was sequenced with the
same primers used for the initial amplification. Sequencing
was performed in an ABI PRISM 3700 DNA Analyzer
(Applied Biosystems). The partial sequences were assembled manually and a consensus sequence was generated.
Sequences were aligned manually. Phylogenetic analysis
was performed by maximum parsimony, using the branchand-bound algorithm of PAUP 4.0 (Swofford 1993). The
robustness of the branches was assessed by bootstrap
analysis (Felsenstein 1985), resampling the data with 1000
bootstrap replicates. To asses the taxonomic position of
Morinia, ITS sequences of M. pestalozzioides and M.
longiappendiculata isolates were compared to a set of ITS
sequences available in GenBank TreeBASE submission
numbers of the DNA sequence alignments and GenBank
accession numbers of the sequences analyzed in this work
are provided (FIGS. 7, 8).
HPLC analyses.—Liquid inocula of M. longiappendiculata
and M. pestalozzioides isolates were prepared from fresh
slants (Peláez et al 1998). Two mL aliquots of inoculum
cultures were used to seed 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks
containing 50 mL OP26-NLW production medium
(125 g glycerol; 25 g glucose, 20 g pectin; 5 g ardamine
PH, 4 g [NH4]2 SO4, 2 g glycine, 4 g KH2PO4, 0.1 g
CoCl2?6H2O, 1 L distilled water). The flasks were
incubated 21 d in the same conditions as inocula. Ten
mL aliquots of this production culture were extracted
with 14 mL methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) while stirring
1 h at room temperature. The liquid extract was dried
under a stream of nitrogen. The residue was reconstituted in 1 mL HPLC-grade methanol to a final
concentration of 73 and filtered through a 0.2 mm
membrane.
Metabolite analysis relied on HPLC reverse-phase gradient chromatography with a diode-array HPLC detector
recording simultaneously at 210 and 280 nm (Julian et al
1998). Diode-array HPLC gradient characterizations were
performed in a ZORBAX Rx-C8 4.6 3 250 mm column. A
10–100% gradient of acetonitrile in water with a flow-rate
gradient of 0.9–1.2 mL/min was programmed in a 1100 HP
Agilent ChemStation at 20 C during each 20-min analysis.
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 0.01%) was added for pH control
(Tormo et al 2003). For analysis of the HPLC chromatograms, a relative 2% cut-off value of the total area was used
as peak detection threshold. A neighbor joining dendrogram based on Dice’s similarity coefficients was generated
with the BioNumericsTM commercial software (Tormo and
Garcı́a 2005).
RESULTS
Morphological characterization.—Six endophytic Morinia strains were isolated from the stems of plant
samples in three surveys (TABLE I). Preliminary
618
TABLE I.
MYCOLOGIA
Collection and isolation data of Morinia strains
Strain identification
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Strain no.
Isolation medium
Host
F-048003
F-048007
F-048041
F-048079
F-095552
F-090354
YMC
YMC
YMC
YMC
YMC
YM
Santolina rosmarinifolia
Santolina rosmarinifolia
Helichrysum stoechas
Thymus mastichina
Calluna vulgaris
Sedum sediforme
longiappendiculata
longiappendiculata
longiappendiculata
longiappendiculata
longiappendiculata
pestalozzioides
morphological analysis (data not shown) revealed
that five of the strains (F-048003, F-048007, F048041, F-048079 and F-095552), isolated from
plants in two locations in central Spain, had
identical micromorphology and differed from
the remaining strain (F-090354) isolated from
a plant sample collected in southeastern Spain.
Except for F-095552 and F-090354 the isolates lost
the capacity of producing conidia in culture after
first colony transfer, but when F-095552 was
cultured under the same conditions as F-090354
for systematic comparison the differences in
morphology were confirmed. Morphological comparison with a voucher specimen of M. pestalozzioides showed that isolate F-090354 coincided with
most of the characteristics of M. pestalozzioides
(TABLE III) (Basilio et al 2005). Isolate F-095552
and the closely related F-048003, F-048007, F048041 and F-048079 strains consequently were
assigned to the new species M. longiappendiculata.
