Makedonsko ekolo{ko dru{tvo, Skopje i Zdru`enie "Prespa", Resen
Macedonian Ecological Society & Society "Prespa", Resen
ME\UNARODEN SIMPOZIUM
Odr`liv razvoj na prespanskiot region
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
Sustainable development of Prespa region
ZBORNIK NA TRUDOVI
PROCEEDINGS
Ote{evo 23-25.06.2000 - Oteshevo
Izdava~: Makedonsko ekolo{ko dru{tvo, Skopje
CIP – Katalogizacija vo publikacija
Narodna i univerzitetska biblioteka "Sv. Kliment Ohridski",
Skopje
502/504(497.7) (063)
574.4(497.7)(063)
631/635(497.7)(063)
ME\UNARODEN simpozium "Odr`liv razvoj na prespanskiot region" (2000 ;
Ote{evo)
Zbornik na trudovi / Me|unaroden simpozium"Odr`liv razvoj na
prespanskiot region" ; [urednici Qup~o Grup~e, Xoko Kungulovski ;
prevod Viktor Kralevski] = Proceedings / International symposium
Sustainable development of Prespa region, Oteshevo, 23-25.06.2000 ;
[editor Ljupcho Grupche, Gjoko Kungulovski] ; Translated Viktor
Kralevski]. – Skopje : Makedonsko ekolo{ko dru{tvo ; Resen :
Zdru`enie "Prespa" = Macedonian Ecological Society ; Resen :
Society "Prespa", 2000. – 416 str. : ilustr. ; 30 cm
Tekst naporedno na angl. Jazik. - Bibliografija kon trudovite. Registar
ISBN 9989-648-09-3
Gl. Stv. Nasl. 2. Grup~e, Qup~o 3. Kungulovski, Xoko 4.
International symposium Sustainable development of Prespa region
(2000 ; Oteshevo)
Ekologija – Prespanski region - Sobiri b) Zemjodelstvo Prespanski region - Sobiri v) Prespansko Ezero - Flora i fauna Sobiri
Spored misleweto na Ministerstvoto za kultura na Republika Makedonija, za
izdanieto se pla}a povlastena dano~na stapka
2
Published by Macedonian Ecological Society
Address: Institute of Biology, Faculty of
Natural Sciences and Mathematics, P.O. box
162, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Izdava~: Makedonsko ekolo{ko dru{tvo
Adresa: Institut za biologija, PMF, p.
fah. 162, 1000 Skopje
Organizing Committee
Organizacionen odbor
President
Dr. Ljupcho Grupche,
Macedonian Ecological Society, Skopje
Members
Prof. Dr. Gjoko Kungulovski,
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural
Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje
Dr.Arse Gosharevski,
Mayor of Resen Community
Ass. Prof. Dr. Myrto Pirovetsi,
Dep. of Ecology, School of Biology,
Aristotle University, Thessaloniki
Dr. Lekë Gjiknuri,
Protection and Preservation of Natural
Environment in Albania (PPNEA), Tirana
Slavcho Hristovski,
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural
Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje
Pretsedatel
D-r. Qup~o Grup~e
Makedonsko ekolo{ko dru{tvo
^lenovi
Prof. d-r. Xoko Kungulovski,
Institut za biologija,
PMF, Skopje
D-r Arse Go{arevski,
Gradona~alnik na gradot Resen
Prof. d-r. Mirto Piroveci,
Oddelenie po ekologija, Biolo{ki
fakultet, Univerzitet
"Aristotel", Solun
Dr. Leke \iknuri,
Protection and Preservation of Natural
Environment in Albania (PPNEA), Tirana
Slav~o Hristovski,
Institut za biologija, PMF,
Skopje
Editorial group
Prof. Dr. Ljupcho Grupche
Gjoko Kungulovski
Izdava~ka grupa:
Qup~o Grup~e
Xoko Kungulovski
Translator
Victor Kralevski
Preveduva~
Viktor Kralevski
Layout
Slavcho Hristovski
Printed by - Pe~atnica:
Univerzitetska pe~atnica A.D. c.o. "Sv.
Kiril i Metodij", Skopje
Tehni~ka obrabotka:
Slav~o Hristovski
Pe~ati:
Univerzitetska pe~atnica A.D. c.o. "Sv.
Kiril i Metodij", Skopje
3
4
SODR@INA - CONTENS
Natural Resources of the Prespa Valley
Prirodni resursi na Prespanskata Kotlina
Miho, A. Some ecological aspects of diatom distribution in littoral part of Ohrid and Prespa Lakes
(Albanian part). (Nekoi ekolo{ki aspekti na raspredelba na dijatomeite vo
litoralnata zona na Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero (albanski del) .......................................14
Mersinllari, M. Data on aquatic flora and vegetation of Prespa National Park. (Podatoci za vodnata
flora i vegetacija vo Prespanskiot nacionalen park)
16
Shumka, S. Zooplankton community as an indicator of lake trophic state (Macro Prespa Lake).
(Zooplanktonskata zaednica kako indikator na trofijata na Ezeroto (Golemo
Prespansko Ezero).
24
Fremuth, W., Bino, T., Bego, F., Jorgo, G., Micevski, B., Tzvetkov, P., Hristov, I., Schneider-Jacoby, M. &
Shumka, S. Four years simultaneous wintering waterbird census at the Ohrid and Prespa
Lakes. (^etirigodi{en simultan cenzus na vodnite ptici {to prezimuvaat na
Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero)
30
Michaloudi, E. Species composition and seasonal variations of zooplankton of Lake
Mikri Prespa. (Sostav na zooplanktonot i negovi sezonski varijacii vo Maloto
Prespansko Ezero)
40
Bousbouras, D. & Ioannidis, Y. Amphibians and reptiles of Prespa Lakes - status and conservation
(Vodozemci i vle~ugi vo prespanskite ezera -sostojba i za~uvuvawe)
48
Mertzanis, Y., Bousbouras, D. & Bourdakis, S. Status of brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) populations and
habitat in the area of Prespa Lakes. (Sostojba na populacijata na kafeavata me~ka
(Ursus arctos L.) i stani{tata vo prespanskiot region)
56
Mitic, V. & Naumoski, T. B. Physico-chemical and biological investigation of the littoral region waters
of Lake Prespa. (Fizi~ko-hemiski i biolo{ki istra`uvawa na vodata od
litoralniot region na Prespanskoto Ezero)
66
Naumoski, T. B., Ocevski, B. T., Novevska, V. R., Mitic, V. S. & Lokoska, L. S. Long term changes of the
water quality of Lake Prespa. (Dolgoro~ni promeni na kvalitetot na vodata vo
Prespanskoto Ezero)
Micevski, B. Evalution of the Prespa Lake avifauna. (Valorizacija na avifaunata na Prespanskoto Ezero)
Hristovski, N. Survey of the former established parasites in Prespa. (Pregled na dosega utvrdenite
paraziti vo Prespa)
Buzo, K. Data on the flora and vegetation of the subalpine and alpine pastures of Prespa region. (Podatoci za florata i vegetacijata na subalpskite i alpskite pasi{ta vo
prespanskiot region)
Qiriazi, P. & Gjiknuri, L. Natural monuments of Prespa region, their values and possibilities of
management. (Spomenici na prirodata vo prespanskiot region: nivna vrednost i
mo`nost za nivno upravuvawe)
Dimalexis, A., Pyrovetsi, M. & Babalonas, D. Classification of wetland habitats at Prespa Lakes.
(Klasifikacija na vodenite stani{ta vo prespanskiot region)
Roganovic-Zafirova, D., Manasieva, K & Spasova, A. Histological evidence for pollution effect on
some teleostean species from Lake Prespa. (Histolo{ka evidencija za efektite na
zagaduvaweto kaj nekolku vidovi ribi od Prespanskoto Ezero)
Fremuth, W. Sustainable use of medical plants from the Ohrid and Prespa region. (Odr`livo
iskoristuvawe na lekovitite rastenija vo ohridsko-prespanskiot region)
72
78
86
88
94
102
112
122
5
Agriculture and its Influence on the Sustainable Development of the Prespa Valley
Zemjodelieto i negovo vlijanie vrz odr`liviot razvoj na Prespanskata Kotlina
Nedelko, M. Caves in Prespa region as a resource for sustainable development. (Pe{terite vo
prespanskiot region kako resurs za odr`liv razvoj)
Aleksi, P. Apiculture in Prespa region - a way of sustainable natural resource using and development. (Apikulturata vo Prespanskiot region - mo`nost za odr`livo
iskoristuvawe na prirodnite resursi i razvoj)
Mehmeti, I., Molla, A., Qafko, G. Prespa Lakes region: possibilites and problems for organic
farming, as a direction for its sustainable development. (Odr`liviot razvoj na
prespanskiot region: mo`nosti i problemi vo organskoto farmerstvo)
Filiou, D., Pyrovetsi, M. & Daoutopoulos, G. A. Conventional and organic agriculture in Prespa
National Park, Macedonia, Greece. (Konvencionalno i organsko zemjodelie vo
Prespanskiot nacionalen park, Makedonija, Grcija).
Psychoudakis, A., Aggelopoulos, St. Dimitroadou, E. Agricultural land use in an environmentally
sensitive area. (Implementation of Regulation 2078/1992 EEC). (Upotreba na
zemjodelskoto zemji{te vo ekolo{ki ~uvstvitelna oblast. (Implementacija na
regulativata 2078/1992 EEC))
Daoutopoulos, G. A. & Pirovetsi, M. Pharming in Prespa National Park. (Zemjodelieto vo
Prespanskiot nacionalen park)
Antonopoulou, X. & Grammatikou, V. Agriculture and the natural environment in Prespa.
(Zemjodelieto i prirodnata sredina vo Prespa)
Papoutsi-Psychoudaki, S. & Psychoudakis, A. Agricultural externalities and policy for sustainable
agriculture in the greek part of Prespa. (Vlijanie na zemjodelieto vrz sredinata i
politika na odr`liv razvoj vo gr~kiot del na Prespa)
Ristevski, B., Popovski, B., Damovski, H. & Georgiev, K. Sustainable development of the fruit
production in Prespa. (Odr`liv razvoj na ovo{tarstvoto vo Prespa)
Postolovski, M., Jovanchev, P., Lazarevska, S., Dimovski, K. & Malenko, K. Integral protection of the
apple trees from deseases and pests in Resen and Ohrid. (Integralna za{tita na
jabolkata od bolesti i {tetnici vo Resen i Ohrid)
Trpeski, V., Spirovski J., Stojanovska, M., Dimovski, K. & Kocevski, V. Results of the investigation for
some soil characteristics, mineral fertiliser application in the Prespa region and measures
for environmental protection. (Rezultati od istra`uvawata na nekoi svojstva na
po~vite, aplikacija na mineralni |ubriva vo prespanskiot region i merki za
za{tita na `ivotnata sredina)
Grupche, Lj. Poultry farm as a source of phosphorous in the Prespa region. (@ivinarska farma
kako izvor na fosfor vo Prespanskata Kotlina)
Ristevski, P. Climatic and agroclimatic characteristics in the Prespa Lake basin. (Klimatski i
agroklimatski karakteristiki vo slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero)
Micevski, E. Geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the Ohrid - Prespa region. (Geolo{ki
i hidrogeolo{ki karakteristiki na ohridsko - prespanskiot region)
Krutaj, F. Reactions of nature against human activity in the irrigation reservoir basin of Prespa Lake.
(Reakciite na prirodata kon koristeweto na Prespanskoto Ezero za navodnuvawe
od strana na ~ovekot)
Chavkalovski, I. Antropogenic influence on the denivelation of Makro and Mikro Prespa Lake.
(Antropogeno vlijanie na namaluvaweto na nivoto na vodata vo Prespanskoto
(Golemoto i Maloto) Ezero)
Sherdenkovski, B. Water level oscillation of Lake Prespa. (Oscilacii na nivoto na vodata vo
Prespanskoto Ezero)
6
134
138
142
150
160
170
180
186
198
206
208
218
226
238
252
258
266
Kolemishevska-Gugulovska, T. D., Dimirovski, G. M., Stankovski, M. J. & Popovska, C. Non-linear
Kalman filter in simulation modelling of hydrologic cycle in the basin of Lake Prespa.
(Nelinearen kalmanov filter vo simulaciono modelirawe na hidrolo{ki ciklus
vo bazenot na Prespansko Ezero)
Anovski, T., Bogdanovska, F., Maletik, M & Arsov, Lj. Study of Prespa Lake using nuclear and related
techniques /Progress Report/. (Primena na nuklearni i relevantni tehniki vo
prou~uvawe na Prespanskoto Ezero)
276
286
Economical and Communal Activities in the Prespa Region and their Influence of the
Sustainable Development
Stopanski i komunalni aktivnosti i nivnoto vlijanie vrz odr`liviot razvoj na
Prespanskata Kotlina
Kabo, M. & Sala, S. & Begu, E. Natural resources management and territorial plan are the base for a
stabile development in Prespa area. (Upravuvaweto so prirodnite resursi i
teritorijalniot plan se osnova za stabilen razvoj na prespanskiot region)
Sherdenkovska, M. & Zafirovska-Trajkovska, P. Systems of sustainable settlement. (Sistemi na
odr`livi naselbi)
Theoharidou, K. The preservation of historical heritage in the Prespa area, as a means of sustainable
local development. (Za~uvuvawe na istoriskoto nasledstvo vo prespanskata oblast,
kako sredstvo za lokalen odr`liv razvoj)
Daskalovski, V., Madzhevik, M. &.Toshevska, B. A. Some problems of the demographic development in
the Prespa region. (Nekoi problemi na demografskiot razvoj na prespanskiot kraj)
Jonovski, K. Tourism - a significant segment of the Prespa region sustainable development.
(Turizmot - va`en segment vo odr`liviot razvoj na prespanskiot region)
Kungulovski, Dj. Implementation of combined technologies for the wastewater treatment as function
of sustainable development in Prespa region. (Prednosti na kombinirana tehnologija
vo odnos na klasi~nite tehnologii za tretman na otpadnite vodi vo Prespa)
Kungulovski, Dj. Control upon “cultural” eutrofication of the inland water ecosystems as a base for
sustainable development of Prespa region. (Kontrola na "kulturnata" eutrofikacija
na kopnenite vodeni ekosistemi so primena na lagunarniot sistem za tretman na
otpadni vodi od sto~arski farmi)
Vukelik, Z., Donevska, K. & Murati, M. Possibilities for waste menagement in the Prespa region.
(Mo`nosti za upravuvawe so otpadot vo prespanskiot region)
Markoski, B. The traffic infrastructure and the sustainable development in Prespa region.
(Soobra}ajnata infrastruktura i odr`liviot razvoj vo Prespa)
292
298
308
312
320
326
334
342
350
Ecological Basis of the Sustainable Development of the Prespa Region
Ekolo{ki osnovi na odr`liv razvoj i upravuvawe na Prespanskata Kotlina
Grupche, Lj. Ecological bases of the strategy for sustanaible development of the Prespa region
(Ekolo{ki osnovi na strategijata za odr`liv razvoj na prespanskiot region)
Gjiknuri, L. Miho, A. Fremuth, W. & Shumka, S. The conservation of Ohrid & Prespa in the focus of the
national implementation of biodiversity convention. (Za~uvuvaweto na Ohrid i Prespa
vo fokusot na nacionalnata implementacija na konvencijata za biodiverzitet)
Fremuth, W., Miho, A., Shumka, S. & Gjiknuri, L. The challenges of sustainable development in Prespa.
(Predizvicite na odr`liviot razvoj vo Prespa)
Dragoti, N. & Shore, K. Prespa National Park in the focus of transboundary cooperation.
(Nacionalniot park "Prespa" vo fokusot na transgrani~na sorabotka)
Fremuth, W. Balkan Green Belt: An Ecological Network of Protected Sites on the Balkan
358
368
374
382
7
Peninsula as a Contribution to a Pan-European Network of Protected Sites (Balkanski
zelen pojas: ekolo{ka mre`a od za{titeni predeli na Balkanskiot poluostrov,
kako pridones za panevropskata mre`a na za{titeni predeli)
392
Pyrovetsi, M. Towards a management plan for Prespa Transnational Park. (Za planot za
upravuvawe so Prespanskiot transnacionalen park)
398
Rizovski, R., Grupche, Lj. & Rizovska-Anastasovska, J. Biodiversity of the district Ohrid-Prespa as a
base for recognition of protected transboundary region. (Biolo{ka raznovidnost na
ohridsko-prespanskoto podra~je kako osnova za proglasuvawe na za{titen
transgrani~en region)
Berxholi, A. The real and functional organization of Prespa Park as the only way leading toward
qualitative and sustainable development of the entire area. (Realnata i
funkcionalna organizacija na Prespanskiot park kako edinstven na~in {to
vodi kon kvaliteten i odr`liv razvoj na celata oblast)
Selfo, S. Lake Ohrid conservation project - a model to be applied at the lakes Macro and Micro
Prespa. (Proektot za za~uvuvawe na Ohridskoto Ezero kako model {to treba da
se primeni za Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko Ezero)
Godes, C. Transborder cooperative actions for the conservation of Prespa Lakes. (Zaedni~ki
transgrani~ni aktivnosti za za~uvuvawe na prespanskite ezera)
Bourdakis, S., Bousbouras, D., Godes, C. & Mertzanis, Y. Trilateral cooperation on nature
conservation in Prespa: awareness, education, survey on focal species (the brown bear).
(Trilateralna sorabotka za za~uvuvawe na prirodata vo Prespa: javna svest,
edukacija i primer so fokalen vid (kafeavata me~ka))
Aleksandar, D. N. Integral protection, sustainable use and natural resources conservation in
Prespa region. (Integralna za{tita, odr`livo koristewe i za~uvuvawe na
prirodnite resursi vo prespanskiot region)
Germanidis, I. Foundation of a research-educational university centre for the lake ecosystems in
Prespa. (Osnovi za istra`uva~ko-obrazoven univerzitetski centar za ezerskiot
ekosistem vo Prespa)
408
418
428
434
440
452
The Place and Role of the NGO's in the Initiative for the Sustainable Development of the
Region
Mesto na nevladinite organizacii vo primenata na odr`liviot ravoj vo
Prespanskata Kotlina
Society for the protection of Prespa. Programs, activities and results of a ten year presence in the
Prespa area. (Programi, aktivnosti i rezultati na desetgodi{noto prisustvo vo
prespanskiot region)
Kazoglou, I. E. Restoration and Management of Wet Meadows of Lake Mikri Prespa: an Experimental
Approach (Obnovuvawe i upravuvawe so mo~urlivite livadi na Maloto
Prespansko ezero: eksperimentalen priod)
Society "Prespa". Prespa people, where ever you are, Prespa is calling. (Prespani, kade i da ste,
Prespa Ve vika)
Prculovski, A. The role of the NGO-s in the awareness raising and the sustainable development of
the Prespa region. (Ulogata na nevladinite organizacii vo podignuvaweto na
javnata svest i odr`liviot razvoj na prespanskiot region)
8
456
458
460
462
Predgovor
O
voj me|unaroden simpozium nasloven "Odr`liv razvoj na Prespanskiot region" e vtor
sobir na prestavnici od sosednite dr`avi koi upravuvaat so delovi od Prespanskata
Kotlina. Prviot se odr`a vo oktomvri 1997 godina vo Kor~a, Albanija, pod naslov "Kon
integralna za{tita i odr`liv razvoj na transgrani~nite ezera Golema i Mala Prespa".
Dijalogot voden na ovoj simpozium za problemite od za{titata na dvete ezera i nivnoto
racionalno koristewe, be{e motiv da se organi zira ovoj vtor simpozium, na koj
prestavnicite od site tri sosedni dr`avi }e iznesat argumenti za sostojbata vo regionot.
Dijalogot koj }e se vodi treba da pridonese da se usvojat zaedni~ki kriteriumi i ekolo{ki
merki koi }e obezbedat odr`liv razvoj na prespanskiot region. O~ekuvam deka na toj plan }e
se manifestira ekolo{ka solidarnost od site tri sosedni regioni, sli~na na onaa koja se
postigna vo Kor~a 1997 godina. Na{a cel e da se za{titi regionot i za idnite generacii,
bidej|i toj prestavuva edinstven hidrolo{ki objekt
zaedno so Ohridskoto Ezero.
Ekolo{kite osnovi vo za{titata na `ivotnata sredina se univerzalni, zaradi {to kako
specijalisti ekolozi treba da se javime kako subjekti koi vo site antropogeni aktivnosti vo
Prespanskata Kotlina }e pridonesuvaat za da se ovozmo`i odr`liv razvoj na regionot.
Potpi{anata deklaracija na pretsedatelite na vladite na R. .Albanija, R. Grcija i R.
Makedonija za proglasuvawe na ovoj region za za{titen "Transgrani~en nacionalen park"
ovozmo`uva Prespanskata Kotlina da stane nagleden primer na efikasna trilateralna
sorabotka vo za{titata na prirodnite resursi vo regionot i prostor vo koj sosedite
efikasno sorabotuvaat vo upravuvaweto na regionot, ovozmo`uvajki go negoviot odr`liv
razvoj.
Ednovremeno, Prespanskata Kotlina ima {ansi da stane i zna~ajna alka vo evropskiot
sinxir na za{titeni prostori, bidej|i na teritoriite na sekoj sosed se organizirani
nacionalni parkovi i biorezervati, na koi se otvoreni procesite za za{tita na biodiverzitetot i prirodnite resursi. Vo naredniot period neophodno se nametnuvaat problemite
vrzani za upravuvaweto so prometot na materiite vo site antropogeni aktivnosti vo
regionot, za da mo`e da se sozdadat uslovi za odr`liv razvoj .
Za vlo`enite napori da zemat pogolemo u~estvo prestavnici od R. Grcija i R.Albanija
ja izrazuvam svojata blagodarnost na Prof. d-r Mirto Piroveci i Prof. d-r Leke \iknuri.
Istata blagodarnost ja izrazuvam i na site prijaveni u~esnici od od site tri republiki so
~ii referati se otvara aktiven dijalog na simpoziumot. Blagodarnost dol`am i na D-r.
Qup~o Melovski i Asist. Slav~o Hristovski, koi kontinuirano ja odr`uvaa komunikacijata so u~esnicite.
Pretsedatel na odborot,
Prof. d-r. Qup~o Grup~e
9
Foreword
T
his international symposium entitled "Sustainable development of the Prespa Region" is the second
meeting of the representatives of the neighbouring countries that manage parts of the Prespa Valley. The
first one, entitled "Towards Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development of the Transboundary
Macro and Micro Lakes", was held in Korcha in October 1997. The discussions on this symposium,
concerning the problems of the protection of the both lakes and their rational exploitation, was a motif for the
organising this second symposium. The representatives from the three surrounding countries will present
facts about the condition of the region. The discussions should contribute in acceptance of the common
criteria and ecological measures that will provide sustainable development of the Prespa region. I expect that
an ecological solidarity will be displayed from all the participants, similar to the one achieved in Korcha
1997. Our common goal is to protect the region for the next generations because it represents, together with
the Ohrid Lake, a single hydrological object. The ecological fundaments in the protection of the natural
environment are universal, and that is the reason why we, as specialised ecologists, need to be active
participants in all antropogenic activities in the Prespa Valley and to contribute towards the sustainable
development of the region.
The declaration of the Prime Ministers of Albania, Greece and Macedonia that proclaims this region
for protected "Transboundary National Park" marks the Prespa Valley as an example of the efficient trilateral
co-operation in the protection of the natural resources in the region and an area where the neighbours have an
efficient Cupertino in the management of the region that provides it's sustainable development.
At the same time, the Prespa Valley could become an important link in the European chain of protected
areas, because there are national parks and bioreservations on the territory of every neighbour, and the
processes for protection of the biodiversity and the natural resources are already started. In the future, the
management of the matter circulation due to the all antropogenic activities in the region should be more
efficient, in order to create conditions for sustainable development.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude towards Prof. Dr. Myrto Pyrovetsi and Prof. Dr. Aleko
Gjiknuri for their effort to attract more participants from their countries. I express the same gratitude towards
the participants from the three countries, each separate participation will contribute to the general active
discussion of the symposium. I owe gratitude towards Dr. Ljupcho Melovski and ass. Slavcho Hristovski as
well, who enable the constant communication with the participants.
Chairman of the Committee
Prof. Dr. Ljupcho Grupche
10
11
Natural resources of Prespa Valley
Prirodni resursi na Prespanskata Kotlina
12
Nekoi ekolo{ki aspekti na diatomnata raspredelba vo krajbre`niot del
na Ohrid i Prespa (Albanski del)
A. MIHO
Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tirana, Albania
Tel.: +(355)42.25454 0r 27669, Fax: +(355)42.22839.
E–mail: ppnea@ppnea.tirana.al or ppnea@ngo.org.al
Rezime
Pove}e od 20 primeroci, sobrani vo krajbre`nata `iveali{ta vo Albanskiot del od
Ohrid i Prespa, bea prou~uvani.Zaednicite na
diatomot poka`uvaat zabele`itelni sli~nosti
so tie od soodvetnite `iveali{ta vo sosednite
delovi.Ovie ezera se u{te imaat golem broj na
taxa, nekoi od niv se endemi~ni ili so nepoznata
raspredelba.Zaednicite na dijatomeite se nakratko opi{ani, a najinteresnite vidovi se pretstaveni vo tabeli so mikrografii. Kvalitetot
na vodata be{e ocenet vrz baza na sostavot na
vidovite i se razgledani nekoi ekolo{ki problemi. Samo nekolku krajbre`ni `iveali{ta vo
Ohrid i Prespa mo`e da imaat oligo ili
mezotrofen karakter so golema razli~nost pome|u vidovite; vidovite oligotrofni ili distrofni stanuvaat retki i nivnata zastapenost se
namaluva; ova poka`uva zgolemeno nivo na
hranlivi materii predizvikano od ~ovekovite
aktivnosti. Zaradi promenite na kvalitetot na
vodata, najverojatno nastanati zaradi visokite
koncentracii na hranlivi materii, fosfor i
azot, evidentirani se nekoi promeni i vo
sostavot na vidovite. Zaednicite na diatom se
nadminati od vidovite eutraphent ili tolerant.
Evidentirani se nekoi lokacii kade {to mo`e
da se pretpostavi deka ma relativno golemo
zagaduvawe. Najzagadeni se stanicite vo
Podgradec, Ohridsko Ezero, zaradi ispu{taweto
na otpadnata voda od gradot i okolnite naselbi.
Zabele`uvaweto na napori za za~uvuvawe
na prirodnite vrednosti i biodiverzitetot na
celata oblast e mnogu nade`no.Zaradi mnogu
dobrata sorabotka pome|u VO i NVO institucii,
i od lokalnite i od stranskite, Albanskiot del e
ve}e proglasen za za{titeno podra~je, {to od
svoja strana ovozmo`uva za{tita na celiot voden
sliv. Blagodarenie na finansiskata poddr{ka na
internacionalnite zaednici i nivniot golem
interes se pojavuvaat aktivnosti za spre~uvawe
na zagaduvaweto i podobruvaweto na kvalitetot
na vodata. Za sre}a, ovie napori se kombinirani
so bliskata sorabotka na trite sosedni zemji {to
e neophodno za transgrani~niot ekosistem.Bi
bilo od ogromna va`nost ako lokalnite vlasti
vo Kor~a, Pogradec i Bili{ti bidat posovesni i
poodgovorni vo pogled na upravuvaweto so
prirodnite resursi; isto taka e neophodno i
zgolemuvaweto na nivniot interes za za{titata
na prirodnite vrednosti.
13
Some ecological aspects of diatom distribution in littoral part of Ohrid and
Prespa (Albanian part)
A.MIHO
Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tirana, Albania
Tel.: +(355)42.25454 0r 27669, Fax: +(355)42.22839.
E–mail: ppnea@ppnea.tirana.al or ppnea@ngo.org.al
Summary
More than 20 samples, collected in littoral habitats in
Albanian part of Ohrid and Prespa, have been
investigated. Diatom communities show remarkable
similarities with those of respective habitats in
neighbouring part. These lakes conserve still a high
number of taxa, some of them endemic or with a poorly
known distribution. Diatom associations are briefly
characterised and the most interesting species are
represented in plates with micrographs. Using species
composition, water quality has been evaluated and some
ecological problems are discussed. Few littoral habitats in
Ohrid as well as in Prespa may have an oligo- or
mesotrophic character, with high species diversity;
oligotraphentic or dystraphentic species become rare and
their abundance decreases; this indicate an increased
nutrient level caused by human interference. Due to
changes of water quality, probably caused by high
concentrations of nutrients, phosphorus or nitrogen, there
are evidenced some modifications in species composition.
Diatom associations are prevailed by eutraphent or
14
tolerant species. There are evidenced some locations
where a rather high pollution can be supposed. Stations
located near Pogradeci, in Ohrid lake, are the most
polluted, due to waste water discharge from the town and
its surroundings.
It's hopeful evidencing the efforts on conserving natural
values and biodiversity of whole area. Due to strong and
close co-operation between GO and NGO institutions,
from local to international ones, Albanian part is already
declared protected, which open the possibility on
protecting whole watershed area. Thanks to financial
support of international communities and their strong
interest something is going on toward preventing the
pollution and improve water quality. Fortunately these
efforts are combined by a close co-operation between
neighbouring countries, quite necessary for a
transboundry ecosystem. It would be of extreme
importance if local government in Korcha, Pogradeci and
Bilishti should be more conscious and responsible for a
better management of natural resources; increasing
further their interest on protection of natural values
should be quite necessary.
Podatoci za vodnata flora i vegetacija vo
Prespanskiot nacionalen park
Mersin MERSINLARI
Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana
Apstrakt
Vegetacijata vo ovoj region pripa|a vo ramkite na mediteranskiot tip so elementi od umeren planinski tip.
Fitoklimatskata zona e pretstavena so tri dela: dabov pojas, bukov pojas i pojas na podplaninski pasi{ta. Sekoj
del se razlikuva po svoeto vertikalno protegawe i sostavot na florata. Sostavot na vodenata flora e isto taka
mnogu interesen. Vo ovoj trud e prezentirana korelacijata pome|u ezerskiot ekosistem i negovata vegetacija,
karakteristikite na vodeniot sostav i mestoto na nao|awe. Opisot na sintaksonomijata na rastitelnite grupi e
isto taka tema na ovoj trud. Vo prespanskiot nacionalen park se identificirani sedum rastitelni grupi. Ovie
grupi, vrz osnova na napravenite istra`uvawa vo ovoj region se: Phragmitetum australis, Typhetum latifolia,
Potamogetonetum perfoliatum, Myriophillo – Nymphaetum i dr. Nao|ame deka sostavot na vidovite koj e prou~en ima
golemo zna~ewe za albanskata flora vo nau~na smisla, no i kako ekonomska vrednost na slednite vidovi:
Phragmites, Typha, Trapa natans, Vallisneria spiralis, Utricularia sp., Nymphae i Nuphar i t.n.
Voved
Prespanskiot region neodamna be{e
proglasen kako specijalno za{titena oblast vrz
osnova na visokite ekolo{ki i biodiverzitetski
vrednosti. Jasna e vrednosta i va`nosta na
florata i vegetacijata vo regionot, koi iako se
u{te ne se dobro prou~eni, se priznati po svoite
vrednosti. Vo ovoj trud se prezentirani nekoi
podatoci za florata i vodenata makrofitska
vegetacija. Opisot na mestoto (Sl.1), geologijata
i klimata, sekako dobro poznati za ovoj region se
glavni faktori za razvojot na vegetacijata.
Florata i vodenata vegetacija i pokraj ovie
uslovi se mnogu bogati i interesni. Lo{oto
upravuvawe so teritorijata na Prespasnkiot
region koj prethodno ima{e specijalen status,
ima negativni posledici na vegetacijata vo
celina, a posebno na vodnata.
Metodologija
Poradi va`nosta na vegetacijata koristeni se etapni i polustacionarni vrednosti vo
slednite periodi 1989, 1992 i delumno 1997 i
1998. Sobranite podatoci se sporedeni so
referentnite podatoci (Kocev 1981, Micevski
1963, 1969; Pavlidis 1997, Prerotti 1981). Odreduvaweto na rastitelnite grupi e bazirano na
Braun-Blanquet metodata i sporeduvawe so sovremeni podatoci za ovie `iveali{ta. Rastitelnite
vidovi se odredeni spored Demiri, (1983), Paparisto
(1988), Tutin (1964-1980). Prika`uvaweto na podatocite za rastitelnite grupi na mapata se
napraveni vo odnos 1:25.000
Rezultati i diskusija
Flora
Od istra`uvawata napraveni vo albanskiot dela na Golema i Mala Prespa e zabele`ano deka brojot na farenogamnite vidovi e
okolu 53, od koi 22 se dikotiledoni, a 31 se monokotiledoni. Tie pripa|aat na 27 familii od koi
dominantni se Potamogetonaceae, so okolu 10 %;
Polygonaceae, 7,5%; Cyperacea; Gramineae, i drugite
se 5,7% itn
Cvetnite elementi na vodnata flora se
podudiraat so onie vo sosednite zemji (Pavlidis,
1997; Micevski, 1969). Dominantni se zapadnoevropskite i evroaziskite elementi so balkanska specifika i mediteranski elementi. Vo
ovie biotipovi dominantni biolo{ki formi se
higrofilite, dodeka i mezohigrofilite se zastapeni so ponezna~aen del.
15
Data on aquatic flora and vegetation of Prespa National Park
Mersin MERSINLLARI
Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana
Abstract
The vegetation of this region belongs to the Mediterranean vegetation within pre and mountain middle European elements.
Phitoclimate zone are represented here are: oak zone, beach zone and zone of subalpine pastures. Each zone is distinguished by the
cleat vertical extension and floristic composition. Also, as a very interesting here is aquatic flora composition. In this paper we are
presenting the general relation between lake ecosystem and their vegetation, the characteristics of the aquatic composition and area of
distribution. The plant association described under the sintacsonomical way also, is a subject of this paper. In Prespa National Park we
had identified seven plant associations. Based on the field studies in this region it is concluded that the association as well are:
Phragmitetum australis, Typhetum latifolia, Potamogetonetum perfoliatum, Myriophyllo-Nymphaetum etc.., in the composition of
which we have find the species important for Albanian flora regarding scientifically and economical values of: Phragmites, Typha,
Trapa natans, Vallisneria spiralis, Utricularia sp., Nymphae and Nuphar etc..
Introduction
Based on the high ecological and biodiversity values of
the Prespa region, recently it was proclaimed as a special
protected area. It is clear in the complex of its values the
special importance has the flora and vegetation, where
meanwhile not well study, there are recognized the high
values. In this paper we will present some data on the
flora and aquatic macrophytes vegetation as well.
Sl. 1 Mestopolo`ba na to~kite na prespanskite
ezera
Fig. 1 Site position of Prespa Lakes
Site description (Fig. 1), geology and climate, certainly
wellknown for this region are the main factors for the
16
vegetation development. Flora and aquatic vegetation,
despite in the same conditions are very wealthy and interesting. The mismanagement of the territory of Prespa area
with the special status in the previously time has the
negative impacts and in the vegetation as a whole, and
aquatic particularly.
Methodology
Aiming the relevation of the vegetation we have used the
marschute and the halfstationary relevations in the period
of 1989, 1992 and partly 1997, 1998. The collected data
are compared with the references data (Kocev, 1981;
Michevski, 1963, 1969; Pavlidis, 1997; Prerotti, 1981).
The determination of plant associations is based on the
methodology of Braun-Blanquet and comparison with the
contemporary data for these habitats. The plant species
are determent according to Demiri, 1983; Paparisto et alt.,
1988; Tutin et alt., 1964, 1980. The presentation of the
plant associations data in the map was done with the rate
1:25 000.
From the relevation done in the albanian part of Macro
and Micro Prespa are observed that the number of the
farenogames species is about 53 from which 22
dikotyledonas and 31 monokotyledonas, belonges to 27
fammily where are as a dominantes Potamogetonaceae
about 10%, Polygonaceae 7.5%, Cyperacea, Gramineae,
etc, 5.7% etc.
The floristic elements of aquatic flora are in the accordance with the netbouring countries (Pavlidis, 1997, Micevski, 1969), where are the dominante the northeuropean
and euroaziatic elements, mixed within the balkanic specific and mediterranean elements.
Vidovite na rastenija kako {to se Hydrocorus
morsus-ranae, Marsilia quadrifolia, Nymphoides peltata,
i dr. ne se zabele`ani, no tie se spomnati vo
albanskata crvena lista na zagrozeni vidovi.
Isto taka 5 od ovie vidovi (okolu 9%) se staveni
na crvenata lista kako vidovi pred istrebuvawe.
Spored moeto mislewe tuka ima i drugi vidovi
koi mo`at da bidat vklu~eni vo ovaa crvena
lista kako {to se: Vallisneria spiralis, Iris
pseudohorus i dr.
Nr.R
1
2
Familia
Potamogetonaceae
Polygonaceae
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Cyperacea
Gramineae
Labiatae
Compositae
Juncaceae
Typhaceae
Holoragaceae
Ranunculaceae
Cruciferae
Nympheaceae
Hydrocaritaceae
………….etc….
Species
5
4
%
9
7.5
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
1.8
…..
…..
Ass. Myriophylleto-nupharetum W. Koch 1962
ORDER Lemnetalia W. Koch. et Tx. 1954
ALEANCE Lemnoin W. Koch. et Tx. 19
Ass. Lemneto-Spirodeletum polyrhizae W. Koch
54
Ass. Phragmitetum australis - Schmale 1939
Ova e najrasprostraneta grupacija na ovie vodeni
biotopi. Is~eznata e od plitkite delovi na
vodata i od mestata kade preku leto nema voda.
Del od grupacijata ja so~inuvaat pomal broj na
vidovi koi se hidrofili i so eden svoj del se
potopeni. Drugiot del od grupata, koj e nad
vodata se vo pogolem broj higrofiti.Slednoto e
zabele`ano na bregovite na dvete prespanski
ezera (sl. 2,3): tuka se pretsaveni dve razli~ni
nivoa na vegetacija. Vo prvoto nivo dominira Ph.
Australis i pomalo koli~estvo T. latipholia. Vo
vtoroto nivo postojat dva pravci; a) podvodni
kade dominiraat potopeni i higrofilni
rastenija kako {to se Myriophullum, Utricularia,
Potamogeton itn., i b) vo delot kade nema voda se
zgolemuva
brojot
higrofilnite
i
mezohigrofinite vidovi kako {to se Lythrum
salicaria, Rumex saguineum, Gratiola officinalis itn. Vo
Maloto
Prespansko
ezero
se
prisutni
denivelacioni promeni i poradi toa ovaa
grupacija se zbogatuva so drugi mezofilni
vidovi.
Vegetacija
Vodnata vegetacija vo prespasnkiot region e
mnogu interesna i va`na vo vodeniot sistem na
Nacionalniot park, posebno po svojata
ihtiofauna i populacija na ptici. So na{eto
nabquduvawe dojdovme do ista struktura (Kocev,
1981, Rucev, 1983) na vegetacijata vo tri nivoa:
Vegetacija na rastenija koi plutaat (Lementum),
rastenija
potopeni
i
delumno
plutaat
(Myriophyllo-Nupharetum) i vegetecija na stati~ni
rastenija (Phragmitetum, Typhetum). Posebna grupa
na rastenija se onie koi se blisku do vodata, a
koi ne se tema na ovoj trud (Glycerietum). Vo
sledniot del }e bide prika`ana sintaksonomnata
slika na grupaciite nabquduvani vo vodite na
Prespanskite ezera:
CLASS Phramitetea Tx. et Preis. 1942
ORDER Phragmitetalia W. Koch 1926
ALEANCE Phragmititon (W. Koch 1926) Br.-Bl. 31
Ass. Phragmitetum australis Shmale 1939
Ass. Typhetum latifolia Lang. 1973
Ass. Schoenoplecto-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926
CLASS Poatametea Tx. et Preis. 1942
ORDER Potamotalia W. Koch 1962
ALEANCE Potamion W. Koch 1962
Ass. Potametum perfoliati W. Koch 1962
Ass. Potameto-vallisnerietum Br.-Bl. 1931
Ass. Typhetum latifolia Lang. 1973
Ovaa grupacija e prisutna vo forma na damki vo
krajbre`jeto na Prespa posebno vo Maloto
Prespansko ezer. Vo nekoi slu~ai grupata e kako
~ista monocenoza, a vo drugi me{ana so Ph.
Australis, S. erectum itn. Podvodnoto nivo e isto
taka
naseleno so Myriophullum, Potamogeton.
Nadvore{niot del na ovaa asocijacija gi pokriva
i higrofilnite i mezofilnite vidovi kako
Alisma, Plantago-aquatica, Polygonum saliciofolium.
Ass. Schoenoplecto-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926
Prisutni se vo plitkite delovi, kanalite i
pokraj bregovite kade ima naslagi na kal. Isto
taka tuka se prisutni i higrofilnite i
mezofilnite vidovi kako Plantago-aquatica,
Polygonum hydropiper, Galega officinalis itn.
Ass. Potametum perfoliati W. Koch 1962
Ovaa grupa be{e zabele`ana vo najdlabokite i
naj~istite delovi na vodata za razlika od drugite
grupacii. Pretstavena e duri i kako tipi~na
monocenoza za kopnenite vodi. Ja zabele`avme na
nekolku lokacii vo Golemoto Prespansko ezero
(Kallamas, G. Vogel, Collomboc itn.) i na mal broj
mesta vo Maloto Prespansko ezero.
Results and disscusions
FloraFlora
Its clear that in the like those biotops to be dominante the
biologiacl forms as well hygrofiles and hygrofils, where
in the nonsignificante share are the mesohygrofils.
The species of plant like Hydrocorus morsus-ranae, Marsilia quadrifolia, Nymphoides peltata etc…, are not observet meanwhile those are mentioned in the Albanian
Red List as the threated species. Also, 5 from this species
( its mean about 9%) are refereed in the red list as the
threated. According to me here are present and other species which can be includet in the red list like: Vallisneria
spiralis, Iris pseudohorus etc.
and submerget. In the part out of water increased the
number of species hygrofits.
It was observed in the lake shore of both Prespa’s
(Fig.2,3). Here is present the differentiation in the two
distinguished levels of the vegetation: the first level
dominated by Ph. australis and less mixed with the T.
latipholia; the second level where are differented to
directions a) underwater dominated by submergets and
hidrofils plants as well are Myriophyllum, Utricularia,
Potamogeton etc…, and b) the part which is without
water where increased the numer of species hygrofils and
mesohygrofils
like
Lythrum
salicaria,
Rumex
sanguineum, Gratiola officinalis etc… In Micro Prespa
lake here is present a proccesses of peatland
transformation and because of that’s way assocciation
enriched by other mesofils species.
Vegetation
The aquatic vegetation of the Pprespa area is very interesting and important in the water ecosystem of the National Park, especially for the ichtiofauna and bird population. Out from the aour observation it is conludet the
same (Kocev, 1981, Ruci, 1983) structure of vegetation in
three levels: the vegetation of floating plant (Lemnetum),
the vegetation of submerget and partly floating plants
(Myriophyllo-Nupharetum) and the vegetation of fixed
plants (Phragmitetum, Typhetum). A particular group
plants are the plants of the assocciations closly to the
water which are not the subject of this paper (Glycerietum). In the following part we will present the sintacsonomic pictue of the assocciation observed in the water of
Prespa lakes.
CLASS Phragmitetea Tx. et Preis. 1942
ORDER Phragmitetalia W. Koch 1926
ALEANCE Phragmition (W.Koch 1926) Br.–Bl.
1931
Ass. Phragmitetum australis Schmale 1939
Ass. Typhetum latifolia Lang. 1973
Ass. Schoenoplecto-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926
CLASS Potametea Tx. et Preis. 1942
ORDER Potamotalia W. Koch 1926
ALEANCE Potamion W. Koch 1926
Ass. Potametum perfoliati W. Koch
1926
Ass. Potameto –vallisnerietum Br.Bl. 1931
Ass. Myriophylleto-nupharetum W. Koch 1926
ORDER Lemnetalia W. Koch. et Tx. 1954
ALEANCE Lemnion W. Koch. et Tx. 19
Ass. Lemneto-Spirodeletum polyrhizae W.
