Fungal diversity notes 1277-1386: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

Ruvishika S Jayawardena

This is the twelfth contribution to the Fungal Diversity Notes series on fungal taxonomy, based on materials collected from many countries which were examined and described using the methods of morphology, anatomy, and strain culture, combined with DNA sequence analyses. 110 taxa are described and illustrated, including five new genera, 92 new species, eight new combinations and other taxonomic contributions (one new sequenced species, one new host and three new records) which are accommodated in 40 families and 1 incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes. The new genera are Amyloceraceomyces, Catenuliconidia, Hansenopezia, Ionopezia and Magnopulchromyces. The new species are Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus, Amylocorticium ellipsosporum,

Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00461-7 Fungal diversity notes 1277–1386: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa Hai‑Sheng Yuan1,2 · Xu Lu1,2 · Yu‑Cheng Dai3 · Kevin D. Hyde4,5,6,7,8 · Yu‑He Kan1,2 · Ivana Kušan9 · Shuang‑Hui He3 · Ning‑Guo Liu5,10 · V. Venkateswara Sarma11 · Chang‑Lin Zhao12 · Bao‑Kai Cui3 · Nousheen Yousaf13 · Guangyu Sun14 · Shu‑Yan Liu15,31 · Fang Wu3 · Chuan‑Gen Lin5,6,7 · Monika C. Dayarathne5,27 · Tatiana Baptista Gibertoni16 · Lucas B. Conceição17 · Roberto Garibay‑Orijel18 · Margarita Villegas‑Ríos19 · Rodolfo Salas‑Lizana19 · Tie‑Zheng Wei20 · Jun‑Zhi Qiu21 · Ze‑Fen Yu22 · Rungtiwa Phookamsak4,5,8 · Ming Zeng4,5 · Soumitra Paloi23 · Dan‑Feng Bao5,24,25 · Pranami D. Abeywickrama5,6,26 · De‑Ping Wei4,5,7,25 · Jing Yang5 · Ishara S. Manawasinghe5,26 · Dulanjalee Harishchandra5,6,26 · Rashika S. Brahmanage5,6,26 · Nimali I. de Silva4,8,28,29 · Danushka S. Tennakoon4,5,6 · Anuruddha Karunarathna5,30 · Yusufjon Gafforov1,32,33 · Dhandevi Pem5 · Sheng‑Nan Zhang5,30 · André L. C. M. de Azevedo Santiago34 · Jadson Diogo Pereira Bezerra35 · Bálint Dima36 · Krishnendu Acharya23 · Julieta Alvarez‑Manjarrez18,58 · Ali H. Bahkali37,38 · Vinod K. Bhatt39 · Tor Erik Brandrud40 · Timur S. Bulgakov41 · E. Camporesi42,43,44 · Ting Cao1,2 · Yu‑Xi Chen21 · Yuan‑Yuan Chen45 · Bandarupalli Devadatha11 · Abdallah M. Elgorban37,38 · Long‑Fei Fan3 · Xing Du22 · Liu Gao14 · Camila Melo Gonçalves46 · Luis F. P. Gusmão17 · Naruemon Huanraluek5 · Margita Jadan9 · Ruvishika S. Jayawardena5 · Abdul Nasir Khalid47 · Ewald Langer33 · Diogo X. Lima34 · Nelson Correia de Lima‑Júnior48 · Carla Rejane Sousa de Lira16 · Jian‑Kui (Jack) Liu49 · Shun Liu3 · Saisamorn Lumyong28,29,50 · Zong‑Long Luo24 · Neven Matočec9 · M. Niranjan11 · José Ribamar Costa Oliveira‑Filho16 · Viktor Papp51 · Eduardo Pérez‑Pazos19,52 · Alan J. L. Phillips53 · Peng‑Lei Qiu15 · Yihua Ren14 · Rafael F. Castañeda Ruiz54 · Kamal C. Semwal55 · Karl Soop56 · Carlos A. F. de Souza34 · Cristina Maria Souza‑Motta46 · Li‑Hua Sun57 · Meng‑Le Xie31 · Yi‑Jian Yao20 · Qi Zhao4 · Li‑Wei Zhou1 Received: 10 January 2020 / Accepted: 28 August 2020 / Published online: 31 October 2020 © MUSHROOM RESEARCH FOUNDATION 2020 Abstract This is the twelfth contribution to the Fungal Diversity Notes series on fungal taxonomy, based on materials collected from many countries which were examined and described using the methods of morphology, anatomy, and strain culture, combined with DNA sequence analyses. 110 taxa are described and illustrated, including five new genera, 92 new species, eight new combinations and other taxonomic contributions (one new sequenced species, one new host and three new records) which are accommodated in 40 families and 1 incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes. The new genera are Amyloceraceomyces, Catenuliconidia, Hansenopezia, Ionopezia and Magnopulchromyces. The new species are Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus, Amylocorticium ellipsosporum, Arthrinium sorghi, Catenuliconidia uniseptata, Clavulina sphaeropedunculata, Colletotrichum parthenocissicola, Coniothyrium triseptatum, Cortinarius indorusseus, C. paurigarhwalensis, C. sinensis, C. subsanguineus, C. xiaojinensis, Diaporthe pimpinellae, Dictyosporella guizhouensis, Diplodia torilicola, Fuscoporia marquesiana, F. semiarida, Hansenopezia decora, Helicoarctatus thailandicus, Hirsutella hongheensis, Humidicutis brunneovinacea, Lentaria gossypina, L. variabilis, Lycoperdon lahorense, L. pseudocurtisii, Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus, Moelleriella gracilispora, Neodevriesia manglicola, Neodidymelliopsis salvia, N. urticae, Neoroussoella magnoliae, Neottiella gigaspora, Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis, Phaeotremella yunnanensis, Podosphaera yulii, Rigidoporus juniperinus, Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei, Russula benghalensis, Scleroramularia vermispora, Scytinopogon minisporus, Sporormurispora paulsenii, Thaxteriellopsis obliqus, Tomentella asiae-orientalis, T. atrobadia, T. atrocastanea, T. aureomarginata, T. brevis, T. brunneoflava, T. brunneogrisea, T. capitatocystidiata, T. changbaiensis, T. citrinocystidiata, T. coffeae, T. conclusa, T. cystidiata, T. dimidiata, T. duplexa, T. efibulata, T. efibulis, T. farinosa, T. flavidobadia, T. fuscocrustosa, T. fuscofarinosa, T. fuscogranulosa, T. fuscopelliculosa, T. globospora, T. gloeocystidiata, T. griseocastanea, T. griseofusca, T. griseomarginata, T. inconspicua, T. incrustata, T. interrupta, T. liaoningensis, T. longiaculeifera, T. longiechinuli, T. megaspora, T. olivacea, T. olivaceobrunnea, T. pallidobrunnea, T. pallidomarginata, T. parvispora, T. pertenuis, T. qingyuanensis, T. segregata, T. separata, T. stipitata, T. storea, Trichoderma ceratophylletum, Tyromyces minutulus, Umbelopsis heterosporus and Extended author information available on the last page of the article 13 Vol.:(0123456789) 2 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Xylolentia reniformis. The new combinations are Antrodiella descendena, Chloridium macrocladum, Hansenopezia retrocurvata, Rhodofomitopsis monomitica, Rh. oleracea, Fuscoporia licnoides, F. scruposa and Ionopezia gerardii. A new sequenced species (Graphis supracola), one new host (Aplosporella prunicola) and three new geographical records (Golovinomyces monardae, Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum and Prosthemium betulinum), are reported. Keywords 110 taxa · Agaricomycetes · Ascomycota · Basidiomycota · Mucoromycota · New combinations · New genera · New species · Phylogeny · Taxonomy Table of contents Mucoromycota Umbelopsidales Spatafora, Stajich & Bonito Umbelopsidaceae W. Gams & W. Mey 1277. Umbelopsis heterosporus C.A. de Souza, D.X. Lima & A.L. Santiago, sp. nov. Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch et al. Aplosporellaceae Slippers, Boissin & Crous 1278. Aplosporella prunicola Damm & Crous, Fungal Diversity 27(1): 39 (2007), a new host record Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & H. Syd. 1279. Diplodia torilicola Harishchandra, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Capnodiales Woron Neodevriesiaceae Quaedvl. & Crous, in Quaedvlieg et al., Persoonia 33: 24 (2014) 1280. Neodevriesia manglicola Devadatha, V.V. Sarma & E.B.G. Jones, sp. nov. Pleosporales Luttr. ex M.E. Barr Coniothyriaceae W.B. Cooke 1281. Coniothyrium triseptatum Dayarathne, Thyagaraja & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley 1282. Neodidymelliopsis salviae Brahmanage, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. 1283. Neodidymelliopsis urticae Manawas., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Lophiostomataceae Sacc. 1284. Magnopulchromyces L.B. Conc., Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda, gen. nov. 1285. Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus L.B. Conc., Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda, sp. nov. 13 Paradictyoarthriniaceae Doilom, Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde 1286. Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 9:18 (1996), a new host and geographical record from India Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr 1287. Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Pleomassariaceae M.E. Barr 1288. Prosthemium betulinum Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 18 (1817), a new record from Italy Roussoellaceae J.K. Liu, R. Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde1289. Neoroussoella magnoliae N.I. de Silva & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Sporormiaceae Munk 1290. Sporormurispora paulsenii D.Pem, Gafforov & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Tubeufiales Boonmee & K.D. Hyde Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr 1291. Helicoarctatus thailandicus D.F. Bao, Z.L. Luo, K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Su, sp. nov. 1292. Thaxteriellopsis obliqus M. Niranjan and V.V. Sarma, sp. nov. Incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes 1293. Scleroramularia vermispora G.Y. Sun & L. Gao, sp. nov. Lecanoromycetes Graphidales Bessey Graphidaceae Dumort. 1294. Graphis supracola A.W. Archer, Aust. Syst. Bot. 14(2): 267 (2001), a new sequenced species from Thailand Leotiomycetes Erysiphales Gwynne-Vaughan & Barnes Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Erysiphaceae Tul. & C. Tul. 1295. Podosphaera yulii S.-Y. Liu & P.-L. Qiu, sp. nov. 1296. Golovinomyces monardae (G.S. Nagy) M. Scholler, U. Braun & Anke Schmidt, in Scholler, et al., Mycol. Progr. 15(no. 56): 4 (2016), a new record from China Pezizomycetes Pezizales J. Schröt. Pezizaceae Dumort. 1297. Ionopezia Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan, gen. nov. 1298. Ionopezia gerardii (Cooke) Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan, comb. nov. 1299. Hansenopezia Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan, gen. nov. 1300. Hansenopezia retrocurvata (K. Hansen & Sandal) Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan, comb. nov. 1301. Hansenopezia decora Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan, sp. nov. Pyronemataceae Corda 1302. Neottiella gigaspora M. Zeng, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. 3 1308. Hirsutella hongheensis D.P. Wei & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al. Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams 1309. Colletotrichum parthenocissicola Jayawardena, Bulgakov, Huanraleuk & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Junewangiaceae J.W. Xia & X.G. Zhang 1310. Dictyosporella guizhouensis J. Yang & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Rhamphoriaceae Réblová 1311. Xylolentia reniformis C.G. Lin, K.D. Hyde & Jian K. Liu, sp. nov. Xylariales Nannf. Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul. 1312. Catenuliconidia N.G. Liu & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. 1313. Catenuliconidia uniseptata N.G. Liu & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Sordariomycetes Amphisphaeriales D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhl., Joanne E. Taylor & M.E. Barr 1303. Arthrinium sorghi J.D.P. Bezerra, C.M Gonçalves & C.M. Souza-Motta, sp. nov. Agaricales Underw. Agaricaceae Chevall. 1314. Lycoperdon lahorense Yousaf & Khalid, sp. nov. 1315. Lycoperdon pseudocurtisii Yousaf & Khalid, sp. nov. Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf, A.N. Mill. & F.A. Fernández Chaetosphaeriaceae Réblová, M.E. Barr & Samuels 1304. Chloridium macrocladum (Sacc.) Karun., Maharachch., C.H. Kuo & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov. Cortinariaceae R. Heim ex Pouzar 1316. Cortinarius indorusseus Dima, Semwal, V.K. Bhatt & Brandrud, sp. nov. 1317. Cortinarius paurigarhwalensis Semwal, Dima & Soop, sp. nov. 1318. Cortinarius sinensis L.H. Sun, T.Z. Wei & Y.J. Yao, sp. nov. 1319. Cortinarius subsanguineus T.Z. Wei, M.L. Xie & Y.J. Yao, sp. nov. 1320. Cortinarius xiaojinensis T.Z. Wei, M.L. Xie & Y.J. Yao, sp. nov. Diaporthales Nannf. Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm. 1305. Diaporthe pimpinellae Abeywickrama, Camporesi, Dissanayake & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Hypocreales Lindau Clavicipitaceae Kirk, Cannon, Minter & Stalpers 1306. Moelleriella gracilispora Jun Z. Qiu & Y.X. Chen, sp. nov. Hypocreaceae De Not. 1307. Trichoderma ceratophylletum Z.F. Yu & X. Du, sp. nov. Ophiocordycipitaceae G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora, in Sung, Hywel-Jones, Sung, Luangsa-ard, Shrestha & Spatafora Hygrophoraceae Lotsy Humidicuteae Padamsee & Lodge, Fungal Diversity 64: 38 (2014) 1321. Humidicutis brunneovinacea R. Garibay-Orijel, sp. nov. Amylocorticiales K.H. Larss., Manfr. Binder & Hibbett Amylocorticiaceae Jülich 1322. Amyloceraceomyces S.H. He, gen. nov. 1323. Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus S.H. He, sp. nov. 1324. Amylocorticium ellipsosporum S.H. He, sp. nov. 13 4 Cantharellales Gäum Clavulinaceae Donk 1325. Clavulina sphaeropedunculata E. Pérez-Pazos, M. Villegas & R. Garibay-Orijel, sp. nov. Gomphales Jülich Lentariaceae Jülich 1326. Lentaria gossypina R. Salas-Lizana, M. Villegas & E. Pérez-Pazos, sp. nov. 1327. Lentaria variabilis M. Villegas, R. Garibay-Orijel & N. Matías-Ferrer, sp. nov. Hymenochaetales Oberw. Hymenochaetaceae Donk 1328. Fuscoporia licnoides (Mont.) Oliveira-Filho & Gibertoni, comb. nov. 1329. Fuscoporia marquesiana Gibertoni & C.R.S. de Lira, sp. nov. 1330. Fuscoporia scruposa (Mont.) Gibertoni & OliveiraFilho, comb. nov. 1331. Fuscoporia semiarida Lima-Júnior, C.R.S. de Lira & Gibertoni, sp. nov. 1332. Rigidoporus juniperinus Gafforov, L.W. Zhou, E. Langer, sp. nov. Polyporales Gäum. Fomitopsidaceae Jülich 1333. Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei B.K. Cui & Shun Liu, sp. nov. 1334. Rhodofomitopsis monomitica (Yuan Y. Chen) B.K. Cui, Yuan Y. Chen & Shun Liu, comb. nov. 1335. Rhodofomitopsis oleracea (R.W. Davidson & Lombard) B.K. Cui, Yuan Y. Chen & Shun Liu, comb. nov. Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda 1336. Antrodiella descendena (Corner) C.L. Zhao & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. 1337. Tyromyces minutulus Y.C. Dai & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov. Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David Russulaceae Lotsy 1338. Russula benghalensis S. Paloi & K. Acharya, sp. nov. Thelephorales Corner ex Oberw. Thelephoraceae Chevall. 1339. Tomentella asiae-orientalis H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1340. Tomentella atrobadia H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1341. Tomentella atrocastanea H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1342. Tomentella aureomarginata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 1343. Tomentella brevis H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1344. Tomentella brunneoflava H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1345. Tomentella brunneogrisea H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1346. Tomentella capitatocystidiata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1347. Tomentella changbaiensis H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1348. Tomentella citrinocystidiata H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1349. Tomentella coffeae H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1350. Tomentella conclusa H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1351. Tomentella cystidiata H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1352. Tomentella dimidiata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1353. Tomentella duplexa H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1354. Tomentella efibulata H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1355. Tomentella efibulis H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1356. Tomentella farinosa H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1357. Tomentella flavidobadia H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1358. Tomentella fuscocrustosa H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1359. Tomentella fuscofarinosa H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1360. Tomentella fuscogranulosa H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1361. Tomentella fuscopelliculosa H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1362. Tomentella globospora H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1363. Tomentella gloeocystidiata H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1364. Tomentella griseocastanea H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1365. Tomentella griseofusca H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1366. Tomentella griseomarginata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1367. Tomentella inconspicua H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1368. Tomentella incrustata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1369. Tomentella interrupta H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1370. Tomentella liaoningensis H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1371. Tomentella longiaculeifera H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 1372. Tomentella longiechinuli H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1373. Tomentella megaspora H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1374. Tomentella olivacea H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1375. Tomentella olivaceobrunnea H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1376. Tomentella pallidobrunnea H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1377. Tomentella pallidomarginata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1378. Tomentella parvispora H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1379. Tomentella pertenuis H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1380. Tomentella qingyuanensis H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1381. Tomentella segregata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1382. Tomentella separata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1383. Tomentella stipitata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 1384. Tomentella storea H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Trechisporales K.H. Larsson Hydnodontaceae Jülich 1385. Scytinopogon minisporus J. Alvarez-Manjarrez, M. Villegas & R. Garibay-Orijel, sp. nov. Tremellomycetes Tremellales Fr. Phaeotremellaceae A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout 1386. Phaeotremella yunnanensis L.F. Fan, F. Wu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 5 Fungi have varied forms, including unicellular (yeast), multicellular (e.g. molds) and macrofungi (e.g. mushrooms). According to the estimation by different researchers, there are 1,500,000 to 6,000,000 fungal species worldwide (Hawksworth 1991, 2012; Blackwell 2011; Taylor et al. 2014). However, only 120,000 species have been described and accepted (Hawksworth and Lücking 2017), and most were from Europe and North America. Many regions outside of Europe, such as East Asia, South America and Africa have, until recently, received little attention, despite the high levels of biodiversity (Hyde et al. 2018). In the last two decades (2000–2020), contributions to fungal taxonomy, in countries such as China and Thailand have increased rapidly (Dai et al. 2015; Hyde et al. 2018). With the wide application of molecular techniques in fungal taxonomy, numerous new taxa have been resolved from species complexes (Hyde et al. 2014; Nilsson et al. 2014), which were previously difficult to determine using classical methods. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing technology has made it possible to detect, trace and discover unculturable taxa from environmental samples, such as soil, water and air, and this has promoted the discovery of many more undescribed, but faceless taxa (Hibbett 2016; Hongsanan et al. 2018; Tedersoo et al. 2018). The Fungal Diversity series (Hyde et al. 2019, 2020a, b) publishes notes on new fungal taxa. To date, more than 1,200 fungal taxa have been introduced, including new taxa, new sequenced isolates and other taxonomic contributions, based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. This is the 12th paper in the Fungal Diversity Notes series with 110 taxa from contributions made world-wide. Materials and methods Specimens, isolates and identification Introduction Fungi are widely distributed in ecosystems and play a key role in nutrient cycling, maintaining biodiversity and enhancing forest regeneration (Zechmeister-Boltenstern et al. 2015; Willis 2018). Fungi have developed various tropisms with plants and animals, such as endophytism, biotrophism, hemi-biotrophism, necrotrophism and saprotrophism (de Silva et al. 2016). They have established close relationships with various organisms, such as plants, animals, insects, protists (algae) and bacteria in the biosphere (Landeweert et al. 2001; Grube and Berg 2009; Torruella et al. 2015). Diverse hosts and substrates in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems provide important substrates for the growth and reproduction of fungi (Hyde and Jones 1988; Dai et al. 2017; Luo et al. 2019). The studied specimens were collected from many countries (Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Cameroon, China, Croatia, Italy, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Russia, Thailand, Uzbekistan, Zambia and Zimbabwe) occurring in leaf litter on humid soil, on fallen branches and rotten wood debris of angiosperms and gymnosperms, and with various host plants. Isolates were cultured on cornmeal dextrose agar (CMD), potato dextrose agar (PDA) and synthetic low nutrient agar (SNA) (Silva et al. 2000). The specimens and ex-type living cultures were deposited in various herbaria (AMH, BJFC, CAL, CCLAMIC, CGMCC, CNF, CUH, E, F, FAMU, FCME, GZCC, HKAS, HMAS, HMJAU, HMUABO, HUEFS, IFP, JZBH, KUMCC, LAH, MEXU, MFLU, MFLUCC, NFCCI, PUFNI, TASM, URM and YMF), which are listed under each taxon description. 13 6 The microscopic observation procedure follows Baral (1992), Dai (2010), Hyde et al. (2016) and Wanasinghe et al. (2017a) with some minor amendments. Macro-morphological characteristics of the specimens were examined using a Nikon SMZ 645, a Zeiss Axioskop 40 FL and other types of stereo microscopes. Living or dried fruitbodies of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes were tested in Congo Red, Cotton Blue, hydrochloric acid (HCl), Lugol’s solution, Melzer’s reagent, brilliant Cresyl Blue, protocetraric acid, 5% KOH, or distilled water. Sections were cut with a razor blade and studied with a Nikon Eclipse 80i and other different types of phase-contrast microscopes; micro-morphological characteristics including ascomata sections, peridium structures, asci and ascospores in ascomycetes, and ab- and hymenial surfaces, hyphal systems, basidia, cystidia, and basidiospores in basidiomycetes. Photographs of the fruiting structures were taken with a digital camera mounted on the microscope. Measurements for ascospores, basidiospores and conidia were taken from at least ten representatives and the means for length and width are given. The surface morphology of the specimens was observed with a scanning electron microscope. Special color terms follow Watling et al. (1969), Rayner (1970), Munsell (1976) and Kornerup and Wanscher (1981). Index Fungorum and Faces of Fungi numbers are provided as required (Index Fungorum 2020; Jayasiri et al. 2015). The following abbreviations are used in the text: CB = acyanophilous in Cotton Blue, KOH = 5% KOH, IKI– = neither amyloid nor dextrinoid in Melzer’s reagent, L = mean spore length (arithmetic average of all spores in lateral views), W = mean spore width (arithmetic average of all spores in lateral views), Q = variation in the ratios of L/W between specimens studied, n = number of measured structures from specimens, x = mean spore length × mean spore width. DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing For most ascomycetous fungal samples, total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh fungal mycelium grown on appropriate media at room temperature, while for basidiomycetes, dried herbarium specimens were used. Genomic DNA was extracted with the CTAB-based method (Góes-Neto et al. 2005), E.Z.N.A. SP Fungal DNA Mini Kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Norcross, GA, USA), Thermo Scientific Phire Plant Direct PCR Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) or other fungal DNA extraction kits following the manufacturer’s instructions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify partial gene regions with primers shown in Table 1. The ACT, CHS, GAPDH, ITS, LSU, mtSSU, SSU, TEF1, RPB1, RPB2 and β-TUB partial sequences were amplified by PCR. 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 The sequences were provided by the Technological Platform of Genomics, Gene Expression of the Bioscience Centre (CB) (Recife, UFPE), Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI) and other commercial sequencing providers depending on the geographical areas where the studies were carried out. Phylogenetic analyses The newly obtained sequences were assembled and manually modified with the software DNAMAN8 (Lynnon Biosoft, Quebec, America). Sequence data were verified using BLASTN in GenBank to ensure that no erroneous sequences were used in further analyses. The newly generated sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database and they were used to establish phylogenetic relationships with other sequences retrieved from GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/) and UNITE (https://unite.ut.ee/) database. BioEdit sequence alignment editor (Hall 2005), ClustalX (Larkin et al. 2007), MEGA 7 (Kumar et al. 2016), MAFFT: multiple sequence alignment software version v. 7 (Katoh and Standley 2013) and CIPRES (https://www.phylo.org) were used for sequence alignment. The alignment formats were converted to NEXUS and PHYLIP formats by ClustalX and EasyCodeML v1.0 (Gao and Chen 2016). Phylogenetic analyses were performed by Maximum Parsimony (MP), Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) and Bayesian analysis. All characters were weighted and gaps were treated as missing data. Maximum parsimony analyses (PAUP* version v. 4.0b10) were used (Swofford 2002) and a bootstrap (BT) analysis with 1000 replicates (Gaget et al. 2017). Descriptive tree statistics i.e. tree length (TL), consistency index (CI), retention index (RI), rescaled consistency index (RC), and homoplasy index (HI) were calculated for all trees generated under different optimality criteria. Bayesian analysis was carried out using MrBayes 3.2.4 (Cannatella 2015) implementing the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique and parameters predetermined with the nucleotide substitution models as estimated by MrModelTest v. 2.3 (Posada and Crandall 1998; Nylander 2004). Four simultaneous Markov chains were run starting from random trees and keeping one tree every 100th generation until the average standard deviation of split frequencies was below 0.01. The value of burn-in was set to discard 25% of trees when calculating the posterior probabilities. The sequence dataset was subjected to maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses in the RAxMLGUI v. 1.3 (Silvestro and Michalak 2012; Stamatakis 2014; Hundsdoerfer and Kitching 2017) with 1000 rapid bootstrap replicates, and the GTR or other substitution models for the nucleotide partitions and the default setting for binary (indel) data were used. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 7 Table 1 Details of genes/loci with PCR primers and PCR profiles Gene/loci PCR primers (forward/reverse) PCR conditions References for primer ACT CHS GAPDH HIS EF1-α ACT512F/ACT783R CHS79F/CHS345R GDF/GDR H3-1a/ H3-1b 983-F/2218-R Carbone and Kohn (1999) Carbone and Kohn (1999) Templeton et al. (1992) Glass and Donaldson (1995) Rehner (2001) ITS LSU ITS1F /ITS4 ITS5/ITS4 SSU1318-Tom/LSU-Tom4 LROR/LR5 95 °C: 40 s, 58 °C: 30 s,c 72 °C: 1 min (40 cycles)f 95 °C: 30 s, 59 °C: 30 s,d 72 °C: 45 s (35 cycles)h 95 °C: 30 s, 54 °C: 30 s, d 72 °C: 45 s (35 cycles)h 95 °C: 3 min, 58 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min (35 cycles) 94 °C: 30 min, 64 °C: 1 min, 72 °C: 1 min (10 cycles)b 94 °C: 30 min, 54 °C: 1 min, 72 °C: 1 min (35 cycles)g 94 °C: 30 s, 52 °C: 50 s,a 72 °C: 1 min (35 cycles)e 94 °C: 30 s, 52 °C: 50 s,a 72 °C: 1 min (35 cycles)e 95 °C: 30 s, 62 °C: 30 s,c 72 °C: 20 s (35 cycles)h 94 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 50 s,a 72 °C: 1 min (35 cycles)e mtSSU RPB1 LROR/LR7 LROR/LR3 mrSSU1/mrSSU3R RPB1-Af/RPB1-Cr RPB2 SSU TEF1 β-TUB a fRPB2-5f/fRPB2-7cR NS1/NS4 EF1-983F/EF1-2218R Btub2Fd/Btub4Rd Bt2a/Bt2b BT1/BT2 94 °C: 30 s, 47.2 °C: 50 s,a 72 °C: 1 min (35 cycles)e 94 °C: 30 s, 58.9 °C: 50 s,a 72 °C: 1 min (35 cycles)e 94 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 50 s,a 72 °C: 1 min (35 cycles) d 95 °C: 30 s, 4 °C: 30 s,c 72 °C: 1 min (30 cycles)e 95 °C: 1 min, 52 °C: 2 min,a 72 °C: 1.30 s (35 cycles)e 94 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 50 s,a 72 °C: 1 min (35 cycles)d 94 °C: 30 s, 52 °C: 50 s,a 72 °C: 1 min (35 cycles)e 95 °C: 30 s, 53 °C: 30 s, d 72 °C: 45 s (35 cycles)h Liu et al. (1999) White et al. (1990) Rehner (2001) Woudenberg et al. (2009) Glass and Donaldson (1995) Carbone and Kohn (1999) Initiation step of 94 °C: 3 min b Initial step at 94 °C: 2 min c Initiation step of 95 °C: 5 min d Initiation step of 95 °C: 3 min e Final elongation step of 72 °C: 10 min and final hold at 4 °C f White et al. (1990) White et al. (1990) Taylor and McCormick (2008) Rehner and Samuels (1994) Vilgalys and Hester (1990) Vilgalys and Hester (1990) Vilgalys and Hester (1990) Zoller et al. (1999) Stiller and Hall (\) Final elongation step of 72 °C: 5 min and final hold at 4 °C g Final elongation: 72 °C: 3 min and final hold at 4 °C h Final elongation step of 72 °C: 1 min and final hold at 4 °C Taxonomy unknown (Hoffmann et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2013; Spatafora et al. 2016). Mucoromycota Umbelopsidales Spatafora, Stajich & Bonito Notes: After an extensive study involving genomic scale data, Spatafora et al. (2016) proposed the order Umbelopsidales Spatafora & Stajich, comprising Umbelopsidaceae W. Gams & W. Mey. and Umbelopsis Amos & H.L. Barnett. Species belonging to the Umbelopsidales are characterized by their asexual reproduction, which occurs through the formation of multi-spored or uni-spored sporangia and chlamydospores. Sporangia are produced at the end of the sporangiophores, arranged in cymose or verticillate branches, and are typically pigmented in red or ocher tones. Sporangiospores are pigmented and may vary in shape between globose, ellipsoid or polyhedral. The columellae are usually very small or absent and have often been described as inconspicuous. The sexual reproduction of the Umbelopsidales is Umbelopsidaceae W. Gams & W. Mey., Mycol. Res. 107(3): 348 (2003) Notes: The taxonomy of Umbelopsidaceae has been extensively discussed in recent decades, and almost half of the genus Umbelopsis (the only genus in Umbelopsidaceae) taxa were initially described as Mortierella Coem. [e.g. M. isabellina (Oudem.) W. Gams, M. vinacea Dixon-Stew., M. nana (Linnem.) Arx, M. ramanniana var. autotrophica E.H. Evans, M roseonana W. Gams & Gleeson and M. ovata H.Y. Yip], while some were described as Mucor Fresen.[e.g. M. ramannianus Möller = Mortierella ramanniana (Möller) Linnem.] (Wang et al. 2015). According to Sugiyama et al. (2003), two morphological criteria were essential for the transfer of specimens from Mortierella to Umbelopsis: 1—the small but distinct columellae formed in Umbelopsis did not correspond to the absent or extremely reduced 13 8 columellae of other species of Mortierella; 2—the absence of zygospores in Umbelopsis. At the time, Umbelopsis taxa were classified into the sections Mortierella pusilla Oudem. and M. isabellina, the subgenus Micromucor Malchevsk. and the genera Micromucor and Umbelopsis. Meyer and Gams (2003) included all the taxa of Micromucor in Umbelopsis, based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, including sequences from the rDNA ITS-1 region. Umbelopsis Amos & H.L. Barnett, Mycologia 58(5): 807 (1966) Notes: The genus Umbelopsis, erected by Amos and Barnett (1966) to accommodate U. versiformis (initially positioned within the Deuteromycetes Sacc.), comprises 17 species (Yip 1986; Meyer and Gams 2003; Sugiyama et al. 2003; Mahoney et al. 2004; Wang et al. 2014, 2015; Crous et al. 2017; Wanasinghe et al. 2018). Members of Umbelopsis produce velutinous colonies and sporangia with colors ranging from ocher to red and pink, except U. nana, which produces hyaline sporangia (Sugiyama et al. 2003). The morphological classification of Umbelopsis specimens is based mainly on colony color, branching pattern of the sporangiophores, pigment production capacity, the size and shape of sporangia, columellae and sporangiospores, as well as the types of chlamydospores formed (Sugiyama et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2015). The delimitation of species of this genus has also been based on physiological and genetic criteria (Meyer and Gams 2003; Sugiyama et al. 2003; Ogawa et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2015; Spatafora et al. 2016; Crous et al. 2017; Wanasinghe et al. 2018). Umbelopsis heterosporus C.A. de Souza, D.X. Lima & A.L. Santiago, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556384; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06082; Fig. 1 Etymology: Referring to the variation in the shape and size of the sporangiospores. Holotype: URM 7882. Colonies velvet, zoned, first pinkish then turning pale brownish, presenting cytoplasmic oil droplets, exhibiting low and slow growth (7.5 cm diam and 1–2 mm in height) after seven days on PDA at 25 °C. Reverse cream to buff with irregular margins. Mycelium exhibits randomly distributed globose, subglobose and doliform swellings, 10–22 μm diam, some presenting dilated rhizoid-like hyphae. No odour. Sporangiophores erect, some slightly curved, smooth-walled, hyaline, arising from the aerial mycelia and from a swollen portion, simple, cymose or occasionally sympodially branched, 2.5–5 μm diam and 135–340 μm long. Up to five septa may be formed below the columella. Sporangia first pinkish then becoming brownish vinaceous, globose, subglobose 13–30 μm diam, smooth-walled, evanescent, some leaving a collar. Columellae hyaline, smooth-walled, globose, subglobose, 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 5–10 μm diam, subglobose to applanate, 2.5–3.5 × 2.5–6 μm, subglobose with a flattened end, 2.5–7.5 × 2.5–10 μm, some irregular in shape, 3.5–8 μm. Some columellae inconspicuous, up to 1 μm diam. Sporangiospores variable in shape and size, hyaline, smooth and thick-walled, ellipsoid (1.5–)2.5–4 × 4.5–7.5(–9) μm, some cylindrical 2.5–4 × 4.5–8 μm, reniform, 2.5–4 × 3.5–7.5 μm, angular, 2.5–6 μm diam, some irregular in shape, 3.5–5 × 5–11 μm. Chlamydospores present in the aerial mycelium, globose, subglobose and ovoid 17–60 μm diam. Zygosporangia not observed. Culture characteristics: On PDA. At 5 °C-no growth. At 10 °C-limited growth (1.5 cm diam after 7 days); poor sporulation. At 15 °C-slow growth (3 cm diam after 7 days); poor sporulation. At 20 °C-better growth than at 15 °C (5.5 cm diam in 7 days); excellent sporulation. Mostly sporangiophores with simple branches. At 25 °C-better growth (7.5 cm diam in 7 days); excellent sporulation. At 30 °C-no growth. The growth of Umbelopsis on MEA was slightly slower than on PDA at all the temperatures tested. Material examined: BRAZIL, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco State (8º12′41.5" S, 36º23′73" W), in soil samples, 6 November 2015, leg. C.A.F de Souza (URM 7882, holotype; URM 8082, ex-type). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK804504, MK804505; LSU: MK809511, MK809512. Notes: According to our phylogenetic and morphophysiological analyses, Umbelopsis heterosporus exhibits wellsupported genetic datasets and morphological characteristics that differentiate it from other species in the genus. It is morphologically distinguished from other species as it produces sporangiospores and columellae that vary in shape and size, including some that are bizarre in shape. The concatenated phylogenetic tree (ITS and LSU rDNA sequences) of Umbelopsis revealed a close phylogenetic relationship between U. heterosporus and U. gibberispora M. Sugiy., Tokum. & W. Gams. (Fig. 2). Morphologically, the branching pattern of the sporangiophores described in U. gibberispora, with several sympodial branches that arise in succession, is distinguished from the simple, cymose or occasionally sympodially branched sporangiophores observed in U. heterosporus. Additionally, colonies of U. heterosporus are at first pinkish then brownish vinaceous, in contrast to the colonies of U. gibberispora which are colorless to white (Sugiyama et al. 2003). U. heterosporus produces ellipsoid, cylindrical, reniform, and angular sporangiospores, some of which are bizarre in shape and thick-walled, which differ from the ellipsoid and one side thick-walled (hump-shaped) sporangiospores observed in U. gibberispora. Moreover, U. heterosporus produces globose, subglobose, subglobose to applanate, subglobose with a flattened end and irregular columellae, as well as some that are inconspicuous, differing from the subglobose to flattened columellae displayed in U. gibberispora (Sugiyama et al. 2003). Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 1 Microscopic structures of Umbelopsis heterosporus (URM 7882, holotype). a Colony surface after seven days at 25 ºC on PDA. b Simple sporangiophore with globose sporangium. c, d Branched 9 sporangiophore with sporangia. e Simple sporangiophore with inconspicuous columella and collarette (arrow). f–g Simple sporangiophore with columella. h Sporangiospores. Scale bars: 25 μm 13 10 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 2 Phylogram generated from Bayesian inference analysis based on combined LSU and ITS sequence data from 16 representative members of Umbelopsis. Mortierella verticillata (CBS 22058) was used as outgroup. Branches with later Bayesian probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95 and bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML) analysis ≥ 70 where placed above or below nodes. Ex-type strains are in bold. The newly generated sequences are indicated in blue Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Jayawardena et al. 2019; Philips et al. 2019). However, due to the lack of morphological and ecological features that can be used for segregation, Liu et al. (2016) expressed some doubts about the inclusion of this many families in Botryosphaeriales. Taking morphology, phylogeny and evolutionary divergence times into account, Phillips et al. (2019) retained only six families in the Botryosphaeriales. Species in this order are cosmopolitan in nature and have a wide host range (Phillips et al. 2019). Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker Notes: Botryosphaeriales was erected by Schoch et al. (2006) to accommodate the single family Botryosphaeriaceae. With the increased availability of molecular data, eight more families have been included in this order (Minnis et al. 2012; Slippers et al. 2013; Wyka and Broders 2016; 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Aplosporellaceae Slippers, Boissin & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 76(1): 41 (2013) Notes: Aplosporellaceae was erected by Slippers et al. (2013) to accommodate two genera, Aplosporella Speg. and Bagnisiella Speg. (Hyde et al. 2013; Ekanayaka et al. 2016). Another new genus, Alanomyces was added by Sharma et al. (2017), therefore three genera are currently accepted in Aplosporellaceae (Sharma et al. 2017; Wijayawardene et al. 2018; Index Fungorum 2020). Aplosporella Speg., Anal. Soc. Cient. Argent. 10(4): 157 (1880) Notes: Aplosporella is a species-rich genus comprising 339 epithets (Index Fungorum 2020). Aplosporella was established by Spegazzini (1880), with A. chlorostroma Speg. as the type species, and now it comprises six species (Hyde et al. 2013; Slippers et al. 2013; Ekanayaka et al. 2016; Sharma et al. 2017). Species of Aplosporella are circumscribed by having multilocular pycnidial conidiomata embedded in stromatic tissues opening by a communal ostiole. The conidia are aseptate, ellipsoid to subcylindrical, initially hyaline, thin-walled and smooth, becoming pigmented, thick-walled and spinulose (Sutton 1980; Hyde et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2012; Ekanayaka et al. 2016; Du et al. 2017). Aplosporella species have been recorded from both temperate and tropical countries (i.e. Australia, China, Namibia, South Africa, Thailand) (Ekanayaka et al. 2016; Dou et al. 2017; Du et al. 2017; Sharma et al. 2017). Aplosporella prunicola Damm & Crous, Fungal Diversity 27(1): 39 (2007) Index Fungorum number: IF504373; Facesoffungi number: FoF 04955; Fig. 3 Holotype: SOUTH AFRICA, Limpopo Province, Modimolle, from bark of small dead tree of Prunus persica var. nucipersica, 30 August 2004, U. Damm, CBS-H 19848, culture ex-type CBS 121167 = STE-U 6326; Limpopo Province, Modimolle, from the same specimen of P. persica var. nucipersica, STE-U 6327. Saprobic on dead twig of Ficus septica Burm.f. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 500–1000 × 200–375 μm ( x̄ = 625 × 265 μm, n = 5), pycnidial, solitary, scattered, gregarious, immersed to semiimmersed, erumpent, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, uni-loculate, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Peridium 30–40 μm wide, well developed, composed of several layers, inner two layers composed of thin-walled, hyaline, cells of textura angularis, outer three layers composed of dark brown, cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards the inner region. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–6 × 1–2 μm ( x̄ = 5.5 × 1.3 μm, n = 30), holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical to doliiform, smooth-walled. Conidia 12–16 × 6–9 μm ( x̄ = 14.5 × 7.8 μm, 11 n = 30), aseptate, broadly ellipsoid to subcylindrical, with rounded ends, initially hyaline, becoming brown to dark brown, smooth-walled. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 25 mm diam after 2 weeks at 20–25 °C, colonies medium sparse, circular, flat, surface slightly rough with edge entire, margin well-defined, cottony to fairly fluffy with sparse aspects, colony from above: white to cream at the margin and the centre; reverse, white to grey margin and the centre; mycelium white to grey with tufting; not producing pigments in PDA. Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Nabanhe, dead twig of Ficus septica (Moraceae), 20 November 2015, D.S. Tennakoon, DXH 019 (MFLU 17-0775, ibid. HKAS96335), living culture, MFLUCC 16-0791. Host and habitat: Ficus septica (Moraceae), Prunus persica and P. nucipersica (Rosaceae). GenBank numbers: ITS: MH974684. Notes: As phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 4) and morphological characters examined largely overlap with those of Aplosporella prunicola (Damm et al. 2007), we would like to report our collection as a new host record. Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & H. Syd., [as ’Botryosphaeriacae’], Annls Mycol. 16(1/2): 16 (1918) Notes: Botryosphaeriaceae was established to include three genera, namely; Botryosphaeria, Phaeobotryon and Diobotryon by Theissen & Sydow (1918) with Botryosphaeria as the type genus. Currently 23 genera are accepted in this family (Dissanayake et al. 2016). Molecular data play an important role in defining species in this family as morphological characteristics are not sufficiently different for clear separations (Phillips et al. 2013). Diplodia Fr., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 1: 302 (1834) Notes: The genus Diplodia was introduced by Montagne in 1834 with Diplodia mutila (Fr.) as the type species. It is a large genus with ca. 1000 species names recorded in Index Fungorum. 31 of which are known from culture (Phillips et al. 2013; Dissanayake et al. 2016; Gonzalez-Domínguez et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2017). Species in this genus can be pathogens, endophytes or saprobes on a wide range of woody hosts with some being important pathogens causing severe damage to many important plant species (Phillips et al. 2012). Diplodia torilicola Harishchandra, Camporesi, A.J.L. Phillips & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF 556364; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05980; Fig. 5 Etymology: Name reflects the host genus Torlilis. 13 12 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 3 Aplosporella prunicola (MFLUCC 16-0791, new host record). a Habit of conidiomata on twig. b Close-up of conidioma. c Cross section of the conidioma. d Peridium. e–f Conidiogenous cells. g–m Conidia. n Germinated spore. o Culture from above. p Culture from below. Scale bars: c–d = 20 μm, e–n = 10 μm Holotype: JZBH3140012. Saprobic on dead aerial stem of Torilis arvensis. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata on host 99–160 µm diam ( x̄ = 128 µm, n = 10) pycnidial, solitary, scattered, globose, black, semiimmersed to immersed. Ostiole single, centrally located. Conidiomata wall 30–40 µm wide ( x̄ = 34 μm, n = 10) at both sides, multi-layered, brown to black cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores not observed. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical, thin-walled, hyaline 16–25 μm high × 3–9 μm wide ( x̄ = 16.8 × 4.6 μm, n = 20) producing a single conidium at the apex. Conidia 17–22 μm long × 8–11 μm wide ( x̄ = 21 × 8.8 μm, n = 40), initially hyaline soon becoming pigmented, dark brown when mature, aseptate, ellipsoid to ovoid with central guttules. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA attaining 90 mm diam within 3 days at 25 °C, with white moderately aerial mycelium and white in reverse. Mycelia becoming dense, cottony and black with age. Material examined: ITALY, near Castrocaro Terme in Forlì-Cesena Province, on dead aerial stem of 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 13 Fig. 4 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis of combined ITS and TEF1-α sequence data from species of Aplosporellaceae. Bootstrap support values for maximumlikelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) ≥ 65% and Bayesian posterior probabili- ties (PP) ≥ 0.90 are given above each branch respectively. The new isolate is in blue. Ex-type strains are in bold. The tree is rooted with Saccharata capensis (CBS 122693) and S. proteae (CBS 115206) Torilis arvensis, 11 December 2017, Erio Camporesi, JZBH3140012 (holotype). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK625223; TEF1: MK640502. Notes: Diplodia torilicola is most closely related to D. crataegicola but forms a well-supported independent lineage from it (Fig. 6). It differs by possessing larger conidia that are ellipsoid to ovoid (21 × 8.8 µm) whereas D. crataegicola 13 14 Fig. 5 Diplodia torilicola (JZB3140012, holotype). a Conidiomata on the host tissue. b Section of the pycnidial wall. c Cross section of conidiomata on host. d–e Conidiogenous cells. f–k Conidia. l Lower 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 view of 7-day old culture. m Upper view of 7-day old culture. Scale bars: a = 1000 μm, b–e = 20 μm, f–k = 10 μm Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 15 Fig. 6 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis of combined ITS and TEF1 sequence data. Bootstrap support values ≥ 50% are given above each branch respectively has smaller (14 × 9 µm) globose to subglobose conidia (Ariyawansa et al. 2015). This is the first report of a Diplodia species on Torilis arvensis (Farr and Rossman 2019). Capnodiales Woron. Notes: The order Capnodiales includes 15 families. Neodevriesiaceae Quaedvl. & Crous, in Quaedvlieg, Binder, Groenewald, Summerell, Carnegie, Burgess & Crous, Persoonia 33: 24 (2014) Notes: Neodevriesiaceae was established and placed in Capnodiales by Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) to accommodate a monotypic genus Neodevriesia. It includes the species that are intolerant to heat and lack chlamydospore formation. Later, the boundaries of Neodevriesia were extended to include taxa similar to Devriesia in the Neodevriesiaceae (Crous et al. 2015). Two genera Devriesia and Neodevriesia are accepted in this family. Members of this family are foliicolous, saprobes and plant pathogens and are reported from 13 16 different habitats such as terrestrial, freshwater and marine (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). Neodevriesia Quaedvl. & Crous, in Quaedvlieg et al., Persoonia 33: 24 (2014) Notes: The genus Neodevriesia was firstly treated as a member of the Teratosphaeriaceae (Ruibal et al. 2011). Later Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) placed it in a new family Neodevriesiaceae typified by Neodevriesia hilliana. Neodevriesia is characterized by a sexual morph with immersed or superficial pseudothecial globose ascomata, 8-spored, bitunicate, thick-walled, obovoid to broadly ellipsoid, short pedicellate, straight or slightly curved, apically rounded asci, and ascospores that are ellipsoid, hyaline to dark brown, and an asexual morph with medium brown and unbranched conidiophores, rarely septate conidia, short and mostly unbranched conidial chains and an absence of chlamydospores (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014; Crous et al. 2015). This genus includes 25 accepted species. Neodevriesia manglicola Devadatha, V.V. Sarma & E.B.G. Jones, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556225; Facesoffungi number: FoF 07057; Fig. 7 Etymology: In reference to the mangrove habitat where the fungus was collected. Holotype: AMH-10019. Saprobic on decaying wood of Rhizophora mucronata. Ascomata 250–350 µm high, 200–500 µm wide ( x̄ = 285 × 297 µm, n = 20), globose or subglobose, superficial to semi-immersed, carbonaceous, short papillate and ostiolate. Ostiole 45–100 µm long, 50–60 µm diam ( x̄ = 74 × 55 µm, n = 5), periphysate. Peridium two layered, 30–70 µm ( x̄ = 51 µm, n = 5), thickened, outer layer of small pseudoparenchymatous cells, brown, inner layer of hyaline polygonal cells. Hamathecium composed of cellular, hyphallike, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 60–100 × 15–25 µm ( x̄ = 76 × 18 µm, n = 15), 8-spored, bitunicate, thick-walled, clavate to cylindrical, short pedicellate, apically rounded. Ascospores 8–17 × 3–10 µm ( x̄ = 14 × 8 µm, n = 25), overlapping uniseriate, ellipsoid, hyaline to dark brown, muriformed appearance due to longitudinal pseudosepta with oil globules, 0–3-transverse septa and 1 longitudinal septum in each cell, fully matured ascospores becoming brown with 3 dark brown banded septa, lacking mucilaginous sheaths or appendages. Material examined: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Parangipettai mangroves (11.59°N, 79.5°E), on decaying wood of Rhizophora mucronata (Rhizophoraceae), 23 April 2018, B. Devadatha, AMH-10019 (holotype), living culture, NFCCI-4382. GenBank numbers: ITS: MN061371; LSU: MN061356. 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinating on 50% sea water agar within 24 h, with germ tubes developed from both end cells and sides of ascospores. Colonies on MEA slow growing, reaching 10–20 mm diam, after 15 days of incubation at 25 °C, surface pale brown to dark brown on the surface, reverse brown, velvety, irregular and umbonate. Notes: Our phylogeny of LSU and ITS sequences including taxa from Neodevriesia, Devriesia and other related genera revealed that N. manglicola is sister to N. queenslandica with significant support (ML 78% and 1.00 PP), and then nested with N. shakazului in a monophyletic clade with strong support (ML 100%, MP 99% and 1.00 PP) (Fig. 8). Recently two new species, N. cladophorae and N. grateloupiae, were reported from marine environments (Wang et al. 2017). These two species are phylogenetically nested distant to N. manglicola, and are known to produce only asexual morphs. N. manglicola is the first report of a species having a sexual morph in the genus though it remained nonsporulating in artifical media. We introduce N. manglicola as a new species in Neodevriesia. Pleosporales Luttr. ex M.E. Barr Notes: See Zhang et al. (2009, 2012) and Hyde et al. (2013). Coniothyriaceae W.B. Cooke, Revta Biol., Lisb. 12: 289 (1983) Notes: Cooke established Coniothyriaceae in 1983 and it was considered as a synonym of Leptosphaeriaceae by Kirk et al. (2008). However, in recent studies (Hyde et al. 2013; Quaedvlieg et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2016, 2018, 2020) Coniothyriaceae is accepted as a distinct family in the order Pleosporales. This family comprises four genera, Coniothyrium, Hazslinszkyomyces, Ochrocladosporium and Staurosphaeria (Wijayawardene et al. 2018, 2020). Coniothyrium Corda, Icon. Fung. (Prague) 4: 38. 1840 Notes: Coniothyrium and Coniothyrium-like species are polyphyletic within the Pleosporales (Hyde et al. 2013; Verkley et al. 2014; Pem et al. 2020). Coniothyrium sensu stricto was placed within Coniothyriaceae, Pleosporales (Verkley et al. 2014; Wijayawardene et al. 2016, 2017a; Thambugala et al. 2017). Coniothyrium triseptatum Dayarathne, Thyagaraja & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556425; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06036; Fig. 9 Etymology: Epithet refers to the septation of the ascospores. Holotype: MFLU 19-0758. Saprobic on bark of unidentified plant, forming black, elongated, raised structures, ascostromata opening through Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 17 Fig. 7 Neodevriesia manglicola (AMH-10019, holotype). a–b Ascomata superficial to semi-immersed on decaying wood. c–d Vertical sections of ascomata. e Peridium. f Filamentous pseudoparaphyses. g–l Immature and mature asci. m–q Immature and mature ascospores. r Germinating ascospores. Scale bars: c–d = 100 μm, e–i = 10 μm, j = 50 μm, k–r = 10 μm slits along the length. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 0.15–0.25 × 0.1–0.15 mm, 0.1–0.15 mm high, solitary, immersed, fusiform. Ascomata 200–280 × 200–380 μm, 3–4 perithecial, perithecia immersed within the ascostromata, subglobose or globose with a flattened base, dark brown to black, with centrally located short ostiole. Peridium 5.5–8 μm wide, thick- to thin-walled, of unequal thickness, poorly developed at the base and merging with host tissue, composed of several layers of outer brown to inner hyaline, pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura prismatica. 13 18 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 8 Phylogram generated from maximum parsimony analysis based on LSU and ITS gene regions. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML, green), maximum parsimony (MP, blue) ≥ 70% and the values of Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP, purple) ≥ 0.95 are given above each branch, respectively. The new isolate is in blue. The tree is rooted with Passalora zambiae CBS112971 Hamathecium of dense, 1–2 μm wide, filamentous, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, not constricted at the septum. Asci 100–150 × 6–10 μm ( x = 130 × 8 μm, n = 15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindric-clavate, with broad flat pedicel, apex rounded. Ascospores 15–18 × 4–6 μm ( x = 16 × 5 μm, n = 20), overlapping uni-seriate, hyaline, fusiform, with rounded to acute ends, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the middle septum, middle cells are wider than 13 two apical cells, smooth-walled, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Shangri La, 27°55′54.9″ N, 099°34′39.0″ E, alt. 4045 m, on bark of an unidentified host, 12 September 2018, Vinodhini Thyagaraja, (MFLU 19-0758, holotype). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK791297; LSU: MK787306; RPB2: MK791298. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 19 Fig. 9 Coniothyrium triseptatum (MFLU 19-0758, holotype). a–c Ascostromata. d Section of ascomata. e Section through peridium. f Section through neck region. g–i Asci. j Pseudoparaphyses. k–l Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 μm, c, g–j = 20 μm, f, k, l = 10 μm 13 20 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 10 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on a combined LSU, ITS and RPB2 sequence dataset of selected taxa. Tree was rooted with Phaeosphaeria oryzae (CBS 110110). Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.80 and maximum likelihood bootstrap (ML) values ≥ 65% are given above the nodes. The scale bar indicates 0.03 changes. The ex-type strain is in bold and new isolate is in blue Notes: The Paraphaeosphaeria-like sexual morph was firstly recorded in Coniothyrium by Quaedvlieg et al. (2013). Subsequently, Thambugala et al. (2017) introduced the asexual morph C. chiangmaiense Goonas., Thambugala & K.D. Hyde which can be clearly distinguished from C. triseptata by having uniseptate ascospores (Thambugala et al. 2017), while C. triseptatum has 3 septa. Our phylogenetic analyses with concatenated LSU, ITS and RPB2 sequence data confirmed its stability within Coniothyriaceae with high statistical support (0.94 PP) basal to C. sidae (CBS 135108) (Fig. 10). However, the asexual morph of C. sidae possesses (3–)5-septate ascospores and are longer than those of C. triseptata (20–24 μm). Base pair differences of C. sidae and C. triseptatum for ITS are 68 bp out of 452 bp without gaps (15%) and 31 bp out of 300 bp without gaps (10%) for RPB2. Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Mycol. Res. 113(4): 516 (2009) Notes: Didymellaceae was introduced for the ‘‘Didymella clade’’ to accommodate the type species Didymella exigua, Phoma and Phoma-like genera (Jayasiri et al. 2017). There are 27 genera presently in Didymellaceae based on morphology and phylogeny (Hyde et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2014, 2018). Neodidymelliopsis Qian Chen & L. Cai, Stud. Mycol. 82: 207 (2015) 13 Notes: The genus Neodidymelliopsis was erected by Chen et al. (2015a, b), with Neodidymelliopsis cannabis (G. Winter) Q. Chen & L. Cai as the type species (Chen et al. 2015a, b; Hyde et al. 2016; Thambugala et al. 2016). Neodidymelliopsis salviae Brahmanage, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556376; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06125; Fig. 11 Etymology: Name reflects the host genus. Holotype: JZBH3470001. Saprobic on dead and dying twigs and branches of Salvia officinalis. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 120–375 µm diam ( x = 240 µm, n = 5), pycnidial, solitary, scattered, globose, black, semi-immersed to immersed. Pycnidial wall 28–45 μm wide, pseudoparenchymatous, 2–3-layered, composed of oblong to isodiametric cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline. Conidia 6.3–9.3 × 3–4 µm ( x = 7.8 × 3.6 µm, n = 40), oblong to ellipsoid, initially hyaline becoming light brown when mature, aseptate occasionally with larger 1-septate conidia, smooth-walled. Material examined: ITALY, Carpena – Forlì (Province of Forlì-Cesena), on Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae), 19 March 2018, Camporesi Erio IT 3785 (JZBH3470001, holotype). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK651827; LSU: MK651828; RPB2: MK736714. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 21 Fig. 11 Neodidymelliopsis salviae (JZBH3470001, holotype). a Submerged conidiomata on host. b Pycnidial wall on host. c Section through conidiomata. d, e Conidiogenous cells and conidial attachments. f Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100, b = 20 µm, d, e = 10, f = 5 µm Notes: Neodidymelliopsis salvia can be morphologically assigned to Neodidymelliopsis by having pycnidial, conidiomata that are globose, phialidic, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform conidiogenous cells and oblong to ellipsoid, hyaline to pale brown, usually aseptate or occasionally 1-septate conidia (Jayasiri et al. 2017). Phylogenetic analyses based on a combined LSU, ITS, RPB2 and β-TUB sequence data showed that N. salvia and N. sambuci formed a well-supported (85% ML and 1.00 PP) lineage within Neodidymelliopsis (Fig. 12), but morphologically N. sambuci can be distinguished by smaller conidia (4–7 × 2–3.5 µm, Hyde et al. 2019). Based on both morphology and phylogeny, we introduce N. salvia as a new taxon within Neodidymelliopsis. Neodidymelliopsis urticae Manawas., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. 13 22 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 12 Maximum likelihood tree based on a combined LSU, ITS, RPB2 and β-TUB sequence dataset. 38 strains of Neodidymelliopsis are included with Xenodidymella applanata (CBS 205.63) as the outgroup taxon. Maximum likelihood bootstrap (ML) values ≥ 65% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.80% are given above the nodes. The scale bar indicates 0.006 changes. The ex-type strains are in bold and new isolates are in blue Index Fungorum number: IF556376; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06125; Fig. 13 Etymology: Name reflects the host genus. Holotype: MFLU18-0877. Saprobic or necrotrophic on dead and dying twigs and branches of Urtica dioica (L.). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata on host 78–286 µm diam ( x = 157 µm, n = 15), pycnidial, solitary, scattered, globose, black, semi-immersed to immersed; Conidiophores not observed. Conidiogenous cells not observed in host. Conidiogenous cells in culture hyaline, flask-shaped, ampulliform. Conidia on host 4–9 × 1–3 µm ( x = 5 × 2 µm, n = 40), oblong to ellipsoid, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled; in culture, 4–7 × 1–3 µm ( x = 5.5 × 2.6 µm, n = 40). Conidial exudates were not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reach 65 mm diam after 7 days at 25 °C, with circular, entire edge, raised olivaceous grey aerial mycelium, surface floccose to woolly. Material examined: ITALY, Carpena—Forlì (Province of Forlì-Cesena), on Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae), 6 March 2018, Camporesi Erio, MFLU 18-0877 (holotype), ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 19-0218. GenBank numbers: ITS: MK651827; LSU: MK651828; RPB2: MK736714. Notes: Neodidymelliopsis urticae was isolated from dead and dying twigs and branches of Urtica dioica in ForlìCesena, Italy. The characteristics of the spores and colony (Fig. 13) match the concept of Neodidymelliopsis. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined ITS, LSU, RPB2 and β-TUB sequence data-set confirms that the present taxon belongs in Neodidymelliopsis within Didymellaceae (Fig. 12). N. urticae developed an independent clade in the genus with moderate support (67% ML and 1.00 PP) and is closely related to N. salviae and N. sambuci. Morphologically, N. urticae can be distinguished from N. salviae and N. 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 23 Fig. 13 Neodidymelliopsis urticae (MFLU 18-0177, holotype). a Material examined. b Submerged conidiomata on host. c Pycnidial wall on host. d–e Conidia on host. f–g Developing pycnidial wall on culture. h Conidiogenous cell. i-l Conidia on host. m Septate mycelia. n Upper side of colony on PDA. o Reverse view of 7 days old culture on PDA. Scale bars: a–c = 100 µm, d–m = 10 µm sambuci by its smaller conidia (7.8 × 3.6 µm in N. salviae, 6 × 2 µm in N. sambuci, Hyde et al. 2019). Notes: The latest treatments are by Thambugala et al. (2014) with updates by Hyde et al. (2017) and Wanasinghe et al. (2017). Lophiostomataceae Sacc.[as ’Lophiostomaceae’], Syll. Fung. (Abellini) 2: 672 (1883) Magnopulchromyces L.B. Conc., Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda, gen. nov. 13 24 Index Fungorum number: IF556378; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06109. Etymology: From the Latin: Magno- great, maximum, + pulchre beautifully, excellently, + -myces from the Greek, meaning fungus. Type species: Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus L.B. Conc., Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda Saprobic on decaying leaves of unidentified plant. Asexual fungi, Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, scorpioid growth, septate, brown. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic intercalary, pale brown or greyish brown. Conidial secession schizolytic. Conidia acropleurogenous, complex, lenticular-staurospore, somewhat stellate or irregular staurospore, variegated, multicellular, composed of a primary cell, one or several, secondary cells, several tertiary cells and several satellite cells hemispherical, straight or slightly curved, greyish brown or very pale brown. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Notes: Magnopulchromyces resembles superficially the monotypic genera Turturconchata J.L. Chen, T.L. Huang & Tzean and Venustisporium R.F. Castañeda & Iturr. by the multicellular, lenticular, complex conidia, with holoblastic production and schizolytic secession (Castañeda-Ruiz and Iturriaga 1999; Chen et al. 1999). Turturconchata is different from Magnopulchromyces in having conidiophores single or clustered, curved to spiral and conidia without an eccentric protuberating pedicel. Venustisporium is distinguished by developed sporodochia with inconspicuous prostrate conidiophores, mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells, and conidia with a layer of uncinated cells, needle-like to horn-like projections around the periphery. Magnopulchromyces is further differentiated from Turturconchata and Venustisporium by having a developed scorpioid growth of conidiophores and the complex conidia. Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus L.B. Conc., Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda, sp. nov. Index Fungorum: IF556428; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06110; Fig. 14 Etymology: From the Latin: scorpiophorus-, referring to the scorpioid unilateral, branched conidiophores. Holotype: HUEFS 234842. Saprobic on decaying leaves. Asexual morph: Colonies on the natural substrate effuse, granulose, brown. Mycelium mostly superficial, composed of branched, septate, brown hyphae, 3–4 µm diam. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect or prostrate, scorpioid-unilateral branched, brown below, pale dirty brown or pale greyish brown toward the apex, multiseptate, up to 300 µm long, 5–8 µm wide. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, cuneiform, sub-doliiform, intercalary and terminal, pale greyish brown to pale brown, smooth, 5–7 × 5–8 µm. Conidial secession schizolytic. Conidia acropleurogenous, complex, lenticular 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 staurospore, somewhat stellate or irregular staurospore, variegated, smooth, 25–35 × 24–31 µm, multicellular, composed of: (i) a more or less central primary cell, dark brown, 6.5–11 × 9–13 µm; (ii) 1–4 secondary cells brown, or dark brown, 4.5–7 × 5–10 µm, lateral, radial or cruciate arranged beside or surrounding the primary cells; (iii) 3–8 tertiary cells pale brown, 4.5–6 × 6–8 µm, beside the secondary cells; (iv) 6–13 satellite cell conical, trapezoid, mammiform or hemispherical, straight or slightly curved, greyish brown or very pale brown. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Cultures growing on CMA reaching 30 mm diam after 30 days at 25 °C; moderate aerial mycelium, circular, umbonate, regular edges, dark brown. Material examined: BRAZIL, Bahia State, Pindobaçu, Serra da Fumaça, 10°39′ S, 40°22′ W, on decaying leaves of unidentified plant, 26 July 2016, L.B. Conceição, (HUEFS 234842, holotype); ex-type living culture CCLAMIC 206/16. GenBank numbers: ITS: MG594647; LSU: MG594648; TEF1: MG597248. Notes: Maximum likelihood tree based on a combined LSU, ITS and TEF1-α sequence dataset shows the phylogenetic position of Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus (Fig. 15). Paradictyoarthriniaceae Doilom, Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, in Liu et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-015-0324-y, [133] (2015) Notes: Paradictyoarthriniaceae was established as a family in the Pleosporales by Liu et al. (2015a, b, c) to accommodate Paradictyoarthrinium in Pleosporales based on its unique morphology and distinct lineage in the phylogenetic analysis. Members of this family are saprobes on dead wood and occur in a wide range of habitats such as terrestrial, aquatic and marine. They are widely distributed and reported from South Africa and tropical countries such as Thailand and India. Paradictyoarthrinium Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 9: 18 (1996) Notes: The genus Paradictyoarthrinium, typified by P. diffractum, was firstly reported by Matsushima (1996). This taxon was subsequently reported by Prabhugaonkar and Bhat (2011) from palm litter from India and later by Liu et al. (2015a, b, c). The genus is characterized by superficial, gregarious, black, powdery fruitbodies and macronematous conidiophores with unevenly dictyoseptate, subglobose to ellipsoid dark brown conidia. Paradictyoarthrinium includes four accepted species which are supported by both morphological and molecular data (Index Fungorum 2020). Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 9:18 (1996) Fig. 16 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 25 Fig. 14 Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus (HUEFS234842, holotype). a–b Detail of conidiogenous cells and conidiophores. c Conidia. d Scorpioid growth development on natural substrate. Scale bars: 20 µm Saprobic on decaying Avicennia marina wood. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies on natural substrate superficial, black, powdery, scattered, black, gregarious. Conidiophores 15–85 × 2–4 μm ( x = 31 × 2.6 μm, n = 5), macro- to micronematous, short, erect to slightly curved, black, slightly constricted at the septa, arising from hyphae. Conidiogenous cells blastic, integrated, mostly terminal and determinate. Conidia 10–35 × 10–25 μm ( x = 22 × 18 μm, n = 30), 2 to many, occasionally unevenly dictyoseptate, circular to irregular, dark brown to black on maturity, verrucose, solitary or forming in branched chains, hardly separating, variable in size and shape, mostly as tetrads on natural substrata. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on 50% sea water agar within 24 h, with germ tubes developed from all around. Colonies on MEA moderately growing, reaching 10–25 mm diam on 7th day, after 25 days of incubation reaching 50–65 mm at 25 °C, surface initially hyaline to pale grey reaching dark grey to dark brown, reverse dark brown, circular and zonate. Material examined: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, Muthupet mangroves on decaying intertidal wood of Avicennia marina (Acanthaceae), 28 November 2015, B. Devadatha (AMH-10161), living culture, NFCCI-4665. GenBank numbers: ITS: MN061370; LSU: MN061354 13 26 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 15 Maximum likelihood tree based on a combined LSU, ITS and TEF1-α sequence dataset. Numbers above branches indicate maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 70%. Thickened branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95. The tree is rooted with Mela- nomma pulvis-pyrius (CBS 124080). Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus is highlighted in yellow. Culture collection numbers are given after taxon names Notes: Our preliminary morphological studies and BLAST search analyses based on LSU and ITS sequence data showed that our taxon is 99% similar to Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum. Furthermore, the combined LSU and ITS phylogenetic analyses revealed that it nests along with other P. diffractum strains in a monophyletic clade with a significant support from ML 91%, MP 86% and 1.00 PP (Fig. 17). Morphologically our collection from natural specimen tends to produce tetrads of conidia in powdery form and lacks conidiophores and pleomorphic conidia (Fig. 16a, o–p). However, an isolated culture sporulated after 30 days incubation and had conidiophores bearing two or four pleomorphic dictyoseptate, circular to irregular, dark brown to black at maturity in branched chains, and including tetrads, conidia (Fig. 16b–n). We do not know the exact ecological factors that induce P. diffractum (AMH-10161) to produce only tetrads of conidia on natural host substrata in contrast to the isolated culture (NFCCI-4665) which tends to produce pleomorphic conidia. Our collection of P. diffractum (NFCCI-4665) shares identical characters with P. diffractum (GUFCC-15514) reported by Prabhugaonkar and Bhat (2011) on a dead spathe of Cocos nucifera from Goa, India. Isaka et al. (2015) discovered two new cytotoxic hydroanthraquinones, paradictyoarthrins A (1) and B (2) from P. diffractum (BCC 8704) collected from unidentified mangrove wood in Laem Son National Park, Ranong Province, 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 16 Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum (AMH-10161, a new host/geographical record). a Brown to black superficial colonies on decaying wood. b–c Colonies on MEA after 30 days. d–f, h–k Con- 27 idiophores and conidiogenous cells with conidial connections. j, l, m, o–p Conidia. Scale bars: d–k, o = 50 μm. l,p = 10 μm 13 28 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 ◂Fig. 17 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU and ITS gene regions of Paradictyoarthrinium and related taxa. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML, green), maximum parsimony (MP, blue) ≥ 75% and the values of Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP, purple) ≥ 0.95 are given above each branch, respectively. The new collection is in blue. The tree is rooted with Melanomma pulvis-pyrius CBS 124080 Thailand. Recently, Doilom et al. (2017) recorded P. diffractum on Tectonia grandis. The present record is the first report of this species from Avicennia marina and is a new record for marine fungi of India. Hence, the details of its morphology and sequence data were provided in this study. Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71(5): 948 (1979) Notes: We follow the latest treatment and update accounts of Phaeosphaeriaceae in Hyde et al. (2019, 2020a) and Phookamsak et al. (2019). Eighty-three genera are accepted in this family (Bakhshi et al. 2019; Hyde et al. 2019; Karunarathna et al. 2019; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2019; Phookamsak et al. 2019; Yang et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2019; Hongsanan et al. 2020). Ophiosphaerella Speg., Anal. Mus. Nac. B. Aires, Ser. 3 12: 401 (1909) Notes: We follow the latest treatment and updated accounts of Ophiosphaerella in Phookamsak et al. (2014), Ariyawansa et al. (2015) and Thambugala et al. (2017). Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556471; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06128; Fig. 18 Etymology: The specific epithet “chiangraiensis” refers to Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, where the holotype was collected. Holotype: MFLU 11-0246. Saprobic on dead culm of grass. (Sexual morph): Ascomata 190–370 μm high (including papilla), 250–460 µm diam, scattered, solitary, semi-immersed, visible as black, shiny dot on the host surface, globose to subglobose, uniloculate, glabrous, ostiole central, with minute papilla, filled with hyaline periphyses. Peridium 10–20 μm wide, of equal thickness, composed of several layers of small, flattened to broad, dark brown pseudoparenchymatous cells, paler towards the inner layers, arranged in textura angularis to textura prismatica. Hamathecium composed of numerous, 1.8–3.8 μm wide, filamentous, septate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci (125–)135–160(–180) × (6.5–)7–10 μm ( x = 152.5 × 8.6 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to subcylindric-clavate, subsessile to short pedicellate, with obtuse to furcate pedicel, apically rounded, 29 with well-developed ocular chamber, clearly seen at immature state. Ascospores (122–)140–160(–165) × 2–3(–4) μm ( x = 143.6 × 2.7 μm, n = 30), overlapping, in spiral, filiform, tapering towards the lower cell, pale yellowish, curved, (14–)15–16(–18)-septate, not constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, lacking a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 38–40 mm diam after 2 weeks at room temperature (20–30 °C). Colony medium dense, circular, flattened, slightly raised, surface smooth, with entire edge, floccose; from above, white to cream; from below, cream to pale yellowish; not producing pigmentation on agar medium. Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Muang District, Ta Sai, on dead culm of grass, 30 June 2011, R. Phookamsak, RP0130 (MFLU 11–0246, holotype), extype living culture, MFLUCC 12–0007. GenBank numbers: ITS: KM434272; LSU: KM434282; SSU: KM434291; TEF1-α: KM434300; RPB2: KM434308. Notes: Phylogenetically, strain MFLUCC 12–0007 formed a sister lineage with Ophiosphaerella agrostidis (MFLUCC 11-0152) with full support (100% ML, 100% MP) (Fig. 19). Comparisons of ITS and TEF1-α sequences show that MFLUCC 12-0007 differs from O. agrostidis (MFLUCC 11-0152) in 11/494 bp (2.2%) of ITS and 22/878 bp (2.5%) of TEF1-α. Therefore, we introduce MFLUCC 12–0007 as a new species, O. chiangraiensis. O. chiangraiensis is similar to O. agrostidis (see description of this species in Câmara et al. 2000 and Phookamsak et al. 2014) in having filiform, pale yellowish, (14–)15–16(–18)-septate ascospores. However, O. chiangraiensis differs from O. agrostidis by having slightly larger ascomata and ascospores, and smaller asci (Câmara et al. 2000). Pleomassariaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71(5): 949 (1979) Notes: Pleomassariaceae was established by Barr (1979) with Pleomassaria as the type genus. The characters that define the family are globose or depressed globose ascomata, a papillate ostiole which opens via a minute slit or a small conical swelling in the host, cellular pseudoparaphyses, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate cylindrical or clavate asci, ellipsoid or oblong 1-septate, multi-septate or muriform, mostly distoseptate, brown ascospores usually with a gelatinous sheath. Initially the genus comprised two other genera Asteromassaria and Splanchnonema. Later, the lichenized genus Eopyrenula was added by Barr (1993). Pleomassaria morphologically differs from the other two genera in producing muriform and slightly asymmetrical ascospores with a sub-median primary septum. Later, three species were added by Boise (1985) who reported that taxa in the Pleomassariaceae and Massarinaceae shared similar characters and might be closely related (Thambugala et al. 2018). Another lichenicolous genus Lichenopyrenis was 13 30 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 18 Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis (MFLU 11–0246, holotype). a Appearance of ascomata on host surface. b, c Sections through ascomata. d, e Section through peridium. f Pseudoparaphyses stained with Congo Red. g, h Asci. i Fissitunicate asci stained with Congo Red. j–m Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 200 μm, b, c = 100 μm, d = 50 μm, e–m = 20 μm erected introduced based on perithecioid ascomata, a peridium comprising of compressed cells of textura angularis, fissitunicate asci, wide hamathecium filaments, and 1-septate, distoseptate, pale orange-brown ascospores (Calatayud et al. 2001). Currently, Pleomassariaceae consists of seven genera, Beverwykella Tubaki, Lichenopyrenis Calat. et al., Myxocyclus Riess, Peridiothelia D. Hawksw., Prosthemium Kunze, Pseudotrichia Kirschst. and Splanchnonema Corda (Wijayawardene et al. 2014). The asexual morphs of Pleomassariaceae are mostly coelomycetous. 13 Prosthemium Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 17 (1817) Notes: The genus Prosthemium was introduced by Kunze (1817) with Prosthemium betulinum as the type species. The characters that define the genus are immersed, erumpent Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 31 Fig. 19 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on a combined ITS, LSU, SSU and TEF1-α sequence dataset of representative genera in Phaeosphaeriaceae. Ophiobolus artemisiicola (MFLU 15-2140), O. disseminans (MFLUCC 17-1787) and O. rossicus (MFLU 17-1639) were used as the outgroup taxa. Bootstrap support value for ML and MP ≥ 60% are given above the nodes. Newly generated sequence is in blue. Type strains are in bold ascomata, a dense, cellular, filiform hamathecium, broadly cylindrical to broadly cylindro-clavate asci, muriform brown to golden brown ascospores. The asexual morph is coelomycetous producing staurosporous brown macroconidia as well as ellipsoid guttulate microconidia. Seven species are recorded in Prosthemium. Species of Prosthemium can be found worldwide especially in Europe. We illustrate the sexual and asexual morph of P. betulinum as a new record from Italy. 13 32 Prosthemium betulinum Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 18 (1817) Facesoffungi number: FoF 06080; Figs. 20, 21 Saprobic in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata 879–979 × 284–401 μm ( x = 922.9 × 339.2 μm, n = 10), solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, erumpent or depressed globose, medium to large, black, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, opening via a minute slit or a small conical swelling in the bark, ostiolar canal filled with a tissue of hyaline small cells. Peridium 1–2 layered comprised of compressed cells of textura angularis, apex comprises comparatively larger cells than the base. Hamathecium of dense, cellular, filiform, broad, septate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 77–186 × 30–42 μm ( x = 140.1 × 36.4 μm, n = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, ellipsoid, broadly cylindrical to broadly cylindro-clavate, with a short, narrow, thick pedicel, rounded at the apex with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores 52–73 × 14–16 μm ( x = 61.3 × 15.4 μm, n = 10), biseriate, partially overlapping, narrowly oblong with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, brown to golden brown, muriform, 5–8 transverse septa and 1–2 vertical septa in some cells, constricted at each septum, smooth to verrucose wall with a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Pycnidia 390–359 × 301–316 μm ( x = 302.3 × 310.1 μm, n = 10), globose to subglobose, brown to black. Conidiophores 10–14 × 4–6 μm ( x = 12.7 × 5.3 μm, n = 10), unbranched, hyaline, septate. Macroconidia brown, staurosporous, 49–95 μm diam with two main arms and 2 or 3 smaller arms. Main arms 22–33 × 14–19 μm ( x = 28.2 × 16.3 μm, n = 20), 4–5 transversely septate, with terminal cell hyaline to pale brown. Smaller arms continuous or 1–3 septate, hyaline to pale brown. Microconidia 4–5 × 2–3 μm ( x = 4.7 × 3.2 μm, n = 10), brown to dark brown, sometimes with 1–2 guttules, globose to ellipsoid, aseptate, thick-walled, smooth. Culture characteristics: Colonies on MEA, 10–15 mm diam after 7 days at 16 ºC, margin regular, slightly raised, rough surface, entire edge, cottony or woolly, well-defined edges with no pigmentation of the agar. Material examined: ITALY, Via Togliatti—Forlì (Province of Forlì-Cesena [FC])—Italy, dead land branch of Betula sp. (Betulaceae), 26 March 2018, E. Camporesi (MFLU 17-0975); HKAS 97499. GenBank numbers: LSU: MK652791; SSU: MK652791; ITS: MK652789. Notes: Isolate MFLUCC 17-2312 was recovered from a dead branch of Betula sp. from Forli-Cesena Province. The new isolate clusters with other Prosthemium betulinum strains with moderate bootstrap support (65% ML/1.00 PP) (Fig. 22). The ITS sequence similarity between the new isolate and other P. betulinum strains is 100% (Jeewon and Hyde 2016). Therefore, we introduce P. betulinum as a new record from Italy. 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Roussoellaceae J.K. Liu, R. Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 181: 7 (2014) Notes: Liu et al. (2014) erected the family to accommodate Roussoella Sacc., Neoroussoella J.K. Liu et al., and Roussoellopsis I. Hino & Katum. Jayasiri et al. (2019) transferred Pararoussoella Wanas., E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde and Neoconiothyrium Crous to the family. The type genus is Roussoella Sacc. This group of fungi is commonly found on bamboo and palm hosts and is characterized by darkened, lightly raised, somewhat linear or dome-shaped areas on the host surface, semi-immersed or immersed ascostromata, 4–8-spored, and bitunicate asci with septate, brown to dark brown ascospores. Neoroussoella J.K. Liu, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 181: 21 (2014) Notes: The genus Neoroussoella was established in 2014 with the type Neoroussoella bambusae Phook., Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde based on an asexual morph producing hyaline conidia with smooth walls. Two species N. bambusae and N. lenispora Jin F. Zhang, Jian K. Liu, K.D. Hyde & Zi Y. Liu were added by Liu et al. (2014) and Hyde et al. (2016) respectively. Later, Jayasiri et al. (2019) added N. entade and N. leucaenae and transferred Roussoella solani (CPC 26331) to Neoroussoella. Karunarathna et al. (2019) added N. alishanense and Phookamsak et al. (2019) added N. heveae. Neoroussoella magnoliae N.I. de Silva & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556463; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06106; Fig. 23 Etymology: The specific epithet reflects the host Magnolia grandiflora. Holotype: MFLU 18-1022. Saprobic on dead twigs of Magnolia sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 200–300 µm high, 200–250 µm diam ( x = 245 × 230 µm, n = 10), semi-immersed on host surface, solitary, globose to subglobose, dark brown. Neck small, elongate, located in central, covered by host tissues. Peridium 15–20 µm wide, comprising brown textura prismatic cells. Hamathecium comprising 1–2 µm wide, cylindrical to filiform, septate, hyaline pseudoparaphyses. Asci 45–60 × 4–6 µm ( x = 56 × 5 µm, n = 25), 8 spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate with a short pedicel. Ascospores 7–9 × 3–4 µm ( x = 8.2 × 3.2 µm, n = 30), overlapping, fusiform, 1-septate, light brown and brown. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 25 mm diam after 1 week at 20–25 °C, colonies medium sparse, circular, flat, surface slightly rough with edge entire, margin well-defined, cottony to fairly fluffy, colony from above: greyish green; reverse light brown. Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, dead twigs (attached to the tree) of Magnolia Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 20 Prosthemium betulinum. (MFLU 17-0975, a new geographical record). a,b Appearance of ascomata on host surface. c Vertical section through the ascomata. d Peridium e–g Asci. h Asci showing ocular chamber i Ascospore in Indian ink showing sheath 33 j-l Ascospores m Germinating ascospores n,o Culture characteristics on MEA (n: reverse view; o: above view) Scale bars: a = 1000 μm, b = 2000 μm, c = 400 μm, d = 40 μm, e–g = 100 μm, h–l = 20 μm, m = 50 μm 13 34 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 21 Prosthemium betulinum. Asexual Morph (MFLU 17-0975, a new geographical record). a,b Pycnidia on culture. c–g Macroconidia. h–m Microconidia. Scale bars: a = 1000 μm, b = 1000 μm, c = 15 μm, d–g = 20 μm, h–m = 5 μm grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), 26 April 2017, N. I. de Silva, NI158 (MFLU 18-1022, holotype), living culture, MFLUCC 18-0721, KUMCC 17-0190. GenBank numbers: ITS: MK801232; LSU: MK801230; SSU: MK801231; TEF1: MK834373. Notes: A sexual morph of Neoroussoella was collected in this study and phylogenetic analysis confirmed its placement in Roussoellaceae. The asexual morph of the new species was not observed from the culture. In our multigene phylogenetic study, N. magnoliae (MFLUCC 18-0721) clustered with other species of Neoroussoella (Fig. 24). The new species expands the host families inhabited by Neoroussoella with the addition of the woody plant family Magnoliaceae. N. magnoliae differs from other Neoroussoella species in having the shortest asci (45–60) µm and the shortest ascospores (7–9) µm except for N. leucaenae. N. leucaenae is morphologically similar to N. magnoliae, but phylogenetically distantly related. N. leucaenae was collected from a decaying pod of Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae) in Thailand. Morphological differences in ascomata, asci, ascospores, 13 condiomata and conidia among Neoroussoella species are given in Table 2. Sporormiaceae Munk, Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 17 (1): 450 (1957) Notes: Sporormiaceae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) was erected by Munk (1957) and includes six genera according to the Outline of Ascomycota (Wijayawardene et al. 2018). Although most of the taxa are coprophilous, a small number in this family are endophytes (Arenal et al. 2007; Crous et al. 2018). The sexual morphology is characterized by ascomata solitary or gregarious, perithecioid or cleistothecioid, immersed, erumpent or superficial, dark pigment, globose to pyriform; peridium smooth or hairy, fairly thick, with dark pigment; asci usually 8–spored, fissitunicate, nonamyloid, clavate, globose or cylindrical; ascospores often partly overlapping inside the asci, uni-to triseriate, sometimes fasciculate or crowded, sometimes but rarely onecelled, usually septate and poly-celled, oval to cylindrical, thick-walled, smooth, sometimes but rarely ornamented, Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 35 Fig. 22 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on a combined ITS, LSU and SSU sequence dataset retrieved from the GenBank. Melanomma pulvis-pyrius and M. japonicum are used as the out-group taxa. ML bootstrap values ≥ 50% are given as the first set of numbers and approximate likelihood-ratio test (aLRT) ≥ 0.90 values as the second set of numbers above the nodes. Voucher/strain numbers are given after the taxon names, the ones from type material are indicated in bold face. Newly generated sequence is indicated in blue. The bar length indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site dark brown. The asexual morph is rare, when present it is coelomycetous, with Phoma-like pycnidia (Hyde et al. 2013). Sporormurispora Wanas., Bulgakov, Gafforov & K.D. Hyde, in Wanasinghe et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/ s13225-018-0395-7, [157] (2018) 13 36 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 23 Neoroussoella magnoliae (MFLU 18-1022, holotype). a–c Appearance of ascomata on host surface. d, e Vertical sections through ascomata. f Peridium. g Pseudoparaphyses. h–j Asci. k–n Ascospores. Scale bars: d, e = 50 μm, f = 10 μm, h–j = 20 μm, k–n = 5 μm 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 24 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on a combined LSU, SSU, ITS, TEF1 and RPB2 sequence dataset. Related sequences were obtained from GenBank. Lophiostoma macrostomum (HHUF 2793) was used as the out-group taxon. 37 ML bootstrap support (first set) ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (second set) ≥ 0.90 are given near to each branch. The ex-type strains are in black bold. Newly generated sequence is in blue 13 38 13 Table 2 Synopsis of Neoroussoella species Species Ascomata (μm) Asci (μm) Ascospores (μm) Neoroussoe- 230–310 high, 370–480 diam, immersed in host epidermis, lla alishanraised, hemispherical to subconiense cal, coriaceous 60–80 × 4.5–6 N. bambusae Ascostromata 120–175 high, 380–450 diam, immersed under a clypeus, or epidermis, raised, visible as black dome-shaped or shield-shaped N. entadae No sexual morph observed, only asexual morph present N. leucaenae 215–275 high, 175–225 diam, semiimmersed, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black 60–80(–82) (–85) × 5–6(– 6.5) Decaying stems of Pennisetum pur7.5–11 × 3–4, pale brown to brown pureum Schumach. (Poaceae) or yellowish brown, ellipsoid to fusiform, 2-celled, constricted at the septum, rough-walled, longitudinally ribbed On dead branch of Bambusa (7.5–)8–10 × 3–4, 2-celled, con(Poaceae) stricted at the septum, pale brown, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath – – Reference Taiwan Karunarathna et al. (2019) Thailand Liu et al. (2014) On stems of Solanum mauritianum (Solanaceae) Dead twig of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae) Jayasiri et al. (2019) Jayasiri et al. (2019) Guizhou, China Hyde et al. (2016) France Crous et al. (2016) Yunnan, fChina This study Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 7–9 × 3–4, fusiform, 1-septate, light brown and brown Locality On decaying pod of Entada phaseo- Thailand loides (Fabaceae) On decaying pod of Leucaena sp. Thailand (Fabaceae) 50–60 × 4.5–5.5 8–9 × 2.5–3.5, hyaline to brown, fusiform with narrow, acute ends, two asymmetric cells with guttules, constricted at the septum 74–127 × 5.9–9 10–16 × 3.5–5, ellipsoid to fusiform, On decaying branch of 2-celled, constricted at the septum, unidentified host pale brown to brown, guttulate when young Ascostromata semi-immersed to erumpent, clypeate, globose to subglobose, solitary to gregarious, black, coriaceous, centrally ostiolate, visible as black, dome-shaped spots N. solani No sexual morph observed, only – asexual morph present N. magnoliae 200–300 high, 200–250 diam, semi- 45–60 × 4–6 immersed on host surface, solitary, globose to subglobose, dark brown N. lenispora – Host Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 39 Fig. 25 Sporormurispora paulsenii (TASM 6149, holotype). a,b Ascomata on host substrate. c Section of ascoma. d Peridium. e Pseudoparaphyses. f–h Asci. i–l Ascospores. m Germinating ascospores. n,o Culture characteristics on MEA (n: Above view; o: Reverse view). Scale bars: a = 1000 μm, b = 1000 μm, c = 100 μm, d = 20 μm, e = 10 μm, f = 50 μm, g,h = 100 μm, i–l = 10 μm, m = 20 μm Notes: The genus Sporormurispora was erected by Wanasinghe et al. (2018) with S. atraphaxidis as the type species. The latter was isolated from stems of Atraphaxis replicata Lam in Russia. The characters that define the genus are black, globose, uniloculate ascomata with an ostiole, a thick peridium, comprising 6–8 layers, filamentous, branched, septate, pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical asci and uniseriate, mostly ellipsoid, brown, muriform ascospores. We introduce a new species of Sporormurispora based on morphology and phylogeny. Sporormurispora paulsenii D.Pem, Gafforov & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556258; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06252; Fig. 25 Etymology: The epithet reflects the name of the host plant ‘paulsenii’. 13 40 Holotype: TASM 6149. Saprobic in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata 673–757 μm × 470–589 μm ( x = 715.5 × 529.6 μm, n = 10), black, immersed to erumpent, solitary or in groups, gregarious or confluent, disc-shaped, uniloculate, without an ostiole. Peridium 43–52 μm thick, comprising 2 layers, outer layer comprising heavily pigmented, thick-walled, dark brown amorphous layer, middle layer comprising thick-walled, blackish to dark brown loosely packed cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed hyaline, flattened, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.5–2.0 μm (n = 20), comprising numerous, filamentous, branched, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 129–283 × 18–22 μm ( x = 180.4 × 18.9 μm, n = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate, apex rounded with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores 32–35 × 16–19 μm ( x = 33.9 × 18.2 μm, n = 10), uniseriate to overlapping uniseriate, muriform, mostly ellipsoid, 7–10-transversely septate, with 2–3-longitudinal septa, slightly constricted at the middle septum, initially hyaline, becoming dark brown at maturity, rounded at the ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Colonies on MEA, 10–15 mm diam after 7 days at 16 ºC, margin regular, slightly raised, smooth surface, entire edge, cottony or woolly, whitish, well-defined edges with no pigmentation of the agar. Material examined: UZBEKISTAN, Surxondaryo, Province, Boysun district, Omonxona village, South-Western Hissar Mountains, on branches of Colutea paulsenii (Fabaceae), 18 May 2016, Y. Gafforov, YG-S121-1 (TASM 6149, holotype); MFLU 17-0112, isotype, ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 17-1957. GenBank numbers: LSU: MK966143; SSU: MK963075; RPB2: MN023029. Notes: Sporormurispora paulsenii was collected from Colutea paulsenii in Uzbekistan, and clusters with S. pruni (MFLUCC 17-0803) and S. atraphaxidis (MFLUCC 17-0742) with strong bootstrap support (100% ML and 1.00 PP) (Fig. 26). These taxa are similar in having a thick peridium, pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical asci and uniseriate, mostly ellipsoid, brown, muriform ascospores. However, S. paulsenii differs from S. atraphaxidis, the type species of Sporormurispora, in having disc- shaped ascomata, a thicker peridium (43–52 μm vs 15–25 μm), narrower hamathecium (1.5–2.0 μm vs 1.5–3 μm) and lacks an ostiole. Therefore, we introduce S. paulsenii as a new species. Tubeufiales Boonmee & K.D. Hyde Notes: The order Tubeufiales was established by Boonmee et al. (2014) to accommodate the type family Tubeufiaceae based on phylogenetic studies. Liu et al. (2017a) accepted Bezerromycetaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae in the Tubeufiales based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. However, Lu et al. (2018d) revised this order and confirmed 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 that only Tubeufiaceae was included in the Tubeufiales based on the phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF1-α. Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71(5): 948 (1979) Notes: Tubeufiaceae was established by Barr (1979) with Tubeufia as the type genus. Most species of Tubeufiaceae are widespread in tropical and temperate regions, and can live terrestrially as saprobes on woody substrates or in aquatic habitats (Barr 1979, 1980; Rossman 1987; Kirk et al. 2001; Ho et al. 2002; Cai et al. 2003; Zhao et al. 2007; Boonmee et al. 2011, 2014; Hyde et al. 2016; Brahamanage et al. 2017; Chaiwan et al. 2017; Doilom et al. 2017; Lu et al. 2017a, b, c, d; Luo et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2018; Phookamsak et al. 2018). Lu et al. (2018d) documented this family and provided an updated phylogenetic tree of combined ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF1-α sequences for the Tubeufiales. They established 13 genera in Tubeufiaceae, and confirmed that the Tubeufiales (including the Tubeufiaceae), comprises 42 genera based on their phylogeny-morphology analyses. We follow the treatments of Tubeufiaceae and Tubeufiales by Lu et al. (2018d) and present a new species, Helicoarctatus thailandicus, based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. Helicoarctatus Y.Z. Lu, J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde, in Lu et al., Fungal Diversity 92: 166 (2018) Notes: Helicoarctatus was introduced by Lu et al. (2018d) as a monotypic genus with H. aquaticus as the type species. Helicoarctatus is characterized by setiform, unbranched, septate conidiophores, holoblastic, mono- to poly-blastic, denticulate conidiogenous cells and pleurogenous, helicoid, rounded at tip, multi-septate, tightly coiled 3–4 times, guttulate, hyaline conidia. The sexual morph is unknown (Lu et al. 2018d). We introduce a new species, Helicoarctatus thailandicus, based on both morphology and phylogeny. Helicoarctatus thailandicus D.F. Bao, Z.L. Luo, K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Su, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556259; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05831; Fig. 27 Etymology: Referring to the fungus being collected from Thailand. Holotype: MFLU 19-0555. Saprobic on submerged decaying wood in a freshwater stream. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies on the substratum superficial, effuse, gregarious, velvety, white to pale brown, shiny. Mycelium composed of partly immersed, partly superficial, brown to dark brown, septate, branched hyphae. Conidiophores 302–536 µm long, 6–11 μm wide ( x = 415.3 × 9.4 µm, n = 30), macronematous, mononematous, erect, cylindrical, straight or slightly flexuous, unbranched, tapering towards apex, with red to purple Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 41 Fig. 26 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data retrieved from the GenBank. ML bootstrap values ≥ 50% are given as the first set of numbers and approximate likelihood-ratio test (aLRT) ≥ 0.90 values as the second set of numbers above the nodes. Voucher/strain numbers are given after the taxon names, the ones from type material are indicated in bold face. Newly generated sequence is indicated in blue. The bar length indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site appendage near apex, septate, brown to reddish brown, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells 3–6.9 μm long, 2.5–4.5 μm wide, holoblastic, monoblastic, determinate, denticulate, arising laterally from lower portion of the conidiophores as tiny tooth-like protrusions, with each bearing 1 tiny sporogenous conidiogenous loci, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 44–62 µm diam, 417–524 µm long, 3.7–6.8 μm wide ( x = 460 × 51 µm, n = 30), solitary, helicoid, rounded at both of ends, muriform, with small guttule, aseptate, tightly 13 42 Fig. 27 Helicoarctatus thailandicus (MFLU 19-0555, holotype). a–c Colony on decaying wood. d–f Conidiophores with attached conidia. g–h Conidiogenous cells with conidia. i–j Conidia. k Germi- 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 nating conidium. l, m Colony on MEA from above and below. Scale bars: d–f = 50 μm, g–k = 30 μm Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 coiled 4 times, becoming loosely coiled in water, hyaline, smooth-walled. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h. Colonies on MEA at room temperature reaching 2.3 cm diam in 3 weeks, mycelium pale brown to greyish brown after 3 weeks, composed of brown to dark brown, septate, smooth or verrucose hyphae. Material examined: THAILAND, Khwaeng Bang Chak, Khet Phra Khanong Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, on submerged decaying wood, October 2017, Z.L. Luo, B site 3–2–1. (MFLU 19-0555, holotype), ex-type culture, MFLUCC 18-0332. GenBank numbers: LSU: MK559869; SSU: MK559780; TEF1-α: MK541685. Notes: In our phylogenetic analyses, Helicoarctatus thailandicus clustered with H. aquaticus but was separate in a distinct lineage with full support (100 ML/1.00 PP) (Fig. 28). Morphologically, H. thailandicus resembles H. aquaticus in having unbranched, septate, and wide at bottom, tapering at apex conidiophores, holoblastic, determinate, discrete, denticulate, hyaline conidiogenous cells and helicoid, hyaline conidia. However, H. thailandicus differs from H. aquaticus in its conidiophores with a red to purple appendage near the apex and aseptate conidia, rounded at both of ends, and becoming loosely coiled in water. The conidiophores of H. aquaticus are without an appendant and the conidia are not rounded at the tip and do not become loosely coiled in water. Thaxteriellopsis Sivan., Panwar & S.J. Kaur, Kavaka 4: 39 (1977) [1976] Notes: Thaxteriellopsis Sivan., Panwar & S.J. Kaur was introduced as a new genus by Sivanesan et al. (1976) based on the type species T. lignicola Sivan., Panwar & S.J. Kaur. Two more species were added to this genus but were transferred to Chaetosphaerulina (Crane et al. 1998; Wijayawardene et al. 2017). However, the type species T. liginicola has been retained in Thaxteriellopsis by Boonmee et al. (2011) and Lu et al. (2018d). Crane et al. (1998) suggested that multiseptate ascospores, often with one or few vertical septa, could be placed in Chaetosphaerulina, but they did not mention this in the generic description (Boonmee et al. 2011). After re-examination of the holotype (IMI197065), Boonmee et al. (2011) designated an epitype (MFLU 10-0057) and described both the sexual morph, found on a dead piece of wood of Zizyphus mauritiana, and the asexual morph produced in MEA culture. Thaxteriellopsis is characterized by non-ostiolate, setose, superficial, broadly sphaerical ascomata on a subiculum; bitunicate, cylindric-clavate, short pedicellate asci and hyaline, fusiform, phragmoseptate ascospores. It also produces a Moorella-like asexual morph (Subramanian and Sekar 1982). At present this genus is monotypic. 43 Thaxteriellopsis obliqus M. Niranjan and V.V. Sarma, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF 557437; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06266; Figs. 29, 30 Etymology: With reference to an oblique septum in the ascospores. Holotype: AMH-10087. Saprobic on decaying Nauclea gageana. Sexual morph: Ascomata 140–190 × 240–345 μm, superficial, with black subiculum, oblate to spheroid, dark brown, scattered, ostiolate, periphysate, velvety, hyphal appendages laterally surrounding ascoma, sparse, flexuous, thick-walled, brown, septate. Necks 80 × 100 μm, depressed when dry, narrow towards apex. Peridium up to 25 μm wide, composed of several layers of outer brown and inner hyaline cells of textura angularis, with guttules. Hamathecium composed of 1–2 μm wide, filamentous, septate, unbranched, anastomosing trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 67–78(–80) × 15.5–19 μm ( x = 74.5 × 17.5 μm, n = 25), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindric-clavate, apically rounded with an ocular chamber, narrowing towards base, short pedicellate. Ascospores 22–29 × 4.0–5.5 μm ( x = 24.8 × 4.8 μm, n = 25), hyaline, triseriate, obclavate-cylindrical, gently curved, obtuse at both ends, apex broader than base, 6–8(–9) trans-septa, rarely muriform with one longitudinal septum which is oblique, not constricted at septa, mature spores becoming grey, smoothwalled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, helicosporous, Conidiophores erect, straight or somewhat bent, macronematous, mononematous, superficial, cylindrical, arising as lateral branches from hyphae, branching into whorls, septate, slightly constricted at septa, 170–200 × 6.0–8.5 μm, dark brown to brown, narrowing towards apex, smooth-walled. Each conidiophore bearing 2 to 5 branches of verticels (in whorls) along stipe at intervals (30–45 μm), each whorl having 3 to 5 brown branches. Each branch is 1–4 celled, brown to dark brown, 3–7 μm. Terminal cell of these branches is conidiogenous. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, mono- to polyblastic, integrated, sympodial, terminal, cylindrical, 3.5–6.5 × 2–2.5 μm, pale brown, denticulate, smooth-walled. Conidia hyaline, solitary, acropleurogenous, helicoid, 12–15 × 9–11.5 μm ( x = 13.3 × 9.8 μm, n = 25), conidial filament, coiled 1 to 1½ times, rounded, obtuse end, 3–5 septate, without constrictions, guttulate, smooth-walled, arising on small denticles. Cultural characteristics: Ascospores germinating on water agar within 24 h and two germ tubes produced at end cells. Colonies growing on MEA, cottony, sterile mycelium, initially grey-brown, become dark brown at maturity, reaching 18 mm in 1 week at 28 °C, mycelium superficial, raised at center, radially straight to undulated edges, septate, unbranched, brown coloured hyphae. Material examined: INDIA, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, South Andaman, Chidiyatapu Reserve Forest 13 44 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 28 Phylogenetic tree generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on a combined LSU, ITS and TEF1-α sequence dataset for some selected species within the Tubeufiaceae. Botryosphaeria dothides CBS 1154.76 and B. agaves MFLUCC 10-10051 are used as the out-group taxa. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML) ≥ 75% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes. Newly generated sequence is indicated in blue and ex-type strains are in bold (11°29′52.8" N, 92°42′38.6" E). Recorded on Nauclea gageana, 20 May 2018, M. Niranjan & V.V. Sarma (PUFNI 18,727). Herbarium submitted in Ajrekar Mycological Herbarium-AMH (AMH-10087) and NFCC-4429 (holotype) deposited at National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Pune. GenBank numbers: ITS: MK981534; LSU: MK981533; TEF1: MK984839. Notes: Thaxteriellopsis obliqus produces ascospores with one or few vertical/oblique septa similar to Chaetosphaerulina spp. (Crane et al. 1998; Lu et al. 2018d). However, most of the Chaetosphaerulina members have multiseptate ascospores that are more than 10 septate excepting C. eucalypti, which has 6–10 septate ascospores with few vertical or oblique septa. T. obliqus, however, differs from C. eucalypti by having prominent necks with periphyses, 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 45 Fig. 29 Thaxteriellopsis obliqus (NFCC-4429, holotype). a Ascomata on host. b Ascomata attached by lateral hyphae. c Section through ascoma. d Peridium. e–g Asci. g–p Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 200 µm, c = 100 µm, d = 50 µm, e–g = 20 µm, g–p = 10 µm 13 46 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 30 Thaxteriellopsis obliqus (NFCC-4429, holotype). a Conidiomata on host. b Culture on MEA. c, d Conidiophores. e Conidiogenous cells. f–i Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 50 µm, e = 20 µm, f–i = 10 µm narrower and smaller ascomata, smaller asci and smaller ascospores that lack constrictions at the septa. Molecular sequence data of Chaetosphaerulina spp. are not available in the public domain to be included in our phylogenetic analysis for a comparison. The phylogenetic tree also shows that 13 T. obliqus branches separately from T. lignicola with good bootstrap support of 100% in ML, 100% in MP and 1.00 in PP (Fig. 31). T. lignicola is known to produce a Moorellalike anamorph (Subramanian and Sekar 1982). A similar anamorph is found in T. obliqus also. T. obliqus produces Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 ascospores that are 6–8(–9) septate without constrictions at the septa unlike T. lignicola which produces 5-septate ascospores that have constrictions at the septa. Furthermore, T. obliqus differs from T. lignicola in having a central, ostiolated neck in the ascomata, and narrower ascospores with a vertical or oblique septum. In contrast, T. lignciola produces non-ostiolate ascomata. Hence a new species, T. obliqus, is added to the genus. Incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes Notes: Species of Scleroramularia Batzer & Crous formed a sister branch of Pleosporales in the phylogenetic tree, but its placement was not given (Li et al. 2011). Scleroramularia Batzer & Crous, Fungal Diversity 46: 58 (2011) Notes: The genus was established with Scleroramularia pomigena Batzer & Crous in 2011 as the type species and characterized as forming black sclerotial bodies in culture and producing chains of hyaline conidia which do not disarticulate readily (Li et al. 2011). Species of Scleroramularia are ectophytic parasites causing sooty blotch and flyspeck on the surface of fruits including apple, pawpaw and Japanese banana (Gleason et al. 2019). Six species have been reported: S. abundans Batzer, Mayfield & Crous, S. asiminae Batzer, Hemnani & Crous, S. henaniensis G.Y. Sun, H.Y. Li & Crous, S. pomigena Batzer & Crous, S. shaanxiensis G.Y. Sun, H.Y. Li & Crous and S. musae G.Y. Sun & L. Gao (Li et al. 2011; Gao et al. 2015). Scleroramularia vermispora G.Y. Sun & L. Gao, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556172; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05788; Fig. 32 Etymology: Named after its conidia shape. Holotype: HMUABO GLZJXJ6. Ectophytic on the surface of Japanese banana (Musa basjoo) fruit. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph on SNA. Mycelium creeping, superficial and submerged, consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 1.5–2.5 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells, or with one supporting cell. Conidiogenous cells solitary, erect, intercalary on hyphae, subcylindrical, straight, with 1 terminal locus, 2–7 × 1.5–3 μm. Conidia in branched chains, hyaline, smooth, straight, curved, and usually bending into a “C” shape or vermiform if long and thin; basal conidia mostly narrowly cylindrical, 0–3-septate, 23–57 × 1.5–2.5 μm; intercalary and terminal conidia becoming more narrowly ellipsoid to vermiform, 0–4-septate, 11–34(–43) × 1.5–3 μm. Culture characteristics: Colonies after 2 weeks at 25 °C on SNA spreading with sparse aerial mycelium and 47 somewhat feathery margin, reaching 15 mm diam, with white surface. Material examined: CHINA, Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, on the surface of Musa basjoo fruit, October 2011, L. Gao, W.H. Li & H.C. Chen, GLZJXJ6 (GLZJXJ6, holotype). Other specimens examined: CHINA, Guangdong: Zhanjiang, on the surface of M. basjoo fruit, October 2011, L. Gao, W.H. Li & H.C. Chen, GL-ZJXJ-2D, GL-ZJXJ-4B, GL-ZJXJ-10, GL-ZJXJ-20, GL-ZJXJ-26B, GL-ZJXJ-30B, GL-ZJXJ-34; Guangxi Province, Beihai, on the surface of M. basjoo fruit, October 2013, L. Gao & W.Y. Zhao, GLBHBJ-6, GL-BHFJ-13, GL-BHFJ.B-18A; Guangxi, Nanning, on the surface of M. basjoo fruit, October 2013, L. Gao & W.Y. Zhao, GL-NNFJ-10, GL-NNFJ-18, GL-NNFJ-22A, GL-NNFJ-22B, GL-NNJJ-23A, GL-NNFJ-26B; Yunnan, on the surface of M. basjoo fruit, October 2011, L. Gao, W.H. Li & H.C. Chen, GL-YNFJ-3B, GL-YNFJ-5, GL-YNFJ-6, GL-YNFJ-10A, GL-YNFJ-10B, GL-YNFJ-10C, GL-YNFJ11A, GL-YNFJ-11B. GenBank numbers: ITS: MK454748; TEF1: MK454977. Notes: The phylogenetic tree based on a combined ITS and TEF1 sequence dataset shows that Scleroramularia vermispora branches separately from the other species in the genus with full support (Fig. 33). The conidia of S. vermispora are long and thin, usually bending into a “C” shape or vermiform. Lecanoromycetes Graphidales Bessey Notes: Nannfeldt (1932) established the order Ostropales Nannf. to accommodate the Ostropaceae Rehm (a synonym of Stictidaceae Fr.), a family which is comprised of nonlichenized fungi. Gilenstam (1969) suggested the lichenized genera in the Graphidales should also be included in Ostropales sensu stricto, and this wide definition was commonly accepted (Eriksson and Hawksworth 1993; Hawksworth et al. 1995; Winka et al. 1998). Graphidales, proposed by Bessey (1907), therefore, had been included in the Ostropales (Lecanoromycetes) for a long time (Staiger 2002; Kalb et al. 2004; Hibbett et al. 2007; Lumbsch et al. 2007; Kirk et al. 2008; Baloch et al. 2010; Rivas Plata and Lumbsch 2011; Rivas Plata et al. 2012; Lumbsch et al. 2014a,b; Lücking et al. 2017a,b; Wijayawardene et al. 2018). However, Kraichak et al. (2018) ranked Graphidales as a separate order based on a temporal approach, and accepted five families. In the recent outline of fungi and fungus-like taxa (Wijayawardene et al. 2020), six families are now listed in the Graphidales. Graphidaceae Dumort., [as ’Graphineae’], Comment. Bot. (Tournay): 69 (1822) 13 48 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 31 Maximum parsimony tree constructed by ITS, LSU and TEF1 sequences of species in Tubeufiaceae along with Thaxteriellopsis obliqus (NFCC-4429). Botryosphaeria dothidea CBS 1154.76 served as the out-group. Bootstrap support values for maximumlikelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) values ≥ 65% are given above the nodes. Highlighted letter ‘a’ represents the country Thailand 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Notes: Graphidaceae is the largest crustose lichenized family of approximately 2160 species predominatly tropical, encompassing a remarkable range of morphological and chemical diversity (Kalb et al. 2018). The family members are easily recognized as they are characterized by crustose thalli with elongate and often carbonized ascomata, containing parallel paraphyses, and ascospores having usually lenticular cell lumina, which turn violet or reddish with Lugol’s solution (Staiger et al. 2006). The work regarding investigation of lichens in Thailand was reviewed in Kalb et al. (2018), and a revised checklist of lichenized fungi in Thailand, provided by Buaruang et al. (2017), contains 290 species records in 46 genera of Graphidaceae. Graphis Adans., Familles des Plantes 2: 11 (1763) Notes: Graphis Adans. is the largest genera in Graphidaceae, with 390 species according to Lücking et al. (2017a). Members of Graphis usually occurr in open, light habitats, such as roadsides or at the edge of forests (Kalb et al. 2018). A detailed study of Graphis in Thailand was provided in Kalb et al. (2018), and refers to a broad sense of Graphis in Staiger (2002). According to Lücking (2009) Graphis is characterized by having a crustose thallus with the alga Trentepohlia as a photobiont, lirellate ascomata with uncarbonized, partly or completely carbonized exciple, an inspersed or non-inspersed hymenium and ± hyaline, transseptate or muriform I + blue ascospores. Phylogenetically, Graphis sensu represents two distinct, distantly related clades in Rivas Plata et al. (2011), of which Graphis sensu stricto comprises the type species G. scripta and the name Allographa Chevall. is proposed for the second clade. Recently, Lücking and Kalb (2018) have instated Allographa as a genus separate from Graphis. Allographa usually has prominent, rather massive, mostly completely carbonized and often striate lirellae, sometimes with pigmented pruina and generally with larger ascospores with more numerous septa. However, Graphis contains species with secondary thallus compounds, and with a stronger tendency to develop exposed discs. Graphis supracola A.W. Archer, Aust. Syst. Bot. 14(2): 267 (2001) Index Fungorum number: IF483622; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06021; Fig. 34 Thallus corticolous, whitish or greyish white, smooth or slightly roughened, ecorticate, dull. Lirellae erumpent to prominent, with lateral thalline margin, no striation, short and stellately or irregularly branched, up to 4 mm long, libia convergent, white pruinose, disc concealed in dry material, nearly exposed of section in water. Excipulum lateral carbonized, black, brown in thin section. Hymenium clear. Asci 96–112 × 21–31 µm, 8-spored, clavate. Ascospores 25–50 × 6–9 µm ( x = 35.1 × 7.6 µm, n = 34), mostly 30–40 49 µm long, overlapping or tri-seriate, hyaline, clavate to ellipsoid with rounded ends, transversely 7–11-septate, with lens-shaped lumina and gelatinous sheath, I + yellow to blue or violet. Chemistry: KOH–; Thallus P + orange (Fig. 34d), protocetraric acid. Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, on decayed wood in a mountain roadside forest, 20 June 2018, Y.S. Liu, L02 (MFLU 19-0013). GenBank numbers: mtSSU: MK770352; nuLSU: MK770351. Notes: Graphis has 390 species and only a few have been sequenced. According to a world-wide key to the genus in Lücking et al. (2009) and a key for recorded Graphis species in Thailand (Kalb et al. 2018), the new collection resembles G. supracola (Archer 2001) as both contain protocetraric acid (P + orange, K–). G. supracola has been reported from Africa (Joshi et al. 2016), Australia (Archer 2001), Cambodia (Moon et al. 2013), Thailand (Poengsungnoen et al. 2010; Schumm and Aptroot 2012), USA (Seavey and Seavey 2011) and Vietnam (Joshi et al. 2013). It is very common in Thailand but there is no available sequence data (Kalb et al. 2018). The morphological characteristics of our collection fit those of G. supracola (Kalb et al. 2018). The new collection has larger ascospores than previously described for G. supracola (25–40 × 6–8 μm), which is well-characterized in having concealed disc (caesiella-morph). Herein, we provide reference sequences for G. supracola, and a phylogenetic analysis based on mtSSU and nuLSU sequence data of Graphis species (Fig. 35). G. supracola and G. caesiella are closely related in the phylogenetic tree, but they form distinct lineages with high statistical support and differ mostly in the chemistry. Leotiomycetes Erysiphales Gwynne-Vaughan & Barnes Notes: The order was erected by Gwynne-Vaughan and Barnes (1927) with Erysiphaceae Tul. & C. Tul. as the type family and the sole member of the order. All members of Erysiphales are exclusively obligate biotrophic ascomycetes with superficial mycelia and ascomata lacking ostioles and enclosing single to numerous asci. Erysiphaceae Tul. & C. Tul., Select. Fung. Carpol. 1: 191 (1861) Notes: The establishment of Erysiphaceae dates back to 1861 by the brothers Tulasne. This family consists of ca. 900 species among 18 genera (Braun and Cook 2012; Marmolejo et al. 2018). As one of the most important plant pathogenic groups, species of Erysiphaceae can infect ca. 10,000 species of angiosperms including many economically 13 50 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 32 Scleroramularia vermispora (HMUABO GLZJXJ6, holotype). a Flyspeck signs on banana peel. b Colony on synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA) after 2 weeks. c vermiform conidia. d Chains of conidia. e “C” type conidia. f Chains of conidia with branch. Scale bars: c–f = 20 µm important, cultivated species such as cereals, vegetables, fruit trees, and other flowering plants (Takamatsu 2018). genus Podosphaera which subsequently was divided into two non-monophyletic groups, sect. Podosphaera, sect. Sphaerotheca. Section Sphaerotheca was further divided into two subsections, subsect. Sphaerotheca and subsect. Magnicellulatae. In section Podosphaera 86% of hosts and in subsection Sphaerotheca 57% of hosts belong to the Rosaceae and the close evolutionary relationship between Podosphaera and its rosaceous hosts has been revealed by Takamatsu et al. (2010). Podosphaera Kunze, Mykol. (Hefte) 2: 111 (1823) Notes: Many molecular analyses have confirmed that the genera Podosphaera and Sphaerotheca form a clearly single monophyletic clade (Saenz & Taylor 1999; Mori et al. 2000; Takamatsu et al. 2000). Therefore, Braun and Takamatsu (2000) proposed to merge the two genera into an emended 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 51 Fig. 33 Maximum parsimony tree based on a combined ITS and TEF1 sequence dataset of representing Scleroramularia. Bootstrap support values for MP ≥ 50% are given above the nodes. The tree is rooted with Phyllosticta lauridiae (CBS 145559). The new isolates are in bold Podosphaera yulii S.-Y. Liu & P.-L. Qiu, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556431; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06104; Fig. 36 Etymology: Refers to the name of Prof. Yu Li. Holotype: HMJAU91796. Mycelium amphigenous, effuse, persistent, often causing yellowish or dark brown discoloration and malformation of the hosts leaves. Hyphal appressoria indistinct nipple-shaped, solitary. Conidiophores arising from the upper surface of hyphal mother cells, (45–)50–105 × 9–12 μm and producing the conidia in chains with clear fibrosin bodies. Foot cells, cylindrical, 22–51(–56) × 7.8–12.7 μm, sometimes slightly swollen at the very base and the basal septum occasionally raising above the junction with the mother cell. Conidia ellipsoid or oval, with distinct fibrosin bodies, 18.6–29.1(–36.5) × 14–21 μm with a length/width ratio of mostly 1.2–2.1. Germ tubes of conidial germination, clavate or somewhat forked, straight or most curved, producing in single, opposite or double at the one end or both ends of the conidia. Chasmothecia 69–93 μm diam, amphigenous, gregarious, including numerous yellowish droplets, and containing one ascus each. Peridium cells of chasmothecia, irregularly polygonal. Appendages, 6–22 per chasmothecium, (41.7–)50–108(–148.4) μm, dark brown at the base, becoming paler towards the apex, apices dichotomously branched, 0.5–1.7 times the chasmothecial diam. Asci oval to subglobose, 49.3–75.5 × 46.5–65.2 μm, sessile or with a very short stalk, terminal oculus 5.5–17(–24) μm wide. Ascospores 8 per ascus, curved, crescent-shaped, very few ellipsoid, 18–25 × 9.2–13.2 μm, colorless, and emerging yellowish oil drops after heating in lactic acid. Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Agricultural University, on Crataegus pinnatifida, 1 June 2018, P.L. Qiu (HMJAU91796, holotype). Additional specimens examined: On Crataegus pinnatifida – CHINA, Heilongjiang, Heihe City, 1 September 2017, F.Y. Zhao & V. Nguyen HMJAU91798, HMJAU91799; Jilin Province, Changchun City, Jilin Agricultural University, 5 July 2018, P.L. Qiu (HMJAU91797). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK409979, MK409981, MK409982, MK409980; LSU: MK734073, MK734075, MK734076, MK734074; IGS: MK955881. Notes: Maximum parsimony phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS sequences demonstrated that Podosphaera yulii formed a single clade with 100% bootstrap support that is distant from P. clandestina, P. curvispora and P. paracurvispora (Fig. 37). The molecular analysis of 28S rDNA sequences suggested the four species clustered with each other but without bootstrap support (Fig. 38). The morphological characteristics and molecular analysis support that the powdery mildew on C. pinnatifida in this study is a new and undescribed species. P. yulii is clearly different from P. clandestina by having mostly curved ascospores, but a few straight, short foot-cells (up to 56 μm in P. yulii vs 35–100(–125) μm in P. clandestina) and more appendages (6–22 per chasmothecium in P. yulii vs 5–15 in P. clandestina). P. paracurvispora and P. curvispora also have curved ascospores. Tang et al. (2017) recorded that P. paracurvispora has foot-cells (13–)20–27(–32) μm in length which is shorter than P. yulii with foot-cells 22–51(–56) μm, and pale brown, curved, crescent-shaped ascospores that differ from P. yulii having curved and colorless ascospores. 13 52 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 34 Graphis supracola (MFLU 19 − 0013, a new sequenced species). a − c Habitus. d. Thallus with P + orange. e − f Vertical section through an ascoma. e Thick section, excipulum black. f Thin section, excipulum looks brown. g Structure of excipulum in thin section. h − j Ascus; j Ascus in Melzer’s reagent. k Hymenium, clear. l − q Ascosproes; l − m Ascospores in water. n − p Ascospores in Lugol’s iodine, which present yellow to blue. q Ascospore in Melzer’s reagent which presents violet. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 500 μm, c,d = 200 μm, e − f = 50 μm, g − j = 20 μm, k − q = 10 μm The conidial germination type (Fibroidium-type, singly formed subapically or laterally) within P. paracurvispora is also different from P. yulii. No specific anamorphic characters of P. curvispora were described in Braun and Cook (2012). P. yulii differs from P. curvispora by having smaller chasmothecia (69–93 μm diam vs (70–)100–150(–170) μm, Braun and Cook 2012). 13 Golovinomyces (U. Braun) Heluta, Biol. Zhurn. (Armenii) 41(1): 357 (1988) Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 53 Fig. 35 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on a combined mtSSU and nuLSU sequence dataset in the tribe Graphideae (subfamily Graphidoideae). Redonographa chilensis (Tehler 8407) and R. saxiseda (Tehler 8370) in the subfamily Redonographoideae were used as outgroup. Bootstrap values for maximum likelihood (ML) ≥ 75% are placed above the branches. Branches with Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95 are in bold. The newly generated sequence is indicated in blue Notes: Golovinomyces had been treated as one of the three sections of genus Erysiphe (Braun 1978). Braun (1999) proposed to raise Erysiphe sect. Golovinomyces to the generic level with Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. as the type species, and moved it to a newly established tribe Golovinomyceteae based on the distinct anamorphic characters and the results of molecular phylogenetic analyses (Braun and Takamatsu 2000). Up to 2283 species of plants from 58 families mostly herbaceous plants such as the Asteraceae, Bolaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Cucurbitaceae can be infected by 13 54 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 36 Podosphaera yulii (HMJAU91796, holotype) on Crataegus pinnatifida. a Nipple-shaped hyphal appressoria. b Conidiophore. c Elliptical conidia. d–k Germ tubes of conidial germination. l Chasmothecia. m Peridium cells. n Ascus with 8 curved ascospores. o Ascus after heating. p Ascospore curved and colorless. q Ascospore with yellowish droplet after heating. r Droplet. Scale bars: a–o = 20 μm, p–r = 10 μm species of Golovinomyces (Amano, 1986). Many studies with morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of this genus were conducted including the studies of evolutionary lineages of the G. cichoracearum complex (Cunnington et al. 2010), evolution of host-parasite relationships of Golovinomyces (Matsuda and Takamatsu 2003; Takamatsu et al. 2013), the spliting of the complex G. biocellatus (Scholler et al. 2016), G. cynoglossi (Braun et al. 2018), G. orontii (Braun et al. 2019) and G. ambrosiae (Qiu et al. 2020a), and the epitypification of G. tabaci (Qiu et al. 2020b). G. ambrosiae, G. spadiceus and G. circumfusus can not be split based only on the ITS and 28S rDNA sequences (Takamatsu et al. 2013). Recent research on the complex G. ambrosiae conducted by Qiu et al. (2020a) illustrated that multilocus phylogeny and further morphological examinations are necessary to split this complex. 13 Golovinomyces monardae (G.S. Nagy) M. Scholler, U. Braun & Anke Schmidt, in Scholler et al., Mycol. Progr. 15(no. 56): 4 (2016) Fig. 39 White powdery layers effuse, on both sides of leaves, but more evident on the upper leaf surface. Hyphal Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 55 Fig. 37 Phylogram generated from maximum parsimony analysis based on ITS sequences of Podosphaera. Cystotheca wrightii (AB000932) was used as outgroup. Bootstrap values for maxi- mum parsimony ≥ 50% were shown on the respective branches. The sequences of new taxon are shown in boldface appressoria nipple-shaped, solitary. Conidiophores (50.3–) 62.5–110 × 9.2–13.5 μm, arising from the upper surface of hyphal mother cells. Foot cells 31.6–81.0 × 8.8–13.6 μm, mostly curved at the base, basal septum of the foot-cell partly raised above the junction with the hyphal mother cell up to 14.6 μm, foot-cell followed by 1–3 shorter cells, forming catenescent conidia; conidia mostly ellipsoid, partly doliiform, 24.5–40.8 × 14.4–19.4 μm, length/width ratio 1.4–2.4; germ tubes mostly short to moderately long, terminating simply or in a nipple-shaped appressorium, producing at the top or perihilar of the conidia. Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Agricultural University, on Monarda didyma, 22 August 2018, P.L. Qiu (HMJAU-PM91795). 13 56 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 38 Phylogram generated from maximum parsimony analysis based on LSU sequences of Podosphaera. Cystotheca wrightii (AB022355) was used as outgroup. Bootstrap values for maximum parsimony ≥ 50% were shown on the respective branches. The sequences of new taxon are shown in boldface GenBank numbers: ITS: MK414680; LSU: MK951687; IGS: MK955882. Notes: Golovinomyces monardae sensu stricto was split from the G. biocellatus complex by Scholler et al. (2016), based on the distinct morphology and phylogenetic analysis. The species is mostly found on Lamiaceae and occasionally on Verbenaceae plants. The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences demonstrated that the powdery mildew found on M. didyma is G. monardae which is distinct from G. neosalviae, G. salviae and G. biocellatus (Fig. 40). The current fungus has the characters of G. monardae in Scholler et al. (2016). Pezizomycetes Pezizales J. Schröt. Notes: See Ekanayaka et al. (2018). 