The five M. longiappendiculata isolates exhibited
a significant degree of variation in colony morphology when they were cultured on PDA. Culture of
strains F-048003 and F-048007, both isolated from
TABLE II.
Strain
no.
Geographic origin
Torrelodones, Madrid
Torrelodones, Madrid
Torrelodones, Madrid
Torrelodones, Madrid
Riaza, Segovia
Sierra Alhamilla, Almerı́a
Santolina rosmarinifolia, resembled each other more
than the rest of strains, which were more heterogeneous (TABLE II, FIGS. 1–6). The resemblance of the
two strains also was observed when they were cultured
on OTM and CMA (data not shown). Furthermore
variation in micromorphology was observed in F095552 after successive colony transfers on PDA. After
the third transfer the strain produced larger conidia
with apical and basal appendages considerably longer
than those observed in the original culture (TABLE
III). M. pestalozzioides (F-090354) did not exhibit such
variation upon subculturing (data not shown).
DNA sequences.—The lengths of the amplification
products from the six fungal strains were within
the range of 538–539 bp for ITS (including ITS1,
ITS2 and 5.8S gene), 350–367 bp for EF1a, 248–
291 bp for actin, and 271–282 bp for chitin
synthase 1. The nucleotide sequence similarity
between M. longiappendiculata isolates (F-095552,
F-048003, F-048007, F-048041 and F-048079) was
99–100% for ITS, 100% for EF1a, 100% for actin
and 99–100% for chitin synthase 1. The sequence
similarity between M. pestalozzioides (F-090354) and
Colony characteristics of five M. longiappendiculata strains cultured on PDA after 21 d incubation
Diameter
(mm) Texture Topography
F-095552
32
Glabrous Flat; radially
sulcate
F-048003
50
Floccose
Flat; not
sulcate
F-048007
48
Floccose
Flat; not
sulcate
F-048041
30
Slightly
Flat; radially
Floccose sulcate
F-048079
40
Slightly
Flat; radially
Floccose sulcate
Color
Exudate
Mostly in
Yellowish brown
colony
(5E5, 5F5); edge
center;
yellowish white
Hyaline
(4A2)
Greenish gray (30F2); At colony
edge;
center and edge
hyaline
gray (30B1)
Greenish gray (30F2); At colony
edge white
edge;
hyaline
Grayish orange (6B3); Throughout
center brown (6E6); the colony;
hyaline
edge white
Grayish brown (5E3); Throughout
center grayish yellow the colony;
hyaline
(4B3); edge white
Diffusible
pigment
Reverse
Edge
None
Dark blond Irregular
(5D4)
None
Brownish
orange
(5C5)
Brownish
orange
(5C5)
Brown
(6E8)
None
Yellowish
brown
(5D6)
Yellowish
brown
(5D6)
Brown
(6E8)
Semiregular
Regular
Irregular
Irregular
COLLADO ET AL: STUDIES ON MORINIA
619
FIGS. 1–6. Morinia isolates on PDA after 21 d at 22 C. 1. M. longiappendiculata F-048003. 2. M. longiappendiculata F048007. 3. M. longiappendiculata F-048041. 4. M. longiappendiculata F-048079. 5. M. longiappendiculata F-095552. 6. M.
pestalozzioides F-090354.
M. longiappendiculata isolates was 98% for ITS,
95% for EF1a, 98% for actin and 97% for chitin
synthase.
Maximum parsimony analysis of the sequences of
the combined DNA markers (FIG. 7) indicated that
M. pestalozzioides (F-090,354) was genotypically distinct from M. longiappendiculata strains, and the
distinction was supported by a high bootstrap value.
Two subclusters were observed for M. longiappendiculata, one well supported by bootstrapping, which
included strains F-048079 and F-095552, isolated
from different hosts and exhibiting different colony
morphology, and another with less statistical support
that included the macroscopically similar F-048003
and F-048007 strains isolated from the same host
species.