Koch 1954
Ass. Phragmitetum australis Schmale 1939
This a most distributed assocciation of these aquatic
biotops. It’s dispeared from the shallow part of water and
in the places at which during the summer time are
without water. The part of the assocciation which are in
the water composed by less species which are hydrofils
Ass. Typhetum latifolia Lang. 1973
This assocciation is present in the spotes shape in the lake
side of Prespa especially at Micro Prespa Lake. In the
some cases the assocciation is as a clear monocenose, and
in the other mixet with Ph. australis, S. erectum etc…
Also there the undetwater level is accompanied by
Myriophyllum, Potamogeton etc..The lateral part of this
assocciation covers species hygrofils, mesofils like
Alisma, Plantago-aquatica, Polygonum salicifolium etc…
Ass. Schoenoplecto-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926
It is present in the very shalow part of water, channels
and side water, where are presed the mudd depositions.
Also, there are present the higrofils and mesofils species
like Alisma, Plantago-aquatica, Polygonum hydropiper,
Galega officinalis etc..
Ass. Potametum perfoliati W. Koch 1926
This assocciation was observed in the more dipest and
clear part of water than other plant associations. Even it is
presented as a typical monocenosus like inlands. We
found that in some
locations in Macro Prespa (Kallamas, G.Vogel, Gollomboc etc..) and in the few locations of Micro Prespa Lake.
Ass. Potameto–vallisnerietum Br.-Bl. 1931
This association is rare for our country because of the
species V. spiralis. Association is composed by
submerget and fixet plants in the benthic part of water. It
was observed in Kallamas and G. Vogel accompained by
M. spicatum, P. pectinatus etc…
Ass. Myriophylleto-nupharetum W. Koch 1926
In Albania this association has limited distribution, but it
is well known especially for Micro Prespa Lake. In the
periferal part it creates webs within the associations
Phragmitetum and Typhetum. It covers a great lake part
mainly in the central area. The specias with the floating
leaves create big covers. The floating species are present
here among which dominate Myriophillum.
Ass. Potameto-vallisnerietum Br.-Bl. 1931
Ovaa grupacija e retka za na{ata zemja
poradi vidot V. spiralis. Grupacijata e sostavena
od potopeni i fiksni rastenija na neramnite
delovi na dnoto.Be{e zabele`ano vo Kallamas i G.
Vogel pridru`eno od M. spicatum, P. pectinatus itn.
Ass. Myriophylleto-nupharetum W. Koch 1962
Vo Albanija ovaa grupa e so ograni~ena
rasprostranetost, me|utoa e mnogu pozastapena
vo Maloto Prespansko ezero. Na perifernite
delovi taa sozdava mre`i od grupi na Phragmentum i Typhetum. Pokriva golem del od ezeroto
i toa glavno vo centralniot del. Vidovite koi
plutaat formiraat golema prekrivka. Me|u
vidovite koi plutaat dominiraat Myriophilium i
dr. vidovi.
Ass.Lemneto – Spirodeletum polyhrizae W. Koch
1954
Ona {to e potrebno na ovaa grupa e mirot
na vodata, pa vidovite od istata `iveat vo
kanalite, litoralnite delovi kade dvi`ewata na
vodata se dosta mali, kako i vo plitkite
delovi.Se odlikuva so sposobnosta da prekriva
golema povr{ina iako bilkata e so nezna~itelna
golemina. Drugite vidovi ovde se retki. Povr{inite na ovaa asocijacija e vo vid na slu~ajni
damki.
Sl. 2 Rasprostranetost na grupite rastenija vo region Mala Prespa
Fig. 2 The distribution of the plant associations in Micro Prespa region
Sl. 4 Dinamika na vegetacijata vo Prespa
Fig. 4 The dynamics of Prespa vegetation
Za dinamikata
Ass. Lemneto-Spirodeletum polyrhizae W. Koch 1954
20
The tranquilly water stae are preferred by this
association: channels, the littoral part out of the water
movement influences where the water depth is very
small. It is distinguished by the high surface cover of
exposition, meanwhile the plant is with unsignificante
dimensions. In the generals the other plants here are
rarely. The surface of this association has the shape of
random spots.
The aquatic and terrestrial vegetation as well the plantmountain landscapes offers to the habitats the special
touristic and attractive beauty.
About the dynamics
From the our observation and according to the literatures
as well are abovementioned, evolution of this vegetation
has followed this way: in the dipest part of water are
stabilized association of plants with the submerge and
halfsubmerget species (Nymphaetum, Myriophylletum
etc.). On the lake side direction are being the dominate
the association with the more fixed species (Typhetum,
Butometum etc.), and in the lake shore free of water are
present Nasturtetum, Glycerietum etc.in the schematic
manner this is presented in the Fig.4, 5.
The most important vegetation habitatsThe most
important vegetation habitats
The most important point of the water’s area of the N
Park is the vegetation. This is more important for Micro
Prespa Lake where as well is presented in the map is
mostly covered by vegetation. This is very important
vegetation habitat in the regard of diversity and covering.
This is the place of nesting and feeding of fishes and
birds, but it is known that on the Albanian part it has been
the subject of a lot damages because of the human
pressure. The shifting of Devolli River and water using
during the summer time for the irrigation’s have create a
lot of problems very difficult to be recovered in this part
of N Park. So, here are not observed more or are very
rarely species like Trapa natans, Salvinia natans,
Hydrochorus morsus-ranae etc… The cutting of reeds
and their mismanagement has as a results the negative
changes in the evolution of vegetation. As a sequences
recently, we have here the association like pastures types
as well are Glycerietum, Trifolietum etc…
An other important habitat is the Kallamasy bay with the
rare association of Vallisneria spiralis. The presence
nearly to the inhabitated places and the reeds association
has as a sequences the risk for their areal decreasing. The
belt through the area from Kallamasi to Zaveri place is
the reach habitat which needs to be protected.
20
Sl.3. Rasprostranetost na grupite rastenija vo
region Golema Prespa
Figure 3. The distribution of the plant associations in
Macro Prespa region
21
Od na{eto nabquduvawe, kako i spored
literaturata, evolucijata na vegetacijata se
slu~uvala po ovoj redosled: vo najdlabokite delovi na vodata se stabilizirale grupite na
rastenija od potopeni i polupotopeni vidovi
(Nymphaetum, Myriophylletum i dr.). Na bregovite
dominirale grupite so fiksirani vidovi
(Typhetum, Butometum i dr.), a vo krajbre`jeto (bez
voda) prisutni se Nasturtetum, Glycerium i dr,kako
{to e prika`ano na {emata prika`ana na sl. 4, 5
Najva`nite `iveali{ta na vegetacijata
Najva`niot del za vegetacijata vo Nacionalniot park e vodenata oblast. Ova e va`no za
Maloto Prespansko ezero koe kako {to e prika`ano na slikata voglavno pokrieno so vegetacija.
Ova e va`no mesto za opstojuvawe na vegetacijata
so ogled na raznovidnosta i pokrienosta. Ova e
mesto za razmno`uvawe i hranewe na pticite i
ribite, no e poznato deka Albanskiot del be{e
o{teten poradi ~ove~ka negri`a. Prenaso~uvaweto na rekata Devolli i koristeweto na vodata
za navodnuvawe preku leto, sozdade mnogu
problemi za da mo`e da se obnovi ovoj del na
Nacionalniot Park. Taka da ovde ne mo`at da se
zabele`at pove}e nekoi retki vidovi kako {to
se Trapa natans, Salvinia natans, Hydrochorus morsusranae itn… Se~eweto na trskata i lo{iot odnos
prema nea dovede do negativni promeni vo
Referenci (References)
Avena, G. C., Scopola, A. (1978). Indagini ecologicofitogeographichesulle zone humide intevere del
Lacio. Anali di Botanica vol.XXXIX, Roma.
Corrias, B., Diana-Corrias, S., Valsecchi, F. (1982). Carta
della vegetacione della Nurra di Alghero(Sardegna
N-O). Consiglio nacionale delle richerche, Roma.
evolucijata na vegetacijata. Kako slu~ajni
pojavi, od neodamna mo`at da se zabele`at grupi
kako pasi{nite vidovi kako {to se Glycerietum,
Trifolietum itn.
Druga va`na naselba e zalivot Kallamas so
retkata grupa Vallisneria spiralis. Prisustvoto
blizu do nenaselenite mesta i grupite na trski
ima sekvencionalen rizik za nivno namaluvawe
vo regionot. Pojasot niz oblasta koja se protega
od Kallamas do Zaveri e bogato naselena i bi
trebalo da bide za{titena.
Vodenata i kopnenata vegetacija kako i
planinskite predeli so rastenija nudat posebna
turisti~ka i atraktivna ubavina.
Zaklu~oci
Proglasuvaweto na Albanskiot del na
Prespa kako nacionalen park pretstavuva va`en
uslov za za{tita na florata i vegetacijata vo
celiot region.
Razli~nata vegetacija i `iveali{ta na
Nacionalniot Park se od ekonomska i nau~na
va`nost za lokalnoto naselenie, a isto i za
posetitelite.
Potrebno e itna i vistinita procena na
ekosistemot na Nacionalniot park so cel
za{tita i regeneracija na istiot.
Demiri, M. (1983). Flora eskursioniste e Shqiperise,
Tirane
Grup autoresh - Flora e Shqiperise, vol. 1, 2, 3, Tirane
1988 - 1994
Hundozi, B. Vodena i mocvarna vegetacija nizinskog
Podrucja nedaleko od Zagreba. Zbornik Radova Nr.
3 Universitet u Pristini.
Kocev, H., Jordanov, D. (1981). Rastitelnost na vodoemite v Bllgaria, Sofie.
21
Sl. 5 Transekt na vegetacijata vo Maloto Prespansko Ezero
Fig. 5 The transect of the Micro Prespa vegetation
ConclusionsConclusions
The establishment of Albanian part of Prespa as a
National Park is a very important condition for the
protection of flora and vegetation in whole region as well.
The diverse vegetation and habitats of N Park are the
Micevski, K. (1963). Tipoloshki istrazhuvanja na blatnata
vegetacija vo Makedonija, Skopje.
Micevski, K. (1969). Vodna vegetacija na ohridskoto i
prespanskoto ezero, Skopje.
Pavlidis, G. (1997). Aquatic and terrestrial vegetationof
the Prespa area, Thesaloniki.
Pedrotti, F. (1981). Carta della vegetazione del folio
Trento. Consiglio nazionale delle richerche, Roma.
22
value with economical and scientifically values for the
local population as well and for the visitors.
It’s necessary immediate and real evaluation of the
ecosystems of N Park aiming the protection and their
regeneration.
Pignatti, S. (1982). Flora d’ Italia, vol. 1-3 Bologna.
Qiriazi, P. (1986). Gjeografia Fizike e Shqiperise, Tirane.
Ruci, B. (1983). Te dhena mbi vegjetacionin dhe floren e
liqenit te Shkodres, Buletini i Shkencave Natyrore,
Nr. 3-4.
Tutin, T. ed. (1964-1980). Flora europaea, vol. 1-5,
Cembridge.
Zooplanktonot kako indikator za ezerskata eutrofija
(Golemo Prespansko Ezero)
Spase [UMKA
Za~uvuvawe i za{tita na prirodnata okolina vo Albanija (PPNEA)
Apstrakt
Kvalitativnoto i kvantitativno ispituvawe vo periodot 1994-95 kako i kvalitativnite ispituvawa vo 1996-98
poka`a deka zooplanktonot od Golemoto prespansko ezero sodr`i 40 bezrbetnici. Vo ramki na kompleksnoto
limnolo{ko ispituvawe, razli~ni fizi~ki, hemiski i biolo{ki metodi se koristeni za opredeluvawe na
eutrofi~nosta na ezeroto. Vo 1995, zooplanktonot od Golemoto ezero na makedonskata strana be{e ispituvan so
mese~na dinamika. Strukturata i sostavot na zooplanktonot e zna~aen bioindikator pri ocenka na kvalitetot na
vodata. Spored Naumovski et al. (1998), eutrofi~nosta na Prespanskoto ezero vo 1995 bila pome|u mezo i
oligotrofno. Pri primenata na ovie metodi, ~esto se koristat razli~ni vidovi na zooplankton, {to se nao|aat
na spisokot na indikatori. Mo`at da se spomenat vidovite Rotatoria i Cladocera. Od rezultatite e zaklu~eno deka
ezeroto poka`uva mezotrofi~nost vo letniot period.
Voved
Maloto i golemo Prespansko ezero se nao|aat vo presekot na gr~kata, albanskata i
makedonskata granica. Ezerata se nao|aat na 850
m nadmorska viso~ina, opkru`eni so planini
visoki preku 2000 m (Hillis & Stevenson,1997).
Ezerata se povrzani so mal kanal {to go
presekuva aluvijalniot prevoj {to gi oddeluva
ezerata. Iako vo Prespanskite ezera se sretnuva
mnogu interesen zooplankton spored strukturata, dinamikata i biologijata na vrstite, samo ograni~en broj ispituvawa (Djordjevik 1905, Doflein
1921, Paranzan 1931; Kozminski 1935, Petkovski 1954;
Serafimova 1954, Shumka 1997, 1998) se objaveni.
Eutrofi~nite procesi se predizvikani
pri zgolemeno prisustvo na hranlivite materii
vo ezerata. Direktna posledica na vakvata promena pretstavuva promenata na sostavot na zooplanktonot (Naselli-Flores 1997). Za `al, vo ekologijata na zooplanktonot, promenata na sostavot
na zooplanktonot vo zavisnost od eutrofi~niot
gradient se u{te ne e to~no razjasneta. No od
najdeniot sostav jasen e eutrofi~niot karakter
na ezerata. Pokraj toa, kaj ezerata od tipot na
Golemoto i osobeno Maloto ezero, kade se javuva
izrazeno varirawe na nivoto na ezeroto, godi{nite i pove}egodi{nite razliki vo zastapenosta
i sostavot na zooplanktonot e pod silno vlijanie
na vodniot re`im. Oscilaciite, kako posledica
od hidrometeorolo{kite uslovi e edna od karak-
teristikite na ovie ezera. Spored Cvijic (1911)
golemite oscilacii vo nivoto na ezeroto {to se
javile vo 11 vek vlijaele na opa|awe na nivoto na
ezeroto za 10 m na po~etokot na XX vek. Ostatocite od stari gradbi, vidlivi vo nekoi delovi od
litoralnata zona (po poslednoto opa|awe na
ezerskoto nivo) poka`uvaat deka vo razli~ni
vremenski periodi nivoto na ezerata bilo
ponisko od dene{noto. Zaradi karstniot karakter na planinata Ivan, {to gi razdeluva Golema od Mala prespa, se veruva deka dvete ezera
imaat podzemna vrska (Naumovski et al. 1998).
Vremeto za zadr`uvawe na vodat od prespanskite ezera ne e poznato, zaradi otsustvoto na
iste~ni vodi. Spored Anovski so sor. (1980) 56%
od izvorskite vodi vo Sv. Naum {to pretstavuva
25% od vodata {to dotekuva vo Ohridskoto ezero
poteknuva od Prespanskoto ezero. Ostanatite
75% otpa|aat na brojnite priobalni i sublakustri~ni izvori vo ju`niot i jugoisto~niot del od
Ohridskoto ezero (Naumovski et al. 1998).
Cviji} (1911) gi napravil prvite limnolo{ki ispituvawa, pred okolu eden vek. Vo sporedba
so Ohridskoto ezero, ovie ispituvawa se nezna~itelni. Podocna se napraveni ispituvawa na
fitoplanktonot (Schroder 1921; Kozarov 1959,
1960), na hemiskiot aspekt na vodata (Jakovljevic
1934), oscilaciite na Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero (Stojadinovic 1969), zoogeografski
vrski pome|u Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero
(Karaman 1971) kako i primarnata produkcija na
Prespanskoto ezero (Ocevski & Allen, 1984).
23
Zooplankton community as an indicator of lake
trophic state (Macro Prespa Lake)
Spase SHUMKA
Preservation and Protection of Natural Environment in Albania,
Rr”Asim Vokshi” Pall. 33, Shk. 4, Apt. 7. Tirana, Albania
Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative study of 1994-1995 year and the following qualitative study of 1996,1997, 1998 relevated that the
zooplankton community of Macro Prespa Lake consists of 40 invertebrates. The diferent physical, chemical and biological methods
are used in the frame of complex limnological investigation aiming the determination of lake trophic state. During the year 1995, with
the monthly dynamics, there have been analysed the zooplankton community from Macro Prespa Lake (Macedonian part). The
sructure and composition of zooplankton community, as a significant bioindicator component in the proces of water quality
evaluation. According to Naumovski et alt., 1998, the trophic state of Prespa Lake during the 1995 was between meso- and
oligotrophic. In application of these methods the great part of zooplankton species from the list of the indicators are frequently used.
Here we can mention the species of Rotatoria and Cladocera groups. From the results it’s concludet the mesotrophic character of lakes
water during summer period.
Introduction
The lakes, Micro Prespa and Macro Prespa, are located at
the intersection of the frontiers of Greece, Albania and
Macedonia. The lakes are at 850 metres above sea level
(m asl) amidst mountains rising to over 2000 m
asl.(Hollis&Stevenson, 1997). Prespa Lakes are linked by
a small channel which traverses the alluvial isthums that
separates the lakes. Although Prespa Lake contains very
interesting zooplankton populations, according to their
structure, dynamic and biology of species, only limited
number of studies (Gjordjevich 1905; Doflein 1921;
Parenzan 1931; Kozminski 1935; Petkovski 1954; Serafimova 1954, Shumka 1997,1998) have been published.
Eutrophication processes are promoted by enrichment in nutrients. The direct consequence of such addition is represented by an change and in zooplankton composition. (Naselli-Flores 1997). Anyway, the shift in
species composition of zooplankton along trophic gradient is, at present, poorly understood in zooplankton ecology. But, from the evidented composition its clear the
eutrophic state of this lake. In addition, in lakes, like as
well as, Prespa, especially Micro Prespa Lake, which are
characterised by strong water-level fluctuations, the annual and interannual variability in the abundance and
composition of zooplankton may be strongly influenced
by their hidraulic regimes.
Oscillations, caused by the hydrometeorological conditions, are characteristic for Prespa Lake. According to
Cvijic (1911), big oscillations of the surface level in the
24
beginning of the 11th century
contributed to the level decrease of 10 m, at the beginning
of this century. Also, the remains of old buildings, visible
in some parts of the littoral zone, (after the last decrease
of lake level) indicate that, in some periods, level of the
lake had been lower than at present. Because of the karstic nature of Ivan mountain, that separate Macro Prespa
from Micro Prespa, it is believed that both lakes communicate underground, in both directions, depending on the
higher surface level.(Naumovski et al. 1998).
The retention time of Prespa Lake is not known, because
there is no surface outflow. According to Anovski et al
(1980) ca. 56 % of St. Naumi spring’s water, which is
only 25 % of the water flowing into Ohrid Lake, originate from Prespa Lake. The rest of 75 % belongs to the
numerous nearby shore and sublacustrine springs in the
south and south-east part of Ohrid Lake (Naumovski et
al. 1998).
First limnological investigations in Prespa Lake dates
almost one century back (Cvijic 1911). Compared to
Ohrid Lake, these investigations are negligible. Later,
several investigations have been made including phytoplankton (Schröder 1921), chemical features of the water
(Jakovljevic 1934), phytoplankton investigations (Kozarov 1959 1960), oscillations of Ohrid and Prespa Lakes
(Stojadinovic 1969), zoogeographical relations between
Prespa and Ohrid Lakes (Karaman 1971) as well as the
primary production of Prespa Lake (Ocevski & Allen
1984).
Materijali i metodi
Primeroci od litoralnata zona na ezeroto
se sobirani so Ekman-sampler. Primerocite od
pela{kata
oblast
za
opredeluvawe
na
kvalitivniot i kvantitativniot sostav na
zooplanktonot se sobirani od vertikalni
profili na 1, 5, 10, 15 i 18.5 metri, so mese~na
dinamika vo periodot januari 1992 - januari 1993.
Primerocite bea sobirani so Van Dornovo {i{e
i Nanzen mre`a i bea fiksirani so 2%
formaldehid. Analizata na zooplanktonot be{e
izvr{ena
koristej}i
Utermohl
mikroskop.
Koristeni se razli~ni metodi, bazirani na
indikatori (Hofrat & Otendorfer 1983; Sladecek
1987).
Sl. 1 Karta na prespanskite ezera
Fig. 1 The map of Prespa Lakes
Rezultati i diskusija
Za vreme na na{eto ispituvawe, kako {to
ve}e rekovme, zooplanktonot se sostoe{e od 40
bezrbetnici ili taksoni: 9 vidovi na rotatoria, 8
vidovi od Copopoda i 22 vidovi od Cladocera i eden
takson od grupa Mollusca. Prisustvoto na
zooplanktonski vrsti kako {to se: Trichocerca
capucina, Brachionus angularis, Keratella cochlearis,
Notholca longispina, Gastropus stylifer, Diaphanosoma
brachiurmu,Daphnia cucullata, Simocephalus serulatus,
Bosmina
longirostris,Chydorus
sp.,Leptodora
kindti,Alonela rectangula, Arctodiaptomus steindachneri,
Arctodiaptomus kerkyrensis, Macrocyclops albidus
,Mesocyclops leuckarti, Cyclops vicinus vicinus,
Dreissena polymorpha itn. se prviot pokazatel za
26
eutrofijata na vodata vo Prespanskoto Ezero.
Bidej}i dvete Prespanski ezera se povrzani i
imaat zaedni~ki ezerski sistem va`no e da se
spomene deka ~ovekovite dejstva negativno
vlijaele na ovoj voden ekosistem.
Re~niot vnos vo ezeroto e okolu 30-70 miliono
m3 voda/godi{no. Maksimalnata ezerska vrednost
iznesuva 852.2 m pri {to vodata te~e niz Ventroki
kanalot. Maksimalnata vrednost na iskoristuvawe e 850,2 m. Taka, bi mo`elo da se koristat
90000000 m3 voda za navodnuvawe na 22 500 ha.
Podatocite od ovoj proekt ne odgovaraat na
realnosta. Devoli dovle~ka okolu 40 000 m3
talo`en materijal, {to se istalo`i delumno vo
komunikacioniot kanal a delumno vo ezeroto vo
dol`ina od 1-1,5 km i debelina od 1 m, prave}i go
nemo`no vnesuvaweto pod 850 m i koristeweto
na 30 000 000 m3 voda.
Drug nepovolen aspekt e vnesot na zna~itelni koli~estva na otrovni ostatoci od drena`niot sistem na farmite na Devoli. Del od vodnata flora i fauna vo ezeroto e o{tetena so toa.
Prenaso~uvaweto na rekata Devoli koe
be{e zamisleno kako pozitiven faktor vo navodnuvaweto, postana socio-ekonomski i ekolo{ki
problem za oblasta, {to mora hitno i brzo da se
re{i. Ogromnite promeni vo prirodnata sredina
kako i vo cirkulacijata na vodata imaat vlijanie
i kaj sosedite.
Vo po~etokot na 1999, oblasta na Ohrid i
Prespa, so povr{ina od 55 000 ha bea proglaseni
za najgolemata za{titena oblast vo Albanija
([umka i Miho, 1999). Prespanskiot nacionalen
park zafa}a povr{ina od 27 750 ha i vklu~uvaat
{umi,
grmu{ki,
pasi{ta,
prirodni
i
poluprirodni livadi, vodni povr{ini kako i
kultivirani povr{ini i naselbi. Za{titeniot
predel na Podgradec pokriva dodatni 27 300 ha od
Ohridskiot voden sistem.
Maloto Prespansko Ezero so okolinata e
mnogu ~uvstvitelno {to se dol`i na
nekontroliranoto i neobmisleno ~ovekovo
vlijanie vo poslednite 50 godini. Vlijanieto na
rekata Devoli (prenaso~uvaweto vo 1976),
se~eweto na {umite, zloupotrebata na trskite,
nevrabotenost, se samo nekoi od posledicite
{to se slu~ija od 1976 navamu. Toga{, na
Albanskata strana rekata Devoli be{e
prenaso~ena kon Maloto Prespansko ezero, za da
se zgolemat hidrorezervite na ezeroto koi bi se
koristele za navodnuvawe na poliwata na Kor~a,
Devoli i Podgradec. Ovoj podfat predizvika
golemi promeni vo ekosistemot, kako {to se:
zna~itelni promeni vo izvori{tata blizu do
ezeroto
Material and Methods
Samples from the litoral zone of the lake have been collected with Ekman-sampler.
The samples of pelacic area destinated for qualitative and
quantitative composition of the zooplankton were collected from a vertical profile of 1 m, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m
and 18,5 m at monthly dynamic during January 1992January 1993. Samples were collected by Wan-Dorn bottle and Nanzen net, fixed with 2 % formaldehyde solution. Zooplankton content analysis was done by Utermöhl
microscope. The different method based on the indicators
are used like Hofrat and Ottendorfer 1983;Sladecek 1987.
Results and disscusions
The zooplankton community during the our studies consiss, as well was mentioned in the previously sections, by
40 invertebrates or taxons, 9 species from Rotatoria, 8
species from Copepoda and 22 species from Cladocera
and + taxon from Mollusca group. The presence of the
zooplankton species like Trichocerca capucina, Brachionus angularis, Keratella cochlearis, Notholca longispina,
Gastropus stylifer, Diaphanosoma brachiurmu,Daphnia
cucullata, Simocephalus serulatus, Bosmina longirostris,Chydorus sp.,Leptodora kindti,Alonela rectangula, Arctodiaptomus steindachneri, Arctodiaptomus
kerkyrensis, Macrocyclops albidus ,Mesocyclops
leuckarti, Cyclops vicinus vicinus, Dreissena polymorpha, etc... is the first source in the scopework of the trophy state of waters in Prespa Lake.
Since, both Prespa lakes are connected and created the
same lake system it’s very important to be mentioned that
is recently done with the negative impacts among this
water ecosystems.
The river input to the lake have been of 30-70 million m3
of water/year. The maximal lake’s quote is 852.2 m in
which the water runs into Vëntroku’s channel. The
maximal quote of exploitation is 850.2 m a.s.l.. Hence,
there can be used 90.000.000 m3 of water for the irrigation of ca. 22.500 ha. These project’s data don't correspond to the reality. Devolli carried nearly 40.000 m3
solid materials that partially have been deposited on the
communication channel and partially in the lake, in a
distance of 1-1.5 km and thickness over 1 m, making impossible the water intake under 850.0 m and the exploitation of 30.000.000 m3 of water.
Another negative aspect is the penetrating of a considerable quantity of toxic remains by the drainage of Devolli
farm grounds. This obviously influences in a part of the
aquatic flora and fauna in the lake.
The deviation of Devolli river, once a positive factor for
the irrigation, soon became a socio-economic
and environmental problem for the region that need a
rapid and studied intervention. The enormous changes of
the natural environment as well as of the water circulation
are also sensitive for the neighbouring part.
In the beginning of 1999 Albania’s largest system of
protected areas was established in the Ohrid and Prespa
region comprising more than 55,000 ha (Shumka&Miho
1999). The Prespa National Park covers an area of 27,750
ha including forests or shrublands, pastures, natural and
seminatural meadows, aquatic areas as well as cultivated
lands and settlements. The protected landscape of Pogradec includes another 27,300 ha within the Ohrid Lake
watershed system.
The Micro Prespa Lake and its surrounding region is very
sensitive area because of uncontrolled human impacts
during the past of the 50 years. The impacts of Devolli
river (..shifting 1976 in>><<on), deforestration, the reed
uncontrelled explotation, unemployments etc.. are some
of the “sequences”. “….happened since 1976, when, in
Albanian part, river Devolli was deviated, shifting its
waters into Micro Prespa Lake; the aims were to enhance
hydric reserves which should be used for the irrigation of
the fields around Korcha, Devolli and Pogradeci. This
intervention caused big changes in the ecosystem. As
consequence:
-considerable changes in springs near the lake watershed
area are observed;
-unidentified loss of ca. 20.000.000 m3 of water;
-alluvium deposition of solid materials, of 40.000 m3·yr-1.
Regarding from the data of Parnezan (1931), Janos
(1960) etc. its clear that in the Prespa Lakes are happen a
lot changes. Those changes are reflected with the dominance group “mark-><” which means the dominate group
in the given time.
Zooplankton communities in a given lake tend to be
composed of closely related species that succeed each
other in time or exclude each other in space (Miracle
1977). Differences in migration, seasonal incidence, vertical and horizontal zonation may account for coexistence.
The summer period was characterised by mass development of rotatorian species: Asplanchna priodonta, Polyarthra trigla and Trichocerca capucina. In that period
zooplankton populations registered their maximum number of individuals. Hence, mass development of bluegreen algae mainly of Anabaena planctonica, was noticed, in the upper water layers.
The presence of Archtodiaptomus steindachneti (Copepoda-Calanoida) is of a great importance from the ecological and zoogeographical point of view. The presence
of this elements in the plankton community is with a local
character. It is noticed by (Brian, 1930; Parenzan, 1931;
Pekovski, 1956; Popovska Stankovich, 1981; and
Shumka 1995). From the data of the Tab. 2 i’ts clear that
during the summer time the water of Macro Prespa Lake
has shifted regarding their quality fron olig to mesotrophic state.
The lake ecology and story of formation are the reason of
the presences. It’s still also in Micro Prespa Lake. We
think it’s not because of lake trophy state but due to the
unique lake system.
27
nepredviden gubitok od 20 000 000 m3 voda
istalo`uvawe na aluvijalen talog, od okolu 40
000 m3/godi{no
Inaj}i gi predvid podatocite od 1931 (Parenzan),
1960 (Janos) i tn. Jasno e deka se slu~uvaat golemi
promeni vo Prespanskite ezera. Ovie promeni
imaat vlijanie na t.n dominantna grupa “oznaka><” {to ozna~uva dominantna grupa vo
opredeleno vreme.
Zooplanktonskite zaednici vo dadeno
ezero obi~no se sostaveni od tesno povrzani
vrsti, {to se nasleduvaat vo vreme, ili i
isklu~uvaat edna so druga vo prostor (Miracle,
1997). Razlikite vo dvi`ewata, sezonsko
pojavuvawe, vertikalno i horizontalno zonirawe
pridonesuvaat kon koegzistencija.
Tab.1. Vrskata pome|u razli~nte zooplanktonski grupi vo balkanskite ezera
Tab. 1. The relationship between different zooplankton groups in the Balkans lake
Author(s)
1931(Parenzan)
1960 (Janos)
1997 (Shumka)
Ohrid Lake
Cop.>
Cop>
Cop>?
Ma.Prespa
Cop>
Cop>
Cop>?
Mi Prespa
Cop>>Rot
Rot>Rot>
Shkodra L
Rot>
Rot>
-
Maliqi L
Clad>>Rot>
Rot>
-
Letniot period e karakteriziran so silno
razvivawe na vidovite Rotatoria: Asplanchna
priodonta, Polyarthra trigla i Trichocerca capucina. Ova
e period koga se zabele`uva najgolem broj na
edinki vo zooplanktonskite zaednici. Toga{ e
zabele`ano i masovno javuvawe na modrozelenata alga Anahaena planctonica vo povisokite
vodni sloevi.
Od ekolo{ka i zoogeografska gledna
to~ka, prisustvoto na Archtodiaptomus steindachneti
(Copepoda-Calanoida) e mnogu va`no. Prisustvoto
na ovoj element vo zooplanktonskata zaednica e
od lokalen karakter. Toa e zabele`ano od Brian
(1930), Parenzan (1931); Petkovski (1956); PopovskaStankovic (1981), Shumka (1995). Od Tab. 2 jasno se
gleda deka vo letniot period, kvalitetot na
vodata vo Golemoto Prespansko Ezero se menuva
od
oligo
vo
mezotrofi~na
kategorija.
Referenci (References)
Kozarov, G. (1959). Organic production of phytoplankton
in Lake Prespadurig tha course of 1958. Rec. Trav.
Stat. Hidrobiol. Ohrid 7 (12) pp8. (In Macedonian,
Eng. summary)
Kozminski, Z. (1935). Uber die Eigentumlickeiten des
Zooplanktos des Ohridsees. -Verh.Inter.Ver.Limnol.
7:245-254.
Naumovski, B.T., Novevska, V., Lokoska and Mitich, V.
(1998). Trophic state of Prespa Lake. Symposium on
Sustainable Development of Prespa region.Korcha
Ocevski, B. T. & Allen H. L. (1984). Primary production
of the pelagial phytoplankton in Lake Prespa
(Macedonia, Yugoslavia). Verh. Internat. Verein.
Limnol. 22:1131-1136.
Parenzan, P. (1930). Nota sui Cladoceri del grandi laghi
dell’Albania Orientale. - Atti.Acad.-Istriana, 21.
Shumka, S. (1996). Qualitative composition and diversity
of zooplankton from Prespa Lake. First Congress of
Mac. biol. P, 125.
Shumka, S. (1998). The Significance of Zooplankton for
the functioning of Lake ecosystem. Symposium on
Sustainable Development of Prespa region.Korcha
Stojadinovic, C. (1969). Yearly and long-term oscillations of Lakes Ohrid and Prespa levels. Report subm.
to the Found for Science work of SRM, Skopje. (In
Serbian).
Anovski, T., Naumoski, J., Kacurkov, D. & Kirkov, P.
(1980). A study of the origin of water of St. Naumi’s
springs, Lake Ohrid. Fizika 12, S2 165: 77- 86.
Cvijich, J. (1911). Outlines of geography and geology of
Macedonia and Old Serbia. III. Serb.Acad. Sci., spec.
ed., Beograd 689-1271 (In Serbian).
Doflein, F. (1921). Mazedonien. Jena.
Gjorgjevic, C. (1905). Contribution on knowledge of the
freshwater fauna of Balkan Peninsula. Glas. Srp. 27.
Hofrat, W. and L.J. Ottendorfer (1983). Wasser und Abwasser “Beitrage zur gewässerforschung”. Band 26.
Hollis, G.E., and Stevenson, A.C. (1997). The physical
basis of the Lake Micri Prespa sysems:geology,
climate, hydrology and water wuality. at. Lake
Prespa, Northwest Greece. Kluiwer Ac. Publishers.
Jakovljevich, S. (1934). Main chemical features of the
water of Lake Prespa. Arh. Minist. Poljoprivrede.
Belgrade, vol. I book 2: 1- 15 (in Serbian, Fr.
Summary)
Janos, M. (1962). Ossezehasonlito Hidrofaunistikai
Vizsgalatok Albaniaban. Kulonlenyomat, Szegad.
Karaman, M. (1971). Zoogeographical relations between
Lake Prespa and Lake Ohrid. Izd. Zavod za rib. na
SR. Skopje T. IV. Nr.5:1-16. (in Sebian, German
summary).
28
Tab. 2 Kvalitetot na vodata vo Golemoto Prespansko Ezero bazirano na sostavot na Planktonot
spored Hofra & Ottendorfer (1983)
Tab.2 Water quality cathegory of Macro Prespa lake based on zooplankton composition according to Hofra &
Ottendorfer (1983)
Familia
ROTATORIA
Brachionidae
Gastropodidae
Asplanchidae
Testudinellidae
CLADOCERA
Sididae
Daphnidae
Genus
Brachionus
Keratella
Epiphane
Gastropus
Ascomorpha
Asplanchna
Filinia
Pompholyx
Sida
Daphnia
Simochephalus
Ceriodaphnia
Chidoridae
Scapholeberis
Camptocercus
Acroperus
Graptoleberis
Leidygia
Chidorus
Rinchotalona
Pleuroxus
Alona
Leptodoridae
Bosminidae
COPEPODA
Eucyclopinae
Leptodora
Alonella
Bosmina
Diaphanosoma
Macrocyclops
B. angularis (Gosse)
B. calyciflorus (Pallas)
K. cochlearis (Gosse)
Epiphane sp.
G. stylifer (Imhof)
A. ecaudis Perty
A. priodonta (Gosse)
F. longiseta (Ehren.)
P. sulcata (Hudson)
Sida cristalina (O.F.Müller)
D. longispina (O.F.Müller)
D. cucullata (Schodler)
S. vetulus (O.F.Müller)
S. serrulatus (Koch)
C. quadrangula G.O.Sars
C. megalops G.O.Sars
S. mucronata (O.F.Müller)
C. rectirostris (Schodler)
A. arpae angustatus G.O.Sars
G. testudinaria (Fischer)
L. acanthocercoidae (Fischer)
Ch. Sphaericus leonardi (King.)
R. rostrata (Koch)
P. laevis (G.O.Sars)
P.aduncus (Jurine)
A. gutata (Sars)
A. rectangula (G.O.Sars)
A.quadrangularis (O.F.Müller)
L. kindti
A. exigua (Lillejborg)
B. longirostris (O.F.Müller)
D. brachiurum (O.F.Müller)
Cathegory
II
I,II
K
II
I,II,
I
II
I
II
II,
II,
II,
II
I,II,III
II
I,II
II
I,II
I,II
I,II
I,II
I,II
I,II
I
I
I,II
I,II
I,II
III
I
I,II,III
I,II
Paracyclops
Megalocyclops
Cyclops
M. albidus (Jurine)
M. fuscus (Jurine)
E. serrulatus (Fischer)
E. macruroides (Lillejborg)
P. finitimus (Kiefer)
M. viridis (Jurine)
C. vicinus vicinus (Uljanin)
II
I,II
I,II
I
I,II
I,II
II
Ectocyclops
E. phaleratus (Koch.)
II,II
Eucyclops
28
Species
^etirigodi{en simultan cenzus na vodnite ptici na Ohridskoto i
Prespanskoto Ezero 1997-2000
Wolfgang FREMUTH1, Taulant BINO1, Ferdinand BEGO2, Grigor JORGO3, Branko MICEVSKI4,
Vase ANASTASOVSKI4, Petko TZVETKOV5, Ivan HRISTOV5,
Martin SCHNEIDER-JACOBY1 & Spase SHUMKA6
1
European Nature Heritage Fund (Euronature), Grabenstr. 23, D-53359 Rheinbach
2
Albanian Society for Protection of Birds and Mammals (ASPBM)
3
Natural Historical Museum of Albania, Tirana
4
Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia (BSPSM)
5
Balkani Wildlife Society Bulgaria
6
Preservation and Protection of Nature and Environment of Albania (PPNEA)
Apstrakt
Vo period od ~etiri godini, vo poslednata nedela od januari, bea simultano broeni vodnite ptici koi prezimuvaa
na Ohridskoto i Golemoto Prespansko Ezero od strana na Makedonski i Albanski timovi. Na Golemoto
Prespansko ezero bea najdeni: 28383 edinki od 23 vidovi vo 1997; 39281 edinka od 26 vidovi vo 1998; 41751 edinka od
23 vidovi vo 1999 i 28445 edinki od 16 vidovi vo 2000. Zaradi mnogu popovolnite uslovi na Ohridskoto ezero bea
najdeni pove}e vidovi koi ja proveduvaa zimata ovde za vreme na popisot: 51512 edinki od 26 vidovi vo 1997; 58985
edinki od 26 vidovi vo 1998; 64948 edinki od 23 vidovi vo 1999 i 56617 edinki od 21 vid vo 2000. Ovie podatoci ja
poka`uvaat va`nosta na Ohridskoto, Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko Ezero za ornitofaunata kako mesto za
zimuvawe. Isto taka ovie broevi ja doka`uvaat va`nosta na ezerata kako me|unarodni vodni stani{ta.
Rezultatite treba da se zemat kako argument za proglasuvaweto i na Albanskiot del od ezerata kako blato so
me|unarodna va`nost spored “Konvencijata za za{tita na vodnite stani{ta so me|unarodna va`nost – Ramzar”.
Ova e isto taka klu~na oblast za primenata na afrikanski-evroaziskiot dogovor za vodni ptici spored
“Konvencijata za Za~uvuvawe na Migratornite Vidovi Ptici (CMS)” (Bonska Konvencija).
Voved
Ohridsko/prespanskiot region, so povr{ina od 55.000 ha (Miho, 1999) vo 1999 be{e proglasen za najgolemata za{titena zona vo Albanija.
Prespanskiot nacionalen park zafa}a povr{ina
od 27.750 ha pod {umi, {ibjaci, pasi{ta, livadi,
vodni povr{ini, kako i obraboteno zemji{te.
Za{titenoto podra~je na Podgradec vklu~uva
27300 ha vo ramki na ohridskiot sliv. Raznoobrazieto na `iviot svet {to se sretnuva vo ovaa
oblast e poznato odamna, no seu{te e predmet na
prou~uvawe (Gjiknuri et al 1997, Crivelli, Catsodorakis, 1997).
Prethodnite studii (Micevski 1992, 1993,
1995, 1997) ja poka`aa va`nosta na ezerata za
vodnite ptici na makedonskata strana od dvete
ezera, a osobeno za vreme na zimata. Sepak, dosega
ne e napraven simultan pregled {to bi ja
doka`al va`nosta na transgrani~nite ezera za
zimski vodnite ptici i {to bi gi nabquduvale
promenite na nivnata populacija. Bidej}i ptici-
te se smetaat za dobri pokazateli na kvalitetot
na ekosistemot, a pticite {to prezimuvaat mo`e
relativno lesno da se nabquduvaat, izgleda{e
va`no tie redovno da se prebrojuvaat.
Zatoa ve}e ~etiri godini se odr`uvaat
simultani broewa na zimskata ornitofauna.
Materijal i metodi
Dva tima na prebrojuva~i go odr`uvaa
zimskiot popis sekoja godina vo poslednata
nedela od januari. Broeweto se odviva{e na
nekolku to~ki od koi mo`e{e da se nabquduva
re~isi celata povr{ina na ezerata.
Bea odredeni 17 nabquduva~ki to~ki okolu
Ohridskoto Ezero od koi 9 bea na Makedonska a 8
na Albanska strana (Sl. 1).
Na Prespanskoto Ezero bea postaveni 16
nabquduva~ki to~ki od koi 10 bea na Makedonska,
a 6 na Albanska strana. Treba da se spomne deka
2
/4 od ezeroto pripa|aat na Makedonija, a po 1/4
pripa|a na Albanija i Grcija (Sl. 2).
29
Four Years of Simultaneous Wintering Waterbird Census at the
Ohrid and Prespa Lakes 1997-2000
Wolfgang FREMUTH, Taulant BINO; Ferdinand BEGO, Grigor JORGO, Branko MICEVSKI,
Vase ANASTASOVSKI, Petko TZVETKOV, Ivan HRISTOV,
Martin SCHNEIDER-JACOBY & Spase SHUMKA
1
European Nature Heritage Fund (Euronature), Grabenstr. 23, D-53359 Rheinbach
Albanian Society for Protection of Birds and Mammals (ASPBM)
3
Natural Historical Museum of Albania, Tirana
4
Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia (BSPSM)
5
Balkani Wildlife Society Bulgaria
6
Preservation and Protection of Nature and Environment of Albania (PPNEA)
2
Abstract
For four years in the last week of January the wintering waterbirds on the Ohrid and Macro-Prespa lake have been counted
simultaneously by a Macedonian and Albanian team of counters. On the Macro Prespa in 1997 28.383 individuals of 23 species; in
1998 39.281 of 26 species; in 1999 41.751 individuals of 23 species and in 2000 28.445 of 16 species have been found. Due to more
favourable conditions at the ohrid lake much more hibernating species have been found during the winter census: in 1997 51.512
individuals of 26 species; in 1998 58.985 of 21 species; 1999 64.948 individuals of 23 species and in 2000 56.617 birds of 21 species
have been found spending the winter season in the region. These figures showing the importance of the three lakes Ohrid , Macro and
Micro Prespa for the ornithofauna as hibernation site. Moreover these figures giving proof of the lakes‘ importance as international
wetlands. The findings could be considered as an argument to recognise the also the Albanian part of the Prespa lakes and the whole
Ohrid lake as in Wetland of international importance according the ‚Convention of conservation of International Importantant
Wetlands‘ Ramsar. It is also a key area for the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement under the ‚Convention on Conservation of
Migratory Species‘ CMS (Bonn-Convention).
Introduction
In the beginning of 1999 Albania’s largest system of
protected areas could be established in the Ohrid and
Prespa region comprising more than 55,000 ha (Miho
1999). The Prespa National Park covers an area of 27,750
ha including forests or shrublands, pastures, natural and
seminatural meadows, aquatic areas as well as cultivated
lands. The protected landscape of Pogradec includes
another 27,300 ha within the Ohrid Lake watershed
system.
The outstanding environment and nature of this most
interesting region around the frontiers of Albania,
Macedonia and Greece and its significance for Europe’s
biodiversity is known since long and has been pointed out
in recent publications (e.g. Gjiknuri & al. 1997, Crivelli
& Catsodorakis 1997).