13 Pezizaceae Dumort., Syst. Mycol. (Lundae) 3(1): 72 (1829) Notes: Pezizaceae was established by Dumortier (1829) with Peziza Fr. as the type genus. A systematic overview of the family was given by Jaklitsch et al. (2016) who recognized 32 genera in this family. Ekanayaka et al. (2018) reviewed the families in the class Pezizomycetes and outlined 45 genera belonging to Pezizaceae, including also some taxa synonymized by other authors. Since the first phylogenetic studies, the rather large genus Peziza Dill. ex Fr., has been shown to be genetically very heterogenous (Norman and Egger 1999; Hansen et al. 2001, 2005). The species related to the type species of the genus, P. vesiculosa Bull., were proposed as a core group for future recircumscription of Peziza (Hansen et al. 2002). Multigene analysis (Hansen et al. 2005) defined 14 lineages within Pezizaceae, where eight of them contain Peziza sensu lato representatives Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 57 Fig. 39 Symptom of powdery moldew on Monarda didyma and microscopic structures of Golovinomyces monardae (HMJAUPM91795, new geographical record). a White, effused powdery lay- ers on diseased plant leaf. b Hyphal appressorium with distinct nipple-shaped. c Conidiophore. d, e conidia. f, g Geminated conidium. Scale bars: a–g = 20 µm spread among other genera. Six of those eight lineages correspond to genera that were adopted by Boudier (1907): Aleuria (Fr.) Gillet (Peziza sensu stricto), Galactinia (Cooke) Boud., Lepidotia Boud., Pachyella Boud., Plicaria Fuckel and Sarcosphaera Auersw. (Pfister 2015b). Of these, modern phylogeny showed that only Galactinia sensu Boudier is polyphyletic. An integrative revision of the whole group combining non-molecular characters with phylogeny has still not been done. Recently, some authors started to adopt narrower taxonomical concept using several existing names (i.e. Pfister et al. 2016; Van Vooren et al. 2015, etc.). Based on a multiple gene phylogeny and phenetic evidences, we describe two new genera for species classified earlier as “Peziza” for which no name is available: Ionopezia Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan for Peziza gerardii Cooke and Hansenopezia Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan for Peziza retrocurvata K. Hansen & Sandal. In addition, we present a new species Hansenopezia decora Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan. Ionopezia Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan, gen. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556250; Facesoffungi number: FoF 07927 Etymology: Gr. ιον- (ion-) = violet and lat. pezia = sessile fungus Type species: Ionopezia gerardii (Cooke) Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan Ascomata apothecial, solitary or in small groups, comparatively small-sized, epigeous, shortly stipitate, mostly regularly circular from the top view, cupulate when young, then shallowly saucer-shaped to plate-shaped, hymenial surface 13 58 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 40 Maximum parsimony tree based on ITS sequences of Golovinomyces. Bootstrap support values ≥ 50% are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with Parauncinula septata (MUMH585). The new strain is in bold 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 greyish violet to vividly violet, matte, not wrinkled, margin upright at first, then flattened, beset with whitish floccose granules on pale greyish violet ground, excipular surface concolourous with the margin, beset with less floccose granules. On section hymenium creamy grey, subhymenium differentiated as a thin line due to dark violet pigmentation, flesh creamy grey, not exuding latex, stipe base without visible subiculum. Asci cylindrical to slightly ventricose, hyaline, apex subtruncate-rounded, protruding above paraphysis tips at full maturity, 8-spored, base tapered, pleurorhynchous, arising from croziers, operculum apical, functional, only faintly predelimited before opening, barely thicker than surrounding wall, not lenticular, not encircled by indentation ring, periascal amyloid mucus thin, film-like, evenly thick throughout; in Lugol’s solution periascal mucus amyloid, reaction of medium strength in upper ascus area, intensity gradually decreasing towards the base. Ascospores hyaline, fusiform to naviform, with subacute poles, slightly asymmetrical, 1-celled, smooth under immersion lens when in water mount, unstained longitudinal striae visible in Cotton Blue, perispore not cyanophilic or not present, thin-walled, without sheath when spores are ejected; sporoplasm multiguttulate, lipid content maximal with 2–3 large lipid bodies and many smaller ones, uninucleate, nucleus and nucleolus not contrasted nor stained in Lugol’s solution, de Bary bubbles absent in anhydrous media. Paraphyses cylindrical, apically obtuse, ± straight, not branching in the upper part, embedded in hyaline epithecial exudate, containing nonrefractive KOH-soluble and HCl-inert coarse deep purplish violet granules and paraphysal ectochroic plaques, apical cell infrequently contains a few small moderately refractive hyaline granules, otherwise content non-refractive, Lugol’s solution provokes formation of refractive sienna purple to brownish purple granules in paraphysis cytoplasm. Marginal texture composed of compact perihymenial area with thinwalled, hyaline narrowly prismatic cells, encrusted with dark purple to violet plaques, and of proximal/distal margin mostly occupied with thin-walled, hyaline cell chains, forming hyphoid fascicles embedded in gel; texture not cyanophilous. Subhymenium composed of textura angularis-epidermoidea, cells thin-walled and hyaline, richly beset by non-refractive KOH-soluble and HCl-inert coarse deep purplish violet granules and ectochroic plaques, the same as on the top of the hymenium. Medullary excipulum with upper part composed of textura ellipsoidea-epidermoidea, with cells bearing scattered dark purple to violet–purple plaques, and lower part of textura intricata-porrecta to intricata-prismatica running ± parallel with the surface, principally without any pigment or refractive intercellular content; texture not cyanophilous. Ectal excipulum of two layers: discontinuous cortex composed of cell aggregates of textura globulosa-angularis, with individual cells globose, subangular to shortly clavate, walls hyaline thickened, 59 without any internal refractive or pigment cell inclusions, intercellular hyaline gel matrix conspicuous; continuous part composed of textura angularis-prismatica, cell chains directed ± perpendicularly to the surface, cells ellipsoid, clavate to prismatic, hyaline, thin-walled, refractive or pigment cell inclusions absent. Ecology: Terricolous, directly on forest soil, sometimes with mosses, on river banks and pathway edges, inhabiting biomes from colline to arcto-alpine zone of Northern Hemisphere, fruitbodies appear from spring to autumn. Notes: We establish the new genus Ionopezia for a single species, Peziza gerardii Cooke. In all phylogenies done so far (e.g. Hansen et al. 2005; this paper), P. gerardii forms a well-supported lineage with Marcelleina Brumm., Korf & Rifai as a sister group to the rest of the Pezizaceae (Fig. 41). Due to the lack of amyloid reaction of the asci Marcelleina was not considered as a member of the Pezizaceae for a long time (e.g. Hawksworth et al. 1995; Eriksson et al. 2001) until the first phylogenetic analyses (Hansen et al. 2001). Our observations based on living material of ‘Peziza gerardii’ show that there are numerous unique traits that are synapomorphic either to the newly established genus Ionopezia or that are shared with the sister genus Marcelleina. The non-refractive deep purplish violet pigments, heavily deposited in intercellular spaces of the subhymenial layer and/or ectochroic, adpressed as patches to a cell wall (Fig. 42g, k, m), irreversibly soluble in KOH without any colour reaction and inert in HCl, is a unique character shared only by the genera Ionopezia and Marcelleina. This type of character is mostly present as cell wall patches in the latter genus. The same type of pigment is richly embedded also in the epithecial amorphous layer, marginal plaques, and to a lesser extent in the intercellular spaces of the medullar layer. The ascospore wall and the ornamentation in Ionopezia are the characters that distinguish it most within the Pezizaceae. The wall is not cyanophilous and the perispore might be absent, while the surface is finely longitudinally wrinkled (Fig. 43k). Similar spore wall properties are found in some Morchella species. Furthermore, ascospores in Ionopezia are fusiform to naviculate and filled with numerous lipid bodies, a combination of characters not found in other species of Pezizaceae. The structure of the apothecial margin is also diagnostic. It has a sharp outline in section, and is nearly entirely composed of hyphoid fascicles (cylindrical to narrowly clavate) embedded in abundant gel plaques. Another distinctive character attributable only to the genus Ionopezia is the appearance of refractive sienna purple to brownish purple granules in the paraphysis cytoplasm when Lugol’s solution is added to a tap water mount (Fig. 43h, i). A refractive, hyaline to yellowish granules or guttules, readily visible in a tap water mount that turn to rusty brown or brownish red in Lugol’s solution were determined to be glycogene accumulations by Baral (1992). The former phenomenon differs by the 13 60 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 41 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on a combined ITS, LSU and RPB2 sequence dataset for Hansenopezia decora and Ionopezia gerardii and other related sequences in Pezizaceae retrieved from the GenBank. Ascobolus crenulatus KH.02.005 (C) is used as the outgroup taxon. ML bootstrap values ≥ 50% are given as the first set of numbers and approxi- mate likelihood-ratio test (aLRT) ≥ 0.90 values as the second set of numbers above the nodes. Voucher/strain numbers are given after the taxon names, the ones from type material are indicated in bold face. Newly generated sequences are indicated in blue. The bar length indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site fact that nothing is discernable in the paraphysis cytoplasm before Lugol’s solution is applied. There is also a difference in colour of these two types of cell inclusions. It is also worth mentioning that the fine structure of the ascus wall and its cytochemistry are also aberrant in the Pezizaceae, especially concerning the epigeous members. The operculum of Ionopezia is not at all lentiform, but is encircled only by a slight, barely visible optical discontinuation in the wall structure. This character is shared by Marcelleina. The periascal mucus is very thin and film-like, continuing through the entire ascus length demonstrating weak amyloidity all over the surface, corresponding to the IIIa type as defined by Hansen et al. (2001). The overall cyanophobic property of the apothecial texture is shared only by few species in the Pezizaceae known to the authors (e.g. Hansenopezia, Peziza simplex Dougoud & Moyne, etc.). Peziza gerardii Cooke was established by Cooke (1875b) who revised Gerard’s material of P. violacea W.R. Gerard (1873, in litt.) which is a nomen illegitimum (non P. violacea Pers. 1794). Cooke’s description (Cooke 1875a, 1875b) includes spore dimensions 32–35 × 8–9 µm which does not agree with Cooke’s drawing (Cooke 1874–1875) of spores inside the ascus drawn to scale. Thus, from his drawing spores are 27–32 × 8.5–9.5 µm. The original collection of Gerard was restudied by Pfister (1978) who gives a description of P. gerardii based both on Gerard’s collection and 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 42 Ionopezia gerardii. a-f Ascomata. g Vertical median section through apothecium. h Perihymenium and proximal margin. i Terminal cells on extreme margin. j Medullary excipulum. k Contact zone between subhymenium and medullary excipulum. l Terminal cells of ectal excipulum with Lugol induced bodies. m Subhymenium. n Cell aggregates on ectal excipulum. o Ectal excipulum. g–k, m–o In water 61 mount (*), l In Lugol’s solution (*). g In dark field, a–f, h–o In bright field. a, e, f–o From CNF 2/10798, b, d From CNF 2/7450, c From CNF 2/9431. Photo: N. Matočec and I. Kušan. Scale bars: a, d = 5 mm, c = 2 mm, b, e, f = 1 mm, g = 100 µm, h, n, o = 50 µm, i–m = 10 µm. Asterisk (*) denotes living material 13 62 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 43 Ionopezia gerardii. a–c Living mature asci with paraphyses. d Ascus bases with ascogenous cells. e–g Paraphyses with epithecial gel. h, i Paraphyses with Lugol induced granules. j, k Ascospores. l Terminal cells on ectal excipulum. m Margin. a, b, d–g, j In water mount (*), c, h, i In Lugol’s solution (*), k-m In Cotton Blue (†). All from CNF 2/10798. Photo: N. Matočec and I. Kušan. Scale bars: a–m = 10 µm. Asterisk (*) denotes living material. Cross (†) denotes dead material the collection of von Höhnel’s from the herbarium at FH, giving spores as 28–32(–35) × 7–9 µm. On the other hand, Van Vooren (2009) described two collections having a spore range of (23–)24–32 × 9–10.2 µm and one with even smaller spores (17–)18–21 × 8–10 µm. According to today’s perception this species varies greatly in the length of the spores. 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Below we give a description of Ionopezia gerardii based on samples collected in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ionopezia gerardii (Cooke) Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan, comb. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556252; Facesoffungi number: FoF 07862; Figs. 42, 43 Basionym: Peziza gerardii Cooke, Hedwigia 14(6): 81 (1875) = Peziza ionella Quél., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 24: 328 (1878) [1877] = Plicaria pedicellata Velen., Novitates Mycol.: 198 (1940) For complete synonymy see Pfister (1978) and Van Vooren (2009). Ascomata apothecial, individual, circular from the top view, larger fruitbodies can be slightly irregular from the top view, cupulate when young, then shallowly saucer-shaped to plate-shaped, short stipitate, 3.8–6.8 mm diam, hymenial surface greyish violet to vividly violet, matte, not wrinkled, margin upright at first, then flattened, beset with whitish floccose granules on pale greyish violet ground, granules up to 0.5 mm tall; excipulum surface concolourous with the margin, beset with less floccose granules; on section hymenium creamy grey, subhymenium differentiated due to dark violet pigmentation, flesh creamy grey, not exuding latex, marginal and excipular flank granules whitish and conical, stipe-like base 1.9–2.1 mm wide, 0.5–0.7 mm high, without pronounced subiculum. Hymenium 330–380 µm thick, arranged as a regular palisade. Subhymenium 70–90 µm thick, composed of textura angularis-epidermoidea, cells 5.1–15.7 µm wide, thin-walled and hyaline, but richly beset by dark violet–purple pigment, cells often contain one to few strongly refractive globules, due to the high concentration of pigment well discerned from the medulla. Marginal texture differentiated into perihymenial area, extreme margin/proximal margin as a whole, distal margin and marginal medulla: (1) perihymenial area wholly compact, composed of narrowly prismatic cells arranged as textura porrecta with thin and hyaline cell walls, encrusted with dark purple to violet plaques and intercellular diffuse purplish matrix, especially on a surface, cells 3.5–7.8 µm wide, this area is rather unclearly distinguished from; (2) proximal margin, composed of wider prismatic cells forming textura prismatica oriented perpendicularly to the surface with protruding individual elements, cells are thin-walled and hyaline, with less pigments and more abundant intercellular matrix, cells 5.6–12.2 µm wide, terminal cells often clavate, these cell chains arising from basal; (3) marginal medulla textura angularis with cells 6.5–16.2 µm wide, hyaline and thinwalled but fairly rich in purple-violet plaques and diffuse pale purple pigment in intercellular spaces; (4) extreme margin formed as a single pustule, 75–130 µm wide and 18–74 63 µm high, composed entirely as proximal margin; (5) distal margin of 2–4 pustules, 75–115 µm wide, 15–70 µm high, composed of hyaline and thin-walled shortly prismatic cells to ellipsoid to clavate ones, rather untidily organized, cells 12.4–29.1 × 7.2–17.4 µm, entirely without any refractive/ pigment inclusions, cell chains in distal marginal pustules originate from basal marginal medullar textura angularis with cells 7–11.2 µm wide in deeper areas and 8–18 µm wide in the area immediately below the pustules, this area is very rich in both plaque-form darker consolidated pigments as well in diffuse ones. Medullary excipulum unclearly differentiated into two sublayers, altogether 212–260 µm thick, upper part 160–185 µm thick, composed of textura ellipsoidea-epidermoidea, cells 5–22.3 µm, mostly thinwalled and hyaline, some individual cells thick-walled, without intracellular refractive/pigment inclusions but rich in diffuse pale violet–purple intercellular matrix, lower part 38–75 µm thick, composed of textura intricata-porrecta to intricata-prismatica with wavy cell chains running ± parallel with the surface, hyphae 4–12.5 µm wide, cells thinwalled, hyaline, principally without any pigment/refractive intra- or intercellular content. Ectal excipulum composed of weakly developed discontinuous cortex and thick continuous layer; discontinuous part composed of cell aggregates of textura globulosa-subangularis, 30–95 µm high, 47–105 µm wide, individual cells globose, subangular to shortly clavate, 8.8–22.5 µm wide, walls hyaline, somewhat thickened, 0.7–2 µm thick, without any internal refractive/pigment inclusions but with apparent hyaline intercellular matrix; continuous part 130–173 µm thick, composed of textura angularis-prismatica, cell chains directed ± perpendicularly to the surface, cells ellipsoid, clavate to prismatic, 16–86.5 × 6.4–37.8 µm, hyaline, thin-walled, intercellular spaces with some hyaline matrix only in outermost area, refractive/pigment inclusions absent. In Cotton Blue overall texture not cyanophilous; in Lugol’s solution terminal cells of ectal excipulum may contain Lugol-induced bodies; in KOH pigmented granules and ectochroic plaques soluble; in HCl inert. Paraphyses cylindrical, apically obtuse, ± straight, not branching in the upper part, apical cell 28.4–110 × 4.5–7.5 µm, containing few weakly refractive globules, embedded in subhyaline to faintly violet, sparse and faintly developed exudate, containing also strongly refractive granules/plaques, not forming continuous layer; Lugol’s solution causes formation of refractive sienna purple to brownish purple granules in paraphysis cytoplasm. Asci 265–345 × 16.4–18 µm, cylindrical to slightly ventricose, broadest point is in a lowest zone of pars sporifera, apex subtruncate-rounded, protruding above paraphysis tips up to 22.5 µm at full maturity, pars sporifera 97–108 µm, 8-spored, base tapered, pleurorhynchous, arising from croziers, operculum only faintly predelimited, 4.3–4.6 µm diam, 0.7–0.8 µm thick, strictly apical, flat-lenticular, encircled by rather broad but very shallow indentation ring, 13 64 1–1.1 µm wide, periascal mucus thin, film-like, evenly thick throughout, 1–2 perimarginal asci contain at least lower 4 globose to subglobose spores; in Lugol’s solution periascal mucus amyloid, reaction of medium strength in upper ascus area, intensity gradually decreasing towards the base. Ascospores (20–)21.1–26–27.9(–28.5) × 7.5–8.9–11(–11.2) µm, Q = 1.98–3.02–3.45(–3.60) (n = 200, in H2O), hyaline, fusiform to naviform, with subacute poles, even slightly papillate, slightly asymmetrical, 1-celled, smooth under immersion lens when in water mount, in Cotton Blue elongated striae visible but not cyanophilic, multiguttulate, with 2–3 large lipid bodies, 3.2–6.2 µm diam, and many smaller ones, 0.7–2.8 µm diam, uninucleate, nucleus 2.1–2.3 µm diam, equatorially-peritunically positioned, thin-walled, wall 0.5 µm thick, freshly ejected without sheath; in Cotton Blue without de Bary bubbles, perispore not cyanophilic or not present. Habitat and phenology: Terricolous, directly on forest soil, sometimes with mosses, on river banks and pathway edges, inhabiting biomes from colline to arcto-alpine zone of Northern Hemisphere, fruitbodies appear from spring to autumn. Known distribution: The species is known from North America, Europe, and India. Material examined: CROATIA, Zagreb City, Park forest Maksimir, 45°49′12" N, 16°00′59" E, 120 m a.s.l., Pinus sylvestris plantation, directly on forest soil, 25 May 1989, N. Matočec (CNF 2/947); Park forest Jelenovac, 45°49′32" N, 15°57′03" E, 170 m a.s.l., forest of Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus, directly on moist soil near the creek, 14 July 1990, N. Matočec, (CNF 2/1301); Park forest Maksimir, 170 m NE from Vidikovac, 45°49′33" N, 16°01′23" E, 135 m a.s.l., forest of Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus, on forest soil with litter, 12 October 2005, N. Matočec and I. Kušan (CNF 2/7450); Medvednica mountain, vicinity of Kraljičin zdenac hut, 600 m SE from Medvedgrad castle, 45°51′59" N, 15°56′49" E, 370 m a.s.l., forest of Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus, Castanea sativa, on forest soil at the edge of a path, 14 July 2013, D. Mrvoš and N. Matočec (CNF 2/9431); Virovitica-Podravina County, Dumače area in Bilogora range, 9.1 km SW – S-SW from Virovitica, 45°45′55" N, 17°19′19" E, 180 m a.s.l., forest of Fagus sylvatica, Tilia sp. and Acer sp., forest soil near the creek, 15 August 1997, S. Gottstein (CNF 2/3493); BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, Sarajevo County, Igman mountain plateau, Javornik area, 43°44′54" N, 18°14′04" E, 1480 m a.s.l., forest of Picea abies, Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, on forest soil at path edge near creek, 10 August 2018, N. Jukić, I. Kušan and N. Matočec (CNF 2/10798, duplex FAMU N.J. 100818-Y9). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK514543; LSU: MK514537; EF1-α: MK705937; RPB2: MK673768 (CNF 2/10798). 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Hansenopezia Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan, gen. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556255; Facesoffungi number: FoF 07926 Etymology: The genus is named in honour of Karen Hansen for her great contribution to the understanding of Pezizaceae phylogeny. Type species: Hansenopezia retrocurvata (K. Hansen & Sandal) Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan, comb. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556256; Facesoffungi number: FoF 07937 Basionym: Peziza retrocurvata K. Hansen & Sandal, Nord. J. Bot. 18(5): 616 (1998) Other species included (description follows after the generic description below): Hansenopezia decora Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan. Ascomata apothecial, solitary or often in groups, medium-sized, epigeous, centrally attached to the substrate, regularly circular to much sinuous from the top view, cupulate when young, then plate-shaped, hymenial surface reddish brown, lilac-violet, violet-brown, purplish brown to dark brown, matte, margin upright then flattened to reflexed, entire, blunt, smooth and or beset with scattered white fibrils, whitish grey or pale brownish yellow, excipular ground concolourous with the margin, finely pubescent or ornamented with reddish brown patches distributed to the basal parts. Flesh fragile, homogenous, soft waxy, dry on cut or exuding watery to milk-white latex. Hymenium arranged as a regular palisade. Asci cylindrical, hyaline, apex subtruncate, protruding above paraphysis tips at full maturity, 8-spored, base tapered, arising from croziers, operculum apical, very narrow, occupying ≤ 28% of living mature ascus diam, functional, flat lentiform before opening, encircled by slight “u”-shaped indentation in the wall, periascal amyloid mucus thin and film-like through the entire length but almost lacking on opercular lense, while the thickest at the opercular edge where is moderately euamyloid, forming unclear thin annular zone, reaction gradually decreasing in strength towards the base, with reacting area on half of the ascus length or more. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid with ± rounded poles, radially symmetrical, 1-celled, subglabrous or with cyanophilic verrucae, perispore cyanophilic, not loosening when heated in lactic Cotton Blue or in KOH, wall 3-layered ± thick-walled, without sheath on ejected spores; sporoplasm multiguttulate, lipid content nearly maximal with all guttules of approx. same size or 2–3 large lipid bodies mixed with many smaller ones, lipid bodies much coalesced in dead spores, uninucleate, nucleus and nucleolus not contrasted nor stained in Lugol’s solution, de Bary bubbles absent in anhydrous media. Paraphyses cylindrical, apically obtuse to subclavate, straight to bent, not branching in the upper part, embedded in hyaline epithecial exudate or only with hyaline, thin coating, apical cell contain single or few non-refractive vacuoles entirely Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 filled with finely dispersed minute pinkish brown particles and/or partially with larger non-refractive granules of the same colour, not containing vacuolar bodies, in Lugol’s solution pigment partially turning to rusty brown colour. Marginal texture in section displaying broad outline, textura globulosa-angularis mixed with some cylindric cell chains that may protrude as scattered cylindric obtuse, thin-walled hyphoid hairs or form loose tufts; texture is not cyanophilous. Subhymenium well-discerned, composed of hyaline subgelatinous densely woven textura porrecta. Medullary and ectal excipulum of ± homogenous, subhyaline texture, except for the cortical layer. Upper part composed of textura globulosa-moniliformis mixed with cylindric very long, mostly vertically oriented hyphae. Lower part composed of textura globulosa-angularis with intermixed intricate connective hyphae, cells smaller in size towards the surface. Cortical layer composed of textura porrecta-intricata, discontinuous layer when present pustulate, cells with ochraceous walls and rusty brown patches, coiled and agglutinated together; texture is not cyanophilous. Ecology: Saprotroph on rich soil with litter and wood residues of Abies alba, on very rotten stumps and trunks of Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica, sometimes also on rich soil outside forests, fruitbodies appear in spring or autumn to winter. Hansenopezia decora Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556257; Facesoffungi number: FoF 07861; Figs. 44, 45 Etymology: Refers to the diverse ornamentation units on the outer excipular surface. Holotype: CNF 2/10621. Ascomata apothecial, epigeous, cup-shaped when young, expanding when ripe becoming plate-shaped or strongly sinuous, with a central depression, centrally attached to the substrate, deeply buried if the litter is thick, solitary or in small groups, 11–55 mm diam, hymenial surface lilac-violet, matte, in the central part lighter and with pale brownish tinge with age, constantly violet towards the margin, margin upright to flattened, never bent outwards, entire, finely whitish pruinose, ground concolourous with excipular surface, excipulum greyish white, finely whitish pruinose and covered with reddish brown irregular patches throughout, flesh of homogenous soft waxy consistence, 3–3.8 mm thick at the base and 1.1–3 mm at half way to the margin (incl. hymenium), upon cutting exuding watery to milk-white latex, under UV light at 254 nm flesh obscurely violet-lilac, excipulum dull greyish ochre, hymenium negative, at 366 nm flesh very dull greyish olivaceous, excipulum the same as flesh, hymenium sepia to umber brown. Hymenium 300–345 µm thick, arranged as a regular palisade. Subhymenium 82–123 µm thick, well-discerned from the upper medulla, composed of densely woven hyaline subgelatinous textura porrecta, 65 cells 4.6–9.6 µm wide. Marginal and submarginal area beset with scattered hyphoid hairs or forming loose tufts, distributed up to the upper flank, usually far protruding, flexuous, often sinuous or spirally arranged, not branched, cylindric obtuse, 1–4 celled, 28.6–306 × 4.6–7 µm, walls hyaline and delicate, extreme margin is formed as (1)2–5 paraphysoid pustules, each cell fascicle is composed of 2–5 cell chain rows, with 1–2 cells protruding, cells hyaline short prismatic, terminal cells cylindric obtuse to cylindric clavate or even subglobose, 16.3–44.8 × 7.5–15.6 µm, containing dotted aggregates of purplish sepia pigment. Medullary and ectal excipulum ± homogenous, except for the cortical layer, 1780–2500 µm thick in middle flank. Upper part not sharply delimited, composed of textura globulosa-moniliformis mixed with cylindric very long mostly vertically oriented lactiferous hyphae whose cytoplasm is moderately refractive and ± homogenous, rarely colloid-granulose, globose cells 16.6–67.7 µm diam, hyphae 8.2–15.6 µm wide. Lower part composed of textura globulosa intermixed with intricate connective hyphae which are not lactiferous, globose cells 14.9–72.3 µm diam, intricate hyphae 4.6–9.8 µm wide. Cortical layer of ectal excipulum formed as continuous and discontinuous layers, continuous layers composed of subhyaline textura porrecta-intricata, 38–85 µm thick, hyphae 4.5–9.3 µm wide, discontinuous layer formed of flat-granular to subconical pustules 49–280 × 30.4–165 µm, composed of subhyaline smooth-walled short celled hyphoid to cuboid cells, 9.2–41.2 × 7–10.8 µm, cells coiled and agglutinated together and combined with scattered or clustered short prismatic to cuboid cell(s) with ochraceous walls bearing ectochroic rusty brown patches, these cells 10.6–27.6 × 11.2–13.5 µm. In Lugol’s solution lactiferous hyphae strongly cadmium yellow to rusty orange, submarginal and excipular terminal hairs yellow-orange to rusty orange; in brilliant Cresyl Blue subhymenium lilac (gelified), lactiferous hyphae greyish violet to dark violaceous grey, dark purplish globules present in the cortical layer, hyphoid marginal and submarginal hyphoid hairs with purplish violet vacuoles, cortical coiled cell chains with dark greyish blue plaques on cyan walls; in Cotton Blue all textures cyanophobic except for the prosenchymatous subhymenium layer with cell cytoplasm lightly bluish, pigment in paraphyses and paraphysoid pustules as well as terminal excipulum cell wall dark grey. Paraphyses cylindrical, apically obtuse to subclavate, straight to slightly bent, not branching in the upper part, apical cell 16.7–49.4(– 72.6) × 3.3–6.1(–7.1) µm, with non-refractive vacuoles completely filled with dot-shaped pinkish brown dense freely floating pigment granules, or contain non-refrative granules with the same pigment type; in Lugol’s solution pigment brownish red; in Congo Red pigments greyish red; in brilliant Cresyl Blue vacuoles with pigments greyish violet. Asci (232–)262–345 × 13.5–15.4 µm, cylindrical, hyaline, apex subtruncate, protruding above paraphysis tips up to 40 µm 13 66 Fig. 44 Hansenopezia decora. a-f Ascomata. g Vertical median section through excipular middle flank. h Marginal tissue. i Terminal cells of excipular pustule. g–i In water mount (*). a–c, g, i From CNF 2/10621 (holotype), d–f From CNF 2/10618, h From CNF 2/7823. 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Photo: N. Matočec and I. Kušan. Scale bars: a, b, d, e = 1 cm, c = 0.5 cm, f = 0.1 cm, g = 100 µm, h, i = 50 µm. Asterisk (*) denotes living material Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 67 Fig. 45 Hansenopezia decora. a Contact zone of subhymenium and medullary excipulum. b Medullary excipulum. c Ectal excipulum with a pustule. d Living asci with ascospores. e Ascus bases with ascogenous cells. f Paraphyses. g Amyloidity of ascal mucus. h Ascospores. a–f, h In water mount (*), g In Lugol’s solution (*/†). a, b phase contrast, c–h bright field. All from CNF 2/10621 (holotype). Photo: N. Matočec and I. Kušan. Scale bars: a–c = 50 µm, d–h = 10 µm. Asterisk (*) denotes living material. Cross (†) denotes dead material at full maturity, pars sporifera 74.5–114 µm, 8-spored, base pleurorhynchous, arising mostly from non-repetitive croziers, operculum narrow, 3.7–4.2 µm diam, 0.7–0.8 µm thick, strictly apical, flat-lentiform, with pronounced “u”-shaped indentation ring, periascal mucus nearly lacking above operculum and thickest in immediate vicinity of opercular edge; in Lugol’s solution periascal mucus amyloid, reactive zone strongest immediately at the opercular edge, intensity gradually decreasing towards the base; in Congo Red operculum yellowish rosy red, indentation zone well visible due to its discolouration, median wall layer rutile- to blood-red, outermost wall layer dark red; in brilliant Cresyl Blue periascal 13 68 mucus sharply visible, wall unstained. Ascospores 13–15 .2–16.1(–16.8) × (7–)7.3–8–9.1(–9.9) µm, Q = (1.55–)1. 57–1.81–1.99(–2.15) (n = 150, in H2O), hyaline, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, rarely oblong, radially symmetrical, 1-celled, seemingly smooth under immersion lens when in water mount, in brilliant Cresyl Blue and Cotton Blue finely roughened but not cyanophilic, sporoplasm multiguttulate with almost maximal lipid content, spores when freshly ejected with 2–3 larger lipid bodies, 3.3–4.8 µm diam, mixed with smaller ones, 1.3–2.5 µm diam, lipid bodies in KOH readily coalesce in one large irregular mass, uninucleate, nucleus 2.7–3 µm diam, equatorially and eccentrically positioned, wall clearly 3-layered, 0.7–0.8 µm thick; in Lugol’s solution without glycogene accumulations, lipid bodies coalesce immediately, nuclei not contrasted; in KOH wall stable (not loosening); in Congo Red not stained; in brilliant Cresyl Blue perispore dark blue, middle layer unstained, innermost layer pale violet; in Cotton Blue perispore cyanophilic and not loosened, smooth to very finely roughish and/or irregularly wrinkled, de Bary bubbles not formed. Habitat and phenology: Saprotroph on rich soil with litter and wood residues of Abies alba (Pinaceae), mostly in timber storages, in altimontane forests with Abies alba, fruitbodies appear in April and May. Known distribution: The species is known so far only from Gorski kotar region, Croatia. Material examined: CROATIA, Primorje-Gorski kotar County, Široka draga area, 4.1 km S from Mrkopalj, 45°16′45" N, 14°51′21" E, 930 m a.s.l., forest of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica and Acer pseudoplatanus, on very rotten branches of Abies alba covered with mosses, 17 May 2002, N. Matočec and D. Mrvoš (CNF 2/5619); Ravna grabovača area near Gomirje (Vrbovsko), 3.6 km S from Vrbovsko, 45°20′29" N, 15°04′33" E, 500 m a.s.l., forest of Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica, pebble soil mixed with wood residues in storage of timber, 7 April 2007, N. Matočec, (CNF 2/7823); forest Gorica near Gomirje (Vrbovsko), 3.4 km S-SE from Vrbovsko, 45°20′51" N, 15°05′57" E, 410 m a.s.l., forest of Abies alba with some Picea abies, on soil with litter and wood residues, 2 May 2009, N. Matočec and D. Mrvoš (CNF 2/8168); Široka draga area, 2.5 km S-SW from Mrkopalj, 45°17′44" N, 14°50′27" E, 900 m a.s.l., forest of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, on rich soil beset with Abies alba litter, 26 April 2016, N. Matočec and I. Kušan (CNF 2/9896); Široka draga area, 2.5 km S-SW from Mrkopalj, 45°17′41" N, 14°50′30" E, 900 m a.s.l., forest of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, on rich soil with Abies alba litter in a storage of timber, 16 May 2018, I. Kušan and N. Matočec (CNF 2/10618); Široka draga area, 4 km S from Mrkopalj, 45°16′47" N, 14°51′06" E, 930 m a.s.l., forest of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus with some Sambucus nigra, on thick litter of Abies alba in 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 a storage of timber, 16 May 2018, I. Kušan and N. Matočec (CNF 2/10621, holotype) GenBank numbers: ITS: MK514542; LSU: MK514536; EF1-α: MK705936; RPB2: MK673767 (CNF 2/10621, holotype). Notes: A data matrix for alignment was constructed to show a phylogenetic position of Hansenopezia Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan within the Pezizaceae, with a special emphasis on Peziza. Phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 41) included the ITS, LSU and RPB2 sequences generated from the type collection of Hansenopezia decora and other related sequences retrieved from GenBank as well as a newly sequenced collection of Ionopezia gerardii (Cooke) Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan (CNF 2/10798). The phylogeny based on a concatenated analysis of ITS, LSU and RPB2 nested Hansenopezia in the Pezizaceae, embracing two species—H. retrocurvata (K. Hansen & Sandal) Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan and H. decora Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan next to the Peziza polaripapulata-Iodowynnea, Sarcopeziza sicula, P. saniosa-Terfezia-Tirmania and Peziza phyllogena–Eremiomyces clades (Fig. 41). H. retrocurvata clusters with high support with H. decora showing a high level of genetic similarity and is therefore here combined in a new genus Hansenopezia. Both species, H. decora and H. retrocurvata demonstrate a distant relationship to the Peziza core-species group clustered around P. vesiculosa Bull. which is a type species of Peziza, suggesting taxonomic affinity outside of this genus. Besides molecular evidence, Hansenopezia decora and H. retrocurvata are different from Peziza sensu stricto [a core species group gathered around the type species, P. vesiculosa, cf. Hansen et al. (2001, 2002, 2005)], primarily by properties of the ascus wall and ascospore cytology when in the living state. While true members of Peziza (consisting of three subgroups: a core-species group, a group represented by P. subviolacea Svrček and one by P. subcitrina (Bres.) Korf) have asci equipped with a thick lentiform, rather broad operculum with a diameter of approximately 35–45% of the ascus diameter, sharply encircled by a “z” indentation ring, also present in epigean species of the broader P. succosa-P. succosella clade (pers. data), asci of Hansenopezia have a very narrow, flat lentiform operculum with a diameter ≤ 28% of the ascus diameter encircled only by a slight “u” indentation ring (Fig. 45d). The former trait is considered here as synapomorphy of Peziza sensu stricto, while the latter is shared only by Sarcosphaera coronaria, a semi-hypogeous species belonging to a distantly related lineage. These fine structural traits are visible using a set of light microscopic techniques including vital differential staining, exclusively when asci are in living state and fully mature (cf. Baral 1992; Pfister et al. 2009). Another important differential microscopic marker in pezizacean taxonomy, i.e. the amyloidity of the periascal mucilaginous coat of the ascus wall was already treated by Hansen et al. (2001) using Melzer’s Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 reagent. Her study revealed four types of amyloidity in Pezizaceae (with two variants). However, getting the insight into the real state of this vulnerable character could be compromised or altered by application of aggressive media and/or physical conditions (pressure, heat etc., cf. Donadini 1985; Samuelson 1978) in the process of examination. A character of similar vulnerability yet very important in species recognition is the ascospore apiculus in Thecotheus Boud., a sister group of the Pezizaceae, where Melzer’s reagent proved to be inappropriate for reliable examination of this character, while Lugol’s solution was ascertained as recommended because it does not disturb nor alter its natural state (Kušan et al. 2015). The suppressing effect on hemiamyloidity by Melzer’s reagent is elaborated by Baral (1987). Bearing in mind all these risks and problems, Lugol’s solution is here considered as a primary medium for examination of the periascal coat amyloidity in terms of vital taxonomy research (Baral 1992). The periascal amyloidity obtained by vital staining using Lugol’s solution demonstrated sharp differences, but also some similarities (contrary to Hansen et al. 2001) between members of Peziza sensu stricto (with more than 40 spp. tested) and both species of Hansenopezia. As described in Hansen et al. (2001), all tested species of Peziza sensu stricto demonstrated amyloidity of type II (thick apical ring-shaped but also cap-shaped strong amyloid mucilaginous accumulation; reaction abruptly decreased towards the base). On the other hand, both species of the genus Hansenopezia showed a thin and film-like periascal coat extending through the entire ascus length but almost lacking on the opercular surface. The coat is obviously thickest around the opercular edge where it is moderately amyloid, forming a flat and delimited ring around the operculum, while the reaction intensity gradually decreased towards the base, with the reacting area 1/2 of the ascus length or more. The former character state is confirmed to be synapomorphic of the genus Peziza sensu stricto, while the latter is shared by two other lineages (namely Sarcosphaera coronaria and Peziza phyllogena). The nuclear membrane contrasting and differentially staining of nucleolus by Lugol’s solution in living mature spores is the third differential cytological marker useful in separating the two genera. All species of genus Peziza sensu stricto were positive (nearly 40 spp. tested) with Lugol’s solution (synapomorphy), while two species of Hansenopezia were negative (a character shared by the majority of other pezizacean lineages). Another distinctive character that separates the two genera is the lipid content of the living mature spores (freshly ejected spores from living asci are recommended for study). The ascospores of the genus Peziza sensu stricto are either eguttulate (devoid of lipid bodies) or biguttulate, rarely with bipolar groups of lipid bodies, always with lipids occupying less than 50% of the extranuclear sporoplasm. The ascospores of the genus Hansenopezia are multiguttulate with maximal lipid content, 69 occupying nearly all the extranuclear sporoplasm. A somewhat lower but still high lipid content in hyaline ellipsoid spores (though of different configuration) is found also in other lineages, e.g. Sarcopeziza sicula (cf. Phookamsak et al. 2019), Sarcosphaera coronaria, Adelphella babingtonii (cf. Pfister et al. 2009) etc. The ascospores of some species from the broader Peziza phyllogena lineage have an apparently high lipid content, but there are various levels of refractive metachromatic corpuscles intermixed with the true lipid bodies (pers. data). Also, there is a clear distinction in the cyanophilous reaction of the texture in the genus Peziza sensu stricto and Hansenopezia (Cotton Blue in lactic acid is applied on the sections of living material, with gentle heating or overnight staining at room temperature). All tested species of the genus Peziza sensu stricto (ca. 30 spp.) had at least cyanophilic septal rings in the medullary excipulum, while both species of Hansenopezia had completely cyanophobic cell walls, a character shared only by the very distantly related genus Ionopezia. Finally, a very important exclusive character that separates genus Hansenopezia (synapomorphy) from all other pezizacean genera is that it has a unique homogenous subhyaline texture composed equally of vesicular and hyphoid cells that invariably occupy the whole excipulum between the thin subhymenium and the reduced cortical layer and between the marginal surface and the apothecial centre. Peziza retrocurvata was described by Hansen et al. (1998) from Danish woodlands mostly dominated by Fagus sylvatica or Sambucus nigra on calcareous soil. The apothecia were found on very rotten Picea abies stumps. Its unique characters, such as ellipsoid, hyaline, multiguttulate ascospores having lipid bodies occupying almost the whole of the sporoplasm and the homogenous excipulum equally composed of vesicular cells and cylindric cell chains, positioned this species in a separate lineage in the 3-gene phylogenetic analysis performed by Hansen et al. (2005). More recent collections were analysed by Van Vooren et al. (2017) who showed the relationship of P. retrocurvata to milk-exuding species such as P. succosa, P. succosella and P. michelii. We discovered a new species very similar to P. retrocurvata whose close relationship was confirmed by molecular analysis and by microscopic evidence obtained by the analysis of the living material. Along with P. retrocurvata our new species (Hansenopezia decora) is in the genus Hansenopezia. The most outstanding characters that differentiate Hansenopezia retrocurvata and H. decora are: (a) configuration of lipid bodies in freshly ejected spores, (b) spore ornamentation, (c) ornamentation of marginal and excipular surfaces and (d) phenology. In contrast to H. retrocurvata, the marginal and excipular surfaces of H. decora are richly decorated with three types of ornamentation: (1) extreme margin with pustules composed of small fascicles of hyaline-walled, broadly clavate-cylindric cell rows of paraphysoid-type 13 70 whose cytoplasm is filled with vacuoles containing purplish sepia granular freely floating pigment, (2) submarginal hyaline, hyphoid, flexuous, delicate-walled, cylindric-obtuse hairs and (3) excipular flat pustules of irregular fascicles of brown-walled short-celled hyphae. The excipular surface of H. retrocurvata is glabrous to only finely pubescent due to some protruding hyphoid hairs. The ascospore surface in H. decora is subglabrous with non measurable and non cyanophilic elevations, while the ascospore wall in H. retrocurvata is densely warted, flat granular, (0.3–)0.6–1.3(–2.3) µm long and wide and ca. 0.5(0.7) µm high, and cyanophilic. The lipid bodies in H. decora are highly diverse in size and number; there are only 2–3 large guttules 3.3–4.8 µm diam and many smaller ones 1.3–2.5 µm diam, while all guttules in H. retrocurvata are of similar size, ca. 1–2 µm diam. Finally, H. decora is a strictly vernal species, apparently specialised to a rich calcareous soil mixed with remnants of Abies alba in altimontane areas. H. retrocurvata fruits in autumn and winter in sites with a Mediterranean influence (Van Vooren et al. 2017). Pyronemataceae Corda, [as ’Pyronemaceae’], Anleit. Stud. Mykol., Prag: 149 (1842) Notes: This family produces hypogeous to epigeous ascomata with a variety of shapes, sessile to stalked, discoid to cupulate, turbinate to pulvinate, folded to solid. (Perry et al. 2007; Hansen et al. 2013; Pfister 2015a). In addition, members of this family are distinguished by inamyloid asci and smooth to ornamented ascospores (Pfister 2015a). More than 65 genera are included within this family, with around 50% of genera having available molecular data (Kajevska et al. 2013; Pfister 2015a; Ekanayaka et al. 2018). Recent phylogenies on the family were performed by Hansen et al. (2013) and Ekanayaka et al. (2018). Neottiella (Cooke) Sacc., Syll. Fung. (Abellini) 8: 190 (1889) Notes: Neottiella was introduced in 1889 and typified by Neottiella albocincta (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. This genus is characterized by colored ascomata, inamyloid asci and ornamented ellipsoid ascospores with warty or reticulate surfaces (Akata and Kaya 2013; Beug et al. 2014; Yao and Spoone 1996). The type of ornamentation of ascospores is an important character to identify species, especially the warty ascospores and reticulate ascospores (Kullman 2002). Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Saprobic on soil. Sexual morph Apothecia epigeous, scattered to gregarious, stipitate. Disc 0.2–0.3 cm high, 0.2–0.6 cm broad, discal to cupulate, orange, hymenium orange, receptacle surface yellow to orange, margin conspicuous, dentate to wavy slightly. Stipe 0.2–0.4 cm long, 0.1–0.2 cm broad, cylindrical, yellowish to white. Medullary excipulum 50–200 µm broad, of textura intricate, yellow, composed of 3–7 µm broad hyphae. Ectal excipulum 60–100 µm broad, of textura angularis to globulosa, yellow, composed of 28–37 × 18–27 μm cells, with long septate hyphold hairs, 6–8 µm broad. Stipitipellis 70–160 µm broad, of textura angularis to globulosa, yellow, comprised of 24–35 × 16–24 μm cells, with long septate mycelial hairs, 5–8 µm broad. Paraphyses 3–4 µm broad, filiform, aseptate, straight, or flexuous slightly at the apex, with yellow content, apex enlarged, 4–7 µm broad, J−. Asci 359–411 × 17–22 µm, 8-spored, subcylindrical to clavate, operculate, inamyloid. Ascospores [20/1/1, in H2O] (27.1–)27.7–31.1(–32.8) × (17 .0–)17.9–19.7(–20.5) µm (Q = 1.46–1.78, Q = 1.57 ± 0.10), broadly ellipsoid, uniseriate, ornamented with verrucose, uniguttulate to biguttulate. Asexual morph unknown. Material examined: CHINA, Sichuan Province, G318, on the ground with mosses, alt. 4215 m, 17 August 2018; Ming Zeng, ZM38 (HKAS 104669, holotype); ibid. (MFLU 19-0523, isotype). GenBank numbers: LSU: MK589293; TEF1-α: MK577716. Notes: This species is distinguished by the orange stipitate ascomata, yellow paraphyses and broadly ellipsoid ascospores with a warty surface. The phylogenetic tree shows a close relationship with Neottiella albocincta (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. (Fig. 47). Across the LSU sequences, there are 33 notable nucleotides including 4 gap-differences among the 845 analyzed nucleotides between N. gigaspora (HKAS 104669) and N. albocincta (PRM 945,796). N. albocincta differs from N. gigaspora in the size of the asci (290–310 × 15–17.5 μm) and ascospores (18.8–23.9 × 12.1–14.5 μm) (De Marchi 2017). N. vivida (Nyl.) Dennis has a paler outer surface, smaller asci (140–175 × 17–18.5 μm) and ascospores (22.46 ± 2.13 × 13.14 ± 1.23 μm) (Stoykov et al. 2015). N. rutilans (Fr.) Dennis has ellipsoid to fusiform spores with reticulate ornamentation (Kullman 2002; Akata and Kaya 2013). Sordariomycetes Neottiella gigaspora M. Zeng, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556258; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05830; Fig. 46 Etymology: The epithet refers to the big ascospores. Holotype: HKAS 104669. 13 Amphisphaeriales D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. Notes: See Hongsanan et al. (2017) and Daranagama et al. (2018) for details. Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhl., Joanne E. Taylor & M.E. Barr, Sydowia 50 (1): 23 (1998) Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 46 Neottiella gigaspora (HKAS 104669, holotype). a–h Typic mature specimens. i Vetical section of ascomata. j Stipitipellis. k Receptacle surface of pileus. l Receptacle surface of pileus in Congo Red. m Asci and paraphyses in Melzer’s reagent. n–p Asci in 71 Congo Red (n Asci in Melzer’s reagent. o–p Asci in Congo Red). q–v Ascospores (t Asci in Melzer’s reagent. u–v. Ascospores in Congo Red). Scale bars: e–g = 1000 μm, h-i = 500 μm, j–p = 100 μm, q– v = 20 μm 13 72 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 47 Maximum likelihood tree based on a combined LSU and TEF1 sequence dataset. MLBP and MPBP ≥ 70% are indicated above the nodes. PP ≥ 0.95 are indicated above the nodes. Names in blue indicate new species. Otidea alutacea was used as outgroup taxon Notes: Apiosporaceae was erected by Hyde et al. (1998) to accommodate Apiospora (sexual morph of Arthrinium) and Appendicospora. Based on molecular and morphological data, Crous and Groenewald (2013) synonymized Apiospora under Arthrinium Kunze. According to the Outline 13 of Ascomycota (Wijayawardene et al. 2018), six genera are accepted in this family (Appendicospora, Arthrinium, Dictyoarthrinium, Endocalyx, Scyphospora, and Spegazzinia). Members of Apiosporaceae are found as saprobes and Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 73 Fig. 48 Arthrinium sorghi (URM 93000, holotype). a Colony on PDA after 7 d at 25 ± 1 °C. b Conidiophore and conidial bunch. c–e Conidial bunch, conidiophores, and conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia. f Conidia. Scale bars: b = 25 µm, c–f = 10 µm pathogens of leaves, stems and roots, as endophytes, and occasionally infecting humans (Senanayake et al. 2015). Arthrinium Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt, Mykol. Hefte 1: 9 (1817) Notes: The genus Arthrinium was erected by Kunze (1817) and is distributed in several ecological niches (Crous and Groenewald 2013). Members of Arthrinium are associated with plants as endophytes, pathogens or saprobes, especially on monocotyledonous plants belonging to the families Poaceae and Cyperaceae (Senanayake et al. 2015; Réblová et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2018). Several Arthrinium species are known to produce bioactive compounds used in the pharmaceutical industry (Hong et al. 2015; Shrestha et al. 2015). Arthrinium sorghi J.D.P. Bezerra, C.M Gonçalves & C.M. Souza-Motta, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555795; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05762; Fig. 48 Etymology: The name refers to the host plant, Sorghum bicolor, from which it was isolated as an endophyte. Holotype: URM 93000. Endophyte from leaves of Sorghum bicolor. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphae hyaline, branched, septate, 2–4 μm diam. Conidiophores erect or ascending, simple, straight or flexuous, 28–50 × 5 μm, or reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells aggregated in clusters on hyphae, hyaline, cylindrical to subcylindrical, 3–5 × 3–4 μm. Conidia brown to dark brown, 13 74 smooth, globose, subglobose, with a longitudinal germ slit, 6–8 × 6–10 μm. Culture characteristics: On PDA, colonies are flat, cottony, circular margin, sparse, aerial mycelium, surface and reverse white, reaching 90 mm after 7 d, conidia are produced after 30 d. On MEA, colonies are flat, cottony, aerial mycelium abundant, white surface, reverse yellowish, reaching 90 mm after 7 d. Material examined: BRAZIL, Pernambuco state, Goiana municipality, isolated as endophyte from leaves of Sorghum bicolor, 25 August 2014, R.M.F. Silva (URM 93000, holotype); ex-type living culture, URM 7417. GenBank numbers: ITS: MK371706; β-TUB: MK348526. Notes: The ITS rDNA sequence of Arthrinium sorghi demonstrated 93% identity with sequences of A. pseudosinense (CPC 21546, GenBank: KF144910) and A. ovatum (CBS 115042, GenBank: NR_121558), and 88% identity with a sequence of A. phaeospermum (CBS 114314, GenBank: KF144904). The β-TUB sequence also showed 87% identity with the sequence of A. phaeospermum (CBS 114314, GenBank: KF144996), 82% identity with the sequence of A. obovatum (LC4940, GenBank: KY705166), and 79% identity with the sequence of A. ovatum (CBS 115042, GenBank: KF144995). The β-TUB sequence was not included in the phylogenetic analysis, but it is available to verify its relationship to sequences from other Arthrinium species. The phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 49) using ITS rDNA sequences, placed A. sorghi as an unique lineage within the genus Arthrinium. Morphologically, A. sorghi resembles A. pseudosinense, A. ovatum and A. phaeospermum but differs from them by the culture charcteristics, conidiophores, and conidia size, and by lacking a sexual morph which is reported in A. pseudosinense (Crous and Groenewald 2013). Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf, A.N. Mill. & F.A. Fernández Notes: Chaetosphaeriales was established by Huhndorf et al. (2004) based on LSU phylogenetic analysis (Lu et al. 2016). Chaetosphaeriales consists of four families Chaetosphaeriaceae, Helminthosphaeriaceae, Leptosporellaceae and Linocarpaceae with 49 genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2018). Chaetosphaeriaceae Réblová, M.E. Barr & Samuels, Sydowia 51(1): 56 (1999) Notes: Chaetosphaeriaceae was introduced to accomodate Chaetosphaeria, Ascocodinaea, Melanochaela, Melanopsammella, Porosphaerella, Porosphaerellopsis and Striatosphaeria (Wei et al. 2018). The family includes 38 genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2017a). Among them 32 hyphomycetous genera were recorded (Wijayawardene et al. 2017b). Chloridium Link, Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 13 (1809) 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Notes: The hyphomycetous genus Chloridium was typified with C. viride Link. A study by Hughes (1951) revealed that Gonytrichum caesium, the generic type of Gonytrichum is the asexual morph of Melanopsammella inaequalis. Furthermore, Réblová et al. (2016) noted that C. viride, the type of Chloridium, is congeneric with M. inaequalis (Réblová and Winka 2000; Fernández et al. 2006; Crous et al. 2012). Hence, Réblová et al. (2016) synonymized Gonytrichum and Melanopsammella under Chloridium. Chloridium species are commonly found on decaying wood, soil and in aquatic habitats (Lee and Go 2000; Wei et al. 2018). Chloridium macrocladum (Sacc.) Karun., Maharachch., C.H. Kuo & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov. ≡ Gonytrichum macrocladum (Sacc.) S. Hughes, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 34(4): 565 (1952) [1951] ≡ Chloridium aseptatum M.J. Wei & H. Zhang, in Wei, Zhang, Dong, Boonmee & Zhang, Phytotaxa 362(2): 191 (2018) Index Fungorum number: IF557649; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06257; Fig. 50 Saprobic on culms of Pennisetum purpureum. Asexual morph: Conidiophores crowded, solitary with single erect main stalk, 275–290 × 5.5–7.5 μm ( x = 282.5 × 6.5 μm, n = 10), septate, dark brown becoming light brown towards the apex, swollen at the base and paler towards the apex; 3–4 collar-like hyphae appear underneath each node at the lower half of the conidiophore giving rise to an irregularly curved, succession of 2–4 phialides. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, cylindrical to lageniform, producing conidia from multi conidiogenous loci, phialides borne around the conidiophore. Conidia 3.6–4.3 × 1.8–2.8 μm ( x = 3.9 × 2.3 μm, n = 40), ellipsoid to oval, subhyaline to olivaceous to light green, slightly flattened at the end. Sexual morph: unknown. Material examined: TAIWAN, Chia Yi Province, Kwang Hwa, 18 March 2018, Anuruddha Karunarathna AKTW 58 (MFU 19-1003), living culture, NCYUCC 19-0367. GenBank numbers: ITS: MK963072; LSU: MK963073. Notes: Gonytrichum is a synonym of Melanopsammella and later was synonymized with Chloridium, which Hyde et al. (2020a, b) followed. In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 51), the strains NCYUCC 19-0367 and CBS 875.68 show 0.98 similarity in the ITS region. Hence, we introduce C. macrocladum NCYUCC 19-0367, a new host and geographical record. The strain NCYUCC 19-0367 is 99.8% identical to C. aseptatum MFLU11-1051 (514/515 bp similarity). The solitary disagreement is due to a gap in C. aseptatum MFLU11-1051 occurring above the adenine–thymine in the NCYUCC 19-0367 sequence at the 503rd position. According to the morphology along with similarities in the ITS sequence data, we propose C. aseptatum as a synonym of C. macrocladum. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 75 Fig. 49 Bayesian inference tree based on ITS sequences representing Arthrinium. Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.93 are given near nodes. The tree is rooted with Seiridium phylicae (CPC 19965). The new species is in blue. Hosts or substrates are indicated in green Diaporthales Nannf. Notes: Diaporthales is an important ascomycete order in the subclass Diaporthomycetidae (Sodariomycetes) comprising phytopathogenic, endophytic and saprobic species (Senanayake et al. 2018). In 1932 Nannfeldt erected Diaporthales to accommodate Höhnel’s Eu-Diaportheen group, and since then it has undergone many taxonomic reconstructions (Wehmeyer 1975; Barr 1978; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Currently there are 14 families accepted in the Diaporthales (Senanayake et al. 2018). With combined taxonomic and phylogenetic results an updated classification for Diaporthales was done by Senanayake et al. (2017, 2018). Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm., Am. J. Bot. 13: 638 (1926) Notes: Diaporthaceae is in Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes. This family consists of pathogenic, saprobic and endophytic species which inhabit a wide diversity of host substrates, including economically important trees and crops. Species within the Diaporthaceae form solitary 13 76 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 50 Chloridium macrocladum on decaying stem of Pennisetum purpureum culms. a Conidiophores on host. b Conidiophore. c Base of the conidiophore. d Conidiogenus cells on conidiophore. e Coiled terminal setae. f, g Conidiogenesis. h Conidia. i Conidia germination. Scale bars: b–d = 50 µm, e–i = 10 µm or aggregated, immersed to erumpent, rarely superficial, orange, brown to black perithecial ascomata, with short or long necks, located in stromatic tissues or substrates, with a centrum (or hamathecium) lacking or with few paraphyses. The asci are unitunicate with a conspicuous refractive ring (Hawksworth et al. 1995; Rossman et al. 2007; Senanayake et al. 2018). The ascospore morphology is diverse, ranging from short to elongate and aseptate or septate with hyaline or pigmented walls. The asexual morphs of Diaporthaceae are generally coelomycetous (Rossman et al. 2007; Senanayake et al. 2018), producing acervuli or pycnidial conidiomata, with or without a well-developed stroma. Conidiogenesis is phialidic or rarely annellidic and conidia are usually unicellular or 1-septate (Rossman et al. 2007). 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 77 Fig. 51 Maximum likelihood tree based on a combined dataset of LSU and ITS partial sequences. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML) ≥ 75% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.98 are displayed above the nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with Chaetosphaeria fuegiana CBS 114553 and C. innumera SMH 2748. Newly generated sequence is indicated in red. The ex-type isolates are in bold Diaporthe Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 240 (1870) Notes: The genus Diaporthe is typified by Diaporthe eres Nitschke and its species are found worldwide on a diverse range of host plants as endophytes, pathogens and saprobes (Udayanga et al. 2015; Dissanayake et al. 2017). Species of Diaporthe are distinguished mainly by their molecular phylogenies, and the best five gene regions to conduct a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis are ITS, TEF1, ACT CAL and HIS (van Rensburg et al. 2006; Santos et al. 2010; Dissanayake et al. 2017). Diaporthe pimpinellae Abeywickrama, Camporesi, Dissanayake & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungoru mnumber: IF556363; Facesoffunginumber: FoF 05979; Figs. 52, 53 Etymology: The specific epithet pimpinellae is based on the host genus (Pimpinella). Holotype: MFLU 19-0563. Saprobic on aerial stems of Pimpinella peregrina. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous, Conidiomata visible as black dots up to 150–200 μm high, 150–250 μm diam, superficial, solitary, scattered on host, oval to round, black. Peridium 18–41 μm thick, inner layer composed of light brown to black textura angularis, outer layer composed of dark brown to black textura angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical, aseptate, densely aggregated, straight or sinuous, terminal, slightly tapered towards the apex. Conidiogenous cells 4–8 μm long × 2–4 μm wide, phialidic, cylindrical, terminal and lateral. Alpha conidia with 1–2 guttules per cell, 6–8 × 2–3 μm, hyaline, fusiform or oval. Beta conidia not observed (Fig. 52). Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA covering entire Petri dishes after seven days at 25 °C, white, spreading with sparse to no aerial mycelium; surface with irregular patches of white; surface white; reverse dirty white; conidiomata black and white to cream conidial masses; alpha-conidia ellipsoid to round, with an obtuse apex, tapering to an obtuse or bluntly rounded base, beta-conidia observed (Fig. 53). Known distribution: on dead aerial stems of Pimpinella peregrine (Apiaceae). Material examined: ITALY, Rocca delle Caminate, Predappio, Forlì-Cesena Province, dead aerial stems of Pimpinella peregrine (Apiaceae), 11 April 2018, Erio Camporesi, MFLU 19-0563 (holotype); ex-type living culture JZB 320131. GenBank numbers: ITS: MK874656; β-TUB: MT373072; HIS: MT373073; TEF1: MT373074. Notes: Diaporthe pimpinellae, collected from Pimpinella peregrine in Italy, formed a sister clade to D. chamaeropis (CBS 454.81) and D. cytosporella (FAU461) with phylogenetically good support (83% ML and 1.00 PP) (Fig. 54). Hypocreales Lindau Notes: The order Hypocreales includes ten families Bionectriaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Flammocladiaceae, Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Stachybotryaceae and Tilachlidiaceae, which are distributed in subtropical and tropical regions (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). These families 13 78 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 52 Diaporthe pimpinellae (MFLU 19-0563, holotype). a Appearance of fruitbodies on host substrate. b Close-up view of fruitbodies. c Section through the fruitbody. d Peridium cell wall and immature and mature conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. e, f, g Conidia differ amongst each other according to their fleshy and colorful perithecial ascomata, typically ostiolate perithecia, very varied ascospores and pigment production (Rehner and Samuels 1995). Clavicipitaceae Kirk, Cannon, Minter & Stalpers, Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) Notes: The Clavicipitaceae, one of the most miscellaneous families in the Hypocreales, comprises about 48 genera (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015) involving obligate saprobes, symbionts and parasites of insects, grasses, fungi or sedges (Kepler et al. 2013; Schardl et al. 2013; Li et al. 2016). Clavicipitaceae, along with Cordycipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae, were distinguished by Sung et al. (2007) based on molecular phylogeny. Most reported clavicipitaceous genera are pathogenic to whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) and/or scale insects (Coccidae), are commonly found in the subtropics and tropics with most species belonging to the genera Moelleriella, Hypocrella and Samuelsia (Chaverri et al. 2008). Moelleriella Chaverri, Liu & Hodge, Studies in Mycology 60: 66 (2008) Notes: The genus Moelleriella was established by Bresadola (1896), with M. phyllogena as the type species. Chaverri et al. (2008) differentiated Moelleriella from both Samuelsia and Hypocrella based on its disarticulated ascospores in the asci while the latter two genera have filiform or 13 long-fusiform ascospores even after discharge. Species of Moelleriella produce an Aschersonia-like asexual morph that is characterized with acervuli or pycnidia on a brightly colored stroma, filiform multi-septate ascospores disarticulated at the septa within the ascus and fusoid conidia (Mongkolsamrit et al. 2014). In China, there are currently only three species accepted in Moelleriella (Qiu et al. 2009; Li et al. 2016). Moelleriella gracilispora Jun Z. Qiu & Y.X. Chen, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556162; Facesoffungi number: FoF 00010; Fig. 55 Etymology: Named after the slender spores. Holotype: HMAS 247788. Parasitic on whitefly nymph (Hemiptera), forming whitish to pale brown stromata on the underside of leaves. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Stromata flattened pulvinate to discoid up to 3.2 mm diam and 0.6 mm high with a whitish tomentum, no reaction to 3% KOH, upper surface roughened, opaque, without hypothallus. Conidiomata pycnidial, yellow to orange, solitary or gregarious, completely embedded and on top part of stroma, numerous pycnidia per stroma, flask-shaped, multi-loculate, with locules, 166 (83–236) × 93 (53–136) μm, ostiolate. Ostioles subcylindrical, single, well-developed, centrally located. Wall of conidiomata 18–31 μm wide, composed of relatively thick-walled, pale brown to hyaline cells. Paraphyses 66 (36–103) × 0.6(0.4–0.8) μm, filiform, tapering at Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 79 Fig. 53 Asexual morph of Diaporthe pimpinellae (MFLU 19-0563, holotype) (from culture). a Upper view of colony on PDA. b Reverse view of colony on PDA. c, d Pycnida forming on culture. e Spore mass. f Conidia attached to the coidiogenous cell. g Beta conida. h Alpha conidia the apices, arising from the hymenium of the conidioma. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 6–12 × 0.8–1.3 μm, hyaline, phialidic, cylindrical, broad at base, discrete, thick- and smooth-walled. Conidia fusoid, sometimes narrowly fusiform, unicellular, straight or slightly curved, 11.8(11–12) × 1.4(1–2) μm, l/w 8.4(7–10), accumulating in a slimy pale brownish mass above the conidioma. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating within 24 h on PDA. Colonies on PDA at 25 °C; compact, whitish, attaining ca. 1 cm diam after 2 wks. Optimal temperature 20–26 °C, with no growth below 5 °C or above 35 °C. Stromatic colonies pale yellow, forming moderately compact stromata. Conidial masses yellowish orange to orange, abundant, appearing on surface of stromatic colonies after ca. 2 wk. 13 80 Fig. 54 Phylogenetic tree generated by maximum likelihood analysis of combined ITS, TEF1, β-TUB, CAL and HIS sequence data of Diaporthe species. Tree was rooted with Diaporthella corylina (CBS 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 121124). Bootstrap support values (ML) ≥ 60% and Bayesian posterior probabilities values (PP) ≥ 0.9 are shown near the nodes respectively. The newly generated sequence is indicated in blue Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 81 Fig. 54 (continued) 13 82 Fig. 54 (continued) 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 55 Moelleriella gracilispora (CGMCC3.18989, holotype). a Habitat. b Stroma on the underside of leaves. c Flank of stroma. d, e Frontage of stroma. f Colonies on PDA media. g, h Longitudinal 83 section of stroma. i Section of pycnidium. j Conidiogenous cells. k Conidia. Scale bars: b = 1 cm, c–e = 0.2 mm, f = 0.5 cm, g, h = 100 µm, i = 20 µm, j, k = 10 µm 13 84 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 56 Phylogenetic position of Moelleriella gracilispora (CGMCC3.18989, holotype) inferred from a combined dataset of LSU, RPB1 and TEF-1α sequences. Bootstrap support values for ML and MP ≥ 50% are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with Balansia henningsiana (AEG96-27a) and Epichloe elymi (C. Schardl 760). The new species is indicated in red Material examined: CHINA, Fujian Province, Wuyishan City, Wu Yi Mountain, alt. 1000 m, on infected whitefly nymphs (Hemiptera), Junzhi Qiu, 30 July 2017, WYFC2017-03, WYFC2017-03 (HMAS 247788, holotype); HMAS 247,789, ex-type living cultures, CGMCC 3.18989, CGMCC 3.18990. GenBank numbers: LSU: KC964202; TEF-1α: KC964191; RPB1: KC964179. Notes: We were unable to find a teleomorph of this species in our survey of entomopathogenic fungal diversity throughout the year. Phylogenetic analysis based on LSU, RPB1 and TEF-1α sequence data showed that Moelleriella gracilispora is phylogenetically distinct from M. zhongdongii, M. mollii and M. ochracea (Fig. 56). M. gracilispora morphologically resembles M. libera, M. evansii and M. zhongdongii in having pulvinate stroma, a yellow mass of extruded spores and fusiform conidia. However, the conidia and paraphyses of M. gracilispora are somewhat narrower (11.2–12.3 × 1.3–1.6 μm and 0.6 μm respectively). In contrast, the anamorph of M. libera (= Aschersonia aleyrodis) produces conidia measuring 10–16 × 1.5–2 μm, with paraphyses 1–1.5 μm wide; M. evansii has conidia measuring 10–16 × 1.5–2 μm, and is without paraphyses; the anamorph of M. zhongdongii (= A. incrassata) has conidia measuring 10–18 × 1.5–2 μm, with paraphyses sometimes present. The Chinese specimens were most similar to Aschersonia andropogonis (= M. ochracea) in having pulvinate stroma, yellowish orange to orange spore masses and fusiform 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 conidia. However, M. gracilispora differs from A. andropogonis in the absence of a hypothallus and size of conidia. M. gracilispora produces longer and narrower conidia measuring 11.2–12.3 × 1.3–1.6 μm in comparison with 8–14 × 1.5–2 μm in A. andropogonis. Hypocreaceae De Not., G. Bot. Ital 2(1): 48 (1844) Notes: Hypocreaceae was erected by De Not (1844), with Hypocrea as the type genus, and divided into six subfamilies by Lindau (1897). Seaver (1909a, b, 1910a, b, 1911) divided Hypocreales into two families (Nectriaceae and Hypocreaceae) depending on their perithecial and stromatic characters and this concept was accepted by Kreisel in1969, along with another five families in the Hypocreales based on their bright-colored, fleshy ascomata, presence of apical paraphyses and production of phialides on free conidiophores. Rossman et al. (1999) agreed and included 12 genera in Hypocreaceae. Hypocreaceae contains 13 teleomorph and seven anamorph genera (Jaklitsch et al. 2014). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) accepted 18 genera in the family. Trichoderma Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 92 (1794) Notes: The genus Trichoderma was established in 1794 with four species (Samuels 1996). The holomorph typified generic name Trichoderma is preferred over the sexual name Hypocrea (Rossman et al. 2013; Bissett et al. 2015). Over 320 species have been described worldwide. The first record of Trichoderma in China was from rotten wood in Sichuan Province (Patouillard 1895). More recently, 43 new Trichoderma species were reported from China in a large-scale survey of Trichoderma (Chen and Zhuang 2017a, b, c; Qin and Zhuang 2017; Zhu et al. 2017a, b). Trichoderma ceratophylletum Z.F. Yu & X. Du, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555895; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05674; Fig. 57 Etymology: Refers to type strain isolated from Ceratophyllum demersum. Holotype: YMF1.04621. Saprobic on submerged stem, Sexual morph: Undetermined. Hyphae radiate and branched, dense and abundant on PDA and SNA, relatively sparse on CMD, pustules formed frequently on SNA and CMD, compact, abundant, asymmetrical to hemispherical, usually 0.5–1.5 mm, aggregated to ca. 3 mm diam. Conidiophores tree-like, comprising a straight main axis, often terminating in 3–5 phialides and paired branches, the primary branches arising at right angle from the main axis, terminating in verticils of 3–5 divergent phialides, occasionally unilateral, the distance between two neighbor branches is 9.5–32.3 μm (n = 15). The bases of branches are usually thick, about 2.8–6.1 μm wide (n = 30). Phialides stout, ampulliform to globose, crowded arrangement, (3.7–)4.1–8.4(–9.7) × 2.3–4.1 μm (n = 40), length/ 85 width ratio (1.0–)1.2–2.8(–3.2). Conidia ovoid, sometimes ellipsoid, smooth-walled, at the base usually slightly narrower, greenish in mass, 2.5–3.9 × 1.9–2.9 (–3.2) μm (n = 30), length/width ratio 1.0–1.7. Culture characteristics: On CMD after 72 h colony radius 56–62 mm, mycelium covers the plate after 96 h at 25 °C. Colonies circular, translucent, margin distinct, aerial hyphae sparse and arachnoid, pustules formed after 4 days. On PDA and SNA, mycelium covers the plate after 72 h at 25 °C. Colonies on PDA distinctly zonate, the zone around central part of colony forms an irregular green ring, aerial hyphae abundant, compact, cottony to downy. Colonies on SNA are similar to PDA, but the aerial hyphae is relatively scarcer than on PDA, pustules formed after one day, turning green after 2 days, distribute on outer layer. Material examined: CHINA, Guizhou Province, Qing Zhen, Hong Feng Lake, within stem submerged in lake, 20 June 2014, YMF1.04621 (holotype). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK327581; RPB2: MK327580; TEF1: MK327579. Notes: Trichoderma ceratophylletum phylogenetically forms a single branch (Fig. 58) and is related to T. pleuroti and T. pleuroticola. T. pleuroti differs from T. ceratophylletum by the characteristics of the branches, which are usually Gliocladium-like, with the phialides on the branches often in crowded whorls and not divergent, whereas the branches of T. ceratophylletum are tree-like, and the phialides are commonly divergent in whorls of 3–5. The conidia of T. pleuroti are narrower than those of T. ceratophylletum (2.8–4.2 × 1.6–2.2 vs 2.5–3.9 × 1.9–2.9 μm, Yu et al. 2006). The conidiophores of T. pleuroticola tend to be regularly verticillate, which distinguishs it from the obviously paired branches and tree-like conidiophores of T. ceratophylletum. The phialides of T. pleuroticola are sometimes lageniform and longer (5.5–11.0 vs 4.1–8.4 μm) than those of T. ceratophylletum, which are commonly ampulliform to globose. The conidia of T. pleuroticola are often larger than those of T. ceratophylletum (2.9–4.5 × 2.4–3.5 vs 2.5–3.9 × 1.9–2.9 μm, Yu et al. 2006). Ophiocordycipitaceae G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora, in Sung et al., Stud. Mycol. 57: 35 (2007) Notes: Ophiocordycipitaceae was established by Sung et al. (2007) with Ophiocordyceps as the type genus. Sung et al. (2007) listed two teleomorphic genera (Elaphocordyceps and Ophiocordyceps) and nine anamorphic genera (Haptocillium, Harposporium, Hirsutella, Hymenostilbe, Paecilomyces-like, Paraisaria, Syngliocladium, Tolypocladium and Verticillium-like) under Ophiocordycipitaceae. Quandt et al. (2014) accepted six genera (Ophiocordyceps, Tolypocladium, Purpureocillium, Harposporium, Drechmeria and Polycephalomyces) in Ophiocordycipitaceae based on the phylogenetic analyses of a concatenated 13 86 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 57 Cultures and anamorph of Trichoderma ceratophylletum (YMF1.04621, holotype). a on CMD at 25 °C, 3 days. b, c Cultures (b on PDA, 3 days. c on SNA, 3 days) at 25 °C. d–g Conidiophores and phialides (SNA, 3 d). h, I Conidia (PDA, 20 d). Scale bars: d–i 10 μm 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 87 Fig. 58 Phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian analysis of the combined TEF1, RPB2, ITS sequences. Nectria berolinensis was used as outgroup in blue. Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.90 are shown at the nodes. The scale bar shows the expected changes per site. The new species are in boldface five-gene dataset (SSU, LSU, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2) Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016). and Wijayawardene et al. (2018) followed Quandt’s treatment and the former author reviewed Ophiocordycipitaceae providing an updated generic descriptions for those accepted genera. Hyde et al. (2020a, b) expanded Ophiocordycipitaceae to include four additional genera Hymenostilbe, Hirsutella, Paraisaria and Perennicordyceps. Currently, Ophiocordycipitaceae comprises ten genera (Hyde et al. 2020a, b). New species combinations have been made for Polycephalomyces (Kepler et al. 2013), Tolypocladium (Quandt et al. 2014), Drechmeria, Harposporium, Ophiocordyceps and Purpureocillium (Spatafora et al. 2015). Morphologically, Ophiocordycipitaceae species are characterized by producing darkly pigmented stromata that are pliant to wiry, or fibrous to tough in texture, rarely fleshy, often with aperithecial apices or lateral pads, perithecia that are superficial to immersed, ordinal or oblique in arrangement, asci that are cylindrical with thickened ascus at apex and ascospores that are cylindrical, multiseptate, disarticulating into part-spores or non-disarticulating. Species of Ophiocordycipitaceae are pathogens of arthropods, Elaphomyces, protozoans, rotifers, nematodes, humans and animals (Sung et al. 2007; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016). Hirsutella Pat., Revue Mycol., Toulouse 14(no. 54): 67 (1892) Notes: Hirsutella was erected by Patouillard (1892) and typified with Hirsutella entomophila. This genus is characterized by the production of synnematous or mononematous conidiophores, basally inflated phialides that narrow into one or more slender needle-like necks and globose, oval, fusiform, lemon-like to acicular hyaline conidia that are confined in a mucus droplet (Liang 1990; Gams and Zare 2003; Sung et al. 2007; Qu et al. 2018; Hyde et al. 2020a, b). It is worth mentioning that the phialidic conidial morphology of Hirsutella species was mainly divided into five types, correlating with phylogenetic information (Qu et al. 2018). The concatenated TEF1, ITS and LSU sequences allows for deeper understanding of the interspecific relationships in Hirsutella (Qu et al. 2017, 2018). The sexual morph of Hirsutella species has been linked to Ophiocordyceps (Sung et al. 2007; Spatafora et al. 2015). Hirsutella hongheensis D.P. Wei & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. 13 88 Index Fungorum number IF556251; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05827; Fig. 59 Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the name of collection site. Holotype: HKAS102451. Parasitic on an unknown insect. Asexual morph: Mycelial subiculum bright yellow in superficial layer, becoming white towards inner layer, cottony, dense, completely covering the host. Mycelium 1.5–2.9 µm ( x = 2.2 µm, n = 50) wide, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth-walled, septate. The hyphal cells usually become thick-walled and swollen, then developing into chlamydospores. Hirsutella phialides-like cells 7.6–14.3 × 3.1–4.6 µm ( x = 9.7 × 3.9 µm, n = 10) forming from inflated hyphae, subglose, ellipsoid, broadly cyclindrical, hyaline, slightly guttulate, bearing a needle-like neck (2.1–3.9 × 0.4–1.1, x = 3 × 0.7 µm, n = 10). Chlamydospores 4.2–12.7 × 3.1–17.6 µm ( x = 7.7 × 4.8 µm, n = 100), subglobose, thick-walled, smooth-walled, hyaline, with yellow guttules, typically adhering in chains. Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Honghe County, Jiayin Villige, Amushan protection area, On unknown insect, 23 October 2018, Deping Wei, (HKAS102511, holotype). GenBank numbers: ITS: MN017176; LSU: MN017175; SSU: MN017177; TEF1: MN733824. Notes: Attempts were made to cultivate the inner mycelium of the subiculum on PDA medium but growth was not observed. Therefore, the morphological observation and the sequencing of ITS, LSU, SSU and TEF1 gene regions were conducted based on the dried specimen. Phylogenetically, our collection has close affinity with Hirsutella versicolor (ARSEF 1037) and is restricted to the H. guyana clade with significant support (100% ML, 100% MP and 100% PP, Fig. 60). H. versicolor was initially described from a leafhopper host collected in Nuwara, Sri-Lanka (Petch 1932). The lectotype of H. versicolor was designated by Minter & Brady (1980), with a hand-drawing of the phialides and conidia attached. This reference species has a greyish to orange-yellow byssoid mycelial subiculum radiating on the leaf-hopper host, conoid or flask-shaped phialides that narrow into 2–3 slender necks and narrow-cymbiform or narrow-oval hyaline conidia (Petch 1932). Not one of these characters was observed in our collections. Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al. Notes: Chadefaud (1960) proposed Glomerellales without a Latin diagnosis. This order was validly published by Réblová et al. (2011) and comprises Australiascaceae, Glomerellaceae, Malaysiascaceae, Plectosphaerellaceae and Reticulascaceae (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Tibpromma et al. 2018). 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams, in Zhang et al., Mycologia 98(6): 1083 (2007) [2006] Notes: Glomerellaceae was invalidly published by Locquin (1984) and was validated in Zhang et al. (2006). Glomerellaceae is a monotypic family. Colletotrichum Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(12): 41 (1831) Notes: This genus was established by Corda (1831), to accommodate C. lineola Corda (Hyde et al. 2009). The genus Colletotrichum comprises mainly pathogens, as well as endophytes and saprobes (Cannon et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2014; Jayawardena et al. 2016). Colletotrichum parthenocissicola Jayawardena, Bulgakov, Huanraleuk & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556430; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05834; Fig. 61 Etymology: The specific epithet parthenocissicola is named after the host genus Parthenocissus from which the taxon was collected. Holotype: MFLU 16-1557. Saprobic or weakly pathogenic on dying and dead twigs and petioles of Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch (Vitaceae). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 263–620 μm ( x = 437 μm, n = 10) diam, black, acervulus, oval, solitary, gregarious. Setae straight or ± bent, abundant, brown, becoming paler towards the apex, opaque, smooth-walled, septate, 2–4 septate, 58–172 μm long, base cylindrical, 6.5–8.0 μm diam, tip rounded. Conidiophores simple, to 20 μm long, hyaline to pale brown, smoothwalled. Conidiogenous cells 8–14 × 2–5 μm ( x = 9.3 × 2.5 μm, n = 20), hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical to slighty inflated, opening 0.5–1 μm diam, collarette or periclinal thickening rarely observed. Conidia 18–24 × 2–5 μm ( x = 20.3 × 3.8 μm, n = 40), L/W = 5.3, hyaline, smooth or verruculose, aseptate, curved, both sides gradually tapering towards the round to slightly acute apex and truncate base. Appressoria not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA flat with entire margin, aerial mycelium sparse and short, pale olivaceous grey, colony surface buff, some sectors dark grey-olivaceous to dark olivaceous grey, iron grey acervuli can be observed mainly on the edge of the colony. Reverse olivaceous green, concentric rings can be clearly observed, reaching 65–70 mm in 7 d at 28 °C. Material examined: RUSSIA, Rostov region, Shakhty City, private garden, dying and dead twigs and leafstalks of Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (Vitaceae), 5 March 2016, Timur S. Bulgakov (T-1263, MFLU 16-1557, holotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17-1098. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 59 Hirsutella hongheensis (AMS12, holotype). a, b.Yellow mycelial subiculum associated with host. c Enlargement of superficial mycelium. d–h Chlamydospores forming from hyphae indicated 89 with black arrows. i Chlamydospores adhering in chain. k–m Phialides-like cells with short necks. n–p Chlamydospores. Scale bars: b = 1000 µm, c = 500 µm, d, e = 20 µm, f–k = 15 µm, l-p = 5 µm 13 90 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 60 ML phylogenetic tree based on a combined TEF1, ITS and LSU dataset. The tree is rooted to Cordyceps gunnii (ARSEF 6828). Bootstrap support values (ML) ≥ 50% are indicated near the nodes. The generated isolate is in bold GenBank numbers: ITS: MK629452; GAPDH: MK639362; CHS: MK639356; ACT: MK639358; β-TUB: MK639360. Notes: The Colletotrichum dematium species complex is mainly characterized by species with curved conidia (Damm et al. 2009; Jayawardena et al. 2016). C. parthenocissicola falls within the C. dematium species complex clade and 13 forms a separate branch close to C. insertae (Fig. 62). C. quinquefoliae and C. insertae were found on Parthenocissus species in Russia (Li et al. 2015; Hyde et al. 2016). C. parthenocissicola differs from C. insertae in having long setae and conidia (C. insertae L/W = 5.0). The new taxon differs from C. quinquefoliae by having short setae and longer conidia (C. quinquefoliae L/W = 3.0). The cultural Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 91 Fig. 61 Colletotrichum parthenocissicola (MFLU 16-1557, holotype). a Conidiomata on host. b Setae. c Conidiogenous cells. d Conidia e Upper view of the 7 d old culture on PDA. f Reverse view of the 7 d old culture on PDA. Scale bars: b = 50 µm, c–d = 5 µm characteristics of these three species cannot be compared as both C. quinquefoliae and C. inserate lack cultures and were described based on sequences. A BLASTn search of NCBI GenBank with the ITS sequence of MFLUCC 17-1098 showed 99–100% similarity to several Colletotrichum species with curved conidia. The closest match in a BLASTn search in GenBank with the GAPDH sequence of MFLUCC 17-1098 showed 99–100% similarity with the species of the C. dematium complex. The CHS sequence showed 99% similarity to C. sonchicola (1 bp difference); the ACT sequence showed a 99% similarity to C. menispermi (2 bp difference), a 98% similarity to C. dematium (3 bp difference) and to C. lineola (3 bp differences) and the β-TUB sequences also showed a 99% similarity to C. dematium (1 bp difference). The newly described taxon differs from its sister taxon C. insertae in 4 bp in ITS, 10 bp in GAPDH, 8 bp in CHS, 11 13 92 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 62 One of the 100 most parsimonious trees obtained from a heuristic search of the combined ITS, GAPDH, CHS, ACT and β-TUB sequence data of Colletotrichum dematium species complex. The tree is rooted with C. nigrum (CBS 169.49). Bootstrap support values (MP and ML) ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.70 are indicated above the nodes. The ex-type strains are in bold. New species in this study is in blue bp in ACT and 47 bp in β-TUB. C. parthenocissicola differs from C. quinquefoliae in 2 bp in ITS, 73 bp in CHS and 11 bp in ACT and 36 bp in β-TUB. Therefore, a new species is described to accommodate this taxon. Morphological characters as well as phylogenetic evidence support this taxon to be a new species of Colletotrichum. Junewangiaceae J.W. Xia & X.G. Zhang, Scientific Reports 7: 7888 (2017) Notes: Junewangiaceae was established by Xia et al. (2017) to accommodate the asexual genus Junewangia which includes five Acrodictys-like species (Baker et al. 2002; Xia et al. 2017; Song et al. 2018a). Dictyosporella and Sporidesmiella were later accepted in the family based 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 on morphological characters and molecular analyses (Luo et al. 2019). Dictyosporella Abdel-Aziz, Fungal Diversity 75: 144 (2015) Notes: Ariyawansa et al. (2015) erected genus Dictyosporella with D. aquatica Abdel-Aziz as the type species. Three species (D. aquatica, D. hydei H.Y. Song & D.M. Hu and D. thailandensis W. Dong, H. Zhang & K.D. Hyde) are accepted in the genus, all reported from freshwater habitats. Dictyosporella is a holomorphic genus with the asexual morphs known of D. aquatica and D. hydei and the sexual morph of D. thailandensis. The genus is characterized by immersed brown ascomata with the neck erumpent through the host surface, unitunicate, cylindrical asci with a J- apical ring and uniseriate, fusiform, hyaline, 3-septate ascospores with appendages at both ends (Zhang et al. 2017); macronematous or reduced conidiophores, monoblastic, globose or cylindrical conidiogenous cells and globose to broadly cylindrical and muriform conidia (Ariyawansa et al. 2015; Song et al. 2018b). Junewangia resembles Dictyosporella in the conidial morphology but differs in having macronematous, brown conidiophores with percurrent elongation (Baker et al. 2002; Xia et al. 2017). Sporidesmiella is distinguished from Junewangia and Dictyosporella by its transversely septate conidia and polyblastic conidiogenous cells (Kirk 1982; Luo et al. 2019). Dictyosporella guizhouensis J. Yang & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556314; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05999; Fig. 63 Etymology: Referring to the collecting location in Guizhou Province, China. Holotype: MFLU 18-1505. Saprobic on decaying twigs from freshwater habitats. Asexual morph: Colonies on natural substrate sporodochial, scattered, dark brown or black. Mycelium partly immersed, partly superficial, composed of septate, hyaline hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, compact, flexuous, simple or branched, mostly moniliform, with globose to subglobose, ellipsoid or clavate cells, hyaline, smooth-walled, up to 52 μm long. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, globose, subglobose, ellipsoid or clavate, hyaline, smooth-walled, 9–17 × 6.5–12 μm ( x = 11.5 × 9.5 μm, n = 25). Conidia acrogenous, globose, subglobose, ellipsoid or irregular, muriform, with slightly irregular multi-euseptate, smooth, olivaceous to mid-brown, paler at the basal cell, 15–26 × 12.5–18.5 μm ( x = 19 × 16 μm, n = 50). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: CHINA, Guizhou Province, Anshun City, Gaodang village, 26°4.267′ N, 105°41.883′ E, on decaying wood submerged in the Suoluo river, 19 October 2016, J. Yang, GD 34–2 (MFLU 18-1505, holotype; HKAS 102160, isotype). 93 GenBank numbers: ITS: MK593606; LSU: MK593605; SSU: MK593611. Notes: Dictyosporella, Junewangia and Sporidesmiella nested within Junewangiaceae in the phylogenetic tree based on a combined LSU and ITS sequence dataset (Fig. 64). However, Junewangia is shown to be polyphyletic which agrees with the result of Luo et al. (2019). D. guizhouensis clustered as a sister taxon to D. aquatica and D. thailandensis with full support (100% ML and 1.00 PP). D. hydei grouped with J. aquatica H.Y. Song & D.M. Hu, with full support (100% ML and 1.00 PP) and only one nucleotide difference, but only the LSU sequence data is available for D. hydei. Relationships between the genera and taxa in Junewangiaceae are awaiting to be resolved. Morphological characters of the new taxon matched the generic concept of Dictyosporella. Septa in D. guizhouensis and D. hydei are slightly constricted while those in D. aquatica are strongly constricted. The conidial color is brown to black in D. aquatica, yellowish brown in D. hydei and olivaceous green in D. guizhouensis. In addition, D. guizhouensis has conspicuous hyaline globose to subglobose conidiogenous cells which are not observed in D. aquatica and D. hydei. Rhamphoriaceae Réblová, Mycologia 11: 754 (2018) Notes: Rhamphoriaceae was erected by Réblová and Štěpánek (2018) and characterized by species having perithecial ascomata with a cylindrical or rostrate neck, the absence of stromatic tissue or clypeus, similar anatomy of two-layered ascomatal walls, cylindrical paraphyses, unitunicate asci with a distinct, non-amyloid apical annulus, and dictyoseptate or transversely septate, hyaline or brown ascospores. Five genera, Linkosia, Rhamphoria, Rhamphoriopsis, Rhodoveronaea and Xylolentia, are accepted in this family. Xylolentia Réblová, Mycologia 11: 759 (2018) Notes: The genus Xylolentia was established by Réblová and Štěpánek (2018) to accommodate X. brunneola Réblová. It is characterized by brown, 1-septate ascospores, conidiogenous cells that are polyblastic with sympodially extending rachis, and conidia that are hyaline becoming brown, and aseptate (Réblová and Štěpánek 2018). Xylolentia reniformis C.G. Lin, K.D. Hyde & Jian K. Liu, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556253; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05995; Fig. 65 Etymology: In reference to the reniform conidia. Holotype: MFLU 19-0210. Saprobic on decaying wood. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse on the natural substrate, scattered, hairy, dark brown. Mycelium partly 13 94 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 63 Dictyosporella guizhouensis (MFLU 18-1505, holotype). a Colony on substrate. b Conidiophores. c–f Conidiogenous cells with conidia. g–i Conidia. j Germinated conidium on PDA. Scale bars: b–e, j = 20 μm, f–i = 10 μm superficial and partly immersed in the substratum. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, scattered, erect, simple, straight or slightly flexuous, smooth, thick-walled, 13 septate, cylindrical, dark brown at the base, paler towards the apex, 65–160 µm long, 3–9.5 µm thick at the base, slightly tapering towards the conidiogenous cells just below the Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 95 Fig. 64 Maximum likelihood tree of Diaporthomycetidae isolates based on a combined LSU and ITS sequence dataset. Bootstrap support values (ML) ≥ 75% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are indicated above the nodes. Branches with 100% ML BP and 1.0 PP are shown as bold branches. The tree is rooted with Leotia lubrica (AFTOL-ID 1) and Microglossum rufum (AFTOL-ID 1292). The new species is in blue apex then swelling again. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, sympodial, terminal, clavate, subhyaline to pale brown, 14–40 µm long, 3–4.5 µm thick in the broadest part. Conidia aggregated in slimy masses, acropleurogenous, simple, smooth, aseptate, reniform, hyaline, 3.2–4.6 µm long, 1.8–3.0 µm thick in the broadest part. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on WA (water agar) within 48 h. Colonies on PDA circular, appearing waxy-mucoid, white-brown, reaching a diam of 7.5–9 mm in 30 days at 28 °C. Material examined: CHINA, Guizhou Province, Qiannan Buyi Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Dushan County, Guizhou Zilinshan National Forest Park (Shengou district), on decaying wood, 6 July 2018, C.G. Lin, DS 1–37 (MFLU 19-0210, holotype; HKAS 105134, isotype), ex-type living cultures GZCC 1-–0048. GenBank numbers: ITS: MK547646; LSU: MK547648. Notes: The phylogenetic result based on a combined LSU and ITS sequence dataset indicated that Xylolentia reniformis is closest to Linkosia multiseptum (HKUCC 10825) 13 96 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 65 Xylolentia reniformis (MFLU 19-0210, holotype). a Host material. b Conidiophores on the host surface. c, d Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells with conidia. e, f Conidiogenous cells. g, h Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 20 μm, e, f = 10 μm, g, h = 5 μm and X. brunneola (PRA 13,611) (Fig. 66). Shenoy et al. (2016) showed Linkosia is polyphyletic and phylogenetically located in three different lineages within the Sordariomycetes, viz., Chaetosphaeriales, Hypocreales and Sordariomycetes incertae sedis. L. multiseptum has brown and distoseptate conidia and conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Réblová and Štěpánek (2018) showed the phylogenetic placement of L. multiseptum in the Rhamphoriaceae was unexpected based on its morphology. Morphologically, X. 13 reniformis fits well with the concept of Xylolentia (Réblová and Štěpánek 2018). X. reniformis differs from L. multiseptum and X. brunneola by its conidia being aseptate, reniform and hyaline and longer conidiophores. The conidia of X. brunneola are ellipsoid to subglobose to obovoid, aseptate, straight, hyaline becoming pale brown. Due to the unsolved taxonomic placement of Linkosia, as well as the morphological assignment, we hereby identify our new collection Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 97 Fig. 66 Phylogenetic tree generated from ML analysis based on combined LSU and ITS sequence data for Rhamphoriaceae. Bootstrap support values (MP and ML) ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabili- ties ≥ 0.95 are indicated above or below the nodes. Ex-type strains are in bold, the new isolate is in blue. The tree is rooted with Brachysporium nigrum (M.R. 1346) as a species of Xylolentia even though it is phylogenetically closer to L. multiseptum (Fig. 66). chains, ellipsoid to cylindrical, septate, septum darkened, constricted at the septum, truncate at both ends, subhyaline to olive green when immature, brown to dark brown when mature. Notes: In the phylogenetic analysis, Catenuliconidia uniseptata formed a distinct subclade and was basal to the Barrmaeliaceae clade without significant support (Fig. 67). Barrmaeliaceae comprises two genera, Barrmaelia Rappaz and Entosordaria (Sacc.) Höhn. (Voglmayr et al. 2018). Barrmaelia has a Libertella-like asexual morph which is only known from pure cultures (Voglmayr et al. 2018), while the asexual morph of Entosordaria is unknown. Based on morphology and phylogeny, we treat Catenuliconidia as a distinct new genus in Xylariales incertae sedis. Xylariales Nannf. Notes: The Xylariales is a large order introduced by Nannfeldt (1932). Barr (1990) initially assigned Xylariales in the class Hymenoascomycetes. Later, Eriksson and Winka (1997) established the subclass Xylariomycetidae and included Xylariales in it. Recently, different numbers of families in Xylariales were accepted by several authors (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016; Senanayake et al. 2015; Hongsanan et al. 2017; Wijayawardene et al. 2018). Xylariales genus incertae sedis Catenuliconidia N.G. Liu & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. Index Fungorum: IF556464; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06116 Etymology: “Catenu-” in reference to catenulate conidia. Type species: Catenuliconidia uniseptata N.G. Liu & K.D. Hyde Saprobic on decaying wood in terrestrial habitat. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate effuse, black, velvety. Mycelium mostly immersed, composed of septate, branched, hyaline hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, in groups, erect, straight or broadly curved, brown to dark brown, septate, unbranched, smooth, thick-walled. Conidiogenous cells blastic, terminal, integrated, cylindrical, brown. Conidia catenate, developing in acropetal Catenuliconidia uniseptata N.G. Liu & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556465; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06117; Fig. 68 Etymology: Named after its 1-septate conidium. Holotype: MFLU 19-0689. Saprobic on decaying wood. Colonies on natural substrate effuse, black, velvety. Mycelium mostly immersed, composed of septate, branched, hyaline hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, in groups, erect, straight or broadly curved, cylindrical, brown to dark brown, septate, unbranched, smooth, thick-walled. Conidiogenous cells blastic, terminal, integrated, cylindrical, brown. Conidia 17.5–24.5 × 6.0–9.5 μm ( x = 21.4 × 8.0 μm, n = 30), catenate, developing in acropetal chains, ellipsoid to cylindrical, 13 98 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 67 Maximum likelihood tree based on analysis of a combined LSU, ITS and RPB2 sequence dataset representing Xylariales. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 75% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with Pseudoneurospora amorphoporcata (CBS 626.80) and Sordaria fimicola (CBS 508.50). Ex-type or ex-epitype strains are indicated in bold. The new taxon is indicated in blue 1-septate, septum darkened, constricted at the septum, truncate at both ends, subhyaline to olive green when immature, brown to dark brown when mature. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on water agar within 24 h and producing germ tubes from one or both ends. Colonies growing slowly on PDA medium, surface velvety, with entire edge, white, center fairly dense and protuberant, middle ring flat, outer ring sparse from above; center yellow, color decreasing from the center to periphery from below. Material examined: CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, on decaying wood, 27 May 2018, N.G. Liu, NKY025 (MFLU 19-0689, holotype); ex-type living culture, GZCC 20-0036. 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 99 Fig. 67 (continued) GenBank numbers: ITS: MK804515; LSU: MK804516; SSU: MK804519; TEF1: MK828509; RPB2: MK828513. Notes: Phylogenetically, Corynesporopsis belongs to Xylariaceae, while Catenuliconidia is treated as Xylariales genus incertae sedis. In Xylariales, Catenuliconidia uniseptata resembles Corynesporopsis species in having catenate, obclavate to ellipsoid conidia. However, C. uniseptata has shorter conidiophores than those of Corynesporopsis species. In addition, the conidia of C. uniseptata are 1-septate, while those of Corynesporopsis spp. are multi-septate (Xia et al. 2013; Kirschner 2015). Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Underw. Notes: The order Agaricales was introduced by Underwood (1899) and mainly includes gilled fungi along with 13 100 Fig. 68 Catenuliconidia uniseptata (MFLU 19-0689, holotype). a, b Colonies on wood. c. Sporodochium d Conidiophore and conidium. e–f Conidial chains. g–k Conidia. l Germinating conidium. m, n Col- 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 onies on PDA medium. Scale bars: c = 30 µm, d–f = 20 µm, g–k = 5 µm, l = 10 µm Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 some non-gilled relatives. It is represented by more than 13,000 species belonging to 413 genera of 33 families (Kirk et al. 2008). Several mycologists developed different classification schemes for the grouping of these mushrooms (Fries 1821; Fayod 1889; Kühner 1980). These traditional classification systems were based on morphological, anatomical or cytological characters. The most significant work was done by Singer (1986) in which he proposed a classification system by combining both morphological and anatomical features. This grouping was supported by molecular data (Hibbett et al. 1997; Moncalvo et al. 2000, 2002). Recently, molecular phylogenetic studies based on multigene DNA sequences generated six major clades of Agaricales (Matheny et al. 2006). Agaricaceae Chevall., Fl. Gén. Env. Paris (Paris) 1: 121 (1826) Notes: Agaricaceae was erected by Chevallier (1826) based on the type genus Agaricus L. Previously, this family contained only gilled fungi. But research based on molecular data transferred many non-gilled fungal families such as Lycoperdaceae, Nidulariaceae and Tulostomataceae to Agaricaceae. Now, it is represented by more than 1300 species belonging to 85 genera (Kirk et al. 2008). Some gasteroid puffball genera included in the Agaricaceae are Arachnion Schwein., Bovista Pers., Calvatia Fr. and Lycoperdon Pers. Lycoperdon Pers., Ann. Bot. (Usteri) 1: 4 (1794) Notes: The genus Lycoperdon was first established by Persoon in (1796a) who described L. perlatum as the type species. Species are characterized primarily by subglobose to pyriforme basidomata with a conspicuous sterile base and dehiscence by an apical pore. The genus which has been studied extensively by many mycologists (Hollòs 1904; Perdeck 1950; Ahmad 1952; Kreisel 1962; Demoulin 1971) is represented by 52 species worldwide (Kirk et al. 2008; Jeppson et al. 2012). Molecular phylogenetic studies have widened the concept of the genus by including species of the genera Bovistella, Handkea, Morganella, and Vascellum (Krüger et al. 2001; Bates 2004; Larsson and Jeppson 2008; Bates et al. 2009; Gube 2009; Jeppson et al. 2012). Larsson and Jeppson (2008) established new limits of Lycoperdon by proposing subgenera within Lycoperdon, viz., Apioperdon, Bovistella, Lycoperdon, Morganella, Utraria and Vascellum. Subgenus Vascellum corresponds to genus Vascellum which was proposed by Smarda (Pilát 1958). He described V. depressum (Bonord.) F. Šmarda (= V. pratense Pers.) as the type species and segregated it from genus Lycoperdon. Members of this group are characterized by the presence of a diaphragm between the gleba and subgleba, reduced or absent eucapillitium, abundant paracapillitium and asperulate basidiospores (Kreisel 1962, 1993; Smith 1974). In 101 this paper, it is treated here as subgenus Vascellum of genus Lycoperdon following Larsson and Jeppson (2008). According to published literature and Index Fungorum (2020), the total number of species belonging to Vascellum is 19 which are distributed worldwide (Ponce de Leon 1970; Homrich and Wright 1988; Kreisel 1993; Kreisel and Hausknecht 2001; Rocabado et al. 2007). The habitats of the species range from pastures and meadows of lower altitude to grasslands of higher elevations. A few species of this group are also involved in forming fairy rings in turf grass (Miller et al. 2011). Two new Lycoperdon species belonging to subgenus Vascellum i.e. Lycoperdon lahorense and L. pseudocurtisii are described, illustrated and presented here as new species. A key to the species of Lycoperdon subgenus Vascellum is provided (Smith 1974; Homrich and Wright 1988; Kreisel and Hausknecht 2001; Bates et al. 2009; Cortez et al. 2013). The phylogenetic tree of Lycoperdon spp. is also given (Fig. 69). Lycoperdon lahorense Yousaf & Khalid, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556119; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05752; Figs. 70, 71, 72 Etymology: Named after the type locality ‘Lahore’. Holotype: LAH100000148. Basidiocarps globose to somewhat pyriforme, small to medium, 8–20 mm diam × 9–25 mm in height, off white to pale yellow above when young, pale brown to greyish brown with age, off-white to light yellow at the base; attached to the substratum by white, branched rhizomorphs, encrusted with particles of soil; dehiscence by an apical pore up to 4 mm diam. Peridium double. Exoperidium pale yellowish to greyish brown with age, not persistent, fragile, peeling off in the form of patches, patches with pale brown to dark brown warts, sub-flocculate, sometimes entire exoperidium in the form of minute, prominent warts, these more above, and lesser below, encrusted with debris. Endoperidium papery, greyish brown to grey towards apical portion when mature, off-white to pale yellow downwards, entirely exposed in mature specimens. Gleba olivaceous to brown, cottony. Diaphragm distinct. Subgleba pale yellow, up to 10 mm high, comprising only 1/3rd of the basidiocarps. Basidiospores asperulate, globose, olivaceous, 3.5–4.3 μm diam, with a stump of a pedicel. Eucapillitium absent. Paracapillitium abundant, hyaline to olivaceous, septate, bulging at some points, cytoplasmic contents abundant in hyphae, encrusted with some amorphous material, 2.3–7.5 μm diam, thickwalled (walls up to 1 μm), with attenuate tips (up to 1 μm), branched (dichotomous branching absent). Exoperidium composed of hyaline to olivaceous, globose to subglobose, thin-walled hyphal sphaerocysts. Endoperidium composed of tightly interwoven, olivaceous to hyaline, thick-walled, aseptate, up to 5 µm diam, branched hyphae. 13 102 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 69 Maximum likelihood tree based on ITS sequences of Lycoperdon shows its subgenera. Bootstrap support values ≥ 70% are given. Sequences generated during this study are indicated with boxes Material examined: PAKISTAN, Punjab, Lahore, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Botanical Garden, 5 July 2011, in groups, on ground, among grass, at 217 m (712ft.) a.s.l., N. Yousaf, VPK4 (LAH100000148, holotype). Additional material examined: PAKISTAN, Punjab, Lahore, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Botanical Garden, 2 September 2012, in groups, on ground, among grass, at 217 m (712 ft.) a.s.l., N. Yousaf, VPK6, LAH100000149. 13 GenBank numbers: ITS: KC844917, KC844918, MK414506. Notes: Lycoperdon lahorense (VPK4, VPK6) is characterized by the sub-flocculate to slightly warted exoperidium, bicolored endoperidium with well-defined apical pore, distinct diaphragm, asperulate basidiospores, absence of eucapillitial threads and abundant paracapillitium in the gleba. Phylogenetically, L. lahorense is closely related to L. curtisii (= Vascellum curtisii). Both taxa share the characters of apical pore Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 103 Fig. 70 Lycoperdon lahorense. a Young basidiocarps with floccose exoperidium (VPK4, holotype). b Mature basidiocarps after exoperidium has sloughed off (VPK4, holotype). c Basidiocarps (VPK6). Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b, c = 6.5 mm dehiscence of basidiocarps and the presence of asperulate globose basidiospores. However, these species have morphological differences. The exoperidium in both species is fragile and deciduous but different in morphology. In L. curtisii, when young, it is composed of prominent, convergent fibrils in contrast to the powdery to warted appearance in L. lahorense. The bicolored endoperidium is a unique feature in L. lahorense. In L. curtisii the gleba contains reduced eucapillitial threads along with abundant paracapillitium, but true capillitium is absent in L. lahorense. The diaphragm is another feature that differs between the species. It is very distinct in L. lahorense and lacking in L. curtisii. Morphologically, the absence of eucapillitium, a distinct diaphragm and globose to subglobose basidiospores make L. lahorense similar to V. hyalinum and V. intermedium. However, the color of the basidiocarps is reddish grey to dark brown when young in V. hyalinum compared to off-white to pale yellow in L. lahorense. The apical pore is well-defined in our species but it is irregular in V. hyalinum. Basidiospores are always globose with a stump of a pedicel in L. lahorense, whereas they are mainy subglobose with a few broadly ovoid ones having a pedicel up to 1.5 µm in V. hyalinum. V. intermedium is another closely related taxon but the exoperidium does not slough off in plates as in L. lahorense. In addition, V. intermedium dehisces by an irregular-shaped ostiole in contrast to the small apical pore of L. lahorense. Lycoperdon pseudocurtisii Yousaf & Khalid, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF 556120; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05751; Figs. 73, 74. 13 104 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 71 Lycoperdon lahorense (VPK4, holotype). a Asperulate basidiospores. b Exoperidial elements. c Paracapillitial hyphae. d Aseptate hyphae of subgleba. e Endoperidial hyphae. Scale bars: a = 2.8 µm, b = 10 µm, c = 14 µm, d, e = 10 µm Etymology: Named after the resemblence with L. curtisii. Holotype: LAH100000150. Basidiocarps subglobose, 10–25 mm diam, × 25 mm in height, off-white when young, turning grey with age; attached to the substratum by a small mycelial pad, heavily encrusted with particles of soil; dehiscence is by an apical pore or slit, pore develops with sloughing of exoperidium, up to 5 mm diam. Exoperidium off-white, granular, floccose with rubbery texture, not persistent, sloughed off in mature 13 specimens, not in the form of patches or plates. Endoperidium papery, greyish brown. Gleba olivaceous, cottony. Diaphragm distinct. Subgleba present, comprising 1/3rd of basidiocarps. Basidiospores asperulate, globose, olivaceous, 2.8–3.8 µm diam. Eucapillitium absent. Paracapillitium abundant, hyaline, septate, encrusted with some amorphous material, 3.0–7.5 µm idiam, thin-walled, branched. Exoperidium composed of hyaline, subglobose to elongated, thin-walled hyphal sphaerocysts. Endoperidium composed Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 72 Lycoperdon lahorense (VPK4, holotype). a Light micrograph of asperulate basidiospores. b Light micrograph of paracapillitial hyphae. Scale bars: a = 4 µm, b = 9 µm of tightly interwoven, hyaline to light brown, thick-walled, septae, up to 5 µm diam, branched hyphae. Material examined: PAKISTAN, Punjab, Lahore, University of the Punjab, New Campus, 25 July, 2013, under Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br., in groups, among grass, at 217 m (712 ft.) a.s.l., N. Yousaf, VPK3 (LAH100000150, holotype). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK414503, MK414504, MK414505. Notes: Lycoperdon pseudocurtisii (VPK3) is characterized by off-white basidiocarps, up to 25 mm diam, distinct diaphragm, asperulate, globose basidiospores (2.8–3.8 µm), absence of eucapillitium, abundant paracapillitium and thick-walled endoperidial hyphae. Phylogenetically L. pseudocurtisii is close to V. curtisii. Both of these taxa have globose asperulate basidiospores but the presence of eucapillitium and an indistinct diaphragm are features of V. curtisii not found in L. pseudocurtisii. V. hyalinum and V. intermedium are closely related taxa because they share the characters of a distinct diaphragm, globose to subglobose asperulate basidiospores and the absence of a eucapillitium. The exoperidium peels away in patches or plates in these taxa but this character is absent in L. pseudocurtisii. Basidiospores in the latter are smaller compared to the larger basidiospores of both taxa. Key to Lycoperdon species of subgenus Vascellum 1 Eucapillitium present…………………………………… 2 1* Eucapillitium absent……………………………………6 2 Diaphragm distinct………………………………………3 2* Diaphragm indistinct……………………………………5 105 3 Paracapillitium > 5 µm….………………………………4 3* Paracapillitium 1–5 µm…………………V. pampeanum 4 Paracapillitium 3.5–7 µm; basidiospores globose, 3.4–4.2 µm, short pedicellate (< 1 µm); eucapillitium with rare small pores, 3–5 µm……………………………………V. pratense 4* Paracapillitium up to 9 µm; basidiospores globose to rarely subglobose, 4.0–4.3 × 4.3–4.7 µm; eucapillitium dextrinoid, cyanophilic, 1.8–3.6 µm ………………V. cuzcoense 5 Paracapillitium up to 6 µm; basidiospores globose, 3.2–4 µm…………………………………………………V. curtisii 5* Paracapillitium 2.2–6.0 µm; basidiospores subglobose, 4.0–5.6 × 4.0–4.8 µm…………………………V. llyodianum 6 Diaphragm less distinct to distinct………………………7 6* Diaphragm indistinct…………………………………12 7 Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid……………………8 7* Basidiospores globose or subglobose…………………9 8 Basidiospores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 3.0–4.3 µm…………………………………………V. endotephrum 8* Basidiospores ellipsoid to subglobose, 3.5–4.5 × 3.2–3.5 µm……………………………………………V. floridanum 9 Basidiospores globose…………………………………10 9* Basidiospores subglobose………………………………11 10 Basidiopores globose, 3.5–4.3 μm, with a stump of pedicel ………………………………………Lycoperdon lahorense 10* Basidiopores globose, 2.8–3.8 µm diam ……………………………………………L. pseudocurtisii 11 Basidiospores subglobose mostly, globose to ovoid sometimes, 3.8–4.5 × 3.5–3.8………………………V. hyalinum 11* Basidiospores globose to subglobose, 4.0–5.6 × (3.2–) 4.0–4.8 µm…………………………………V. intermedium 12 Basidiospores globose…………………………………13 12* Basidiospores subglobose……………………………14 13 Basidiospores 3.8–5.1 µm…………………V. delicatum 13* Basidiospores 4.0–5.0 µm……………………V. qudenii 14 Basidiospores 3.2–3.8 × 3.6–4.3 µm………V. cingulatum 14* Basidiospores subglobose to gobose, 4.0–4.8 (–5.6) × 4.0–4.8 (–5.6) µm………………………V. texense Cortinariaceae R. Heim ex Pouzar, Česká Mykol. 37(3): 174 (1983) Notes: For details of the family see Ariyawansa et al. (2015), Li et al. (2016) and Hyde et al. (2016). Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 627 (1821) Notes: The ectomycorrhizal genus Cortinarius is the most species-rich group of macrofungi with a worldwide distribution (e.g. Garnica et al. 2016). Recently, in the DNA era, new possibilities have become available to discover new species from under-investigated parts of the world, combining molecular, morphological and ecological data to help reveal the true diversity of this large genus. In the course of our studies of Cortinarius in north-western India, we discovered 13 106 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 73 Lycoperdon pseudocurtisii (VPK3, holotype). a Basidiocarps. b Asperulate basidiospores. c Paracapillitial hyphae. d Exoperidial elements. e Endoperidial hyphae. Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b = 2.5 µm, c, d, e = 10 µm several new species-level lineages with the aid of phylogenetic analysis combined with morphological and ecological observations. Two of them are here reported as new species, one belongs to the sect. Percomes Melot and the other to the sect. Rubicunduli Soop, B. Oertel & Dima (2019). Sect. Percomes is a phlegmacioid lineage with characteristic morphology such as yellowish orange to greenish yellow colours caused by anthraquinonoid pigments in the basidiocarps, peculiar odours, and a red KOH reaction in the context. They are as a rule associated with either coniferous or deciduous host trees. All described species are known only from Europe or North America (Brandrud et al. 1990–2018; Liimatainen et al. 2014; Frøslev et al. 2017), and the collection from India appeared to be a new species 13 based on ITS phylogeny and morphology/ecology (Figs. 75, 76). Furthermore, it is the first report of a member of this section from Asia. Cortinarius rubicundulus (Pers.) Fr. has been treated as a species without close relatives within the genus Cortinarius for a long time, until C. subgemmeus Soop from New Zealand was described (Soop 2003). Together they form an isolated lineage in all phylogenies supported also by morphology, including the presence of remarkable cheilocystidia. This lineage was recently described as sect. Rubicunduli (Soop et al. 2019). The combined ITS-LSU phylogeny (Fig. 77) shows that sect. Rubicunduli is a diverse group of Cortinarius with at least twelve species worldwide including this new species from India. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 74 Lycoperdon pseudocurtisii (VPK3, holotype). a Light micrograph of asperulate basidiospores. b Light Micrograph of paracapillitial hyphae. Scale bars: a = 6 µm, b = 8 µm Cortinarius indorusseus Dima, Semwal, V.K. Bhatt & Brandrud, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB829293; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05731; Fig. 76 Etymology: Refers to the similarity to C. mussivus (= C. russeus)–C. russeoides complex in sect. Percomes. 107 Holotype: KCS2470. Pileus up to 110 mm diam, plano-convex to applanate, with a faint umbo at centre, surface glabrous, glutinous, light greenish yellow at margin, cinnamon brown to light orange brown (6D6–5A4) towards centre, which oxidizes to reddish brown when mature; margin rimose with age, cuticle half peeling. Lamellae adnate, crowded, up to 7 mm broad, lamellulae of various lengths present, wax yellow when young later becoming more brownish orange (5A5–5C5). Stipe 120 × 18 mm, central, subcylindrical, slightly clavate at base, widening at apex, pastel yellow to greenish yellow (3A4) above cortina, paler downwards, (6D5); basal mycelium mainly whitish, mycelial strands at base yellow; universal veil forming a thin girdle/zone halfway up the stipe, brownish to faintly vinaceous brown (5D8–5D6). Context greenish yellow to yellowish, KOH reaction not observed. Odour distinctly earth-like. Taste not observed. Basidiospores: 9.5–10.5 × 5.5–6.5 µm, MV = 9.9 × 5.9 µm, Q = 1.6–1.8, Qav = 1.67 (n = 40), amygdaloid, strongly verrucose. Spore print rusty brown. Pileipellis simplex, thick. Habitat and distribution: Solitary, occurring in leaf litter on humid soil, in temperate broadleaved forests dominated mainly by Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus, Myrica esculenta Buch. Ham. ex. D. Don, and Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Material examined: INDIA, Uttarakhand, Pauri Garhwal, Phedhkhal, 1950 m asl, 17 August 2015, K.C. Semwal, KCS 2470 (CAL, holotype). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK372065. Fig. 75 Phylogenetic position of Cortinarius indorusseus (KCS 2470, holotype) within sect. Percomes inferred from the ITS sequences. Bootstrap support values (ML) ≥ 50% are given near nodes. The tree is rooted with members of sect. Calochroi. The new species is in blue 13 108 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 76 Basidiocarp and spores of Cortinarius indorusseus (KCS 2470, holotype). a–b Basidiocarp. c Spores. Scale bar: c = 10 µm Notes: Cortinarius indorusseus is a typical member of sect. Percomes characterized by the glutinous, (greenish) yellow pileus surface that oxidizes to reddish brown with age, especially at the centre, the slender, clavate stipe, the yellowish context, the earth odour and the amygdaloid, strongly verrucose spores. Phylogenetically, C. indorusseus is very distinct from all member of sect. Percomes with a difference of more than 70 substitution and indel positions from the closest relative C. russeoides. Within the section, C. indorusseus forms a subclade with the European C. russeoides and the North American C. superbus (Fig. 75). Macromorphologically it resembles very much C. russeoides and C. mussivus (= C. russeus) associated with European conifers (Jeppesen et al. 2012). However, C. indorusseus differs from these and all other macroscopically similar species in sect. Percomes in possessing significantly smaller spores (< 10 × 6 µm). Furthermore, the habitat is special; occurring in forests with the evergreen Quercus leucotrichophora (Banjh oak) and Rhododendron arboretum in north-western Himalaya, India. In the Mediterranean region, C. aurilicis is frequent in a similar habitat with Quercus ilex. However, this species differs in the more strongly red-brown to orange pileus colour and the slightly marginate bulb, where the universal veil remnants remain attached at the base of the stipe. This feature also distinguishes this species from those found in other broad-leaved forests, such as C. nanceiensis associated with Fagus and Tilia in south-eastern Europe. 13 Cortinarius paurigarhwalensis Semwal, Dima & Soop, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB829294; Facesoffungi number: FoF 04972; Fig. 78 Etymology: The epithet refers to the type locality Pauri Garhwal in India. Holotype: KCS2487. Pileus up to 125 mm diam, hemispherical then applanate, surface dry, slightly tomentose, glabrous but centre with distinct radial wrinkles towards margin, red-brown to reddish golden (6B7–6C7), more brownish to light brown (7D8) at centre, margin undulate when mature. Lamellae adnate to subdecurrent, crowded, up to 6 mm broad, lamellulae of various lengths present, greyish brown to greyish orange (6B5–5B5). Stipe 70 × 16 mm, cylindrical, slightly clavate to bulbous, base up to 24 mm broad, greyish orange (6B5–6B6) at apex, paler to whitish towards the base, but staining yellow. Context strongly canary yellow (2B7). Odour and taste not observed. Basidiospores: 6.0–7.5 × 4.0–5.0 µm, MV = 6.5 × 4.3 µm, Q = 1.4–1.6, Qav = 1.5 (n = 40), amygdaloid to broadly amygdaloid, very finely verrucose, almost smooth. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia present, 20–40 × 3–7 µm (n = 10), variable in shape, clavate, subclavate to ventricose, sometimes subcapitate and lageniform. Spore print hazel brown (6E8). Habitat and distribution: Solitary, occurring in leaf litter of Quercus leucotrichophora and Rhododendron arboreum. Material examined: INDIA, Uttarakhand, Pauri Garhwal, Phedhkhal, Ulkhagarhi, 2070 m asl, 30°9′36" N, 78°50′53" Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 109 Fig. 77 Phylogenetic position of Cortinarius paurigarhwalensis (KCS 2487, holotype) within sect. Rubicunduli inferred from ITS and LSU sequences. Bootstrap support values (ML) ≥ 50% are given near nodes. The tree is rooted with C. bolaris. The new species is in blue E, 31 August 2015, K.C. Semwal, KCS 2487 (CAL, holotype). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK372066; LSU: MK372064. Notes: Cortinarius paurigarhwalensis is the third described species in sect. Rubicunduli besides the European type species C. rubicundulus (Rea) A. Pearson which grows in boreal coniferous forests and C. subgemmeus Soop associated with Nothofagus and Leptospermum in New Zealand. The closest relative of C. paurigarhwalensis based on LSU sequences seems to be a species occurring in Malaysia (Borneo) (marked as Cortinarius sp5 in Fig. 77), but the relationship gained no statistical support in our analysis. Using BLASTn of ITS sequences, the closest species are Cortinarius sp3, and C. rubicundulus differing by > 40 substitution and indel positions from C. paurigarhwalensis. Morphologically, as well as phylogenetically, C. paurigarhwalensis undoubtedly belongs to sect. Rubicunduli sharing characters with the related species such as the orange-brown basidiocarps, the yellowing context, the small, almost nonverrucose spores and presence of conspicuous lamellar cystidia, which is a rare feature in the genus Cortinarius. Cortinarius sinensis L.H. Sun, T.Z. Wei & Y.J. Yao, sp. nov. Fungal Name number: FN 570647; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06101; Fig. 79a–b Etymology: From the Latin for ‘Chinese’, referring to the species collected from China. Holotype: HMAS 99105. Basidiocarps gregarious. Pileus 7–11 diam, up to 16 cm diam, first hemispherical, then convex, finally convex-applanate to applanate, sometimes with depressed center; margin decurrent to straight; surface greyish brown to purplish brown when young and sometimes with olive tint, reddish brown with purplish tint (Brick Red to Garnet Brown) to 13 110 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 78 Basidiocarp and microscopic structures of Cortinarius paurigarhwalensis (KCS 2487, holotype). a–c Basidiocarp. d–e Spores and cystidia. Scale bar: c–e = 10 µm, d = 5 µm purple brown (Deep Livid Brown) when mature, margin paling to greyish brown (Buckthorn Brown), yellowish brown (Ochraceous-Tawny) to brown (Tawny to Sanford’s Brown), mostly with dark purplish brown squamules or speckles (Dark Purple Drab) from universal veil, fibrillose-striate, smooth, shiny, viscid when moist. Lamellae adnate to emarginate-adnate, 5–17 mm wide; yellowish (Pale OchraceousSalmon) to brownish (Colonial Buff) when young, then yellowish brown (Ochraceous-Tawny) to brown with rust tint (Tawny), crowded, with lamellulae. Stipe 5–9 × 1.5–2.5 cm, central, cylindrical with a marginate-bulbous base up to 3.5 cm across; surface pale brown (Light OchraceousBuff), yellowish brown (Yellow Ocher) to brown (Tawny) and mostly whitish at upper part, brown (Tawny), reddish 13 brown (Brazil Brown) to purplish brown (Garnet Brown) at base, rough, attached rust brown fibrils of universal veil; solid to soft. Cortina almost whitish to purplish when young and greyish purple when dry, finally rust brown with purple tint. Universal veil covering whole of basidiocarp, purplish when young, strongly purple when mature (especially in exsiccata). Context up to 2.5 cm thick at center of pileus, whitish, fleshy. Smell not distinctive. Taste mild. Spore print rust brown. Chemical reaction with 20% KOH dark reddish brown. Fluorescence reaction under ultraviolet light indistinct. Basidiospores (8.5–)9–12.5(–14) × (5.5–)6–7(–7. 5) μm, Q = 1.4–1.8 (x̅ = 1.6); subglobose, yellow–brown, distinctly verrucose. Basidia 26–32 × 6–8.5 μm, clavate, thinwalled, mostly subhyaline, with four sterigmata. Lamella Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 111 Fig. 79 New Cortinarius species from China. a, b. C. sinensis (HMAS 99105, holotype). a Basidiocarps. b Basidiospores. c, d C. subsanguineus (HMAS 250503, holotype). c Basidiocarps. d Basid- iospores. e, f. C. xiaojinensis (HMAS 274355, holotype). e Basidiocarps. f Basidiospores. Scale bar: a,c,e = 2 cm, b,d,f = 10 µm margin heterogeneous, with sterile cells, 20–30 × 5–7 μm, clavate, subhyaline, thin-walled. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia none. Pileipellis of brown hyphae, 2–6 μm diam, thin walled. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Material examined: CHINA, Qinghai Province, Qilian County, Zhamashi Town, on ground in coniferous forest with Picea sp., alt. 2950 m, 21 August 2004, Qing-Bin Wang 444 (HMAS99105, holotype), Qing-Bin Wang 453 (HMAS99070), Qing-Bin Wang 454–1 (HMAS96980), Qing-Bin Wang 454 (HMAS96985), Liang-Dong Guo & Ying Zhang 624 (HMAS99446), Hua-An Wen 04,312 (HMAS138964), Hua-An Wen & Mao-Xin Zhou 4298 (HMAS144904); Babao Town, on ground in coniferous forest, 20 August 2004, Qing-Bin Wang 416 (HMAS96987), Qing-Bin Wang 416-1 (HMAS96988); Datong County, Dongxia Forest Station, alt. 3000 m, on ground in coniferous forest, 17 August 2004, Qing-Bin Wang 356 (HMAS99090), Qing-Bin Wang 356–1 (HMAS99102); Gansu Province, 13 112 Tianzhu County, Huangyangchuan Town, Nanchong Forest Protection Station, on ground in coniferous forest with Picea crassifolia, 37°15′38″ N, 103°3′58″ E, alt. 2900 m, 25 August 2016, Li-Hua Sun, Q61, HMAS279889, Li-Hua Sun, Q62, HMAS279890, Li-Hua Sun, Q63, HMAS279891, Li-Hua Sun, Q66, HMAS279893, Li-Hua Sun, Q78, HMAS279900, Li-Hua Sun, Q80, HMAS279902, Li-Hua Sun, Q83, HMAS279905, Li-Hua Sun, Q84, HMAS279906, Li-Hua Sun, Q85, HMAS279907; Ningxia Autonomous Region, Helanshan Mountains, August 2007, Hua-An Wen (HMAS187061); The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Alxa Left Banner, Helan Mountains, August 2016, Li-Hua Sun 89, HMAS279888. GenBank numbers: ITS: MK411466, MK411462, MK411473, MK411471, MK411472, MK411468, MK411469, MK411464, MK411470, MK411467, MK411463, MK411452, MK41145, MK411454, MK411455, MK411456, MK411457, MK411458, MK411459, MK411460, MK411465, MK411461. Notes: Cortinarius sinensis is a species of subgenus Phlegmacium (Fr.) Trog because of its visicid pileus and distinguished from other species in the subgenus by its purplish pileus and universal veil. Phylogenetically, C. sinensis formed a clade with C. cupreorufus Brandrud and C. pseudocupreorufus Niskanen, Liimat. & Ammirati (Fig. 80), but the ITS sequences of C. sinensis deviate from that of these two species in the phylogenic tree by at least 11 substitutions and indel positions. Furthermore, C. cupreorufus (Breitenbach & Kränzlin 2000; Gutiérrez et al. 2006) and C. pseudocupreorufus (Smith 1944; Liimatainen et al. 2014) do not have purple colours. Morphologically, the species is similar to C. rufoolivaceus (Pers.) Fr., which also has a lilac to purplish-tinged pileus (Breitenbach and Kränzlin 2000; Bidaud et al. 2004; Soop 2018), however, compared with this species the new taxon has a much stronger purple coloration especially of the universal veil. C. sinensis is an edible species and is consumed by people in the Helan Mountain area, Ningxia Autonomous Region. Cortinarius subsanguineus T.Z. Wei, M.L. Xie & Y.J. Yao, sp. nov. Fungal Name number: FN 570648; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06102; Fig. 79c–d Etymology: Referring to the morphological similarity to C. sanguineus. Holotype: HMAS 250503. Basidiocarps gregarious. Pileus 2.5–6 cm diam, firstly hemispherical, then convex, finally convex-applanate to applanate, slightly umbonate at center; margin decurrent to straight; surface dull orange-red (Vinaceous-Rufous), rust red (Dragon’s-blood Red) to red (Scarlet) to with persistent dark red (Ox-blood Red) minute floccose squamules from universal veil, margin paling to orange-red (Coral Red to 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Orange Rufous). Lamellae adnate to emarginate-adnate, up to 5 mm wide; red (Scarlet) when young, rust red (Dragon’s-blood Red) when mature, close, with lamellulae. Stipe 5.0–10.0 × 0.5–0.9 cm, central, cylindrical, base thickening to 1.5 cm diam; surface reddish orange (orange Rufous) when young, with rust tint when mature, with rust red floccules from universal veil; rough, solid to soft. Cortina reddish at first, finally rust red from the mature basidiospores. Context up to 4 mm thick at center, pale red to dull red, fleshy. Smell not distinctive. Taste mild. Spore print rust brown. Chemical reaction with 20% KOH blackish red at all parts. Fluorescence reaction under ultraviolet light indistinct. Basidiospores (6–)6.5–8(–9) × (4–)4.5–5.5(–5.7) μm, Q = 1.4–1.6 (x̅ = 1.5); ellipsoid, yellow–brown to brown, minutely to moderately verrucose. Basidia 26–31 × 6–8 μm, clavate, thin-walled, mostly subhyaline, with four sterigmata. Lamella margin heterogeneous, with sterile cells, 20–26 × 5–7 μm, clavate, subhyaline, thin-walled. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia none. Pileipellis of subcylindrical hyaline, 5–15 μm diam, reddish brown to rust brown. Clamp connections present. Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Xianggelila County, Bitahai, alt. 3700 m, on ground in mixed forest with Picea sp. and Quercus aquifolioides, 12 August 2008, Tie-Zheng Wei, Xiao-Qing Zhang & Fu-Qiang Yu 134 (HMAS250503, holotype); Xizang Autonomous Region, Bomi County, Gawarong Tample, 29°47′44.56″ N, 95°41′53.87″ E, alt. 3680 m, on ground in mixed forest with Picea sp. and Quercus aquifolioides, 10 September 2014, Tie-Zheng Wei, Jian-Yun Zhuang, Xiao-Yong Liu & Hao Huang 4949 (HMAS253491); Milin County, Nanyigou, 29°02′11.59″ N, 94°14′29.26″ E, alt. 3166 m, on ground in mixed forest with Picea sp. and Quercus aquifolioides, 20 September 2015, Tie-Zheng Wei & Bin-Bin Li 6542 (HMAS275034). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK411450, MK411449, MK411451. Notes: Cortinarius subsanguineus is a member of section Sanguinei Kühner & Romagn. ex M.M. Moser (Subgenus Dermocybe) and mainly characterized by its orange-red pileus and stipe. Phylogenetically, C. subsanguineus forms a distinct terminal lineage and shows a close relationship with a few red species, e.g. C. harrisonii Ammirati, Niskanen & Liimat., C. neosanguineus Ammirati, Liimat. & Niskanen, C. puniceus P.D. Orton, C. sanguineus (Wulfen) Gray, C. sierraensis (Ammirati) Ammirati, Niskanen & Liimat. and C. vitiosus (M.M. Moser) Niskanen, Kytöv., Liimat. & S. Laine (Fig. 81). However, the ITS sequences of C. subsanguineus differ from the other species in the phylogenetic tree by at least 7 substitutions and indel positions. C. neosanguineus (Niskanen et al. 2013), C. puniceus (Bidaud et al. 1994; Niskanen et al. 2012; Grupo Ibero-insular de Cortinariologos 2014), C. sanguineus (Bidaud et al. 1994; Breitenbach and Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 113 Fig. 80 Phylogenetic position of Cortinarius sinensis inferred from the ITS sequences. Bootstrap support values (ML and MP) ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.5 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with C. rapaceoides (NR_130253 and KF732407) Kränzlin 2000; Bellù et al. 2004; Niskanen et al. 2012, 2013; Soop 2018) and C. vitiosus (Niskanen et al. 2012) do not have orange-tinged basidiocarps, and furthermore the basidiocarps of C. neosanguineus (Niskanen et al. 2013) and C. puniceus (Bidaud et al. 1994; Niskanen et al. 2012; Grupo Ibero-insular de Cortinariologos 2014) are purplish-tinged. 13 114 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 81 Phylogenetic position of Cortinarius subsanguineus and C. xiaojinensis inferred from the ITS sequences. Bootstrap support values (ML and MP) ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.5 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with C. tabularis (KX302268 and KX302275) C. harrisonii has a deep orange-red to brownish orange pileus and deep rusty orange stipe, but its basidiospores (4–5 μm wide, Niskanen et al. 2013) are narrower than those of C. subsanguineus. The pileus of C. sierraensis is orange to brownish orange, but lacks red color (Niskanen et al. 2013). Two other species, C. cinnabarinus Fr. and C. phoeniceus (Vent.) Maire, are also similar to C. subsanguineus on account of their red basidiocarps. The basidiospores of 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 the new Chinese taxon are 6–9 × 4–5.7 μm and shorter than that those of C. cinnabarinus (8–10.5 × 4.5–5.5 μm, Bidaud et al. 1994; 7.3–10 × 4.5–5.7 μm, Breitenbach and Kränzlin 2000; 7–10 × 4.5–5.5 μm, Bellù et al. 2004), and larger than those of C. phoeniceus (5.5–8.5 × 4–4.5 μm, Bidaud et al. 1994; 6–7 × 3.5–4.5 μm, Soop 2018). Cortinarius xiaojinensis T.Z. Wei, M.L. Xie & Y.J. Yao, sp. nov. Fungal Name number: FN 570649; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06103; Fig. 79e–f Etymology: Referring to the species collected from Xiaojin County, Sichuan Province, China. Holotype: HMAS 274355. Basidiocarps gregarious. Pileus 3.2–4.5 cm diam, firstly hemispherical, then convex, finally convex-applanate to applanate, sometimes slightly umbonate at center; margin decurrent to straight; surface brown (Cinnamon-Brown), dark brown (Chestnut) to blackish brown (Bay) with dark brown minute flocci from universal veil, margin paling to greyish brown with distinct olive tint (Dark Citrine), slightly hygrophanous when moist. Lamellae adnate to emarginateadnate, up to 4 mm wide; pale brown to greyish brown with slightly olive tint (Buffy Brown) when young, brown with slightly rust tint (Mikado Brown to Hazel) when mature, close, with lamellulae. Stipe 5.5–7 × 0.6–1.1 cm, central, cylindrical, base thickening to 1.3 cm diam; surface pale greyish brown (Olive-Buff) to pale olive brown (OliveOcher), base darkening to brown, with pale brown to rust floccules from universal veil; rough, solid to soft. Cortina greyish at first, finally rusty brown due to the mature basidiospores being trapped in it. Context up to 3 mm thick at center, pale brown to dull brown, fleshy. Smell not distinctive. Taste mild. Spore print rust brown. Chemical reaction with 20% KOH blackish brown at pileus and lamellae, brown at stipe and context. Fluorescence reaction under ultraviolet light indistinct. Basidiospores (4.7–)5–6(–6.5 ) × (3.8–)4–4.5(–4.7) μm, Q = 1.2–1.4 (x̅ = 1.3); ellipsoid, yellow–brown to brown, minutely to moderately verrucose. Basidia 25–32 × 6–9 μm, clavate, thin-walled, mostly subhyaline, with four sterigmata. Lamella margin heterogeneous, with sterile cells, 20–26 × 6–7 μm, clavate, subhyaline, thinwalled. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia none. Pileipellis of cylindrical hyphae, 5–10 μm diam, brownish to yellowish brown. Clamp connections present. Material examined: CHINA, Sichuan Province, Xiaojin County, National Scenic Area of Four Girls Mountains, 30°59′32.26″ N, 102°50′52.47″ E, alt. 3468, on ground in mixed forest with Abies fabri and Picea sp, 17 August 2015, TTie-Zheng Wei, Di Wang 5602 (HMAS274355, holotype), Tie-Zheng Wei, Di Wang 5685 (HMAS274425),. GenBank numbers: ITS: MK411447, MK411448. 115 Notes: Cortinarius xiaojinensis is a species of subgenus Dermocybe with olive brown basidiocarps. According to the phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequence (Fig. 81), the clade of C. xiaojinensis (with high support) is sister to the clade of C. malicorius, however, the ITS sequence of C. xiaojinensis differs from that of C. malicorius by at least 9 substitutions and indel positions. In C. malicorius the olive tint is weak and only found on the pileus surface (Bidaud et al. 1994; Breitenbach and Kränzlin 2000; Grupo Iberoinsular de Cortinariologos 2009) and in the context (Bidaud et al. 1994; Breitenbach and Kränzlin 2000; Bellù et al. 2005; Grupo Ibero-insular de Cortinariologos 2009; Soop 2018), whereas all parts of the basidiome of C. xiaojinensis have this colour. Hygrophoraceae Lotsy, Vortr. Bot. Stammesgesch. 1: 705 (1907) Notes: Hygrophoraceae was erected by Lotsy in 1907. Hygrophorus, the generic type for the family, was published by Fries in 1836. Most species in Hygrophoraceae are characterized by thick basidiomes with distant, waxy lamellae, spores mostly smooth, hyaline and inamyloid, and basidia five or more times the length of their spores (Singer 1986). However, these characters are not as reliable as they once were (Lodge et al. 2014). Matheny et al. (2006) were the first to show strong support for a monophyletic Hygrophoraceae. Currently, Hygrophoraceae comprises over 600 species in 26 genera and is thus one of the larger families in the Agaricales (Lodge et al. 2014). Humidicuteae Padamsee & Lodge, Fungal Diversity 64: 38 (2014) Notes: The tribe Humidicuteae was introduced by Lodge et al. (2014), based on the type genus Humidicutis (Singer) Singer. It is characterized by basidiomes brightly colored or greyish brown and without dopa-based pigments except for a few species of Neohygrocybe. Clamp connections are present at the base of the basidia and basidioles are often toruloid. The lamellar context is regular or subregular but not interwoven, the pileus context is inamyloid and some species have strong odours. It includes the genera Humidicutis, Gliophorus, Gloioxanthomyces, Neohygrocybe and Porpolomopsis (Lodge et al. 2014). Humidicutis (Singer) Singer, Sydowia 12(1–6): 225 (1959) [1958]. Notes: Pileus convex, convex-umbonate or conic, margin rarely and not deeply splitting; surface subhygrophanous, moist, rarely viscid, colors usually bright; lamellae thick, sinuate or broadly adnate, often with a decurrent tooth; odor absent or disagreeable; carotenoid pigments usually present, encrusting pigments may also be present on cuticular hyphae, not soluble in alkaline solutions; pileipellis hyphae 13 116 parallel, prostrate, cylindric; basidia usually 5 or more times longer than the spore length; basidiospores hyaline, thinwalled, inamyloid, not metachromatic, ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid, not constricted; lamellar trama subregular or regular, of hyphae < 150 μm long, rarely tapered, with rightangled septa; clamp connections absent in context and pellis, but toruloid clamps present at the base of the basidia and/or basidioles (Lodge et al. 2014). Humidicutis brunneovinacea R. Garibay-Orijel, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB829181; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05673; Fig. 82 Etymology: Referring to the distinctive colors of the basidiome. Holotype: MEXU 28225. Basidiocarp stipitate. Pileus conical, umbonate to campanulate, with age becoming broadly campanulate, planoumbonate or umbilicate with uplifted margin, 10–40(–57) mm diam; lightly lubricous, moist (not viscid) but rapidly drying, hygrophanous, glabrous, finely rugulose when young, radially fibrillose with age; margin incurved and folding when young, with age sometimes becoming crenulate, thin, discolored and often splitting some millimeters; dark vinaceous brown, warm blackish brown or diamine brown (10F6–8) when young, fading towards the margin, in age some basidiocarps stay dark vinaceous, neutral red or bordeaux (12D–E8) while most of them become rose red, pomegranate purple or amaranth purple (12A–C8). Context thin (0.5–1.5 mm), watery, concolorous. Lamellae sinuate or adnate, some with a small decurrent tooth, thin, subdistant with 1–3 series of lamellulae, broad (7–10 mm) margin undulate, white; in age becoming distant, thick, sometimes transvenose to intervenose with red vinaceous margin; whitish to light greyish (10B1) becoming light brown-grey or vinaceous grey (10C–D2) or vinaceous pink (12A–B4) with age. Stipe 40–100 × 2–10 mm, central, terete, equal or seldom slightly enlarged near the base, straight to curved in age, moist to dry (not viscid), fragile, glabrous above, base with hirsute short white mycelia, without rhizomorphs; when young apex concolorous with pileus, then becoming spinel red or spinel pink (12A7–6) towards the base, with age it changes first to pinkish, Persian lilac (12A5), Congo pink or light coral red (9A5–6) and finally discolors to pale red, shell pink, orange-pink or buff pink (7A2–4). Context hollow, thin (1–1.5 mm), pastel red, coral pink or Congo pink (9A4–5). Odor and taste not distinctive. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, inequilateral in profile, hilar appendix < 1 µm, hyaline, smooth, non-amyloid, non-dextrinoid, white in deposit, (6–)7–8.5(–9.5) × (4–)5–6(–7) µm ( x = 7.61 × 5.48 µm, n = 20/5), Q = (1.07–)1.25–1.45(–1.6) ( x = 1.39 µm, n = 30/5). Basidia (30–)32–40(–44) × 5–7 µm ( x = 36.7 × 5.86 µm, n = 10/5), Q = 5–7.8 ( x = 6.24 µm, 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 n = 10/5), predominantly 4-spored, seldom 3-spored, clavate, hyaline, rare medallion clamp connections and seldom toroidal; sterigmata thin, straight or incurved, (6–)7–10(–11) µm, however in some collections smaller (6–)6–8(–9) µm, these collections have also smaller spores 6–8 × 4–5 µm. Abundant basidioles often with toruloid clamps and bifurcate base. Hymenial cystidia absent. Pileipellis a weak ixocutis composed of thin-walled, hyaline, non-incrusted, cylindrical, septate, subparallel to slightly interwoven hyphae, (3–)3.5–4.5 µm diam, clamp connections absent. Pileus trama of subparallel to interwoven short, inflated to fusoid hyphae 4–8 µm diam. Hymenophoral trama subregular, composed of hyaline, nongelatinous, irregular, hyphal elements (10–)12.5–17.5(–25) × 10–12.5(–20) µm, without cylindrical hyphae, clamp connections absent. Stipe tissue monomitic; stipitipellis a cutis composed of parallel or slightly interwoven, thin-walled, hyaline, cylindrical septate hyphae 3.75–5 µm diam, medullary hyphae wider, (15–)17.5–20(–22.5) µm diam, caulocystidia absent, clamp connections absent. Habit and habitat gregarious and occasionally caespitose, amongst moss in mountain cloud subtropical forest dominated by Cupressus or Quercus spp. Material examined: MEXICO, Oaxaca, Santa María Huitepec, Cempoaltepetl, Cupressus subtropical cloud forest, 6 November 2018, Garibay-Orijel 2018-1A (MEXU 28225 holotype), Garibay-Orijel 2018-1B (MEXU 28226); Oaxaca, Santa María Huitepec, Quercus spp subtropical cloud forest, 6 November 2018, Garibay-Orijel 2018-2 (MEXU 28227), Garibay-Orijel 2018-3 (MEXU 28228), Garibay-Orijel 2018-4, MEXU 28229). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK332021, MK332022. Notes: Phylogenetically, the ITS sequences of Humidicutis brunneovinacea form a distinct terminal lineage together with three undescribed species (Fig. 83). Morphologically, H. brunneovinacea is unique among described species of Humidicutis due its combination of dark brown vinaceous fading to vinaceous and red colors (Fig. 82). There are some rose red undescribed species of Humidicutis in the Caribbean and Central America (Cantrell et al. 2001; Lodge et al. 2014), however these lack dark brown colors and their ITS sequences are too divergent (nucleotide similarity < 85%) with H. brunneovinacea to be considered the same species. Microscopically, H. brunneovinacea is distinguished by the very scarce clamp connections in the basidia and the subregular hymenophoral trama composed of irregular hyphal elements without cylindrical hyphae. It is noteworthy that these four species are distributed in the Caribbean and Mesoamerican region of the Neotropics and they share reddish tinges unique in the genus. Amylocorticiales K.H. Larss., Manfr. Binder & Hibbett Notes: The order Amylocorticiales is a rather small order in the Agaricomycetes, recently described based Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 117 Fig. 82 Humidicutis brunneovinacea (MEXU 28225, holotype). a Basidiomes in its habitat. b Basidiomes development. c Hymenophoral trama. d Hymenia. e Spores. f Basidiole with bifurcated base. g Basidia arising from same toruloid clamp connection. Scale bars: c = 40 µm, d, f, g = 20 µm, e = 5 µm mainly on molecular phylogeny (Binder et al. 2010). The order includes about 70 species of more than ten genera, but several sequenced species that formed distinct lineages in the phylogenetic tree are not generic types (Larsson 2007; Niemelä et al. 2007; Binder et al. 2010; Buyck et al. 2012; Hibbett et al. 2014; Song et al. 2016; Chikowski et al. 2017). Amylocortiaceae is the only family in the order, and an intensive revision at generic and family level is needed. 13 118 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 83 Maximum likelihood analysis of Humidicutae showing the phylogenetic position of Humidicutis brunneovinacea inferred from ITS and LSU sequences. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 60% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.80 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with Chromosera citrinopallida. The holotype of H. brunneovinacea is in bold Species in the order have diverse characters, but they all have a monomitic hyphal system with nodose septate hyphae, and most of them have corticioid basidiocarps with smooth, merulioid or poroid hymenophores and amyloid basidiospores (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010; Hibbett et al. 2014). Basidiocarp Annual or perennial, resupinate, effuse to slight effuse-reflected, separable, pellicular to membranaceous, stratified. Hymenophore smooth, white, cream to pale yellow; not cracking or sparsely cracking after dry; margin thinning out, fimbriate. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections. Cystidia absent. Basidia clavate to subcylindrical, with a basal clamp connection and four sterigmata. Basidiospores narrowly cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, amyloid, 7–10 × 2–2.5 µm. On angiosperm branch. Rot type unknown. Notes: Amyloceraceomyces is mainly characterized by the pellicular to membranaceous, stratified basidiocarps, a monomitic hyphal system with nodose septate hyphae, absence of sterile organs, and cylindrical smooth thin-walled amyloid basidiospores. Phylogenetically, Amyloceraceomyces formed a distinct lineage in Amylocorticiales (Fig. 84). Morphologically, the genus is almost indistinguishable from Amylocorticium which, however, has ellipsoid to allantoid basidiospores and causes a brown rot mainly on gymnosperm wood (Pouzar 1959; Hjortstam 1980; Gilbertson and Lindsey 1989). Amyloathelia Hjortstam and Ryvarden and Amylocorticiellum Spirin & Zmitr. differ from the new genus by having thick-walled basidiospores (Hjortstam and Amylocorticiaceae Jülich, Biblthca Mycol. 85: 354 (1982) Notes: Amylocorticiaceae was first described to accommodate Amylocorticium, but later several genera were placed in the family based on molecular phylogeny (Larsson 2007). At present, Amylocorticiaceae is the only family of the Amylocorticiales, and the delimitation of it is still not clear (Larsson 2007; Binder et al. 2010). Amyloceraceomyces S.H. He, gen. nov. MycoBank number: MB830032; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06037 Etymology: Amylo: referring to the amyloidity of the basidiospores; ceraceomyces: a corticioid genus with similar anatomical characters. Type species: Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus S.H. He. 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Ryvarden 1979; Zmitrovich and Spirin 2002). Ceraceomyces Jülich has similar anatomical structures to Amyloceraceomyces, but differs in having basidiospores without reaction in IKI (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010). Amyloceraceomyces is also similar to Melzericium Hauerslev by sharing smooth, thin-walled amyloid basidiospores and the absence of cystidia, but the latter has stalked basidia and wider basidiospores (3–6 µm, Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010). Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus S.H. He, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB 830033; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06038; Fig. 85 Etymology: Referring to the narrow basidiospores. Holotype: BJFC 021279. Basidiocarp Annual or perennial, resupinate, effuse to slight effuse-reflected, separable, without odour or taste when fresh, pellicular to membranaceous, more or less brittle with age and after drying, effuse part up to 15 cm long, 5 cm wide, 1.5 mm thick, stratified; reflected part indistinct and curved after drying, slightly darker than the hymenophore suface. Hymenophore smooth, white, cream to pale yellow, not cracking or sparsely cracking after drying; margin thining out, fimbriate, white or concolorous with hymenophoral surface. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections at all septa. Subiculum distinct, thick, with a loose texture; hyphae in this layer hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, smooth or slight encrusted with small crystals, moderately branched, frequently septate, loosely interwoven, 2–4.5 µm diam. Subhymenium with a rather compact texture; hyphae in this layer hyaline, thinwalled, frequently branched and septate, densely interwoven, more or less agglutinated, 2.5–5.5 µm diam. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate to subcylindrical, with a basal clamp connection and four sterigmata, 20–32 × 4–6 µm; basidioles similar in shape to basidia, but slightly smaller. Basidiospores narrowly cylindrical to slightly allantoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, amyloid in Melzer’s reagent, 7–10 × (1.8–)2–2.5 µm, L = 8.52 µm, W = 2.15 µm, Q = 3.78–4.16 (n = 60/2). Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Binchuan County, Jizushan Forest Park, on dead angiosperm branch, 30 August 2017, He 2844 (BJFC 021279, holotype), He 2819 (BJFC 021256) & He 2824 (BJFC 021260). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK520873, MK520871, MK520872; LSU: MK491338, MK491337l. Notes: Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus is characterized by the rather long and narrow basidiospores. It is so far the only species of the genus. In the phylogenetic tree, the new species is distantly related to Amylocorticium cebennense (Bourdot) Pouzar (Fig. 84), but the latter species has pure white basidiomata and shorter basidiospores (6.5–7.5 × 1.8–2.2 µm, Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010), and grows on Pinus spp. 119 Amylocorticium Pouzar, Česká Mykol. 13(1): 11 (1959) Notes: Amylocorticium is characterized by resupinate basidiocarps with a smooth hymenophore, lack of cystidia, ellipsoid to allantoid basidiospores with amyloid reactions in Melzer’s reagent and causing a brown rot on wood (Pouzar 1959; Hjortstam 1980; Gilbertson and Lindsey 1989; Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010). At present, the genus includes about twelve species, but the status of several species needs to be further clarified. The few sequenced species including the type, A. subsulphureum (P. Karst.) Pouzar, formed a moderately supported lineage in Amylocorticiales (Binder et al. 2010; Song et al. 2016; Chikowski et al. 2017). Amylocorticium ellipsosporum S.H. He, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB830034; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06039; Fig. 86 Etymology: Referring to the ellipsoid basidiospores. Holotype: BJFC 023898. Basidiocarp Annual, resupinate, effuse, separable, without odour or taste when fresh, pellicular to membranaceous, up to 10 cm long, 2 cm wide, 0.3 mm thick. Hymenophore smooth, cream to pale orange, not cracking or sparsely cracking after drying; margin thining out, fimbriate, white or concolorous with the hymenophoral surface. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections at all septa. Subiculum distinct, with a loose texture; hyphae in this layer hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, moderately branched, frequently septate, loosely interwoven, 2–4 µm diam. Subhymenium with a rather compact texture; hyphae in this layer hyaline, thin-walled, frequently branched and septate, densely interwoven, more or less agglutinated, 2.5–4.5 µm diam. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate, with a basal clamp connection and four sterigmata, 15–20 × 4–5 µm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but slightly smaller. Basidiospores ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, amyloid in Melzer’s reagent, 3.5–4.5(–5) × 2–2.5(–3) µm, L = 3.95 µm, W = 2.22 µm, Q = 1.78 (n = 30/1). Material examined: CHINA, Fujian Province, Wuyishan Nature Reserve, on rotten trunk of Tsuga chinensis var. tchekiangenesis, 17 August 2016, He 4457 (BJFC 023898, holotype). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK520876; LSU: MK491341 Notes: Amylocorticium ellipsosporum is characterized by having cream-colored basidiocarps and small ellipsoid basidiospores. In the phylogenetic tree, A. ellipsosporum formed a strongly supported lineage, sister to A. indicum which is here reported in China for the first time (Fig. 84). However, A. indicum has large yellow basidiocarps and slenderer basidiospores (4–5 × 1.7–2.2 µm, Thind and Rattan 1972). A. ellipsosporum is similar to A. mauiense Gilb. & Hemmes by sharing small ellipsoid basidiospores, but the latter species differs in having shorter basidia (12–14 13 120 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 84 Phylogenetic position of Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus and Amylocorticium ellipsosporum inferred from the ITS and LSU sequences. Bootstrap support values (ML and MP) ≥ 50% and Bayes- ian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with Jaapia argillacea (KHL 11734, CBS252.74) and J. ochroleuca (KHL 8433). The new isolates are in bold µm) and a distribution in Hawaii and growing on Pinus spp. (Gilbertson and Hemmes 2004). Cantharellales Gäum. Notes: The order Cantharellales was proposed by Gäumann (1926). It is monophyletic and closely related to the 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 121 Fig. 85 Microscopic structures of Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus (BJFC 021279, holotype). a Basidiospores. b Basidia and basidioles. c Hyphae from subiculum Sebacinales, at the base of the Agaricomycetes clade (Moncalvo et al. 2006; Hibbett et al. 2014). It includes saprotrophic, ectomycorrhizal, lichenized, and parasitic species. Members of this order display a wide variety of basidiocarp morphology (e.g. effused, stipitate-hydnoid, stipitate-veined, clavate, and coralloid) with a smooth, hydnoid or poroid hymenophore. They are all characterized by developing stichic basidia (Hibbett et al. 2014). Clavulinaceae Donk, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 1(4): 407 (1970) Notes: Clavulinaceae includes the genera Clavulina, Membranomyces, and Multiclavula. The first two genera are ectomycorrhizal lineages and the third one is lichenized. Clavulina is characterized by its clavarioid basidiomes, but several new species have been recognized with efuse-coralloid, cerebriform and cantharelloid basidiomes; Membranomyces has resupinate basidiomes that grow directly on soil; Multiclavula has clavate basidiomes and establishes mutualistic 13 122 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 86 Microscopic structures of Amylocorticium ellipsosporum (BJFC 023898, holotype). a Basidiospores. b Basidia and basidioles. c Hyphae from subiculum associations with green algae forming lichens. These taxa have a monomitic hyphal system, with cylindrical to subclavate basidia commonly with two incurved sterigmata; and small and smooth globose to subglobose basidiospores. 13 Clavulina J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien (Breslau) 3.1(25–32): 442 (1888) [1889] Notes: Currently there are 87 recognized species of Clavulina. This genus is distributed in temperate and tropical Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 ecosystems being particularly diverse in the tropics, with 21 new species being described from the Neotropics in the last 15 years (Thacker and Henkel 2004; Henkel et al. 2005, 2011; Uehling et al. 2012a, 2012b; Wartchow 2012; Tibpromma et al. 2017; Pérez-Pazos et al. 2019). Species are characterized by their clavarioid basidiomes, simple or branched, and with matte colors ranging from white, to grey or purplish tones. Microscopically these species have smooth globose to subglobose basidiospores, generally less than 10 µm long; the cylindrical to sub-clavate basidia usually with two incurved sterigmata (4–8 µm long) is considered a main characteristic of the genus; and sometimes transversal septa develop in the basidia after basidiospores release (Corner 1950, 1970; Petersen 1988; Olariaga et al. 2009), but this character is unstable even among different specimens of the same species. Clavulina sphaeropedunculata E. Pérez-Pazos, M. Villegas & R. Garibay-Orijel, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB826922; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05680; Fig. 87 Etymology: sphaeropedunculata (gr. sphaîra = sphere; lat. pedunculus = peduncle; suffix –atus = provided with) epithet assigned due to the presence of sphaeropedunculate cystidia on the hymenial surface, a unique character in this species. Holotype: FCME 27663. Basidiocarps Simple to scarcely branched, 10–84 mm long. Stipe well-delimited, 8–37 mm long × 1–5 mm wide, pale yellowish white (2A2–4A2), cylindric to irregularly sub flattened, surface is smooth from the base to the apex. Branches Acrotonic branching, b.r. = 1–3(4). Scarce branches, dichotomous, lax, cylindrical to irregularly compressed, smooth surface (some with superficial groove at the base of the branch), pale yellowish white (2A2–4A2), with V axils and U-shaped; hymenium pale yellowish white (2A2–4A2) to orange-white (5A2), and some with a little more creamy patches (4A3) (in younger stages homogeneous pale yellowish white from the base to the top), when dry deep yellow (4A8), to apricot yellow (5B6), and surface with a frostlike appearance, due to the presence of spores. Tips simple, acute to subacute, some rounded (few times cristate), lax, concolorous to branches, becoming drab (6D3) by dehydration. Consistency fibrous-fleshy. Context initially solid, yellowish white (4A2), hollow with age. Odor sometimes slightly sweet and imperceptible taste. Basidia fibulate, (32– )40–70(–81.5) × (4.5–)6–7.5(–9) μm, cylindrical to subclavate, thin-walled, hyaline, few with oily content, postpartal septa scarcely observed, 2 sterigmata, (4–)4.5–9(–9.5) μm long, curved. Basidiospores subglobose, hyaline, thinwalled, smooth (7.7–)8.8–9.9(–10.4) × (6.3–)6.8–8.4(– 8.8) μm, (L = 8.9–9.6 ± 0.2–0.5, W = 7.2–8.0 ± 0.3–0.5, Q = 1.20–1.29 ± 0.04–0.07), obtuse hilar appendix. Cystidia spheropedunculate, globose, thin-walled, smooth, 123 31–50 × 11.5–22 μm, infrequent. Hyphal system monomitic. Subhymenium formed by fibulate hyphae, hyaline, and thinwalled, (4–)4.5–6(–7.5) μm wide. Habitat and distribution: Gregarious, grows on the ground and woody debris. Develops on temperate forests, alt. 3000–3500 m. Material examined: MEXICO, Mexico Estado de Mexico City, El Zarco, Insurgente Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla National Park, Ocoyoacac municipality, San Pedro Atlapulco, 19.293° N, 99.355° W, 28 November 2015, Pérez-Pazos-467Z (FCME 27663, holotype); 17 October 2014, Argüelles-Moyao-104 (MEXU 28224); 28 November 2015, Pérez-Pazos-466 (FCME 27664); 28 November 2015, Pérez-Pazos-472 (FCME 27665); MEXICO, Mexico City, El Pantano, Desierto de los Leones National Park, Cuajimalpa district, 19.293° N, 99.323° W, 13 October 2012, PérezPazos-43 (FCME 27666). MEXICO, Estado de Mexico, Zinacantepec, El Contadero de Matamoros, 19.22° N, 99.82° W, 3 September 2008, Endara Agramont ECMMX176-11. ITS (MEXU 26712); Estado de Mexico, Amanalco, Corral de Piedra, 19.22° N, 99.97° W, 21 September 2008, Burrola Aguilar ECMAM152 (MEXU 25781). GenBank numbers: ITS: MH542557, MH542560, MH542556, MH542559, KT874987, KT874988, MH542558; LSU: MK253717, MK253716, MK253714, MK253718, MK253715; ITS sequence from an ectomycorrhizal root tip: MH542563. Notes: In the phylogenetic analyses, Clavulina sphaeropedunculata is highly supported (ML = 99, PP = 1) within the temperate species clade (Fig. 88). The main character that distinguishes C. sphaeropedunculata from other similar species is the presence of sphaeropedunculate cystidia on the hymenial surface, a unique character among all previously reported species of the genus. Species reported with cystidia, generally lack clamped hyphae in the hymenial trama, which is not the case for C. sphaeropedunculata. Some of the species with cystidia are C. alutaceo-siccescens and C. geoglossoides, both reported by Petersen (1988) from the Nothofagus forests of New Zealand. In the former the cystidia are longer (70–100 µm), cylindrical, and occurs in small clusters; in the latter, cystidia rise to 200 µm in length and are often septate. Corner (1950) also reported some species with cystidia, including C. leveillei, C. pilosa and C. cristata var. incarnata. C. leveillei has cylindrical cystidia, 80–125 µm length; C. pilosa also has cylindric cystidia, hair-like, 6 µm wide that project 30 µm beyond the basidia layer; C. cristata var. incarnata also has long and cylindric cystidia, subventricose, sometimes becoming immersed on the hymenia. In all the species mentioned, there is no cystidia resembling those of C. sphaeropedunculata. It should be noted that cystidia in C. sphaeropedunculata are highly infrequent, so it is likely that specimens of this species, previously deposited 13 124 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 87 Clavulina sphaeropedunculata (FCME 27663, holotype). a Simple basidiome, with acute tips. b Basidia and sphaeropedunculate cystidia. c Sphaeropedunculate cystidia and spores. d. Sphaeropedun- culate cystidia with smooth surface and thin-walled. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b–d = 20 µm in herbaria, may have them, but these have been overlooked or collapsed with age. hyaline, thin-walled, smooth spores. They include tropical and temperate species (Jülich 1981). Gomphales Jülich Notes: The order Gomphales was proposed by Jülich in 1981. It is monophyletic and closely related to Geastrales, Hysterangiales and Phallales (Villegas et al. 1999; Hosaka et al. 2006; Giachini et al. 2010) and includes saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal representatives with wide morphological basidiocarp variation (e.g. resupinate, clavate, coralloid, cantharelloid, hydnoid, and gasteroid). However, all species in the Gomphales have a positive reaction to ferric salts in the hymeniun, chiastic basidia and most taxa have cyanophilic ornamented spores (Donk 1964; Petersen 1971; Pine et al. 1999; Villegas et al. 2005). Lentaria Corner. Monograph of Clavaria and allied Genera, (Annals of Botany Memoirs No. 1): 437, 696 (1950). Notes: Initially, Lentaria included clavarioid species, simple or branched, with smooth, hyaline spores, ellipsoid to allantoid and phycophile or saprotrophic habitat. Phycophile species were later segregated in the genus Multiclavula (Petersen 1967). Nowadays, Lentaria species are recognized for developing coralloid basidiocarps and being saprotrophic, with humicolous or lignicolous habits. The basidiocarps emerge from a subiculum, superficial or immersed on the substrate. The spores are hyaline, ellipsoid to sigmoid, smooth and thin-walled and the hyphal system is monomitic. However, it has been hypothesized that the genus is polyphyletic (Binder et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2017b). Twenty-three species have been described, of which five are tropical. Lentariaceae Jülich, Bibliotheca Mycologica 85: 375 (1982) Notes: Lentariaceae includes the genera Delentaria and Lentaria. Delentaria is monotypic, with simple to slightly branched basidiocarps, which are sub-gelatinous and have positive geotropism (Corner 1970). On the contrary, Lentaria develops basidiocarps with negative geotropism that are widely branched and fleshy to leathery. These taxa have a monomitic hyphal system, with thickened hyphal walls and 13 Lentaria gossypina R. Salas-Lizana, M. Villegas & E. Pérez-Pazos, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB828900; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05497; Figs. 89, 90 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 125 Fig. 88 Phylogenetic tree of Clavulina obtained from the analyses of ITS and LSU sequences showing the phylogenetic position of C. sphaeropedunculata. Numbers above branches represent support val- ues of maximum likelihood bootstrap and Bayesian inference posterior probabilities, respectively. Sequences generated in this work are shown in bold. The tree was rooted with Hydnum repandum Etymology: From Latin gossypium, referring to the cottony mycelium that covers the stipe and basidiocarp branches. Holotype: FCME 27625. Basidiocarps solitary, gregarious or caespitose, annual, 20–150 mm long. Subiculum superficial over the substrates, extensive, white, plushy or cottony, with numerous whitish mycelial chords 1–2 mm thick. Stipe 10–30 × 2–10 mm, cylindrical to flattened, greyish orange, brownish orange to light brown (5B3, 5C4–6D4). Branches with four to five levels, predominantly dichotomous, flattened to sub-cylindrical, with internode length decreasing gradually towards the apex, parallel to semi-loose, greyish orange to light brown (5B4, 6D5) with light reddish brown tones (7/4 2.5Y), internodes rounded to sub-acute; surface covered irregularly with a thin layer of whitish mycelium, giving a cottony-tomentose appearance. Apices sub-rounded to acute, white, yellowish white, orange-white or light brown (4A2, 5A2, 5D5). Leathery, easily broken when dried; concolor context to the surface. Smell slightly sweet, astringent flavor. Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae with thickened walls and conspicuous fibulae; occasionally ampulliform up to 12 μm wide. Subiculum and mycelial chords with 1–4 μm wide hyphae, covered with numerous crystals, irregular in shape and easily detachable. Branch context with 3.5–10 μm wide hyphae and some H connections. Hymenium thickened, amphigenous; basidia sub-claviform, hyaline, tetrasporic, sterigmata 2–10 μm long, with fibulae at the base, homogeneous content, 28–48 × 6–8.5 μm. Spores sub-sigmoid, smooth, thin-walled, (8–)9.3–12(13.5) × 2.5–3.5 μm, L = 11.5 μm, W = 2.3 μm, Q = 3.9 μm (n = 30/1), which kept together in groups of two to four once detached from the sterigma. Habitat and distribution: Lignicolous, mostly growing on highly rotten wood, producing white rot, sometimes developing on leaves or thorns of dead plants. Developing in subperennial and perennial forests, alt. 200 m. Material examined: MEXICO, Campeche, Calakmul municipality, Escárcega-Chetumal highroad, Km 25 along the exit to the archaeological remains of Calakmul, 18o18′02" N, 89o50′47" W, 22 September 2003, VillegasRíos M. 2389 (FCME 27623); Chiapas, Tumbalá municipality, Cascadas de Bolo Naháu, 13 July 2010, Garibay-Orijel 2010–51 (FCME 27621); Tabasco, Macuspana municipality, Parque Estatal Agua Blanca 17°38′30" N, 92°27′18" W, 3 September 2007, González Ávila 75 (FCME 27620); Veracruz, San Andrés Tuxtla municipality, Estación de Biología de Los Tuxtlas, Circuito 1 pathway, 18º35′0.174″ N, 95º4′25.8″ W, 13 September 2010, Villegas- Ríos M. 2749 (FCME 27624); ibid. 28 August 2011, Villegas-Ríos M. 2796 (FCME 27625, holotype); ibid. 25 August 2012, Villegas-Ríos M. 2854 (FCME 27627); ibid. Villegas-Ríos M.2855 (FCME 27628); EL Vigia 1 pathway, 17 September 2011, Villegas-Ríos M. 2820 (FCME 27626); ibid. 28 July 2013, Ramírez-López I. 2013–14 (FCME 27622). 13 126 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 89 Majority-rule consensus tree of Lentaria gossypina, L. variabilis and reference sequences using a ITS and LSU concatenated matrix. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.84 and bootstrap support values (ML) ≥ 70% are labeled. Type material for the new species are in bold. Outgroups are Dyctiophora rubrovolvata and Clathrus ruber GenBank numbers: ITS: MK253203, MK253201, MK253195, MK253198, MK253199, MK253202, MK253197, MK253200, MK253196; LSU: MK253212, MK253204, MK253218, MK253219, MK253221, MK253220, MK253209). Notes: The phylogenetic analyses of concatenated ITSLSU sequences place the new species in a well-supported monophyletic group, independent from any other species sequenced so far (Fig. 89). This species is different from all the tropical Lentaria species described so far on account of a very well-developed subiculum over the substrate, with the mycelium extending over the basidiocarp surface, giving a tomentose to cottony appearance. Additional observations showed that developing basidiocarps of L. gossypina form more mycelium or new basidiocarps when they touch the surface of a substrate. Spore size range is similar to that of L. bambusina P. Zhang & Zuo H. Chen (9.0–13 × 2.5–3.5 μm), whose stipe is also covered with a plushy layer of mycelium. However, L. bambusina has a smaller basidiocarp size (20–60 mm), different color (cinnamon brown) and the habitat is dead leaves of bamboo plants. 13 Lentaria variabilis M. Villegas, R. Garibay-Orijel & N. Matías-Ferrer, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB828899; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05496; Fig. 91 Etymology: From latin variabilis, variable, referring to its variation in color and branch position. Holotype: FCME 21524. Basidiocarps gregarious, annual, 20–75 mm in length. Subiculum and mycelial chords whitish, up to 2 mm thick, generally immersed in the substrate, rarely superficial. Stipe 10–35 × 1–7 mm, subcylindrical, pale yellow, greyish orange with brown tones to reddish brown (4A3, 5B3, 5C4, 7D3, 8/4 10YR). Branching up to five levels, predominantly dichotomous, cylindrical to slightly flattened, internode space reduces gradually towards the apex; parallel or a bit loose, pale yellow, orange-grey with brown or light brown tones (4A3, 6B2, 6C3, 7C–D4), rounded internodes Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 127 Fig. 90 Basidiocarps of Lentaria gossypina (Pictures, Ramírez-López I.). a (FCME 27622). b (FCME 2796, holotype). Microscopic structures (FCME 2796, holotype). c Basidiospores. d Subiculum hyphae. Scale bars: a–b = 10 mm, c–d = 1 μm and smooth surface. Apices acute, white or pale yellow with orange tones of different intensity (5A2–6C4). Sub-leathery consistency, easily broken when dry; context concolorous with surface. Smell not distinct. Taste slightly sour or astringent flavor. Hyphal system monomitic, thick-walled hyphae, conspicuously fibulate; occasionally ampulliform fibulae up to 15 μm width. Subiculum and mycelial chords with hyphae 1–5 μm width, covered with numerous crystals irregularly shaped, easily detachable. Branch context with hyphae 3–8 μm thick and occasional H connections. Hymenium thickened, amphigenous; basidia sub-claviform, hyaline, tetrasporic, sterigmata 2–10 μm long, fibulate at the base, homogeneous content or sometimes uni to multiguttulate, 20–74 × 6–11 µm. Spores subcylindrical to subsigmoid, smooth, thin-walled, (8–)10–15 × 2–5 µm, L = 11.7 µm, W = 2.7 μm Q = 3.13 µm (n = 30/1), remain together in groups of four after basidium detachment. Habitat and distribution: Lignicolous, growing in highly decomposed wood in sub-perennial tropical forest, alt. 100–250 m. Material examined: MEXICO, Campeche, Calakmul municipality, Km 26 Escárcega-Chetumal highroad, Calakmul archaeological site deviation, 18°18′02" N, 89°50′47" W, 25 September 2003, Villegas-Ríos M. 2429 (FCME 21524, holotype); ibid. 27 October 2002, García-Sandoval 2002–2034 (FCME 19864); ibid. 1 November 2001, GarcíaSandoval 2001–63 (FCME 19862). Archaeological site Xpuhil, 19 September 2003, Villegas-Ríos M. 2382 (FCME 21518); ibid. 20 September 2003, Villegas-Ríos M. 2390 (FCME 21520); ibid. 28 October 2002, García-Sandoval 2002–42 (FCME 19861). Km 25.5 Escárcega-Chetumal highroad, on the exit to Union 20 de Agosto, 22 September 2003, Villegas-Ríos M. 2408 (FCME 21522); ibid. 25 September 2003, Villegas-Ríos M. 2431 (FCME 21525); ibid. Villegas-Ríos M. 2434 (FCME 21526); ibid. 25 October 2002, Villegas-Ríos M. 2274 (FCME 21516). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK253189, MK253185, MK253184, MK253192, MK253186, MK253191, MK253193, MK253188, MK253194, MK253187; LSU: MK253215, MK253206, MK253205, MK253211, 13 128 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 91 Basidiocarps of Lentaria variabilis (Pictures, J. Cifuentes). a (FCME 21524, holotype). b (FCME 21520). c (FCME 21520). Microscopic structures (FCME 21524, holotype) d Basidia, basidiole and basidiospores. e Subiculum hyphae. f Ampulliform fibula. Scale bars: a–c = 10 mm, d = 20 μm, e–f = 10 μm LSU: MK253213, MK253207, MK253214, MK253216, MK253217, MK253210. Notes: As its epithet says, Lentaria variabilis is morphologically variable as is evident from the various forms of basidiocarp branching, coloration and subiculum position. However, its microscopic characters are homogeneous regarding spores, basidia and hyphal shape and size. Molecular data also showed that, despite this macro-morphological variation, all sequenced individuals belong to a monophyletic group of an independent lineage (Fig. 89) of tropical species. Some light-colored specimens of L. variabilis resemble L. surculus Corner. However, spores of the latter are smaller (8.6–12.6 × 2.9–4 μm, Petersen 2000). 13 Hymenochaetales Oberw. Notes: The order Hymenochaetales now includes five accepted families, viz. Hymenochaetaceae, Schizoporaceae, Neoantrodiellaceae, Oxyporaceae and Nigrofomitaceae. However, some genera in this order have uncertain positions at the family level and as well certain genera are not monophyletic. Therefore, much more effort is needed to construct a comprehensive phylogenetic framework for the Hymenochaetales. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Hymenochaetaceae Donk, Bull. Bot. Gdns Buitenz. 17(4): 474 (1948) Notes: Hymenochaetaceae, typified by Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Dicks.) Lév., belongs to the Hymenochaetales and currently comprises 27 genera and about 490 known species (Kirk et al. 2008). The family includes species with ferruginous brown, coriaceous to woody, stipitate, pileate to resupinate basidiocarps, poroid, hydnoid or smooth hymenophore, and xanthocroic microstructures (Dai 2010). The hyphal system is monomitic or dimitic and clamp connections are absent. Dextrinoid basidiospores may be present in some genera, also, sterile elements (setae) in the hymenium or in the trama, a characteristic that, although not present in all species, is very particular to the family (Ryvarden 2004; Dai 2010). Species produce white rots and several are important phytopathogens (Zhou et al. 2016a). The genera in Hymenochaetaceae have been revised and the two largest genera Phellinus Quél. and Inonotus P. Karst. have been segregated into more natural groups (Wagner and Fischer 2001, 2002; Zhou et al. 2016b). Additionally, several new genera and species have been proposed in the last years (Rajchenberg et al. 2015; Drechsler-Santos et al. 2016; Wu et al. 2016; Chen and Yuan 2017; Ji et al. 2017; SalvadorMontoya et al. 2015). Some important forest pathogens and medicinal fungi are members of the Hymenochaetaceae (Dai 2012a, b; Wu et al. 2019). Fuscoporia Murrill, N. Amer. Fl. (New York) 9(1): 3 (1907) Notes: Fuscoporia is a well-established genus in the Hymenochaetaceae and was originally described by Murrill (1907) with F. ferruginosa (Schrad.) Murrill as the type species. The genus includes species with a wide geographic distribution (Wagner and Fischer 2001, 2002; Baltazar et al. 2009; Vlasák et al. 2011; Raymundo et al. 2013; Chen and Yuan 2017, Chen et al. 2019), characterized by resupinate to pileate basidiocarps, dimitic hyphal system with hyaline, narrow, thin-walled and simple-septate generative hyphae, usually with encrustations and globose to ovoid, smooth and hyaline basidiospores (Wagner and Fischer 2001, 2002; Baltazar et al. 2009; Chen and Yuan 2017). Fuscoporia licnoides (Mont.) Oliveira-Filho & Gibertoni, comb. nov. MycoBank number: MB825474; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05768; Figs. 92, 93 Basionym: Polyporus licnoides Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2 13: 204 (1840) Material examined: BRAZIL, Distrito Federal, Brasília, PARNA de Brasília, October 2013, T.B. Gibertoni 26 (URM 87970 as F. callimorpha); Pará, Melgaço, FLONA de Caxiuanã, Melgaço, 8 August 2013, A.S. Silva 495 (URM 87971 as F. callimorpha); Paraíba, Areia, RE Mata do PauFerro, 16 April 2012, C.R.S. Lira 634 (URM 83698 as F. 129 callimorpha); ibid. 16 July 2013, C.R.S. Lira 1307 (URM 85067 as P. gilvus); ibid. 21 July 2012, C.R.S. Lira 207 (URM 84107 as P. gilvus); Pernambuco, Recife, Campus UFPE, 10 April 2017, J.R.C. Oliveira-Filho JRF140 (URM 91231 as P. gilvus); Rio de Janeiro, Angra dos Reis, PE de Ilha Grande, December 2012, T.B. Gibertoni 05 (URM 87969 as F. callimorpha); Rondônia, Porto Velho, ESEC de Cuniã, 11 February 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva, E.A. Souza & M.C. Flores 2080 (URM 83001 as P. gilvus); ibid. A.C. Gomes-Silva, E.A. Souza & M.C. Flores 2209 (URM 83003 as P. gilvus); ibid. A.C. Gomes-Silva, E.A. Souza & M.C. Flores 2173 (URM 83004 as P. gilvus). GenBank numbers: ITS: MH392553, MH392554, MH392555, MH392556, MH392557, MH392558, MH392559, MH392560, MH392561; LSU: MH407352, MH407353, MH407354, MH407355, MH407356, MH407357, MH407358, MH407359, MH407360. Notes: see discussion under F. semiarida. Fuscoporia marquesiana Gibertoni & C.R.S. de Lira, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB825476; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05766; Fig. 94 Etymology: In honour of the late Marcos Marques, a young and remarkable Brazilian mycologist. Holotype: URM 83094. Basidiomata annual to perennial, pileate, sessile, applanate, widely attached, rarely effused-reflexed, semicircular, 8–17 cm long, 4–10 cm wide, 0.1–1.2 cm thick, woody hard in thick specimens and coriaceous in thin ones when dried. Upper surface light to dark brown (12 fulvous to 16 cigar brown), glabrous, sulcate in concentric and narrow zones, rarely 2 zonate. Margin acute, rarely obtuse, entire, concolorous with upper surface. Context homogeneous, light brown (12 fulvous), 0.1–0.2 cm at the middle of basidiomata. Pores tiny, almost invisible to the naked eye, circular, 8–9 per mm, dark brown (17 snuff brown), dissepiments entire, thick, tubes light brown (12 fulvous), 0.1–1 cm. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, thin-walled, hyaline to pale golden yellow, 4–6 × 3–4 µm (L = 4.95 µm, W = 3.85 µm, Q = 1.29 µm), IKI–. Basidia clavate, hyaline, thinwalled, 9–10 × 4–5 µm. Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae hyaline, narrow, thin-walled and simple-septate, 2–2.5 µm wide; skeletal hyphae dominating the context and dissepiments, yellow to brownish, thick-walled, 2–3 µm wide. Hymenial setae lanceolate to ventricose, thickwalled, apex acuminate or hooked, brown, 20–30 × 5–11 µm (L = 26.27 µm, W = 8 µm, setal index = 3.28 µm). Material examined: BRAZIL, Bahia, Santa Teresinha, Serra da Jibóia, 22 September 2010, T.B. Gibertoni 19 (URM 83094 as F. senex). GenBank numbers: ITS: MH392544; LSU: MH407343. 13 130 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 92 Phylogenetic tree of the pileate Fuscoporia obtained by analyses of combined dataset ITS and nLSU sequences. Sequences obtained in this study are in bold. Support values are maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Bootstrap sup- port values (ML and MP) ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are given near nodes respectively. The tree was rooted with Amyloporia carbonica and Fomes fomentarius Notes: Fuscoporia marquesiana is characterized by the robust, concentrically zoned basidiomata, and usually hooked setae. It matches the description of F. wahlbergii (Fr.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. (Ryvarden and Johansen 1980), a species described from South Africa (originally Natal, currently KwaZulu-Natal) (type not located: no answer from UPS). However, the images of Pyropolyporus robinsoniae Murrill (NY 743008), a neotropical synonym of F. wahlbergii, reveal macromorphological differences. Additionally, F. marquesiana has only 97% identity with the only sequence of F. wahlbergii available (AF311045, LSU, no answer from REG). This sequence, furthermore, is from material collected in Spain (Canary Islands). Fuscoporia scruposa (Mont.) Gibertoni & Oliveira-Filho, comb. nov. MycoBank number: MB825475; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05767; Fig. 95 Basionym: Polyporus scruposus Fr., Epicr. Syst. Mycol. (Upsaliae): 473 (1838) [1836–1838] Material examined: BRAZIL, Alagoas, Pilar, RPPN Fazenda São Pedro, 12 November 2016, J.R.C. OliveiraFilho JRF90 (URM 91211 as P. gilvus); Maranhão, Bacurituba, Mata da Iracema, 8 January 2017, J.R.C. OliveiraFilho JRF119 (URM 91223 as P. gilvus); Humberto de Campos, Sede, 19 January 2017, J.R.C. Oliveira-Filho JRF130 (URM 91228 as P. gilvus); Minas Gerais, Brumadinho, Instituto Inhotim, 11 November 2016, TB 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 131 Fig. 93 Fuscoporia licnoides (URM 83001; URM 83004). a Abhymenial surface. b Hymenial surface. c Setae. d Basidiospores. Photos: R.L. Alvarenga. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 1 cm, c = 10 μm, d = 5 μm Fig. 94 Fuscoporia marquesiana (URM 83094, holotype). a Abhymenial surface. b Hymenial surface. c Setae. d Basidiospores. Photos: R.L. Alvarenga. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 1 cm, c = 10 μm, d = 5 μm Gibertoni JRF99 (URM 91214 as P. gilvus); Pernambuco, Igarassu, Refúgio Ecológico Charles Darwin, 12 May 2017, J.R.C. Oliveira-Filho JRF148 (URM 91236 as P. gilvus); Piauí, Caracol, Serra das Confusões, 29 March 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva 295 (URM 83185, as P. gilvus); ibid. 31 March 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva 361 (URM 83187, as P. gilvus); ibid. 15 March 2012, C.R.S. Lira 570 (URM 83957, as P. gilvus); Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, PARNA Tijuca, November 2012, T.B. Gibertoni 33 (URM 87972, as F. gilva). Additional material examined: Fuscoporia formosana: BRAZIL, Maranhão, São José de Ribamar, Praia do Araçagi, 13 132 26 February 2016, J.R.C. Oliveira-Filho 4B (URM 91197 as P. gilvus); ibid. 26 February 2016, J.R.C. Oliveira-Filho 3B (URM 91196 as P. gilvus); ibid. 26 February 2016, J.R.C. Oliveira-Filho 6B (URM 91198 as P. gilvus); Pernambuco, Recife, Jardim Botânico do Recife, 16 May 2017, J.R.C. Oliveira-Filho JRF165 (URM 91243 as P. gilvus). GenBank numbers: Fuscoporia scruposa ITS: MH392545, MH392546, MH392547, MH392548, MH392549, MH392550, LSU: MH407344, MH407345, MH407346, MH407347, MH407348, MH407349. Fuscoporia formosana ITS: MH392551, MH392552; LSU: MH407350, MH407351. Notes: see discussion under F. semiarida. Fuscoporia semiarida Lima-Júnior, C.R.S. de Lira & Gibertoni, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB825473; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05769; Fig. 96 Etymology: (L.) semiaridus, referring to the dryer areas of Brazil Holotype: URM 83800. Basidiomata annual to biannual, pileate, sessile, occasionally effused-reflexed, applanate, widely attached, semicircular, sometimes imbricate, 0.8–3.5 cm long, 0.7–2.8 cm wide, 0.3–0.7 cm thick, corky in thick specimens and coriaceous to tough in thin ones when dried. Upper surface light, greyish to dark brown (12 fulvous, 17 snuff brown, 28 milk coffee), glabrous, sulcate in concentric and narrow zones. Margin acute, entire or rarely weakly lobed, concolorous with upper surface, occasionally golden yellow (H). Context homogeneous, light brown (12 fulvous), 0.1–0.2 cm at the middle of basidiomata. Pores tiny, almost invisible to the naked eye, circular, 7–9/mm, dark brown (12 fulvous, 17 snuff brown), dissepiments entire, thick, tubes light to dark brown (12 fulvous, 17 snuff brown), 0.1 cm. Basidiospores ellipsoid, thin-walled, hyaline, 4–5 × 2–3.0 µm (L = 4.4 µm, W = 2.55 µm, Q = 1.73 µm), IKI–. Basidia clavate, hyaline, thin-walled, 9–13 × 4–4.5 µm. Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae hyaline, narrow, thin-walled and simple septate, 1.5–2.8 µm wide; skeletal hyphae dominating in the context and dissepiments, yellow to brownish, thick-walled, 2.5–3.9 µm wide. Hymenial setae lanceolate to ventricose, thick-walled, apex acuminate, brown, 18–26 × 5–7 µm (L = 22.93 µm, W = 5.47 µm, setal index = 4.2 µm). Material examined: BRAZIL, Ceará, Crato, Floresta Nacional do Araripe-Apodi, C.R.S. Lira 872, May 15 2012, (URM 83800, holotype; isotype O), on dead wood; Bahia, Santa Terezinha, Serra da Jibóia, 24 September 2010, T.B. Gibertoni 34 (URM 83436 as Phellinus gilvus); Ceará, Crato, FLONA Araripe-Apodi, 17 May 2012, C.R.S. Lira 919 (URM 83798 as P. gilvus); Goiás, Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Loquinhas, 17 March 2016, T.B. Gibertoni PH2 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 (URM 91200 as P. gilvus); Pernambuco, Triunfo, Sítio Carro Quebrado, 28 January 2010, C.R.S. Lira & C.A.S. Trajano 23 (URM 82508 as P. gilvus); ibid. 1 March 2010, C.R.S Lira & N.C. Lima-Júnior 16 (URM 82510 as P. gilvus); ibid. 1 March 2010, C.R.S. Lira & N.C. Lima-Júnior 9 (URM 82511 as P. gilvus); Piauí, Caracol, PARNA Serra das Confusões, 14 March 2012, C.R.S. Lira 541 (URM 83926 as P. gilvus). Additional specimens examined: Fuscoporia callimorpha: CAMEROON, Campo Province, Akok lowland rain forest reserve, 2 December 1991, M. Núñez & L. Ryvarden 31041 (O F-915116); ibid. 2 December 1991, M. Núñez & L. Ryvarden 31066 (O F-915115); ZAMBIA, Victoria Falls, 27 January 1988, L. Ryvarden 25297 (O F-915114); ZAMBIA, Victoria Falls Riverine forest, 4 January 1990, L. Ryvarden 27254 (O F-915112); ZIMBABWE, Manicaland Province, J. Meikle Res. Station, 24 January 1994, M. Núñez & L. Ryvarden 33811 (O F-915113); ZIMBABWE, Mvuma district, Beacon Hill, 5 January 1987, L. Ryvarden 25028 (O F-915111). GenBank numbers: ITS: MH392562, MH392563, MH392564, MH392565; LSU: MH407361, MH407362, MH407363, MH407364. Notes: Fuscoporia semiarida is characterized by annual to biannual basidiomata, sulcate in concentric narrow zones, ellipsoid basidiospores and lanceolate to ventricose hymenial setae. It was previously identified as Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat.[= F. gilva (Schwein.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch.] and F. callimorpha (Lév.) Groposo, Log.-Leite & Góes-Neto. P. gilvus has a blackish abhymenial surface and thicker basidiomata, as seen in the type (PH 74281), and was originally collected in the USA (Pennsylvania), while F. callimorpha has perennial basidiomata, with zones that may be absent, and narrower basidiospores; also the type was originally collected in Madagascar (Ryvarden and Johansen 1980). Fidalgo and Fidalgo (1968) considered F. gilva as a cosmopolitan, macromorphologically variable species, but recognized three major morphotypes in the “Phellinus gilvus complex”: 1) P. gilvus sensu stricto, with thick and hard basidiomata with blackish abhymenial surface, as seen in the type (PH 74281); 2) P. licnoides (Mont.) Pat., with corky, more flexible basidiomata with narrow concentric zones, as seen in reference material (NY 3029273, 3029275, type not located: no answer from PC); and 3) P. scruposus (Fr.) Cunn., with corky, more flexible basidiomata without narrow concentric zones, as seen in reference material (NY 3029272, type not located: no answer from PC). These morphotypes were considered varieties of F. gilva [Polyporus gilvus var. scruposus (Fr.) Henn., P. gilvus var. licnoides (Mont.) Cleland & Cheel, and P. gilvus var. gilvus (Schwein.) Fr.], but they were usually treated as synonyms of F. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 133 gilva (www.indexfungorum.org/names/Names.asp, www. mycobank.org/). In our study, the Brazilian specimens identified as F. gilva sensu lato are distributed in four clades (Fig. 92), representing the new species F. semiarida, the new combinations F. licnoides (Mont.) Oliveira-Filho & Gibertoni and F. scruposa (Mont.) Gibertoni & Oliveira-Filho, and F. formosana, a new occurrence in the Americas. Both F. semiarida and F. licnoides would belong to the “P. licnoides group” in the “P. gilvus complex”, while F. scruposa and F. formosana would belong to the “P. scruposus group”. So far, no analyzed material or images match the type of F. gilva (PH 74281) and, thus, no F. gilva sensu stricto clade can be recognized. While morphologically three morphotypes can be separated, microscopically the four species and the type of F. gilva are almost identical (Table 3). Fuscoporia semiarida is macro- and micromorphologically almost identical to F. licnoides (Figs. 93, 96; Table 3) which was originally collected in French Guiana and to which it is not related in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 92). Both species have strongly zonate, somewhat flexible basidiomata, and similar basidiospores and setae. They can be roughly separated by geographical distribution: despite several collections in Southeast, North, Northeast and mid-West Brazil, F. semiarida was found in vegetation surrounded by dry forests (Caatinga), with one collection in Cerrado (Brazilian savanna), while F. licnoides was usually collected in wetter forests in the Atlantic Rain Forest domain and in the Amazonia, with also one collection in Cerrado, which seems to be the overlapping region of occurrence of both species. So far, F. semiarida seems restricted to Brazil, while F. licnoides has also been collected, besides from the type locality, in the USA (Everglades, Florida, JF692191, JF692190; American Virgin Islands, JF692193, JF692192; no specific location, AY558649, voucher not located), and unknown localities (GU054105, GU054028, AF200240, vouchers not located); all these sequences are only from the ITS region. The specimens from Florida and the Virgin Islands were previously identified as F. callimorpha (https://mykoweb.prf. Table 3 Basidiospore and seta measures for species in the “Phellinus gilvus complex” Basidiospores L W Q Setae L W Setal index jcu.cz/polypores/); AY558649 as Phellinus torulosus (Pers.) Bourdot & Galzin [= F. torulosa (Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch.]; AF200240 as P. tremulae (Bondartsev) Bondartsev & P.N. Borisov; and GU054105 and GU054028 were treated as unidentified fungi. P. torulosus and P. tremulae are morphologically different from both F. semiarida and F. licnoides and were originally described from France and Russia (Bryansk Region) respectively (Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1987; Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1994). In addition, P. tremulae belongs to Phellinus sensu stricto and AF200240 is a misidentification. Fuscoporia formosana (T.T. Chang & W.N. Chou) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. was originally described from Taiwan Island as Inonotus formosanus T.T. Chang & W.N. Chou (Chang and Chou 1998) and was so far known only from the type locality. Our specimens have 100% identity with the only sequence available (AY059034, LSU), fortunately from the type. Basidiospores were not found in our materials, but setae were abundant and similar to the original description (ventricose, 18–30 × 5–7 μm) (Chang and Chou 1998). F. formosana is morphologically similar (Fig. 95, 97), but not related to F. scruposa (Fig. 92). The F. scruposa clade is composed of Brazilian and American specimens and MG966313 (ITS) from Mexico, KU139196 (ITS), KU139196 (ITS), KX065958 (ITS), KJ140621 (ITS) and AY059025 (LSU; voucher not located, no answer from REG) from the USA, and AF518636 (LSU) from unknown locality (voucher not located) also seem to be F. scruposa. Images of KP859305/KP859295, MG966313, KU139196, KU139196, KX065958 and KJ140621 were analyzed and share similar morphology. Insumran et al. (2012) studied specimens of Fuscoporia gilva from Thailand and showed that Asian specimens identified as such were distributed in three clades, but no information about their morphology was provided. Recently, F. atlantica Motato-Vásq., R.M. Pires & Gugliotta, a new species macromorphologically similar to F. gilva sensu lato was described from Brazil, but it differs by the hooked setae (Pires et al. 2015). Our results are similar to those F. gilva (PH 74281) F. semiarida (URM 83800) F. licnoides (URM 85067) F. scruposa (URM 83957) F. formosana (URM 91197) N = 30* 4.49 µm 2.75 µm 1.63 µm N = 15* 24 µm 5.9 µm 4.07 µm N = 10 4.4 µm 2.55 µm 1.73 µm N = 15 22.93 µm 5.47 µm 4.2 µm N = 15 4 µm 2.27 µm 1.76 µm N = 15 20.6 µm 4.6 µm 4.48 µm N = 10 4.3 µm 2.1 µm 2.05 µm N = 15 19.05 µm 4.95 µm 3.85 µm – – – – N = 15 21.5 µm 5.25 µm 4.1 µm *Measured by Erast Parmasto in 07/04/1983. 13 134 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 95 Fuscoporia scruposa (URM 83187). a Abhymenial surface. b Hymenial surface. c Setae. d Basidiospores. Photos: R.L. Alvarenga. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 1 cm, c = 10 μm, d = 5 μm Fig. 96 Fuscoporia semiarida (URM 83800, holotype) a Abhymenial surface b Hymenial surface c Setae d Basidiospores. Photos: R.L. Alvarenga. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 1 cm, c = 10 μm, d = 5 μm of Insumran et al. (2012); specimens once identified as F. gilva sensu lato from Brazil do not represent a single lineage, being distributed in at least four clades representing two 13 morphotypes of F. gilva sensu Fidalgo and Fidalgo (1968) (Fig. 92). Our results also show that species in Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 135 Fig. 97 Fuscoporia formosana (URM 91243). a Abhymenial surface. b Hymenial surface. c Setae. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 1 cm, c–d = 20 μm each morphotype are morphologically indistinguishable (Figs. 93, 95, 96, 97) and so far can only be separated by DNA analyses. Rigidoporus Murrill, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32(9): 478 (1905) Notes: Rigidoporus was first described by Murrill in 1905. The basionym of its type is Polyporus microporus Fr. This genus is one of the most species-rich genera of basidiomycete wood-decaying saprobes, causing a white rot in deciduous and coniferous tree. Most of the species of Rigidoporus have been described from the Northern Hemisphere (Murrill 1905; Cooke 1949; Corner 1987; Zeng 1992; Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1994; Dai 1998, 2010, 2012a, b; Hattori 2011; Zmitrovich and Malysheva 2014). Recently, multi-gene molecular phylogenies, inferred from ribosomal DNA sequence data, demonstrated the polyphyletic nature of Rigidoporus, and the generic type was nested within a clade in the Hymenochaetales. Moreover, the genus Oxyporus was treated as a synonym of Rigidoporus and most of the Oxyporus species were transferred to Rigidoporus (Wu et al. 2017). Rigidoporus juniperinus Gafforov, L.W. Zhou & E. Langer, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB830651; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06108; Figs. 98, 99 Etymology: The epithet reflects the name of the host genus Juniperus. Holotype: TASM 6139. Basidiocarp annual or perennial, resupinate, without odor or taste, soft when fresh and becoming hard when dry, sometimes with moss cover and, up to 10 cm long, 4 cm wide, and 3 mm thick at the center; margin sterile or fertile, whitish, soft, up to 2 mm wide. Pore surface whitish when fresh, drying cream-colored to pale ochraceous; pores circular to angular, 4–5 per mm; dissepiments thin, sometimes thick where close to margin of basidiocarp. Subiculum cream, up to 3 mm thick. Tubes concolorous with pore surface, stratified, each tube layer up to 2 mm long. Hyphal system monomitic; all hyphae hyaline with simple septate, lacking clamp connections, negative in Melzer’s reagent, cyanophilous in Cotton Blue; unchanged in KOH. Contextual skeletal hyphae straight and flexuous, thick-walled with a large lumen, unbranched, usually regularly arranged, interwoven, 4–5 μm diam. Tramal hyphae thin- to distinctly thick-walled with a narrow to wide lumen, branched, frequently simple septate, strongly flexuous, interwoven, 1.8–3 μm diam. Hymenial cystidia present; clavate, or narrowly clavate, sometimes curved, with apical encrustation, simpleseptate at base, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, partly projecting into the hymenium, 11–17 × 4–5 µm; some hyphae at the dissepiment edge bearing crystals and resembling hyphoid cystidia; cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate, without basal clamp connection, with a simple septum and four sterigmata, 15–20 × 4–5 µm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but smaller, 10–18 × 3–5 µm. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to globose or subglobose, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, negative in Melzer’s reagent, acyanophilous in Cotton Blue, (3.9– )4.2–4.5(–4.9) × 2.9–3(–3.5) µm, L = 4.1 µm, W = 3.02 µm, Q = 1.29–1.50 (n = 30/1). Material examined: UZBEKISTAN, Jizzakh Province, Zaamin districts, Zaamin National Park, northern slope of Turkistan range of Pamir-Alay mountain system, Juniper forest, on rotten stump and stem of Juniperus polycarpos var. 13 136 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 98 Macroscopic structures of Rigidoporus juniperinus (TASM 6139, holotype). a Basidiocarps cover with moses. b Pores surface seravschanica (Kom.) Kitam. (Cupressaceae), 10 September 2017, 1700 m alt., Y. Gafforov, YG575 (TASM 6139, holotype); ibid. Y. Gafforov, YG1070 (TASM 6140). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK433640, MK433641; LSU: MK433642, MK433643. Notes: Rigidoporus juniperinus is characterized usually by annual resupinate basidiocarps covered in moss, white to cream-coloured pores, presence of hyphoid cystidia and lack of cystidioles and globose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. It grows on coniferous wood in juniper forests. From the phylogenetic perspective inferred from the concatenated ITS and LSU regions (Fig. 100), two specimens of R. juniperinus formed a distinct clade with full support in Rigidoporus. The closest phylogenetic species to R. juniperinus is R. cuneatus (Murrill) F. Wu, Jia J. Chen & Y. C. Dai. However, there are morphological differences between R. juniperinus and R. cuneatus. R. juniperinus has broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, basidiospores (3.9–)4.2–4.5(–4.9) × 2.9–3(–3.5) μm while R. cuneatus has mostly globose and bigger basidiospores (3–5 μm). Morphologically, R. juniperinus is very similar to Oxyporus corticola (Fr.) Ryvarden. However, O. corticola has larger and ovoid basidiospores ((4.5)5–6 × 3.5–4.5 μm, Ryvarden and Gilberston 1994). R. juniperinus also resembles O. populinus (Schumach.) Donk by sharing annual, resupinate basidiocarps covered with moss at the base, cream-coloured pore surface, approximately the same shape and size of basidiospores, and abundant encrusted cystidia (Ryvarden and Gilberston 1994). However, the latter species has small pores (6–8 per mm), capitate to cylindrical larger cystidia, interwoven hyphae in the subiculum, and grows on angiosperm wood, while R. juniperinus has bigger pores 13 (4–5 per mm), most of the skeletal hyphae are regularly arranged in the subiculum, an absence of cystidioles and distinctly thick-walled hyphoid cystidia, clavate and bigger basidia and grow on coniferous wood. These fungal species have many crystals and encrustations on the hyphae which is a common ecological adaption for aphylloporoid species that minimizes water loss in arid and semiarid regions of Central Asia (Gafforov et al. 2017). Polyporales Gäum. Notes: The order Polyporales is strongly supported as a clade of the Agaricomycetes. About 13 families, 216 genera and 1801 species had been recorded in the order before 2008 according to the 10th edition of Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al. 2008). In the last ten years, many studies focused on the taxonomy and phylogeny of taxa belonging to the Polyporales; one new family, Fragiliporiaceae (Zhao et al. 2015), and many new genera have been proposed in the order (Cui et al. 2011, 2019; Li and Cui 2013; Zhao et al. 2013, 2014; Li et al. 2014; Han et al. 2016; Chen et al. 2017; Shen et al. 2019; Sun et al. 2020). Recently, Justo et al. (2017) provided a revised family-level classification of the Polyporales and proposed three new families. In addition, some economically important species are the memebrs of Polyporales (Dai and Yang 2008; Cao et al. 2012). Fomitopsidaceae Jülich, Biblthca Mycol. 85: 367 (1981) Notes: Fomitopsidaceae was established by Jülich (1981) and typified by the genus Fomitopsis P. Karst. Around 24 genera and 197 species were accepted in the family before Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 137 Fig. 99 Microscopic structures of Rigidoporus juniperinus (TASM 6139, holotype). a Basidiospores. b Basidia. c Basidioles. d Hymenial cystidia e Cystidioid hyphal ends. f Hyphae from trama. g Hyphae from subiculum 13 138 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 100 Phylogenetic position of Rigidoporus juniperinus inferred from the ITS and LSU sequences. Bootstrap support values (ML and MP) ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with Phellinus ferrugineovelutinus. The new isolates are in bold 2008 according to the 10th edition of Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al. 2008). Recently, taxonomic and phylogentic studies were carried out on Fomitopsidaceae and eleven new genera were proposed: Amaropostia B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai, Calcipostia B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai, Cystidiopostia B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai, Fuscopostia B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai, Fragifomes B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, Niveoporofomes B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, Piptoporellus B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, Rhodofomitopsis B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, Rubellofomes B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, Ungulidaedalea B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai and Pseudofibroporia Yuan Y. Chen & B.K. Cui (Han et al. 2016; Chen et al. 2017; Shen et al. 2019), and many new species were described (Cui 2013; Cui and Dai 2013; Li et al. 2013; Han et al. 2014, 2015, 2016; Shen and Cui 2014; Shen et al. 2014, 2015, 2019; Song et al. 2014, 2018c; Chen et al. 2015a, b; Han and Cui 2015; Chen and Cui 2016; Chen et al. 2017; Song and Cui 2017). Fomitopsidaceae is the most important family of the brown-rot fungi. Species previously belonging to Fomitopsidaceae were divided into three clades at family level according to Justo et al. (2017), which needs to be clarified in the future. Notes: Rhodofomitopsis was recently segregated from Fomitopsis based on morphological characters and phylogenetic evidence. It differs from Fomitopsis by its rose, violaceous to pinkish brown pore surface and context, round, angular, or slightly labyrinthiform, subdaedaleoid to sinuous-daedaleoid pores and absence of cystidia or other sterile hymenial elements (Han et al. 2016). In our phylogenetic analysis based on the combined dataset of ITS + nLSU + nS SU + mtSSU + RPB2 + TEF1 sequences, species of Rhodofomitopsis formed a separate lineage (Fig. 101), and were distant from Fomitopsis and Rubellofomes B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai. Rhodofomitopsis B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, Fungal Diversity 80: 365 (2016) 13 Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei B.K. Cui & Shun Liu, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB829661; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06041; Figs. 102, 103 Etymology: Referring to the species being similar to Rhodofomitopsis feei (Fr.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai in morphology. Holotype: Cui 16794 (BJFC). Basidiocarps annual, pileate, sessile, solitary or imbricate, easily separable from the substrate, without odor or taste, corky when fresh, becoming hard corky and light in weight when dry. Pilei applanate, semicircular to flabelliform, projecting up to 4.2 cm, 8.7 cm wide and 2.5 cm thick at base. Pileal surface greyish brown to fuscous at base and cream to honey yellow toward the margin, glabrous to Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 139 Fig. 101 Phylogenetic analyses of Rhodofomitopsis inferred from the ITS, nLSU, mtSSU, nSSU, RPB2 and TEF1 sequences. Bootstrap support values (ML and MP) ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabili- ties ≥ 0.95 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with Antrodia tanakae (Cui 9743 and Yuan 1106). The new species and new combinations are in bold slightly velutinate, azonate, slightly sulcate or not; margin obtuse to acute. Pore surface clay buff to clay pink when dry; sterile margin distinct, pale mouse grey to greyish brown, up to 4 mm wide; pores round and small, but somewhat variable, mostly 5–7 per mm and almost invisible to the naked eye; dissepiments thick, entire. Context buff to 13 140 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 3.2(–3.3) µm, L = 6.57 µm, W = 2.87 µm, Q = 2. 19-2.32 (n = 90/3). Material examined: AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Cairns, nearby Mount Whitfield Conservation Park, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 7 May 2018, Cui 16794 (BJFC, holotype); on fallen angiosperm trunk, 7 May 2018, Cui 16762 (BJFC); on fallen angiosperm trunk, 7 May 2018, Cui 16803 (BJFC); on fallen angiosperm trunk, 7 May 2018, Cui 16807 (BJFC). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK461952, MK461951, MK461953, MK461954; LSU: MK461956, MK461955, MK461957, MK461958; mtSSU: MK461960, MK461959, MK461961, MK461962; nSSU: MK461964, MK461963, MK461965, MK461966; RPB2: MK463984, MK463983, TEF1: MK463986, MK463985, MK463987. Notes: Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei was found from tropical areas of Australia. Morphologically, it is similar to R. feei by the pileate and pinkish basidiocarps (Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1986). However, the latter species has smaller basidiospores (5–6.5 × 2–3 µm), and lacks cystidioles (Han and Cui 2015). Phylogenetically, R. pseudofeei is distinct from R. feei (Fig. 101). Fomitopsis subfeei B.K. Cui & M.L. Han was recently described from China (Han and Cui 2015) and transferred to Rhodofomes Kotl. & Pouzar as a new combination: Rhodofomes subfeei (B.K. Cui & M.L. Han) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai (Han et al. 2016), which also has pileate and pinkish basidiocarps and may be confused with Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei, but it is distinguished by its bigger pores (4–6 per mm) and smaller basidiospores (4–5 × 1.9–2.4 mm, Han and Cui 2015). Fig. 102 Basidiocarps of Rhdofomitopsis pseudofeei (Cui 16794, holotype). Scale bar: = 2 cm reddish brown or cinnamon brown, corky, up to 15 mm thick. Tubes concolorous with pore surface, hard corky, up to 2 mm long. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae bearing clamp connections; skeletal hyphae IKI–, CB–; tissues becoming blackish brown in KOH. Context generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 1.7–3.8 µm diam; skeletal hyphae dominant, hyaline to pale yellowish, thick-walled with a wide to narrow lumen, frequently simple-septate, occasionally branched, interwoven, 2–5.5 µm diam. Trama generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 1.8–2.6 µm diam; skeletal hyphae dominant, hyaline to pale yellowish, thick-walled with a wide to narrow lumen, frequently simple-septate, occasionally branched, interwoven, 1.5–4 µm diam. Cystidia absent, but fusoid cystidioles occasionally present, hyaline, thinwalled, 12–23 × 3–5 µm. Basidia clavate, bearing four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 12–23 × 4–6.5 µm; basidioles dominant, in shape similar to basidia, but smaller. Basidiospores cylindrical, sometimes curved, hyaline, thinwalled, smooth, IKI–, CB–, (5.2–)5.9–7(–8.4) × (2–)2.5– 13 Rhodofomitopsis monomitica (Yuan Y. Chen) B.K. Cui, Yuan Y. Chen & Shun Liu, comb. nov. MycoBank number: MB829662; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06042 ≡ Antrodia monomitica Yuan Y. Chen, Mycosphere 8(7): 882 (2017) Notes: Antrodia monomitica was recently described from China (Chen and Wu 2017). According to the phylogenetic analyses based on ITS + nLSU + nSSU + mtSSU + RPB2 + TEF1 sequences, it fell into the Rhodofomitopsis group, thus we transferred it to Rhodofomitopsis as a new combination. Rhodofomitopsis oleracea (R.W. Davidson & Lombard) B.K. Cui, Yuan Y. Chen & Shun Liu, comb. nov. MycoBank number: MB829663; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06043 ≡ Poria oleracea R.W. Davidson & Lombard, Mycologia 39(3): 317 (1947) ≡ Antrodia oleracea (R.W. Davidson & Lombard) Ryvarden, Prelim. Polyp. Fl. E. Afr. (Oslo): 252 (1980) Notes: Antrodia oleracea was reported from North America and Africa previously (Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1986; Ryvarden and Johansen 1980), and has been reported as a Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 141 Fig. 103 Microscopic structures of Rhdofomitopsis pseudofeei (Cui 16794, holotype). a Basidiospores. b Basidia and basidioles. c Basidioles. d Hyphae form trama. e Hyphae from context new Chinese record based on morphological characters (Du et al. 2009). According to the phylogenetic analyses based on ITS + nLSU + nSSU + mtSSU + RPB2 + TEF1 sequences, it grouped together with R. monomitica in the Rhodofomitopsis group, thus we transferred it to Rhodofomitopsis as a new combination. Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda [as ’Polyporei’], Icon. Fung. (Prague) 3: 49 (1839) Notes: The family was typified by Polyporus P. Micheli ex Adans. (Fries 1838), and its concept was originally described as a family of the Aphyllophorales that included all fungi with poroid hymenophores. Subsequently, the concept of Polyporaceae has been revised by many mycologists, and the classifications of Polyporaceae have been changing for a long time (Karsten 1879, 1881, 1892; Patouilliard 1900; Donk 1960, 1964; Jülich 1981; Ryvarden 1991; Zhao 1998; Kirk et al. 2008). Recently, systematic studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of some genera of Polyporaceae have been reported, but comprehensive studies on the family level in the Polyporaceae are still lacking. Although Justo et al. (2017) presented a systematic revision of Polyporales at the order level based on sequences from LSU, ITS and RPB1 genes, only limited taxa of Polyporaceae were included in their analyses. Cui et al. (2019) performed a comprehensive study on the species diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae in China. They recorded 217 species and provided an outline of the phylogeny of the Polyporaceae in China. The definition of Polyporaceae still needs to be revised in the future. Antrodiella Ryvarden & I. Johans., Prelim. Polyp. Fl. E. Afr. (Oslo): 256 (1980) 13 142 Notes: Antrodiella was established in 1980 to embrace the Polyporus semisupinus Berk. & M.A. Curtis complex (Ryvarden and Johansen 1980). It was characterized by resupinate, effused-reflexed to pileate basidiocarps with elastic consistency when fresh and dense and hard when dry, small pores, light-colored pore surface, a dimitic to trimitic hyphal structure, small ellipsoid to cylindrical basdiospores and producing a white rot (Núñez and Ryvarden 2001; Dai 2004). More than 50 species have been described worldwide (Yuan 2014). The circumscription of Antrodiella has been expanded greatly, but the cyanophilic reaction of the skeletal hyphae was always considered an important and consistent character. Recently, DNA-based molecular phylogenetic studies have been revealed the non-monophyletic background of Antrodiella, and showed very complicated relationships among the genera of Antrodiella, Flaviporus, Junghuhnia and Steccherinum (Vampola and Vlasák 2011; Miettinen et al. 2012; Yuan 2013, 2014). Antrodiella descendena (Corner) C.L. Zhao & Y.C. Dai, comb. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556447; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06040; Figs. 104, 105c, d Basionym: Tyromyces descendens Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 96: 167 (1989). Basidiocarp basidiocarps annual, pileate. Pileus semicircular, projecting up to 1 cm, 1.5 cm wide, and 1 cm thick at base. Pileal surface buff to pale brown on drying, smooth, azonate; margin obtuse. Pore surface orange-brown to brown upon drying; pores angular, 4–5 per mm; dissepiments thin. Context cream to yellowish brown, corky, about 2 mm thick. Tubes concolorous with pore surface, corky, up to 8 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections; skeletal hyphae IKI–, CB–, present in trama only; tissues unchanged in KOH. Subicular generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 4.0–5.0 µm diam; skeletal hyphae yellowish brown, thick-walled, with a wide lumen, unbranched, loosely interwoven, 3–4.5 µm diam. Tramal generative hyphae infrequent, hyaline, thin-walled, usually unbranched, 3.0–4.5 µm diam; skeletal hyphae dominant, hyaline, thick-walled with a wide to narrow lumen, unbranched, interwoven, 3.0–5.0 µm diam. Cystidia and cystidioles absent; basidia and basidioles absent. Basidiospores cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–, 3.0–3.4(–3.6) × 1.0–1.3(–1.5) µm, L = 3.16 µm, W = 1.12 µm, Q = 2.82 (n = 30/1). Material examined: MALAYSIA, Johore, Gunong Panti, 28 April 1941, leg. E.J.H. Corner, E00159582 (E). Notes: The type specimen of Tyromyces descendens was examined by Hattori (2002) but he did not find basidiospores and treated it as Antrodiella sp. based on a dimitic hyphal system. In the present study, we found the basidiospores by re-examining the type specimen and confirmed that the 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 specimen belongs to Antrodiella. Therefore, we propose a new combination A. descendena although we did not get DNA from the type material. A. americana Ryvarden & Gilb. and A. descendena share basidiospores of similar size (2.5–3.5 × 1.0–1.8 µm). However, the former differs by resupinate basidiocarps and larger-sized pores (1–2 per mm, Núñez and Ryvarden 2001). Tyromyces P. Karst., Revue Mycol., Toulouse 3(no. 9): 17 (1881) Notes: Tyromyces is a large, cosmopolitan genus that occurs in almost all types of forests from boreal to the tropics (Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1987; Ryvarden and Melo 2014; Dai 2012a, b). The genus is characterized by annual, pileate basidiocarps which are sappy when fresh becoming rigid and fragile when dry; a white to cream pore surface, a momomitic to dimitic hyphal system with clamp connections on the generative hyphae; allantoid to ovoid, thinwalled basidiospores without reaction in IKI and production of a white rot-type (Núñez and Ryvarden 2001; Ryvarden and Melo 2014). Tyromyces minutulus Y.C. Dai & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556446; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06044; Figs. 105a, b, 106 Etymology: Referring to the small pileus. Holotype: BJFC017406. Basidiocarp annual, pileate, occasionally attached by a lateral tapering base, soft and sappy when fresh, becoming corky upon drying. Pilei more or less semicircular, projecting up to 1 cm, 1.5 cm wide, 1.5 mm thick at base. Pileal surface concentrically zonate, white when juvenile, becoming light chocolate to pale brown in centre, more or less glabrous to slightly rough. Pore surface white when fresh, white to cream upon drying; pores round to angular, 7–9 per mm; dissepiments thin, entire. Sterile margin white, up to 2 mm wide. Context white, corky, up to 0.5 mm thick. Tubes concolorous with pore surface, corky, up to 1 mm long. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, IKI–, CB–; tissues unchanged in KOH. Subicular generative hyphae hyaline, thick-walled with a wide lumen, unbranched, interwoven, 2.5–4.5 µm diam. Tramal generative hyphae hyaline, thin- to thick-walled, frequently branched, interwoven, 2.0–3.0 µm diam. Cystidia absent, but fusoid cystidioles present, hyaline, thinwalled, 7.0–8.0 × 3.0–3.5 µm; basidia more or less barrelshaped, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 9.0–11.0 × 3.0–4.5 µm; basidioles dominant; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but slightly smaller. Basidiospores cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, tapering at apiculus, usually bearing one or two guttules, IKI–, CB–, (3.5–) 3.7–4(–4.2) × 1.0–1.3(–1.5) µm, L = 3.89 µm, W = 1.18 µm, Q = 3. 19-3.45 (n = 60/2). Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 143 Fig. 104 Microscopic structures of Antrodiella descendena (E00159582, holotype). a Basidiospores. b Hyphae from trama. c Hyphae from context. Scale bar: a = 5 μm, b–c = 10 μm 13 144 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 105 Basidiocarps of Tyromyces minutulus (BJFC017406, holotype) and the combination taxon Antrodiella descendena (holotype). a, b Tyromyces minutulus. c, d Antrodiella descendena. Scale bars: a = 0.5 cm, e–f = 2 mm Material examined: CHINA, Hainan Province, Changjiang County, Bawangling Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm wood, 16 June 2014 Dai 13666 (holotype); on fallen angiosperm trunk, 8 May 2009 Cui 6427 (BJFC). GenBank numbers: ITS: KM598443; LSU: KM598445. Notes: Phylogenetically, the new species, Tyromyces minutulus, groups with T. chioneus, T. kmetii (Bres.) Bondartsev & Singer, Piloporia sajanensis and Skeletocutis amorpha (Fig. 107). However, morphologically T. chioneus differs from T. minutulus by its larger pores (3–4 per mm) and basidiospores (4.0–5.0 × 1.5–2.0 µm, Núñez and Ryvarden 2001). T. kmetii is separated from T. minutulus by the orange pore surface and larger basidiospores (4.0–4.5 2.5–3.0 µm, Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1987). Skeletocutis amorpha differs in its resupinate to effuso-reflexed basidiocarps, a dimitic hyphal system and allantoid basidiospores (Núñez and Ryvarden 2001; Ryvarden and Melo 2014). Piloporia 13 sajanensis is distinguished from T. minutulus by the distinctly duplex structure of the context and the brown hyphae (Niemelä 1982). Morphologically the basidiospores of the new species are reminiscent of several similar Tyromyces species. T. polyporoides Ryvarden & Iturriaga differs in its laterally stipitate basidiocarps (Ryvarden and Iturriaga 2003); T. americanus (D. Reid) Ryvarden & Iturriaga differs from T. minutulus by substipitate basidiocarps and pale orange pore surface (Ryvarden and Iturriaga 2003); T. leucomallus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill differs in having larger basidiocarps and gloeoplerous hyphae (Núñez and Ryvarden 2001); and T. subviridis Ryvarden & Guzmán is distinguished by ochraceous basidiocarps and a grey to pale green pore surface (Ryvarden and Guzmán 2001). Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 145 Fig. 106 Microscopic structures of Tyromyces minutulus (BJFC017406, holotype). a Basidiospores. b Basidia and basidioles. c Cystidioles. d Hyphae from trama. e Hyphae from context. Scale bars: a = 5 μm, b–e = 10 μm Notes: The taxonomic placement of the family was very controversial in earlier days. Pegler (1977) and Singer (1986) agreed with Lotsy (1907) and proposed the family name Russulaceae and placed it in the Agaricales (Smith 1973; Pegler 1977; Singer 1986). Based on Singer (1986), the family possessed a wide range of characters like fleshy (mostly), often vividly coloured basidiocarps with free to decurrent lamellae, heteromerous lamellae trama without clamp-connections, and amyloid basidiospores with distinct ornamentation. These features easily help to distinguish the family from all the other macrofungal families. Similarly, other mycologists like Kreisel (1969) and Kühner (1980) proposed to include the family under Russulales due to the presence of heteromerous trama, and amyloid and ornamented basidiospores. Kirk et al. (2001) fixed the proper placement of the family in Russulales. Recently, a molecular phylogenetic approach confined the family to the “russuloid clade” that consists of a morphologically diverse group of fungi forming a distinct lineage (Hibbett and Thorn 2001; Larsson and Larsson 2003). Finally, to our present knowledge, Russulaceae is classified under Russulales in the class Agaricomycetes (Hibbett et al. 2007). 13 146 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 107 Maximum Parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of Tyromyces minutulus with related species in Polyporales based on ITS and LSU sequences. Branches are labeled with maximum likelihood bootstrap ≥ 70%, parsimony bootstrap propor- tions ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 respectively. Sequences of Stereum hirsutum and Heterobasidion annosum were used as outgroup taxa. The new isolates are in bold Russulaceae Lotsy, Vortr. Bot. Stammesgesch. 1: 706 (1907) Notes: Russulaceae is one of the important ectomycorrhizal groups of fungi which belongs in order Russulales (Kirk et al. 2001). Historically, the family was established by Roze in 1876 as Russulariéés (nom. nud). Late in the year of 1907 it was validated as Russulaceae by Lotsy and placed under Agaricales. To our recent knowledge, Russulaceae includes seven genera viz. Russula Pers., Lactarius Pers., Lactifluus (Pers.) Roussel, Cystangium Singer & A.H. Sm., Multifurca Buyck & V. Hofst., Boidinia Stalpers & Hjortstam and Pseudoxenasma K.H. Larss. & Hjortstam. There are records of more than 1248 species belonging to the family across the world (Atri et al. 2016). Notes: Persoon (1796a, b) was the pioneer mycologist who established the genus Russula with morphological features like the presence of fleshy fruitbodies with a depressed cap, and equal gills. About 900 taxa have been reported in this genus worldwide and 158 taxa have been reported from India (Paloi et al. 2018). Russula Pers., Observ. Mycol. (Lipsiae) 1: 100 (1796) 13 Russula benghalensis S. Paloi & K. Acharya, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB 831253; Facesoffungi Number: FoF 06141; Figs. 108, 109 Etymology: ‘benghalensis’ refers to the type locality West Bengal. Holotype: CUH AM654. Basidiocarp small to medium. Pileus 14‒35 mm diam, convex to broadly convex at early stage, becoming broadly convex to applanate, or sometime upturned with a central Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 108 Russula benghalensis (CUH AM654, holotype). a Fresh basidiocarps. b SEM photograph of basidiospores. Scale bars: a = 10 mm, b = 2 µm depression, surface smooth when young, becoming cracked or areolate, moist to semi-moist, gelatinized, brownish orange (7C5‒6), light brown (7D6) to reddish brown (8D5) at center, towards margin greyish orange (5B6; 6B3), brownish orange (6C4‒5) or greyish red (7B4), no change after bruising, turns orange-red with KOH, orange-pink with SV, light pink to pink with phenol and guaiacol; context very thin (< 1 mm), white (1A1) to cream, no change when exposed to air. Lamellae ca. 2‒3 mm broad, adnate, regular, white (1A1), turns brown-orange to brick red with guaiacol and phenol, negative with SV; margins even, concolorous; lamellulae 1‒2 tiers. Stipe central, 20‒40 × 3‒6 mm, slightly curved, more or less equal, semi moist, ruinose; greyish orange (5B3) to pale orange (6A3) or light orange (6A4), no change on bruising, turning yellow with KOH, negative reaction to phenol and guaiacol; context chambered, white (1A1), no change when exposed to air. Odour unknown. Taste mild. Spore print white (1A1) to cream. Basidiospores (5.5‒)6.3‒7.5(‒8.0) × (4.6‒)5.0‒6.5(‒7.5) µm, L = 6.7, W = 5.8, Q = 1.07‒1.25, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, ornamentation amyloid, composed of short (0.3‒0.4 µm) to high (0.6‒0.8 µm) isolated individual warts, obtuse to sometime lobed apex, never reticulated. Basidium 35.5‒61.0 × 5.5‒11.5 µm, clavate to subclavate, hyaline, thin-walled. Lamellar trama pseudoparanchymatus. Lamellae edge sterile. Hymenial cystidia 30.5‒68.5 × 6.0‒12.5 µm, sub-clavate to sub-cylindrical with moniliform to appendiculate apex, oil granules present in KOH near gill edge; 147 pleurocystidia: two types of cystidia present, one same as gill edge, another 53‒70 × 9.0‒14.0 µm, clavate to subclavate with round or obtuse apex, thin-walled, hyaline, oil granule present when viewed with KOH. Pileipellis a trichoderm, orthocromatic in Cresyl Blue, distinctly three layers, underlining cortex composed of spherocytes; subpileus 50‒85 µm deep, composed of tightly arranged hyphal cells, 3.5‒5.5 µm broad, thin-walled, hyaline, end obtuse, oil granules present when mounted in KOH; suprapellis 30‒65 µm deep, non-gelatinous, composed of erect to suberect hyphae, 3.0‒5.0 µm broad, thin-walled, hyaline, end obtuse or round; oleiferous hyphae 3.5‒7.0 µm broad, abundant towards cap centre, thin-walled; pileocystidia 27.0‒40.0 × 5.0‒7.0 µm, scattered at margin, cylindrical to subcylindrical with less pointed apex or sometimes rounded, thin-walled, hyaline, oil granules present when mounted in KOH. Stipitipellis composed of erect to suberect hyphae, 4.0‒6.0 µm broad, non-gelatinous, thin-walled, hyaline, end obtuse; caulocystidia 43.0‒69.0 × 5.0‒7.0 µm, cylindrical with moniliform to pointed apex, thin-walled, hyaline, oil granules present when viewed with KOH. Clamp-connections absent in all tissues. Habit and habitat: solitary, scattered, grows under Shorea robusta tree. Material examined: INDIA, West Bengal, Nadia district, near Bethuradhari forest, 23°35′52.2492′′ N, 88°23′34.0944′′ E (elev. 25 m), 20 August 2016, S. Paloi and A. K. Dutta, CUH AM654 (holotype); Nadia district, near Bethuradhari forest, 23°35′52.1088″ N, 88°23′33.8424″ E (elev. 27 m), 5 August 2017, S. Paloi and K. Acharya, CUH AM655. GenBank numbers: ITS: MK414583, MK414584; LSU: MK496844. Notes: Russula benghalensis is easily recognized by the presence of a small-sized pileus, which turned orange-red with KOH, adnate lamellae with one to two lamellulae, a mild taste, basidiospores with ornamentation composed of isolated warts, a trichodermal type of pileipellis, the presence of oleiferous hyphae and pileocystidia. Phylogenetically related species are Russula pila (Pat.) Trappe & T.F. Elliott and R. mistiformis (Mattir.) Trappe & T.F. Elliott (Fig. 110); both species were reported from Spain. However, R. pila differs from the new species due to the presence of a subglobose fruitbody, larger basidiospores (9‒13 µm, Q = 1) with warty ornamentation and absence of cystidia (Vidal et al. 2019); R. mistiformis is associated with Quercus, Pinus and Castanea; has a tuber-like brown fruitbody and larger basidiospores (8.5‒12.5 × 8‒10.5 µm) and is easily separated from R. benghalensis (Vidal et al. 2019). When considering species with similar basidiospore size and ornamentation in the subgenus Ingratula, Russula benghalensis appears closely related to R. lilacipes Shear, R. granulata (Peck) Peck and R. amoenolens Romagn. However, R. lilacipes has a comparatively larger pileus (70‒150 mm diam), short, cylindrical cheilocystidia with ventricose 13 148 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 109 Morphological features of Russula benghalensis (CUH AM654, holotype). a Basidia. b Cystidia near gill edge. c Cystidia near gill side. d Pileipellis. e Oleiferous hyphae. f Pileocystidia. g Basidiospores. Scales bars: a = 10 mm, b–g = 10 µm, h = 5 µm to fusiform apex and pileipellis covered by a gelatinous layer (Shaffer 1972). R. granulata differs by a larger pileus (40‒105 mm diam), a stipe surface turning reddish with KOH, and pileocystidia with a fusiform, lanceolate or short appendiculate apex (Shaffer 1972). R. amoenolens has a strong acrid taste, a pileus surface that remains unchanged or turns very faintly orange with KOH, a cutis type of pileipellis and an absence of pileocystidia (Romagnesi 1952). Russula laurocerasi Melzer and R. senecis S. Imai (reported from India) morphologically appear close to R. benghalensis. R. laurocerasi differs from R. benghalensis by the presence of a dull yellow to yellow–brown pileus, an acrid taste, comparatively larger basidiospores (7.5‒11.0 × 7.5‒9 µm) with partial or nearly reticulate ornamentation and a cutis type of pileipellis (Shaffer 1972). R. senecis differs from the present taxon by the presence of a discolored lamellae edge, a pileus surface which turns rust to rusttawny with KOH, adnexed lamellae attachment, 13 a very acrid taste, strong fishy odour, larger-sized basidiospores with very high ornamentation (up to 3.2 µm tall) (Khatua et al. 2015). Thelephorales Corner ex Oberw. Notes: The order was erected by Oberwinkler (1976), based on Thelephoraceae ss. Stalpers. The Thelephorales is composed of two families: Thelephoraceae and Bankeraceae ss. Stalpers (Stalpers 1993; most species in this order are considered to be ectomycorrhizal (Agerer 1987–2008, 1995; Taylor and Bruns 1997; Erland and Taylor 1999; Kõljalg et al. 2000). Currently around 18 genera and 269 species are accepted in the order (Kirk et al. 2008). Thelephoraceae Chevall.[as ’Thelephoreae’], Fl. Gén. Env. Paris (Paris) 1: 84 (1826) Notes: Thelephoraceae was introduced by Chevall (1826), with the type genus Thelephora Ehrh. ex Willd. It is the Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 149 Fig. 110 Phylogram generated from Bayesian analysis based on ITS sequence dataset for 45 Russula and two outgroup sequences (Amylostereum laevigatum and Stereum hirsutum). Maximum likelihood bootstrap support values ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.50 are indicated above the nodes. The newly described taxon is indicated in bold most important family in the Thelephorales, as many species in the family play an important role forming ectomycorrhizal associations in forests from temperate to tropical zones (Jakucs and Erős-Honti 2008; Peay et al. 2010; Tedersoo et al. 2010; Gao et al. 2014). Currently around 12 genera and 171 species are accomodated in the family (Kirk et al. 2008). Tomentella Pers. ex Pat., Hyménomyc. Eur. (Paris): 154 (1887) Notes: The name “Tomentella” was first used as the subgenus of Corticium Pers. (Persoon 1799) and was validated as the generic name by Patouillard (1887). Tomentella is delimited from the other genera mostly by the lack of a special combinations of features, which are present in the other genera (Agerer et al. 2001; Kõljalg 1996). It is characterized 13 150 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 111 Phylogenetic position of Tomentella species inferred from the ITS sequences. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with Odontia fibrosa (TU115714). The new species are in bold 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 151 Fig. 111 (continued) 13 152 Fig. 112 A basidiocarp of Tomentella asiae-orientalis (IFP 019275, holotype) Fig. 113 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella asiae-orientalis (IFP 019275, holotype) by strictly resupinate basidiocarps separable from or adhered to the substrates, a smooth or granulose hymenophore, the presence or absence of rhizomorphs, subicular hyphae with clamp connections or simple septa and ornamented basidiospores (Wakefield 1960; Larsen 1966, 1969, 1970; Kõljalg 1996). Fungi in this genus are cosmopolitan, and the species diversity based on fruitbodies have been extensively taxonomically studied from temperate Eurasia (Kõljalg 1996), North America (Larsen 1974), Iberian Peninsula (Melo et al. 2002), West Africa (Yorou and Agerer 2008; Yorou et al. 2007, 2008, 2011), Australia (Agerer and Bougher 2001), South America (Kuhar et al. 2016) and Asia (Thind and Rattan 1971). In addition, using high throughput sequencing 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 techniques a large number of DNA sequences from environmental samples or plant ectomycorrhizal root tips from different regions of the world have been identified as Tomentella spp. with most of them not matching any known species (Gao et al. 2013; Nouhra et al. 2013). These sequences provide distribution information despite lacking a visible fruitbody. About 400 names have been recorded and around 150 species accepted in the database of Index Fungorum; 80 species were recorded in the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.) (Kirk et al. 2008). However, taxonomic studies based on fruitbodies of Tomentella in China were very few. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of rDNA ITS sequences (Fig. 111), new species of Tomentella are described and illustrated in this paper. The types (type A–F) of rhizomorphic hyphal organization are important charateristics; we follow the definition of Agerer (1987–2008). Tomentella asiae-orientalis H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555723; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05601; Figs. 112, 113, 114 Etymology: Refers to the distribution in East Asia. Holotype: IFP 019275. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, arachnoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.5–0.8 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, pale brown to dark brown (6D8–6F7) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, frequently branched, 5–7 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 7–9 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 15–45 μm long and 5–13 μm diam at apex, 4–6 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 6–8 μm long and 1–1.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thickwalled, (7–)7.5–8.5(–9) × (6–)6.5–7.5(–8) μm, L = 8.12 μm, W = 7.08 μm, Q = 1.08–1.2 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 2.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Heilongjiang Province, Fenglin National Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm twig, 16 October 2016, Yuan 12022 (IFP 019275, holotype); on fallen branch of Pinus koraiensis, 16 October 2016, Yuan 11918 (IFP 019276). Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 153 Fig. 114 Microscopic structures of Tomentella asiae-orientalis (IFP 019275, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211711, MK211710; LSU: MK446334, MK446333. Notes: Tomentella bryophila (Pers.) M.J. Larsen is similar to T. asiae-orientalis by its basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, smooth hymenophoral surface, clamped hyphae, globose to subglobose basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. bryophila differs from T. asiae-orientalis by having short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, utriform basidia and encrusted subicular hyphae (Kõljalg 1996). T. changbaiensis resembles T. asiae-orientalis by light brown to dark brown basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, smooth hymenophoral surface, clamped hyphae, globose to subglobose basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. changbaiensis differs from T. asiae-orientalis by having short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells and utriform basidia. Tomentella atrobadia H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555627; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05602; Figs. 115, 116, 117 Etymology: Refers to the dark brown basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019243. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, crustose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.5–0.8 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, dark brown (6F5–7F5) and paler than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, concolorous with 13 154 Fig. 115 A basidiocarp of Tomentella atrobadia (IFP 019243, holotype) Fig. 116 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella atrobadia (IFP 019243, holotype) hymenophore. Subiculum mostly dark brown. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic, generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, rarely branched, 6–7 μm diam, without encrustation, yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thick-walled, frequently branched, 6–8 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 40–60 μm long and 8–15 μm diam at apex, 5–8 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, stalked, not sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, yellow in KOH, yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 5–7 μm long and 3–4 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (9–)9.4–10.5(–11) × (7.5–)8–9.9(–10.5) μm in lateral and frontal views, L = 9.87 μm, W = 8.8 μm, Q = 1.07–1.15 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 (n = 60/2), globose, subglobose, triangular or lobed in frontal view and subglobose to ellipsoid in lateral view, echinulate to aculeolate, yellow in KOH, yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Xifeng County, Binglashan National Forest Park, on rotten angiosperm branch, 2 August 2016, Yuan 11099 (IFP 019243, holotype); on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 2 August 2016, Yuan 11114 (IFP 019244). GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686248, KY686249; LSU: MK446335, MK446336. Notes: Tomentella stuposa (Link) Stalpers is similar to T. atrobadia by having continuous and brown-coloured basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymenophoral surface, thick-walled hyphae, globose basidiospores of approximately the same size and the absence of rhizomorphs. However, T. stuposa is differentiated by having simple septate subicular hyphae, thin-walled subhymenial hyphae and triangular or lobed basidiospores (Kõljalg 1996). T. alpina Peintner & Dämmrich is similar to T. atrobadia by having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, smooth hymenophore, the absence of rhizomorphs, clamped and thick-walled subicular hyphae and globose or subglobose basidiospores. But, the former species has distinctly smaller basidospores (6.5–8.5 μm diam, Peintner and Dämmrich 2012). Tomentella atrocastanea H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555628; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05603; Figs. 118, 119, 120 Etymology: Refers to the dark chestnut basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019245. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.2–0.6 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, dark chestnut (6F7) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often determinate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 5–7 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 7–9 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 10–40 μm long and 5–10 μm diam at apex, 5–10 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 4–6 μm long and 2–2.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (7–)7 .5–8.5(–9) × (6–)6.5–8(–8.5) μm, L = 7.96 μm, W = 7.28 μm, Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 155 Fig. 117 Microscopic structures of Tomentella atrobadia (IFP 019243, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view Q = 1.07–1.13 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, up to 3 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 31 July 2017, Yuan 12179 (IFP 019245, holotype), Yuan 12170 (IFP 019246). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211743, MK211742; LSU: MK446338, MK446337. Notes: Tomentella tenuirhizomorpha X. Lu et al. is similar to T. atrocastanea by having mucedinoid and continuous basidiocarps separable from the substrate, a smooth hymenophoral surface, a farinaceous sterile margin, clamped and simple septate hyphae, more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells, the absence of cystidia, and globose to subglobose basidiospores. However, T. tenuirhizomorpha differs from T. atrocastanea by having thin-walled subicular hyphae, clavate basidia and slender rhizomorphs (Lu et al. 2018a). T. agereri Yorou also resembles T. atrocastanea by having continuous basidiocarps separable from the substrate, more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells, the absence of cystidia, and globose to subglobose basidiospores. But, it differs by fulvous or sienna, arachnoid basidiocarps with a 13 156 Fig. 118 A basidiocarp of Tomentella atrocastanea (IFP 019245, holotype) Fig. 119 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella atrocastanea (IFP 019245, holotype) byssoid sterile margin, clamped hyphae, clavate basidia and the presence of rhizomorphs (Yorou et al. 2011). Tomentella aureomarginata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555629; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05604; Figs. 121, 122, 123 Etymology: Refers to the golden yellow sterile margin of the basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019247. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 1–1.5 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, golden brown to yellowish brown (5D7–5F5) and turning 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 darker than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often determinate, byssoid, ligher than hymenophore, golden brown (5D7). Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margins, 15–35 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorphs monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and uniform; single hyphae with both clamps and simple septa, thick-walled, unbranched, 3.5–4 μm, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, slightly thick- to thick-walled, frequently branched, 2–4 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and simple septate, thin-walled, frequently branched, 3.5–4 μm diam, without encrustation; hyphal cells short and not inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–45 μm long and 4–8 μm diam at apex, 3–4 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, with transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2–7 μm long and 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (6–)6.5–7(–7.5) × (5.5– )6–6.5(–7) μm, L = 6.72 μm, W = 6.26 μm, Q = 1.06–1.22 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi- or tri-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Huanren County, Laotudingzi National Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 21 October 2015, Yuan 10671 (IFP 019247, holotype), Yuan 10683 (IFP 019248). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211744, MK211745; LSU: MK446339, MK878395. Notes: Tomentella botryoides (Schwein.) Bourdot & Galzin has characteristics similar to T. aureomarginata, such as pelliculose and continuous basidiocarps, a byssoid sterile margin, the absence of cystidia, the presence of rhizomorphs and subglobose to bi- or tri-lobed basidiospores. However, T. botryoides differs from T. aureomarginata by having fuscous black, mouse grey or greyish sepia basidiocarps, more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells and clavate basidia (Kõljalg 1996; Daemmrich 2006). T. separata resembles T. aureomarginata by having continuous basidiocarps, a smooth hymenophoral surface, a byssoid sterile margin, clamped and simple septate hyphae, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, the presence of rhizomorphs, the absence of cystidia, and slightly thick-walled basidiospores. But T. separata differs by the honey yellow to raw umber basidiocarps, clavate basidia and subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadra-lobed basidiospores. Tomentella brevis H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555630; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05605; Figs. 124,125, 126 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 157 Fig. 120 Microscopic structures of Tomentella atrocastanea (IFP 019245, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view Fig. 121 A basidiocarp of Tomentella aureomarginata (IFP 019247, holotype) Etymology: Refers to the short sterigmata of the basidia. Holotype: IFP 019249. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.5–1 mm thick, discontinuous. Hymenophoral surface granulose, brownish beige to greyish brown (6E3–6F3) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often determinate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margins, 25–40 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, differentiated, of type C; central hyphae with both clamps and simple septa, somewhat enlarged, thickwalled, unbranched, 3–4 μm diam; hyphae outer part of rhizomorphs with both clamps and simple septa, slightly thickwalled, unbranched, 2–2.5 μm diam; pale-brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; 13 158 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, clamped hyphae, clavate basidia and the absence of cystidia. But, the former species is differentiated by brick or umber basidiocarps with a granulose hymenophoral surface, subglobose to bi-lobed basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs (Kõljalg 1996; Daemmrich 2006; Melo et al. 2006). Fig. 122 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella aureomarginata (IFP 019247, holotype) generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3–5 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin- to slightly thick-walled, rarely branched, 3–6 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 10–30 μm long and 3–5.5 μm diam at apex, 2.5–3 μm at base, with clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, sinuous, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2–3.5 μm and 1–1.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (4.5–)5–6.5(–7) × (4–) 4.5–5.5(–6) μm, L = 5.93 μm, W = 4.83 μm, Q = 1.17–1.23 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadra-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 7 August 2016, Yuan 11328 (IFP 019249, holotype); on rotten angiosperm stump, 7 August 2016, Yuan 11332 (IFP 019250). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211746, MK211747; LSU: MK446340, MK878396. Notes: The fuscous black, mouse grey or greyish sepia, continuous basidiocarps of Tomentella botryoides are similar to T. brevis. In addition, they also share some other characteristics: clamped hyphae, clavate basidia, the presence of rhizomorphs and the absence of cystidia. However, T. botryoides differs from T. brevis by having pelliculose basidiocarps separable from the substrate, a byssoid sterile margin and subglobose to bi-, tri-lobed basidiospores (Kõljalg 1996; Daemmrich 2006). T. lateritia Pat. resembles T. brevis by 13 Tomentella brunneoflava H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555631; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05606; Figs. 127, 128, 129 Etymology: Refers to the brownish yellow hymenophoral surface. Holotype: IFP 019251. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, arachnoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.8–1.5 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, brownish yellow (5C8) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margins, 5–35 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae with both clamps and simple septa, thick-walled, unbranched, 2–4 μm, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin- to slightly thick-walled, occasionally branched, 2–5 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 3–5 μm diam; hyphal cells short and not inflated, pale brown in KOH, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 10–30 μm long and 3–5 μm diam at apex, 2–3.5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, sinuous, with transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–5 μm long and 1–1.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (6.5–)7–8(–8. 5) × (5–)5.5–7(–7.5) μm, L = 7.78 μm, W = 6.29 μm, Q = 1. 19-1.24 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi- or tri-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 31 July 2017, Yuan 12162 (IFP 019251, holotype); on fallen branch of Larix sp., 31 July 2017, Yuan 12161 (IFP 019252). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211749, MK211748; LSU: MK850194, MK446341. Notes: Tomentella botryoides has characteristics similar to T. brunneoflava, such as continuous basidiocarps, a byssoid sterile margin, clavate basidia and the presence Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 159 Fig. 123 Microscopic structures of Tomentella aureomarginata (IFP 019247, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view of rhizomorphs. However, T. botryoides differs from T. brunneoflava by having fuscous black, mouse grey or greyish sepia and pelliculose basidiocarps, more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells and subglobose to bi-, tri-lobed basidiospores (Kõljalg 1996; Daemmrich 2006). T. aureomarginata resembles T. brunneoflava by having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymenophoral surface, a byssoid sterile margin, the presence of rhizomorphs, the absence of cystidia, clamped and rarely simple septate hyphae and short subhymenial hyphal cells. T. aureomarginata differs by the honey yellow to raw umber colour of the basidiocarps and utriform basidia. Tomentella brunneogrisea H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Fig. 124 A basidiocarp of Tomentella brevis (IFP 019249, holotype) 13 160 Fig. 125 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella brevis (IFP 019249, holotype) Fig. 126 Microscopic structures of Tomentella brevis (IFP 019249, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Index Fungorum number: IF555632; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05607; Figs. 130, 131 132 Etymology: Refers to the brownish grey basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019253. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.8–1.5 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface granulose, brownish grey to dark brown (7E2–7F4) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thick-walled, frequently branched, 4–9 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 4–7 μm diam; hyphal cells short and not inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 10–50 μm long and 6.5–10 μm diam at apex, 4–6 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 8–10 μm long and Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 161 adherent to the substrate, short subhymenial hyphal cells, utriform basidia and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. atrobadia differs from T. brunneogrisea by having crustose basidiocarps with a byssoid sterile margin, and thick-walled subhymenial hyphae. T. pertenuis and T. brunneogrisea share the following similar morphological and anatomical characteristics: mucedinoid basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, farinaceous and indeterminate sterile margin, utriform basidia, thick-walled basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. But, T. pertenuis has yellowish brown basidiocarps and slightly thick-walled subhymenial hyphae. Fig. 127 Basidiocarps of Tomentella brunneoflava (IFP 019251, holotype) Fig. 128 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella brunneoflava (IFP 019251, holotype) 2–3 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (7–)8– 9(–9.5) × (6.5–)7.5–8.5(–9) μm, L = 8.47 μm, W = 7.97 μm, Q = 1.04–1.08 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 2 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on fallen angiosperm branch, 30 July 2017, Yuan 12147 (IFP 019253, holotype), Yuan 12146 (IFP 019254). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211751, MK211750; LSU: MK446343, MK446342. Notes: Tomentella atrobadia is similar to T. brunneogrisea by the brownish grey to dark brown basidiocarps Tomentella capitatocystidiata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555724; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05608; Figs. 133, 134, 135 Etymology: Refers to the capitate cystidia. Holotype: IFP 019255. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, arachnoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.8–1.2 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, dark blonde to yellowish brown (5D4–5E8) and turning lighter than the subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, ligher than hymenophore, dark blonde (5D4). Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margins, 5–30 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorphs monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae with both clamps and simple septa, thick-walled, unbranched, 2–4 μm diam, pale yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3–6 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 5–8 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia present, capitate, arising from subhymenial hyphae, 55–100 μm long, 3–5 μm diam at base and 12–16 μm diam at apex, projecting outside of the hymenium, clavate, without simple septa and encrustation, pale yellow in KOH. Basidia 15–40 μm long and 5–10 μm diam at apex, 3–5.5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale yellow in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–3.5 μm long and 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (6.5–)7– 7.5(–8) × (6–)6.5–7(–7.5) μm, L = 7.38 μm, W = 6.56 μm, Q = 1.09–1.19 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadralobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale yellow in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.5 μm long. 13 162 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 129 Microscopic structures of Tomentella brunneoflava (IFP 019251, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view Fig. 130 A basidiocarp of Tomentella brunneogrisea (IFP 019253, holotype) 13 Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 10 August 2016, Yuan 11459 (IFP 019255, holotype), Yuan 11494 (IFP 019256). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211700, MK211701; LSU: MK446344, MK446345. Notes: Tomentella pilosa (Burt) Bourdot & Galzin and T. capitatocystidiata formed a clade in our phylogeny (Fig. 111) and both species share these characteristics: arachnoid basidiocarps separable from the substrate with a byssoid sterile margin, the presence of capitate cystidia and rhizomorphs. However, T. pilosa differs from T. capitatocystidiata by having utriform basidia, rhizomorphs with a dimitic hyphal system and subglobose to bi-, tri-lobed basidiospores (Wakefield 1960; Kõljalg 1996). T. capitata Yorou & Agerer and T. capitatocystidiata also share arachnoid basidiocarps separable from the substrate, a smooth Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 163 hymenophoral surface, a byssoid sterile margin, clamped and simple septate hyphae, clavate basidia and the presence of rhizomorphs and capitate cystidia. But, the former species is differentiated by brown to dark brown basidiocarps, more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells and subglobose to bi-, tri-lobed basidiospores (Yorou et al. 2007). at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (7.5–)8–9(–9.5) × (7–) 7.5–8.5(–9) μm, L = 8.45 μm, W = 7.83 μm, Q = 1.06–1.12 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 10 August 2016, Yuan 11496 (IFP 019257, holotype), Yuan 11477 (IFP 019258). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211739, MK211738; LSU: MK446347, MK446346. Notes: Tomentella bryophila and T. changbaiensis formed a clade in the phylogeny (Fig. 111). The former is similar to T. changbaiensis by having basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, utriform basidia and globose to subglobose basidiospores (Kõljalg 1996). However, T. bryophila differs from T. changbaiensis by having dark blonde to raw umber basidiocarps and encrusted subicular hyphae. T. pallidobrunnea resembles T. changbaiensis by pale brown to dark brown, mucedinoid or arachnoid and continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a byssoid sterile margin, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia, and globose to subglobose basidiospores. However, T. pallidobrunnea can be distinguished by the pale brown sterile margin and clavate basidia. Tomentella changbaiensis H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555725; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05609; Figs. 136, 137, 138 Etymology: Refers to the location of the collection of the type specimen. Holotype: IFP 019257. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, duplex, easily separable from the substrate, arachnoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.5–1 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, pale brown to dark brown (6D8–6F7) and turning lighter than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, lighter than hymenophore, pale brown (6D8). Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3–6 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 4–6 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–55 μm long and 5–11 μm diam at apex, 3–5.5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 4–5.5 μm long and 2.5–3 μm diam Tomentella citrinocystidiata H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555692; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05610; Figs. 139, 140, 141 Etymology: Refers to the pale orange cystidia in KOH. Holotype: IFP 019331. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.1–0.2 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, dark brown (6F5–7) when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, concolorous with subiculum, more or less yellowish brown. Subiculum mostly yellowish brown, paler than hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margins, 15–30 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, differentiated, of type C, compactly arranged; hyphae in center of rhizomorph usually clamped, rarely simple septate, thickwalled, unbranched, 3–3.5 μm diam; hyphae at outer part of rhizomorph clamped, thick-walled, unbranched, 2–2.5 μm diam; all the hyphae pale orange in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae mostly clamped and rarely simple septate, thick-walled, rarely branched, 3–5 μm diam, occasionally collapsed and encrusted, pale orange in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae thin- to slightly thick-walled, clamped, Fig. 131 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella brunneogrisea (IFP 019253, holotype) 13 164 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 132 Microscopic structures of Tomentella brunneogrisea (IFP 019253, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view frequently branched, 3–5 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale orange in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia arising from subhymenial or from subicular hyphae, 60–80 μm long, 5–7.5 μm diam at base and 10–15 μm diam at apex, capitate, embedded, without encrustation, pale orange in KOH. Basidia 30–70 μm long and 5–10 μm diam at apex, 5–7 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale orange in KOH, yellowish brown in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 4–7 μm long and 1–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (7–)7.4–8.5(–9) × (6.5–)7.1– 7.9(–8.5) μm, L = 7.92 μm, W = 7.41 μm, Q = 1.07–1.12 (n = 60/2), irregular globose or lobed in frontal view and 13 ellipsoid in lateral view, echinulate to aculeate, pale brown in KOH, pale brown in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Huanren County, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 21 October 2015, Yuan 10680 (IFP 019331, holotype); Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 22 October 2015, Yuan 10743 (IFP 019332). GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686246, KY686247; LSU: MK446348, MK446349. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 165 hyphae, no encrustated subicular hyphae, and basidiospores bearing long echinuli. Fig. 133 A basidiocarp of Tomentella capitatocystidiata (IFP 019255, holotype) Fig. 134 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella capitatocystidiata (IFP 019255, holotype) Notes: Tomentella capitata, T. cystidiata and T. citrinocystidiata share similar morphological and anatomical characteristics: brown to dark brown, continuous basidiocarps separable from the substrate, a smooth hymenophore, a byssoid sterile margin, the presence of rhizomorphs and capitate cystidia, thin- to thick-walled subhymenial hyphae and basidiospores of approximately the same shape and size. However, T. capitata is differentiated from T. citrinocystidiata by having a granulose or farinose hymenophore and the presence of cystidia from the rhizomorphic surface (Yorou et al. 2007); T. cystidiata differs from T. citrinocystidiata by having arachnoid basidiocarps, a uniform subhymenial Tomentella coffeae H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555693; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05611; Figs. 142, 143 144 Etymology: Refers to the coffee coloured basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019259. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.1–0.3 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, dark brown (7F5–7) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae with both clamps and simple septa, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 4–7 μm diam, without encrustation, deep yellow in KOH, slightly cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thick-walled, frequently branched; hyphal cells short and inflated, 5–9 μm diam, deep yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 30–50 μm long and 5–10 μm diam at apex, 3–5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at the base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, occasionally with transverse septa, deep yellow in KOH, deep yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–5 μm long and 1–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thin- to slightly thick-walled, (6.5–)7–9(–9.5) × (6.5–)6.8–8.3(–8.5) μm, L = 8.37 μm, W = 7.62 μm, Q = 1.09–1.26 (n = 60/2), globose in frontal view and subglobose in lateral view, aculeate, yellowish orange in KOH, pale yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2, up to 2 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Huanren County, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 20 October 2015, Yuan 10629 (IFP 019259, holotype); Xifeng County, Binglashan National Forest Park, on fallen angiosperm branch, 2 August 2016, Yuan 11100 (IFP 019260); Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on fallen angiosperm branch, 23 October 2016, Yuan 10762. GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686255, KY686254; LSU: MK446350, MK446351. Notes: Tomentella intsiae Suvi & Kõljalg resembles T. coffeae by having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymonophoral surface, the absence of rhizomorphs, thick-walled subicular hyphae and globose, echinulate basidiospores with long echinuli. However, the former species is differentiated by the absence of simple septate subicular hyphae and bigger basidiospores (9.5–11 μm, Suvi et al 2010). T. lapida (Pers.) Stalpers is similar to T. coffeae by having continuous and mucedinoid basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, indeterminate sterile margins, the absence of rhizomorphs, and slightly globose basidiospores 13 166 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 135 Microscopic structures of Tomentella capitatocystidiata (IFP 019255, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view of approximately the same size. But T. lapida differs from T. coffeae by its smoke grey basidiocarps, clamped subicular hyphae and thin-walled subhymenial hyphae (Kõljalg 1996). Tomentella conclusa H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 13 Index Fungorum number: IF555735; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05612; Figs. 145, 146, 147 Etymology: Refers to the spores having crowded echinuli. Holotype: IFP 019263. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 136 A basidiocarp of Tomentella changbaiensis (IFP 019257, holotype) Fig. 137 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella changbaiensis (IFP 019257, holotype) Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, duplex, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.3–0.6 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, pale brown to brown (6D4–6E5) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 5–7 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thinwalled, occasionally branched, 6–9 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 15–55 μm long and 7–12 167 μm diam at apex, 5–8 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 10–15 μm long and 2–3 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (8.5– )9–10(–10.5) × (7.5–)8–9(–10) μm, L = 9.46 μm, W = 8.57 μm, Q = 1.06–1.14 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, up to 2 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Heilongjiang Province, Fenglin National Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 17 October 2016, Yuan 12086 (IFP 019263, holotype); on fallen trunk of Pinus koraiensis, 16 October 2016, Yuan 11986 (IFP 019264). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211703, MK211702; LSU: MK446352, MK850195. Notes: Tomentella longiechinuli and T. conclusa formed a clade in the phylogeny (Fig. 111). They share similar characteristics: continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a farinaceous sterile margin, short subhymenial hyphal cells, utriform basidia, and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. longiechinuli differs from T. conclusa by having pelliculose basidiocarps, non-inflated subhymenial hyphal cells and subglobose to bi-lobed basidiospores with longer echinuli (echinuli up to 3 μm long). T. longisterigmata X. Lu, K. Steffen & H.S. Yuan resembles T. conclusa by having mucedinoid basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, utriform basidia, basidiospores of approximately the same shape and size, and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, the former species is differentiated by dark brown to chestnut basidiocarps, and slightly thick-walled subhymenial hyphae (Lu et al. 2018b). Tomentella cystidiata H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555694; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05613; Figs. 148, 149, 150 Etymology: Refers to the species having cystidia. Holotype: IFP 019262. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, arachnoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.4–0.6 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, brown to dark brown (7E5–7F6) and darker than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, paler than hymenophore. Subiculum mostly brown. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum, 10–30 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, differentiated, of type C, compactly arranged; hyphae in central rhizomorph clamped, thick-walled, unbranched, 3–4 μm diam; hyphae at outer part of rhizomorph clamped, thick-walled, unbranched, 1.5–2.5 μm diam; all the hyphae greyish orange in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae with both of clamps and simple septa, slightly thick- to distinctly thick-walled, 13 168 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 138 Microscopic structures of Tomentella changbaiensis (IFP 019257, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view Fig. 139 A basidiocarp of Tomentella citrinocystidiata (IFP 019331, holotype) 13 rarely branched, 4–6 μm diam, occasionally collapsed, not encrusted, orange in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin- to slightly thick-walled, rarely branched, 4–6 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, orange in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia arising from subhymenial or subicular hyphae, thin-walled, 50–65 μm long, 5–6 μm diam at base and 9–10 μm diam at apex, capitate, embedded, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH. Basidia 25–65 μm long and 6–8 μm diam at apex, 5–7 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, orange in KOH, yellowish brown in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2.5–4.5 μm long and 1–2.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (7.5–)7.9–9(–9.5) × (5.5–)6.1–8(–8.5) μm, L = 8.53 μm, W = 7.47 μm, Q = 1.12–1.16 (n = 60/2), irregularly subglobose or lobed in frontal and lateral views, Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 140 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella citrinocystidiata (IFP 019331, holotype) aculeate, reddish orange in KOH, reddish orange in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 2.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Huanren County, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 21 October 2015, Yuan 10693 (IFP 019262, holotype), Yuan 10704; Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 10 October 2015, Yuan 10620 (IFP 019261). GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686219, KY686218; LSU: MK446354, MK446353. Notes: Tomentella capitata is similar to T. cystidiata by having brown to dark brown, continous basidiocarps separable from the substrate, the presence of rhizomorphs and capitate cystidia, thin- to thick-walled subhymenial hyphae and basidiospores of approximately the same shape and size. However, it differs in its granulose or farinose hymenophore, the presence of cystidia from the rhizomorphic surface and the absence of simple septa in the subicular hyphae (Yorou et al. 2007). T. pilosa resembles T. cystidiata by having arachnoid basidiocarps separable from the substrate, a byssoid sterile margin, the presence of rhizomorphs and capitate cystidia, and basidiospores of approximately the same shape and size. But, it differs by the pale coloured hymenophore surface, the rhizomorphs with a monomitic to dimitic hyphal structure and the absence of simple septa in the subicular hyphae (Kõljalg 1996). Tomentella dimidiata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 169 Index Fungorum number: IF555738; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05614; Figs. 151, 152, 153 Etymology: Refers to the dimitic hyphal structure of the rhizomorphs. Holotype: IFP 019265. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.2–0.4 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, golden brown to brown (5D7–6F5) and turning lighter than the subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often determinate, byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margins, 12–50 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph dimitic, highly differentiated, of type G (this a new type, see in the notes); central hyphae usually simple septate, thick-walled, unbranched, 2–4 μm diam, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid; skeletal hyphae from outer part of rhizomorphs thick-walled, unbranched, 1.5–2.5 μm diam, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, 4–6 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, 4–6 μm diam; hyphal cells short and not inflated, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 10–40 μm long and 4.5–12.5 μm diam at apex, 3.5–5.5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 5.5–11.5 μm long and 2–3 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (6.5– )7–7.5(–8) × (5–)5.5–7(–7.5) μm, L = 7.07 μm, W = 5.99 μm, Q = 1.15–1.26 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadralobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually grouped in 2 or more, up to 2 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on fallen angiosperm branch, 3 August 2016, Yuan 11205 (IFP 019265, holotype); Jilin Province, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 7 August 2016, Yuan 11267 (IFP 019266). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211704, MK211705; LSU: MK446355, MK446356. Notes: Some species of Tomentella have been reported to have dimitic rhizomorphs, for instance, T. botryoides, T. brunneorufa M.J. Larsen, T. fungicola (Litsch.) M.J. Larsen, T. pilosa, T. punicea (Alb. & Schwein.) J. Schröt. and T. umbrinospora M.J. Larsen (Kõljalg 1996; Daemmrich 2006; Peintner and Dämmrich 2012). In addition, some species of Pseudotomentella Svrček and Odontia Pers. also have dimitic rhizomorphs (Agerer et al. 2001; Tedersoo et al. 13 170 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 141 Microscopic structures of Tomentella citrinocystidiata (IFP 019331, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 2014; Yuan et al. 2018). Agerer recognized six different types (type A–F) of the rhizomorphic hyphal organization, but all these types are monomitic hyphal systems (Agerer 1987–2008). Yorou mentioned the presence of dimitic rhizomorphs in T. punicea and T. umbrinospora, but he treated this kind of structure as type C. However, the dimitic hypal 13 system of rhizomorphs is significantly different from the monomitic hyphal structure. We name this kind of structure in rhizomorphs as type G. Tomentella globospora and T. dimidiata formed a clade in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 111), and they share the similar morphological and anatomical characteristics: basidiocarps Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 142 A basidiocarp of Tomentella coffeae (IFP 019259, holotype) Fig. 143 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella coffeae (IFP 019259, holotype) adherent to the substrate, thick-walled subicular hyphae, utriform basidia and the absence of cystidia. However, T. globospora differs from T. dimidiata by having crustose basidiocarps, globose to subglobose basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs. The key feature of T. dimidiata is the presence of dimitic rhizomorphs in subiculum. T. incrustata and T. dimidiata both have a byssoid sterile margin, short subhymenial hyphal cells, and subglobose to bi-, trior quadra-lobed basidiospores; but T. incrustata has clavate basidia, encrusted subicular hyphae and generative hyphae occasionally inflated. 171 Tomentella duplexa H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555462; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05615; Figs. 154, 155, 156 Etymology: Refers to the duplex basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019267. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, duplex, adherent to the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.6–1 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, greyish brown to brown (7D3–7E4) and slightly lighter than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3–6 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 5–8 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–45 μm long and 5–9 μm diam at apex, 3–5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 4–7 μm long and 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (7–)7.5–8.5(–9.5) × (6 .5–)7–8.5(–9) μm, L = 8.07 μm, W = 7.55 μm, Q = 1.03–1.08 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, up to 2.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Dalian, Zhuanghe County, Xianrendong, Bingyugou National Geopark, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 5 August 2017, Yuan 12207 (IFP 019267, holotype), Yuan 12202 (IFP 019268). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211707, MK211706; LSU: MK446358, MK446357. Notes: Tomentella bresadolae (Brinkmann) Bourdot & Galzin and T. duplexa are closely related in the phylogeny (Fig. 111) and they share greyish brown to brown basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, globose to subglobose basidiospores, the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. bresadolae differs from T. duplexa by the stalked, utriform basidia and more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells (Wakefield 1960; Larsen 1969; Kõljalg 1996; Daemmrich 2006). T. griseofusca resembles T. duplexa by greyish brown to brown basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, globose to subglobose basidiospores, and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. But, T. griseofusca is differentiated by crustose basidiocarps with a byssoid sterile margin and utriform basidia. Tomentella efibulata H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 13 172 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 144 Microscopic structures of Tomentella coffeae (IFP 019259, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view Fig. 145 A basidiocarp of Tomentella conclusa (IFP 019263, holotype) 13 Index Fungorum number: IF555695; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05616; Figs. 157, 158, 159 Etymology: Refers to the species having simple septate hyphae. Holotype: IFP 019269. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, easily separated from the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.2–0.3 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth to indistinctly granulose, dark brown (6F5–7), darker than or concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid or fimbriate, paler than hymenophore. Subiculum mostly yellowish brown. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margins, 10–40 μm diam; rhizomorphic suraface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae simple septate, thick-walled, unbranched, 1.5–2.5 μm diam, pale Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 173 from the substrate, a dark brown and granulose hymenophoral surface, frequently simple septate hyphae, the presence of rhizomorphs in subiculum and margin, and basidiospores of approximately the same size and shape. However, T. africana is differentiated by its subicular and subhymenial hyphae with clamp connections and differentiated rhizomorphs of type C (Yorou and Agerer 2008). T. badia (Link) Stalpers resembles T. efibulata by having continuous basidiocarps with a smooth to granulose hymenophoral surface of similar colour, simple septate and thick-walled hyphae, the absence of cystidia, and irregular globose to lobed, echinulate basidiospores. However, T. badia differs by having basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, the absence of rhizomorphs, and bigger basidiospores (8–11 μm, Kõljalg 1996). Fig. 146 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella conclusa (IFP 019263, holotype) yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; hyphae simple septate, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3–5 μm diam, occasionally collapsed and encrusted, pale yellow in KOH, slightly cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae simple septate, thin- to slightly thick-walled, frequently branched, 2.5–5.5 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, pale yellow in KOH, slightly cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 40–70 μm long and 5–10 μm diam at apex, 3–5 μm at base, simple septate at base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, pale yellow in KOH, pale yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–7 μm long and 1–1.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (5.5–)6–8.2(–8.5) × (5–)5 .2–7.3(–7.5) μm, L = 6.94 μm, W = 6.63 μm, Q = 1.04–1.12 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadra-lobed in frontal view and ellipsoid in lateral view, echinulate, greyish yellow in KOH, reddish yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually grouped in 2 or more, up to 0.3 μm. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Huanren County, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 21 October 2015, Yuan 10699 (IFP 019269, holotype); Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 3 August 2016, Yuan 11167 (IFP 019270). GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686228, KY686229; LSU: MK446359, MK446360. Notes: Tomentella africana Yorou & Agerer is similar to T. efibulata by having continuous basidiocarps separable Tomentella efibulis H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555740; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05617; Figs. 160, 161, 162 Etymology: Refers to the simple septate hyphae of the rhizomorphs. Holotype: IFP 019271. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, arachnoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.2–0.5 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface granulose, brownish grey to brown (5C2–5F4) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often determinate, byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum only, 35–55 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae simple septate, thick-walled, rarely branched, 4–5 μm diam, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3–5 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, rarely branched, 3–5 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 15–35 μm long and 3–7 μm diam at apex, 2–4 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–5 μm long and 1–1.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (4.5–)5–6(–6.5) × (4–)4.5–5(–5.5) μm, L = 5.36 μm, W = 4.54 μm, Q = 1.15–1.21 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadra-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually grouped in 2 or more, up to 1 μm long. 13 174 Fig. 147 Microscopic structures of Tomentella conclusa (IFP 019263, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 148 A basidiocarp of Tomentella cystidiata (IFP 019262, holotype) Fig. 149 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella cystidiata (IFP 019262, holotype) 175 Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on fallen angiosperm branch, 3 August 2016, Yuan 11241 (IFP 019271, holotype); Jilin Province. Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 7 August 2016, Yuan 11329 (IFP 019272). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211708, MK211709; LSU: MK446361, MK446362. Notes: Tomentella cinerascens (P. Karst.) Höhn. & Litsch. and T. efibulis formed a clade with high support in our phylogeny (Fig. 111). Both species have greyish brown and arachnoid basidiocarps, the presence of rhizomorphs and the absence of cystidia. However, T. cinerascens differs from T. efibulis by the thin-walled and clamped rhizomorphic hyphae, and globose to subglobose basidiospores (Kõljalg 1996; Daemmrich 2006; Melo et al. 2006). T. asperula (P. Karst.) Höhn. & Litsch. resembles T. efibulis by having arachnoid basidiocarps with a granulose hymenophoral surface, a byssoid sterile margin, the presence of rhizomorphs and the absence of cystidia. However, the former species is differentiated by thin-walled and clamped rhizomorphic hyphae, and globose to subglobose basidiospores (Larsen 1970; Daemmrich 2006). Tomentella farinosa H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555696; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05618; Figs. 163, 164, 165 Etymology: Refers to the farinose hymenophore. Holotype: IFP 019273. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, arachnoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.3–0.5 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth to farinose, pale brown to brown (6D7–6E8) and darker than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, paler than hymenophore, olive brown. Subiculum mostly olive brown (4E6–8). Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, frequently branched, 5–10 μm diam, occasionally collapsed and encrusted, reddish yellow in KOH, 13 176 Fig. 150 Microscopic structures of Tomentella cystidiata (IFP 019262, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 151 A basidiocarp of Tomentella dimidiata (IFP 019265, holotype) Fig. 152 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella dimidiata (IFP 019265, holotype) 177 cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, slightly thick- to distinctly thick-walled, frequently branched, 4–7 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, reddish yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 30–70 μm long and 5–10 μm diam at apex, 3–5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, pale yellow in KOH, yellowish brown in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–6 μm long and 1–1.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (4.5–)5–6.9(–7.5) × (4.5–)4.7–6.3(–6 .5) μm, L = 5.84 μm, W = 5.5 μm, Q = 1.04–1.08 (n = 60/2), irregularly subglobose or lobed in frontal and lateral views, aculeate to echinulate, pale yellow in KOH, reddish yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.2 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Huanren County, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm branch, 21 October 2015, Yuan 10666 (IFP 019273, holotype); on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 21 October 2015, Yuan 10656 (IFP 019274); on rotten angiosperm trunk, 20 October 2015, Yuan 10655 & 10660. GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686250, KY 686,251. Notes: Tomentella brunneorufa M.J. Larsen is similar to T. farinosa by having continuous, arachnoid basidiocarps separable from the substrate, a byssoid sterile margin and basidiospores of approximately the same size. However, it is differentiated by the fulvous basidiocarps, the presence of rhizomorphs and globose basidiospores (Larsen 1974; Kõljalg 1996). T. capitata has characteristics similar to T. farinosa, such as brown, continous basidiocarps separable from the substrate, a farinose hymenophore surface, the presence of rhizomorphs, clamped, thick-walled subicular hyphae and approximately the same shape basidiospores. But it differs by having capitate cystidia and bigger basidiospores (7–9 μm, Yorou et al. 2007). Tomentella flavidobadia H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 13 178 Fig. 153 Microscopic structures of Tomentella dimidiata (IFP 019265, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 154 A basidiocarp of Tomentella duplexa (IFP 019267, holotype) Fig. 155 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella duplexa (IFP 019267, holotype) 179 Index Fungorum number: IF555697; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05619; Figs. 166, 167, 168 Etymology: Refers to the yellowish brown basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019277. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.2–0.25 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, yellowish brown (5D8) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, paler than hymenophore, pale brown (6D7). Rhizomorphs present in subiculum, 10–20 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorphs monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae clamped, thin- to slightly thick-walled, unbranched, 1–2 μm diam, golden yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thin- to slightly thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3–4 μm diam, occasionally collapsed, without encrustation, yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, frequently branched, 3–4.5 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, golden yellow in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 30–50 μm long and 6–9 μm diam at apex, 3–5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, stalked, not sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, golden yellow in KOH, deep yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–5 μm long and 1.5–2.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thickwalled, (6.5–)6.7–9(–9.5) × (4.5–)5–7.9(–8.5) μm, L = 7.72 μm, W = 5.68 μm, Q = 1.22–1.41 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadra-lobed in frontal view and ellipsoid in lateral view, echinulate, oxide yellow in KOH, deep yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually grouped in 2 or more, up to 1 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Kuandian County, Baishilazi Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 1 August 2016, Yuan 11044 (IFP 019277, holotype), Yuan 11061 (IFP 019278). 13 180 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 156 Microscopic structures of Tomentella duplexa (IFP 019267, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686231, KY686230; LSU: MK446364, MK446365. Notes: Tomentella kentuckiensis M.J. Larsen is similar to T. flavidobadia by having mucedinoid, continuous basidiocarps, a smooth hymenophore, the presence of rhizomorphs, clamped and thin-walled subhymenial hyphae and irregular globose or lobed basidiospores. However, the former species is differentiated by paler coloured basidiocarps adherent to the substrate and bigger basidiospores (8–11 μm, Larsen 1974). T. longiaculeifera resembles T. flavidobadia by having mucedinoid, yellowish brown basidiocarps, a smooth hymenophoral surface and approximately the same-sized basidiospores. However, T. longiaculeifera lacks rhizomorphs and has thick-walled subhymenial hyphae. Fig. 157 A basidiocarp of Tomentella efibulata (IFP 019269, holotype) 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 158 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella efibulata (IFP 019269, holotype) Tomentella fuscocrustosa H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555741; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05620; Figs. 169, 170, 171 Etymology: Refers to the brown and crustose basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019279. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, crustose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.6–1 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, pale brown to brown (6D4–6E4) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often determinate, byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margins, 25–40 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorphs monomitic, undifferentiated, of type A, loosely interwoven and of uniform; single hyphae clamped, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3.5–4.5 μm diam, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3.5–6.5 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin- to slightly thick-walled, rarely branched, 4–7 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–60 μm long and 5–9 μm diam at apex, 1.5–4 μm 181 at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–6 μm long and 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thickwalled, (6–)6.5–8.5(–9) × (5–)5.5–6.5(–7) μm, L = 7.35 μm, W = 6.12 μm, Q = 1.17–1.35 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi- or tri-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.2 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 9 August 2016, Yuan 11420 (IFP 019279, holotype), Yuan 11399 (IFP 019280). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211713, MK211712; LSU: MK446367, MK446366. Notes: Tomentella ellisii (Sacc.) Jülich & Stalpers is similar to T. fuscocrustosa by having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate with a smooth hymenophoral surface, short and inflated subhymenial hyphae cells, the presence of rhizomorphs, the absence of cystidia, and subglobose to bi- or tri-lobed basidiospores. However, T. ellisii differs in its utriform basidia and thin-walled subicular and subhymenial hyphae (Stalpers 1993; Kõljalg 1996). T. pallidomarginata resembles T. fuscocrustosa by having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymenophoral surface, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, the presence of rhizomorphs, the absence of cystidia, and subglobose to bi- or tri-lobed basidiospores. However, the former species is differentiated by dark blonde to brown basidiocarps, a pale yellow to champagne sterile margin and utriform basidia. Tomentella fuscofarinosa H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555742; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05621; Figs. 172, 173, 174 Etymology: Refers to the farinaceous sterile margin of the basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019281. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, arachnoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.3–0.6 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface granulose, brown to dark brown (6E5–6F5) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, 13 182 Fig. 159 Microscopic structures of Tomentella efibulata (IFP 019269, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 160 A basidiocarp of Tomentella efibulis (IFP 019271, holotype) Fig. 161 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella efibulis (IFP 019271, holotype) thick-walled, frequently branched, 5–10 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 5–11 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, 183 pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 10–50 μm long and 6–10 μm diam at apex, 4–7 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–6 μm long and 2–2.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thickwalled, (6.5–)7–8 (–8.5) × (5–)5.5–6.5(–7.5) μm, L = 7.35 μm, W = 6.25 μm, Q = 1.15–1.24 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadra-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on fallen angiosperm branch, 30 July 2017, Yuan 12142 (IFP 019281, holotype), Yuan 12125 (IFP 019282). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211715, MK211714; LSU: MK446369, MK446368. Notes: Tomentella atrobadia and T. fuscofarinosa are closely related in our phylogeny (Fig. 111), and they share similar morphological and anatomical characteristics: continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, clamped hyphae, utriform and stalked basidia, and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. atrobadia differs from T. fuscofarinosa by having crustose basidiocarps, a byssoid sterile margin and thick-walled subhymenial hyphae. T. brunneogrisea resembles T. fuscofarinosa by brown to dark brown basidiocarps, utriform basidia and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. But, T. brunneogrisea is differentiated from T. fuscofarinosa by having short subhymenial hyphal cells and globose to subglobose basidiospores with longer echinuli (echinuli up to 2 μm long). Tomentella fuscogranulosa H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555698; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05622; Figs. 175, 176, 177 Etymology: Refers to the brown and granulose hymenophore of the basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019283. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.4–0.7 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth or granulose, brown (7E6–8) when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, concorlorous with 13 184 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 162 Microscopic structures of Tomentella efibulis (IFP 019271, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in lateral view. d Basidiospores in frontal view subiculum. Subiculum paler than hymenophore, mostly pale brown. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margins, 20–50 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorphs monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae clamped, thick-walled, unbranched, 1–1.5 μm diam, greyish yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae with both clamps and simple septa, thin- to slightly thick-walled, rarely branched, 2–3.5 μm diam, occasionally collapsed and encrusted, greyish yellow in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, frequently branched, 2.5–3.5 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, greyish yellow 13 in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 30–60 μm long and 5–10 μm diam at apex, 4–6 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale orange in KOH, yellowish brown in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 1.5–3 μm long and 1–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thickwalled, (5–)5.5–8(–8.5) × (4.5–)5–6.8(–7) μm, L = 6.55 μm, W = 6.02 μm, Q = 1.08–1.13 (n = 60/2), irregularly globose or lobed in frontal view and ellipsoid in lateral view, echinulate, reddish brown in KOH, reddish golden in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually grouped in 2 or more, up to 1 μm long. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 163 A basidiocarp of Tomentella farinosa (IFP 019273, holotype) Fig. 164 SEM of Tomentella farinosa (IFP 019273, holotype) (a Subicular hyphae. b–d Basidiospores) Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Kuandian County, Baishilazi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm branch, 22 October 2015, Yuan 10725 (IFP 019283, holotype), Yuan 10733 (IFP 019284). 185 GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686233, KY686232; LSU: MK446371, MK446370. Notes: Tomentella subvinosa (Burt) Bourdot & Galzin is similar to T. fuscogranulosa by having basidiocarps adherent to the substrate with a smooth or granulose hymenophore, indeterminate sterile margins, the presence of rhizomorphs, thin-walled subhymenial hyphae and irregularly globose or lobed basidiospores. However, the former species is differentiated by vinaceous brown, usually discontinuous basidiocarps, the absence of simple septa in generative hyphae, subicular hyphae without encrustation and smaller basidiospores (6–8 μm, Bourdot and Galzin 1924). T. griseoviolacea Litsch. is similar to T. fuscogranulosa by having continuous basidiocarps with a byssoid sterile margin, a smooth or granulose hymenophore, the presence of rhizomorphs, encrusted subicular hyphae, and irregularly globose or lobed, echinulate spores. However, T. griseoviolacea has greyish brown to blackish brown and arachnoid basidiocarps, generative hyphae lacking of simple septa and smaller basidiospores (5.5–8 μm, Larsen 1974). Tomentella fuscopelliculosa H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555743; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05623; Figs. 178, 179, 180 Etymology: Refers to the brown and pelliculose basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019285. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.8–1.5 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, brown to dark brown (6E5–6F5) and lighter than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3.5–5 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, rarely branched, 4–6 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 10–55 μm long and 4–9 μm diam at apex, 3–6 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse 13 186 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 165 Microscopic structures of Tomentella farinosa (IFP 019273, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 6–8.5 μm long and 1.5–2.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (8–)8.5–9.5(–11) × (7.5– )8–9(–10.5) μm, L = 8.75 μm, W = 8.23 μm, Q = 1.05–1.09 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 2 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 7 August 2016, Yuan 11305 (IFP 019285, holotype), Yuan 11316 (IFP 019286). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211716, MK211717; LSU: MK446372, MK446373. 13 Notes: Tomentella stipitata is similar to T. fuscopelliculosa by basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a farinaceous sterile margin, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, utriform basidia, thick-walled basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. stipitata differs from T. fuscopelliculosa by having mucedinoid basidiocarps and subglobose to bi- or tri-lobed basidiospores. T. pertenuis resembles T. fuscopelliculosa by basidiocarps adherent to the substrate with a farinaceous sterile margin, utriform basidia, the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia, and thick-walled, globose to subglobose basidiospores. But, it is differentiated by yellowish brown basidiocarps, slightly thick-walled subhymenial hyphae, and more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 166 A basidiocarp of Tomentella flavidobadia (IFP 019277, holotype) Fig. 167 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella flavidobadia (IFP 019277, holotype) Tomentella globospora H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555699; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05624; Figs. 181, 182, 183 Etymology: Refers to the globose basidiospores. Holotype: IFP 019287. 187 Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, crustose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.4–0.6 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, brown to darkbrown (6E5–6F7) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 5–6 μm diam, encrustated, greyish yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, slightly thick- to thick-walled, frequently branched, 4–6 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, greyish yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–50 μm long and 4–9 μm diam at apex, 6–8 μm at base, with a clamp connection at the base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, greyish yellow in KOH, yellowish brown in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–5 μm long and 0.5–1.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thin- to slightly thick-walled, (8.5– )9.1–10.2(–10.5) × (8.5–)8.7–9.7(–10) μm, L = 9.66 μm, W = 9.33 μm, Q = 1.03–1.08 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, aculeate, golden yellow in KOH, brownish yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2, up to 2 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Huanren County, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 21 October 2015, Yuan 10668 (IFP 019287, holotype), 22 October 2015, Yuan 10748 (IFP 019288). GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686242, KY686243; LSU: MK446374, MK446375. Notes: Tomentella terrestris (Berk. & Broome) M.J. Larsen is similar to T. globospora by having crustose basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymenophore, indeterminate sterile margins, the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia, and clamped hyphae. However, the former species is differentiated by thin-walled subhymenial hyphae and smaller, triangular to ellipsoid basidiospores (7.5–9.5 μm, Kõljalg 1996). T. alpina resembles T. globospora by having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrates, the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia, clamped and thickwalled subicular hyphae, and globose to subglobose basidiospores. However, it differs from T. globospora by having thick basidiocarps (up to 1 mm thick) and smaller basidiospores (6.5–8.5 μm, Peintner and Dämmrich 2012). Tomentella gloeocystidiata H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 13 188 Fig. 168 Microscopic structures of Tomentella flavidobadia (IFP 019277, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 169 A basidiocarp of Tomentella fuscocrustosa (IFP 019279, holotype) Fig. 170 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella fuscocrustosa (IFP 019279, holotype) Index Fungorum number: IF555700; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05625; Figs. 184, 185, 186 189 Etymology: Refers to the species having gloeocystidia. Holotype: IFP 019289. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, arachnoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.1–0.2 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, olive yellow to olive (3D6–3E8) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum, 20–35 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorphs monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae clamped, slightly thick-walled, unbranched, 2–3 μm diam, yolk yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, slightly thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3–5 μm diam, without encrustation, yolk yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin- to slightly thick-walled, occasionally branched, 4–5.5 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, yolk yellow in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Gloeocystidia present, arising from subhymenial or subicular hyphae, 60–80 μm long, 4–5.5 μm diam at base and 7–10 μm diam at apex, capitate, embedded, aseptate, occasionally encrusted on stalk, yolk yellow in KOH. Basidia 40–60 μm long and 5–8 μm diam at apex, 5–8 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, not sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, Chinese yellow in KOH, yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2–4 μm long and 1–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (6.5–)7–8(–8.5) × (6–)6.3–7.6(–8) μm, L = 7.59 μm, W = 6.96 μm, Q = 1.07–1.13 (n = 60/2), irregularly globose or lobed in frontal and lateral views, aculeate, Chinese yellow in KOH, Chinese yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 2.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 3 August 2016, Yuan 11171 (IFP 019289, holotype), Yuan 11200 (IFP 019290). GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686220, KY686221; LSU: MK446376, MK446377. 13 190 Fig. 171 Microscopic structures of Tomentella fuscocrustosa (IFP 019279, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 191 Notes: Tomentella capitata is similar to T. gloeocystidiata by having continuous basidiocarps separable from the substrate, the presence of rhizomorphs, thick-walled subicular hyphae, capitate cystidia and basidiospores of approximately the same shape and size. However, it is differentiated by the presence of cystidia both in the hymenium and the rhizomorphs and the absence of gloeocystidia (Yorou et al. 2007). T. cystidiata and T. citrinocystidiata have capitate cystidia and rhizomorphs, but the cystidia in the two species are without oily appearance. Fig. 172 A basidiocarp of Tomentella fuscofarinosa (IFP 019281, holotype) Fig. 173 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella fuscofarinosa (IFP 019281, holotype) Tomentella griseocastanea H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555744; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05626; Figs. 187, 188, 189 Etymology: Refers to the greyish brown hymenophoral surface of the basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019291. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.5–0.8 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface granulose, greyish brown to dark blond (5D3–5D4) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and simple septate, thick-walled, rarely branched, 3–5 μm diam, without encrustation, some subicular hyphal cells short, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and simple septate, thin- to slightly thick-walled, rarely branched, 4–6 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 15–35 μm long and 4–7 μm diam at apex, 3–5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–5 μm long and 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slighty thick-walled, (5–)5.5–6.5(–7) × (4–)5–5.5(–6) μm, L = 5.92 μm, W = 5.06 μm, Q = 1.12–1.21 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-, tri- or 13 192 Fig. 174 Microscopic structures of Tomentella fuscofarinosa (IFP 019281, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 175 A basidiocarp of Tomentella fuscogranulosa (IFP 019283, holotype) Fig. 176 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella fuscogranulosa (IFP 019283, holotype) 193 quadra-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 9 August 2016, Yuan 11409 (IFP 019291, holotype), Yuan 11401 (IFP 019292). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211719, MK211718; LSU: MK446379, MK446378. Notes: Tomentella coerulea Höhn. & Litsch. resembles T. griseocastanea by having greyish brown and continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate with a granulose hymenophoral surface, a farinaceous sterile margin, the absence of cystidia, and subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadralobed basidiospores. However, T. coerulea is differentiated by a whitish sterile margin, thin-walled subicular hyphae and the presence of rhizomorphs (Kõljalg 1996; Daemmrich 2006; Melo et al. 2006). T. subclavigera Litsch., T. clavigera Litsch. and T. griseocastanea also share continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, short subhymenial hyphal cells and the absence of rhizomorphs. However, T. subclavigera and T. clavigera differ from T. griseocastanea by having thin-walled subicular hyphae and clavate cystidia (Kõljalg 1996; Melo et al. 1998; Daemmrich 2006). Tomentella griseofusca H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555701; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05627; Figs. 190, 191, 192 Etymology: Refers to the greyish brown colour of the basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019293. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, crustose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.5–0.8 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, greyish brown to dark brown (7E4–7F4) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, rarely branched, 5–6.5 μm diam, without encrustation, golden brown in KOH, cyanophilous, 13 194 Fig. 177 Microscopic structures of Tomentella fuscogranulosa (IFP 019283, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 178 A basidiocarp of Tomentella fuscopelliculosa (IFP 019285, holotype) Fig. 179 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella fuscopelliculosa (IFP 019285, holotype) 195 inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 6–9 μm diam; hyphal cells short and occasionally inflated, golden brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 35–55 μm long and 6–12 μm diam at apex, 5–9 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, not sinuous, without transverse septa, golden brown in KOH, golden brown in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 4–7 μm long and 1.5–2.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (8–)8.2– 9.1(–9.5) × (7–)7.4–8.8(–9) μm, L = 8.60 μm, W = 8.21 μm, Q = 1.03–1.18 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, aculeate, brownish yellow in KOH, brownish yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli isolated, up to 2.5 μm. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Xifeng County, Binglashan National Forest Park, on rotten angiosperm branch, 2 August 2016, Yuan 11094 (IFP 019293, holotype); on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 2 August 2016, Yuan 11104 (IFP 019294) & 11105. GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686252, KY686253; LSU: MK446380, MK446381. Notes: Tomentella griseoumbrina Litsch. resembles T. griseofusca by having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate with a smooth hymenophore, the absence of rhizomorphs, clamped hyphae without encrustations and globose to subglobose basidiospores. However, it differs from T. griseofusca by having pale brown basidiocarps and smaller basidiospores with short echinuli (4.5–5.5 μm, Kõljalg 1996). T. beaverae Suvi & Kõljalg is similar to T. griseofusca by having continuous, greyish brown basidiocarps adherent to the substrate with a byssoid sterile margin, clamped, thick-walled subicular hphae, the absence of cystidia, and short, inflated subhymenial hyphae. But, it differs in the presence of rhizomorphs, thick-walled subhymenial hyphae and smaller, ellipsoid or slightly triangular basidiospores (6.8–8.6 μm, Suvi et al. 2010). Tomentella griseomarginata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 13 196 Fig. 180 Microscopic structures of Tomentella fuscopelliculosa (IFP 019285, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 181 A basidiocarp of Tomentella globospora (IFP 019287, holotype) Fig. 182 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella globospora (IFP 019287, holotype) 197 Index Fungorum number: IF555748; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05628; Figs. 193, 194, 195 Etymology: Refers to the grey sterile margin of the basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019295. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.3–0.6 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, greyish brown to dark brown (6D3–6F5) and turning lighter than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, paler than hymenophore, grey to orange-grey (5B1–5B2). Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 4–6 μm diam, without encrustation; subicular hyphal cells short and not inflated, brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, rarely branched, 4–6 μm diam; hyphal cells short and not inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 15–40 μm long and 5–9 μm diam at apex, 3–5.5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2–5 μm long and 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (5.5–)6.5–7(–7.5) × (5.5–)6–6.5(–7) μm, L = 6.86 μm, W = 6.28 μm, Q = 1.05–1.15 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 10 August 2016, Yuan 11468 (IFP 019295, holotype), Yuan 11458 (IFP 019296). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211721, MK211720; LSU: MK446383, MK446382. Notes: Tomentella clavigera, T. subclavigera and T. griseomarginata are closely related in the phylogeny (Fig. 111). 13 198 Fig. 183 Microscopic structures of Tomentella globospora (IFP 019287, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 199 They share similar characteristics: an indeterminate and farinaceous sterile margin, short subhymenial hyphal cells, clavate cystidia and the absence of rhizomorphs. However, T. clavigera and T. subclavigera differ from T. griseomarginata by having thin-walled subicular hyphae and subglobose to bi- and tri-lobed basidiospores (Kõljalg 1996; Melo et al. 1998; Daemmrich 2006). T. griseocastanea also resembles T. griseomarginata by having mucedinoid and continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a farinaceous sterile margin, clavate basidia and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, the former species is differentiated by a greyish brown sterile margin and subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadra-lobed basidiospores. Fig. 184 A basidiocarp of Tomentella gloeocystidiata (IFP 019289, holotype) Fig. 185 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella gloeocystidiata (IFP 019289, holotype) Tomentella inconspicua H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555702; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05629; Figs. 196, 197, 198 Etymology: Refers to the inconspicuous basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019297. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.1–0.2 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth to granulose, dark brown (6F4–6) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum, 10–20 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae clamped, thick-walled, unbranched, 2–3 μm diam, brownish yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, 4–6 μm diam, rarely branched, without encrustation, pastel yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin- to slightly thick-walled, frequently branched, 5–7 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, pastel yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 30–50 μm long and 7–10 μm diam at apex, 5–8 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, not sinuous, without transverse septa, pastel yellow in KOH, yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 13 200 Fig. 186 Microscopic structures of Tomentella gloeocystidiata (IFP 019289, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 187 A basidiocarp of Tomentella griseocastanea (IFP 019291, holotype) Fig. 188 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella griseocastanea (IFP 019291, holotype) 201 3–5 μm long and 1–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thickwalled, (6–)6.4–7.3(–7.5) × (5–)5.3–6.8(–7) μm, L = 7.01 μm, W = 6.54 μm, Q = 1.05–1.13 (n = 60/2), irregularly globose or lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, mustard yellow in KOH, mustard yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli isolated or grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Xifeng County, Binglashan National Forest Park, on rotten angiosperm branch, 2 August 2016, Yuan 11107 (IFP 019297, holotype); on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 1 August 2016, Yuan 11060 (IFP 019298); Huanren County, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 21 October 2015, Yuan 10684. GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686234, KY686235; LSU: MK446385, MK446384. Notes: Tomentella badia resembles T. inconspicua by having brown, mucedinoid basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth to granulose hymenophore, indeterminate sterile margins, the absence of cystidia, and echinulate basidiospores with long echinuli. However, it differs from T. inconspicua by having simple septate hyphae, the absence of rhizomorphs, and bigger basidiospores (8–11 μm, Kõljalg 1996). T. parmastoana Suvi & Kõljalg is similar to T. inconspicua by having brown, continuous and mucedinoid basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, an indeterminate sterile margin, the presence of rhizomorphs, clamped, thickwalled subicular hyphae and echinulate basidiospores of approximately the same shape and size. But, it differs by a smooth to granulose hymenophoral surface, thick rhizomorphs (49–120 mm diam) and short, inflated subhymenial hyphae (Suvi et al. 2010). Tomentella incrustata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555749; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05630; Figs. 199, 200, 201 Etymology: Refers to the encrusted generative hyphae. Holotype: IFP 019299. 13 202 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 189 Microscopic structures of Tomentella griseocastanea (IFP 019291, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal and lateral views Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 1–1.5 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, pale brown to brown (6D8–6E8) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often determinate, byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margins, 6.5–25 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorphs dimitic, highly differentiated, of type G; central hyphae clamped, thick-walled, rarely branched, 3–4 μm diam, with external 13 encrustation, pale yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid; skeletal hyphae at outer part of rhizomorphs thick-walled, unbranched, 1–1.5 μm diam, pale yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin- to slightly thick-walled, frequently branched; dominant, mostly 2 μm diam and occasionally inflated to 4 μm diam, with external encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, frequently branched, 3–6 μm diam; hyphal cells Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 190 A basidiocarp of Tomentella griseofusca (IFP 019293, holotype) Fig. 191 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella griseofusca (IFP 019293, holotype) 203 short and not inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 10–30 μm long and 3–6 μm diam at apex, 3–5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 6–7 μm and 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (5–)5.5–7(–7.5) × (4–)5–6.5(–7) μm, L = 6.55 μm, W = 5.83 μm, Q = 1.08–1.15 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-, or tri-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Anshan, Qianshan Park, on fallen angiosperm branch, 1 August 2017, Yuan 12189 (IFP 019299, holotype); Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on fallen angiosperm branch, 3 August 2016, Yuan 11158 (IFP 019300). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211723, MK211722; LSU: MK446387, MK446386. Notes: Tomentella umbrinospora and T. incrustata formed a clade in the phylogeny (Fig. 111), and they share similar morphological and anatomical characteristics: continuous basidiocarps separable from the substrate, a byssoid sterile margin, clavate basidia, a dimitic structure of the rhizomorphs and the absence of cystidia. However, T. umbrinospora differs from T. incrustata by having dark brick, umber or fulvous and arachnoid basidiocarps, thin-walled subicular hyphae and subglobose to bi-lobed basidiospores (Kõljalg 1996; Peintner and Dämmrich 2012). T. fuscogranulosa is similar to T. incrustata by the brown, pelliculose and continuous basidiocarps, the byssoid sterile margin, clavate basidia, the presence of rhizomorphs and subglobose to bi-, or tri-lobed basidiospores. However, T. fuscogranulosa can be distinguished by the occasionally collapsed subicular hyphae and the more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells. Tomentella interrupta H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 13 204 Fig. 192 Microscopic structures of Tomentella griseofusca (IFP 019293, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 193 A basidiocarp of Tomentella griseomarginata (IFP 019295, holotype) 205 Index Fungorum number: IF555624; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05631; Figs. 202, 203, 204 Etymology: Refers to the discontinous basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019241. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.1–0.2 mm thick, discontinuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, pale brown to brown (6D6–6D8) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, paler than hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum, 10–20 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorphs monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae clamped, slightly thick-walled, unbranched, 1–2 μm diam, pale yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae mostly clamped and rarely simple septate, thick-walled, rarely branched, 3–4 μm diam, occasionally collapsed, not encrusted, greyish yellow in KOH, slightly cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, frequently branched, 4–6 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, greyish yellow in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 15–40 μm long and 5–9 μm diam at apex, 4–6 μm at base, with a clamp at base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, greyish yellow in KOH, greyish yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–5 μm long and 1–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (7.5–)7 .9–9.2(–9.5) × (7–)7.4–8.7(–9) μm, L = 8.66 μm, W = 8.23 μm, Q = 1.03–1.08 (n = 60/2), irregularly globose or lobed in frontal view and ellipsoid in lateral view, echinulate to aculeate, reddish yellow in KOH, orange in distilled water, slightly cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 2 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 23 October 2015, Yuan 10775 (IFP 019241, holotype); on rotten angiosperm branch, 3 August 2016, Yuan 11203 (IFP 019242), Yuan 11183, 11197 Fig. 194 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella griseomarginata (IFP 019295, holotype) 13 206 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 195 Microscopic structures of Tomentella griseomarginata (IFP 019295, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view & 11243; Huanren County, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm branch, 20 October 2015, Yuan 10661. GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686236, KY686237; LSU: MK446388, MK446389. Notes: Tomentella galzinii Bourdot and T. viridula (Bourdot & Galzin) Svrček resemble T. interrupta in having discontinuous, very thin basidiocarps, thin-walled subhymenial hyphae, and the same size and triangular to irregularly globose basidiospores. However, the former species is differentiated by an olivaceous hymenophoral surface, acuminate, encrusted cystidia and the absence of rhizomorphs. T. viridula differs from T. interrupta by its capitate cystidia and the absence of rhizomorphs (Kõljalg 1996). Tomentella 13 kentuckiensis is similar to T. interrupta by having a smooth hymenophore, the presence of rhizomorphs, thick-walled, clamped and simple septate subicular hyphae and irregular or lobed basidiospores of approximately the same size. However, it differs by having mucedinoid, continuous basidiocarps and slightly bigger basidiospores (8–11 μm diam, Larsen 1974). Tomentella liaoningensis H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555703; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05632; Figs. 205, 206, 207 Etymology: Refers to the species having a distribution in Liaoning Province of China. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 196 A basidiocarp of Tomentella inconspicua (IFP 019297, holotype) Fig. 197 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella inconspicua (IFP 019297, holotype) Holotype: IFP 019301. 207 Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.2–0.4 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, brown (6D7–6E8) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and simple septate, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3–5 μm diam, occasionally collapsed, without encrustation, pale orange in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 3–5 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, pale orange in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–50 μm long and 5–9 μm diam at apex, 3–5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale orange in KOH, yellowish brown in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2–5 μm long and 0.5–1 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thickwalled, (6–)6.3–7.8(–8.5) × (5.5–)6.1–7.5(–8) μm, L = 7.07 μm, W = 6.89 μm, Q = 1.02–1.08 (n = 60/2), irregularly globose or lobed in frontal and lateral views, aculeate, orange in KOH, golden yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Huanren County, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm branch, 21 October 2015, Yuan 10707 (IFP 019301, holotype); on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 21 October 2015, Yuan 10681 (IFP 019302); on fallen angiosperm branch, 4 August 2018, Yuan 12982. GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686257, MK250814. Notes: Tomentella stuposa resembles T. liaoningensis by having brown, mucedinoid, continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymenophore, the absence of rhizomorphs, subicular hyphae mostly clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled subhymenial hyphae, and echinulate basidiospores. However, T. stuposa differs by slightly globose and bigger basidiospores (8.5–11 μm, Kõljalg 1996). T. clavigera is similar to T. liaoningensis by having brown, mucedinoid, continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymenophore, indeterminate and byssoid sterile margins, the absence of rhizomorphs, and irregularly globose or lobed basidiospores. But, the former species is differentiated by clavate cystidia, the absence of simple septa 13 208 Fig. 198 Microscopic structures of Tomentella inconspicua (IFP 019297, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 209 on generative hyphae, and bigger basidiospores (7.5–8.5 μm, Kõljalg 1996). Fig. 199 A basidiocarp of Tomentella incrustata (IFP 019299, holotype) Fig. 200 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella incrustata (IFP 019299, holotype) Tomentella longiaculeifera H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555704; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05633; Figs. 208, 209, 210 Etymology: Refers to the long aculeate ornamentation on the basidiospores. Holotype: IFP 019303. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.4–0.6 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, brownish yellow to brownish orange (5C5–7) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae mostly clamped and rarely simple septate, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 4–6 μm diam, occasionally collapsed, with fine crystal encrustation, greyish yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 4–6 μm diam; hyphal cells slightly short and inflated, greyish yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–60 μm long and 5–11 μm diam at apex, 5–8 μm at base, with a clamp at base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, greyish yellow in KOH, yellowish brown in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 5–11 μm long and 1–3 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (6.5–)6.9–10.1(–10.5) × (6–)6.5–9.7(–10) μm, L = 8.66 μm, W = 8.24 μm, Q = 1.03–1.08 (n = 60/2), globose in frontal view and subglobose in lateral view, echinulate to aculeate, golden yellow in KOH, pale yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, up to 2.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on bark of fallen angiosperm trunk, 22 October 2015, Yuan 10744 (IFP 019303, holotype); Xifeng County, Binglashan National Forest Park, on rotten angiosperm branch, 2 August 2016, Yuan 11119 (IFP 019304), Yuan 11127 & 11133; on 13 210 Fig. 201 Microscopic structures of Tomentella incrustata (IFP 019299, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 202 A basidiocarp of Tomentella interrupta (IFP 019241, holotype) Fig. 203 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella interrupta (IFP 019241, holotype) 211 rotten angiosperm wood debris, 3 August 2016, Yuan 11149, 11168, 11175, 11191 & 11198. GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686238, KY686239; LSU: MK446391, MK446392. Notes: Tomentella stuposa is similar to T. longiaculeifera by having continuous and mucedinoid basidiocarps, a smooth hymenophore, indeterminate sterile margins, the absence of rhizomorphs, clamped and simple septate hyphae and subglobose basidiospores of approximately the same size. However, T. stuposa is differentiated by hazel-coloured basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, and thin-walled subhymenial hyphae (Kõljalg 1996). T. globospora resembles T. longiaculeifera by having brown, continuous basidiocarps, the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia, globose to subglobose basidiospores of approximately the same size and long echinuli. But, the basidiocarps of the former are crustose and adherent to the substrate, and the subhymenial hyphal cells are uniform. Tomentella longiechinuli H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555750; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05634; Figs. 211, 212, 213 Etymology: Refers to the long echinuli on the basidiospores. Holotype: IFP 019305. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 1–1.5 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, pale brown to brown (6D4–6E5) and slightly lighter than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 4–9 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 4–7 μm diam; hyphal cells short and not inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 10–50 μm long and 6–13 μm diam at apex, 5–9 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown 13 212 Fig. 204 Microscopic structures of Tomentella interrupta (IFP 019241, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 205 A basidiocarp of Tomentella liaoningensis (IFP 019301, holotype) Fig. 206 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella liaoningensis (IFP 019301, holotype) 213 in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–8 μm long and 2–3 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thickwalled, (8–)8.5–10.5(–12) × (7–)7.5–9(–10) μm, L = 9.37 μm, W = 8.47 μm, Q = 1.08–1.25 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, up to 3 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Heilongjiang Province, Fenglin National Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 16 October 2016, Yuan 11979 (IFP 019305, holotype), Yuan 12083 (IFP 019306). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211726, MK211727; LSU: MK446393, MK446394. Notes: Tomentella griseofusca is similar to T. longiechinuli by the brownish basidiocarps, clamped hyphae, short subhymenial hyphal cells, utriform basidia and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, the former species is differentiated by crustose basidiocarps, thick-walled subhymenial hyphae and globose to subglobose basidiospores. T. conclusa resembles T. longiechinuli by the basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, short subhymenial hyphal cells, utriform basidia and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. conclusa differs from T. longiechinuli by the inflated subhymenial hyphal cells and globose to subglobose basidiospores with shorter echinuli (echinuli up to 2.5 μm long). Tomentella megaspora H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555751; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05635; Figs. 214, 215, 216 Etymology: Refers to the large basidiospores. Holotype: IFP 019307. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.5–0.8 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, brown to dark brown (6E8–6F8) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, 13 214 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 207 Microscopic structures of Tomentella liaoningensis (IFP 019301, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, frequently branched, 5–9 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 6–9 μm diam, without encrustation; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 10–50 μm long and 3–12 μm diam at apex, 5–7 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–5 μm long and 1–1.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (8–)9–11(–11.5) × (7.5– 13 )8–10(–11) μm, L = 9.88 μm, W = 9.08 μm, Q = 1.08–1.12 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 2.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province. Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 7 August 2016, Yuan 11326 (IFP 019307, holotype); 10 August 2016, Yuan 11472 (IFP 019308). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211724, MK211725; LSU: MK446395, MK446396. Notes: Tomentella longiaculeifera is similar to T. megaspora by the byssoid sterile margin, clamped subicular and Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 215 subhymenial hyphae, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, globose to subglobose basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. longiaculeifera differs from T. megaspora by having mucedinoid basidiocarps, clavate basidia, and encrusted subicular hyphae which are occasionally collapsed. T. changbaiensis resembles T. megaspora by the byssoid sterile margin, clamped hyphae, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, utriform basidia, globose to subglobose basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. changbaiensis differs from T. megaspora by having arachnoid basidiocarps with pale brown sterile margin and duplex subiculum. Fig. 208 A basidiocarp of Tomentella longiaculeifera (IFP 019303, holotype) Fig. 209 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella longiaculeifera (IFP 019303, holotype) Tomentella olivacea H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555705; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05636; Figs. 217, 218, 219 Etymology: Refers to the olive brown hymenophoral surface. Holotype: IFP 019309. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.25–0.5 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth to indistinctly granulose, olive brown (4F5–7) and turning darker than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often determinate, byssoid, paler than hymenophore, almost pale brown. Subiculum mostly pale brown (5D6–8), Rhizomorphs present in subiculum, 10–20 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae clamped, thick-walled, unbranched, 1–2 μm diam, yolk yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thin- to slightly thick-walled, rarely branched 3–4 μm diam, without encrustation, yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, frequently branched, 6–8 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, yellow in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–70 μm long and 5–7 μm diam at apex, 5–8 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, stalked, not sinuous, without transverse septa, yellow in KOH, yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 4–5 μm long and 13 216 Fig. 210 Microscopic structures of Tomentella longiaculeifera (IFP 019303, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 211 A basidiocarp of Tomentella longiechinuli (IFP 019305, holotype) Fig. 212 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella longiechinuli (IFP 019305, holotype) 217 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (6–)6.5– 7.9(–8.5) × (5–)5.5–6.8(–7) μm, L = 7.0 μm, W = 6.27 μm, Q = 1.08–1.17 (n = 60/2), irregularly globose or lobed in lateral and frontal views, echinulate, yolk yellow in KOH, yolk yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually grouped in 2 or more, up to 0.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Xifeng County, Binglashan National Forest Park, on rotten branch of Quercus, 2 August 2016, Yuan 11139 (IFP 019309, holotype); on rotten angiosperm branch, 1 August 2016, Yuan 11043 (IFP 019310), 2 August 2016, Yuan 11082, 11095, 11118 & 11141; on rotten angiosperm wood debris, Yuan 11103, 11108, 11113, 11120, 11121 & 11143. GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686225, KY686224; LSU: MK446398, MK446397. Notes: Tomentella olivascens (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Bourdot & Galzin resembles T. olivacea in having olivaceous grey basidiocarps, thin- to slightly thick-walled subicular hyphae, thin-walled subhymenial hyphae and echinulate basidiospores of approximately the same size and shape. But, it differs by having basidiocarps adherent to the substrate and the absence of rhizomorphs in subiculum (Kõljalg 1996). T. ochraceo-olivacea Litsch. is similar to T. olivacea by having ochraceous to yellowish olivaceous baisidocarps, pale brown subiculum and irregular globose basidiospores of approximately the same size. However, it differs by its adherent, crustaceous to membranaceous basidiocarps and basidia frequently with transverse septa (Litschauer 1933). Tomentella olivaceobrunnea H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555766; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05637; Figs. 220, 221, 222 Etymology: Refers to the olive brown hymenophoral surface. Holotype: IFP 019311. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 13 218 Fig. 213 Microscopic structures of Tomentella longiechinuli (IFP 019305, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 214 A basidiocarp of Tomentella megaspora (IFP 019307, holotype) Fig. 215 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella megaspora (IFP 019307, holotype) 219 0.3–0.6 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface granulose, brownish grey to olive brown (4D2–4E5) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, slightly thick- to thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3–6 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 4–7 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, hyaline to pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 15–40 μm long and 5–8 μm diam at apex, 4–5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, not stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, hyaline in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2–8 μm long and 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thickwalled, (6–)6.5–7 (–7.5) × (5–)5.5–6(–6.5) μm, L = 6.68 μm, W = 5.66 μm, Q = 1.15–1.23 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadra-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on fallen angiosperm branch, 3 August 2016, Yuan 11194 (IFP 019311, holotype); on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 31 July 2017, Yuan 12148 (IFP 019312). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211728, MK211729; LSU: MK446399, MK446400. Notes: Tomentella griseocastanea and T. olivaceobrunnea formed a clade in the phylogeny (Fig. 111), and they share the same morphological and anatomical characteristics: mucedinoid and continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a farinaceous sterile margin, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, clavate basidia and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. But, T. griseocastanea is differentiated by greyish brown basidiocarps and subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadra-lobed basidiospores. T. coerulea is similar to T. olivaceobrunnea by having continuous basidiocarps 13 220 Fig. 216 Microscopic structures of Tomentella megaspora (IFP 019307, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 221 adherent to the substrate, a granulose hymenophoral surface, a farinaceous sterile margin, the absence of cystidia, and subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadra-lobed basidiospores. However, T. coerulea differs by its greyish brown to dark brown basidiocarps, pale greyish brown and whitish sterile margin and the presence of rhizomorphs (Kõljalg 1996; Daemmrich 2006; Melo et al. 2006). Fig. 217 Basidiocarps of Tomentella olivacea (IFP 019309, holotype) Fig. 218 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella olivacea (IFP 019309, holotype) Tomentella pallidobrunnea H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555767; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05638; Figs. 223, 224, 225 Etymology: Referring to the species having pale brown sterile margin. Holotype: IFP 019313. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.5–1.5 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, pale brown to dark brown (6D8–6F7) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, lighter than hymenophore, byssoid, pale brown (6D8). Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, frequently branched, 4–7 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 5–8 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 15–40 μm long and 4–10 μm diam at apex, 3–6 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 3–6 μm long and 1.5–2.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (7–)7.5–8.5(–9) × (6.5– )7–8(–8.5) μm, L = 8.03 μm, W = 7.37 μm, Q = 1.05–1.12 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 2 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 10 August 13 222 Fig. 219 Microscopic structures of Tomentella olivacea (IFP 019309, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 220 A basidiocarp of Tomentella olivaceobrunnea (IFP 019311, holotype) Fig. 221 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella olivaceobrunnea (IFP 019311, holotype) 223 2016, Yuan 11493 (IFP 019313, holotype), Yuan 11481 (IFP 019314). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211731, MK211730; LSU: MK446402, MK446401. Notes: Tomentella bryophila resembles T. pallidobrunnea by having basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, the absence of rhizomorphs, clamped hyphae, thick-walled subicular hyphae, thin-walled subhymenial hyphae and echinulate basidiospores of approximately the same shape. But, it differs by having dark blonde to raw umber basidiocarps and thin-walled, bigger basidiospores (7.5–10.5 μm, Kõljalg 1996). T. megaspora is similar to T. pallidobrunnea by having brown to dark brown basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, clamped hyphae, utriform basidia, globose to subglobose basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs. However, it differs by its pelliculose basidiocarps and bigger basidiospores (9–11 × 8–10 μm). Tomentella pallidomarginata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555768; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05639; Figs. 226, 227, 228 Etymology: Refers to the pale yellow sterile margin of basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019315. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, crustose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.6–1.2 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, dark blonde to brown (5D4–6E4) and turning darker than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often determinate, byssoid, paler than hymenophore, pale yellow (4A4). Rhizomorphs present at the margin, 30–50 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, undifferentiated, of type A, loosely interwoven and uniform, several hyphae growing out of the margin; single hyphae clamped, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 5–6 μm diam, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, slightly thick- to distinctly thick-walled, 13 224 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 222 Microscopic structures of Tomentella olivaceobrunnea (IFP 019311, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view occasionally branched, 5–7 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin- to slightly thick-walled, rarely branched, 5–9 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–70 μm long and 5–13 μm diam at apex, 4–8 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, rarely with transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 4–8 μm long and 2–3 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (6.5–)7–8.5(–9) × (6–) 13 6.5–7(–7.5) μm, L = 7.54 μm, W = 6.85 μm, Q = 1.07–1.13 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi- to tri-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 10 August 2016, Yuan 11474 (IFP 019315, holotype), 9 August 2016, Yuan 11404 (IFP 019316). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211733, MK211732; LSU: MK446404, MK446403. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 223 A basidiocarp of Tomentella pallidobrunnea (IFP 019313, holotype) Fig. 224 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella pallidobrunnea (IFP 019313, holotype) 225 Notes: Tomentella ellisii is similar to T. pallidomarginata by having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymenophoral surface, the presence of rhizomorphs, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, utriform basidia, the absence of cystidia, and subglobose to bi- or tri-lobed basidiospores. However, T. ellisii differs by its yellowish sterile margin and thin-walled subicular and subhymenial hyphae (Stalpers 1993; Kõljalg 1996). T. hjortstamiana Suvi & Kõljalg resembles T. pallidomarginata by having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymenophoral surface, the presence of rhizomorphs, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, the absence of cystidia, and subglobose to bi- or tri-lobed basidiospores. However, the former species is differentiated by yellowish grey and arachnoid or mucedinoid basidiocarps, clavate basidia and thin-walled subicular and subhymenial hyphae. Tomentella parvispora H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555769; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05640; Figs. 229, 230, 231 Etymology: Refers to the small basidiospores. Holotype: IFP 019317. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, up to 0.1 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth to indistinctly granulose, yellowish brown (5E5–5F8) and darker than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, light brown (5D5–8). Subiculum mostly pale yellowish brown. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum, 10–20 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae clamped, thick-walled, unbranched, 1.5–2.5 μm diam, pale orange in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 4.5–6 μm diam, occasionally collapsed, without encrustation, pale orange in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin- to slightly thick-walled, occasionally branched, 3–6 μm diam; hyphal 13 226 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 225 Microscopic structures of Tomentella pallidobrunnea (IFP 019313, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view cells more or less uniform, pale orange in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–40 μm long and 6–9 μm diam at apex, 5–7 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale orange in KOH, yellowish brown in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2–5 μm, 1–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (5.5–)5.7–6.7(–7) × (5–) 5.3–6.4(–7) μm, L = 6.14 μm, W = 5.74 μm, Q = 1.04–1.09 (n = 60/2), irregularly globose or lobed in frontal view and ellipsoid in lateral view, echinulate, pale brown in KOH, pale brown in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually grouped in 2 or more, up to 0.6 μm long. 13 Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Xifeng County, Binglashan National Forest Park, on rotten angiosperm branch, 2 August 2016, Yuan 11144 (IFP 019317, holotype); Huanren County, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 20 October 2015, Yuan 10645; 21 October 2015, Yuan 10703; Qingyuan County, Qingyuan Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 3 August 2016, Yuan 11196 (IFP 019318), 11162, 11176, 11181, 11182, 11185, 11188, 11192, 11193, 11214 & 11215; on rotten angiosperm branch, Yuan 11179 & 11220. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 227 Notes: Tomentella minispora Yorou is similar to T. parvispora by having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, clamped, thin- to slightly thick-walled subhymenial hyphae, the absence of cystidia, and small, echinulate basdiospores with echinuli of approximately equal size. However, the former species has an absence of rhizomorphs, short inflated externally encrusted subhymenial hyphae and a farinaceous basidiocarp margin (Yorou et al. 2013). T. olivacea resembles T. parvispora by having pelliculose and continuous basidiocarps, a smooth and granulose hymenophore with byssoid sterile margin, the presence of rhizomorphs, clamped and thick-walled hyphae without encrustation and irregular, echinulate basidiospores. However, it differs from T. parvispora by having olive brown basidiocarps and bigger basidiospores (6.5–7.9 × 5.5–6.8 μm). Fig. 226 A basidiocarp of Tomentella pallidomarginata (IFP 019315, holotype) Fig. 227 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella pallidomarginata (IFP 019315, holotype) GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686226, KY686227; LSU: MK446405, MK446406. Tomentella pertenuis H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555771; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05641; Figs. 232, 233, 234 Etymology: Refers to the very thin basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019319. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.1–0.15 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, yellowish brown (5F7–8) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 6–7 μm diam, without encrustation, yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, slightly thick-walled, occasionally branched, 7–9 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, yellow in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 40–60 μm long and 7–10 μm diam at apex, 6–9 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, not sinuous, without transverse septa, yellow in KOH, yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 5–8 μm long and 2–3 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (7–)7.5–8.5(–9) × (6.5–)6.7–7.9(–8.5) μm, L = 7.99 μm, W = 7.41 μm, Q = 1.06–1.11 (n = 60/2), globose, subglobse or irregularly globose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, yellow in KOH, yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.2 μm long. 13 228 Fig. 228 Microscopic structures of Tomentella pallidomarginata (IFP 019315, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 229 A basidiocarp of Tomentella parvispora (IFP 019317, holotype) Fig. 230 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella parvispora (IFP 019317, holotype) 229 Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Xifeng County, Binglashan National Forest Park, on bark of rotten angiosperm stump, 2 August 2016, Yuan 11131 (IFP 019319, holotype); on rotten angiosperm branch, 1 August 2016, Yuan 1,045 & 11064 (IFP 019320); Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 3 August 2016, Yuan 11189 & 11204. GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686241, KY686240; LSU: MK446408, MK446407. Notes: Tomentella tenuis Suvi & Kõljalg is similar to T. pertenuis by having very thin and continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, clamped and thick-walled subicular hyphae, the absence of cystidia, and ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores of approximately the same size. However, T. tenuis differs by its greyish yellow basidiocarps, the presence of rhizomorphs in subiculum and margins, short and inflated subhymenial hyphae with thin-walls and bi- to trifurcate echnuli (Suvi et al. 2010). T. terrestris resembles T. pertenuis by having continuous and mucedinoid basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymenophore, indeterminate sterile margin, the absence of rhizomorphs, and echinulate basidiospores of approximately the same size. However, the former species is differentiated by reddish brown basidiocarps, thin-walled subhymenial hyphae and transverse septate basidia (Kõljalg 1996). Tomentella qingyuanensis H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555772; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05642; Figs. 235, 236, 237 Etymology: Refers to where the type specimen was collected. Holotype: IFP 019321. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, arachnoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.1–0.3 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth or indistinctly granulose, brown to dark brown (7E8–7F8) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margin, 10–35 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, differentiated, of type C, compactly 13 230 Fig. 231 Microscopic structures of Tomentella parvispora (IFP 019317, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 232 A basidiocarp of Tomentella pertenuis (IFP 019319, holotype) Fig. 233 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella pertenuis (IFP 019319, holotype) 231 arranged; hyphae in central rhizomorph with both clamps and simple septa, thick-walled, unbranched, 3.5–4.5 μm diam; hyphae at outer part of rhizomorph with both clamps and simple septa, thick-walled, unbranched, 1.5–2.5 μm diam; all the hyphae pale yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and simple septate, thin- to slightly thick-walled, occasionally branched, 2–3.5 μm diam, occasionally collapsed, without encrustation, pale yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thinwalled, occasionally branched, 2.5–4.5 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, pale yellow in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–60 μm long and 5–10 μm diam at apex, 4–7 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale yellow in KOH, pale yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2–5 μm long and 0.3–0.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (6–)6.5–7.7(–8) × (5.5– )6–6.9(–7.5) μm, L = 6.92 μm, W = 6.25 μm, Q = 1.07–1.15 (n = 60/2), irregularly globose or lobed in frontal view and ellipsoid in lateral view, echinulate, orange in KOH, deep yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.2 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on rotten angiosperm branch, 10 October 2015, Yuan 10616 (IFP 019321, holotype); Xifeng County, Binglashan National Forest Park, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 2 August 2016, 11109 (IFP 019322) & 11145. GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686223, KY686222; LSU: MK446409, MK446410. Notes: Tomentella maroana Yorou is similar to T. qingyuanensis by having dark brown, continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth or granulose hymenophore, the presence of rhizomorphs; generative hyphae with both clamped and simple septa and echinulate basidiospores of approximately the same shape. However, the former species is differentiated by crustose basidiocarps, thickwalled subhymenial hyphae and bigger basidiospores with short echinuli (8.5–11 × 7.5–8.5 μm, Yorou et al. 2011). T. 13 232 Fig. 234 Microscopic structures of Tomentella pertenuis (IFP 019319, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 233 fuscogranulosa resembles T. qingyuanensis by having continuous basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth or granulose hymenophore, the presence of rhizomorphs, thin- to thick-wall subicular hyphae with both clamped and simple septa and irregularly globose or lobed basidiospores. However, it differs from T. qingyuanensis by having undifferentiated rhizomorphs (type B) and bigger basidiospores (8.0–9.4 × 7.1–9.0 μm). Fig. 235 A basidiocarp of Tomentella qingyuanensis (IFP 019321, holotype) Fig. 236 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella qingyuanensis (IFP 019321, holotype) Tomentella segregata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555773; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05643; Figs. 238, 239, 240 Etymology: Refers to the isolated echinuli of the basidiospores. Holotype: IFP 019323. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.8–1.5 mm thick, discontinuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, pale brown to dark brown (6D8–6F6) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, slightly thick- to thick-walled, frequently branched, 3–5 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 4–6 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 15–40 μm long and 5–8 μm diam at apex, 4–6 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, not stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 4–7 μm long and 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slightly thick-walled, (7.5–)8–9(–9.5) × (7–) 7.5–8.5(–9) μm, L = 8.65 μm, W = 7.7 μm, Q = 1.08–1.15 (n = 60/2), globose to subglobose in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, up to 2.5 μm long. 13 234 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 237 Microscopic structures of Tomentella qingyuanensis (IFP 019321, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Huanren County, Laotudingzi National Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 20 October 2015, Yuan 11256 (IFP 019323, holotype); Jilin Province, Changbaishan Nature Reserve, on living tree root, 6 August 2016, Yuan 10650 (IFP 019324). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211735, MK211734; LSU: MK446412, MK446411. Notes: Tomentella globospora is similar to T. segregata by the basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymenophoral surface, a farinaceous sterile margin, globose to 13 subglobose basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. globospora differs from T. segregata by having crustose basidiocarps and more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells. T. pertenuis is similar to T. segregata by having basidiocarps adherent to the substrate with a smooth hymenophoral surface and farinaceous sterile margin, utriform basidia, globose to subglobose basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. pertenuis differs from T. segregata by having slightly thick-walled subicular hyphae and more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells. Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 238 A basidiocarp of Tomentella segregata (IFP 019323, holotype) Fig. 239 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella segregata (IFP 019323, holotype) Tomentella separata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555780; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05644; Figs. 241, 242 243 235 Etymology: Refers to the basidiocarps easily separable from the substrate. Holotype: IFP 019325. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, pelliculose, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.6–1.2 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, honey yellow to yellowish brown (5D6–5F8) and turning darker than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margins, 5–45 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorph monomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae clamped and simple septate, thick-walled, unbranched, 2–4 μm, pale brown in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin- to slighty thick-walled, frequently branched, 1.5–3.5 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and simple septate, thin-walled, frequently branched, 2.5–4.5 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 15–55 μm long and 3.5–6 μm diam at apex, 2–3.5 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, stalked, sinuous, with transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 4–8 μm long and 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores slighty thick-walled, (6.5–)7–8(–8.5) × (5.5– )6–7.5(–8) μm, L = 7.37 μm, W = 6.74 μm, Q = 1.08–1.25 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi-, tri- or quadra-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Huanren County, Laotudingzi National Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 20 October 2015, Yuan 10664 (IFP 019325, holotype); on fallen angiosperm branch, 20 October 2015, Yuan 10654 (IFP 019326). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211737, MK211736; LSU: MK850196, MK850197. Notes: Tomentella botryoides is similar to T. separata by the continuous basidiocarps, with byssoid sterile margin, the presence of rhizomorphs and the absence of cystidia. However, T. botryoides differs from T. separata by having fuscous black, mouse grey or greyish sepia basidiocarps, 13 236 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 240 Microscopic structures of Tomentella segregata (IFP 019323, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells and subglobose to bi- or tri-lobed basidiospores (Kõljalg 1996; Daemmrich 2006). T. brunneoflava resembles T. separata by having a byssoid sterile margin, the presence of rhizomorphs, clamped and simple septate hyphae, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, clavate basidia, and the absence of cystidia. But, it differs by the brownish orange, arachnoid basidiocarps and subglobose to bi-, tri-lobed basidiospores. 13 Tomentella stipitata H.S. Yuan, X. Lu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF555774; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05645; Figs. 244, 245, 246 Etymology: Refers to the stalked basidia. Holotype: IFP 019327. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.5–0.8 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, dark blonde to yellowish brown (5D4–5F8) and Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 241 A basidiocarp of Tomentella separata (IFP 019325, holotype) Fig. 242 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella separata (IFP 019325, holotype) 237 turning lighter than subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, farinaceous, dark blonde (5D4). Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped, frequently branched, thick-walled, 5–8 μm diam, without encrustation, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 5–8 μm diam; hyphal cells short and inflated, pale brown in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–50 μm long and 6–9 μm diam at apex, 5–6 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, utriform, stalked, sinuous, without transverse septa, pale brown in KOH and in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 6–10 μm long and 1.5–2 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thickwalled, (7–)7.5–8.5(–9) × (6–)6.5–8(–8.5) μm, L = 7.83 μm, W = 6.88 μm, Q = 1.06–1.15 (n = 60/2), subglobose to bi- or tri-lobed in frontal and lateral views, echinulate, pale brown in KOH and distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 2.5 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on fallen angiosperm branch, 3 August 2016, Yuan 11160 (IFP 019327, holotype), 30 July 2017, Yuan 12143 (IFP 019328). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK211740, MK211741; LSU: MK446413, MK446414. Notes: Tomentella bryophila is similar to T. stipitata by the dark blonde to raw umber basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a smooth hymenophoral surface, a farinaceous sterile margin, clamped hyphae, short and inflated subhymenial hyphal cells, utriform basidia and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. bryophila differs from T. stipitata by having globose to subglobose basidiospores (Kõljalg 1996). T. asiae-orientalis resembles T. stipitata by basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, a farinaceous sterile margin, clamped hyphae, thick-walled basidiospores and the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia. However, T. asiaeorientalis differs from T.stipitata by having more or less uniform subhymenial hyphal cells, utriform basidia and globose to subglobose basidiospores. Tomentella storea H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. 13 238 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 243 Microscopic structures of Tomentella separata (IFP 019325, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view Index Fungorum number: IF555775; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05646; Figs. 247, 248, 249 Etymology: Refers to the mat-like basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP 019330. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable from the substrate, mat-like, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.8–1.2 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth to indistinctly granulose, dark brown (6F5–8) and concolorous 13 with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often indeterminate, byssoid, dark brown. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae mostly clamped and occasionally simple septate, thick-walled, rarely branched, 4–5 μm diam, occasionally collapsed and encrusted, yellowish orange in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 3–6 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, yellowish Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 244 A basidiocarp of Tomentella stipitata (IFP 019327, holotype) Fig. 245 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella stipitata (IFP 019327, holotype) orange in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia 20–35 μm long and 4–9 μm diam at apex, 5–8 μm at base, with a clamp connection at base, clavate, stalked, 239 sinuous, without transverse septa, yellowish orange in KOH, yellowish brown in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2–4 μm long and 1–1.5 μm diam at base. Basidiospores thick-walled, (5.5–)6.1–7.1(–7.5) × (5.5–)5.7–6.6(–7) μm, L = 6.66 μm, W = 6.21 μm, Q = 1.06–1.12 (n = 60/2), irregularly globose or lobed in frontal view and ellipsoid in lateral view, echinulate, greyish yellow in KOH, golden yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 0.8 μm long. Material examined: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Qingyuan County, Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 22 October 2015, Yuan 10749 (IFP 019330, holotype); Huanren County, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, on rotten angiosperm wood debris, 20 October 2015, Yuan 10623 (IFP 019329); on fallen angiosperm branch, 20 October 2015, Yuan 10638; 21 October 2015, Yuan 10702; on fallen angiosperm twig, 21 October 2015, Yuan 10692; Kuandian County, Baishilazi Nature Reserve, on bark of rotten angiosperm branch, 22 October 2015, Yuan 10717; on rotten angiosperm wood debris, Yuan 10729. GenBank numbers: ITS: KY686245, KY686244; LSU: MK446416, MK446415. Notes: Tomentella baroensis Yorou is similar to T. storea by having thick basidiocarps (up to 2 mm thick), a smooth to indistinctly granulose hymenophoral surface, the absence of rhizomorphs and cystidia, and echinulate basidiospores of approximately the same shape. However, the former species is differentiated by dull red to greyish brown basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, the absence of simple septa in subicular hyphae, and bigger basidiospores (8–11 × 7.5–9 μm, Yorou et al. 2013). T. agbassaensis Yorou resembles T. storea by having brown, continuous basidiocarps separable from the substrate, a smooth and granulose hymenophore, clamped, thick-walled subicular hyphae and echinulate basidiospores of approximately the same shape and size. However, it differs from T. storea by having rhizomorphs in the subiculum and basidiospores with short echinuli (Yorou et al. 2012). Trechisporales K.H. Larsson Notes: The order Trechisporales was proposed by Larsson (2007) and accepted in the Agaricomycetes based on phylogenetic analysis (Binder et al. 2005; Larsson et al. 2004; Matheny et al. 2007). It includes stipitate, clavariod 13 240 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 246 Microscopic structures of Tomentella stipitata (IFP 019327, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view and resupinate genera with smooth, hydnoid, grandiniod or poroid hymenia. Hyphae are clamped, forming a monomitic system, and the subicular hyphae may or may not have ampullate septa. Basidia have four to six sterigmata, and the basidiospores are smooth or ornamented. Some species have cystidia. They grow mostly on wood or soil (Hibbett et al. 2007). 13 Hydnodontaceae Jülich, Biblthca Mycol. 85: 372 (1981) Notes: Hydnodontaceae was proposed by Jülich (1981) and includes a variety of fruitbody shapes: coralloid, hydnoid, stipitate and resupinate. Currently accepted genera in the family are: Brevicellicium, Dextrinocystis, Dextrinodontia, Hydnodon (Type), Litschauerella, Luellia, Porpomyces, Scytinopogon, Sistotremastrum, Sphaerobasidium, Subulicystidium, Trechispora and Tubulicium (He et al. 2019). Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 241 alutaceous, tan, tinged pink or purple, and have flat branches in one plane, dilatating before branching, polychotomous in the first divisions and dichotomous near to the tips, also it can be dichotomous in slim specimens. This genus includes 10 species (www.indexfungorum.org). Fig. 247 A basidiocarp of Tomentella storea (IFP 019330, holotype) Fig. 248 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella storea (IFP 019330, holotype) Scytinopogon Singer, Lloydia 8(3): 139 (1945) Notes: The genus Scytinopogon was proposed by Singer (1945). The clavarioid fruitbodies may be cream, white, Scytinopogon minisporus J. Alvarez-Manjarrez, M. Villegas & R. Garibay-Orijel, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB829209; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05672; Fig. 250 Etymology: Refers to the small-sized basidiospores. Holotype: MEXU 28300. Basidiocarps clavarioid 15–40 mm tall, branches are 15–17 mm long, stipe 5–15 × 1–3 mm long, acute to subounded, flat, and whitish or even grey (5A2–5B3), axils rounded. Branching near to the stipe is polytomical and near to the tips can be dichotomical to polytomical. Stipe cylindrical slightly flattened, whitish to pale orange-brown (5A2–5A3), base covered by numerous short hyphae looking plushy. Surface of all the fruitbody, except the base of the stipe, looks smooth to the naked eye, and dusty under the stereoscopic microscope. Consistency is cartilaginous to leathery. Flesh of middle portion has the same color as the surface. Odor indistinguishable, taste slightly astringent. Basidiospores 4.2–5(–5.6) × 2.1–2.8(–3) µm [ x = 4.6 ± 0.4 × 2.4 ± 0.3 µm, Q = 1.3–1.6, n = 30], dacryoid, slightly elliptical in lateral view, hyaline, thin-walled, verrucose, sometimes the warts merge, without conical spines; plage non ornamented, with lateral hilar appendix, slightly cyanophylic. Basidia mostly tetrasporic, scarce, (10–)20.3–28 × 4.9–5.6 µm, cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, thick -and smooth-walled, base with clamp connection. Sterigmata 2.8–4.2 × 1.4 µm, hyaline, straight with acute apex. Cystidia clavate, incrusted on the tip, non dissolving in KOH, very scarce. Subhymenium monomitic; generative hyphae of 1.4–3.5 × 50–56 µm, with thickened wall (< 1 µm), septae with clamp connections, and H connections between hyphae. Tramal hyphae strictly parallel, (2.1–)2.8–3.5 µm, thickened wall (< 1 µm), septate with clamp connections, and hyphae with H connections. Stipe composed of generative hyphae, 1.4–2.1 µm diam, hyaline, wall slightly thickened, frequent septa with clamp connections, and abundant crystals on their surface forming irregular plates. 13 242 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 249 Microscopic structures of Tomentella storea (IFP 019330, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view Habitat and known distribution: Gregarious or solitary, growing on soil or debris of tropical dry forest from the Pacific coast of Jalisco, Mexico. Material examined: MEXICO, Jalisco, municipality La Huerta, Estación de Biología de Chamela (EBCH), pathway Camino Antiguo, 9 October 2005, Villegas Ríos M. 2630 (FCME 26014); pathway Chachalaca, 11 August 2006, Villegas Ríos M. 2679 (FCME 26015); pathway Camino Antiguo Sur, 11 August 2006, Aguirre, Bautista and Pulido II-40 (MEXU 26345); 1 October 1977, A. Pérez J. and A. Solís M. (MEXU 11923); pathway Buho, 10 October 2015, Alvarez-Manjarrez AM170 (MEXU 28300, holotype); 13 pathway Buho, 18 October 2015, Alvarez-Manjarrez AM176 (MEXU 28301, isotype). GenBank numbers: ITS: MK328885, MK328886; LSU: MK328894, MK328895. Notes: Phylogenetic analyses of the combined ITS and LSU dataset reveal Scytinopogon minisporus as sister to a clade comprising two undescribed Scytinopogon species from Australia and Taiwan island and S. aff. pallescens from Mexico (Fig. 251). S. minisporus differs from other species of Scytinopogon in having clavate cystidia with crystals on the tip. Microscopically it is very similar to S. scaber (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) D.A. Reid, however S. minisporus has Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 250 Scytinopogon minisporus. a Fresh fruitbody (FCME 26015). b Dry fruitbody (MEXU 28300, holotype). c Basidiospores with verrucose ornamentation, showing the plage without ornamentation (MEXU 28300, holotype). d Ornamentation of spores (MEXU 243 28301). e Immature basidiospores attached to a tetrasterigmata basidia. f Clavate cystidia with crystals on the tip. Scale bars: b = 5 mm, c–e = 1.5 µm, f = 4 µm 13 244 Fig. 251 Bayesian analysis combined dataset of ITS and LSU sequence data of the Trechispora-Scytinopogon clade. The tree is rooted with Brevicellicium atlanticum and B. olivascens. The node 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 support is indicated as maximum likelihood bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probabilities respectively. New sequences are indicated in blue Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fig. 252 A basidiocarp of Phaeotremella yunnanensis (BJFC 019764, holotype) verrucose spores, bigger basidia and encrusted cystidia. S. papillosus Corner also is similar in spore size but has minute papillae on the surface of the fruitbody. It is important to note that Trechispora and Scytinopogon are paraphyletic in the same clade (Birkebak et al. 2013; Desjardin and Perry 2015). The type sequences of both genera are necessary to determine if the resupinate Trechispora and coralloid Scytinopogon are synonyms (Desjardin and Perry 2015). S. minisporus is allocated to this genus, based on the current concept while waiting for phylogenetic studies including sequences of type species. Tremellomycetes Tremellales Fr. Notes: The order was set up by Fries (1821), based on Tremellaceae Fr. Most species of the order have gelatinous basidiocarps with transverse or oblique basidial septa. However, some teleomorphic species apparently lack basidiocarps and some species grow as yeasts in their haploid stages (Weiss et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2015b). Phaeotremellaceae A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout, Stud. Mycol. 81: 137 (2015) Notes: Phaeotremellaceae was introduced to accommodate the genus Phaeotremella Rea and the newly described monotypic genus Gelidatrema Yurkov et al. in Liu et al. (2015a). Phaeotremella was treated as the type genus of the family and twelve species were accepted in the genus (Liu et al. 2015a; Spirin et al. 2017). Gelidatrema was proposed for the single species, Cryptococcus spencermartinsiae V. de García et al. by Liu et al. (2015a), and a new species, G. psychrophila M. Tsuji et al. was described in the genus by Tsuji et al. (2017). 245 Phaeotremella Rea, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 3: 377 (1912) Notes: The genus was established by Rea (1912) with one species, Phaeotremella pseudofoliacea Rea, but it was later considered a synonym of Tremella foliacea Pers. (Donk 1966; Roberts 1999). The viewpoint was accepted by some researchers and some species similar to T. foliacea were described in Tremella Pers. (Donk 1966; Chen 1998; Pippola and Kotiranta 2008; Boekhout et al. 2011; Weiss et al. 2014). The genus Tremella was shown to be polyphyletic based on molecular data and these species similar to T. foliacea (the T. foliacea group) formed a single clade in the phylogenies (Boekhout et al. 2011). Liu et al. (2015a) resurrected the generic name Phaeotremella for the T. foliacea group, which was recognized in later studies (Wedin et al. 2016; Spirin et al. 2017). Phaeotremella yunnanensis L.F. Fan, F. Wu & Y.C. Dai, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556263; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05842; Figs. 252, 253 Etymology: Referring to the distribution of the species in Yunnan, China. Holotype: BJFC 019764. Basidiocarps gelatinous and no odor when fresh, foliaceous, 0.4–1.8 cm high, 1.6–4.0 cm diam, greyish brown to fuscous, sessile, lobes with single-layer structure and undulate caespitose lobes arising directly from the central point of attachment, becoming firmly gelatinous and deep brown when dry. Hyphae clamped, thin- to slightly thick-walled, 2–9 μm diam, hyaline to brownish, inflated, anastomosing, branched and slightly interwoven. Haustoria, hyphidia and vesicles absent. Swollen cells rarely present. Basidia globose to subglobose or widely ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, longitudinally septate, rarely obliquely septate, with a basal clamp connection, obvious oil drops and 1–4 long sterigmata, (11.0–)12.0–15.0(–22.0) × (11.0–)12.0–16.0(–18.0) μm, L = 13.7 µm, W = 13.8 µm, Q = 1.07(n = 30/1), occasionally wider than long. Basidiospores globose or broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, apiculate, with oil drops, (6.0–)7.0–8.0(–8.9) × 6.0–7.3(–9.0) μm, L = 7.4 µm, W = 6.9 µm, Q = 1.07 (n = 30/1), sometimes broader than long, germinating and producing secondary spores by germ tubes. Conidia usually plentiful, spherical or ovoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, thick-wall, smooth, usually originating from inflated conidiophores interspersed among basidia in the hymenium, (3.0–)3.8–5.0(–6.0) × (2.0–)2.5–3.8(–4.0) µm, L = 4.5 µm, W = 3.0 µm, Q = 1.50 (n = 30/1). Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Yongde County, Daxueshan Nature Reserve, on dead angiosperm branch, 27 August 2015, Dai 15660 (BJFC 019764, holotype); Jingdong County, Ailaoshan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 24 August 2015, Dai 15621 (BJFC 019725). 13 246 Fig. 253 Microscopic structures of Phaeotremella yunnanensis (BJFC 019764, holotype). a Basidiospores. b Conidia. c Basidia. d Conidiophores with conidia. e Hyphae from context 13 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 247 Fig. 254 Phylogenetic position of Phaeotremella yunnanensis inferred from the ITS, LSU and TEF1-α sequences. Bootstrap support values (ML and MP) ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.90 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted with Gelidatremea spencermartinsiae (CBS10760T). The new isolates are in bold GenBank numbers: ITS: MK559397, MK559396; LSU: MK559399, MK559398; TEF1-α: MK559401, MK559400. Notes: In the phylogeny (Fig. 254), the new species is closely related to Phaeotremella roseotincta (Lloyd) V. Malysheva and P. fuscosuccinea (Chee J. Chen) Spirin & Yurkov, but the former differs from P. yunnanensis by its pinkish basidiocarps when fresh, slightly larger basidia (16–20 × 11–18 µm) and basidiospores (7–10 × 7–9 µm); the latter differs by its habits on fallen spruce associated with S. sanguinolentum (Malysheva et al. 2018) and smaller basidia (11–15 × 8–10.5 µm) (Chen 1998). Macro-morphologically, P. yunnanensis resembles P. foliacea (Pers.) Wedin et al. in the brownish tint, but differs from the new species by its slightly narrower basidiospores (5.3–9.1 × 4.7–8.5 µm) and the presence of swollen cells producing ellipsoid or subglobose conidial cells. In addition, P. foliacea has slightly thick-walled basidia and grows on conifers associated with Stereum sanguinolentum (Malysheva et al. 2018). Acknowledgements Hai-Sheng Yuan would like to thank the National Nature Science Foundation of China for the financial support (Project Nos. 31770028, 31970017 and 31470148), the Special Funds for the Young Scholars of Taxonomy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Project No. ZSBR-015), and the Qingyuan Forest CERN (Chinese Academy of Sciences) for supporting sampling in various ways. YuCheng Dai would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. U1802231) and the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program (Grant No. 2019QZKK0503). Kevin D. Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund for the grant “Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and surrounding areas contract” (No. DBG6280009) for supporting this work. He also thanks Chiang Mai University for the award of Visiting Professor. Ivana Kušan, Neven Matočec and Margita Jadan are much obliged to Dušan Mrvoš for his assistance during fieldwork in Gorski kotar region, Croatia, and to Nedim Jukić (Mycological Society MYCOBH) for help during field research in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Our studies were supported in part by the Croatian Science Foundation under the project ForFungiDNA (IP-2018-01-1736). Bao-Kai Cui and Shuang-Hui He thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 31750001 and 31670016) and Beijing Forestry University Outstanding Young Talent Cultivation Project (No. 2019JQ03016) for financial support. Monika C. Dayarathne would like to acknowledge the projects, viz. National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 31560489 and 31972222), Science and technology basic work of MOST [2014FY120100], National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2014BAD23B03/03), Talent project of Guizhou science and technology cooperation platform ([2017]5788-5, [2019]5641) and Guizhou science, technology department international cooperation base project ([2018]5806). Guangyu Sun would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 31772113, 31972220 and 31170015) and China Agriculture Research System (CARS-27) for the financial support. Guangyu Sun also thanks Miss’s Hongcai Chen, Wenhan Li, Wanyu Zhao for collecting samples. We also express our thanks to Prof. Zide Jiang, South Agricultural University, for giving helps in sampling. Shu-Yan Liu would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 31670022, 31470153 and 31970019) and “111” Project (No. D17014) for financial support. Kamal C. Semwal and Vinod K. Bhatt would like to thank the Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology (UCoST) for financial support (Project No.UCSandT/RandD/LS-1/12-13/4912) on “Collection, identification, documentation of wild edible and medicinal mushrooms of Garhwal Himalaya of Uttarakhand”. Roberto Garibay Orijel thanks the CONACYT for funding fieldwork and DNA sequencing through the project CONACYT Ciencia Basica 239266. Jadson D.P. Bezerra, Camila M Gonçalves and C.M. Souza-Motta thank FACEPE, CNPq and CAPES (Finance code 001). Fang Wu and LongFei Fan would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation 13 248 of China (Project No: 31701978). Tatiana Baptista Gibertoni would like to thank the staff of URM for helping with the exsiccates; Renato Alvarenga for preparing the images of the Brazilian specimens; Adriana Gugliotta from the Instituto de Botânica (SP), Daniel Lindner and Beatriz Ortiz-Santana from the Center for Forest Mycology Research (CFMR), Matthew Smith and Barry Kaminsky from the University of Florida (FLAS), Matthew Pace from the New York Botanical Gardens (NY), Jordan Teisher from the Academy of Natural Sciences (PH), and Alan Rockefeller for sharing the images of the materials; Elaine Malosso, Gladstone Silva, Juliano Baltazar and Leonor Maia for suggestions; CNPq, CAPES, FACEPE and the Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos (UFPE) for financing this research and providing scholarships to the authors. Tie-Zheng Wei would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 31270072), the Special Funds for the Young Scholars of Taxonomy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ZSBR-001) and National Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China (2013FY110400). The authors extend the appreciation to the International Scientific Partnership Program ISPP at King Saud University for funding this research work through ISPP#0089. Yusufjon Gafforov thanks the financial research support by the Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Project No. P3-2014-0830174425 and PЗ-20170921183), CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for Visiting Scientist (Grant No. 2018VBB0021) and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for a Visiting Fellowship (Grant No. 57314018). LWZ thanks to the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 31970012) and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Project No. 2017240). Jun-Zhi Qiu thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. U1803232 and 31670026) and National Key R & D Program of China (2017YFE0122000) for financial support. Carlos AF de Souza, Diogo X Lima, André LCM de Azevedo Santiago express their gratitude to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE) for postgraduate scholarships provided to Diogo X. Lima and Carlos A. F. de Souza, respectively. We also thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the Master scholarship provided to André Luiz C. M de A. Santiago. 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Hyde4,5,6,7,8 · Yu‑He Kan1,2 · Ivana Kušan9 · Shuang‑Hui He3 · Ning‑Guo Liu5,10 · V. Venkateswara Sarma11 · Chang‑Lin Zhao12 · Bao‑Kai Cui3 · Nousheen Yousaf13 · Guangyu Sun14 · Shu‑Yan Liu15,31 · Fang Wu3 · Chuan‑Gen Lin5,6,7 · Monika C. Dayarathne5,27 · Tatiana Baptista Gibertoni16 · Lucas B. Conceição17 · Roberto Garibay‑Orijel18 · Margarita Villegas‑Ríos19 · Rodolfo Salas‑Lizana19 · Tie‑Zheng Wei20 · Jun‑Zhi Qiu21 · Ze‑Fen Yu22 · Rungtiwa Phookamsak4,5,8 · Ming Zeng4,5 · Soumitra Paloi23 · Dan‑Feng Bao5,24,25 · Pranami D. Abeywickrama5,6,26 · De‑Ping Wei4,5,7,25 · Jing Yang5 · Ishara S. Manawasinghe5,26 · Dulanjalee Harishchandra5,6,26 · Rashika S. Brahmanage5,6,26 · Nimali I. de Silva4,8,28,29 · Danushka S. Tennakoon4,5,6 · Anuruddha Karunarathna5,30 · Yusufjon Gafforov1,32,33 · Dhandevi Pem5 · Sheng‑Nan Zhang5,30 · André L. C. M. de Azevedo Santiago34 · Jadson Diogo Pereira Bezerra35 · Bálint Dima36 · Krishnendu Acharya23 · Julieta Alvarez‑Manjarrez18,58 · Ali H. Bahkali37,38 · Vinod K. Bhatt39 · Tor Erik Brandrud40 · Timur S. Bulgakov41 · E. Camporesi42,43,44 · Ting Cao1,2 · Yu‑Xi Chen21 · Yuan‑Yuan Chen45 · Bandarupalli Devadatha11 · Abdallah M. Elgorban37,38 · Long‑Fei Fan3 · Xing Du22 · Liu Gao14 · Camila Melo Gonçalves46 · Luis F. P. Gusmão17 · Naruemon Huanraluek5 · Margita Jadan9 · Ruvishika S. Jayawardena5 · Abdul Nasir Khalid47 · Ewald Langer33 · Diogo X. Lima34 · Nelson Correia de Lima‑Júnior48 · Carla Rejane Sousa de Lira16 · Jian‑Kui (Jack) Liu49 · Shun Liu3 · Saisamorn Lumyong28,29,50 · Zong‑Long Luo24 · Neven Matočec9 · M. Niranjan11 · José Ribamar Costa Oliveira‑Filho16 · Viktor Papp51 · Eduardo Pérez‑Pazos19,52 · Alan J. L. Phillips53 · Peng‑Lei Qiu15 · Yihua Ren14 · Rafael F. Castañeda Ruiz54 · Kamal C. Semwal55 · Karl Soop56 · Carlos A. F. de Souza34 · Cristina Maria Souza‑Motta46 · Li‑Hua Sun57 · Meng‑Le Xie31 · Yi‑Jian Yao20 · Qi Zhao4 · Li‑Wei Zhou1 11 * Yu-Cheng Dai yuchengd@yahoo.com Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India 12 * Kevin D. Hyde kdhyde3@gmail.com College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People’s Republic of China 13 Department of Botany, Govt. College University, Katchery Road, Lahore, Pakistan 14 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China * Hai-Sheng Yuan hsyuan@iae.ac.cn 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, People’s Republic of China 2 University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China 15 3 School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China 16 CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Avenida da Engenharia s/n, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-600, Brazil 17 5 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, BA 44036-900, Brazil Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 18 6 School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Laboratory of Systematics and Ecology of Mycorrhizae, Institute of Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico 19 7 Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand Laboratories of Mycology, School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico 20 8 East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China 9 Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 21 10 Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People’s Republic of China 4 13 266 Fungal Diversity (2020) 104:1–266 22 State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China 23 Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College of Science and Agriculture, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India College of Agriculture& Biological Sciences, Dali University, Dali 671003, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China 24 25 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 40 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway 41 Department of Plant Protection, Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yana Fabritsiusa Street 2/28, Sochi, Krasnodar Region, Russia 354002 42 A.M.B, Circolo Micologico ‘‘Giovanni Carini’’, C.P. 314, Brescia, Italy 43 A.M.B. Gruppo, Micologico Forlivese ‘‘Antonio Cicognani’’, Via Roma 18, Forlí, Italy 44 Società Per Gli Studi Naturalistici Della Romagna, C.P. 143, Bagnacavallo, RA, Italy 45 College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, People’s Republic of China 46 Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Recife, PE, Brazil 47 Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 48 Laboratório Bioquímica Geral, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Alto Do Reservatório S/N, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco 55600-000, Brazil 26 Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People’s Republic of China 27 Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China 28 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 29 Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 30 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 49 31 Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, People’s Republic of China School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People’s Republic of China 50 Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand 51 Department of Botany, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, P.O. Box 53, 1518 Budapest, Hungary 52 Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico 53 Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal 54 Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura (INIFAT), Tropical‘Alejandro de Humboldt’, OSDE, Grupo Agrícola, Calle 1 Esq. 2, Santiago de Las Vegas, C. Habana C.P. 17200, Cuba 55 Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Eritrea Institute of Technology, Mai Nafhi, Asmara, Eritrea 56 Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden 57 Faculty of Biological Sciences & Technology, Baotou Teachers’ College, Baotou 014030, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China 58 Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas. Edificio B, 1º Piso. Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria. Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico 32 Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 32 Durmon Yuli Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 100125 33 Department of Ecology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse, 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany 34 Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s/n, Recife, PE 50670-420, Brazil 35 Setor de Micologia, Departamento de Biociências E Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás CEP 74605-050, Brazil 36 Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary 37 38 39 Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia Navdanya, 105, Rajpur Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 13

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Fungal diversity notes 1277-1386: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

Fungal diversity notes 1277-1386: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

Fungal diversity notes 1277-1386: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

Fungal diversity notes 1277-1386: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

Fungal diversity notes 1277-1386: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

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