The comparison of the ITS sequences from Morinia
isolates with fungal sequences deposited in GenBank
indicated that Morinia strains were closer to species of
Truncatella Steyaert and Bartalinia Tassi rather than
to other species in the Amphisphaeriaceae, although
this relationship is not clearly supported by bootstrapping (FIG. 8). Notably 95% similarity was observed with Bartalinia robillardoides Tassi and 94%
with Truncatella angustata (Pers.) S. Hughes.
HPLC analyses.—Metabolite profiles were compared among the six Morinia isolates (FIG. 9). M.
620
TABLE III.
MYCOLOGIA
Comparative morphological data on strains of M. pestalozzioides and M. longiappendiculata
M. pestalozzioides
(Bresadola’s M. pestalozzioides M. pestalozzioides
(BPI 453814)
(F-090354)
description)
Conidia
Shape
Color
Size (mm)
Transverse septa
Vertical septa
Oblique septa
Median cells
longitude (mm)
No. of apical
appendages
Apical appendages
longitude (mm)
No. of basal
appendages
Basal appendages
longitude (mm)
Conidiogenous cells
Shape
Branching
Size (mm)
Septation
Color
a
M. longiappendiculata
M. longiappendiculata (F-095552) Subcul(F-095552)
tureda
Fusiform,
ellipsoid,
pyriform
End cells
hyaline,
median cells
brown
22–24 3 8–10
5
1–3
—
—
Fusiform,
ellipsoid,
pyriform
End cells
hyaline,
median cells
brown
16–24 3 7–8
5
1–4
0–(1)
14–16
Fusiform,
ellipsoid,
pyriform
End cells
hyaline,
median cells
brown
20–25 3 6–8
(5)–6–7
1–2
1–2
15–17
Fusiform,
ellipsoid,
pyriform
End cells
hyaline,
median cells
brown
25–31 3 9–11
5–6
(1)–2–(3)
(1)–2
17–20
Fusiform,
ellipsoid,
pyriform
End cells
hyaline,
median cells
brown
25–42 3 7–10
(5)–6–7
(1)–2-(3)
(1)–2
16–26
3
2–3
(2)–3
(2)–3
(2)–3
14–20
13–23
9–11
14–26
28–39
1
1
0–(1)–(2)
1
1
—
5
3
15–25
20–32
—
—
—
—
—
Cylindrical
Yes
8–18 3 2–3
Yes
Hyaline
Cylindrical
Yes
10–19 3 2–3
Yes
Hyaline
Filiform
Yes
23–42 3 2–3
Yes
Hyaline
Filiform
Yes
20–43 3 2–3
Yes
Hyaline
Data recorded after 3rd colony transfer.
pestalozzioides (F-090354) clustered apart from M.
longiappendiculata strains (F-048007, F-048041, F048079, F-048003 and F-095552). M. longiappendiculata strains were metabolically heterogeneous.
The highest similarity was observed between F048003 and F-048041 strains (88.9%) and F048079 and F-095552 strains (87.5%). F-048007
showed the most distinctive metabolite profile of
the five M. longiappendiculata strains.
TAXONOMY
Morinia longiappendiculata J. Collado et G. Platas, sp.
nov.
FIGS. 10–12
Hyphae septatae, hyalinae vel galbinae, 5 mm diam.
Acervula atra, globosa vel hemiglobosa, semiimmersa, sparsa,
texturae angularis. Conidiophora vel simplicia vel in base
ramosa. Cellae conidiiferae laeves, hyalinae, filiformes,
multiseptatae, 23–42 3 2–3 mm. Conidia muriforma, fusiforma vel ellipsoidea, recta vel subcurvata, laeva, 25–31 3 9–
11 mm, cum quinque vel sex septis transversis et uno-tribus,
plerumque duobus, septis longitudinalibus et obliquis,
loculo medio brunneo, 17–20 mm longitudinem, cellis
basilaribus et apicalibus hyalinis vel subhyalinis; cella basilare conica, cum una apendice simplice, centrale vel
laterale, 15–25 mm longitudinem; cella apicale hemisphaerica, cum tribus, parce duobus, apendicibus cellularibus
simplicibus, 14–26, rectis vel subcurvatis. Status sexualis
absens.