Previous studies (Micevski 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997)
have shown the importance of the lakes for waterfowl
on the Macedonian side of the both lakes, especially
during the winter season. But no regular simultaneous
survey was done so far to proof the significance of the
transboundary lakes for wintering waterfowl and to
monitor their population changes. Since birds can be
considered as good indicators for the quality of
ecosystems and the wintering birds are relatively easy to
observe it seemed important to register them on regular
base.
Therefore, simultaneous counting of the wintering
ornithofauna have been carried out for now four years
subsequently.
Material and Methods
Two teams of counters performed the winter census every
year in the last week of January. The counting was
carried out as point counts from geographically
prominent positions enabling the teams to observe almost
the entire surface of the lakes Ohrid and Prespa.
31
Tab. 1 Klimatski uslovi za vreme na zimskiot cenzus na vodnite ptici
Tab. 1 Climatic Conditions during the Winter Waterfowl Counting
Godina
Year
Temperatura
Temperature
1997
~ 0° - 8° C
1998
~ 5° - 10° C
1999
~ 3° - 7° C
2000
~ -12° - -5° C
Vidlivost Visibility
Veter/Bran.
Wind/Waves
Son~evo, ~isto > 15 km
Sunny, Clear >15 km
Nema
No
Son~evo, ~isto > 15 km
Sunny, Clear >15 km
Son~evo, ~isto > 15 km
Sunny, Clear >15 km
Nema
No
Nema
No
Son~evo, ~isto > 15 km
Sunny, Clear >15km
Nema
No
Voznemiruvawa
Disturbances
Ohrid: ribari(dinamit AL)
Prespa: Nema
Ohrid: fishermen (dynamite AL);
Prespa None
Ohrid: ribari, Prespa: Nema
Ohrid: fishermen, Prespa None
Ohrid: ribari, Prespa: Nema
Ohrid: fishermen, Prespa None
Ohrid: ribari, kaj~iwa
Prespa: Nema
Ohrid: fishermen, leisure boats
Prespa None
Sl. 1 To~ki za nabquduvawe na Ohridskoto i Golemoto Prespanskot Ezero
Fig. 1 Viewpoints at the Ohrid and Makro Prespa Lakes
31
Tab. 2 Nabquduva~ki to~ki na Ohridskoto i Golemoto Prespansko Ezero
Tab. 2 viewpoints around the Ohrid and Makro Prespa Lake
Opis na to~kite za nabquduvawe Kratenka
Description of the Viewpoints
Abbreviation
Geografska Geografska
dol`ina
{irina
Longitude
Latitude
Nadmorska
viso~ina
Elevation
Dr`ava
Country
OH10
OH11
OH12
OH13
OH14
OH15
OH16
OH17
OH18
OH19
OH20
OH21
OH22
OH23
OH24
OH25
OH26
40°54'52
40°55'33
40°57'37
40°58'
40°54'51
41°09'45
41°10'27
41°08'09
41°05'49
40°59'
40°53'82
40°53'
40°53''71
40°54'13
40°54'13
40°54'59
40°55'15
20°44'28
20°40'45
20°46'45
20°46'
20°44'29
20°44'43
20°40'42
20°38'45
20°38'05
20°49'
20°53'64
20°53'
20°53'16
20°39'17
20°39'22
20°40'21
20°43'33
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
697m
MK
MK
MK
MK
MK
MK
MK
MK
MK
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
PP21
PP22
PP23
PP24
PP25
PP26
PP27
PP28
PP29
PP30
PP31
PP32
PP33
PP34
PP35
PP36
40°51'54
40°53'24
40°54''71
40°56'11
40°58'00
40°59'27
41°00'04
40°57'55
40°56'45
40°54'20
40°51'59
40°51'01
40°53'07
40°54
40°55'15
40°55'15
21°07'06
21°06'02
21°06'44
21°04'51
21°04'17
21°02'18
20°56'14
20°55'30
20°54'17
21°04'12
20°54'35
20°50'21
20°55'15
20°59
20°59'
20°43'33
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
MK
MK
MK
MK
MK
MK
MK
MK
MK
MK
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
OHRID LAKE
Sveti Naum Kai wall
Trepceni
Peshtani
Konsko
Ohrid
Road between Struga and Ohrid
Struga Drin exit
Road west bench Ohrid lake
Radozda
Peninsula Lin
Pishkupat
Udenisht
Mining site
Hotel Pogradec
Drilon spring site
Tushemisht
Tushemisht border
PRESPA LAKE
Dupeni near GR/MKD Border
Nakolec
road parking lot (bus-stop)
Krani Camp-Site
Hill along road
Ezerani
Sirhan
Oteshevo
Stenje beach
Konjsko
Kallamasi
Zavery bay
Gollomboc bay
Maligrad-Gollomboc bay
Liqenasi
Zaroshka village
Tab. 3 Broj na edinki i vidovi na Ohridskoto Ezero.
Tab. 3 Summary of bird individuals and species on the Ohrid lake
Ohridsko Ezero
2000 1999 1998 1997
Ohrid Lake
Vkupen br. edinki
56617 64948 58985 51512
Total No of individuals
Vkupen br. na vidovi
21
23
21
26
Total No of species
32
Od ovie mesta mo`e{e da se nabquduvaat
90% od povr{inata na ezerata. Se broe{e so
teleskopi Kowa 11-33 x 60 i Kowa 25 x 60. Pticite
bea identifikuvani spored nivnite morfolo{ki
karakteristiki.
Broeweto go izvr{uvaa dva tima na dvete
strani na ezeroto. Na Ohridskoto Ezero i dvata
tima zapo~naa istiot den na jugoisto~niot del,
poto~no od Makedonsko-Albanskata granica (Sv.
Naum/Tu{emi{ta), a zavr{ija na severozapadnata granica vo oblasta na Lin/Rado`da.
Na Golemoto Prespansko Ezero makedonskiot tim zapo~na na gr~ko-makedonskata granica vo blizina na seloto Dolno Dupeni. Albanskiot tim zapo~na istiot den vo zalivot
Zaro{ka na ju`niot kraj na ezeroto.
Vremenskite uslovi site ~etiri godini bea
odli~ni (Tab. 1). Vidlivosta be{e odli~na so
son~evo sino nebo, bez mraz, bez magla i bez
veter. Isto taka niedna{ ne be{e zabele`ano
pojavuvawe na branovi na povr{inata na ezerata.
Temperaturata padna pod nulata samo vo Januari
2000. Me|utoa, tenok sloj na mraz se pojavi samo
na Prespanskoto Ezero i toa voglavno vo
krajbre`niot del.
Poznato e deka Ohridskoto Ezero nikoga{
nema mraz na povr{inata {to go pravi
privle~no za prezimuvawe na vodnite ptici.
Ovoj fakt be{e doka`an vo ladnata zima vo
januari 2000.
Rezultati
Zaradi odli~nite vremenski uslovi site 4
godini, vo 1997 godina bea zabele`ani vkupno
51512 edinki od 26 vidovi koi zimuvaa na
Ohridskoto Ezero i 28383 edinki od 23 vidovi
koi zimuvaa na Prespanskoto Ezero. Vo 1998
vkupniot broj porasna na 58991 edinki od 21 vid
koi zimuvaa na Ohridskoto ezero, dodeka ovoj
broj za Prespanskoto Ezero iznesuva{e 39281
edinki od 26 vidovi. Najgolem broj na ptici be{e
zabele`an vo 1999 so 64948 ptici od 23 vidovi na
Ohridskoto Ezero, a istoto va`e{e i za Prespanskoto kade bea zabele`ani 41741 edinka od 23
vidovi. Brojot na edinki be{e pomal vo januari
2000 i iznesuva{e 56617 edinki od 21 vid na
Ohridskoto Ezzero i 28445 edinki od 16 vidovi
na PrespanskotoEzero. Namaluvaweto na brojot
na pticite najverojatno se dol`i na mnogu
ladnite vremenski uslovi za vreme na popisot vo
januari 2000.
Ovie broevi ja poka`uvaat va`nosta na
dvete ezera kako zimski `iveali{ta.
Rezultati na Ohridskoto Ezero
Najva`nata oblast za pticite koi
prezimuvaat vo Makedonskiot del na Ohridskoto
Ezero e oblasta pome|u Podmoqe i Drim kade vo
1998 bea zabele`ani 15554 (26% od site
zabele`ani ptici) ptici se odmaraa na
povr{inata na vodata. No isto taka i sosednite
oblasti imaat golema va`nost za vodnite ptici.
Na primer, vo 1998, oblasta pome|u Ohrid i
Podmoqe be{e doma}in na 11085 (11%) edinki.
Za pticite koi se hranat so riba golema va`nost
ima oblasta okolu Sv. Naum kade {to bea
zabele`ani 5259 (9%) ptici. Kako i vo
prethodnite godini se poka`a deka plitkite
oblasti na trite ezera se so golema va`nost za
zimuvaweto na vodnite ptici. Specijalnata
analiza na pticite koi se odmaraat i hranat vo
ovie kraevi poka`a deka pticite koi ja koristat
vegetacija za hrana (pr. Fulica atra), site vidovi na
rodot Anas, a i drugite pretpo~itaat da ostanat
tamu. Pticite koi se hranat so riba
(Phalacrocorax carbo, P. pygmaeus, Tachybaptus
ruficollis) isto taka mo`at da se sretnat vo
podlabokite delovi na ezerata. I ovoj fakt se
poka`a kako to~en vo narednite godini.
Na Albanskata strana najgusto posetena
oblast be{e oblasta pome|u makedonskata
granica i Pogradec. Na primer, vo 1998, ovde bea
izbroeni 16363 edinki od 12 vidovi. Toa zna~i
deka 28% od zabele`anite ptici se nao|ale ovde.
Zna~ajna brojka od re~isi 1000 (1.6%) ptici
mo`e da se najde okolu poluostrovot Lin.
Ostatokot od zabele`anite ptici se nao|a po
dol`inata na albanskata krajbre`na linija
pome|u Pogradec i Lin. Rasprostranetosta na
pticite be{e mnogu sl~na i vo narednite godini.
Tab. 4 Broj na edinki i vidovi na Prespanskoto Ezero.
Tab. 4 Summary of bird individuals and species on the Macro Prespa Lake
34
Golemo Prespansko Ezero
2000
Vkupen br. edinki - Total No of individuals
Vkupen br. vidovi - Total No of species
28445 41751 39281 28383
16
23
26
23
1999
1998
1997
Around the Ohrid Lake 17 viewpoints have been determined whereas nine were located at the Macedonian site
of the lake and eight at the Albanian part.(see picture 1)
Sixteen viewpoints have been set up at the Macro Prespa
lake, ten on the Macedonian and six on the Albanian part
referring to the fact that about one fourth of the Macro
Prespa lake belongs to Albania, two fourth are Macedonian possession and finally about one fourth are on the
Greek side of the lake (see table 2).
By this at least 90 % of the surfaces of both lakes could
have been observed. The counting was carried out with
telescopes Kowa 11-33x 60 and Kowa 25x60 telescopes.
The birds have been identified by their morphological
characteristics.
The counting was carried out by two teams on both sides
of the lakes.
At the Ohrid lake the both teams started at the same day
from the south-east part at the Macedonian-Albanian border (Tushemist/Sveti Naum) and ended on the northwestern border in the vicinity of Lin/Radozda.
At the Macro Prespa the Macedonian team started at the
Greek-Macedonian border in the vicinity of the village
Dolni Dupeni. The Albanian team started at the same day
in the bay of Zaroshka at he southern end of the Macro
Prespa lake.
The weather conditions have been throughout of all the
four years excellent (see table 1) . The visibility was in all
four years best with sunny blue skies, without haze, without fog and without winds. Also no waves have been recorded in all four years on the surfaces of the two lakes.
Only in January 2000 the temperature was below zero
degrees Celsius. But only on the Macro Prespa lake a thin
layer of ice occurred, primarily in the littoral zone.
The Ohrid lake is known never to have ice on the surface
which makes it very attractive to waterbirds for hibernation. This fact was proven in the cold winter of January
2000.
Results
ue to this excellent weather conditions in all four years
Din 1997 a total number of 51.512 bird individuals belonging to 26 species have been recorded hibernating
on the Ohrid lake and 28.383 individuals of 23 species
on the Makro Prespa lake. 1998 the total number of individuals rose to 58.991 of wintering water birds on the
Ohrid lake belonging to 21 species and 39281 of 26 species at the Makro Prespa lake. The highest number of
bird individuals was observed in 1999 with 64.948 bird of
23 species on the Ohrid lake. The same was found on the
Makro Prespa lake with 41.741 in 23 species in 1999.
The number of individuals was less in January 2000 with
56.617 Individuals in 21 species on the Ohrid lake and
28.445 in 16 species on the Prespa lake. The reduction of
individuals and species might refer to the very cold
weather conditions during the winter census 2000.
By these figures the importance of the three lakes as
wintering habitat is clearly proven.
Results at the Ohrid lake
The most important sites for wintering water birds on the
Macedonian part of the Ohrid lake is the area between
Podmolje and Drim where for instance 1998 15,554 (26
% of all registered birds) individuals are resting on the
surface of the water. But also the adjacent area have a
great importance for waterbirds.
In 1998 for instance the area between Ohrid and Podmolje hosted 11,085 (19 %) individuals. For the fish
feeding birds the area around St. Naum is of high importance were 5,259 (9 %) individuals have been observed.
Like in the years before it turned out that the shallow
areas of the three lakes are very important parts for the
wintering of water birds. A special analysis of the birds
resting and feeding in these parts of the lakes has shown
that the vegetation feeding birds e.g. Fulica atra, all wintering species of the Genus Anas (Ducks) and others are
preferring to stay there. Whereas the fish feeding birds
e.g. Cormorant, Pygmy Cormorant, Little Grebe can be
found also in the steeper and deeper parts of the lakes
observed in this part of the lake. Also in the subsequent
years this fact turned out to be true.
On the Albanian side of the Ohrid lake the area between
the Macedonian border and Pogradec was the most
crowded area of the waters surface. For instance in 1998
16,363 individuals of 12 different species have been
counted in this part of the lake. That means that 28 % of
all recorded birds on the Albanian side are assembled
here. A considerable amount of almost 1,000 (1,6 %)
individual birds can be found around the peninsula of
Lin. The rest of recorded animals are scattered along the
Albanian coast line between Pogradec and Lin. Also this
pattern of distribution of the birds on the surface of the
lake was the same in the following years.
Results at the Prespa lakes
The population fluctuation on the Makro Prespa lake
showed a very similar pattern like that of the Ohrid lake.
The maximum of counted birds was in 1999 with 41.751
individuals of 23 species. Also during the winter count of
the year 2000 a significant lesser amount of 28.445 individuals of 16 species has been recorded.
35
Tab. 4 Vidovi i broj na edinki zabele`ani na povr{inata na Ohridskoto Ezero 1997-2000
Tab. 4 Species and their number of individuals observed on the surface of the Ohrid lake 1997-2000
OHRID-Lake
2000
1999
1998
1997
88-91
MAK
1998
MAK
1997
AL
AL
1999 1998
AL
1997
13
170
1
481
9
415
1
156
5
364
2
41
2812
703
1999
1609
1803
2812
633
0
701
687
236
1374
1050
222
721
236
9
4
138
19
57
39
126
124
32
46
39
14
6
5
11
490
778
276
448
111
436
778
2
9
5
479
15
211
1
481
Podiceps nigricollis
1336
1999
2310
2490
Podiceps cristatus
1383
1054
360
740
Phalacracorax carbo
140
130
37
Phalacracorax pygmeus 278
457
111
Mergus merganser
6
6
4
54
4
4
4
7
5
2
5
5
2
AL
2000
115
3
491
2
MAK
88-91
2
335
20
458
Ardea cinerea
MAK
1999
11
43
Gavia arctica
Tachybabtis ruficollis
Mergus albellus
MAK 2000
2
2
8
2
Alcedo atthis
8
Cygnus olor
22
4
19
22
734
15
4
19
13
734
7
9
Anas platyrhynchos
687
50
84
652
44
682
50
84
622
44
5
30
Anas crecca
1
1
110
1302
30
110
1302
30
Anas strepera
26
20
43
16
10
26
20
43
16
Anas penelope
540
105
7
40
7
540
105
6
40
Anas clypeata
1
16
19
8
1
1
16
19
8
2
1
Netta rufina
718
3634
2995
1576
2210
345
3196
2845
551
2210
373
438
150
1025
Aythya fuligula
652
3022
2282
1025
1892
430
2594
2199
240
1892
222
428
83
785
Aythya ferina
997
3600
5199
1409
4868
501
2630
4407
666
4868
496
970
792
Fulica atra
47395 48552 42843 40029 17567
Gallinula chloropus
2
29
1
1
Bucephala clangula
34
50
16
59
20
Larus ridibundus
2411
1290
1982
1332
2248
Larus cachinans
69
4
9
11
10
Larus canus
1
2
13
2
13
1
Vanellus vanellus
Gallinago gallinago
1
3
3
3
Tadorna tadorna
Total No of individuals
Total No of species
743
25438 31830 26955 16697 17567 21957 16722 15888 23332
1
2
29
1
30
43
20
10
24
20
16
16
1835
1290
1371
705
2248
576
611
627
4
8
9
10
7
62
1
2
4
4
56617 64948 58985 51512 34047
21
23
21
1
3
26
31814 46159 40228 24126 34047 24821 18789 18757 27386
20
Rezultati na Prespanskoto Ezero
Promenite na populacijata na Prespanskoto Ezero poka`uvaa mnogu sli~ni dvi`ewa
kako tie na Ohridskoto Ezero. Maksimalniot
broj na izbroeni ptici be{e 41751, koi pripa|aa
na 23 vidovi, a be{e zabele`an vo 1999. Isto
taka, za vreme na zimata 2000, be{e zabele`an
zna~itelno pomal broj na ptici koj iznesuva{e
28445 edinki od 16 vidovi. Brojot na zabele`ani
ptici na Prespanskoto Ezero be{e sli~en so
brojot zabele`an na OhridskotoEzero. 39281
edinka od 19 vidovi bea zabele`ani od dvete
strani na ezeroto i dopolnitelni 2151 edinka od
13 vidovi bea zabele`ani na Maloto Prespansko
Ezero. Na Makedonskiot del od Prespanskoto
Ezero bea zabele`ani 14848 (38%) edinki od 19
vidovi. Mnozinstvoto od ovie ptici se odmara i
hrani na isto~niot del od ezeroto. Vo oblasta
pome|u rezervatot Ezerani i seloto Stewe bea
18
19
17
26
20
21
15
14
17
izbroeni 8587 (22%) edinki.
Kako primer, vo 1998, na albanskiot del na
Golemoto Prespansko Ezero bea zabele`ani
24433 (62%) edinki od 19 vidovi. Vo zalivot
Gorica/Kalamas bea registrirani 11584 edinki.
Toa poka`uva deka re~isi 30% od pticite {to
zimuvaat na Prespanskoto Ezero se odmaraat i
hranat vo ovaa oblast. Vo ju`niot zaliv na
Ezeroto, pome|u Likenas i Golem grad, se
odmaraat u{te 10706 (27%) ptici. Postrmnite
oblasti na zapadniot makedonski breg izgleda
deka se so pomala va`nost za pticite koi
prezimuvaat vo ovie krai{ta.
Ovoj fakt be{e doka`an prethodnata
godina, a i vo godinite {to sledea.
Najdominanten vid site ~etiri godini
be{e Fulica atra so populacii od 13763 edinki na
Prespanskoto Ezero i 40029 na Ohridskoto vo
1997; 23962 i 42843 edinkals vo 1998; 30499 i
48552 vo 1999; 22477 i 47395 vo januari 2000.
35
Tab. 5 Vidovi i broj na edinki zabele`ani na povr{inata na Prespanskoto Ezero 1997-2000
Tab. 5 Species and their number of individuals observed on the surface of the Macro Prespa Lake 1997-2000
Prespa Lake
Pelecanus crispus
Gavia arctica
Tachybabtis ruficollis
Podiceps nigricollis
Podiceps cristatus
Podiceps auritus
Phalacracorax carbo
Phalacracorax pygmeus
Cygnus olor
Anas platyrhynchos
Anas crecca
Anas strepera
Anas penelope
Anas clypeata
Anas acuta
Anas spec.
Netta rufina
Aythya fuligula
Aythya ferina
Fulica atra
Gallinula chloropus
Bucephala clangula
Tadorna tadorna
Larus ridibundus
Larus cachinanns
Larus canus
Mergus albellus
Mergus merganser
Alcedo atthis
Egretta alba
Ardea cinerea
Vanellus vanellus
Tringa ochropus
Actitis hypoleucos
Gallinago gallinago
Total No of individuals
Total No of species
2000
512
1430
106
34
984
330
12
1999
587
1968
33
1
31
1041
4
1145
310
2
420
9
1012
2930
1291
2574
22477 30499
25
189
37
1998
1
745
1108
1649
12
143
558
3
2890
1385
83
1997
24
895
2820
201
2
122
455
1244
2520
5
138
12
2000
19
13
2516
2000
1765
2241
23962 13763
118
23
18
1
307
57
11
10
27
6
11
6
10
1
2
3
MAK 2000 MAK 1999 MAK 1998 MAK 1997 AL 2000 AL 1999 Al 1998 AL 1997
1
1
22
2
512
320
560
741
267
185
154
35
1708
750
1896
1395
260
358
924
7
17
89
99
33
1632
112
1
1
12
1
3
1
23
24
31
30
120
98
12
3
18
36
972
1038
540
419
4
3
203
970
948
1015
127
175
1942
229
1
270
1385
2520
13
40
2
5
400
20
12
20
63
138
429
3618
36
1844
25
2
4
30
1005
9752
13
1023
1012
9223
16
18
32
12
255
49
62
17
2
10
10
12
11
4
10
1
2
8
4
2
1012
862
18859
9
2028
724
21805
9
185
7
118
11
977
1229
4540
4
1
52
8
1782
8
2
2
1
11
10
28445 41751 39281 28383
16
23
26
23
2
2
4859
14
An almost similar amount of birds as at the Ohrid lake
have been recorded at the Prespa lake, 39,281 individuals
of 19 species could be observed at the FYROM and Albanian part of the lake and additional 2,151 individuals of
13 species have been recorded at the Lesser Prespa lake.
On the Macedonian part of the Prespa lake 14.848 (38 %)
individuals of 19 species have been recorded. The majority of these birds are resting and feeding on the Eastern
part of the lake. In the area between the new reserve Ezerani and the village Stenje. 8,587 (22%) individuals have
been counted .
In 1998 for instance at the Albanian part of the Makro
Prespa Lake 24,433 (62 %) individual birds of 19 species
have been found. In the bay of Gorica/Kallamas 11, 584
individuals have been registered. That means that almost
30 % of all registered wintering water birds at the Prespa
lake are resting and feeding in this particular area. In the
Southern bay of the lake between Liquenas and Golemgrad another 10,706 individual birds (27 %) are resting.
The steeper areas on the western Macedonian shore of the
lake seems to be of minor importance for the wintering
36
902
1850
8694
12
2000
19
2516
760
14210
2
15162
15
10
14848
19
1
15
6
4
6
2
2
23586
15
2
1
9
26589
22
24433
19
10639
18
3
17744
20
water birds.
This fact was proven the year before (1997) and the subsequent years.
In all the four years Fulica atra (Coot) was the most
dominat species with records of 13.763 at the Prespa
Lake respectively 40.029 individuals at the Ohrid Lake
in 1997; 23.962 and 42.843 individuals in 1998; 30.499
and 48552 in 1999; 22477 and 47395 in January 2000.
The figure shows that the coot as an Chara-eater has a
positive development in spite of the fact that in January
2000 the counted birds have been less then the years before.
Also a positive trend or at least stable situation could
been observed with Tachybabtis ruficollis,
Phalacrocorax pygmeus , Aythya fuligula and A.ferina.
Netta rufina had a positive trend until 1999 as well, but in
January 2000 only a small number of 718 individuals
have been observed on the Ohrid lake an none on the
Prespa Lake which might be caused by the very cold
weather.
Od tabelata mo`e da se zabele`i deka Fulica atra
ima pozitiven razvoj i pokraj toa {to vo januari
2000 brojot na zabele`anite ptici e pomal od
brojot prethodnata godina.
Pozitivna ili barem stabilna situacija
mo`e da se zabele`i i kaj Tachybabtus ruficollis,
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Aythya fuligula i A. ferina.
Netta rufina ima{e pozitiven razvoj do 1999, no vo
januari 2000 samo mal broj od 718 edinki be{e
zabele`an na Ohridskoto Ezero, a voop{to ne
bea zabele`ani na Prespanskoto Ezero. Ova
mo`e da se dol`i na mnogu ladnoto vreme.
Diskusija
Rezultatite od ~etirigodi{niot cenzus
poka`aa deka trite balkanski ezera, Ohridskoto,
Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko, se neophodni
kako oblast za zimuvawe na odreden broj na
migratorni vidovi. Prethodnite ispituvawa
(Micevski 1991, 1992) poka`aa deka pove}eto od
pticite pripa|aat na palearkti~kata fauna.
Ovie otkritija bea potvrdeni so simultanite cenzusi vo narednite godini na pticite koi
prezimuvaat na povr{inata na Balkanskite
ezera.
Golemiot broj na zabele`ani ptici, so
relativno stabilna raspredelba niz godinite so
isklu~ok na ladniot januari vo 1997 i 2000, dava
pri~ina ezerskiot sistem da se gleda kako vodno
stani{te so me|unarodna va`nost.
Makedonskiot del od Prespanskoto Ezero
ve}e e proglasen za vodno stani{te so me|unarodna va`nost so Konvencijata za za{tita na
vodnite stani{ta so me|unarodno zna~ewe (Ramzar). Od rezultatite na studijata treba da se
zaklu~i deka i Albanskiot del na Prespanskoto
Ezero kako i celoto Ohridsko Ezero, go
zaslu`uvaat ova priznanie.
Zgolemeniot broj ptici kako Fulica atra,
Referenci (References)
Crivelli, A.J. & G. Catsodorakis (eds.), (1997). Lake
Prespa, North-western Greece: a unique Balkan
wetland. Hydrobiologia 351. Dordrecht; Kluwer.
Demiraj, E. & L. Mucaj (1997).Climate variability over
Prespa zone and the expected change. In: Gjiknuri &
al. (ed.): Towards integrated conservation and
sustainable development of transboundary Macro and
Micro Prespa Lakes - International Symposium
Proceedings. PPNEA, Tirana. 73-78.
Micevski, B. (1995). Struktura, Dynamika i Energetika na
Ornitozenosata vo Bukovo-Elovata Schumska
Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, koi se adaptirani na
mezotrofen-eutrofen kvalitet na vodi dava
pri~ina za podetalno sledewe na kvalitetot na
ezerskata voda. Potpolnoto otsustvo na Aythya
nyroca, prethodno prisuten vo ovie vodi, mo`ebi
ja opravduva pretpostavkata deka kvalitetot na
vodata se smenil od oligotrofen vo mezo/eutrofen.
Zaklu~oci
Trite ezera se va`ni oblasti za prezimuvawe na migratornite vidovi na vodni ptici. Ova
poka`uva deka ezerata se so me|unarodna va`nost. Rezultatite od januari 2000 gi potvrduvaat
rezultatite dobieni so simultano broewe vo
januari 1997, 1998 i 1999.
Kako {to se poka`a vo 1997, plitkite
delovi na trite ezera se najva`ni za vodnite
ptici. Osobeno va`ni se zalivite Gorica/ Kalamas i Likvenas na Prespanskoto Ezero. [to se
odnesuva do Ohridskoto Ezero, pla`ite pome|u
Makedonsko-Albanskata granica i Pogradec,
poluostrovot Lin i celata oblast pome|u
Podmoqe i Drim se naj~estite destinacii na
vodnite ptici. Isto taka i celiot albanski del
na Maloto Prespansko Ezero ima zna~ewe za
pticite {to prezimuvaat.
Ovie oblasti imaat potreba od specijalna
za{tita barem za vreme na zimata. Loveweto i
Ribareweto treba da bide zabraneto ili regulirano so cel obezbeduvawe na najdobri uslovi za
prezimuvawe na populaciite na pticite.
Be{e zabele`an golem porast na brojot na
pticite koi se hranat so rastenija. Ova vodi do
zaklu~ok deka uslovite vo ekosistemot se promenile. Toa dava pri~ina za podetalno nabquduvawe na promenite na kvalitetot na vodite, a
osobeno koli~estvoto na hranlivi materii.
Saednitsa (Abieti-Fagetum) na Planinata Galicica,
God.z.Biol. (48):175-188
Micevski, B. (1993). Structure, Seasonla Dynamics and
Energetics of the Avifauna in Macedonian Oak
Forest, Larus 44/45 :49-63
Micevski, B., Stojanovski, L. (1991). Biogeografska i
Ekološka Svojstva Ornitofaune Šumskog Biotopa
Molika U Np Pelister; Larus 43:81-88
Micevski, B. & Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1997). Winter
census of the Waterfowl on the Macedonian Part of
the Prespa Lake in January 1997 (with Structural.
Deitary and Evaluation Analysis); God. Zb. Biol.
(50):85-93
37
Discussion
The results of four years wintering waterbird census revealed that the three Balkan lakes Ohrid, Macro and Micro Prespa are essential for a number of migrating bird
species for their hibernation. Former examinations (Micevski 1991 and 1992) have shown that most of the birds
in the winter season are belonging to the paleaearctic
fauna.
These findings could have been justified by the subsequent simultaneous census of wintering waterbirds on the
surface of the Balkan lakes.
The high number of birds counted on the surface of the
lakes with only a few fluctuation throughout the obervation period of four years, mainly due to negative climate
conditions like the cold January in 1997 and 2000, gives
reason to assess the complex lakes system as a wetland
system of international importance.
Since the Macedonian part of the Prespa lake is already
recognized as an wetland of international importance by
the Convention on the Protection International Important
Wetlands (Ramsar) From the findings of this study it can
be concluded that also the Albanian part of the Prespa
lakes deserves this recognition as well as the whole Ohrid
lake.
The increasing number of birds adapted to mesotrophic–
eutrophic water quality like the Coot (Fulica atra), the
Pochard (Aythya ferina), the Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) may give reason to monitor more in details the
quality of the lakes’s water. Also the total absence of
Micevski, B. (1992). Social Life of Birds in the Dominant
Forests communities on the Galičica Mountain:
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Section
of Biological and Medical Sciences, Contributions
XII, 1-2
Micevski, B. (1994). Annual Dynamic of the Structure
and Energetic of the Ornithocenoses in the Beech
forest Community on the Galičica Mountain (Macedonia); God.zb.Biol. (47):39-51
Micevski, B (1992). Strucutral and Faunistical Characteristics of the Prespa Lake Winter Ornithofauna;
God.zb.Biol. (45):1-248
Gjiknuri, L., A. Miho & S. Shumka, (1997). Towards
integrated conservation and sustainable development of transboundary Macro and Micro Prespa
38
Aythya nyroca formerly also present on the lakes may
justify the thesis that the water quality has changed from
oligotrophy to meso-/eutrophy.
Conclusion
The three lakes are important wintering sites for migrating water birds. This concludes that the three lakes are of
international importance. The results of 2000 are confirming the results of the simultaneous counting in January 1997, 1998 and 1999.
As shown already 1997 the shallow parts of all three
lakes are for wintering water birds most important. Particularly the bays of Gorica/Kallamas and Liquenas at the
Prespa lake. At the Ohrid lake the beach area between the
Macedonian border and Pogradec, the Peninsula of Lin
and the whole area between Drim/Podmolje until Ohrid
are the most preferred sites of the waterbirds. At the
Lesser Prespa the whole area on the Albanian part has an
importance for wintering birds.
These areas are needing a special protection status at least
during the winter season. Hunting and fishing should be
prohibited or regulated to a certai extend in order to provide best wintering conditions for the birds populations.
A significant growth of the plant eating waterbirds in the
both lakes has been observed which leads to the assumption that the condition of the ecosystem has changed. It
gives reason to take a closer look to the changes of the
water quality especially the load of nutrients.
Lakes - International Symposium Proceedings.
Preservation and Protection of Natural Environment
in Albania (PPNEA), Tirana. 229 p
Miho, A., (1999). Protected Areas of Ohrid and Prespa
region proclaimed - The whole area of Prespa Lake
proclaimed as National Park. Ohrid & Prespa
Newsletter 6, 1Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1993). Vögel als Indikatoren für
das ökologische Potential der saveauen und
Möglichkeiten für deren Erhaltung. Naturerbe Verlag Jürgen Resch, Überlingen
Vangjeli, J.,Ruci, B. & Mullaj, A. (1995). Libri i Kuq:
Bimet e kercenuara dhe te rralla te Shqiperise Red
Book: Threatened and rare plants of Albania. Tirana.
Vidovi na zooplankton i sezonski varijacii vo
Maloto Prespansko ezero
E. MICHALOUDI
Aristotele University, School of Biology, Lab. Of Ichthology, Box 134, Gr-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
E-mail: tholi@bio.auth.gr
Apstrakt
Prou~uvaweto od juni 1990 do oktomvri 1992 otkri deka zaednicata na pelagi~niot zooplankton od Maloto
Prespansko ezero se sostoi od 46 bezrbetni vidovi (28 rotiferi, 11 kladoceri, 6 kopepodi i edna planktonska
mekotelna larva). Celosnoto izobilstvo i biomasa na istite se dvi`i od 61 do 905 ind/l i od 58 do 646 µg/l.
Sezonskite kolebawa se vo ramkite na PEG-modelot. Temperaturata i sostavot na hranata se ispitani kako
faktori koi go odreduvaat sostavot na vidovite i nivnite sezonski varijacii.
Voved
Zooplanktonot e edna od najva`nite vrski
vo vodeniot sinxir na ishrana, taka da poznavaweto na istiot mo`e da bide korisno za razbirawe na funkcijata na ekosistemot. Na{eto znaewe
za zooplanktonot vo ezeroto Mala Prespa e
mnogu ograni~eno. Prvite podatoci datiraat od
ranite sedumdesetti godini i se glavno od kvalitativna priroda (Stathatos et al. 1972; Karvounaris
1972; Koussouris & Diapoulis 1983; Koutsoubidis 1989;
Shumka 1997). Nema podatoci koi se odnesuvaat na
kvantitativnite aspekti na zooplanktonskata
zaednica.
Prvite detalni dolgoro~ni istra`uvawa
za strukturata i dinamikata na zooplanktonskata
zaednica bea tema na doktorskata teza (Michaloudi
1997) finansirana od Gr~koto ministerstvo za
zemjodelie (odobrenie br. 259533 6/2/90). Del od
negovata rabota e ve}e objavena (Michaloudi et al.
1997). Sega{nite pregledi na podatocite za sostavot na vidovite i sezonskite varijacii na zooplanktonot e vo vrska so glavnite faktori {to
vlijaat vrz istata.
Materijali i metodi
Vklu~enite primeroci (0-7 m) se sobrani
glavno vo sezonite bez mraz, na tri lokacii, koristej}i go 2-l Niskin primerokot, no bidej}i ne se
zabele`ani golemi razliki, }e bidat opi{ani
samo rezultatite od centralnata lokacija. Sekojpat, najmalku 30 litri vodeni stolbovi bea filtrirani (niz mre`a so golemina na otvori od 50
µm) i za~uvani vo 4% formalinski kone~en ras-
tvor. Za sekoj primerok (celosen volumen od 100
ml) bea napraveni 5 podprimeroka od po 1 ml na
Sedvick-Rafter kletka. Individualnata suva masa
za sekoj vid, pol, golemina na klasa i stadium na
razvoj se proceneti po merewe na 30-100 edinki
su{eni na temperatura od 60 oC za vreme od 48
~asa (Michaloudi neobjaveno).
Vo isto vreme, dodeka se sobiraa zooplanktonskite primerocite, bea izmereni i temperaturata (Sl. 1), kislorodot, pH vrednosta i providnosta na vodata i be{e prou~en fitoplanktonot (Sl.1) (Tryfon i Moustaka-Gouni 1997).
Rezultati
Vkupno 46 plantonski bez'rbetni vidovi
bea identifikuvani: 28 rotiferi, 11 kladoceri,
6 kopepodi i edna planktonska mekotelna larva,
od koi {to pove}eto bea zabele`ani za prv pat
vo maloto Prespansko Ezero (Tab. 1). Vsu{nost,
rotiferite Gastropus hyptosys, Trichotria i kladocerata Alona intermedia, bea zabele`ani za prv pat
vo Gr~kata fauna. Vo kopepodnata zaednica vredno za spomnuvawe e i prisustvoto na kalanoidot
Arctodiaptomus steindachneri koj e tipi~en endemi~en vid vo regionot na Zapadniot Balkan.
Interesen e slu~ajot so kladocerata Diaphanosoma. Taksonomijata na ovoj rod ima mnogu
problemi {to se odnesuva do evropskite vidovi.
Se do sega vo Maloto Prespansko Ezero be{e
smetano deka prisutniot vid e Diaphanosoma brachyurum. Kako i da e, po li~niot kontakt so Korovchinsky e identifikuvan kako vidot D. cf. Mongolianum, i pokraj toa edinkite imaat razliki sporedeno so vidovite opi{ani od Korovchinsky (1992).
39
Species composition and seasonal variations of zooplankton
of Lake Mikri Prespa
E. MICHALOUDI
Aristotle University, School of Biology, Lab. of Ichthyology, Box 134, Gr-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
email: tholi@bio.auth.gr
Abstract
A study from June 1990 till October 1992 revealed that the pelagic zooplankton community of Lake Mikri Prespa consists of 46
invertebrate species (28 Rotifera, 11 Cladocera, six Copepoda and one planktonic Mollusc larva). Total abundance and biomass
ranged from 61 to 905 ind·l-1 and 58 to 646 µg·l-1, respectively. Seasonal fluctuations agreed with the PEG-model. Temperature and
food composition are examined as factors determining the species composition and their seasonal variability.
Introduction
Zooplankton is one of the most important links in the
aquatic food web, and therefore knowledge about this
trophic level can be useful in order to understand the
function of the ecosystem. Our knowledge of the zooplankton of Lake Mikri Prespa is very limited. The first
data date back to the early 1970s and are mainly of
qualitative nature (Stathatos et al. 1972; Karvounaris
1979; Koussouris & Diapoulis 1983; Koutsoubidis 1989;
Shumka 1997). No data are available concerning the
quantitative aspects of the zooplankton community.
The first thorough long term study on the structure and
dynamics of the zooplankton community were the subject
of a Ph.D. Thesis (Michaloudi 1997) funded by the Greek
Ministry of Agriculture (grant No.259533 6/2/90). Part of
this work has already been published (Michaloudi et al.
1997). The present paper reviews the species composition
and the seasonal variations of the zooplankton community in relation to the main factors affecting them.
Material and Methods
Integrated samples (0-7 m) were collected monthly during ice free seasons, at 3 stations, using a 2-l Niskin sampler, but since no great differences were recorded, only
the results from the central station will be described below. At least 30 l of the water column were filtered each
time (through a net of 50 µm mesh size) and preserved in
4% formalin final dilution. For each sample (total volume
of 100 ml), five counts of 1 ml subsamples were made on
a Sedwick-Rafter cell. The individual dry weights for
each species, sex, size class or developmental stage were
estimated after weighing 30-100 individuals, dried at 60
oC for 48 h (Michaloudi, unpublished).
At the same time with the zooplankton sampling, temperature (Fig. 1), oxygen, pH and transparency were
measured and phytoplankton (Fig. 1) was studied (Tryfon
& Moustaka-Gouni 1997).
Results
Species Composition
Overall, 46 planktonic invertebrate species were identified (28 Rotifera, 11 Cladocera, six Copepoda and one
planktonic Mollusc larva), many of which were recorded
for the first time in Lake Mikri Prespa (Table 1). Moreover, the rotifers Gastropus hyptopus, Trichotria sp. and
the cladoceran Alona intermedia were recorded for the
first time in the Greek fauna. In the copepod community
worth mentioning is the presence of the calanoid Arctodiaptomus steindachneri which is a typical endemic species of the Western Balkans.
The case of the cladoceran Diaphanosoma is of interest.
The taxonomy of this genus has many problems especially as far as the European species are concerned. Up to
now in Mikri Prespa it was considered that the species
present was Diaphanosoma brachyurum. Nevertheless,
after personal communication with Korovchinsky the
species identified is D. cf. mongolianum, although the
individuals bear some differences compared to the typical
species described by Korovchinsky (1992).
41
Tab. 1 Lista na planktonskite invertebrati vo Maloto Prespansko ezero
Tab. 1 List of the planktonic invertebrates of Lake Mikri Prespa.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
ROTIFERA
Ascomorpha ecaudis Perty
A. saltans Bartsch
Asplanchna priodonta Gosse
Brachionus angularis Gosse
B. diversicornis Daday
B. forficula Wierz.
B. urceolaris Müller
Collotheca sp.
Conochilus hippocrepis (Schrank)
Filinia longiseta (Ehrb.)
Gastropus hyptopus (Ehrb.)
G. stylifer Imhof
Kellicottia longispina (Kellicott)
Keratella cochlearis (Gosse)
K. c. v. tecta Gosse
K. c. v. hispida (Lauter.)
K. quadrata (Müller)
Lecane bulla (Gosse)
Lecane sp.
Lepadella ovalis (O. F. M.)
Notholca squamula (Müller)
Polyarthra vulgaris Carl.
Polyarthra ssp.
Pompholyx sulcata Hudson
Synchaeta pectinata Ehrb.
Trichocerca capucina (W. & Zach.)
T. cylindrica cylindrica (Imhof)
T. pusilla (Jenn.)
T. similis (Wierz.)
Trichotria sp.
MOLLUSCA
Dreissena polymorpha Pal.
*
*
*
*
CLADOCERA
Alona rectangula Sars
A. intermedia (Sars)
Bosmina longirostris (O. F. M.)
Ceriodaphnia pulchella Sars
Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. M.)
Daphnia cucullata Sars
D. galeata Sars
Diaphanosoma cf. mongolianum
Illyocryptus agilis Kurz
Leptodora kindtii (Focke)
Leydigia leydigi (Schoedler)
COPEPODA
∉ Arctodiaptomus steindachneri Rich.
Cyclops vicinus Ulj.
Eucyclops macruroides (Lillj.)
E. serrulatus (Fisch.)
Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine)
Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus)
* novi za ezeroto (new for the lake) novi za gr~katafauna (new for the Greek fauna)
∉ endemi~ni za zapaden Balkan (endemic in Western Balkan)
Sezonska varijabilnost
Celosnoto izobilie se dvi`i od 61 do 905
ind·l-1, so prose~na vrednost od 386,9 ± 239,2, prika`uvaj}i povisoka vrednost vo prolet a poniska
pri kraj na letoto (Sl. 2). Celosnata biomasa se
dvi`i od 58 do 646 µg·l-1, so prose~na vrednost od
233,9 ± 153,7 i poka`uvaat sli~ni sezonski kolebawa (Sl. 2b). proletniot maksimum glavno se
dol`i na rotiferite koi so~inuvaat 36-80 % od
celosnata masa, dodeka kopepodite (22-60%) i
kladocerite(20-48%) go pravat letniot maksimum (Sl. 2a). Kladocerite svoeto najgolemo
u~estvo vo masata go dostignaa vo zimata 1990 (do
90%), dodeka vo sledniot zimski period dominiraa kopepodite(57-71%). Vo smisla na biomasa
(Sl. 2b) slikata e kompletno razli~na zatoa {to
rotiferite, poradi nivnata mala telesna masa,
davaat mnogu mal pridones vo celosnata slika na
biomasata vo site sezoni.
Rotiferi
Koli~estvoto na rotiferi vo celina se
dvi`i od 2 do 1063 ind/l i biomasa od 0,047 do 54,3
µg·l-1 (Sl. 2).
[to se odnesuva do sostavot na vidovite na
Sl.3 mo`e da se vidi deka vo celina, do krajot na
proletta dominira Kerattela cochlearis (40-96%)
koja postepeno se zamenuva so Trichocerca (1595%), Brachionus (17-62%) i Filinia longiseta (1691%) koi dominiraat i vo esen. Vo zimskata
zaednica vo 1990-1991 godina dominira Polyarthra
(50-91%) i Synchaeta pectinata(16-93%) dodeka vo
1991-1992 dominira K. cohlearis.
41
Seasonal Variability
nanoplankton
6000
5000
g m -3
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
a)
J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O
temperature
30
25
oC
20
15
10
5
0
b)
J J A S O N D J F M A M J
1990
1991
J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O
1992
Sl.1.Sezonskite varijacii na nanoplanktonskata
temperatura(oC) (od Tryfon i Moustaka-Gouni, 1997)
Fig. 1. Seasonal variations of the nanoplankton biomass (g m
(from Tryfon & Moustaka-Gouni, 1997).
biomasa
–3
(g/m3)
i
) and temperature (oC)
Total abundance ranged
from 61 to 905 ind l-1, with
a mean value of 386.9 ±
239.2, exhibiting a major
peak in spring and a minor
one in late summer (Figure
2a). Total biomass ranged
-1
from 58 to 646 µg l , with a
mean value of 233.9 ± 153.7
and displayed similar seasonal fluctuations (Fig. 2b).
The spring maximum is
mainly attributed to rotifers,
which accounted for 3680% of the total abundance,
whereas the summer peak
was dominated by copepods
(22-69%) and cladocerans
(20-48%) (Fig. 2a). Cladocerans had their highest participation during the winter
1990 (up to 90%), while the
second winter period was
dominated by copepods (5771%). In terms of biomass
(Fig. 2b) the situation is
completely different since
rotifers, because of their
small body weight, make a
very limited contribution to
the total biomass in all
seasons.
Kladoceri
Sl. 2 Sezonskite varijacii na
celosnoto (a) izobilie
(ind/l) i (b) biomasa (µg/l)
i procentualniot pridones na glavnite zooplanktonski grupi. Kvadratite
poka`uvaat
vrednosti
{to nedostasuvaat.
Fig. 2 Seasonal variations of the total (a) abundance (ind·l-1) and
(b) biomass (µg·l–1) and the
percentage contribution of the
main zooplanktonic groups.
Squares indicate missing
values.
42
Za grupata na kladoceri koli~estvoto se
dvi`i od 1 do 513 ind/l i biomasata od 0,43 do 527
µg/l (Sl.2).
Vo sostavot na zaednicata na kladocerite
(Sl.4) be{e jasna zastapenosta na vidovite. Taka
da, vo po~etokotna letoto Daphnia cucullata u~estvuva{e so 31-94% i be{e postepeno zamenuvana
so Ceriodaphnia pulchella (30-72%) i na krajot so
Diaphanosoma cf. mongolianum (42-85%). Za vreme
na esenta prakti~no edinstven prisuten vid be{e
Bosmina longirostris koj u~estvuva{e i do 100% i
koj be{e najdominanten za vreme na zimata i za
vreme na proletta.
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
J
J A
1990
S O
N D
J
F M A M
1991
K.cochlearis
Brachionus
J
J
Trichocerca
Conochilus
A
S O N D
J
F. longiseta
A.priodonta
F M A M
1992
J
J
A
S O
Polyarthra
Synchaeta
Sl.3 Procentualna zastapenostna na glavnite vidovi od celosnata populacija na rotiferite (ind·l–1).
Kvadratite poka`uvaat vrednosti {to nedostasuvaat.
Fig. 3 Percentage composition of the main species to the total rotifer abundance (ind·l–1). Squares indicate missing
values.
Kopepodi
Kopepodite bea prisutni celo vreme dodeka se odviva{e studijata i koli~estvoto se dvi`e{e od 9 do 464 ind·l-1 i biomasa od 6 do 388 µg·l-1.
Vo zaednicata na kopepodite, vo smisla na
zastapenost, be{e jasna dominacijata na napuli i
copepodites (70-100% i dvete). Vozrasnite imaa pomal procent (0,5-64% za Arctodiaptomus steindachneri i 0,1-28% za Mesocyclops leuckarti).
Diskusija
Vo pogled na sostavot na zooplanktonot
(Tab. 1) Maloto Prespansko ezero nalikuva na
tipi~nite eutrofni ezera vo Evropa koi se karakteriziraat so dominantna zastapenost na 1 do
3 ciklopoidi, vklu~uvaj}i go Mesocyclops leuckarti
i eden Cyclops vid; eden dijaptomid i 3 do 10
kladoceri. Pokraj toa, tuka se i brojnite rotiferi koi so svojata brojnost gi nadminuvaat
krustaceite na krajot na zimata i vo prolet
(Morgan et al. 1980). Sekako deka koga se zboruva
vo smisla na biomasa zastapenosta na rotiferite
vo celokupnoto koli~estvo e ogra~eno poradi
nivnata mala golemina, dodeka vo ovoj pogled
krustaceite preovladuvaat (Sl. 2).
Sezonskite varijacii vo celokupnata populacija i biomasata vo ezeroto sledat {ema
svojstvena za eutrofi~nite ezera spored PEGmodelot (Sommer et al. 1986). Spored nego, prvite
koi go koristat nanoplanktonot i poka~uvaweto
na temperaturata vo prolet se rotiferite, {to
se dol`i na nivnata visoka sposobnost za
razmno`uvawe {to vodi do sozdavawe golemi populacii (Edmondson 1965; Allan 1976, Dumont 1977
i Lynch 1979). Glavnite potro{uva~i na zooplanktonskata zaednica na Maloto Prespansko
ezero Daphnia cucullata i Arctodiaptomus steindachneri sledat, vodej}i do namaluvawe na nanoplanktonot {to vo 1991 godina rezultira{e vo faza na
~ista voda (Tryfon i Moustaka-Gouni 1997).
43
there was a clear species succession. So, in the beginning
of summer Daphnia cucullata participated with 31-94%
and was gradually replaced by Ceriodaphnia pulchella
(30-72%) and in the end by Diaphanosoma cf.
mongolianum (42-85%). During autumn practically the
only species present was Bosmina longirostris which
participated up to 100% and which was the most
dominant one in winter and spring as well.
Copepods
Copepods were present throughout the whole study
period and abundance ranged from 9 to 464 ind·l-1 and
biomass from 6 to 388 µg l-1.
In the copepod community there was a clear dominance
in terms of abundance by nauplii and copepodites (70100% both). Adults had lower percentages (0.5-64% for
Arctodiaptomus steindachneri and 0.1 to 28% for
Mesocyclops leuckarti).
Rotifers
Abundance for rotifers as a whole ranged from 2-1063
-1
ind·l and biomass from 0.047 to 54.3 µg·l-1 (Fig. 2).
As for the species composition in figure 3 it can be seen
that generally by the end of spring Keratella cochlearis
dominated (40-96%) which was gradually replaced by
Trichocerca (15-95%), Brachionus (17-62%) and Filinia
longiseta (16-91%) that dominated during autumn as
well. The winter community for 1990-1991 was
dominated by Polyarthra (50-91%) and Synchaeta
pectinata (16-93%) while during 1991-1992 it was
dominated by K. cochlearis.
Cladocera
For the group of cladocera abundance ranged from 1 to
513 ind l-1 and biomass from 0.43 to 527 µg l-1 (Fig. 2).
In the composition of the cladocera community (Fig. 4)
600
500
ind·l -1
400
300
200
100
0
J
J A
1990
S O
N D
J
F M A M
1991
B.longirostris
J
J
A
C.pulchella
S O
N D
D.cucullata
J
F M A M
1992
J
J
A
S O
Diaphanosoma
Sl.4. Sezonska varijacija na glavnite kladocerini vidovi i nivniot pridones vo procenti za celosnata populacija (ind·l-1).
Fig. 4 Seasonal variations of the main cladoceran species and their percentage contribution to the total cladoceran abundance (ind·l–1).
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F MA M J J A S O
1990
1991
1992
A. steindachneri
44
M . leuckarti
Copepodites
Nauplii
Sl.5. Procentualna zastapenost na glavnite
vidovi kopepodi za
nivnata celosna populacija. Kvadratite
poka`uvaat vrednosti {to nedostasuvaat.
Fig. 5 Percentage contribution
of the main copepod species to their total abundance. Squares indicate
missing values.
Namaluvaweto na nanoplanktonskata biomasa vode{e posledovatelno kon namaluvawe na
gorenavedenite vidovi i vo kombinacija so predatorstvoto od strana na ribite vodi kon namaluvawe na goleminata na vidovite (primer C. Pulchella vo esen spred PEG-modelot, treba da ima porast vo brojot na pogolemite zooplanktonski vidovi, no vo Maloto Prespansko ezero, esenskata
populacija e glavno prodol`enie na letnite vidovi koi go prodol`uvaat svoeto prisustvo, sepak so ne{to povisoka zastapenost na pogolemite
edinki (Michaloudi et al. 1997).
Spored Sommer et al. (1986) vo plitki eutrofi~ni ezera temperaturata igra va`na regulatorna uloga. Vo Maloto Prespansko ezero se
~ini deka temperaturata direktno vlijae na sostavot na vidovite. Taka pove}eto rotiferi se
termofili i se vo pozitivna korelacija so temperaturata (Michaloudi et al. 1997). Ponatamu kladocerite poka`uvaat specifi~na {ema dobro opi{ana od De Mott (1989) i koja e glavno regulirana
od temperaturata. Taka Daphnia se zgolemuva vedna{ po nanoplanktonskiot maksimum na temperatura od 15-20 oC. Poka~uvaweto na temperaturata
do 25 oC, {to predizvikuva dramati~en pad na
ishranata na vidovite (Burns 1969; Lynch 1978;
Mourelatos & Lacroix 1990) inicira zamena na
Daphnia so Ceriodaphnia, ~ija pak brojnost e namalena na temperaturi pomali od 20 oC (Jarvis et al.
1987). Maksimumot na Diaphanosoma se sovpa|a so
voobi~aenite maksimalni temperaturi (25 oC)
koga spored Mourelatos i Lacroix (1990) postoi
maksimalno razmno`uvawe na site kladoceri.
Pokraj toa vkupniot sostav na vidovite
kladoceri se ~ini e kontroliran od individualnata sposobnost na sekoj vid da konsumira
bakterii. Spored Geller & Muller (1981) Daphnia,
Ceriodaphnia i Diaphanosoma se golemi potro{uva~i na bakterii, pa e o~ekuvano nivnoto prisustvo
vo letniot period. No pomali potro{uva~i na
bakterii postojat i vo prolet i vo esen. Eden
vakov vid e Bosmina longirostris, ~ija pojava vo
Maloto Prespansko ezero (Sl. 4) e vo soglasnost
so gorenavedenata {ema. Op{to zemeno redosledot na vidovite zavisi i od sostavot na hranata.
Taka mnogu visoki nivoa na nejadlivi modrozeleni algi vo tekot na prvata zima (Tryfon & Moustaka-Gouni 1997) najverojatno predizvikale privremeno is~eznuvawe na odredeni vidovi (Daphnia
cuculata, Keratella cochlearis, Arctodoaptomus steindachneri), inaku postojani, no nesposobnni da se
hranat koga brojot na modrozeleni algi e golem.
Referenci (References)
Plankton Res. 9: 1231-1249.
Karvounaris, D. (1979). Contribution to the knowledge of
the planktonic Cladocera and Copepoda in ten natural lakes of Makedonia (Greece). Thesis, Univ.
Thessaloniki, Greece 158pp. [in greek, english
summary]
Korovchinsky, N. M. (1992). Sididae and Holopediidae:
(Crustacea:: Daphniiphormes). The Hague: SPB
Academic Publishing. III. Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental
waters of the word 3, 82pp.
Koussouris, Th. & Diapoulis, A. (1983). For the development and protection of freshwater resources in
Greece. I. Lake Mikri Prespa. Inst. Oceanogr. fisher.
reseasch, special publ. 6: 89pp. [in greek, english
summary]
Koutsoubidis, E. (1989). Ecological study in lakes and
rivers of the prefecture of Florina. Special publication by the prefecture of Florina, 183 pp. (in Greek).
Lynch, M. (1978). Complex interactions between natural
coexploiters-Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia. Ecology
59: 552-564.
Allan, J. D. (1976). Life history patterns in zooplankton.
Am. Nat. 110: 165-180.
Burns, C.W. (1969). Relation between filtering rate, temperature, and body size in four species of Daphnia.
Limnol. Oceanogr., 14: 693-700.
DeMott, W. R. (1989). The role of competition in zooplankton succession. In: U. Sommer (ed.), Plankton
ecology. Succession in plankton communities, pp.
195-252.
Dumont, H. J. (1977). Biotic factors in the population
dynamics of rotifers. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. 8: 98122.
Edmondson, W. T. (1965). Reproductive rate of planktonic rotifers as related to food and temperature in
nature. Ecol. Monogr. 35: 61-111.
Geller, W. & Müller, H., 1981. The filtration apparatus of
Cladocera: filter mesh-sizes and their implications
on food selectivity. Oecologia 49: 316-321.
Jarvis, A. C., Hart, R. C. & Combrink, S. (1987). Zooplankton feeding on size fractionated Microcystis
colonies and Chlorella in a hypertrophic lake (Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa): implications to resource utilization and zooplankton succession. J.
46
Lynch, M. (1979). Predation, competition, and zooplankton community structure: An experimental
study. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24: 253-272.
Lake Mikri Prespa as regarding zooplankton species
composition (Tab. 1) resembles the typical eutrophic
lakes in Europe which are characterized by the dominant
presence of 1-3 cyclopoida, including Mesocyclops
leuckarti and one Cyclops species; 1 diaptomid and 3-10
cladocera. On top of that, a number of rotifers is added,
which numerically outcompete the crustaceans at the end
of winter and in spring (Morgan et al. 1980). Of course in
terms of biomass the rotifers contribution to the total
biomass is limited due to their small size, while crustaceans prevail (Fig. 2).
The seasonal variations of total abundance and biomass
in the lake followed the pattern proposed for the eutrophic lakes by the PEG model (Sommer et al., 1986).
Thus, in spring the first to take advantage of the nanoplankton and temperature increase were the rotifer species, which due to their intrinsic high fecundity quickly
built up big populations (Edmondson 1965; Allan 1976;
Dumont 1977; Lynch 1979). The main filter-feeders of
the zooplanktonic community of lake Mikri Prespa
Daphnia cucullata and Arctodiaptomus steindachneri
followed leading to the nanoplankton decrease which in
1991 resulted in the clear water phase (Tryfon & Moustaka-Gouni 1997). The decrease of the nanoplankton
biomass led to the consequent decline of the above species and in combination with fish predation of the time
resulted in a shift towards smaller-sized species (e.g. C.
pulchella). In autumn, according to the PEG-model, there
should be an increase in the larger zooplanktonic species,
but in Mikri Prespa the autumn population was mainly a
continuation of the summer species extending their presence, still with a somehow higher participation of larger
individuals (Michaloudi et al. 1997).
According to Sommer et al. (1986) in shallow eutrophic
lakes temperature plays the most important role as a con-
trolling factor. In Mikri Prespa the species composition
each time appeared to be mainly affected by temperature.
Thus, most rotifers were thermophilic having a positive
correlation with temperature (Michaloudi et al., 1997).
Moreover, during summer cladocerans exhibited a specific succession pattern well described by DeMott (1989)
and which is mainly controlled by temperature. So,
Daphnia increased right after the nanoplankton peak, at
temperatures 15-20 oC. The rise of temperature up to 25
oC, which exerts a dramatic drop on the feeding efficiency of the species (Burns 1969; Lynch 1978;
Mourelatos & Lacroix 1990), initiated the replacement of
Daphnia by Ceriodaphnia, whose filtering rate on the
other hand is reduced at temperatures smaller than 20 oC
(Jarvis et al. 1987). Diaphanosoma peaks coincided with
the annual maximum temperatures (25 oC) when according to Mourelatos & Lacroix (1990) it has the maximum filtering rate of all cladocerans.
In addition, the overall cladocera species composition
seems to be controlled by the individual ability of each
species to consume bacteria. According to Geller &
Müller (1981) Daphnia, Ceriodaphnia and Diaphanosoma are highly efficient bacteriofeeders and their presence is expected during summer. However, in spring and
autumn bacteriofeeders of low efficiency exist. One such
species is Bosmina longirostris, whose appearance in
Mikri Prespa (Fig. 4) agrees with the above pattern. In
addition, food composition affected the succession of
species generally. So, the very high levels of inedible
Cyanophyceae during the first winter (Tryfon & Moustaka-Gouni, 1997) probably caused a temporal disappearance of species (Daphnia cucullata, Keratella cochlearis,
Arctodiaptomus steindachneri) otherwise perennial but
unable to feed when Cyanophycaeae are high.
Michaloudi, E., Zarfdjian, M. & Economidis, P. S.
(1997). The zooplankton community of Lake Mikri
Prespa. Hydrobiologia 351: 77-94.
Michaloudi, E. (1997). Composition, abundance and
biomass of the zooplanktonic organisms in Lake
Mikri Prespa (Macedonia, Greece). Doctoral Dissertation. Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece,
200 pp. (in Greek).
Morgan, N. C., Backiel, T., Bretschko, G., Duncan, A.,
Hillbricht-Ilkowska, A., Kajak, Z., Kitchell, J. F.,
Larsson, R., Léveque, C., Nauwerck, A., Schiemer,
F. & Thorpe, J. E. (1980). Secondary production.
In: Le Cren, E.D. & Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (eds.),
The functioning of freshwater ecosystems, IBP 22,
Cambridge University Press, 247-340.
Mourelatos, S. & Lacroix, G. (1990). In situ filtering
rates of Cladocera: Effect of body length, temperature, and food concentration. Limnol. Oceanogr.,
35(5): 1101-1111.
Shumka, S. (1997). Qualitative composition of zooplankton from Micro Prespa lake during summer
1995. Proceedings of the International Symposium
“Towards integrated conservation of transboundry
Macro and Micro Prespa lakes”, 24-26 October
1997, Korcha, Albania, 111-112.
Sommer, U., Gliwicz, Z. M., Lampert, W. & Duncan, A.
(1986). The PEG-model of seasonal succession of
planktonic events in fresh waters. Arch. Hydrobiol.
106: 433-471.
Stathatos, P., Barry, J., Christomanou, M. & Christomanos, A. (1972). Beitrag zur planktonkunde des
kleinen Prespa sees in Mazedonien (Griechenland).
Folia Biochem. biol. graeca 9: 12-26.
Tryfon, E. & Moustaka-Gouni, M. (1997). Species composition and seasonal cycles of phytoplankton with
special reference to the nanoplankton of Lake Mikri
Prespa. Hydrobiologia 351: 61-75.
47
Sostojba i za~uvuvawe na vodozemci i vle~ugi vo Prespanskoto Ezero
Dimitris BUSBURAS1 i Janis JOANIDIS2
1
Gr~ko Ornitolo{ko Dru{tvo, Kancelarija vo Solun, Kastriciu 8, 54623 Solun
2
Muzej na nacionalnata istorija gulandris, Levidu 13, 145 62 Kifisija, Grcija
Rezime
Vo Prespanskiot nacionalen park se utvrdeni 11 vidovi vodozemci i 20 vidovi vle~ugi. Ovoj broj e relativno
visok imaj}i ja predvid nadmorskata viso~ina i povr{inata na podra~jeto, a se dol`at na diverzitetot na
stani{ta po~nuvaj}i od ezerskoto nivo, pa se do subalpskite livadi. Vla`nite livadi se najva`ni oblasti za
reprodukcija na vodozemcite, osobeno `abite. Ovie stani{ta se va`ni mesta za ishrana na mnogu {trkovidni
vidovi ptici koi imaaa odreden status na za{tita. Za~uvuvaweto na ovie oblasti mora da e prioritet vo
za{titata na biodiverzitetot na Prespa. Glavnite zakani za vodozemcite i vle~ugite se: namaluvaweto na
vla`nite livadi poradi iskoristuvaweto na vodata za navodnuvawe, destrukcijata na me|ite pome|u i okolu
kultiviranite oblasti i destrukcija na vegetacijata okolu kanalite. Zakana za vodozemcite e i destrukcijata na
malite lokvi zaradi iskoristuvaweto pesok. Intenzivnoto zemjodeli so intenzivna upotreba na hemiski
pesticidi isto taka imaat negativen efekt na populciite of vodozemcite i vle~ugite. Soobra}ajot vo oblasta
sozdava lokalni, no va`ni problemi bidej}i golem broj `elki i zmii se ubivaat slu~ajno ili namerno so
avtomobilite. Vo trudot se predlo`eni i merki za konzervacija.
Voved
Faunata na vodozemcite i vle~ugite vo
Prespanskiot nacionalen nark be{e tema na
pove}e publikacii koi vklu~uvaa spisok na
vidovi ili dopolnitelni lokalni spisoci za
retkite vidovi (Kuhnekt 1981; Catsadorakis 1986;
Ioannidis & Bousbouras 1989; Bousbouras & Ioannidis
1994; Bousbouras & Bourdakis 1997a). @iveali{tata
i raspredelbata na vodozemcite i vle~ugite be{e
glavna tema na dve publikacii (Bousburas &
Ioannidis 1997; Ioannidis & Bousbouras 1997). Vegetacijata vo oblasta e podrobno opi{ana od
Pavlides (1985).
Vo ovaa prezentacija se diskutiraat zaklu~ocite za sostojbata i za~uvuvaweto na vodozemcite i vle~ugite.
Vidovi i `iveali{ta od interes
Vo ramkite na Prespanskiot nacionalen
park i okolniot planinski predel se zabele`ani
11 vidovi na vodozemci (3 Caudata i 8 Anura) i 20
vidovi vle~ugi (2 Chelonia, 9 Sauria i 9 Ophidia).
Ovoj broj na vidovi e relativno visok ako
se ima predvid nadmorskata viso~ina i goleminata na oblasta i otsustvoto na termofilni vidovi
(familija Gekkonidae i sl.) i mo`e da se pripi{e
na raznolikosta na `iveali{tata od nivoto na
ezeroto do podalpskite livadi.
Zakonskiot za{titen status za tie vidovi
na nacionalno, Evropsko i me|unarodno nivo se
dadeni vo Tab. 1 koja isto taka vklu~uva i podatoci za za{titniot status na tie vidovi spored Crvenata kniga na zagrozenite 'rbetnici vo Grcija.
Rezime na vidovite pod zakonska za{tita e daden
vo Tab. 2.
Zakonski status
Bernska konvencija
II: Appendix II (vidovi pod stroga za{tita)
III: Appendix III (vidovi pod za{tita)
Direktiva 92/43/ EOK:
II : Appendix II (vidovi so poseben interes za
za{tita za koi e potrebno vospostavuvawe na
za{titeni oblasti)
IV: Appendix IV (vidovi za koi se potrebini
strogi za{titni merki)
Zakonska za{tita spored Gr~kata legislativa
(Pretsedatelski Ukaz 67/1981):
V: za{titeni vidovi
47
Amphibians and reptiles of Prespa lakes. Status and conservation
Bousbouras DIMITRIS1 & Ioannidis YIANNIS2
1
2
Hellenic Ornithological Society , Thessaloniki office, Kastritsiou 8, 546 23 Thessaloniki, Greece
The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Levidou 13, GR 145 62 Kifissia, Greece.
Summary
In the area of Prespa National Park, 11 species of amphibians and 20 species of reptiles have been recorded. This number of species is
relatively high considering the altitude and the size of the area, and can be attributed to the diversity of habitats from the level of the
lake to the subalpine meadows. Wet meadows are the most important areas for the reproduction of the amphibians, especially the
anura. These areas are also important feeding places for many ciconiformes species with conservation interest. The preservation of
these areas must be one of the main conservation priorities in order to preserve the biodiversity of Prespes. The main threats for
amphibians and reptiles in the area are the reduction of the wet meadows due to the usage of water for irrigation, the destruction of the
hedges between and around the cultivated areas and of the vegetation around the draining ditches. A threat for the amphibians is the
destruction of the small ponds, due to sand extraction. Intensive cultivation with extensive use of chemical insecticide could also have
very negative effects on the populations of amphibians and reptiles. The traffic in the area creates some local, but important, problems
as large numbers especially of turtles toads and snakes are killed accidentally or intentionally by the cars. Conservation actions are
proposed.
Introduction
The fauna of amphibians and reptiles in Prespa National
Park was the subject in a number of publications which
included list of species or additional locality records for
rare species (Kuhnelt 1981; Catsadorakis 1986; Ioannidis
& Bousbouras 1989; Bousbouras & Ioannidis 1994;
Bousbouras & Bourdakis 1997a). The distribution and
habitat preferences of the amphibians and the space utilisation by the reptiles was the main subject for two publications (Bousbouras & Ioannidis 1997; Ioannidis &
Bousbouras 1997). The vegetation of the area is extensively described by Pavlides (1985). In this presentation
issues related to the status and conservation of reptiles
and amphibians are discussed.
Species and habitats with conservation interest
Within the limits of Prespa National Park and the surrounding mountainous area 11 species of amphibians (3
Caudata and 8 anura) and 20 species of reptiles (2 chelonia, 9 sauria and 9 ophidia) have been recorded.
This number of species is relatively high considering the
altitude and the size of the area and the absence of the
thermophilous species (family Gekkonidae etc) and can
be attributed to the diversity of habitats from the level of
the lake to the subalpine meadows.
The legal protection status for those species at a national,
European and international level is presented in Tab. 1
48
which also includes data for the conservation status of
those species according to the Red Data Book of threatened vertebrates of Greece. A summary of the species
number under legal protection is given in Tab. 2.
Most of the reptile and amphibian species are under legal
protection. According to the Red Data Book of the threatened verterbrates of Greece there are no species in the
area included in one of the threatened categories endangered, vulnerable or rare. However based on new evidence for the reptiles and amphibians (Karandinos 1977)
at least two species should be included in vulnerable.
These are Triturus cristatus and Pelobates syriacus. From
the other side, Coronella austriaca that has been included
in the Red Data Book seems to be under no threat and has
an extensive distribution with good populations all over
the mountainous area of western Macedonia, according to
the data that have been presented in the publications
mentioned at the introduction.
The herpetofauna of the area has a special interest due to
the high diversity of species and the presence of some
rather rare species for Greece like Triturus cristatus,
Pelobates syriacus, Lacerta agilis and Vipera berus.
Triturus cristatus is more dependent from the water and
requires water pools of some depth in relation with the
other newt species of Greece. This is one reason why it is
more sensitive to the human interventions in the Prespa
area but also all over its range in Greece. For the other
three species Prespa is near the limits of their distribution
and their populations are low.
Status na za~uvanost
Crvena kniga na zagrozeni 'rbetnici vo Grcija
(Karandinos 1977):
(+) podvidovi endemi~ni vo Grcija
#: nedovolni podatoci i pokraj toa {to nema
znaci za direktna zakana.
Najgolem del od vidovite na vle~ugi i
vodozemci se pod zakonska za{tita. Spored Crvenata kniga na zagrozeni 'rbetnici vo Grcija nieden vid ne e vklu~en vo edna od trite kategorii:
zagrozeni, osetlivi ili retki. Sepak, bazirano
na novi podatoci za vle~ugite i vodozemcite
(Karandinos 1977) barem dva vida treba da se
vklu~at vo ~uvstvitelni. Toe se Triturus cristatus i
Pelobates syriacius. Na druga strana, Coronella austriaca koja e vklu~ena vo Crvenata kniga izgleda
deka ne e vo nikakva opasnost bidej}i ima dobra
rasprostranetost so dobri populacii vo celiot
planinski region na Zapadna Makedionija, spored podatocite prezentirani vo izdanijata navedeni vo vovedot.
Herpetofaunata na oblasta e posebno interesna zaradi golemiot diverzitet na vidovi i
prisustvoto na nekoi retki vidovi vo Grcija
kako {to se: Triturus cristatus, Pelobates syriacius,
Lacerta agilis i Vipera berus.
Triturus cristatus e pozavisen od voda i ima
potreba od bazeni so dovolna dlabo~ina vo sporedba so drugite vidovi vo Grcija. Ova e edna od
pri~inite zaradi koi toj e poosetliva na ~ove~koto vlijanie vo Prespanskiot region no i nasekade vo Grcija. Za drugite tri vidovi Prespa e
granica na rasprostranetosta i nivnite populacii se mali. U{te dva drugi vida, Emys orbicularis
i Testudo hermanni, i pokraj toa {to se u{te ne se
zagrozeni vo Grcija, se pod zgolemen pritisok vo
poslednive godini. Pritisokot doa|a od nelegalnoto sobirawe, no i od promenite na nivnite `iveali{ta, {to e osobeno vidlivo za vidovite
`elki. Toa gi pravi vidovi od interes za
za{tita.
Ovie podatoci ja prika`uvaat va`nosta od
prezemawe merki za za~uvuvawe na tie vidovi i
ninite `iveali{ta ako se nao|aat pod nekakva
zakana.
@iveali{ta
Najgolem del od vidovite na vodozemci
mo`at da se najdat blizu do ezerata i se povrzani
so golemi povr{ini na plitka voda ili vla`ni
livadi. Vla`nite livadi se najva`nite oblasti
za reprodukcijata na vodozemcite, a osobeno na
Anura. Ovie oblasti se isto taka i va`ni oblasti
za hranewe na mnogu vidovi vodni ptici koi se od
interes za za~uvuvawe (Catsadorakis 1986). Vidovite kako Ciconiformes gi koristat vodozemcite
kako glaven izvor na hrana (Cramp & Simmons
1977). Za da se za~uva biodiverzitetot na Prespa,
prioritetno e za~uvuvaweto na ovie oblasti.
Drugi va`ni oblasti za reprodukcija na
vodozemcite se malite bazeni so voda, odvodnite
kanali i malite potoci. Mnogu prirodni mesta
za razmno`uvawe se uni{teni od 1965 zaradi
promenite vo iskoristuvaweto na zemji{teto.
Ova ja vklu~uva i izgradbata na sistemot za
navodnuvawe prosledeno so obrabotuvaweto na
mnogu pogolemi povr{ini. Ova rezultira{e so
uni{tuvawe na golemi oblasti na vla`ni livadi
kako i na postojanite ili povremeni mo~uri{ta
i bazeni.
[to se odnesuva do vle~ugite, pogolem
biodiverzitet i gustina mo`e da se najde vo
trevestite oblasti koi se del od raznite tipovi
vegetacija na grmu{ki i {umi vo ovaa oblast. Vo
pogled na pejsa`ot, pogolem biodiverzitet mo`e
da se sretne vo me{anite {umi koi gi ima glavno
vo kamenlivite oblasti.
Zakani
Glavnata zakana po vle~ugite i vodozemcite vo regionot se namaluvaweto na vla`nite
livadi ili nivnoto brzo isu{uvawe zaradi koristeweto na vodata za navodnuvawe. Druga
zakana po mo~urlivite livadi e ra{iruvaweto na
trskite vo celata oblast. Tradicionalnoto koristewe na trskite koe vklu~uva{e palewe, kosewe i pasewe ve}e ne se upotrebuva.
Tab. 2 Broj na vidovi vle~ugi i vodozemci pod zakonska za{tita
Tab. 2 Number of reptile and amphibian species under legal protection
Vidovi
(Species)
50
Crvena kniga
D. 92/43 INT. BERNE CONVENTION P.D. 67/1981
(Red Data Book)
II: 19
II: 5
23
13
III: 12
IV: 18
AMPHIBIA
Testudinidae
Caudata
Testudo hermanni
Salamanridae
Sauria
Salamandra salamandra
Triturus cristatus
III
#
II
Triturus vulgaris
v
v
Ablepharus kitaibelii
Lacertidae
II
Algyroides nigropunctatus
Lacerta agilis
Bufonidae
Bufo viridis
IV
Bufo bufo
II
v
Lacerta trilineata
III
v
Lacerta viridis
Podarcis erhardii
Hylidae
Hyla arborea
(+)
IV
II
v
Pelobates syriacus
#
IV
II
v
IV
II
v
Coronella austriaca
Rana graeca
IV
III
v
Elaphe longissima
III
Elaphe quatuorlineata
REPTILIA
Malpolon monspessulanus
Chelonia
Natrix natrix
Emydidae
Natrix tessellata
Emys orbicularis
II
II
DIRECTIVE
92/43
INT.
BERNE
CONVENTI
ON
P.D. 67/1980
II
(+)
IV
III
#
IV
II
(+)
IV
II
IV
II
v
(+)
IV
III
v
IV
II
v
(+)
IV
II
v
IV
III
v
v
v
Colubridae
Rana dalmatina
Rana ridibunda
v
IV
Coluber caspius
Ranidae
III
(+)
Podarcis muralis
Podarcis taurica
Pelobatidae
v
Scincidae
Discoglossidae
II
II
Anguidae
Anura
Bombina variegata
II
Anguis fragilis
II
III
RED DATA
BOOK
SPECIES
INT.
BERNE
CONVENTI
ON
P.D. 67/1980
RED DATA
BOOK
DIRECTIVE
92/43
SPECIES
Tab. 1 Zakonska za{tita i status na konzervacija na vle~ugite i vodozemcite vo Prespa
Tab. 1 Legal protection and conservation status of the reptiles and amphibians present in Prespa area
#
(+)
IV
II
v
IV
II
v
II
(+)
IV
II
v
III
v
III
v
II
v
Viperidae
Vipera ammodytes
Vipera berus
IV
#
II
III
Zakonski status (Legal status)
International Berne Convention:
II : Appendix II (Vidovi pod stroga za{tita - Species under strict protection)
III : Appendix III (Vidovi pod za{tita - Species under protection)
Directive 92/ 43/ΕΟΚ:
II : Appendix II (Vidovi od poseben interes za konzervacija za koj{to ima potreba od proglasuvawe
za{titenite oblasti - Species with special conservation interest that require the establishement of protected areas )
IV : Appendix IV (Vidovi za koi treba da se prezemat striktni merki za za{tita - Species that require strict
protection measures)
Zakonska za{tita po gr~kiot zakon - Legal protection from the Greek legislation (Presidential Order 67/1981):
v :Za{titeni vidovi (Protected species)
Konzervacionen status (Conservation status)
Crvena kniga na zagrozeni 'rbetnici na Grcija - The Red Data Book of the threatened vertebrates of Greece
(Karandinos 1977):
(+) : Endemi~en podvid za Grcija - Subspecies endemic for Greece.
# : Nedovolno podatoci ili ne e konstatirana direktna opasnost - Insufficient data although there is no
evidence of direct threat.
50
Uni{tuvaweto na grmu{kite pome|u i okolu obrabotenite povr{ini ja ograni~i dostapnosta na zasolni{tata na `abite i vle~ugite.
Uni{tuvaweto na vegetacijata vo i okolu
odvodnite kanali ima negativno vlijanie bidej}i
se uni{tuvaat va`ni `iveali{ta. Upotrebata na
te{ka ma{inerija vo tie kanali za vreme na
nivnoto ~istewe rezultira so zgolemena smrtnost pome|u `elkite i vodozemcite.
Poseben problem za Triturus cristatus e uni{tuvaweto na malite ezerca napraveni od ~ovekot,
koi sega se va`ni mesta za reprodukcija na tie
vidovi. Mnogu od ovie ezerca bea napraveni so
iskopuvaweto na pesokot za grade`ni potrebi.
Prodol`itelnoto sobirawe na pesokot od ovaa
oblast mo`e da dovede do uni{tuvawe na ovie
formacii. Ako ne se sozdadat novi ezerca vo
blizina, mnogu e verojatno deka toa }e ima negativno vlijanie na populacijata na Triturus cristatus
zaradi nivnata naklonetost da gi koristat ovie
oblasti za reprodukcija.
Intenzivnoto zemjodelie so golemo koristewe na hemiski insekticidi mo`e da ima mnogu
negativni posledici vrz populacijata na vodozemci i vle~ugi.
Nekoi od problemite na `iveali{tata se
povrzani so nepravilnoto pasewe na stokata. Ova
dovede, vo nekoi delovi, do prepasuvawe na planinskite padini {to sozdade problemi so erozijata. Isto taka, napu{taweto na paseweto vo
nekoi po{umeni delovi, kako posledica go ima{e namaluvaweto na ~istinite koi se va`ni za
vle~ugite.
Se~ata be{e ekstenzivno koristena kako
na~in na iskoristuvaweto na dabovite {umi. Ova
rezultira{e so sozdavaweto na ramnomerno gusti
dabovi {umi bez prirodni ~istini i bez golemi
drva. Ova `iveali{te e so ograni~ena va`nost za
vle~ugite. So namaluvaweto na brojot na golemite drva is~eznaa i nekoi mikro-`iveali{ta
koi vle~ugite gi koristat kako zasolni{ta.
Soobra}ajot vo oblasta sozdava nekoi lokalni, no va`ni problemi bidej}i golem broj na
`elki, `abi i zmii slu~ajno se ubieni od kolite,
no isto taka i namerno, {to najmnogu se odnesuva
na zmiite. Mnogu e interesno adaptiraweto na
egipetskiot mr{ojadec (Neophron percnopterus) koj
ja bara svojata hrana, sostavena od mrtvi `elki i
golemi zmii, kade {to ima najmnogu `rtvi na
patot. Spored merewata na patot Micolimni do
Psarades za vreme na proletta i letoto vo 1986-87
ima{e 2.3 DOR na vodozemci i 1.7 DOR na vle~ugi
na sekoi 10 km od patot sekoj den. Brojot i
sostavot na `rtvite na patot zavise{e od
godi{noto vreme i vremenskite uslovi. Spored
poslednite nabquduvawa sostojbata se nema
52
podobreno od toga{.
Najmnogu `rtvi se zabele`ani na patot
pome|u dvete ezera, dodeka Testudo hermanni e
naj~esta `rtva vo ridovite so otvorena dabova
{uma. Naj~estite `rtvi od vodozemcite se dvata
vida na `abi, Bufo bufo i Bufo viridis, no isto taka
Rana ridibunda i Salamandra salamandra. Od vle~ugite Natrix natrix i Natrix tesselata ~esto se nao|ani
mrtvi glavno vo oblasta pome|u dvete ezera. ^esti `rtvi se i `elkite Testudo hermanni, i gu{terite (Lacerta spp.) i Podarcis muralis.
Predlo`enoto sozdavawe na brana na potokot kaj Aghios Germanos }e ima negativno vlijanie
vrz nekoi vidovi vodozemci zaradi namaluvaweto
na raspolo`ivata voda nizvodno po potokot.
Predlo`eni aktivnosti za za~uvuvawe
Nekoi od aktivnostite {to mo`at da bidat
predlo`eni se:
Regulirawe na vodata so cel da se odr`i nivoto
na ezeroto barem do juni na 854,5 m nadmorska
viso~ina. Ova e optimalnoto nivo za za~uvuvawe
na vla`nite livadi. Nivoto na vodata mo`e da se
regulira so pomo{ na vodnata porta pome|u dvete
ezera.
Za~uvuvawe na vla`nite livadi od prodiraweto
na trskata. Vo pilot-proektot koj vklu~uva
se~ewe na trskite na zapadniot breg na Maloto
Prespansko Ezero i nivno koristewe kako hrana
za bivolite, treba da bide vklu~en i monitoring
program na vodozemcite vo taa oblast.
Za~uvuvawe
na
grmu{kite
i
ekolo{ko
obrabotuvawe na zemji{teto.
Pri ~isteweto na odvodnite kanali treba da se
ostavi nedopren del od vegetacijata. Posledicite }e bidat ograni~eni ako se is~isti edniot
breg na kanalot i ponatamu naizmeni~no doa|aat
is~isteni i nepromeneti delovi so ista dol`ina.
Najdobar period za ova ~istewe za vle~ugite i
vodozemcite e septemvri. Vo ovoj period polnoglavcite od site vidovi se ve}e razvieni vo `abi,
a vle~ugite se u{te ja nemaat zapo~nato svojata
hibernacija pa zatoa direktnoto ubivawe na
`ivotnite }e bide svedeno na minimum.
Za~uvuvawe na oblastite za reprodukcija na
Triturus cristatus, i po mo`nost, sozdavawe na novi,
vo oblasta me|u dvete ezera. Ovoj vid se nao|a
mnogu ~esto vo ve{ta~ki ezerca vo drugite
delovi od Grcija (Bousbouras & Bourdakis, 1997b).
Sozdavaweto na vakvi mesta so uspeh e primeneto
vo mnogu delovi od Severna Evropa i se
predlo`eni odredeni karakteristiki (Beebee,
1996). Ako se lesno dostapni, ovie mesta mo`e da
se iskoristat i za edukativni celi.
Two more species, Emys orbicularis and Testudo hermanni, although they are not yet threatened in Greece,
their populations are under increased pressure during the
last years. The pressure comes from illegal collection but
also from habitat alteration, mainly for the turtle species.
That makes them species of conservation interest.
These data give some evidence for the importance to take
measures for the conservation of those spesies and their
habitats if they are under some threat.
Habitats
Most amphibian species can be found near the lakes and
they are connected with large surfaces of sallow water or
wet meadows. Wet meadows are the most important areas
for the reproduction of the amphibians, especially the
anura. These areas are also important feeding places for
many species of the aquatic birds with conservation interest (Catsadorakis 1986). Among them, species such as
ciconiformes use amphibians as their main food source
(Cramp & Simmons 1977). The presence of these areas
must be one of the main conservation priorities in order
to preserve the biodiversity of Prespes.
Other important reproduction areas for the amphibians
are the small water pools, the drainage ditches and the
small streams. Many natural breeding places have been
destroyed since 1965 due to the changes in land use that
took place. That includes the construction of irrigation
channels and the resulting cultivation of many more areas. This practice resulted in the destruction of extensive
wet meadow areas and also permanent or temporary
marshes and water pools.
For the reptiles, the higher diversity and density can be
found in grassland patches which form part of the various
bush or forest vegetation types present in the area. From
the landscape point of view the higher diversity can be
found in mixed forests present mainly in rocky areas.
Threats
The main threats for amphibians and reptiles in the area is
the reduction of the wet meadows or the fast draining of
wet meadows, due to the usage of water for irrigation.
Another threat for the wet meadows comes from the
spreading of the reeds that tend to cover those areas. The
traditional management of the reeds that included burning, cutting and grazing is no longer used.
The destruction of the hedges between and around the
cultivation has limited the availability of shelters for the
toads and reptiles
The destruction of the vegetation in and around the
draining ditches has negative impacts because an important habitat is being destroyed. The use of heavy machinery inside those ditches during the clearing process has a
result an increased mortality mainly for turtles and amphibians.
A special problem for Triturus cristatus is the destruction, due to sand extraction, of the small manmade ponds,
which are now important reproduction places for those
species. Many of these small lakes have been made by
older sand extractions for building purposes. The collection of sand that continues in the area can destroy these
formations. In case that new ponds are not created
nearby, the population of T. cristatus will be negatively
affected due to their high preference to these areas for
reproduction.
Intensive cultivation with extensive use of chemical insecticides could have very negative effects on the populations of amphibians and reptiles.
Some problems for the habitats are related with the insufficient management of stock grazing. This has resulted in
overgrazing in certain mountain slopes resulting in problems from the erosion. Also the abandonment of grazing
in some other forested areas has as a consequence the
reduction of the openings that are important for the reptiles.
Clearcutting has been used extensively as a way for the
exploitation of oak forests. This resulted in the creation of
homogeneous dense oak forests with no natural openings
and no big trees. This habitat is of limited value for the
reptiles. With the reduction of adult trees some microhabitats that are used by the reptiles mainly as shelters are
also disappearing.
The traffic in the area creates some local, but important,
problems as large numbers especially of turtles, toads and
snakes are killed accidentally by the cars but also intentionally especially the snakes. A very interesting adaptation of the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) is
to look for food consisting mainly of dead turtles and
large snakes on the streets with the most road casualties.
According to measurements on the road from Mikrolimni
to Psarades during spring and summer of 1986 and 1987
there was a mean of 2.3 DOR amphibians and 1.7 DOR
reptiles per 10 Km of road every day. The number and
composition of the road casualties was depended on the
season and the weather conditions. According to resent
observations, the situation has not improved since then.
Most casualties have been observed on the road between
the two lakes while Testudo hermanni was a common
victim in a hill with open Oak Forest. From the amphibians the more common casualties were the two toad species, Bufo bufo and Bufo viridis but also Rana ridibunda
and Salamandra salamandra. From the reptiles, Natrix
natrix and Natrix tesselata were often found dead mainly
in the area between the two lakes. Common casualties
were also the tortoise Testudo hermanni. and the lizards
Lacerta spp. and Podarcis muralis.
The proposed creation of a dam at the stream of Ag.
Germanos will have negative impacts in some amphibian
species due to the reduction of the water available downstream.