Mycelium branched, septate, with hyaline or
greenish-yellow hyphae up to 5 mm wide. Conidiomata acervular, dark, globose to subglobose, partially
immersed, sparse; wall textura angularis; conidiophores simple or branched at the base; conidiogenous cells smooth, hyaline, filiform, with several septa,
23–42 3 2–3 mm; conidia muriform, fusiform to
ellipsoid, straight to slightly curved, smooth, 25–31
3 9–11 mm, with five or six transverse septa and 1–3
(mostly 2) vertical and oblique septa, versicolored,
with basal and apical cells hyaline to subhyaline;
median cells brown, 17–20 mm long; basal cell
conical, with a single appendage, 15–25 mm long,
attached either in central or lateral position; apical
cell hemispherical, crowned with three (rarely two)
COLLADO ET AL: STUDIES ON MORINIA
621
FIG. 7. Relationship of Morinia isolates inferred by maximum parsimony consensus of aligned sequences of
a chimerical sequence of 1390 bases including: ITS1-5.8-ITS2 genes, intron-containing fragment of the actin gene, an intron
containing fragment of the Elongation factor 1a, and one intron containing fragment of the chitin synthase gen. Statistical
support (1000 bootstrap) values . 50% indicated at branch points. Tree parameters: total characters 5 1431, constant
characters 5 1115, variable characters parsimony uninformative 5 307, variable characters parsimony informative 5 9, tree
length 5 321, consistency index (CI) 5 0.997 and retention index (RI) 5 0.889. Outgroup taxon: Truncatella angustata (F110654). GenBank accession numbers: ITS1-5.8S-ITS2: F-048003, AY929323; F-048007, AY929320; F-048041, AY929321; F048079, AY929322; F-090354, AY929325; F-095552, AY929324; F-110,564, AY929326. EF1a: F-048003, AY929315; F-048007,
AY929313; F-048041, AY929317; F-048079, AY929318; F-090354, AY929314; F-095552, AY929316; F-110,564, AY929319. ACTIN:
F-048003, AY929328; F-048007, AY929329; F-048041, AY929330; F-048079, AY929331; F-090354, AY929327; F-095552,
AY929332; F-110,564, AY929333. CHITIN SYNTHASE 1: F-048003, AY929308; F-048007, AY929309; F-048041, AY929310; F048079, AY929307; F-090354, AY929306; F-095552, AY929311; F-110,564, AY929312. TreeBASE submission no. SN2451-9342.
single cellular appendages, straight or slightly curved,
14–26.
Specimens examined. SPAIN. SEGOVIA: Riaza. In
living stems of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, Jan 1999,
V. González. (HOLOTYPE: MA), MA-Fungi-61115,
dried culture of CBS 117603 (5F-095552). (EXTYPE: CBS), living culture, CBS 117603.
Etymology. Latin longus, appendix 5 conidia
bearing long appendages.
Colonies of M. longiappendiculata (F-095552) on
PDA attaining 32 mm; flat, glabrous, with radial
grooves, yellowish brown (5E5, 5F5) (Kornerup
and Wanscher 1978), becoming yellowish white
(4A2) at the edge, margin irregular; reverse dark
blond (5D4); hyaline exudates produced predominantly at the center. Colonies on OTM 65 mm
diam; flat, floccose; grayish brown (5C3) at the
center, becoming grayish orange (5B3) toward the
edge; margin regular; reverse centrally colored in
golden yellow (5B7) and orange gray (5B2) in
622
MYCOLOGIA
FIG. 8. Relationship among Morinia isolates and strains of Amphisphaeriaceae deposited in GenBank based on the analysis
of ITS sequences. Statistical support (1000 bootstrap) values . 50% indicated at branch points. Tree parameters: total
characters 5 528, constant characters 5 406, variable characters parsimony uninformative 5 23, variable characters parsimony
informative 5 99, tree length 5 188, consistency index (CI) 5 0.729 and retention index (RI) 5 0.898. GenBank accession
numbers: Amphisphaeria sp. 1, AF375998; Amphisphaeria sp. 2, AF346545; Bartalinia laurina (Mont.) Nag Raj, AF405302; B.