53
Sistemot na proret~uvawe koj se koriste{e za
iskoristuvawe na {umite treba da bide zamenet
so selektivno se~ewe. Mora da se za~uva i
odreden broj na vozrasni drvja, bidej}i tie
obezbeduvaat mnogu podobro zasolni{te ne samo
za vle~ugite tuku i za drugite `ivotinski
vidovi. Prirodnite ~istini mora da se ostavat
vo takva sostojba, po mo`nost so periodi~no
pasewe na stokata.
Namaluvawe na brojot na `ivotnite koi se
ubivaat na patot so koristewe na znaci.
Prioritet za ovaa aktivnost ima oblasta me|u
dvete ezera i oblastite kade {to patot minuva
niz otvorena dabova {uma. Ako problemot i
natamu postoi mo`e da bidat neophodni
specijalni
aktivnosti
kako
{to
se
postavuvaweto na pregradi i koridori za
bezbeden premin na vodozemcite.
Referenci (References)
Reptilien des Prespa- Nationalparks und der
Gebirgsregion
um
Florina
(Mazedonien,
Griechenland). Salamandra, vol. 30, no 3, pp. 209220
Bousbouras, D. & Ioannidis, Y. (1997). The distribution
and habitat preferences of the amphibians of Prespa
National Park. in: A.J. Crivelli & G. Catsadorakis
(eds), Lake Prespa, Northwestern Greece.
Hydrobiologia (Special Volume) 351 : 127-133. Ed.
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Catsadorakis, G. (1986). Biotopes and vertebrates in
Prespa National Park. Univ. of Athens. 161 pp. (in
greek)
Beebee T. J. C. (1996). Ecology and Conservation of
Amphibians. Ed. Chapman & Hall pp 214.
Bousbouras, D. & Bourdakis, S. (1997b). New locality
records for Triturus cristatus in Nestos Gorge and
nearby, Est Macedonia, Greece. Conservation
measures proposal. Newsletter Hellenic Zoological
Society vol 30, pp 9-10.
Bousbouras, D. & Bourdakis, S. (1997a). The amphibians
and reptiles of some mountainous areas of West
Macedonia (Greece). Biologia Gallo - Hellenika
Vol. 24(1), pp 5-22.
Bousbouras D. & Ioannidis, Y. (1994). Amphibien und
54
Proposed conservation actions
Some conservation actions that could be proposed are the
following:
Regulation on the water, in order to keep the level of the
lake at 854,5 m, at least until June. This is the optimum
level for the preservation of wet meadows. The water
level can be regulated using the water gate between the
two lakes.
Preservation of the wet meadows from the spreading of
the reeds. In a pilot project that includes the cutting of the
reeds in the west bank of the Mikri Prespa and their use
as food for buffaloes, the evaluation of the results must
also include the monitoring of those areas by the amphibians
Preservation of the hedges and encouragement of ecological cultivation.
Any clearings on the draining ditches should be partial
leaving part of the vegetation intact. The consequences
will be limited if the clearing is performed at one bank of
the channel and there is an alternation of cleared and intact portions of the same length. For the reptiles and amphibians the best period for such crearings is September.
At this time the tadpoles of all species have been developed in frogs and the reptiles have not yet began the hi-
Cramp S. & K.E.L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of
the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North
Africa - The birds of the Western Palearctic. Oxford
University Press.
Ioannidis Y. & D. Bousbouras 1989. Erster bericht uber
die Balkan-Kreuzotter (Vipera berus bosniensis
BOETTGER 1989) aus Griechenland. Salamandra,
vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 77-80.
Ioannidis Y. & D. Bousbouras.1997. The space utilisation
by the reptiles in Prespa National Park. in: A.J.
Crivelli & G. Catsadorakis (eds), Lake Prespa,
Northwestern Greece. Hydrobiologia (Special
Volume) 351 : 135-142. Ed. Kluwer Academic
Publishers.
54
bernation thus direct killing of animals will be limited to
a minimum.
Preservation of the reproduction areas of Triturus cristatus and possibly creation of new, in the area between the
two lakes. The species has been found extensively in artificial ponds in other parts of Greece (Bousbouras &
Bourdakis 1997b). The creation of such sites has already
been applied successfully in many areas of Northern
Europe and certain specifications have been proposed
(Beebee 1996). These places could be used for environmental education as they are easily accessible.
The system of clearcutting that has been used for the exploitation of oak forests should be changed to selective
cuttings. Also a number of grown trees must be preserved
as they provide much better places for shelter not only for
reptiles but also for other animal species. Natural openings in the forests must be left in such stage preferably by
the use of periodic stock grazing.
Diminishing of the number of road killed animals using
signs on the roads. A priority for such action is the area
between the two lakes and areas where the road passes
from open oak forests. If the problem persists some special actions may be necessary as the creation of barriers
and corridors for safe passage for amphibians.
Karandinos M. (ed) 1992. The Red Data Book of the
threatened verterbrates of Greece. Hellenic
Zoological Society & Hellenic Ornithological
Society. Athens, 356 pp.
Kuhnelt W. 1981. Vorlaufig uebersicht ueber die
wechselwarme (Poikiloptherma ) Land und
ufertierwelt der umgebung der biologischen station
bei Mikrolimni am kleinen Prespasee. Physis,
Athinai, 26: 32 -39.
Pavlides G. 1985. Geovotanikal study on the Prespa lakes
National Park (NW Greece). Part A: Ecology, Flora,
Phytogeography, Vegetation. Aristotelian Univ. ,
Thessaloniki, 308 pp (in Greek).
Sostojbata na populacijata i `iveali{tata na kafeavata me~ka (Ursus
arctos L) vo oblasta na prespanskite ezera
J. MERYANIS, D. BUSBURAS, S. BURDAKIS
Voved
Sostojbata i povrzanosta na `iveali{tata
na me~kite vo grani~nite oblasti e zna~aen
faktor vo pre`ivuvaweto na ovie subpopulacii.
Za da se proceni ovoj faktor, se sprovedoa koordinirani pregledi (vo ramkite na evropskite
proekti TEDDY i BALKANET) vo 1996 i 1997, vo
dvete sosedni dr`avi: Albanija i Makedonija. Od
Gr~ka strana be{e koristen {estgodi{en LIFENature proekt za za~uvuvawe na kafeavata me~ka
(1994-1999). Bea prou~uvani rasprostranetosta na
me~kata, ekologijata i sezonskite aktivnosti na
vidot vo Grcija. Oblasta na Prespanskoto ezero
be{e del od posebna studija. Vo ovoj trud se
prezentirani najbitnite rezultati na pregledite
i analizite vo sektorot na Prespanskoto ezero.
Oblast na prou~uvawe – materijali i metodi
Istra`uvaniot sektor na gr~kata teritorija ja pokriva po{irokata oblast na prespanskite ezera zaedno so planinskite masivi na
Varnous, Vitsi i Triklari. Glavnite odliki na vegetacijata na ovoj sektor se: podalpskite livadi,
golemite bukovi (Fagion hellenikum) {umi na nadmorska visi~ina od 1200 do 2100 m, a na poniskite
viso~ini dabovi {umi sostaveni od slednive
vidovi: (Quercus conferta, Quercus cerris, Quercus
petraea, Quercus trojana), koi rastat na granitni
po~vi (Debazac & Mavromatis 1971; Quezel 1967).
Karakteristi~no za ovoj sektor e odsustvoto na
~etinarski {umi.
Klimata e od sub-kontinentalen tip. Godi{niot voden talog e 800-2200 mm. Najdo`dlivi
meseci se noemvri i dekemvri, a relativno suvi
se juli i avgust. Prakti~no nema suv period. Do`dovite mo`at da bidat mnogu silni. Ekolo{kiot
suv period e mnogu kratok i re~isi go snemuva vo
povisokite oblasti, kade {to godi{nite vrne`i
se ramnomerno rasporedeni.
Podatocite gi pokrivaa slednive periodi:
April 1994 do april 1995
Prolet 1998 (LIFE “ARCTOS” proekt, prva faza)
Prolet 1999 (LIFE “ARCTOS” proekt, prva faza)
Prisustvoto i aktivnostite na me~kata bea
sledeni vo tri glavni kategorii:
Dvi`ewe na me~kata
Aktivnosti za hranewe (barawe i sobirawe)
Reprodukcija, hibernirawe i odmorawe
Gustinata na tragite be{e isto taka dobar
pokazatel za tipot na mo`noto `iveali{te:
Selektivna upotreba
Sezonska upotreba
Postojana i/ili sistematska upotreba
Vo Albanija i Makedonija podatocite go
pokrivaa periodot:
Noemvri 1996 – januari 1997 vo slednive sektori:
Sektorot na zapadna Prespa, planinata Mali i That
(Albanija)
Planinite [ara, Pelister i Korab (Makedonija)
Od gr~ka strana procenetata “minimalna
golemina na populacija” be{e bazirana na tragite na `enkite so novorodeni me~iwa (Servheen
1989, 1994).
Analizata na ishranata na me~kata be{e
napravena preku sistematsko sobirawe na izmet
vo poleto (N=223) i negova laboratoriska analiza. Rezultatite bea iskoristeni za opredeluvawe na kvalitativnata i kvantitativnata va`nost na hranata {to ja koristi kafeavata me~ka
vo ispituvanata oblast.
Analizata na izmetot na me~kata vo laboratoriite gi slede{e tehnikite na Tisch (1961),
Russell (1971), Sumner & Craighead (1973), Faliu et al.
(1980) & Mealey (1980).
Aktivnosta na me~kite i koristeweto na
`iveali{teto bea opredeleni preku analiza na
terenskite podatoci (n=412) nasproti specifi~nite komponenti na `iveali{teto (kako {to se
nadmorskata viso~ina i tipot na vegetacijata).
Sobiraweto na podatoci za `iveali{teto
na me~kata se fokusira{e na slednite nivoa:
Tipot na pokrivkata na zemjata
[umskite vegetacioni zoni
55
Status of brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) populations and habitat in the area of
Prespa lakes
Y. MERTZANIS, D. BOUSBOURAS, S. BOURDAKIS
1. Introduction
Bear habitat condition and connectivity in trans-border
areas is a key factor for the viability of contiguous subpopulations. To evaluate this factor, coordinated surveys
(in the frame of European projects TEDDY and
BALKANET) have been conducted in 1996 and 1997, in
the two neighbouring countries : Albania and FYROM.
Moreover from the Greek side a six year LIFE – Nature
project for brown bear conservation (1994-1999) was
implemented . Bear distribution, ecology and seasonal
activity were studied throughout the species range in
Greece. The Prespa lake area was part of a separate study
unit. In this paper main results of the surveys and analyses in Prespa lake sector are presented.
2. Study area - Materials and Methods
The investigated sector on Greek territory covers the
wider Prespa lakes area including apart from lake Prespa
bassin the massifs of Varnous, Vitsi and Triklari. The
main vegetation features of this sector consist of subalpine meadows, large beech (Fagion hellenicum) forests
ranging from 1200m and 2100m, and, at lower altitudes,
oak forests composed by the following species: (Quercus
conferta, Quercus cerris, Quercus petraea, Quercus trojana), all growing on mostly granite soils (Debazac &
Mavromatis 1971; Quezel 1967). In this sector the
absence of coniferous forests is characteristic.
The climate is of sub-continental type. The annual rainfall
is 800-2200 mm. The most rainy months are November
and December and the relatively dryer months are July
and August. There is practically no dry period. The rain
can be at times very intense. The ecologically dry period
is very short and tends to vanish in the higher areas,
where the yearly rainfall distribution is uniform.
Field data collection covered the following periods :
April 1994 to April 1995
Spring 1998 (LIFE “ARCTOS” project, 1st phase)
Spring 1999 (LIFE “ARCTOS” project, 1st phase)
All signs of bear presence and activity were affiliated to
three major categories:
- bear movements
- feeding activity (searching and foraging)
- reproduction, denning and resting.
Density of signs was also a good index providing information on the type of possible habitat use:
- selective use
- seasonal use
- permanent and/or systematic use.
In Albania and FYROM field data collection covered the
period : November 1996 – January 1997 in the following
sectors:
- Sector of western Prespa, Mali Ithat mountain (Albania)
- Pelister mountain, Korab mountain, Shar Planina
mountain. (FYROM).
From the Greek side the estimated "minimum population size" was based on tracks of females with cubs of the
year (Servheen 1989, 1994).
Bear diet analysis was achieved through systematic collection of scats in the field (N=223) and analysis in the
laboratory. Results were used to determine the qualitative
and quantitative importance of the food items used by
brown bears in the study area.
Analysis of bear scats in the laboratory followed the
techniques of Tisch (1961), Russell (1971), Sumner &
Craighead (1973), Faliu et al. (1980)and Mealey (1980).
Bear activity patterns and habitat use were approached
through bivariate analysis of field data (n=412) versus
specific habitat components (such as altitude and vegetation types).
Data collection on bear habitat focused on the
following levels:
Ground cover types
Forest vegetation zones and stand composition
Prevailing land uses, forest management and impact on bear habitat
Forest road network and roading
Primary sources of information
were the forest
management plans and the forest vegetation maps from
the Forestry Service (scale 1:20.000). In this paper the
analysis is made by forest complexes (surfaces ranging
from 2,000 to 50,000 Ha). Forest complex polygons were
digitised and transferred to the Geographic Information
System (GIS). Each forest complex is spatially and
geographically linked to a descriptive data base
comprising 90 variables and parameters.
57
Dominantnata
upotreba
na
zemji{teto,
upravuvaweto so {umite i vlijanieto na
`iveali{tata na me~kata
Mre`ata na {umskite pati{ta
Primarnite izvori na informacii bea
planovite za upravuvawe so {umite i mapite na
{umskata vegetacija od [umskite servisi
(razmer 1:20000). Vo ovoj trud analizata e
napravena za {umskite kompleksi (povr{ini so
golemina od 2000 do 50000ha). [umskite
kompleksi bea obraboteni i preneseni na
Geografskiot Informacionen Sistem (GIS).
Sekoj {umski kompleks e prostorno i
geografski povrzan so opisna baza na podatoci
koja se sostoi od 90 promenlivi i parametri.
Nekoi od komponentite na `iveali{tata
na me~kata se:
Podatoci za morfologija, hidrografija i
iskoristuvawe na zemjata
Podatoci za strukturata na {umite, sostavot na
{umskite
vidovi,
strukturata
na
vegetacijata i produktivnosta
Podatoci za sostojbata na upravuvaweto so
{umskiot kompleks: tip na upravuvawe,
tretmanot na {umskite kulturi, rotirawe,
administrativen status i dr.
Rezultati
Rasprostranetost na me~kata
Obele`uvaweto na site 412 to~ki na prisustvo i aktivnost na me~kata spored kategoriite poka`ani vo Tab. 1, ja potvrdija kontinuiranata rasprostranetost na me~kata vo ispituvanata oblast. @iveali{teto na me~kata zafa}a
povr{ina od 1150 km2. Vo ovaa oblast, `iveali{teto na me~kata be{e podeleno na pomali
delovi i bea podredeni spored podobnosta.
Prviot opis se odnesuva{e na zastapenosta i
kategoriite na tragi od me~ka nasproti karakteristikite na {umskata vegetacija. Podelcite
so najgolema pogodnost za me~kata (kategorii 1, 2
i 4: postojano prisustvo na me~kata vo granicite
na radiusot na dvi`ewe) na Gr~kata strana
zafa}aa povr{ina od 915 km2.
3.1.1. Problem na povrzanost na `iveali{tata
na me~kata
Kontinuiranosta na `iveali{tata na
me~kata so sosednite zemji poka`uva poremetuvawa vo barem dva sektora na albanska teritiorija.
Ovoj sektor se protega pome|u severnite padini
na planinata Gramos (Grcija) i zapadnite padini
na basenot na Golema Prespa (Albanija).
Sektorot pome|u Maloto i Golemoto Prespansko
ezero (podelen me|u Albanija iGrcija) ima
kontinuirana drvna i podloga od grmu{ki samo
na Gr~kata strana od granicata. Ponatamu na
zapad vegetaciskata pokrivka e o{tetena od
golem antropogen pritisok (po`ari, prekumerno
paswe i sl.) pravej}i go nesoodveten ovoj del od
potencijalnoto `iveali{te na me~kata.
Ponatamu na sever, kontinuitetot na stani{teto pome|u Albanija (planina Ithate, 2287m) i
Makedonija (NP Gali~ica) e isto taka nesiguren
zaradi koristeweto na {umite i grmu{kite na
Ithate planinata. Sepak, za sega, sostojbata ovde
izgleda poreverzibilna zaradi topografijata na
Ithate planinata i zaradi postoeweto na NP
"Gali~ica" vo Makedonija.
Povrzanosta na `iveali{tata vo R. Makedonija i Grcija e vo podobra sostojba, a posebno
preku planinskite masivi na Varnous i Pelister
(2601 m) kade {to zna~itelen del i e zakonski
za{titen.
Tab. 1 Frekvencija na kategoriite na tragi od me~ka vo sektorot Prespa i Peristeri
Tab. 1 Frequency of bear sign categories in Prespa – Peristeri sector - field data (N=412).
Kategorii na tragi od me~ka
Bear sign categories / field survey Sectors
Tragi od dvi`ewe i reproducirawe - signs related to bear
movements and reproduction (females with young)
Tragi od hranewe - signs related to feeding activity
Tragi od mesta za odmor i od duvlo - signs related to resting areas
and denning activity
Direktno nabquduvawe na me~ka – direct observations of bears
Vkupno (Total)
58
Sektor II (N=412) (Prespa-Pelister)
Sector II (N=412) (Prespa – Peristeri Range)
(S=1,150 sq.km)
92%
6.9%
1.1%
0%
100%
Bear habitat components include:
Data on morphology, hydrography and land use
Data on the structure of forest cover type, composition of
forest species, vegetation structure and stand
productivity.
Data on the up-to-date management status of the forest
complex:
management
type,
silvicultural
treatments, rotation, administrative status etc.
3. Results
3.1. Bear Distribution
Mapping of all 412 points of bear presence and activity
according to categories shown in table (1), confirmed a
continuous distribution of the bear in the investigated
area. Bear habitat is covering a total surface of 1,150
sq.Km. In this area, bear habitat sub-units were delineated
and ranked according to their suitability in terms of trophic value and refuge value for the species (see relevant
map). This first delineation was based upon abundance
and categories of bear signs versus forest vegetation characteristics. The sub-units of highest suitability for the
bear (categories 1, 2 and 4: regular bear presence in the
limits of the bear range) cover on the Greek side of small
lake Prespa total surface of 915 km2. (see relevant map).
3.1.1. Problems of connectivity in bear habitat:
Bear habitat continuity with neighbouring countries
shows tendencies of disruption in at least two sectors
located on Albanian territory. This sector extends
between the northern slopes of mt. Grammos (Greece)
and the western slopes of big Prespa bassin (Albania). In
particular the sector between small and big Prespa lakes
(shared between Greece and Albania) has continuous
forest and shrub cover only from the Greek side till the
border line. Further to the west the vegetation cover
suffers from heavy human pressure (fires, overgrazing
etc) making this part of potential bear habitat
inappropriate.
Tab. 2 Frekfencija na tragite od me~ka vo Prespa - sektor Pelister -terenski podatoci (N=412)
Tab. 2 Frequency of bear sign categories in Prespa – Peristeri sector - field data (N=412).
Sektor II
(Prespa Pelister)
Sector II
(Prespa-Peristeri
range)
Povr{ina
Total surface
(km2)
Vkupna dol`ina na mre`ata
za sobirawe
podatoci
Sampling network
total length (km).
Vkupna dol`ina pri
8 terenski istra`uvawa
Total sampling distance
covered during 8 field
surveys (km).
Vkupen broj
znaci od me~ka
Bear signs (total
number)
Indeks na zastapenost na me~kini
znaci (ind. km--2)
Index of abundance of
bear signs (ind/km).
1,150
373
2,424
412
1/7
Bear habitat connectivity between Greece and Republic
of Macedonia is better assured especially through the
continuous massifs of Varnous and mount Pelister
(2.601m) a large part of which is under specific
protection status : Pelister National park. Here dense
forest cover with Fagus sp. and Quercus sp. on the
eastern slopes of mt. Varnous (on Greek territory) is continuous with the dense pure and mixed forests of Pinus
peuce (of the serie Pinetum peuces) and Fagus sp. (Fagetum macedonicum) on Pelister Mt. in the R. Macedonia.
Tab. 3 Procena na minimalnata populacija na kafeavata me~ka vo Prespa– sektor Pelister
Tab. 3 Estimation of brown bear minimum population size in Prespa- Peristeri sector.
monitoring period
- Montioring year and period
(P=1,150 km2.)
Vkupen broj `enki Total number of detected
unduplicated females.
Minimalna golemina
na populacijata
Minimum population size
(individuals)
Sektor II (Prespa - Pelister)
Sector II(Prespa - Peristeri)
1994 – 1995
2
15-20
Sektor II (Prespa - Pelister) Sector II(Prespa - Peristeri)
Prolet - Spring 1998
2
15-20
Sektor II (Prespa - Pelister) Sector II(Prespa – Peristeri)
Prolet - Spring 1999
2
15-20
Distrib. na jadra/sektor Distribution nuclei/sectors
Zapadno jadro - Western Nucleus
59
Gustata {uma od Fagus sp. i Quercus sp. na
isto~nite padini na Varnous (Grcija) e prodol`ena so gusti ~isti i me{ani {umi od Pinus peuce
(od serijata Pinetum peucis) i Fagus sp. (Fagetum
macedonicum) na Pelister (Makedonija).
3.1.2. Golemina na sub-populacijata na me~kata:
Rezultatite za godi{nata procenka za periodot 1994-95, 1998 i 1999 se dadeni vo Tab. 3. Od
Tab. 3 izgleda deka brojkite ostanuvaat stabilni
i pokraj abnormalnata smrtnost na me~kata
(mortalitet predizvikan od ~ovekot, poznata i
pretpostaveni slu~ai) zafa}a pome|u 5.8 i 7.7%
od populacijata godi{no.
3.1.3. Ekologija na ishranata na me~kata:
Rezultatite od analizata (n=223) koi go
poka`uvaat sostavot na hranata se pretstaveni
vo Tab. 4 i Sl. 1:
Tab. 4 Zastapenost na glavnite izvori na hrana
na me~kata vo Pelister – Prespa regionot za vreme na godi{en ciklus na
ishrana – (n=223)
Tab. 4 Frequency of main food items in the bear's diet
in Peristeri – Prespa region over a year feeding
cycle - (N=223).
Hrana - food items
Plant Origin
Herbaceous
Beech buds
Fleshy fruits
Prunus sp.
Rubus sp.
Pyrus sp.
Malus sp.
Cornus sp.
Hardmast
Fagus sp.
Quercus sp.
Animal origin
Mammalia
Arthropoda
Ants
Wasps
Testudinidae
Sektor:
Prespa - Pelister
Study sector
(Prespa – Peristeri) (N=223)
diet (%)
A F O(%)
2,3%
0,4%
7,1%
0,4%
22%
20,7%
7,3%
1,%
0,4%
44,8%
34,5%
13%
4,5%
2,7%
35,8%
-
48,9%
0,4%
1,3%
6,3%
5%
0,6%
0,6%
10,8%
6,7%
6,3%
(AFO = apsolutna frekfencija na pojavuvwe - Absolute
frequency of occurrence).
Delot od tvrdo drvo (dab i buka) e od
klu~na va`nost za ishranata na me~kata vo esen i
60
rano leto, dodeka plodovite od Prunus preovladuvaat vo leto i rana esen. Vo kasna prolet i rano
leto na mo`e da se zanemarat i mravkite kako
izvor na proteini.
Identifikacija na aktivnostite i upotrebata na
prostorot na kafeavata me~ka
Kafeavata me~ka vo sektorot na Prespa i
Peristeri, sporedeno so drugite `iveali{ta na
me~kata vo Grcija, e najaktivna vo periodot od 67 meseci pome|u maj i noemvri (65%, 77% i 70%
od vkupniot broj na tragi od aktivnosti vo sektorite I (Rodopi), II (Prespa-Peristeri), i III (Pindos) respektivno, bea zabele`ani vo ovoj period)
so prviot maksimum vo leto, a vtoriot (pova`en)
vo esen (septemvri- oktomvri). Nivoto na aktivnost vo ovoj period od godinata zna~itelno se
razlikuva od nivoata na aktivnost vo prolet i
zima (Sl. 2).
Prviot vrv se ~ini deka e vo relacija so
periodot na hranewe posle zimata, kako i na periodot na razmno`uvawe (Clevenger et al. 1990).
Nagolemuvawe na aktivnostite vo sredina
na letotot (juli) mo`e da se objasni so nekolku
faktori:
zgolemeno ~ove~ko prisustvo vo ramki na
me~kinite habitati (se~ewe
drva, pasewe
stoka, izletnici)
ograni~en pristap do hranata
vlijanieto na klimatskite faktori (visokite
temperaturi) {to predizvikuva “stacionaren” na~in na iskoristuvawe na habitatot.
Vtoriot maksimum na aktivnosti se javuva vo
esen, karakteriziran so naglaseni hranitelni
aktivnosti, {to najverojatno se dol`i na pretstoe~kiot zimskiot period .
Me~kinite aktivnosti ne zapiraat celosno
za vreme na zimata (i iznesuvaat 12%, 11,4% i
10,6% od vkupnite znaci na aktivnost za Rodopi,
Prespa-Pelister i Pindos, soodvetno): zabele`ani se povremeno dvi`ewe kako i aktivnosti vo
vrska so ishranata. Ova se dol`i na dve glavni
pri~ini:
Lovot, {to predizvikuva zabele`itelno voznemiruvawe mo`e da e zna~aen faktor vo nagolemenata razdvi`enost na me~kite vo
zimskiot period
Periodite so umereni zimski uslovi (obi~no
fevruar) predizvikuvaat reaktivacija kaj nekoi
me~ki (osobeno vozrasnite ma{ki).
Analiza na me~kiniot habitat:
Analizata na me~kiniot habitat e pretstavena
preku komponentite na {umskata vegetacija kako
{to e zemjinata pokrivka, {umskata vegetacija i
upotrebata na zemji{teto. Rezultatite od
analizata se pretstaveni vo Tab 5, 6, 7.
Further to the north bear habitat continuity between
Albania (mount Ithate, 2.287m) and Republic of
Macedonia (Galicica National park) seems also
precarious due to heavy pressure on forest and shrub
vegetation on mount Ithate. However and for the time
being the situation here appears more reversible because
of the topography of mount Ithate and mainly because of
the existence of Galicica National Park in the Republic of
Macedonia.
3.1.2. Bear sub-population size:
Results of yearly estimations for the periods 1994-1995 ,
1998 and 1999 are given in Tab. 3. From these figures it
seems that numbers remain stable while abnormal bear
mortality (human-caused mortality, known and probable
cases) affects between 5.8% - 7.7% of the population
yearly.
3.1.3. Bear feeding ecology:
Results from scat analysis (n=223) showing bear diet
composition are presented in the Tab. 4 and Fig 1.
Underevaluation of the use of some food items had to be
taken into account because of differential digestibility of
some food items (high degree of digestibility of animal
proteins versus plant proteins)
The part of hard mast (oak and beech accorns) is of key
importance in the bear’s diet in fall and early summer,
while fruits from g. Prunus prevails in summer and early
fall. In late spring and early summer ants are non
negligible source of proteins.
Tab. 5 Analiza na zemjinata pokrivka vo
oblasta Prespa-Peristeri
Tab. 5 Analysis of ground cover types in Prespa –
Peristeri region.
D: [uma
D: Forest
MD: Delumno po{umena oblast
MD: Unstocked forest land
(partially forested area)
G: Grassland
G: trevesti povr{ini
AG: Oranici ili zemjodelski
kulturi
AG: Arable land or agricultural
cultivations
A: Ogolena po~va, eksponirani
kamewa, klifovi itn.
A: Bare land exposed rocks, inland
cliffs etc
Y: Vodi (reki, glavni potoci)
Y: Water (rivers, main streams)
N: Built-up area
Total
Ha
%
60527.77
52.9
7821.52
6.84
31971.54
28
13477.78
11.8
0
0
0
0
553.36
114352
0.48
100
Identification of brown bear activity patterns and space
use.
The brown bear's highest activity levels in Prespa –
Peristeri Sector compared to the rest of the bear range in
Greece, occur within a period of 6-7 months between
May and November (65%, 77%, and 70% of total activity
signs for Sectors I (Rodopi), II Prespa-Peristeri), and III
(Pindos) respectively were recorded during this period)
with a first maximum in summer and a second one (more
important) in Fall (September-October). The activity
level in this period of the year significantly differs from
spring and winter activity levels (see comparative Fig. 2).
The first peak appears to be in relation to the postdenning feeding period as well as to the breeding period
(Clevenger et al. 1990).
Tab. 6 Analiza na {umskata vegetacija vo
oblasta Prespa-Pelister
Tab. 6 Analysis of forest vegetation types in PrespaPeristeri region.
{umski vegetaciski zoni - Forest vegetation
zones
Pelister - Peristeri
Ha
%
Dabovi {umi 50.70%
30688.18
Oak forests (Quercus sp.)
13.14%
[umi na crn bor
Black pine forests (Pinus nigra)
1804.77
2.98%
1.92%
Buka (Fagus sp.) – Elka (Abies
borisii-regis) Beech (Fagus sp.) Fir (Abies borisii-regis) forests
28034.82
46.32%
18.66%
Smr~a i {umi na bel bor
Spruce and Scots pine forests
0
0%
0%
Total
60527.77
100%
A mid-summer flexion (July) of annual activity could be
attributed to three main reasons:
- important human presence within bear habitat
(logging,
grazing, trekking),
- restricted food availability,
- influence of climatic factors (high temperatures)
inducing
"stational" modes in habitat use patterns.
The second maximum of activity occurring in fall
suggests a close relation with pre-denning period
61
characterised by a very active feeding behaviour.
Wasps
100%
Ants
90%
Chelonidae
Mammals
80%
Poacea
70%
Beech buds
60%
Beech nuts
Wallnuts
50%
Grapes
Strawberries
40%
Berries
30%
Cornus fruits
Wild pears
20%
Wild apples
10%
0%
spring 1
Prunus fruits
Cherries
spring 2
summer 1
summer 2
fall 1
fall 2
winter
Sl. 1 Trofi~ki spektar na kafeavata me~ka vo zapadnata oblast na rasprostranetost Legenda: Spring 1
= prva polovina na proletnata sezona, Spring 2 = vtora polovina na proletnata sezona ( i taka
natamu za ostatokot od trite sezoni)
Fig.1 Trophic spectrum of the brown bear in the western distribution nucleus Unit II (Peristeri). Complementary
legend: Spring 1 = first half of spring season; Spring 2 = second half of spring season (and so on for the rest of
the other three seasons).
Diskusija – Zaklu~oci
Po{irokata oblast na Prespanskiot ekosistem
ima klu~na uloga vo odr`uvawe na habitatite na
me~kite i nivnata zastapenost vo trite sosedni
zemji. Na Gr~ka teritorija, ovoj sektor e vrskata
pome|u me~kite od ekosistemot na Pindos so
jugozapadnite Balkanski vrsti.
Vo isto~niot del na Prepanskoto ezero, uslovite
i kontinuiranosta na me~kinite habitati se
karakteriziraat so golem stepen na za~uvanost .
Toa mo`e da se pripi{e na
postojanata vegetativna pokrivka pome|u Gr~ka i
Makedonija
planinskoto podra~je (Varnous 2.156 m, Pelister
2.610 m).
Postoeweto na Prespanskiot nacionalen
park vo Makedonija kako i proektot Natura 2000
{to ja opfa}a planinata Varnius vo Gr~ka
pridonesuvaat vo za~uvuvawe na oblasta. Sepak,
ova bio-geografska celina trpi vlijanija od
{umskata politika i upotrebata na zemji{teto.
62
Razret~uvaweto na dabovite {umi (Quercus sp.)
ima negativno vlijanie vrz me~kata bidej}i ja
namaluva {umskata pokrivka i potencijalnite
hranalivi resursi so golema sezonska trofi~ka
vrednost.
Rabotite na infrastrukturata kako {to se
pati{tata i proektite za izgradba na brani
verojatno
}e
ja
vlo{i
sostojbata
na
`iveali{tata na me~kata vo gorenavedenata
oblast.
Vo zapadniot del od sektorot na
Prespanskite Ezera se ~ini deka situacijata e
pokriti~na.
Te{kite
o{tetuvawa
na
vegetativnata pokrivka, osobeno na Albanska
teritorija okolu Prespanskite Ezera, dovedoa
mnogu vidovi na rabot na istrebuvaweto. Pod
vakvi uslovi, za~uvuvaweto na subpopulacijata
na me~kata vo sosedniot sektor na Gr~ka strana e
mo`no samo vo ramkite na Prespanskiot
Nacionalen Park na Gr~ka teritorija.
Planinata Gali~ica pome|u Makedonija i
Albanija e dobro zasolni{te za ostatocite od
populacijata na me~kata vo ovaa oblast, no
61
potrebno
itno
bear
activityesigns
60%
po{umuvawe na planinata Ithat.
50%
40%
(Rhodopi)
30%
(Peristeri)
20%
(Pindos)
10%
0%
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Seasons
Sl. 2 Sezonska aktivnost na me~kata vo sektorite I, II, III (n=2275).
Fig. 2. Bear seasonal activity patterns in Units I, II & III (N=2,275)
Bear activity did not seem to cease entirely during winter
(12%, 11.4%, and 10.6% of total activity signs for
Rodopi, Prespa – Peristeri and Pindos Sectors
respectively) : occasional movements of bears as well as
feeding activity signs were repeatedly recorded. Two
main causes to that:
Hunting that could be an important disturbing factor
explaining unusual winter mobility.
Intervals with mild weather conditions (usually February)
inducing a
"re-activation" of some animals
(especially adult males).
Tab. 7 Analiza na upotrebata na zemji{teto vo
oblasta Prespa-Pelister
Tab. 7 Analysis of land use forms in Prespa-Peristeri
region .
Upotreba na zemji{tetoto
Land use forms
[umarstvo, iskoristuvawe na drvoto
Forest management wood production –
exploitation
Pasewe –
Grazing
Oranici –
Arable land
Za{titeni podra~ja –
Protected areas
Napu{teno zemji{te –
Abandoned land
Gola po~va, klifovi, karpi - Bare land,
inland cliffs, exposed rocks
Voda (reki, glavni potoci)
Water (rivers, main streams)
~ovekovi naselbi - infrastruktura
Human Settlements-Infrastructure
Speicjalna upotreba
Special use
Vkupno
Total
62
Peristeri
Ha
%
56877
49.7
41556
36.3
10695.4
9.35
3462.89
3.03
1207.35
1.06
0
0
0
0
553.36
0.48
0
0
114352
100
3.1.6. Bear habitat analysis:
Bear habitat analysis is expressed in terms of forest
vegetation components dealing with ground cover, forest
vegetation types , and land use.
Figures describing the status of bear habitat in the
investigated are presented in Tab. 7.
Discussion - Conclusions
The wider area of Prespa lakes ecosystem plays a key
role in bear habitat and populations connectivity between
the three neighbouring countries.
On Greek territory Prespa sector is the linkage area of
the bear range between Pindos ecosystem and the southwestern range of the species in the Balkans.
In the eastern part of lakes Prespa sector, bear habitat
condition and continuity are characterized by a relatively
high degree of conservation that maybe attributed to:
continuous vegetation cover between Greece and
Republic of Macedonia
rugged topography (presence of Varnous mt., 2.156 m,
and Pelister mt. 2.610 m).
Furthermore the existence of Pelister National Park (in
FYROM) as well as of mt. Varnous (part of the
NATURA 2000 network in Greece) certainly enforces the
conservation status of the area.
However this bio-geographic entity is under pressure
related to land use and forestry practices.
In particular clear-cutting of oak forests (Quercus sp.) is
detrimental to the bear because it reduces forest cover
and potential food resources of high seasonal trophic
value.
Infrastructure works such as roading and projects of dam
construction are likely to deteriorate bear habitat status in
the aforementioned area.
Po{umuvaweto na planinata Ithat bi mo`elo da
bide del od pogolem proekt ~ija cel bi bila
obnova na {umskata pokrivka vo po{irokata
oblast.
[to se odnesuva do Gr~kata strana, treba
da se zabrani proret~uvaweto na {umite, a vo
isto vreme i site raboti na infrastrukturata
Referenci (References)
divisions ecologiques de la vegetation forestiere en Grece
continentale.-Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.(118): pp.429-452
Faliu L., Berducou Cl. & Barrat, J. (1980). Le regime
carnivore de l'ours brun des Pyrenees. Etude
preliminaire.- Ciconia (4): pp.21-32.
Mealey, S.P. (1980). The natural food habits of grizzly
bears in Yellowstone N.P.,1973-74.Pp.281-292 in: Bears,
their biology and Management (Martinka C. & McArthur
K. eds.); Int. Conf. Bear. Res. Manage. (94); 375 pp.
“Arctos” LIFE-Nature Project(1996)- Final report.
Arcturos Society eds. 140pp. + 25 GIS maps.
Bunell, F. & Tait D. (1981) Population dynamics of bears
and their implications: Pp.75-98, in: Dynamics of large
mammal populations; (T.Smith & C.Flower eds.); 477
pp.
Debazac P. & Mavromatis G. (1971). Les grandes
63
treba da se stavat pod stroga kontrola i
ekolo{ki normi.
Blagodarnost: Im blagodarime na E.U (DGXI), LCIE (Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe), kako i na
Ministerstvoto za `ivotna sredina na Grcija za finansiskata poddr{ka vo proektite TEDDY i
BALKANET. Osobenablagodarnost izrazuvame kon G-din I. Aravidis za obrabotkata na GIS kartite.
Isto taka, im blagodarime na timovite od Albanija i R. Makedonija za nivnata plodna sorabotka vo
prethodno spomenatite proekti.
63
64
In the western part of lakes Prespa sector the situation
appears more critical. Severe degradation of vegetation
cover especially on Albanian territory around lakes
Prespa bassins has leaded the species almost to
extinction. Under these circumstances the conservation of
bear subpopulation in the contiguous sector on Greek
territory is merely secured under the Prespa National Park
status on Greek territory.
Between Albania and FYROM the presence of Galicica
National Park is a good refuge for the remnant bear
population in the area whereas the need of mount Ithat reafforestation remains urgent. This last point could be part
of a wider project of restitution of forest vegetation in the
wider sector.
Quezel, P. (1967). A propos de quelques hetraies du
Macedoine. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.(114):pp.200-210.
Russell, R. (1971). Summer and automn food habits of
island and mainland populations of polar bears - a
comparative study. (M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Alberta,
Edmonton); 87 pp.
Servheen, C. (1989). Monitoring of bear populations for
conservation. Pp.39-46 in: Proc. of Workshop on the
situation and protection of the brown bear (Ursus arctos)
in Europe; Environ. Encounters Ser., No 6.
Servheen, C. (1994). Recommendations on the
conservation of the brown bear in Greece. "ARCTOS"
Project Collaboration, June 12, 1994-26 pp.
(unpublished).
Sumner, J. & Craighead, J. J. (1973). Grizzly bear habitat
survey in the Scapegoat Wilderness, Montana. (Montana
Coop. Wil. Res. Sector. Missoula eds.); 49 pp.
Tisch, E. (1961). Seasonal food habits of the black bear in
the Whitefish Range of Northwestern Montana. (M.S.
Thesis, Montana State Univ., Missoula); 108 pp
From the Greek side clear-cutting practices should be
abolished and infrastructure works should be placed
under severe control and environmental norms.
Aknowledgements: We thank the E.U (DGXI), the LCIE (Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe) as well as the Greek
Ministry of Environment for the financial support in projects TEDDY and BALKANET. Special thanks go to Mr. Il.
Aravidis for GIS maps elaboration. We also thank all teams from Albania and FYROM for their fruitful cooperation in
the aforementioned projects.
64
Fizi~ko-hemiski i biolo{ki istra`uvawa na vodata od litoralniot region na Prespanskoto Ezero
Miti} VASA i Traj~e NAUMOSKI
Hidrobiolo{ki zavod, Ohrid
Apstrakt
Vo periodot januari-septemvri 1992 godina vr{eni se mese~ni istra`uvawa na fizi~ko-hemiski parametri i
istra`uvawa na kvalitativniot i kvantitativniot sostav na fitoplanktonot vo dva litoralni regioni na
Prespanskoto Ezero: Golema reka i Carina. Dobienite rezultati, osobeno za letniot period, poka`uvaat golema
sli~nost na kvalitetot na vodata vo litoralot i pelagijalot so mezotrofen karakter.
Materijal i metodi
Materijal za analiza be{e kolekcioniran
od litoralnite regioni na Prespanskoto Ezero
Rezultati i diskusija
Najniska temperatura na vodata so 0,3oS
(Sl. 1) izmerena e vo litoralot G. Reka vo mesec
januari, a najvisoka vo regionot Carina so 23,9oS
vo mesec avgust.
25
20
15
10
5
IX'92
VIII
VII
VI
V
IV
III
II
0
I'92
Prespanskoto Ezero e vtoro po golemina
vo desaretskata grupa ezera koe e nastanato po
tektonski pat (Cviji} 1911). Za ova ezero karakteristi~ni se oscilacii na negovoto nivo koi,
spored ^avkalovski (1997) se javuvaat na sekoi 20
do 25 godini. Od 1987 godina zapo~na nekolkugodi{en su{en period prosleden so zgolemeno isparuvawe na ezerskata voda kako rezultat na {to,
vo 1992 godina, dojde do zna~itelno namaluvawe
na nivoto na vodata. Taka nivoto ovaa godina vo
odnos na prose~noto, e ponisko za 4,15 m, a vo odnos na maksimalnoto - ponisko duri za nad 6,6 m
(Grozdanovski 1992). Povlekuvaweto na ovie ogromni koli~estva voda verojatno {tetno se odrazuva i vrz promenata na prirodniot re`im na vodata, kako i vrz hidrobiolo{kite uslovi za `ivot vo Ezeroto. Gorniot litoral vdol` celata
ezerska linija od okolu 40 km ostana na suvo.
Vo tekot na ovaa godina vo ramkite na pokompleksnite limnolo{ki istra`uvawa, vr{eni
se fizi~ko-hemiski, biolo{ki i mikrobiolo{ki
istra`uvawa na vodata vo pelagijalot na ezeroto
(Miti} et al. 1997; Naumoski et al. 1997; Novevska et al.
1997). Vo ne{to pokratok period (januari–septemvri 1992 godina) vr{eni se fizi~ko-hemiski
i biolo{ki istra`uvawa na vodata vo dva litoralni regioni na Prespanskoto Ezero: kaj vlivot
na Golema reka i regionot Carina. Dobienite
rezultati se prezentirani vo ovoj trud.
pred vlivot na Golema reka i litoralniot region vo mesnosta Carina. Temperaturata be{e merena so reverzibilen termometar (Welch 1948),
rN so Beckman-ov expandomatic SS-2 rN metar, alkalnosta so titrimetriski metod, slobodniot
CO2 so titrimetriski metod, rastvoreniot kislorod i BPK5 spored Winkler-oviot metod (APHAAWWA-WPCF 1980). Materijalot za analiza na
kvalitativniot i kvantitativniot sostav na fitoplanktonot e fiksiran so 4% formalin i obrabotuvan so primena na Utermöhl-ov mikroskop
vo komori~ki za broewe od 50 ml.
t oC
Voved
period na istra`uvawe
investigation period
G. Reka
Carina
Sl. 1 Temperatura na vodata vo istra`uvanite
regioni
Fig. 1 Water temperature in the investigated
littoral
region
65
Physico-chemical and biological investigation
of the littoral region waters of Lake Prespa
Vasa MITI] & Traj~e NAUMOSKI
Hydrobiological Institute, Naum Ohridski 50. 6000 Ohrid
Abstract
Investigations of the physico-chemical and qualitative and quantitative investigations of the phytoplankton of littoral region waters of
Lake Prespa were conducted during the period January-September 1992. Results received for the investigated localities , at the inflow
of river Golema nad at Carina area, especially for the summer period are of mesotrophic character and very simmilar to the pelagial
region.
Results and discussion
Lowest water temperature in the littoral region (0.3 oC)
was measured at the river Golema inflow in January and
highest at Carina (23.9oC) during August (Fig. 1).
pH values in this region varied between pH 6.45 in January at river Golema inflow to 8.46 in August at Carina
area (Fig. 2).
10
8
6
4
2
Samples were collected from the littoral region of Lake
Prespa at the inflow of river Golema and Carina area.
Temperature was measured by reversible thermometer
(Welch 1948). pH by Beckman expandomatic SS-2 pH
meter, alkalinity and free carbon dioxide by titrimetic
method, Dissolved oxygen and BOD5 according Winkler
IX'92
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VII
VI
V
IV
III
period na istra`uvawe
investigation period
G. Reka
Materials and methods
II
0
I'92
Lake Prespa is second big lake in Dassaret lake group and
has tectonic origin (Cviji} 1911). Natural oscillations of
the level of Lake Prespa are characteristic and according
Cavkalovski (1977) appear every 20-25 years. From 1987
started long-term dry period followed by increased
evaporation which resulted by decreasing of the level in
1992. Thus, in that year, compared to the average, Lake
Prespa level was 4.15 m, and even 6.6 m lower in relation
to the maximal level (Grozdanovski 1992). Losing of
such water mass undoubtedly affects to the natural regime of the water and the hydrobiological condition in
the lake as well. All upper littorals zone of about 40 km
long around the lake become dry.
During 1992, in the frames of complex limnological investigation, physical, chemical, biological and microbiological analysis of the pelagic water column were done
(Miti} et al. Naumoski et al. and Novevska et al. 1997).
In a shorter period (January 1992- September 1992)
physical, chemical, biological and microbiological analysis also were done for the littoral region of Lake Prespa:
at the inflow of river Golema and at the area of Carina.
Results received during these investigations are presented
in this work.
method (APHA-AWWA-WPCF 1980). Samples for
qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton
composition were fixed by 4% formaldehyde and analyzed with Uthermöhl microscope in 50 ml counting
chambers.
pH
Introduction
Carina
Sl. 2 Reakcijata na vodata rN vo istra`uvanite
regioni
Fig. 2 pH of the water in the investigated regions
Alkalinity of the water in these two areas (Fig. 3) was between 1.74 mEq·l-1 in August at Carina and 4.01
mEq·l-1 in January at R. Golema.
67
4
12
9
6
3
3
IX'92
VIII
VII
VI
V
IV
III
II
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G. Reka
Carina
Sl. 3 Alkalnost na vodata vo istra`uvanite
regioni
Fig. 3 Alkalinity of the water in the investigated region
2
IX'92
VIII
VII
Vo mesec januari vo litoralniot region
pri vlivot na Golema Reka vo Ezeroto ne e
registrirano prisustvo na fosfor vo vodata,
dodeka vo istiot region vo mesec fevruari
evidentirana e i maksimalnata vrednost na
vkupniot fosfor od 2,16 µmol/l (Sl. 6).
2.5
2
1.5
1
1
0.5
G. Reka
Slobodniot CO2 {to poteknuva od procesite na mineralizacija, vo litoralniot region
Carina ne e evidentiran vo celiot period na istra`uvawe (Sl. 4), dodeka vo regionot G. Reka za
vreme na celiot period registrirana e visoka
koncentracija na sloboden SO2 od 5,72 mg·l-1 vo
avgust do 28,86 mg·l-1 vo juli. Visokata koncentracija na slobodniot SO2 zboruva za zabrzan proces
na mineralizacija vo blatnata zaednica niz koja
te~e Golema Reka.
Koncentraciite na rastvoreniot kislorod vo vodata (Sl.5) variraa od 7,71 mg/l (fevruari i maj vo G.Reka) do 11,99 mg./l vo januari vo
regionot Carina. I vo pelagijalot na Ezeroto
maksimalnata koncentracija na rastvoreniot
kislorod od 12,93 mg·l-1 e registriran vo januari
(Naumoski et al.1997).
IX'92
VIII
VII
VI
V
IV
II
period na istra`uvawe
investigation period
Carina
Sl. 4 Sodr`ina na sloboden SO2 vo vodata od
istra`uvanite regioni
Fig. 4 Concentration of free CO2 in the investigated region
III
period na istra`uvawe
investigation period
0
I'92
IX'92
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VII
VI
V
IV
III
II
I'92
0
68
Carina
Sl. 5 Koncentracija na rastvoren kislorod vo
istra`uvanite regioni
Fig. 5 Concentration of dissolved oxygen in the
investigated region
-1
3
G. Reka
mol·l
-1
CO 2 [mg·l ]
Alkalnosta na vodata vo ovie dva litoralni regioni (Sl. 3) e vo granici od 1,74 mEq·l-1 (Carina,avgust) do 4,01 mEq·l-1 (januari, G. Reka).
VI
period na istra`uvawe
investigation period
0
period na istra`uvawe
investigation period
V
IV
I'92
1
III
0
2
II
mEq·l-1
5
O 2 [mg·l -1]
Vrednostite na rN vo ovie litoralni regioni
varira pome|u rN 6,45 vo januari vo G. Reka do rN
8,46 vo avgust vo regionot Carina (Sl. 2).
G. Reka
Carina
Sl. 6 Koncentracija na vkupen fosfor vo vodata
od istra`uvanite regioni
Fig. 6 Concentrations of total phosphorus in the
investigated region
Kvalitativniot sostav na fitoplanktonot
vo istra`uvaniot litoral prika`an e na Tab. 1.
Spored istra`uvawata, registrirani se vkupno
49 fitoplanktonski vidovi (Tab. 1) od slednite
taksonomski grupi: Cyanophyta - so 8 pretstavnici; Chlorophyta - so 17; Chrysophyta - 5; Bacilallariophyta -12; Pyrrophyta - 4 i Euglenophyta so 3 vidovi.
Vo pelagijalot na ova Ezero vo tekot na
1992 godina registrirani se vkupno 39 fitoplankteri (Mitic et al. 1997) i, vo sporedba so ovoj
materijal vo litoralniot region, registrirani
se pogolem broj vidovi zeleni algi. Najgolem
broj na zeleni algi registrirani se vo litoralot
G. Reka (12), a vo litoralot Carina samo 7
fitoplankteri od ovaa grupa algi.
Concentrations of free carbon dioxide, that originate from
the mineralization processes, was not evidenced it the
Carina area during whole investigated period but in the
region but at the river Golema inflow it varied between.
5.72 mg·l-1 in August to 28.86 mg·l-1 in July (Fig. 4).
This high concentration of free CO2 in the investigated
areas indicate on increased mineralization in the community that river Golema flows through.
Concentrations of the dissolved oxygen in the water (Fig.
5) varied between 7.71 mg·l-1 during February at river
Golema to 11.99 mg·l-1 at the Carina area in January.
Even in the pelagic region maximal concentration of the
dissolved oxygen was registered in January (Naumoski et
al. 1997).
In the littoral region at the inflow of river Golema, during
January, presence of phosphorus was not measured but
one month later in the same area was registered the
maximal value of the total phosphorus content of 2.16
µmol·l-1 (Fig. 6).
Tab. 1 Kvalitativen sostav na fitoplanktonot vo litoralni regioni na Prespanskoto Ezero
Table 1 Quality composition of the phytoplankton of the investigated region of Lake Prespa
Vidovi
Cyanophyta
Chroococcus minimus
Chroococcus limneticus
Lingbia limnetica
Oscillatoria limnetica
Anabaena planctonica
Anabaena flos-aquae
Aphanizamenon flos-aquae
Spirulina sp.
Bacillariophyta
Cyclotella ocellata
Cyclotella fottii
Asterionella formosa
Diatoma sp.
Cymbella sp.
Gomphonema sp.
Nitzschia sigmoidea
Gyrosigma attenuatum
Synedra ulna
Synedra acus
Fragilaria crotonensis
Tabellaria sp.
Euglenophyta
Euglena variabilis
Euglena sp.
Phacus sp.
Golema
reka
Carina
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Quality composition of the phytoplankton of the investigated region is presented on Tab. 1.
According to the investigations of quality composition of
the phytoplankton in these littoral areas of Lake Prespa
were registered 49 phytoplankton species (Table 1) from
the folowing taxa: Cyanophyta with 8 species, Chlorophyta-17; Chrysophyta - 5; Bacilallariophyta - 12; Pyrrophyta - 4 and Euglenophyta with 3 species.
In the pelagial region of Lake Prespa, during 1992,
as total, 39 phytoplankters were registered (Miti] et al
Vidovi
Chlorophyta
Ankistrodesmus lacustris
Ankistrodesmus falcatus
Scenedesmus quadricauda
Scenedesmus obliquus
Scenedesmus bijugatus
Staurastrum paradoxum
Staurastrum paxillipherum
Pediastrum boryanum
Pediastrum tetras
Cosmarium botrytis
Closterium aciculare
Closterium setaceum
Closterium moniliferum
Closterium acutum
Chrysophyta
Chromulina sp.
Ochromonas sp.
Dinobryon bavaricum
Dinobryon divergens
Dinobryon sociale var.
stipitatum
Pyrrophyta
Gymnodinium mirabile
Ceratium hirundinella
Peridinium cunningtonii
Peridinium sp.
Golema
reka
Carina
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1997), and in comparison with this material more green
algal species were registered in the littoral region. More
species of green algae (12) were registered in the littoral
region at river Golema inflow and only 7 species at Carina. Also, in the littoral region at r. Golema Euglenophyta species were present but absence of Pyrrophyta and
species of Chrysophyta - Dinobryon genera. For the species of this genera, especially the species Dinobryon
bavaricum, tolerate many factors except high phosphorus
concentrations.
69
Isto taka zabele`itelno e deka vo litoralot G. Reka registrirano e prisustvo na vidovi
od Euglenophyta, me|utoa potpolno otsustvo na
vidovi od Pyrrophyta i otsustvo na vidovi od
hrizofitniot rod Dinobryon. Za vidot Dinobryon
bavaricum poznato e deka podnesuva seÄ osven
povisoki koncentracii na fosfor.
Najmala gustina na fitoplanktonot so
5480 ind.·l-1 e registrirana vo fevruari vo regionot Carina, a maksimalnata so 232080 ind.·l-1
istiot mesec vo regionot Golema Reka pri {to
kako dominanten vid e modro-zelenata alga
Lingbia limnetica koja e zastapena so 99% vo odnos
na vkupniot fitoplankton. Masovniot razvoj
registriran vo ovoj period e vo korelacija so
otsustvoto na merlivi koncentracii na fosfor
vo predhodniot mesec koj, najverojatno, vo
zimskiot period e iskoristen za razvoj na
fitoplanktonot (Sl. 7).
Maksimalnata gustina na fitoplanktonot
vo litoralniot region Carina registrirana e vo
mesec juni koga e registrirana i maksimalna
gustina na fitoplanktonot i vo pelagijalot na
Ezeroto na 5 m dlabo~ina (Mitic et al. 1997). I vo
dvata regiona (litoral i pelagijal) dominanten e
vidot Aphanizamenon flos-aquae - modrozelena alga
koja spored Slade~ek (1973) e indikator na β-mezosaprobni vodi. Vo ovoj litoralen region gustinata na fitoplanktont iznesuva 228.600 ind.·l-1,
a dominantniot vid, vo odnos na vkupniot fitoplankton, e zastapen so 93%. Ovoj podatok zboruva za sli~nosti na uslovite i kvalitetot na
vodata vo litoralniot region Carina so uslovite i kvalitetot na vodata vo pelagijalniot region {to uka`uva na mezotrofen karakter na voda-
ta za vreme na letniot stagnanten period od
godinata.
Zaklu~ok
Vo periodot januari 1992 - septemvri 1992
godina, vr{eni se fizi~ko hemiski i biolo{ki
istra`uvawa na vodata vo dva litoralni regioni
na Prespanskoto Ezero: kaj vlivot na Golema
reka vo Ezeroto i litoralniot region Carina.
Od istra`uvawata na fizi~ko-hemiskite
parametri karakteristi~no e prisustvo na sloboden jagleroden dioksid vo vodata od litoralniot region kade {to se vliva G. Reka {to uka`uva na zabrzan prosec na mineralizacija vo neposrednata blatna zaednica za vreme na celiot period na istra`uvawe.
Maksimalnata gustina na fitoplanktonot so 232080 ind.·l-1 e registrirana vo mesec
fevruari vo regionot Golema Reka pri {to kako
dominanten vid e modro-zelenata alga Lingbia
limnetica. Masovniot razvoj registriran vo ovoj
period e vo korelacija so otsustvoto na merlivi
koncentracii na fosfor vo predhodniot mesec
koj, najverojatno, vo zimskiot period e iskoristen za razvoj na fitoplanktonot.
Spored gustinata na fitoplanktonot i
prisustvo na ist dominanten vid (Aphanizamenon
flos-aquae) vo litoralot Carina kako vo pelagijalot na Ezeroto, kvalitetot na vodata vo letniot period vo dvata regiona e so mezotrofen
karakter.
Referenci – References
APHA-AWWA-WPCF (1980). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 15th ed. Washington
DC. Pp.1134
Cviji}, J. (1911). Outlines of geography and geology of Macedonia and Old Serbia III: 689-1271. Serb. Acad. Sci. Spec.
ed. Belgrade (In Serbian)
Cavkalovski, I. (1997). Hydrology of Prespa Lake. Proceedings of Internat. Symp. Towards integrated Conservation and
Sustainable Development of Transboundary Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes. Korcha, Albania pp: 9-14.
Grozdanovski, G. (1992). Why can not be protected and conservated the shore and surrounding environment of Lake
Prespa: Unseen robbery of lake's sand. Nova Makedonija, Daly Journ. September, 21.p 3.
Miti}., V., Novevska, V. R., Lokoska, L.S., Naumoski, T. B. (1997). Pelagic phytoplankton and primary productivity of
Prespa Lake. Proceedings: Internat. Symp."Towards integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development of
Transboundary Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes. Korcha, Albania pp: 97-101.
70
ind.·l -1
Lowest phytoplankton density (5,480 ind/l) was
registered at Carina area during February, and maximal
(232,080 ind/l at River Golema inflow during the same
month where participation of Lingbia limnetica was
99% in the phytoplankton composition (Fig.7).
250000
200000
150000
aquae - bluegreen algae according Slade~ek (1973)
indicator for β mesosaprobic waters was dominat. In
this part of the littoral region phytoplankton density
was 228,600 ind/l and dominant species participated
with 93%. These data indicate to similarities of the
water quality in the littoral region at Carina with the
conditions and the water quality of the pelagic water
and indicate an mesotrophic character of the water
during the summer stagnant period.
100000
50000
Conclusions
IX'92
VIII
VII
VI
V
IV
III
II
I'92
0
period na istra`uvawe
investigation period
G. Reka
Carina
Sl. 7 Gustina na fitoplanktonot vo vodata od
istra`uvanite regioni
Fig. 7 Phytoplankton density in the water of the
investigated region
Maximal density of the phytoplankton in the littoral
region at Carina was registered during June when
maximal density of the phytoplankton was registered at
5 m depth in the pelagic region (Miti} et al 1997). In
both regions (littoral and pelagic) Aphanizamenon flos-
Presence of free carbon dioxide in the littoral region at
the inflow of river Golema into Lake Prespa indicate to
increased processes of mineralization in the wetland
community, that river Golema flow through, during the
investigated period.
Maximal phytoplankton density (232.080 ind./l) was
found at river Golema inflow during February where
Lingbia limnetica was dominat species.
According the phytoplankton density and presence of
same dominat species (Aphanizamenon flos aquae) at
the littoral region at Carina and the pelagial region, the
water quqlity in both regions during the summer
stagnant period can be had a mesotrtophic character.
Naumoski, T. B., Novevska, V. R., Lokoska, L.S., Miti}., V. S. (1997). Trophic state of Prespa Lake. Proceedings:
Internat. Symp."Towards integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development of Transboundary Macro and
Micro Prespa Lakes. Korcha, Albania. pp. 32-137.
Novevska, V. R., Lokoska, L. S., Miti}. V. S., Naumoski, T. B. (1997). Water conditions of Prespa Lake from
microbiological viewpoint. Proceedings: Internat. Symp."Towards integrated Conservation and Sustainable
Development of Transboundary Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes. Korcha, Albania. pp126-131.
Slade~ek, V. (1973). System of Water Quality from biological Point of View. Arch. f. Hydrobiologie. Ergebnisse der
Limnologie. Heft.7. pp. 1-218.
Welch., P. S. (1948). Limnological Methods. Blakiston Co. Philadelphia pp. 381.
71
Dolgoro~ni promeni na kvalitetot na vodata vo Prespanskoto Ezero
Traj~e B. NAUMOSKI, Boris T. OCEVSKI , Vera R. NOVEVSKA,
Vase S. Miti} i Len~e S. LOKOSKA
Hidrobiolo{ki zavod- Ohrid, Naum Ohridski 50. 6000 - Ohrid
Abstract
August data were used to present the long-term changes of the water quality of Lake Prespa, because of the tourist season and because
during 15-year period August samplings were most frequent. Not all parameters suggest changes but in general, conditions are changing to worse in the littoral and pelagic region. Probably appearance of the dry weather for many years influenced to such changes.
Voved
Prespanskoto Ezero, zaedno so Ohridskoto
Ezero se edni od najstarite ezera (2-3 milioni
godini) vo Evropa za koi, spored Cviji˚ (1911), se
ceni deka poteknuvaat od pliocenskiot period.
Sl. 1. Karta na Prespansko Ezero
Fig. 1 Map of Lake Prespa
Prespanskoto Ezero ima tektonsko poteklo, a go ispolnuva najdlabokiot del na Prespanskata kotlina. Smesteno e na dopirot na dve
razli~ni geolo{ki masivi, granitniot masiv od
isto~nata strana (Pelister, 2601 m) i karstniot
masif na Gali~ica (2255 m) od zapadnata i Suva
Gora od jugozapadnata strana.
Pri nadmorska viso~ina na ezerskoto ogledalo na 845 m, vklu~uvaj}i gi i dvata ostrovi (Golem Grad vo R. Makedonija i Mal Grad vo R. Albanija), Prespanskoto Ezero ima povr{ina od 274
km2. Severniot, pogolemiot del od Prespanskoto
Ezero (okolu 65%) pripa|a na R. Makedonija,
jugoisto~niot del (17%) pripa|a na R. Grcija, a
jugozapadniot del (18%) na R. Albanija (Sl. 1).
Maksimalnata dol`ina na Prespanskoto
Ezero iznesuva oklolu 28 km, maksimalnata {iro~ina okolu 17 km, a srednata okolu 10 km. Maksimalnata dlabo~ina spored Cviji¢ (1911) iznesuvala 54 m, no vo ovoj period, sigurno bila pod
50 m, a srednata dlabo~ina od 15-17 m.
Za Prespanskoto Ezero se karakteristi~ni
oscilaciite na nivoto. Se procenuva duri deka
vo po~etokot na 11. vek ezerskoto nivo bilo ponisko do 10 m. Nesporno e deka poslednoto namaluvawe na nivoto na Prespanskoto Ezero se slu~i so nastapuvaweto na su{niot period po 1987
godina. Kako posledica na su{ata zgolemena be{e i potrebata od voda za navodnuvawe vo site
tri krajbre`ni dr`avi. Se ceni deka sepak najgolem pri~initel za opa|aweto na nivoto na Prespanskoto Ezero se klimatskite promeni (Milevski
et al. 1997). Golemi koli~estva ezerska voda, vo
site tri krajbre`ni zemji se koristat za navodnuvawe (Löffler et al. 1998).
Slivnoto podra~je na Prespanskoto Ezero
iznesuva okolu 1200 km2. Glavni pritoki od koi
se hrani so voda Prespanskoto Ezero se Isto~ka,
Golema, Pretorska i Braj~inska Reka vo makedonskiot del i Stara Reka vo gr~kiot del od slivot. Vo slivot na site tri ktajbre`ni dr`avi
postojat pogolem broj na suvodolici koi, osven
pri topewe na snegot i pri obilni do`dovi, vo
pogolemiot del na godinata se so prazni korita i
tie nemaat nekoe pozna~ajno hidrografsko
zna~ewe (Cavkalovski 1997).
71
Long term changes of the water quality of Lake Prespa
Trajce B. NAUMOSKI, Boris T. OCEVSKI, Vera R. NOVEVSKA,
Vase S. MITIC & Lence S. LOKOSKA
Hidrobiological Institute- Ohrid, Naum Ohridski 50. 6000 – Ohrid, Macedonia
Abstract
August data were used to present the long-term changes of the water quality of Lake Prespa, because of the tourist season and because
during 15-year period August samplings were most frequent. Not all parameters suggest changes but in general, conditions are changing to worse in the littoral and pelagic region. Probably appearance of the dry weather for many years influenced to such changes.
Introduction
Lake Prespa together with Lake Ohrid are between oldest
lakes (2-3 million years) in Europe that, according Cvijic
estimation, originate from Pliocene period.
Lake Prespa has tectonic origin and fulfills the deepest
part of Prespa valley. It is located at the touch of two different geological masses, the granite massif on the east
side (Pelister, 2601m), charstic massif of Galicica (2255
m) on the west and and Suva Gora (Dry mountain) on the
south side.
At sea level of 845 m, including both islands (Golem
Grad, (Big Town), in Republic of Macedonia and Mal
Grad, (Little Town), in Republic of Albania, Lake Prespa
has a surface area of 274 km2. North, the bigger part of
Lake Prespa (about 65%) belongs to Republic of Macedonia, the southeast part (about 17%) belongs to Republic
of Greece, and southwest part (about18%) belongs to
Republic of Albania (Fig.1).
Maximal length of Lake Prespa is about 28 km, maximal
width about 17 km and the mean width about 10 km.
Maximal depth of Lake Prespa, according Cvijić (1911),
is 54 m, but during this period for sure it had been less
than 50 m deep, and the mean depth between 15-17 m.
Oscillations of Lake Prespa surface level are very characteristic. It is estimated that at the beginning of the 11th
century the surface level had been about 10 m. It is not
controversial that last decrease of the lake level coincides
by appearance of the dry weather since 1987. As a consequence of the drought need of the water for irrigation was
increased in all three neighboring countries. Nevertheless,
it is believed that the biggest reason is the climatic
changes (Milevski et al. 1997). Also, big amounts of lake
water in all three neighboring countries had been used for
irrigation (Löffler et al. 1998).
Watershed of Lake Prespa is about 1,200. km2. Main
tributaries that feed Lake Prespa are the rivers Istocka,
Golema, Pretorska, and Brajcino River in the Macedonian
part of the watershed and river Stara in the Greek part of
the watershed. In the watershed of Lake Prespa (in all
three neighboring countries) there are numerous torrents,
that except during heavy rains and snow melting season,
in the longer period of the year have dry river beds and
have no hydrographic significance. (Cafkalovski 1997).
In the winter period (February 1992), during a quiet
weather and calm lake surface (without waves) at temperature of the water within whole water column of 2.6
o
C (isothermal condition), at a distance of 4-5 km east of
tourist site Otesevo, at 8 m depth, a sublacustrine spring
was recognized. It was easy to recognize such a spring
because of the higher temperature of the spring water
(compared to the lake water column which in that time
was 2.6oC.
Later, during the same day in the west part of the lake
was registered thin ice giving a glass reflection from the
surface of the lake before sunset.
Also it is well known that the upper littoral zone of Lake
Prespa (especially within the reed belt), freeze (even for
the short time) during extremely cold winter’s weather.
Materials and methods
Samples were collected by Ruttner water sampler from
the pelagic zone of Lake Prespa. Samplings were very
variable from monthly to seasonal and yearly intervals.
In this paper only data received during August are used
because samplings in August were most frequent.
Analyzed were the following pchysico-chemical parameters: Temperature, Secchi disc transparency, pH of the
water, alkalinity (as phenolphthalein, methyl orange and
total alkalinity), content of free carbonic acid, dissolved
oxygen (as mg·l-1 and oxygen saturation in %), Biochemical oxygen demand during five days (BOD5), presence of
the dissolved biodegradable organic matter (presented as
KMnO4 consumption), and total phosphorus. Also the
trophic state index (TSI) for Lake Prespa was estimated.
73
Materijali i metodi
Probite bea kolekcionirani so Ruttner-ov
crpec vo pelagijalniot i litoralniot region na
Prespanskoto Ezero. Dinamikata na kolekcionirawe na probite be{e mnogu varijabilna i se
dvi`e{e od mese~na i sezonska do godi{na.
Vo probite bea analizirani slednite abioti~ki parametri: proyirnost, temperatura, rN na
vodata, alkalnost (kako fenolftaleinska, metil
oran`ova i vkupna alkalnost), sodr`ina na
slobodna jaglerodna kiselina, rastvoren kislorod (vo mg·l-1) i zasitenost (vo procenti), biohemiska potreba od kislorodo vo tekot na pet dena
(BPK5), sodr`inata na biorazgradlivite organski materii (izrazeni kako potro{uva~ka na
KMnO4) i vkupen fosfor.
Rezultati i diskusija
Temperaturata, vo prirodata, a ottuka i vo
akvati~nite ekosistemi pretstavuva kriti~en
parametar za vidoviot sostav vo vodniot stolb.
Temperature (oC)
24
22
20
0
18
2
16
3
5
14
10
12
15
20
10
78
79
86
87
88
V r eme ( mesec avg ust )
92
Sl. 2 Temperatura na vodata od Ezeroto
Fig. 2 Temperature of the water column of Lake Prespa.
Glavninata od organizmite {to kontinuirano gi naseluvaat akvati~nite ekosistemi ja so~inuvaat poikilotermite taka {to stanuva o~evidno deka temperaturniot re`im e kriti~en za
nivniot opstanok. Temperaturata mo`e da se od74
nesuva kako katalizator, potisnuva~, aktivator,
ograni~uva~, stimulator, kontrolor ili ubiec
t.e. da bide va`na karakteristika na vodata.
Isto taka temperaturata vlijae na samopre~istuvaweto na vodata, a so toa i na estetskiot i sanitarniot kvalitet na vodata. Zgolemenata temperatura ja zabrzuva biodegradacijata na
organskite materii (avtohtoni ili alohtoni) vo
vodniot stolb i vo sedimentite {to pridonesuva
za zgolemena potreba na rastvoren kislorod vo
ekosistemot. Posledovatelno, so zgolemuvaweto
na potrebata od rastvoren kislorod, kako rezultat na biolo{kite aktivnosti, taka opa|a sposobnosta na vodata fizi~ki da go zadr`uva kislorodot. Ovoj fenomen mo`e da dovede do potpolna
potro{uva~ka na kislorodot i da rezultira so
anaerobni uslovi vo ezerskiot ekosistem.
mesec avgust (month August)
78
Transparency (m)
Za vreme na zimskiot period (fevruari
1992) pri mirno vreme bez branovi i pri temperatura na vodniot stolb od 2,6 oS, na okolu 4-5 km
isto~no od Ote{evo na dlabo~ina od 8 m, be{e
zabele`an sublakustriski izvor. Taa pojava be{e
zabele`itelna zaradi povisokata temperatura na
izvorskata voda nasproti ezerskata koja vo toj
period, vo celiot voden stolb, be{e 2,6 oS.
Vo tekot na istiot den vo zapadnoto krajbre`je bea registrirani tenki sloevi mraz so
staklen odsjaj povr{inata pred zajdisonce.
Inaku poznato e deka krajbre`niot region
na Prespanskoto Ezero iako za kratko vreme, vo
isklu~itelno studeni zimi, zamrznuva.
79
86
87
88
92
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Sl. 3 Proyirnost na vodata od Prespanskoto Ezero
Fig. 3 Secchi disc transparency of Lake Prespa water
So po~etokot na periodot na zagrevawe se
zgolemuva temperaturata vo vodniot stolb na
Prespanskoto Ezeroto. Najvisoka temperatura
(24,6 oC) be{e izmerena vo 1988 vo povr{inskiot
sloj, a najniska (11,6 oC) vo tekot na 1988 i 1992 na
dlabo~ina od 20 m (Sl. 2).
Proyirnosta na vodata pretstavuva fizi~ki odgovor na celokupnata fizi~ka i biolo{ka
aktivnost vo vodniot stolb. Naj~esto vrz proyirnosta vlijaat gustinata na fitoplanktonot (odnosno zooplanktonot), rastvorenite i suspendiranite materii kako i drugi ~initeli. Proyirnosta na vodata od Prespanskoto Ezero vo tekot
na mesec avgust, vo prezentiraniot period, se
dvi`e{e od 10 m vo tekot na 1988 godina i do 5 m
vo tekot na 1992 godina (Sl. 3).
Edna druga karakteristika na ezerskata voda e pH vrednosta. Vo prirodnite vodi rN se dvi`i vo granicite me|u 7-9 i ja poka`uva kiselosta
ili baznosta na vodata. Taa ~esto e pri~ina ili
posledica na biohemiskite procesi, odnosno biolo{ki aktivnosti, koi se odvivaat vo vodniot
stolb. Zaradi zgolemenata rastvorlivost na toksi~nite supstanci (pri niska pH) vo vodniot
stolb, pH mo`e da e od presudna va`nost za
opstanokot na nekoi organizmi.
Results and discussion
The temperature in the nature, especially in the aquatic
ecosystems is the critical parameter for the species composition in the water body.
Most of the organisms that continued inhabit the aquatic
ecosystems are poicilotherm (cold blooded). It is obvious
that temperature regime is critical for their survival. The
temperature can react as “ a catalyst, a depressant, an
activator, a restrictor, a stimulator, a killer, one of the
most important and influential water quality characteristics to life in water.
Temperature also affects the “self-purification” of a waterbody and therefore the aesthetic and sanitary qualities.
Increased temperature accelerate the biodegradation of
organic material both in the overlying water and in bottom sediments which in turn increases demands for on the
dissolved oxygen resources of the system. Consequently,
as the demand for oxygen increases due to biological
activities, the water’s ability physically to hold dissolved
oxygen is decreased. This phenomenon can result in total
oxygen depletion and result in anaerobic conditions in
aquatic ecosystem.
8.7
water. Often the pH of the water is a reason or consequence of the biochemical processes i.e. biological activities that occur in the water column. Because of the
increased solubility of the toxic substances in the water
column, the pH value can be of crucial importance for
the survival of some organisms.
The pH values in the water column of Lake Prespa during
August varied between pH 8.49 in 1988 at depth of 5 m
to pH 7.57 at depth of 20 m during 1992 (Fig. 4 ).
0 . 25
0. 2
0
0. 1 5
2
3
0. 1
5
10
0 . 05
15
20
0
78
Sl.5
79
86
87
Vr e me (me s e c -a v gus t )
88
92
Fenolftaleinska alkalnost na vodata vo vodniot stplb na Prespanskoto Ezero
Fig. 5 Phenolphthalein alkalinity of the water in the
water column of Lake Prespa
2.6
8.5
2.5
2.4
8.3
8.1
7.9
0
2.3
2
2.2
3
2.1
5
7.7
7.5
78
79
86
87
88
2
0
C
2
10
1.9
3
15
1.8
5
20
1.7
92
Vreme (mesec avgust)
Sl. 4 pH na vodata od vodniot stolb na Prespanskoto Ezero
Fig. 4 pH values in the water of the water column of
Lake Prespa
With starting of the heating period, there is increasing of
the water temperature of the surface layer of the water
column of Lake Prespa. Highest temperature (24.6 oC)
was measured in 1988 in the surface layer. Lowest temperature (11.6 oC) was measured at 20 m depth during
1988 and 1992 (Fig. 2).
Secchi disc transparency is a physical response of physical and biological activity in the water column. Mostly,
transparency depends from the phytoplankton and
zooplankton abundance, dissolved colored and suspended
organic and inorganic matter and other factors, as well.
Transparency of the water of Lake Prespa during August,
within reported period, varied from 10.2 m during 1988
to 5m during 1992 (Fig. 3).
Another characteristic of the water quality is pH value of
the lake water. In the natural waters pH value vary between 7-9 and express the acidity or alkalinity of the lake
10
15
1.6
20
78
79
86
87
88
92
Vreme (mesec - avgust)
Sl. 6 Vkupna alkalnost na vodata vo vodniot
stolb na Prespanskoto Ezero
Fig. 6 Total alkalinity of the water in the water column
of Lake Prespa
There were found very low values of the phenolphthalein
alkalinity in Lake Prespa. Phenolphthalein alkalinity in
the water column, during August, varied from 0 mEq·l-1
below 5 m depth in 1986 and 1992 to 0.22 mEq·l-1 at
depth of 15 m in 1988 (Fig. 5).
Total alkalinity in the water column of Lake Prespa
during August varied between 1.62 mEq·l-1 at depth of 15
m in 1986 to 3.53 mEq·l-1 in the surface water layer in
1988 (Fig. 6).
With an exception of 1992, when in the water column at
10 m depth was registered 2.26 mg·l-1 of carbonic acid
and 2.02 mg·l-1 of carbonic acid at 15 m, no free carbonic
acid was measured in the water column of Lake Prespa
above 20 m depth (Fig. 7).
Concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the water column
of Lake Prespa varied from 10.11 mg·l-1 at 15 m depth in
1987 to 0.53 mg·l-1 at the same depth in 1992 (Fig. 8).
75
pH na vodata vo vodniot stolb od Prespanskoto Ezero vo tekot na mesec avgust se dvi`e{e
od 8.49 vo 1988 na dlabo~ina od 5 m do pH 7,57 na
dlabo~ina od 20 m vo tekot na 1992 godina (Sl. 4).
Za fenolftaleinskata alkalnost vo tekot
na mesec avgust bea registrirani mnogu niski
vrednosti vo vodniot stolb na Prtespanskoto
Ezero i tie se dvi`ea od 0 mEq·l-1 pod 5 m dlabo~ina vo 1980godina do 0.22 mEq·l-1 na dlabo~ina od
15 m vo tekot na 1988 godina (Sl. 5).
2.5
2
1.5
0
2
1
3
5
10
0.5
15
20
0
78
79
86
87
Vreme (mesec-avgust)
88
92
Sl. 7. Slobodna jaglerodna kiselina vo vodniot
stolb na Prespanskoto Ezero
Fig. 7 Free carbonic acid in the water of the water column
of Lake Prespa
12
10
0
8
2
6
3
5
4
10
2
15
20
0
78
79
86
87
88
92
Vreme (mesec-avgust)
Sl. 8 Sodr`ina na rastvoren kislorod vo
vodniot stolb na Prespanskoto Ezero.
Fig. 8. Concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water
column of Lake Prespa.
Vkupnata alkalnost na vodata od Prespanskoto Ezero se dvi`e{e od 1,62 mEq·l-1 na 15 m dlabo~ina vo tekot na 1986 do 2,529 mEq·l-1vo povr{inskiot sloj vo tekot na 1988 godina (Sl. 6).
So isklu~ok na 1992 godina, koga na dlabo~ina od 10 m be{e izmerena koncentracija od 2,26
mg·l-1, a na dlabo~ina od 15 m 2.02 mg·l-1, ne be{e
registrirana slobodna jaglerodna kiselina, do
dlabo~ina od 20 m, vo vodniot stolb (Sl. 7).
Referenci (References)
Anovski, T., Naumovski, J., Kacurkov, P. (1980). A study of
the origin of water of St. Naum springs, Lake Ohrid.
Fizika 12. S2. 165:77-86.
Carlson, R. E. (1977). A tropic state index for lakes. Limn.
Sodr`inata na rastvoren kislorod vo vodata
od Prespanskoto Ezero se dvi`e{e od 10.11 mg·l-1
na dlabo~ina od 15 m vo 1987 do 0,53 mg·l-1 na istata dlabo~ina vo 1992 (Sl. 8). Najgolema zasitenost (131.03 % be{e registrirana na dlabo~ina
od 5 m, a najmala 5,81% na dlabo~ina od 15 m i
dvete vo 1992 (Sl. 9). Taa e dobar pokazatel za op{tata sostojba i za metabolizmot vo Ezeroto.
Nagloto opa|awe na koncentraciite na
rastvoreniot kislorod vo vodniot stolb na Prespanskoto Ezero uka`uva na zgolemeno potreba od
kislorod vo tekot na pet dena (Sl.10) vo procesot
na mineralizacija na biorazgradlivite organskite materii bilo da se od avtohtono ili alohtono
poteklo (Sl.11).
Sodr`inata na vkupniot fosfor, za vreme
na stagnantniot period, se dvi`e{e od 0,033
M·l-1 na dlabo~ina od 3 m do 0.729 M·l-1 na
dlabo~ina od 20 m vo 1986 godina (Sl.12).
Koristej}i go Carlson-oviot indeks za trofi~kata sostojba na ezerata (Carlson 1977) proizleguva deka, na osnova na proyirnosta na ezerskata voda, Prespanskoto Ezero ima oligotrofen
karakter, dodeka na osnova na sodr`inata na
vkupniot fosfor vodata vo Prespanskoto Ezero
vo tekot na 1987 i 1992 godina be{e so mezotrofen karakter (Sl. 13).
Spored naodite na Ocevski & Allen
(1984), od godina vo godina, ima{e zgolemuvawe
na primarnata produkcija na Prespanskoto
Ezero kako “75.9-469.7 mgC·m-2·d-1 za 1976, 103.6330.3 mgC·m-2·d-1 za 1997, 39.0-2026.8 mgC·m-2·d-1
za 1978, i 102.6-1029.7 mgC·m-2·d-1 za 1979
(Ocevski & Allen 1984).
Se ~ini deka tendencijata na vlo{uvawe na
sostojbata na Prespanskoto Ezerom e seu{te prisutna. Kako primer, vredi da se spomene deka proyirnost od 3,5 m bila izmerena vo 1996, koncentraciite na vkupniot fosfor se zgolemile desetkratno pome|u 10 m i 20 m, na dlabo~ina pod 17 m
se potro{il rastvoreniot kislorod, a zna~itelno se zgolemil konduktivitetot vo vodniot stolb
{to uka`uva na golem ~ekor koj vodi do eutrofikacija na Prespanskoto Ezero (Löffler et al 1998).
In addition, Oceanogr. 22 (2):361-369.
Cafkalovski, I. (1997). Hydrology of Prespa Lake. Proc.
PPNEA , Korcha, Albania. pp:9-14
Cvijic, J. (1911). Outlines of geography and geology of Macedonia and Old Serbia. SKA. Belgrade.III: 268-1270
Löffler, H., Schiller, E., Kussel, E., Kraill, H., 1998; Lake
Prespa, a European natural monument, endangered by
irrigation and eutrophication. Hydrobiol. 384: 69-74.
Concentrations of the total phosphorous, during stagnant
period, varied between 0.033 M·l-1 at 3 m to 0.729
M·l-1 at 20 m depth both in August in 1986 (Fig. 12).
140
120
100
0.8
80
0.7
0
60
2
0.6
3
40
10
20
15
20
0
78
79
86
87
Vreme (mes ec-avgus t)
88
0
0.5
5
92
Sl. 9 Kislorodna zasitenost na vodata od Ezeroto.
Fig. 9. Oxygen saturation in the water column of the Lake.
2
0.4
3
0.3
5
0.2
10
0.1
15
20
0
78
79
86
87
Vreme (mesec avgust)
88
92
3.5
Sl. 12 Sodr`ina na vkupen fosfor vo vodniot
stolb na Prespanskoto Ezero
Fig. 12 Concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in the
water column of Lake Prespa.
3
2.5
0
2
2
1.5
3
5
50
10
45
0.5
15
40
0
20
35
1
86
87
88
Vreme (mesec-avg ust)
30-40
92
oligotr of no
30
25
Sl. 10 Biohemiska potreba od kislorodot vo
tekot na pet dena (BPK5 vo vodniot stolb
na Prespanskoto Ezero.
Fig. 10 Biochemical oxygen demand in the water
column of Lake Prespa
20
20
15
10
0-20
5
Ultr aoligotr of ni
0
78
79
86
87
88
92
TSI (SD)
Vreme (mes ec avgus t)
TSI(VF)
Sl.13
Indeks na trofi~kata sostojba na vodata
od vodniot stolb na Prespanskoto Ezero
Fig. 13 Trophic state index (TSI) of Lake Prespa
according SD readings and TP concentrations.
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
92
0
0
2
3
5
10
15
20
Dlabo~ina (m)
S.l. 11 Sodr`ina na rastvorenite biorazgradlivi oganski materii vo vodniot stolb na
Prespanskoto Ezero
Fig. 11
Concentrations of the biodegradable
organic matter in the water column of Lake Prespa.
Maximal oxygen saturation (131.03%) was found at 5 m
depth, and minimal (5.81%) at 15m depth in the same
period of time in 1992 (Fig.9). This can be significant
indication for the state and metabolism of Lake Prespa.
Hasty decrease of the oxygen concentration (saturation)
in the water column of Lake Prespa indicate to increased
oxygen demand during 5 days (BOD5) in the process of
mineralization (Fig. 10) of the biodegradable organic
matter in the water column of Lake Prespa, whatever that
matter is of autohtonous or alohtonous origin (Fig. 11).
Milevski, J., Ristevski, P., Tanusevska, D., 1997: Influence
of rainfalls on the oscillations at Prespa Lake. Proc.
PPNEA , Korcha, Albania. pp:52-57.
Naumoski, T.B., Novevska V.R., Lokoska,L.S., Mitic, V.S.,
1997: Trophic state of Prespa Lake . Proc. PPNEA ,
76
By using of the TSI for lakes (Carlson 1977) it seems that
according secchi disk transparency Lake Prespa can be
classified as oligotrophic, while on basis of the total
phosphorus content in the water column during 1987 and
1992 can be classificied as mesotrophic (Fig. 13).
According to the findings of Ocevski and Allen (1984)
there was year to year increasing of the primary
productivity of Lake Prespa as” 75.9-469.7 mgC·m-2·day1
for 1976, 103.6-330.3 - 1977, 3.0-2,026 - 1978 and
102.6- 1,029.7 - 1979.
It seems that tendency of gravation of the state of Lake
Prespa is still present. As example is worth to be mentioned that: low transparency (3.5 m) was measured in
1996, concentration of total phosphorus increased tenfold
from 10 to 20 m, depletion of the dissolved oxygen below
17 m, considerable increasing of conductivity in the water
column indicate that “ a major step toward eutrophication
is had took place in Lake Prespa (Löffler et al 1998).
Korcha, Albania pp:132-137.
Ocevski, T., Allen, H. L., 1984: Primary production of the
pelagial phytoplankton in Lake Prespa (Macedonia,
Yugoslavia). Vrh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 22: 11311136.
77
]
Valorizacija na avifaunata na Prespanskoto Ezero
Branko MICEVSKI
Dru{tvo za prou~uvawe i za{tita na pticite na Makedonija
Zavod za zoologija, Institut za biologija, PMF, 1000 Skopje, Makedonija
Voved
Procenkata na kvalitativniot i kvantitativniot sostav na avifaunata na nekoe podra~je e
od esencielno zna~ewe za procesot na pravilno
upravuvawe. Vo slu~aj na Prespanskoto Ezero,
koe{to ima visok nacionalen i internacionalen
status (svetska ramzarska lista, IBA, prv strogo
za{titen rezervat za prici Ezerani vo severniot
del na ezeroto, i na kraj, spomenik na prirodata
na Makedonija) toa e od osobeno zna~ewe.
Procenkata na sostavot na avifaunata e spored
SPEC kategoriite (Tucker & Heath 1994), bonskata
i bernskata konvencija so spisokot na ptici
(UNEP CMS), AIWA Agreement, direktivite na
Sovetot na Evropa (Council Directives), evropskata
crvena lista (European Red List - UN 1991),
CORINE listata i nekoi makedonski dokumenti.
1. Opis na istra`uvaniot teren
Prespanskoto Ezero se nao|a na ju`niot
del na Makedonija (40o50, N; 18o 43, E) i zafa}a
povr{ina od 274 km2, od koi 177 (64,6%) pripa|aat na Republika Makedonija (Sl. 1). Le`i vo tektonska kotlina pome|u planinata Baba i Gali~ica, na 853 m.n.v. Najgolemata dlabo~ina mu iznesuva 54 m. Podzemno istekuva vo Ohridskoto
Ezero, a glaven istek e ponorot Zavir na makedonsko-albanska granica (Sibinovi} 1987).
2. Materijal i metod na rabota
Rezultatite prezentirani vo ovaa studija
se baziraat na analiza na okolu 2000 ornito-ekofenolo{ki podatoci pribirani vo periodot od
24 januari 1987 zaklu~no so terenot od 13 januari
1996 godina i skoro site poznati objaveni i
neobjaveni podatoci od doma{ni i stranski avtori koi po bilo koj osnov dale pridones vo zapoznavaweto na ornitofaunata aa Prespanskoto
Ezero (Micevski 1998). Kvalitativniot ornito-
lo{ki sostav e analiziran od aspekt na vklu~enosta na vidovite vo Evropskata crvena lista
(ERL - UN 1991), nivnata pripadnost kon SPEC
kategoriite i nivniot status na zagrozenost
(Tucker & Heath 1994), nivnata vklu~enost vo
listite na Bernskata i Bonskata konvencija
(UNEP CMS), Direktivite na Sovetot na Evropa
i spored nivnata vklu~enost na listite na vidovi
koi se pod za{tita vo Makedonija.