robillardoides AF405301; Discostroma fuscellum (Berk. & Broome) Huhndorf, AF377284; D. tricellulare Okane, Nakagiri & Tad.
Ito, AF377285; Pestalotiopsis maculans (Corda) Nag Raj, AF405296; P. neglecta (Thüm.) Steyaert, AY682935; Pestalotiopsis sp.,
AF405295; P. virginiana Oudem., AF409959; Seiridium ceratosporum (de Not.) Nag Raj, AY687314, Seiridium sp., AF377297;
Truncatella angustata (authors’ collection, F-110654), AY929326; T. angustata, AF405306. For GenBank accession no. of
Morinia ITS sequences see footer to FIG. 7. TreeBASE submission no. SN2451-9343.
COLLADO ET AL: STUDIES ON MORINIA
623
FIG. 9. Dendrogram showing the relationship among six Morinia endophytic isolates, based on similarity among high
performance liquid chromatography profiles (UPGMA, Dice . 50% Mean).
outer parts; exudate hyaline. Colonies on CMA
attaining 48 mm; flat; aerial mycelium scant, more
abundantly produced toward the center; hyaline;
margin somewhat irregular; reverse hyaline, with
center brownish orange (6C5); exudate hyaline.
Odors absent in all media. Diffusible pigment
brownish orange (6C8), sometimes visible around
the colony in PDA cultures.
Morinia pestalozzioides Berl. & Bres., Ann. Soc. Alpinisti Tridentini 14:81.[1887-88]. 1889. FIGS. 13–15
; Rinomia pestalozzioides (Berl. & Bres.) Nieuwl. [as
‘pestalozziodes’], Am. Midl. Nat. 4: 381. 1916.
5 Pestalotia (Pestalozziana) artemisiae Pass., Atti R.
Accad. Lincei, Sci. fisiche. mat. nat., Ser. 4:7, fasc. 2, 51.
1891.
Mycelium branched, septate, with hyaline and olive
yellow hyphae 5 mm wide. Conidiomata acervular,
globose; textura angularis; conidiophores lining the
cavity of the conidioma, simple or branched at the
base; conidiogenous cells smooth, hyaline, cylindrical,
septate, 10–19 3 2–3 mm. Conidia muriform, ellipsoid, pyriform, straight to slightly curved, smooth, 20–
25 3 6–8 mm, with 6 or 7 transverse septa and 1 or 2
vertical and oblique septa; versicolored, with basal
and apical cells hyaline to subhyaline; median cells
brown, 15–17 mm long; basal cell conic, mostly
lacking appendages but sometimes bearing one more
or less central short cellular appendage (rarely two
and lateral) 3 mm long; apical cell hemispherical,
crowned with three single cellular appendages,
straight or slightly curved, 9–11 mm long. Teleomorph not observed.
Specimens examined. ITALY. dead stems of Artemisia camphorata Vill., Apr 1888, Bresadola. (LECTOTYPE: BPI), microscope slide, BPI 453814. SPAIN.
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MYCOLOGIA
COLLADO ET AL: STUDIES ON MORINIA
ALMERÍA: Sierra Alhamilla. In living stems of
Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau, Sep 1998, J. Collado &
F. Arenal (EPITYPE: MA), MA-Fungi-61116, dried
culture of ATCC No. PTA-3862 (5 F-090354).
(EXTYPE: ATCC), living culture, ATCC No. PTA3862.