3. Rezultati i diskusija
3.a) SPEC CATEGORIES
Spored Tucker & Heath (1995) site evropski vidovi koi se so za{titarski interes klasificirani vo 4 kategorii i toa:
SPEC Category 1. Vidovi so svetski interes za
za{tita bidej}i se klasificirani kako globalno
zagrozeni, spored svetskata lista na zagrozeni
vidovi ptici (Collar et al. 1994).
SPEC Category 2. Vidovi ~ija svetska populacija
e pove}e od 50 % koncentrirana vo Evropa, a se i
so nesoodveten (nepovolen ) status na za{tita
SPEC Category 3. Vidovi ~ii svetski populacii
ne se koncentrirani vo Evropa, no se so
nepovolen status na za{tita vo Evropa.
SPEC Category 4. Vidovi ~ii svetski populacii
se koncentrirani vo Evropa ( so preku 50 %) no
se so povolen status na za{tita.
Od Tab. 1 se gleda deka 2 vida ili 1.9 % se
zagrozeni od globalni razmeri, a so toa se od
isklu~itelen evropski interes za za{tita. Tie
vidovi na Prespanskoto Ezero se kadroglaviot
pelikan (Pelecanus crispus) i crniot ko`uvar
(Aythya niroca). I dvata vida mo`at da se sretat vo
gnezdoviot period no prviot voop{to ne gnezdi
vo Makedonija, bidej}i na Ezeroto se u{te nema
mirno i za{titeno podra~je koe toa bi go obezbedilo onaka kako vo nacionalniot park Prespa, vo
sosedna Grcija. Od druga strana crniot ko`uvar
dosega gnezde{e so nekolku parovi vo rezervatot
Ezerani i toa vo samiot ribnik kaj Asamati.
77
Evaluation of the Prespa lake avifauna
Branko MICEVSKI
Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia
Zoological dept., Institute of biology, School of Science, Skopje, 9100 Macedonia
Introduction
Evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative composition
of the avifauna of some area is from essential meaning
for the process of appropriate management and protection
of the site. In the case with Prespa Lake that has very
high national and international status of importance
(World Ramsar List, IBA locality, first strictly protected
ornithological reserve EZERANI located at the northern
part of the lake and finally monument of nature in
Macedonia) is from special meaning. Evaluation of the
ornithological composition would be done according to
SPEC categories (Tucker & Heath 1994), Bonn and Bern
convention list of bird species(UNEP CMS), AIWA
Agreement, Council Directives, European Red List (UN
1991), CORINE list and some Macedonian documents.
1. Description of the researched area
The Prespa lake is located in the south part of Macedonia
(40 50 N; 18 43 E) covering area of 274 km2, 177 km2 of
which belong to Republic of Macedonia. It is situated in a
tectonic valley between the Galicica and Baba
Mountains, at 853 m altitude. The lake’s maximal depth
is 54 m. It precipices into the Ohrid Lake, the main one
being Zavir, near the Macedonian- Albanian border
(Sibinovi} 1987).
2. Material and method of work
The presented results in this study are based on analysis
of about 2000 ornitho-eco-phenological data collected in
the period from 24 of January 1987 to 13 January 1996.
The study covers almost all known published and
unpublished pieces of information from domestic and
foreign authors that contribute to the knowledge of the
ornithofauna of the Prespa Lake (Micevski, 1998). The
qualitative ornithological composition is based on the
European Red List of species (ERL – UN, 1991), its
appurtenance to SPEC categories together with its status
of endangerment (Tucker, G.M. & M.F. Heath, 1994), as
well as on the lists of the Bern and Bonn conventions
(UNEP CMS), the European Council Directives and the
lists of protected species in Macedonia.
3. Results and discussion
3.a) SPEC categories
According to Tucker and Heath (1995) all European
species with protectoral interest are classified in 4
categories:
SPEC Category 1. Species with global protectoral
interest, classified as globally endangered, according to
the world list of endangered bird species (Collar et al,
1994).
SPEC Category 2. Species that are concentrated with
more than 50% in Europe, and are without proper
protectoral status.
SPEC Category 3. Species that are not concentrated in
Europe, but have unfavorable protectoral status in
Europe.
SPEC Category 4. Species that are concentrated in
Europe (more than 50%) but have favorable protectional
status.
As can be seen from the Tab. 1, 2, species (1,9%) from
the Prespa Lake are globally endangered, and in line with
it, have exceptional European processional interest.
Those species are: Pelacanus crispus and Aythya niroca.
Both species could be met during the nesting period, but
the first one does not nest in Macedonia, because there is
no peaceful and protected area on the Lake that would
supply the same conditions that exist in the Prespa
National Park in Greece. On the other hand, few Aythya
niroca couples nested in Ezerani reservation, next to the
fishery in Asamati. It turns out that the real contribution
towards the European efforts for protection would be to
proclaim the area of Ezerani first Strict National
reservation. The appropriate management of Ezerani
would contribute to the qualitative and quantitative
population improvement of the endangered species on the
global level, a probably some others too.
79
Proizleguva deka vistinski pridones kon
evropskite napori za za{tita bi pretstavuvalo
profunkcioniraweto na zakonot za proglasuvawe na prviot strog priroden rezervat EZERANI
so ~ie pravilno upravuvawe bi se pridoneslo za
kvantitativno i kvalitativno podobruvawe na
populacionata sostojba na spomenatite svetski
zagrozeni vidovi, a verojatno i na drugi.
Od vtorata kategorija na Prespanskoto
Ezero se sre}avaat 7 vidovi i toa:
1. Phalacrocorax pygmaeus
2. Pelecanus onocrotalus
3. Ciconia ciconia
4. Tringa totanus
5. Numenius arquata
6. Larus canus i
7. Sterna sandvicensis
Od niv posledniot e nov vid za makedonskata ornitofauna, a maliot kormoran (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) vleguva i na spisokot na evropskata crvena lista kako globalno zagrozen vid. Statusot na site ovie 7 vidovi isto taka daleku }e se
podobri so pravilnoto upravuvawe na rezervatot
Ezerani, a so samoto toa zna~itelno }e se podobri i ekolo{kiot status na celoto ezero.
Od Tab. 2 se gleda deka od 104 vidovi na
Prespanskoto Ezero, 60 (57.7 %) se so povolen
status na za{tita vo Evropa, a od ostanatite 44
(42.3 %), 3 vidovi (6.8 %) se zagrozeni, 19 (43.2%)
se osetlivi, 7 (15.9%) retki, 13 (29.5%) vo opa|awe i 2 (4.5%) se lokalizirani. Ottuka, jasno
proizleguva vo koj pravec treba da kloni za{titata na Prespanskoto Ezero, t.e. kon podobruvawe na uslovite na stani{tata za zagrozenite
vidovi od razli~na kategorija, a osobeno za onie
so povisoka kategorija.
Tab. 2 Valorizacija na ornitofaunata na Prespanskoto Ezero, spored evropskiot status na
zagrozenost na pticite
Tab. 2 Evaluation of the Prespa Lake avifauna, according to European Endangered Status
Evropski status
European status
broj na vidovi
nr of species
Procent
(Percentage)
E
(E)
V
(V)
Vw
R
D
Dv
L
Lv
S
(S)
Nepoznat
Insuf. known
2
1
14
4
1
7
12
1
1
1
41
18
1
1.9
1
13.5
3.8
1.9
6.7
11.5
1.9
1.9
1.9
39.4
17.3
1.9
3.b) BONSKA KONVENCIJA
Konvencijata za za{tita na migratornite
vidovi divi `ivotni poznata kako Bonska konvencija stapi vo sila od noemvri 1983 godina.
Listata gi vklu~uva i amandmanite zaklu~no so
konferencijata na ~lenkite do 1994 godina.
Vidovite koi imaat oznaka pod ovaa konvencija pripa|aat na dve listi:
Aneks I
Vidovi vo opasnost od is~eznuvawe preku
celiot nivni areal. ^lenkite na ovaa konvencija
prifa}aat da prevzemat hitna za{tita na vidovite vklu~eni vo ovoj aneks, a zemjite }e gi za{titat, a kade e vozmo`no i obnovat tie stani{ta
koi se od zna~ewe za otstranuvawe na opasnosta
od is~eznuvawe na nekoj vid.
Aneks II
Vidovi za koi e potrebna me|unarodna sorabotka za nivna za{tita i upravuvawe.
^lenkite na konvencijata }e sklu~at dogovori za za{tita i upravuvawe na migratornite
vidovi vklu~eni vo Aneks II. Sekoj dogovor po
mo`nost }e obezbedi odr`uvawe na mre`a na
80
soodvetni stani{ta dol` migratornite pati{ta
na pticite- kade e vozmo`no.
3.v) BERNSKA KONVENCIJA
Konvecijata za za{tita na evropskata divina i prirodni stani{ta, popoznata kako Bernska konvencija stapi vo sila vo juni 1982 godina.
Vo analizava se vklu~eni dodatocite na ovaa
konvencija zaklu~no so dekemvri 1987 godina.
^lenkite prifa}aat da prevzemat adekvatni i neophodni merki za za{tita na stani{tata
na diva flora i fauna osobeno za onie vidovi
vklu~eni vo Aneks I (za rastenija) i Aneks II (za
`ivotni) i da posvetat posebno vnimanie na
za{titata na prostorite od zna~ewe za migratornite vidovi na Aneks II i III i da spre~at namerni
{teti ili o{tetuvawe na ovie mesta za vidovite
na lista od Aneks II.
^lenkite prifa}aat da ja reguliraat bilo
koja eksploatacija na diva fauna od listata br.
III i da spre~at nedozvoleni sredstva na fa}awe i
lovewe.
Tab. 1 Globalen status na zagrozenost na ornitofaunata na Prespanskoto Ezero
Tab. 1 Global status of the Prespa Lake endangered avifauna
SPEC. Category
broj vidovi
n-r of species
Species
procent
percentage
SPEC. Cat. 1
SPEC. Cat. 2
SPEC. Cat. 3
SPEC. Cat. 4
-
2
7
35
11
49
33.7
10.6
47.1
Pelecanus crispus
Aythya nyroca
1.9
Phalacrocorax pygmaues
Pelecanus onocrotalus
Ciconia ciconia
Tringa totanus
Numenius arquata
Larus canus
Sterna sandvicensis
6.7
There are 7 species that belong to the second category
that could be seen on the Prespa Lake:
Ph. pygmaeus
Pelecanus onocrotalus
C. ciconia
Tringa totanus
Numentius arquata
Larus canus
Sterna sandvicensis
The last of them is new species for the Macedonian
ornithofauna, while the small (Phalacrocorax pygmeus)
is listed on the European Red List as globally
endangered. The status of these 7 species will improve
dramatically with the proper management of the Ezerani
reservation, and in line with it, the ecological status of the
lake will also improve.
As can be seen from Tab. 2 that out of 104 species
occurring on the Prespa Lake, 60 (57.7%) of them are
with favorable status of protection in Europe. From the
rest 44 species (42.3%), 3 (6.8%) are endangered, and 19
(43.2%) are vulnerable, 7 (15.9%) are rare, 13 (29.5%)
are descending and 2 (4.5%) are localized.
It is clear that the Prespa Lake protection should be
directed towards the condition improvement of the
habitats of the endangered species from different
category, especially for those in the higher categories.
3.B) BONN CONVENTION
The Bonn Convention, or the Convention for protection
of the migratory species of wild animals, was effectuated
in November 1983. The list includes the amendment,
concluded with the member conference in 1994.
The species labeled under this convention belong to two
groups:
Annex I
Species endangered with extinction on global level. The
members of this convention agreed to take urgent
protectional measures for the species listed in this annex,
80
and the countries will protect and restore (if possible) the
habitats that will help in the removal of the direct danger
for their survival.
Annex II
Species that require international cooperation for their
protection and management.
The members of the convention will sign agreements for
protection and management if the migratory species
included in annex II. Every agreement will be aimed at
sustaining a net of suitable bird habitats along the
migratory roads (if possible). Evaluation of the Prespa
Lake avifauna according to Bonn convention could be
seen in Tab. 3.
Tab. 3 Valorizacija na ornitofauata na Prespanskoto Ezero spored Bernskata i Bonskata konvencija i Evropska crvena lista
Tab. 3 Evaluation of the Prespa Lake avifauna according to Berne, Bonn Convention, European Red
List
Bonn Bonn Bern
Bern
ERL
I
II
II
III
broj na vidovi
(nr of species)
3
broj zaedni~ki vidovi
(nr of common
species)
procent
(percentage)
2.7
4
44
45
14
4 so
Bon
II
4 so
Bon I
-
-
3.8
42.3
43.3
13.5
3.C) BERN CONVENTION
The convention for protection of the European wildlife
and the natural habitats, known as Bern Convention, was
effectuated in June 1982. This analysis also contains the
amendments to this convention, up to December 1987.
prisutnite migratorni vidovi koi ne se na listata od Aneks I, imaj}i gi na um nivnite potrebi
od za{tita vo regionot vo vrska so nivnite
gnezdovi, zimuva~ki i prostori za mitarewe i
zastanuvawe dol` nivnite migratorni pati{ta.
Aneks II. Vidovite koi se odnesuvaat na Aneks
II/1 mo`at da se lovat na teritorijata na zaednicata. Vidovite ozna~eni pod listata II/2 mo`at
da se lovat isklu~ivo vo sklad so ~len 7/3 od
Direktivata.
Aneks III. Za vidovite koi se na listata na Aneks
III dr`avite ~lenki nema da zabranat proda`ba,
transport za proda`ba, ~uvawe za proda`ba i ponuda za proda`ba na `ivi ili mrtvi ptici ili
bilo koj lesno prepoznatliv del ili proizvod koj
pripa|a na ovie ptici, a uka`uva deka pticata e
legalno ubiena, fatena ili na drug na~in legalno nabavena.
3.d) DIREKTIVI NA SOVETOT NA EVROPA
Direktivite na Sovetot na Evropa (79/409/
EEC) stapija vo sila vo april 1981 godina. Vo
tekstot se zemeni vo predvid i amandmanite na
Aneksite na Sovetot na Evropa od 6 mart 1991 ,
(91/244/EEC), od 8 juni 1994 (94/24/EC) i 29 avgust
1994 (94/C241/08).
Aneks I. Spored direktivata 144 vidovi i podvidovi ptici koi se na listata vo Aneks I }e bidat
predmet na posebni merki na za{tita osobeno po
odnos na nivnite stani{ta so cel da se obezbedi
nivniot opstanok i razmno`uvawe vo nivniot
areal i deka ~lenkite na Evropskata Zaednica
(EZ) posebno }e gi klasificiraat najsoodvetnite prostori, po broj i povr{ina, kako specijalno
za{titeni prostori za za{tita na ovie vidovi,
zemaj}i gi vo predvid soodvetnite potrebi od
za{tita. Ponatamu, ~lenkite na Evropskata Zaednica }e prevzemat sli~ni ~ekori za postojano
Tab. 4 Lista na vidovi od Aneks I od direktivite na
Sovetot na Evropa utvrdeni na Prespanskoto Ezero
Tab. 4 List of species from Annex I of Council Directives of the
European Council which occur on the Prespa Lake
nr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Vidovi (species)
Pelecanus onocrotalus
Pelecanus crispus
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus
Botaurus stellaris
Ixobrichus minutus
Nycticorax nycticorax
Ardeola raloides
Ardea purpurea
Platalea leucorhodia
Plergadis falcinellus
Ciconia ciconia
Ciconia nigra
Phoenicopterus ruber
Aythya nyroca
Mergus albellus
Pandion haliaaetus
Milvus migrans
nr
8
9
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30
1
2
33
Vidovi (species)
Haliaaetus albicilla
Circäetus gallicus
Circus cyaneus
Circus macrourus
Circus pygargus
Porzana pusilla
Philomachus pugnax
Tringa glareola
Recurvirostra avosetta
Larus melanocephalus
Chlidonias niger
Chlidonias hybrida
Gelochelidon nilotica
Sterna sandvicensis
Sterna albifrons
Alcedo atthis
3.|) DOGOVOROT AIWA
(Dogovor za za{tita na migratornite vidovi vodni ptici od afrikansko-evroaziskiot region)
Na Tab. 6 e daden pregled na
zastapenosta na poedinite kategorii ptici od ovoj dogovor koi se pod
posebna za{tita (Aneks 3 -Tabela
1). Od vkupniot broj na vidovi na
Prespanskoto Ezero 61 vleguvaat vo
spisokot na vodni ptici od Aneks 2
na ovoj dogovor.
3.e) EVROPSKA CRVENA LISTA
(ERL)
Od spisokot od 28 vidovi na
Evropskata crvena lista (UN, 1991)
3 vidovi doa|aat na Prespanskoto
Ezero i toa: P. crispus, Ph. pygmaeus i
Haliaaetus albicilla.
Tab. 5 Valorizacija na ornitofauata na Prespanskoto Ezero spored direktivite na evropskiot Sovet
Table 5 Evaluation of the Prespa Lake avifauna according to European Council Directives
DEC-I
DEC-II/1
DEC-II/2
DEC III/2
broj na vidovi
(nr of species)
broj na zaedni~ki vidovi
(nr of common species)
procent
percentage
82
33
4
8
3
2 so II/2
1 so III/2
2 so III/2
1 so I
1 so I i III/2
2 so II/1
1 so I
1 so II/2
32.7
3.8
7.7
2.9
Tab. 7 Lista na vidovi od CORINE koi doa|at na Prespansko- The members accepted to take adequate and
necessary measures for protection of the wild
to Ezero
Tab. 7 List of species from CORINE which occur on the Prespa Lake flora and fauna habitats, especially for the
species included in Annex I (plants) and
Annex II (animals). They will also have to
concentrate on the protection of the areas with
Vidovi (species)
Vidovi (species)
high importance for the migratory species
from Annex II and III and to prevent any
1
Gavia arctica
22 Circaetus gallicus
deliberate damaging or harm to these areas for
2
Pelecanus onocrotalus
3
Circus cyaneus
the species in Annex II.
3
Pelecanus crispus
4
Circus macrourus
The members accept to regulate any use of the
4
Phalacrocorax carbo
5
Circus pygargus
wild fauna from the list number II and to
5
Phalacrocorax pygmaues 6
Circus aeruginosus
prevent illegal hunting and catching.
6
Botaurus stellaris
7
Porzana pusilla
7
Ixobrichus minutus
8
Philomachus pugnax
3.D) EUROPEAN COUNCIL DIRECTIVES
8
Nycticorax nyctivcorax
9
Tringa glareola
The EC directives (79/409/EEC) were
9
Ardeola raloides
30 Himanthopus himanthopus
effectuated in April 1981. The text considers
10
Egretta alba
1
Recurvirostra avosetta
the amendments to the Annexes of the EC on
1
Egretta garzetta
2
Larus melanocephalus
March 6, 1991, (91/244/EEC), on June 8,
2
Ardea purpurea
3
Larus genei
1994, (92/24/EC) and on August 29, 1994,
3
Platalea leucorhodia
4
Chlidonias niger
(94/C241/08).
4
Plergadis falcinellus
5
Chlidonias leucopterus
Annex I.
5
Ciconia ciconia
6
Chlidonias hybrida
According to the directive, 144 bird species
6
Ciconia nigra
7
Gelochelidon nilotica
and subspecies that are listed in Annex I and
7
Phoenicopterus ruber
8
Sterna sandvicensis
especially their habitats will be subjects to
8
Aythya nyroca
9
Sterna hirundo
special measures for protection, in order to
9
Pandion haliaaetus
40 Sterna albifrons
enable their survival and reproduction in their
20
Milvus migrans
41 Alcedo atthis
areas.
21
Haliaaetus albicilla
Tab. 6 Zastapenost na poedini vidovi od na Prespanskoto Ezero vo AIWA
Tab. 6 Participation of species from AIWA Agreement list on Prespa Lake
Kolona A
Kolona B
Kolona C
Species
Column A
Column B
Column C
C.nigra
2
C.ciconia
2c
Pl. falcinellus
1
Pl. Leucorodia
2
Objasnuvawe (Explanation)
Anas penelope
2c
A.strepera
1
Kolona A: 1c - Populacii so brojnost <10 000
A.crecca
1
edinki; 2c - Populacii so brojnost od 25000 A. plathyrhynchos
2c
100 000 edinki; 3c - Ponatamo{no signifikanA. acuta
2c
tno opa|awe; Kolona B: 1 - Populacii so brojA. clypeata
1
nost 25- 100 000 edinki; 2c - Ponatamo{no sigN.rufina
3c
nifikantno dolgoro~no opa|awe; Kolona C: 1 A. ferina
2c
So pove}e od 100 000 ed. koi zavisat od me|unarodna sorabotka za nivno pozitivno profitiA. nyroca
3c
rawe
A. fuligulla
1
B. clangula
2
Column A: 1c – Population < 10000 ex.; 2c –
M. albellus
1
Population of 25000-100000 ex.; 3c – Significant
M. merganser
1c
decreasing; Column B: 1 – Population of 25000 –
Vkupno
100000 ex.; 2c – Significant decreasing for a long
3c-2 sp.
2c-5 sp.
1-3 sp.
Total
period; Column C: 1 – More than 100000 ex.
2-3 sp.
1-3 sp.
Vkupno (Total):
Dependant on international cooperation for the positive
status
1c-1 sp.
Vkupno (Total):
.
3.`) CORINE LISTA
Od listata na CORINE vo Makedonija na
83
Prespanskoto Ezero doa|aat 41 vidovi {to e
blizu 40 %.
3.z) MAKEDONSKA LEGISLATIVA
Re{enie na Republi~kiot zavod za za{tita na
spomenicite na kulturata
Referenci (References)
CE
(1979). Explanatory report concerning the
Convention on the Conservation of European
Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Strasbourg.
Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. and Statersfield, A.J. (1994).
Birds to watch 2: the world list of threatened
birds. Cambridge, U.K., Birdlife international,
(Birdlife Conservation Series no.4).
Grimmett , R.F.A. et Jones, T.A. (1989). Important bird
areas in Europe. ICBP Technical Publication No. 9.
Cambridge.
IUCN (1982). Convention on wetlands of international
importance especially as waterfowl habitats
Od spisokot na 48 vidovi staveni pod
trajna za{tita vo Republika Makedonija spored
Re{enieto na Republi~kiot zavod za za{tita na
spomenicite na kulturata (1965) na Prespanskoto Ezero se sre}avaat 17 vidovi.
(Ramsar Convention). International Wildlife Low:
345-354.
Matvejev, S. D. & Vasic, V. F. (1973). Catalogus faunae
Jugoslaviae (Aves). Acad. Sc. et Art. Slovenica,
IV/3, Ljubljana.
Micevski, B. (1988). Ornitofauna na nekoi biotopi vo Nacionalniot Park “Gali~ica”. Aktivus, 7:13-18.
Micevski, B. (1992). Strukturni i faunisti~ki karakteristiki na zimskata ornitofauna na Prespanskoto Ezero – makedonski del). God. zb. , Biol, 45 :51-55.
84
83
The members of the EU will classify the most suitable
regions, by number and area, as specially protected areas
for protection of these species, considering the
appropriate needs for protection. The members of the EU
will take similar steps for the protection of the ever
present migratory species that are not on the Annex I list,
considering their needs for nesting and wintering areas
along their migratory routes.
Annex II.
The species considered in Annex II/1 could be hunted in
the community area. The species on the list II/2 could be
hunted exclusively in accordance with paragraph 7/3
from the directive.
Annex III.
The birds species on the Annex III list are not prohibited
for selling, transport, keeping or offering for sale, live or
dead, as well as any characteristic part or production
belonging to these birds, in any circumstance that implies
that the bird was legally killed, caught or legally acquired
in any other way.
migratory bird species in the African and Eurasian
region)
Tab. 6 shows the list of separate bird categories in this
agreement that have special protectional status (Annex
III- Table 1). 61 bird species found on the Prespa Lake
are on the list for water birds from Annex II of this
agreement.
3.F) EUROPEAN RED LIST (ERL)
There are 28 species on the ERL, 3 of which visit
the Prespa Lake. Those are: P. crispus, Ph. pygmaues and
Haliaaetus albicilla.
3. G) CORINE LIST
40% of the Prespa Lake bird species (41) are on
the Corine list.
3.H) MACEDONIAN LEGISLATIVE
There are 48 species under continuos protection in
Republic of Macedonia according to the State Agency for
Protection of the cultural monuments (1965), 17 of which
occur on the Prespa Lake.
3.E)AIWA AGREEMENT (agreement for protection of
Micevski, B. & Ili}, D. (1994). Mute Swan (Cygnus
olor gmelini ) breeding bird on the Ohrid Lake in
Macedonia . Anatidae 2000, 5- 9 December,
Strasbourg.
Micevski, B. (1994). Elaborat za za{tita na
strogiot priroden rezervat EZERANI na
Prespanskoto Ezero. Republi~ki zavod za
za{tita na prirodnite retkosti, Skopje, 23.
Micevski, B. (1995). Ornitolo{kata valorizacija na prostoroto kako va`en i neodminliv
moment pri izrabotkata na ekolo{ki studii. Ekolo{ki aspekti na prostornoto planirawe vo Republika Makedonija. Ministerstvo za urbanizam, grade`- ni{tvo i za{tita
na `ivotnata sredina, fevruari-juni, 1995:
213-215.
84
Micevski, B. (1998). Ornitofauna na Prespanskoto Ezero. Vest, Skopje.
Sibinovi}, M. (1987). Ezera - Prespansko i Ohridsko. Zavod za Vodostopanstvo na SR
Makedonija, Skopje, str. 160.
Tucker , G.M. & Heath, M. F. (1994). Birds in Europe:
their conservation status. Birdlife Conservation
Series no. 3, Birdlife International, Cambridge.
UNEP CMS. Convention on the conservation of
Migratory species of wild annimals (CMS), Bonn
Convention.
UN. (1991). European Red list of Globally Threatened
Animals and Plants, United Nations, New York.
Interim Secretariat of the AIWA, 1995. The African Eurasian waterbird agreement. The final act of the
negotiation meeting (June, 1995) and agreement text
with action plan. Hague.
Pregled na dosega utvrdenite paraziti vo Prespa
Nikola HRISTOVSKI1, Monika JOVANOVSKA2 i S. STOJANOVSKI3
1
Voved
Me|u prvite istra`uva~i na parazitite vo
Prespa se Simi}, [tern, [tampar, Angelovski,
Iliev, Keckarovska-Ilieva (Babi} 1961),
Hristovski (1975, 1976, 1978), Hristovski i
Stojanovski (1997), Dupont (1986) i drugi.
Najgolem broj od istra`uvanite doma}ini
od Prespa se doma{nite `ivotni i ~ovekot,
dodeka slobodno-`ivea~kite `ivotni bile dosta
dolgo vreme neistra`uvani. Prvite istra`uvawa
kaj ribite gi zapo~nal Hristovski (1975, 1976),
kakjo i kaj slobodno`ivea~kite insekti i cica~i
(Hristovski 1978). Taka, dosega na teritorijata
na Prespa se utvrdeni pogolem broj paraziti
koi{to pripa|aat na sistematskite kategorii
Protozoa, Platheminthes (Cestoda i Trematoda),
Nemathelminthes (Nematoda i Acanthocephala),
Arthropoda i Mollusca.
Od Protozoa se utvrdeni slednite vidovi:
Babesia bovis, B. caballi, Eimeria tenella, Trichomonas
gallinae, Balantidium coli, Toxoplasma gondii, Nosema
apis, Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae,
Opalina ranarum, Stenophora juli, Entamoeba coli, E.
dysenteriae, Todoamoeba butschlii, Giardia intestinalis,
Trichomonas vaginalis.
Od Plathelminthes se utvrdeni slednite vidovi: Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum,
Paramphistomum cervi, Taenia saginata, T. solium, T.
hydatigena, T. multiceps, Echinococcus granulosus, E.
multilocularis, Moniezia expanza, Choanotaenia infundibulum, Hymenolepis nana, Davainea proglottina,
Nematotaenia dispar, Gorgoderina allobata, Opistoglyphe ranae, Haematoloechus variegatus, Gorgodera cygnoides, G. Pagenetscheri, Pleurogenes medians, Allocreadium markewitschi, Caryophyllaeus laticeps, Phyllodistomum elongatum, Dactylogyrus alatus, D. anchoratus, D. balkanicus n.sp., D. caucasicus, D. chondrostomi,
D. crivellus n.sp., D. dyki, D. elegantis, D. ergensi, D.
erhardovae, D. extensus, D. folkmanovae, D. minor, D.
prespensis n.sp., D. prostae, D. sphyrna, D. vstulae.
Referenci (References)
Angelovski, T. & Hristovski, N. (1980). Parazitolo{kite
istra`uvanja vo bitolsko vo XX vek i pregled na dosega
ustanovenite parazite na teritorijata na op{tina Bitola.
Nau~en sobir "Prilozi od nau~nata misla vo Bitola",
Fakultet za biotehni~ki nauki, Bitola
2
M. D. Sudska 17, 97000 Bitola
3
Hidrobiolo{ki zavod, Ohrid
Od tipot Nemathelminthes pronajdeni se: Ascaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Parascaris equorum, Toxocara canis, Ascaridia gallii, Oxyuris equi, Enterobius
vermicularis, Strongylus vulgaris, S. Equinus, Oesophagostomum venulosum, O. columbianum, Chabertia ovina,
Ancylostoma caninum, Syngamus tracheae, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus folicollis, Strongyloides
papillosus, Gongylonema pulchrum, Dictyocaulus filaria,
Protostrongylus rufescens, Parafilaria multipapillosa,
Onchocerca cervicalis, Trichurus trichiura, Trichinella
spiralis, Syphacia obvelata, Cosmocerca ornata, C.
commutata, Rhabdia bufonis, R. nigrovenosus, Heterakis
gallinarum, Subulura brumpti, Acuaria hamulosa, Hystrichis tricolor, Thlastoma pachyuli, Passalurus ambiguus, neoxystomatium brevicaudatum, Angusticaecum
holopterum, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, O. goezi,
Chabaudgolvania terentatum, Binema korsakowi,
Leidynema appendiculata, Pseudonymus hydrophylli, P.
islamabadi, Aplectana acuminata, Atracty dactyluris,
Mehdiella uncinata, Blatticola blattae, Icosiella neglecta,
Scrjabinema ovis, Gunguleterakis spumosa, Thelandros
tuba, Tachygonetria thapari, Acanthocephalus ranae, A.
falcatus, Cystidicoloides tenuissima, Contracaecum
squali, Philometra ovata, Metechinothynchus truttae, M.
salmonis, Pomphorhynchus bosniacus, P. laevis.
Od klasata Molusca se najdeni glohidii kaj
nekolku primeroci ribi.
Od Arthropoda se utvrdeni slednite pretstavnici: Musca domestica, Oestrus ovis, Gasterophillus intestinalis, Hypoderma bovis, Sarcoptes scabiei,
Psoroptes equi, Haemophysalis punctata, H. inermis,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma detritum, Ixodes ricinus,
Melophagus ovinus, Argas persicus, Anopheles maculipennis, Plebotomus papatasi, Trichodectes canis, Ctenocephalides canis, Pulex irritans. Treba da se napomne
deka nekoi od navedenite ~lenkonogi se prenositeli na parazitarni zaboluvawa, dodeka
drugi se vistinski paraziti.
DNU, Bitola, 19-21.
Babi}, I (1961). Pregled razvoja jugoslovenske medicinske
(humano-medicinski i veterinarske) parazitologije do
1960. JAZU, Zagreb
Hristovski, N. (1975). Endohelminti ciprinidnih riba
Prespanskog Jezera. Magistarska teza, Novi Sad.
85
Survey of the former established parasites in Prespa
Nikola HRISTOVSKI1, Monika JOVANOVSKA2 i S. STOJANOVSKI3
1
Faculty of Biotechnical Sciences, St. Kliment Ohridski University, Bitola, R.Macedonia
M.D. Sudska 17, 7000 Bitola, R. Macedonia
3
Hydrobiological Institute, 6000 Ohrid, R. Macedonia
2
Introduction
Among the first investigators of the parasites in Prespa
are: Simi}, [tern, [tampar, Angelovski, Iliev, Keckarovska-Ilieva (Babi} 1961), Hristovski (1975, 1976, 1978),
Hristovski & Stojanovski (1997), Dupont & Lambert
(1986) and others.
The greates number of the investigated hosts in Prespa
are domestic animals and human, whereas free-living
animals were not investigated for a quite long time. The
first investigation of the fish was started by Hristovski
(1975, 1976), of free-living insects and mammals by
Hristovski (1978). So, until now, on the territory of Prespa is established great number of paraites, that belong to
systematic categories: Protozoa, Platheminthes (Cestoda
and Trematoda), Nemathelminthes (Nematoda and
Acanthocephala), Arthropoda and Mollusca.
There were established the following species of Protozoa:
Babesia bovis, B. caballi, Eimeria tenella, Trichomonas
gallinae, Balantidium coli, Toxoplasma gondii, Nosema
apis, Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae,
Opalina ranarum, Stenophora juli, Entamoeba coli, E.
dysenteriae, Todoamoeba butschlii, Giardia intestinalis,
Trichomonas vaginalis.
Plathelminthes: Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Paramphistomum cervi, Taenia saginata, T.
solium, T. hydatigena, T. multiceps, Echinococcus
granulosus, E. multilocularis, Moniezia expanza, Choanotaenia infundibulum, Hymenolepis nana, Davainea
proglottina, Nematotaenia dispar, Gorgoderina allobata,
Opistoglyphe ranae, Haematoloechus variegatus, Gorgodera cygnoides, G. Pagenetscheri, Pleurogenes medians, Allocreadium markewitschi, Caryophyllaeus laticeps, Phyllodistomum elongatum, Dactylogyrus alatus,
D. anchoratus, D. balkanicus n.sp., D. caucasicus, D.
chondrostomi, D. crivellus n.sp., D. dyki, D. elegantis, D.
ergensi, D. erhardovae, D. extensus, D. folkmanovae, D.
minor, D. prespensis n.sp., D. prostae, D. sphyrna, D.
vistulae.
Hristovski, N. (1976). The helminth fauna of cyprinid fishes
from Prespa Lake. Acta Parasit. Jugosl. 6: 3-5.
Hristovski, N. (1977). Oxyurata (Skrjabin, 1923) Prespansko
podru~ja. III Simp. Biosistem. Jug. 17-18, Novi Sad.
Hristovski, N. & Stojanovski, S. (1997). Endohelminth dynamic
in cyprinid fishes of Prespa Lake. Proc. Int. Symp., Korca,
Albania, pp. 113-117.
Of the phyllum were established: Ascaris lumbricoides,
A. suum, Parascaris equorum, Toxocara canis, Ascaridia
gallii, Oxyuris equi, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongylus
vulgaris, S. Equinus, Oesophagostomum venulosum, O.
columbianum, Chabertia ovina, Ancylostoma caninum,
Syngamus tracheae, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus contortus,
Nematodirus folicollis, Strongyloides papillosus, Gongylonema pulchrum, Dictyocaulus filaria, Protostrongylus
rufescens, Parafilaria multipapillosa, Onchocerca cervicalis, Trichurus trichiura, Trichinella spiralis, Syphacia
obvelata, Cosmocerca ornata, C. commutata, Rhabdia
bufonis, R. nigrovenosus, Heterakis gallinarum, Subulura
brumpti, Acuaria hamulosa, Hystrichis tricolor, Thlastoma pachyuli, Passalurus ambiguus, neoxystomatium
brevicaudatum, Angusticaecum holopterum, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, O. goezi, Chabaudgolvania terentatum,
Binema korsakowi, Leidynema appendiculata, Pseudonymus hydrophylli, P. islamabadi, Aplectana acuminata,
Atracty dactyluris, Mehdiella uncinata, Blatticola blattae,
Icosiella neglecta, Scrjabinema ovis, Gunguleterakis
spumosa, Thelandros tuba, Tachygonetria thapari,
Acanthocephalus ranae, A. falcatus, Cystidicoloides
tenuissima, Contracaecum squali, Philometra ovata,
Metechinothynchus truttae, M. salmonis, Pomphorhynchus bosniacus, P. laevis.
Of the classis Mollusca are found glochidia in few specimens of fish.
Arthropoda is represented by: Musca domestica, Oestrus
ovis, Gasterophillus intestinalis, Hypoderma bovis, Sarcoptes scabiei, Psoroptes equi, Haemophysalis punctata,
H. inermis, Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma detritum,
Ixodes ricinus, Melophagus ovinus, Argas persicus,
Anopheles maculipennis, Plebotomus papatasi, Trichodectes canis, Ctenocephalides canis, Pulex irritans. We
have to note that some of the given Arthropods are real
parasites, whereas other are carriers of parasitic deseases.
Dupont, F. & Lambert, A. (1986). Etude des communautes de
Monogenes, Dactylogyridae parasites des Cyprinidae du
Lac Mikri Prespa (Nord de la Grece). Description de tois
nouvelles especes chez un Barbus endemique: Barbus
cyclolepis prespensis Karaman, 1924. Ann. Parasitol.
Hum. Comp. 61(6): 597-616.
87
Podatoci za florata i vegetacijata na subplaninskite i planinskite
pasi{ta vo prespanskiot region
Kozma BUZO
Fakultet za prirodni nauki, Univerzitet vo Tirana, Tirana, Albanija
Apstrakt
Vo ovoj trud se izlo`eni podatoci za florata i vegetacijata na planinskite i podplaninskite pasi{ta vo
Prespanskiot region (Albanija). Zabele`ani se glavnite grupi na rastenija spored `iveali{tata i vidovite i
tie se prezentirani vo tabelata. Ovie podatoci se prezentirani vo soglasnost so nivnata sintaktonomija,
botanika, dominacija i va`nost. Podatocite se dobieni od geobotani~ka va`nost na “doka`ani” osnovi.
Potencirani se ekonomskite vrednosti, biorazli~nosta, kako i potrebata za primena na postojana kontrola,
regeneracija i so~uvuvawe.
Voved
Materijali i metodi
Florata i vegetacijta na prirodnite pasi{ta se va`ni elementi na prirodnite resursi
vo ovoj region i zatoa e potrebno nivno detalno
istra`uvawe, pravilna procenka i posebno vnimanie. Planinskite i podplaninskite pasi{ta
so golem del u~estvuvaat vo biodiverzitetot na
prespanskiot region i toa vo predelite nad
dabova i bukova {uma (Mali i Thate i Mali Ivan).
Spored fizi~ko-geografskata polo`ba, ovie
predeli pripa|aat na centralniot planinski masiv. Vo odnos na klimata regionot e del od planinsko-mediteranska klimatska zona, isto~na podzona (Mici 1975), a se karakterizira so silni vetrovi i sve`i leta. Prose~nata godi{na temperatura e 3–6 oC. Minimalnata temperatura mo`e da
dostigne vrednosti od –10 oC do –13 oC i posebno
vo zima od – 15 do –18 oC. Temperaturi nad 10 oC se
zabele`uvaat od po~etokot na mesec maj i tie
traat do krajot na oktomvri. Vrne`ite se so nepravilna distribucija i se glavno vo esen i zima,
no mo`e da ima i suvi zimi. Po~vata se vbrojuva
vo visokoplaniniskiot tip (Bajraktari & Veshi
1975), koj se nao|a nad varovnicite. Po~vata {to
ne e vo dlabokite sloevi, e prika`ana kako rastresita i nepravilna. Najvisokata to~ka na Mali i
Thate e Pllaja e Pusit so viso~ina od 2287,8 m. Seu{te nema objaveni podatoci za sostavot na florata
vo ovoj region, nitu pak geobotani~ki istra`uvawa.
Istra`uvweto e izvr{eno vrz baza na geobotani~ka va`nost na florata i so podatocite
od doka`ani osnovi (Buzo 1991). Zemeno e vo
predvid deka geobotani~kite analizi mo`at da
prika`at pogolemo koli~estvo na vegetacija.
Nivnata brojnost i dimenzii se vo korelacija so
fitocenozata spored minimalnite (najniskite)
areali. Odreduvaweto na rastenijata i nivnoto
imenuvawe e pria`ano vo tabelata Demiri (1983),
Mitrushi (1966), Paparisto (1988), Pignatti (1988) i Tutin (1964-80). Koristeni se i referentni podatoci. kade {to mo`ele da bidat izdvoeni Adamovic
(1907), Baldacci (1917), Libri i Kuq (1997), Horvat et al.
(1991) i Markgraf (1932), kako i mapi koi sodr`at
podatoci za upravuvaweto so pasi{tata.
Rezultati i diskusija
Podatoci za vegetacijata
Vegetacijata na prirodnite pasi{ta vo
prespanskiot region pripa|a na zonata so bukova
{uma (Fagion moesiacum) i regionite nad {umskite pojasi, podplaninskite i planinskite zoni.
Fizi~ko - geografskite uslovi, klimata, po~vata, karstot i nedostigot na povr{inska voda,
posebno nedostigot na vrne`i vo letniot period
se glavni pri~ini za vidno nedovolno brziot
razvoj na vegetacijata. Tuka golema uloga imaat
vrne`ite i nivniot raspored. Na prv pogled bi
se reklo deka vegetacijata e uniformna.
87
Data on the flora and vegetation of the subalpine and alpine pastures of Prespa
region
Kozma BUZO
Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
Abstract
In this paper data on flora and vegetation of subalpine and alpine pastures of Prespa region (Albania) are presented. The main plant
association are evidented according to habitats and plant species which are presented in table. These data are presented within their
syntaxonomics, botanical, dominance and their relevance. The results are obtained by the geopbotanical relevation of the "prove"
surfaces. The economical values are emphasized as well as biodiversity and the needs to apply the sustainable management,
regeneration and conservation.
Introduction
Flora and vegetation of natural pastures are important
elements of the natural resources of this region and that
why their detail investigation, the right assessment and
particular intention is necessary. The Prespa area has rich
biodiversity where alpine and subalpine pastures above
oak and beech forest (Mali i Thatë and Mali Ivan) have
significant part. Regarding the physico-geographical
conditions, this area belongs to the central mountain
range and regard to the climate the area is part of
mountain mediterranean climate zone (Mici 1975),
eastern sub zone (Mici 1975) which is characterized by
strong winter and fresh summer. The average annual
temperature is 3-6 oC. The absolute minimum can reach –
10 to –13 oC and in particular winters from –15 to –18 oC.
The temperatures higher than 10 oC are observed from the
start of May and continues during October.The
precipitation has an irregular distribution. Rainfalls are
concentrated mainly during autumn and winter, but dry
winters may occur, as well. The soil belongs to the rane
types of high mountains (Bajraktari & Veshi 1975) over
the limestone. It is not within a deep layers and have
irregular distribution in the relief. The highest peak of
Mali i Thatë is Pllaja e Pusit with elevation of 2287.8 m
a.s.l. Data about the flora and geobotany of the region are
not published.
Materials and methods
The sudy is carried out on the bases of geobotanical
relevation of flora and their data elaboration out from the
prove surfaces (Buzo 1991). It was considered that
geobotanical analyses may present the vegetation. Their
ammount and dimensions have been in relation with
phytocoenoses according to minimum areals. The
determination of the plants and nomination is done
according to Demiri (1983), Mitrushi (1966), Paparisto
(1988), Pignatti (1988) and Tutin (1964-80). We used
references data which from the following should be
mentioned Adamovic (1907), Baldacci (1917), Libri i
Kuq (1997), Horvat et al. (1991) and Markgraf (1932) as
well as the maps with data related to the pasture
management.