Colonies of M. pestalozzioides F-090354 on PDA
attaining 30 mm; wrinkled, with radial grooves;
center velvety, olive gray (3D2), with brown (7E8)
exudates and surrounded by olive (3E8) mycelium;
colony edge two-colored, with and external white
ring that surrounds an olive (2E4) fringe; margin
irregular; reverse light brown (6D4); diffusible light
brown (7D7) pigment produced. Odors absent.
Colonies on OTM 70 mm diam; flat, velvety to
slightly floccose; with alternate pinkish white (7A2)
and grayish red (7B3) fringes disposed concentrically; margin somewhat irregular; odors and
exudates absent; reverse brownish yellow (5C8);
soluble pigments absent. Colonies on CMA 65 mm
diam; aerial mycelium poorly developed; flat,
glabrous, hyaline, with a small area of white
mycelium in the center; margin regular; reverse
colorless; soluble pigments absent; odors and
exudates absent.
DISCUSSION
Based on morphological data, isolate F-090354 was
identified as Morinia pestalozzioides. It produced
conidia somewhat narrower and with shorter apical
appendages than Bresadola’s specimen but matched
the morphology of M. pestalozziodes in most respects
(TABLE III). The slight morphological differences
observed might be an artifact. The voucher specimen
consisted of a few conidia and conidiogenous cells
fixed in a resin under a cover slip and mounted on
a glass slide. The mounting resin and long-time
storage of the voucher specimen (since 1888) might
have caused some alteration in conidial morphology.
In addition its geographical origin in Italy might be
a factor that contributed to the differences. Further
analyses of more M. pestalozzioides strains from
different geographical origins would be needed to
asses the degree of morphological variation within the
species with respect to geographical origin, host or
other factors. No holotype was designated for M.
pestalozzioides (Berlese and Bresadola 1889). Guba
(1961) reported to have examined a specimen from
Bresadola deposited in the Swedish Museum of
625
Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden (S). Nag Raj
(1993) indicated this specimen was missing and that
there was no material available of M. pestalozziodes type
in major Italian herbaria. We examined a herbarium
specimen from Bresadola’s collection deposited in the
US National Fungus Collections (BPI 453814), which
was examined previously by Guba. According to data,
this specimen might be compatible with the material
described by Bresadola in Micromycetes Tridentini
(1889), but we have not been able to find an explicit
mention anywhere that BPI 453814 corresponds to
either the holotype or lectotype for M. pestalozzioides
or whether it has any relation to the specimen at S
examined by Guba. Given that data on host, collector
and date of this voucher specimen match those of the
specimen described by Bresadola in his original
description of M. pestalozzioides, we have designated
it as lectotype for M. pestalozzioides and have considered our M. pestalozzioides isolate as an epitype.
M. longiappendiculata F-095552 produces larger
and more fusiform conidia than M. pestalozzioides
(TABLE III). Both basal and apical appendages are
much longer in M. longiappendiculata than in M.
pestalozzioides conidia. Furthermore the conidia in M.
longiappendiculata are generated on filiform conidiogenous cells, in contrast with the cylindrical shape of
the conidiogenous cells in M. pestalozzioides
(FIGS. 10–15). Despite the fact that only one out of
the five M. longiappendiculata isolates could be
compared morphologically with the M. pestalozziodes
isolate due to lack of sporulation in the rest of M.
longiappendiculata isolates, the contrasting morphological features, the extensive analysis of DNA
sequences that indicated statistically well supported
genetic differences (FIG. 7) and the differences in
HPLC profiles (FIG. 9) led us to recognize M.
longiappendiculata as a new species.
The results of ITS sequence analysis placed Morinia
within the Amphisphaeriaceae. Highest homologies
of the ITS rDNA sequences of our Morinia isolates
were with GenBank sequences of Bartalinia and
Truncatella (anamorphic Amphisphaeriaceae) species. Previously reported analyses of 28S rDNA
sequences indicated that Bartalinia and Truncatella
shared a common ancestor and were associated with
the Amphisphaeriaceae, which includes other morphologically related genera of coelomycetes e.g.,
Pestalotiopsis Steyaert, Seimatosporium Corda and
Seiridium Nees (Jeewon et al 2002).
As previously mentioned we noticed variations of
r
FIGS. 10–15. Conidiogenous cells and conidia of M. longiappendiculata and M. pestalozzioides. 10–12. M. longiappendiculata. 13–15. M. pestalozzioides. Bars 5 10 mm.
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MYCOLOGIA
conidial morphology in M. longiappendiculata strains
after successive colony transfer (TABLE III). Worapong et al (2002) reported that conidia of Pestalotiopsis microspora (Speg.) Bat. & Peres can be
converted, via UV irradiation, into conidia that bear
a resemblance to those of taxa like Truncatella,
Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch. or Seiridium spp. The
authors concluded that the convertibility among
conidial types of such closely related coelomycete
genera potentially makes current taxonomic classification schemes artificial. That conclusion was supported by a study on the relationships among
Pestalotiopsis spp. in which some diagnostic morphological characters currently used in Pestalotiopsis
taxonomy were proved to be phylogenetically insignificant by comparison of morphology and rDNAbased phylogenies (Jeewon et al 2003). Except for the
presence of vertical and oblique septa, Morinia
conidia are almost morphologically identical to those
of Pestalotiopsis. However as mentioned above the
comparison of the ITS sequences of our Morinia
isolates with other anamorphic Amphisphaeriaceae
indicates that the genus is closer to Truncatella and
Bartalinia than to Pestalotiopsis or Pestalotia de Not.
The result supports the idea that taxonomic classifications of this group of coelomycetes based exclusively
on morphological characters are unreliable.
Colony morphology, genotype and HPLC profile
were not well correlated among M. longiappendiculata
strains (TABLE II, FIGS. 7 and 9). Isolates F-048003 and
F-048007 produced similar colonies on PDA and
clustered together in the alignment of the DNA
sequences, although this was not clearly supported by
bootstrapping. Nevertheless metabolite production
was qualitatively different in the two strains. On the
other hand a correlation between DNA sequence and
HPLC profile was observed for isolates F-048079 and
F-095552, which exhibited different colony morphology. Strains F-048003 and F-048007 were isolated from
the same host, Santolina rosmarinifolia and as
mentioned above presented similar gross morphology
and DNA sequence. We did not find additional
relationships among any of the morphological and
molecular markers and the host.
During screening of antifungal metabolites in our
laboratory a compound with antifungal activity in
MEK extracts of M. pestalozzioides (F-090354) cultures
in OP26-NLW was observed. The compound was
detected at RT 5 15.085 min in the HPLC chromatogram (data not shown) and corresponded to a novel
sordarin analog named moriniafungin after the
fungus. Moriniafungin is a new protein synthesis
inhibitor targeting the eukaryotic elongation factor 2,
which has wider antifungal spectrum and lower
minimal inhibitory concentration value than sordarin
(Basilio et al 2005). The production of moriniafungin
in culture was not observed in M. longiappendiculata
isolates or in strains of taxonomically related fungi
such as Bartalinia, Truncatella and Pestalotiopsis spp.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Dr Amy Y. Rossman (director of U.S.
National Fungus Collections, Beltsville, Maryland) for the
loan of the M. pestalozzioides voucher specimen. Thanks are
extended to: Dr Francisco Arenal (Centro de Ciencias
medioambientales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain), who collected and
identified plants from Sierra Alhamilla; Drs Ricardo Galán
and Gabriel Moreno (Universidad Alcalá de Henares,
Madrid, Spain), for providing literature; Dr Vicente
González (Real Jardı́n Botánico, Madrid, Spain) for the
collection and identification of plant samples in the
provinces of Madrid and Segovia and for providing
reference literature; Jon D. Polishook (Merck Research
Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey), who participated in the
sampling in Sierra Alhamilla; and M. Rosa Jiménez,
Asunción Fillola, and Ana Pérez (CIBE, MSD, Madrid,
Spain) for their valuable support in strain isolation,
preservation and DNA sequencing.
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