Results and Discussion
Data on vegetation
The vegetation of natural pastures in Prespa region
belongs to the beech forest zone (Fagion moesiacum) and
the regions of the peaks (mainly above the forest
boundaries, subalpine and alpine zone). The physicogeographical conditions, climate and soil, the presence of
karst phenomenon, the lack of surface water and
especially of the precipitation during the summer are the
reasons of the evident not ipetously developed vegetation
as well as the manner of grayzing (i.e. free grayzing
without improvent measures). From the first contact it
seems to have uniform vegetation, but the investigation
show diversity among plant associations. The
microclimate elements (created by relief such as: square
places, holes, different elevations from 1450 – 2267.8 m
a.s.l.) have special influence. Because of that the plant
cover can be divided according to habitats:
89
Me|utoa istra`uvawata poka`uvaat raznovidnost vo rastitelnite grupi. Ovaa raznovidnost se dol`i na mikroklimatskite elementi kako {to se: mestopolo`bata (aglesti mesta, dupki), razli~na nadmorska viso~ina (od 1450 do
2267,8m) i t.n. Vrz baza na ova, rastitelnata pokrivka mo`e, spored `iveali{tata da se podeli:
Kserofitna vegetacija. Ovaa vegetacija gi pokriva suvite, karstni predeli so razli~na ekspozicija i nagib. Zemjenata povr{ina e plitka.
Ovoj vid na vegetacija e {iroko rasprostaneta na
oblastite so pasi{ta. Procentot na zafa}awe na
povr{inata na koja se nao|aat e 50 – 70 %.
Mo`at da se razlikuvaat pove}e asocijacii na
rastitelnite vidovi i toa so: Bromus erectus, koj
zafa}a mali povr{ini, Festuca sp. div, koja zafa}a
golemi povr{ini, Bellacardiocloa violacea, na golemi povr{ini i toa glavno na planinski pasi{ta,
suvi i ladni mesta (pikokserofit); Sesleria coerulans, na mali povr{ini, glavno padini i steni;
Stipa pennata, na ju`ni strani.
Mezofilna i kseromezofilna vegetacija. Mo`e
da se najde na mali povr{ini vo vid na neednakvi
to~ki so sivo – kafena boja.koja boja ja dava i na
pasi{tata. Procentot na {irewe na povr{inata
na koja se nao|a e 90 do 100%. Vo ovoj vid na
vegetacija rastenijata asociraat so: Agrostis capillaris, koja se nao|a na polusuvi livadi (mezokserofit); Phleum alpinum, so Trisetum flavescens i so
Cynosurus cristatus,koi se nao|aat na padinski
pasi{ta (eumezofiti), na pomali povr{ini, no
imaat vrednost kako sto~na hrana, so Alopecurus
gerardii, na mezofilni livadi (psixromezofili),
na povisokite delovi na pojasot.
Vegetacija na karpi. Na ovie mesta se nao|a
tipi~na vegetacija, a na malite povr{ini ima
mesta so golema biorazli~nost. Vo ovie grupi
dominantni se sukulentnite rastenija od rodot
Sedum i Saxrifaga, no prisutni se i vidovi kako
Dreba, Minuartia i Thymus.
Vegetacija na neobraboteni povr{ini. Ovaa vegetacija e rezultat na neobrabotuvawe na po~vata, koja porano bila nameneta za sadewe na kompiri. Vegetacijata e tranzitorna so tendencija
za prirodni mezofiti. Tuka se nao|aat grupi na
Lolium perenne i Pteridum aquilinum. Prvata e pogodna kako sto~na hrana, dodeka vtorata e {tetna.
Vegetacija na mesta bogati so |ubrivo. Tuka se
raboti za nitrofilna vegetacija, glavno na mesta
kade {to se ~uva stokata. Takvi asocijacii na
rastenija pravat Urtica dioica so Chenopodium bonus
– hernicus i Marrubium peregrinum.
Podatoci za florata
Vo Tab. 1 se prika`ani vidovite rastenija,
bitni podatoci za botani~kite grupi (zemjodel90
ski), sintaksonom~nata va`nost, dominacijata i
nadmorskata viso~ina. Rastitelnite vidovi imaat polivalentni vrednosti, taka da e te{ko da se
podelat vo grupi spored vrednosta. Od listata
mo`e da se zaklu~i vrenosta na istite kako sto~na hrana, medicinski celi, dekorativni celi,
medni rastenija i dr.
Sporedbata so vegetacijata od drugite delovi na centralniot planinski masiv, Bize e Martaneshit i Mali me Gropa vo sredinata, Shishtavec i
Bjeshket e Korabit na severoistok, poka`uva sli~nosti ili pak razliki koi se predizvikani od
klimatskite uslovi. Isti grupacii se najdeni so
Bromus erectus, Festuca sp. div., Alopecurus gerardii,
Sesleria coerulans, Stipa pennata, Agrostis capillaris,
Phleum alpinum, Trisetum flavescens, Cynosurus cristatus i dr. Toa ne e slu~aj i so Nardus stricta.
Rastitelni vidovi so golema pokrovnost
se: Bellardiocloa violacea, Festuca sp. div., Agrostis
capillaris, Alopecuris gerardii, Brachypodium sylvaticum, B. pinnatum, Bromus erectus, Sesleria coerulans,
Trisetum flavescens, Genista tinctoria, Trifolium repens,
thymus sp. div., Hieracim pilosella. Od sto~nite vidovi mo`e da se spomenat: Phleum alpinum, Ph.
Pratense, Poa pratensis, Agrostis capillaris, Trisetum
flavescens, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Lathyrus
pratensis, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago lupulina, Onobrychis viciifolia, Trifolium camprestre, T. pratense,
T.repens, Achillea millefolium, Crepis biennis, Leontodon
crispus, Plantago lanceolata, Sangiusorba minor, Taraxacum oficinale. Od {tetnite i otrovni vidovi gi
spomenuvame: Daphne oleoides, Europhorbia myrsinites, Stellaria graminea, Pteridium aqilinum, Ranunculus sp. div.,Helleborus odorus, Carlina vulgaris, Eryngium campestre, Euphrasia sp.div., Valerana montana.
Zaklu~oci
Florata i vegetacijata na planinskite i
nizinskite pasi{ta vo regionot na Prespa i
pokraj prviot vpe~atok na ednoli~nost, se
odlikuva so interesna
raznolikost na
rastitelni grupi. Zabele`ani se 218 razli~ni
vidovi vo 16 glavni rastitelni grupacii
2.
Ovie rastitelni grupi pripa|aat glavno na
kserofilna vegetacija na suvi i karstni predeli
i plitka po~va. Isto taka
prisutna e
vegetacijata i na mezo- i mezokserofilni,
karpesti predeli, neobraboteni mesta i dr. [to
se odnesuva do sintaksonomijata, rastenijata
pripa|aat na : Festuko – Bromion, Eryngio – Bromion
Trifolion parnasii i pomalku na Arrhenatherion
(neobrabotuvani mesta).
Postojana kontrola , bazirana na studiite za
florata i vegetacijata, ima ekonomsko zna~ewe,
kako i nau~no zna~ewe so cel za~uvuvawe, za{tita i regeneracija na vidovite vo ovoj region.
Xerophyte vegetation – cover dry karstic site with different expositions and inclination. Soil is shallow within
stones. This type of vegetation is widely distributed in the
pasture area. The general cover is low – 50-70 %. There
can be distinguished following associations: with Festuca
sp. div., which covers bigger surfaces; Bromus erectus in
smaller surfaces, Bellardiocloa violacea in the big surfaces, mainly in the alpine pastures, dry and cold areas
(psychroxerophytes); with Sesleria coerulans in the small
surfaces, mainly on the slopes and rocks; Stipa pennata
on the southern sites.
Meso- and mesoxerophyllic vegetation – can be found
in the small surfaces in the shape of spots non uniform
giving the gray-brown colors to pastures. The general
pastures project cover is 90-100 %. There are evidented
these plant associations: associations with Agrostis capillaris belonging to half-dry meadows (mesoxerophyte);
Phleum alpinum, within Trisetum flavescens and with
Cinosyris cristatus, belonging to the relly pastures (eumesophyte), in the small surface, but with the fodder values placed in the deepest soils, with Alopecurus gerardii
in the mesophylic meadows (psychroesophyte) in the
upper part of the zone.
Rocky vegetation – containstypical vegetation which,
althoug covers small surfaces has high biodiversity values. Such are the associations with dominance of succulent plants of the genus Sedum and Saxifraga but species
as Draba, Minuartia and Thymus are present, as well.
The vegetation of uncultivated places – it is the result
of the uncultivated land formerly used for potatoes
growing. The vegatition is transitor with tendency to nature mesophylic where association with Lolium perenne
and with Pteridium aquilinum can be found. The first one
is with fodder values and the second is harmful to the
pastures.
The vegetation of manures – a nitrophilic vegetation in
the places with manure, mainly close to the places of the
livestock keeping. Such are the association with Urtica
dioica, Chenopodium bonus-henricus adn with Marrubium peregrinum.
Data on flora
The analyses of the flora inventory within the elements of
vegetation are presented in Tab. 1.
There are noticed plant species with relevant data of botanical groups (agronomic), syntaxonomical relevance,
dominance and elevation. The plant species usualy have
polyvalent values. Thus it is difficult to divide them in
.
90
groups according their values. From the list wide values
can be seen such as: medicinal, aromatic, honey, decorative plants etc.
Comparison of this vegetation with that of other areas in
the central mounatain range: Bizë e Martaneshit (Buzo
1981a) and Mali me Gropa (Buzo 1981b) in the center,
Shishtavec (Buzo 1982) and Bjeshkët e Korabit (Buzo
1989) in north – east revealed similarity and differences
caused by climatic conditions. The same associations
with Bromus erectus; Festuca sp. div.; Alopecurus gerardii; Sesleria coerulans; Stipa pennata; Agrostis capillaris;
Phleum alpinum; Trisetum flavescens; Cynosurus cristatus etc. can be found. This is not the case with Nardus
stricta. The plant species with high coverage are: Bellardiocloa violacea, Festuca sp. div., Agrostis capillaris,
Alopecuris gerardii, Brachypodium sylvaticum, B. pinnatum, Bromus erectus, Sesleria coerulans, Trisetum
flavescens, Genista tinctoria, Trifolium repens, thymus
sp. div., Hieracim pilosella.
From the fodder species the following can be mentioned:
Phleum alpinum, Ph. Pratense, Poa pratensis, Agrostis
capillaris, Trisetum flavescens, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus corniculatus,
Medicago lupulina, Onobrychis viciifolia, Trifolium
camprestre, T. pratense, T.repen, Achillea millefolium,
Crepis biennis, Leontodon cripsus, Plantago lanceolata,
Sangiusorba minor, Taraxacum oficinale.
From the harmful and poisonous species we mentione:
Daphne oleoides, Europhorbia myrsinites, Stellaria
graminea, Pteridium aqilinum, Ranunculus sp.
div.,Helleborus odorus, Carlina vulgaris, Eryngium campestre, Euphrasia sp.div.,Valerana montana.
Conclusions
Flora and vegetation of alpine and subalpine pastures of
Prespa region, beeing uniform at first view, presents
interesting plant diversity in the associations. There are
218 plant species in 16 main plant associations evidented.
This plant associations belong mainly to xerophilous
vegetation of dry and karstic places and shallow soil.
Meso- and mesoxerophilic, rocky, uncultivated sites
vegetation is presented as well. They belong to the
alliances: Festuco – Bromion, Ryngio – Bromion,
Trifolion parnasii and in smaller part Arrhenatherion
(uncultivated places).
The sustainable manegement based on the flora and
vegetation study will be economicaly valuable and
scientific aiming the conservation, protection and
biodiversity regeneration in this zone.
Emri shkenkor i lloit
Agrostic capillaris
Alopecurus gerardii
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Bellardiochloa violacea
Brachypodium pinnatum
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Briza media
Bromus erectus
Bromus squarrosus
Cynosurus cristatus
Dactylis glomerata
Festuca adamovicii
Festuca sp.
Festuca heterophylla
Festuca pratensis
Helichotrichon convolutum
Koeleria splendens
Lolium perenne
Melca ciliata
Phleum alpinum
Phleum pratense
Poa alpina
Poa annua
Poa bulbosa
Poa media
Sesleria coerulans
Stipa pennata
Trisetum flavescens
Genista tinctoria
Lathyrus pratensis
Lotus corniculatus
Medicago lupulina
Onobrychis vicifolia
Ononis spinosa
Oxytropis purpurea
Trifolium alpestrs
Trifolium campestre
Trifolium medium
Trifolium phleoides
Trifolium pratense
Trifolium repens
Vicia cracca
Acanthus spinosus
Achillea fraasii
Achillea holosericea
Achillea millefolium
Acinos alpinos
Acinos arvensis
Aethionema saxatile
Ajuga genevensis
Ajuga reptans
Allium carinatum
Allium flavum
Alyssum montanum
Alyssum repens
Anemone nemorosa
Anthemis arvensis
Anthylis vulneraria
Arabis alpina
Arabis hirsuta
Arrhenaria leptoclados
Arrhenaria serpylifolia
Armeria canescens
Asperula aristata
Asplenium trichomanes
Astragalus glyciphillos
Astragalus vesicarius
Bellis perennis
Biflora radians
Botrychium lunaria
Caltha palustris
Campanula bononiensis
Campnula glomerata
Campanula patula
Campaula pyramidalis
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Carduus acanthoides
Carex caryophillea
Carex echinata
Carex kitaibleiana
Carlina acanthifolia
Carlina acaulis
Carlina vulgaris
Centaurea alba
Përkatësie në
grup. Botan.
Gramineae
"
"
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"
"
Leguminosae
"
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"
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"
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"
"
"
"
"
Të ndryshme
"
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"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Elevation
1400-2000
1800-2200
1400-2200
1800-2100
1400-1800
1400-1700
1600-2000
1400-1800
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-1600
1600-2200
1600-2000
1400-1600
1400-1600
1600-2200
1400-2200
1400-1800
1400-1800
1800-2200
1400-1600
1800-2200
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-1600
1600-2000
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-2200
1400-1800
1400-2200
1400-1800
1600-2200
1400-1600
1600-2200
1600-2200
1400-2000
1400-2200
1400-1800
1400-2000
1400-2200
1400-1600
1400-1600
1600-2000
1600-2000
1600-2000
1600-2000
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1600
1400-2000
1400-2200
1400-1800
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-2000
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-2000
1400-2000
1400-1600
1400-2000
1800-2200
1400-2000
1400-1800
1400-2000
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-2000
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-2000
1800-2200
1400-2000
1400-1800
1400-2000
1400-2000
Emri shkenkor i lloit
Dom Përkatesie sintaksonomike
3
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
+
1
2
+
1
+
1
+
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
+
+
1
1
2
+
2
2
+
+
+
+
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
+
+
+
+
1
1
+
+
+
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
1
1
+
+
1
1
Agrosstietum
Trifolion parnassii
Arrhenatherion
Trifolion parnassii
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Arrhenatherion
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Seslerion
Stipetum pennatae
Arrhenatherion
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Arrhenatherion
Arrhenatherion
Trifolion parnassii
Trifolion parnassii
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Trifolion parnassii
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Trifolion parnassii
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Eryngio-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Trifolion parnassii
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Festuco-Bromion
Centaurea jacea
Centaurea napulifera
Cerastium brachypetalum
Cerastium decalvans
Ceterach officinarum
Chenopodium bonus-henricus
Cichorium intybus
Cirsium vulgare
Colchicum autumnale
Coronilla varia
Crepis biennis
Crocus veluchensis
Cruciata laevipes
Crupina vulgaris
Cuscuta europaea
Dactylorrhiza maculata
Daphne oleoides
Dianthus armeria
Dianthus deltoides
Digitalis ferruginea
Digitalis lanata
Doronicum austriacum
Doronicum pentaphyllum
Draba aizoides
Erigeron alpinus
Erodium cicutarium
Eryngium ametistinum
Eryngium campestre
Euphorbia myrsintes
Euphrasia minima
Euphrasia stricta
Philago vulgaris
Galium anisophyllon
Galium corrudaefolium
Galium verum
Gentiana cruciata
Gentiana lutea
Geranium cinereum
Helianthemum nummularium
Helleborus odorus
Herniaria glabra
Hieracium cymosum
Hieracium pilosella
Hypericum perforatum
Hippochoeris maculata
Hippochoeris radicata
Inula oculus-christi
Jasione heldreichii
Jovibarba heuffeli
Juniperus communis
Knautia drymeia
Lamiastrum galeobdolon
Leontodon crispus
Leucanthemum vulgare
Linaria pelopponesiaca
Linaria vulgaris
Luzula campestris
Luzula italica
Lychnis viscaria
Marrubium peregrinum
Marrubium vulgare
Mentha longifolia
Minuartia verna
Muscari tenuiflorum
Myosotis sylvatica
Omalotheca sylvatica
Origanum vulgare
Ornithogalum umbellatum
Paonia mascula
Paronychia capella
Petrorhagia saxifraga
Pimpinella saxifraga
Plantago lanceolata
Plantago major
Plantago media
Polygala nicaensis
Polygala vulgaris
Potentilla erecta
Potentilla recta
Primula veris
Prunella laciniata
Prunella vulgaris
Pteridium aquilinum
Ptillostemon afer
Përkatësie në
grup. Botan.
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"
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"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Elevation
1400-2000
1400-2200
1400-1800
1800-2200
1400-2200
1400-1800
1400-2000
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-2000
1400-2200
1600-2000
1600-2200
1600-2200
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1600
1400-1800
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-1600
1400-2000
1400-1600
1400-1600
1600-2200
1600-2200
1400-1600
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1600-2200
1600-2200
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-2000
1400-2200
1400-1800
1400-2000
1400-2000
1400-1600
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-2000
1400-1600
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1600-2200
1400-1800
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-1600
1400-2000
1400-2200
1400-2000
1400-1600
1400-1800
1400-2200
1400-1600
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-1800
1400-2200
1400-1600
1400-2000
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
Dom Përkatesie
sintaksonomike
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Trifolion parnassii
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Trifolion parnassii
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Trifolion parnassii
1
Trifolion parnassii
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Trifolion parnassii
1
Trifolion parnassii
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
2
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Trifolion parnassii
+
Trifolion parnassii
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Trifolion parnassii
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
2
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Trifolion parnassii
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
2
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
91
Emri shkenkor i lloit
Ranunculus acris
Ranunculus psilostachys
Rosa canina
Rumex acetosella
Rumex crispus
Sanguiisorba minor
Saponaria calabrica
Saxifraga aizoides
Saxifraga paniculata
Saxifraga taygetea
Saxafraga tricatylites
Scabiosa columbaria
Scabiosa ochroleuca
Scilla bifolia
Scorzonera purpurea
Sedum acre
Sedum album
Sedum dasyphillum
Sedum sp.
Senecio squalidus
Sideritis syriaca
Silene italica
Silene saxifraga
Silene vulgaris
Solidago virgaureae
Stachys germanica
Përkatësie në
grup. Botan.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Elevation
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-2000
1400-1600
1600-2000
1400-1600
1400-2000
1400-2200
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-2200
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
Dom Përkatesie
sintaksonomike
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Potentilletalia
+
Potentilletalia
+
Potentilletalia
+
Potentilletalia
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
Emri shkenkor i lloit
Stachys tymphaea
Stellaria graminea
Symphitum tuberosum
Taraxacum officinale
Teucrium chamaedrys
Teucrium montanum
Teucrium polium
Thalictrum aquilegifolium
Thalictrum minus
Thessium parnassi
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi perfoliatum
Thymus cherlerioides
Thymus glabrescens
Thymus longicaulis
Thymus striatus
Tragopogon pratensis
Trinia glauca
Tussilago farfara
Urtica dioica
Valeriana montana
Verbascum longifolium
Veronica austriaca
Viola aetolica
Xeranthemum annuum
Përkatësie në
grup. Botan.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Elevation
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-2200
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-2200
1600-1800
1600-1800
1600-2200
1600-2200
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1600-2200
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
1400-1800
Dom Përkatesie
sintaksonomike
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Trifolion parnassii
+
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
2
Festuco-Bromion
2
Festuco-Bromion
2
Festuco-Bromion
2
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
1
Festuco-Bromion
+
Festuco-Bromion
Referenci (References)
Adamovic, L. (1907). Die phlanzengeograpische Stellung
und gliederung der Balkan Halbinsel, Vienna.
Bajraktari, F. & Veshi, L. (1975). Bazat e klasifikimit dhe
karakteristikat e tokave në vëndit tonë. Bull. Inst.
Bujq. 1: 152-161.
Baldacci, A. (1917). Intenerari albanesi (1892-1902).
Soc. Geogr. Ital., Roma
Buzo, K. (1981a). Të dhëna gjeobotanike për bimësinë e
kullotave dhe livatheve natyrore tò Bizës. Bull. Shk.
Nat. 1: 83-106, Tiranë.
Buzo, K. (1981b). Pamje gjeobotanike e bimësisë së
Malit me Gropa. Bull. Shk. Nat. 1
Buzo, K. (1982). Të dhëna ekofitocenotike për livathet e
shistavecit (Kukës). Bull. Shk. Nat. 2: 95-101,
Tiranë.
Buzo, K. (1989). Rezultate të studimit gjeobotanik të
bjëshkeve të shistaavecit Kukës. Bull. Shk. Nat, 2:
61-69, Tiranë.
Buzo, K. (1991). Bimesia e kullotave dhe e livatheve
natyrore te shqiperisë. Tiranë.
92
Demiri, M. (1983). Flora ekskursioniste e shquiperisë.
Tiranë
Grup Autorësh (1997). Libri i kuq (Bimë, shoqerime,
bimore dhe kafshë te kërcënuara). Tiranë.
Horvat, J., Glavac, V. & Ellenberg, H. (1974).
Vegetations Sudosteuropas. Stuttgart.
Kabo, M. et al. (1991). Gjeografia fizike e shquipërisë
Markgraf, F. (1932). Phlanzengeographie von Albaniee.
Stuttgart.
Mici, A. et al. (1975). Klima e Shqiperisë. Tiranë.
Mitrushi, I. (1966). Dendroflora e Shqiperisë. Tiranë.
Paparisto, K. Et al. (1988). Flora e Shqiperisë. Vol. 1-2,
Tiranë.
Pignatti, S. (1988). Integrated conservation and
sustainable development of transboundary Macro
and Micro Prespa lakes. Int. Symp. Korca, 1997
Tutin, T. G. (1964-1980). Flora Europaea, 1-5.
Cambridge,
Zur Vegetation und Flora von griechenland, 1-2, Zurich,
1975-1976.
Spomenici na prirodata vo Prespanskiot region - nivni vrednosti i
mo`nosti za upravuvawe
Perikli KIRIAZI i Leke \IKNURI
Univerzitet vo Tirana, PPNEA
Izvod
Vo trudot se govori za prirodnite spomenici na Albanskata Prespanska zona, za pri~inite za golemoto bogatstvo
na zonata, prirodata na ovie spomenici (spomenici na `ivata i ne`ivata priroda); nau~nite, ekoo{kite,
kulturnite, didakti~kite i turisti~kite, verskite vrednosti i dr, sostojbata i opasnostite koi im se zakanuvaat,
mo`nostite za nivno za~uvuvawe i upravuvawe za nau~ni, kulturni, didakti~ki i turisti~ki celi.
Voved
Na bogatata priroda vo Prespanskiot
region, koja so pravo se ceni vo posledno vreme, i
be{e daden status na Nacionalen Park. Prespa e
mnogu bogata so mnogu razli~ni prirodni spomenici; spomenici na prirodata (drvja so grupi na
drvja so posebni anti~ki, retki i endemi~ni formi) i spomenici na ne`ivata priroda, koi se
mnogu brojni i raznoliki. Od ovie spomenici najvoo~livi se tie koi se nastanati so tektonskite
pomestuvawa na plokvaternarite vo Prespa, od
karstnite aktivnosti i ezerskite branovi, kako
i od nivnoto me|usebno dejstvo. I pokraj ovie
golemi vrednosti, kako i od golemiot broj na
prirodni spomenici, samo eden spomenik vo minatoto od ovaa zona be{e proglasen za spomenik
na prirodata. Ova be{e pri~inata {to ne motivira{e za tema na na{iot trud da gi izbereme izbereme spomenicite, nivniot tretman i problemi. Zapoznavaweto na vrednostite na ovie spomenici dava u{te edna mo`nost za odr`liv razvoj.
Materijali i metodologija
Dosega, identifikacijata na ovie objekti,
predlozite za nivno proglasuvawe za prirodni
spomenici kako i nivnata za{tita be{e ostavena
na stranski nau~nici. So pregledot nanivnata
rabota, napomnuvame deka nivniot koncept za
prirodni spomenici gi izostavuva spomenicite
od ne`ivata priroda koi imaat ogromna va`nost.
Odli~nata rabota poka`ana vo poslednite tri
godini, vo ramkite na proektot Prirodni
Spomenici od prezemen od dve ekolo{ki
asocijacii (PPNEA i ADSSA) be{e sponzorirana
od strana na minisetrstvoto za nadvore{ni raboti na Holandija, a se bazira{e na upatstvoto na
IUCN (1994). Ovaa rabota go pro{iri konceptot
za spomenicite. Vsu{nost, toj vklu~uva geo-spomenici, koi se objekti od spomenicite na ne`ivata priroda. Vo isto vreme so odreduvaweto na
to~niot nau~en kriterium za identifikuvawe i
prou~uvawe, be{e mo`no da se odredat vrednostite na brojni objekti i da se predlo`at kako
prirodni spomenici (Qiriazi & Bego 1999). Kako
voda~i na proektot, avtorite na ovoj trud }e gi
prezentiraat postignatite rezultati od negovata
realizacija vo ovaa oblast.
Posebna pomo{ vo zapoznavaweto na
spomenicite na prirodata vo ovaa zona imavme od
ekkspediciite vo ovaa oblast kako i od razgovorite so mesnoto naseleni i ekspertite.
Rezultati i diskusija
Spored upatstvoto na IUCN (1994), prirodnite spomenici ja so~inuvaat tretata kategorija
na za{titenite zoni. Tie se objekti ili oblasti
koi imaat edna ili pove}e karakteristiki od
posebna vrednost, koi mora da se za{titat. Kako
takvi, vredni za spomnuvawe se objektite od `iva
i ne`iva priroda, kako i nivnata specijal nau~na, ekolo{ka, didakti~ka, estetska i religiozna
vrednost (Qiriazi & Bego 1999).
Ovie vrednosti se povrzani so specifi~nite vlijanija pome|u faktorite i prirodnite
zakoni. Tokmu ovie specifi~nosti se tie koi go
uslovuvaat nivnoto razlikuvawe od drugite
prirodni spomenici.
93
Natural monuments of Prespa region,
their values and possibilities of management
Perikli QIRIAZI & Leke GJIKNURI
University of Tirana, PPNEA
Abstract
This article depicts the natural monuments of the Albanian Prespa region and reasons for this region richness in these monuments, the
nature of these monuments (monuments of living and non-living nature); their scientific, ecological, cultural, didactic, touristic and
religious values etc.; their state and risks that threaten them, as well as the protection and management possibilities for research,
cultural, didactic and touristic purposes.
Introduction
The wealthy nature of Prespa region, was estimated
recently, by giving it the status of “Natural Park”. Prespa
is even very rich in different kinds of natural monuments;
of living nature (trees and tree groupings with special
ancient, rare and endemic forms) and monuments of nonliving nature, which are numerous and various. Among
these monuments, the most distinguished are those that
are created by the tectonic sinks of ploquartenary in
Prespa, by the carstic activities and lake waves, as well as
by the interaction of some of these factors. In spite of
these great values, as well as the large number of natural
monuments, only one monument was identified and
proclaimed as natural monument in this zone, in the past.
This was the reason, that encouraged us to choose as an
object for our scientific paper, precisely the treatment and
problems that these monuments carry, as well.
Acknowledgment of these monuments values, is another
possibility for the sustainable development of this region.
Materials and methodology
Up to now, the identification of these objects, the
proposal to give them the natural
monument status, as well as their protection, is done only
by the forest specialists. By assessing their work, we
stress that their concepts about the natural monuments
have left out the monuments of non-living nature, which
are of extraordinary values.
The great work performed during the last three years, in
the frame of the Project of
“ Natural Monuments”, undertaken by two environmental
associations (PPNEA and ADSSA), was financially
supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
94
Netherlands, based on the IUCN Guidelines (1994). This
work has extended more the concepts about these
monuments. Actually, it includes geomonuments, that are
objects from the non-living nature monuments. At the
same time, by determing the exact and scientific criteria
for the identification, study and monumentec of the
natural monuments, it was made possible for the values
of numerous of objects be determined and be proposed as
natural monuments (Qiriazi & Bego 1999). Being the
main leaders of this project, the authors of this scientific
paper have brought in the study, even the results reached
during its implementation in this region (Qiriazi & Bego
1999). A special assistance in the acknowledgment of the
natural monuments of this region, was given from the
expeditions, performed in this zone and discussions with
different local inhabitants and experts.
Results and discussions
According to IUCN Guidelines (1994), the natural
monuments constitute the third category of the protected
zones. They are objects or areas that contain one or some
characteristics of special importance, that must be
protected. As such, worth mentioning are the objects of
living and non-living nature, and also their special
scientific, ecological, didactic, esthetic and religious
values (Qiriazi & Bego 1999). These values are related
to the specificity of the interaction of factors and natural
laws. It is exactly this specificity which has conditioned
the very clear distinction from the other natural
monuments. The wealthy nature of Prespa region, with a
rather complicated and fast evolution is the main reason
of its richness in different natural monuments: objects of
living and non-living nature.
Bogatstvoto na prirodata na Prespanskata oblast, so komplicirana i brza evolucija e glavnata pri~ina za nejzinoto bogatstvo so razli~ni
spomenici: objekti na `ivata i ne`ivata priroda.
I. Objekti na `ivata priroda.
Ovaa kategorija gi vklu~uva karakteristi~nite drvja i grupi na drvja, teritorii so specifi~ni svojstva na `iviot svet, kade {to mo`e da
razlikuvame karakteristi~ni bio-tipovi, koi se
reprezentativni `iveali{ta na na endemski
rastenija i `ivotni, retki ili zagrozeni vidovi
kako i specifi~ni biotipovi koi se razlikuvaat
od drugite zoni vo koi se dobro se za~uvani
odredeni rastitelni formacii (IUCN 1994; Qiriazi & Bego 1999).
Vo ovaa oblast, na ovaa kategorija im pripa|aat grmu{kite na kalamasot koi imaat status
na priroden spomenik. Tie formiraat {uma so
golemina od 45 ha so sredna vegetaciska sostojba
(Completed card-files of monumentec of natural
monuments of Albania 1998). Najkarakteristi~nite
delovi od ovaa {uma mora da se oddelat i da se
za{tita kako prirodni spomenici so golema
nau~na, ekolo{ka i turisti~ka va`nost. Ovie se
ostatoci od nekoga{nite rasprostraneti {umi
koi potoa se uni{teni od antropogeniot faktor.
Grmu{kata Juniperus foetidissima e zagrozeno retko
drvo koe eblisku do negovoto is~eznuvawe. Toa e
rastenie od isto~niot mediteran (Vangjeli et al.).
Nejzinata zapadna granica se protega do prespanskata oblast. Ova pretstavuva posebna vrednost
na prirodniot spomenik koi terba da se za{titi
po sekoja cena. Istovremeno bi mo`el da se vospostavi turisti~ki centar blisku do ovoj spomenik. Od studijata i od mnogute diskusii, izvr{eni vo ramkite na proektot za spomenicite vo
ramkite na celata zemja, mo`e da se zaklu~i deka
vo ovaa zona imaat vrednost i spomenicite na
prirodata i drugi objekti, a eden od niv im
pripa|a na spomenicite na `ivata priroda. Toa
se dabovite okolu manastirot vo Djellas.
Dabovite okolu manastirot vo Djellas se nao|aat blizu do seloto so isto ime. Tie se nao|aat
blisku do ovoj religiozen obkekt koj e malku
o{teten no ima mo`nost da se popravi. Ovie
{ikari se svedoci na nekoga{nata sostojba na
rastitelniot pokriv na zonata, mnogu bogata so
gusti i visoki dabovi {umi. Ovie {umi se
uni{tuvaat so se~eweto i prekumernoto pasewe.
Vo isto vreme tie mo`e da poslu`at i kako
rezerva ili na~in za obnovuvawe na nekoga{nite
dabovi {umi, koi sega ve}e is~eznuvaat. Zatoa e
predlo`eno dabovite pokraj manastirot Djellas da
96
dobijat stats na nacionalni spomenici. Vo selata od prespanskiot region se sretnuvaat i nekolku ~inari, vo neposredna blizina na ezeroto, kako na primer vo selata Likenas i Gorica. Tie bi
trebalo vnimatelno da se prou~at, i ako toa go
zaslu`uvaat, da dobijat status na nacionalni
spomenici. Visoki drvja, pokraj samoto ezero se
retkost, kako posledica na vegetacijata i razvieniot karst.
II. Objekti od ne`iva priroda
(geospomenici)
Vo Prespanskiot region, geospomenicite
se povrzani so tektonski, karstni, tvorbi pod
vlijanie na ezerskite branovi, kako i razli~ni
me|usebni interakcii. Ova se pridonelo da se
razvijat specifi~ni formi i karakteristiki na
predelot, {to formira privle~ni kompleksi.
Mo`at da se izdvojat:
Geolo{ki formi ili kompleksi:
Geolo{kite formi i kompleksi se razvile
kako posledica na geolo{kite faktori i procesi, za vreme na paleografskata evolucija. Tie
prika`uvaat osobeni geolo{ki fenomeni nastanati pod dejstvo na opredeleni geografski zakonitosti. Kako takvi, tie poseduvaat nau~na, kulturna i didakti~ka vrednost.
Iako do sega nieden objekt od ovoj tip ne e
identificiran, toa ne zna~i deka tie ne postojat. Naprotiv, ovie komplicirani geografski
gradbi (Geological map of Albania 1983; Geography of
Albania 1983) koi se vrz koi se formiral reqefot
vo Prespanskiot region, se karakteriziraat so
mnogu interesni formi (Qiriazi 1985b, 198?; Qiriazi
et al. 1998a). Ekspertite imaat zada~a da ja identificiraat i procenat ovaa vrednost kako priroden spomenik.
Geomorfolo{ki formi ili kompleksi:
Geomorfolo{kite formi i kompleksi se
mnogu vidlivi, raznoliki i mnogu zastapeni.
Razli~ni geomorfolo{kite procesi i faktori
vlijaele na nivnoto formirawe. Mo`at da se
podelat na reqefni formi nastanati pod dejstvo
na: tektonski vdlabnuvawa, oblikuvani od karstot, pod dejstvo na ezerskite branovi ili pak pod
kombinirano dejstvo na nekolku ~initeli.
Kako tektonski vdlabnuvawa mo`at da se
spomenat ostrovot Mal Grad i tektonskoabrazivnite grebeni.
Ostrovot Mal Grad se nao|a nasproti
seloto Likenas. Sostavot mu e kalciten od visok
trijas, pa do jura, kako {to e slu~aj i so Suva
Planina, a vpro~em i najgolemiot del od prespanskiot region (Geological map of Albania 1983;
Geography of Albania 1983).
1. Objects of living nature
This category includes characteristic trees and tree
groups, territories of the living world as well, where we
can distinguish characteristic biotopes, which are representative habitats of endemic plants and animals, rare or
endangered species as well as special intertwining of biotopes, different from the other representative regions
and vegetation virgin and beeter protected formations
(IUCN 1994; Qiriazi & Bego 1999).
In this region, “Kallamasi” belongs to the category of
objects that have the natural monuments status. They
form a forest of about 45 ha with an average vegetative
state (Completed card-files of monumentec of natural
monuments of Albania 1998). The most characteristic
part of this forest must be separated to be protected as
natural monument with special ecological, scientific and
touristic values. They are the remains of ancient forests,
that disappeared due to human intervention. Venja (Juniperus foetidissima) is an endangered rare wood which is
threatened by extinction (Vangjeli et al.). It is an East
Mediterranean plant. Its western border reaches up to
Prespa region. Precisely, this is the special value of this
natural monument, that must be fanatically protected. At
the same time, a touristic center could be established,
near this monument.
The numerous studies and discussions, performed in the
frame of the natural monuments project, for all country,
have shown that in this region there are some other objects having natural monuments values and one of them
belongs to the monuments of living nature. We are
speaking about the Oaks of Monastery in Djellas.
The Oaks of Monastery in Djellas are located near the
village with the same name. They are situated close to
this religious object, being little damaged and having fast
regeneration possibilities. These oaks are the evidence of
the ancient state of the regional vegetation coverage, that
was very wealthy with thick and high oak forests. These
forests are disappearing due to the continuous and intensive cuttings and overgrazing. In the mean time, they can
serve as reserves or sources for the regeneration of the
ancient oaks, which are actually disappearing. These are
the reasons why the oaks of Monastry, in Djellas, are
proposed to be receive the status of natural monuments.
In the Prespa region there are located even some planetrees, placed at the village center, near the lake shore.
The same species are located even in the villages of
Liqenas and Gorrice. They must be carefully studied and
on this bases, their values be determined, so that the
status of natural monuments be given to them. Among
others, their special value, is reltaed to the fact that very
few high woods are ocated in the lake shores, due to great
damage of the vegetation and the very developed carst.
Objects of non-living nature (geomonuments)
In the Prespa region, the objects of non-living nature
96
(geomonuments) are connected with tectonic, carst, lakewaves actions, as well as the interaction of some of these
factors. To their function, there are distinguished some
special forms and characteristic landscapes, that create an
interesting complex. Among others, we could distinguish:
- a. Geological forms or complexes:
Geological forms or complexes are related with the developing geological processes and factors, that have occured during the paleogeografical evolution. They express a certain geographical phenomenon, and appearance
of the geological law. As such, they have scientific, cultural and didactic values.
Up to now, in this region no objects of this type have
been identified. But this does not mean that these objects
have not existed. On the contrary, these complicated geographical structures (Geological map of Albania 1983;
Geography of Albania 1983), on which Prespa region
relief was formed have very interesting shapes (Qiriazi
1985b, 198?; Qiriazi et al. 1998). The task for the experts,
is to identify and determine their values, as natural
monuments.
b. Geomorphological forms or complexes:
The geomorphological forms or complexes are more visible, varied and mostly spread. They are related to the
geomorphological processes and factors. Taking into accopunt their function to these factors that have created
these forms, they are divided in relief shapes, formed by
tectonic sinks, modelled or created by carst, in activities
of lake waves and the forms that are created by some of
these factors. Among the relief forms that are formed by
the tectonic sinks, worth stressing is the Maligradi Island
and the tectonic-abrasive ridges.
Maligradi Island, is located in the opposite of Liqenas
village. It is composed of calcareous formations of the
upper Trias- downwards of Jura, being the same
formations that build the Dry Mountain and the largest
part of the Prespa region (Geological map of Albania
1983; Geography of Albania 1983). Its flat ridge creates a
remaining of a deep sink of all grabens of Prespa. The
surrounding sides of this island are ridged, especially in
the eastern side, where are created big cliff (about 50-80
m) of tectonic-abrasive character (Qiriazi 1985b, 198?;
Qiriazi et al. 1998). Under the carst and lake waves activities, along these shores, very interesting carstic
shapes are created. Among them, we can distinguish, the
cave of Church that is located in the western side of the
island. Being separated from the land, a very interesting
fauna is developed in this island, particularly the
numerous land and water reptiles. In addition to this
values, this island have even cult values. Because of its
special and strange shape, this cave is called a holy place.
In this cave, it is located a very old church , with many
precious pictures. In this church there are performed and
still continue to be performed religious rites. For all these
values, this island is proposed to be proclaimed as natural
monument. Among its endangered values, we stress the
risk of the living world damage.
Negoviot blag greben e ostatok od potonatite Prespanskita grbeni. Stranite na ovoj ostrov se grebenasti, osobeno na isto~nata strana,
kade e formiran golem klif (50-80 m) od tektonsko-abraziven karakter (Qiriazi 1985b, 198?; Qiriazi
et al. 1998a). Pod vlijanie na karstot i ezerskite
branovi, nastanati se interesni karstni formi.
Osobeno se istaknuva pe{terskata crkva, koja se
nao|a na zapadnata strana od ostrovot. Zaradi
odvoenosta od kopnoto, se razvila interesna
fauna, osobeno zemni i vodni vle~ugi. Pokraj
gore spomenatite osobenosti na ostrovot, ova
mesto ima kultno zna~ewe. Zaradi neobi~nata
forma na pe{terata, taa se smeta za sveta. Vo
pe{terata se nao|a mnogu stara crkva so pove}e
ikoni. Vo nea se odvivale i se u{te se odvivaat
crkovni obredi. Zaradi svoite vrednosti, predlo`eno e ostrovot da se proglasi za priroden
spomenik. Treba da se vodi smetka da ne nastane
o{tetuvawe na `iviot svet na ostrovot so {to
bi se izgubila edna od negovite vrednosti. ^esti
se turisti~ki ekskurzii so u~enice i studenti
koi se zapoznavaat so prirodnite ekolo{kite i
religioznite vrednosti na ostrovot. Zaradi toa,
neophodno e da se prigotvi turisti~ki vodi~ vo
koe }e se istaknat vrednostite na ostrovot.
Formirani ili modelirani oblici na
karst. Rasprostranetosta na rastvorlivite karpi
(Geological map of Albania 1983; Geography of Albania
1983) uslovuvala {iroko rasprostranuvawe na
karstot i karstnite pejsa`i vo oblasta. Vo isto
vreme trebe da se spomne deka postoi povr{inski
i podzemen karsten ekosistem (Qiriazi et al. 1998b).
Povr{inski karsten reljef se sostoi od
brojni i razli~ni povr{inski i podzemni formi
od po~etnite oblici (grebeni, karstni brazdi,
oxaci, uvali i dr); puknatini i karstni dolini, i
golemi pe{teri na nekolku sprata (Qiriazi 1985b,
198?; Qiriazi et al. 1998a). Site ovie oblici imaat
brojni nau~ni, kulturni, ekolo{ki i didakti~ki
vrednosti. Kako takvi tie mo`at da se proglasat
za priroden spomenik. Vodej}i smetka za uslovite od povr{inata od 50ha, golemite karstni
poliwa treba da se isklu~at od ovaa kategorija
bidej}i ne e mo`no tolku razli~ni formi da se
proglasat za priroden spomenik. Zatoa najinteresnite so estetska vrednost objekti treba da se
izberat. Me|u niv mo`e da se spomenat:
Podzemen karsten reljef. Paralelno so
povr{inskiot karsten reljef postoi i podzemen
ekosistem sostaven od karstni pe{teri koi
pretstavuvaat prirodni spomenici {to se vistinski svetili{ta na prirodata zaradi nivnite
bioti~ki i abioti~ki uslovi (Qiriazi et al. 1998b).
Niz desetina iljadi godini, duri i milion godini, zaradi bavnoto i postojano rastvarawe i
98
talo`ewe na CaCO3 i drugi rastvorlivi minerali vo pe{terite se izgravirani nepovtorlivi
formi so neprocenliva vrednost. Pokraj pe{terskata crkva vo prespanskata oblast se nao|a i
pe{terata Trenit. Taa se nao|a na jugoisto~nata
strana na Maloto Prespansko Ezero. Po dol`ina
e od okolu 10 m i ima dve nivoa. Dolnoto nivo e
mnogu vla`no i naseleno so kolonii od liljaci:
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus blasii, Miniopterus schreibersi, Myotis daubentoni, Myotis myotis,
Myotis capaccinii, Eptesicus serotinus. Ovaa pe{tera
bila predistorisko `iveali{te na pe{terskiot
~ovek (od raniot neolit do `eleznoto doba). Zaradi svoite geomorfolo{ki, biolo{ki, estetski
i arheolo{ki vrednosti, kako i zaradi svojata
uloga na prirodna laboratorija za karstni procesi taa e predlo`ena za priroden spomenik (Completed card-files of monumentec of natural monuments of
Albania 1998). Va`no e taa da se za{titi od o{tetuvawa i da se prodol`i so detalno geomorfolo{ko ispituvawe. Najgolemite o{tetuvawa ovaa pe{tera gi pretrpela vo vremeto koga ezeroto
ja plavelo i talo`elo aluvium {to bilo rezultat na ~ovekovite aktivnosti. Osven ova, mesnoto
naselenie ja koristi pe{terata i kako {tala.
Zaradi se ova, pe{terata bi trebalo da
stane arheolo{ki i geomorfolo{ki muzej {to }e
go posetuvaat mnogu posetiteli. So proglasuvaweto za priroden spomenik }e se obezbedat
povisoki merki na za{tita.
Pokraj specifi~nite povr{inski i podzemni formi ima i drugi karstni reljefi (50 ha)
koi mo`e da se proglasat za prirodni spomenici.
Pome|u karstnite formi na regionot treba da se
spomene poznatata Zavirska dupka koja e predlo`ena za priroden spomenik (Completed card-files of
monumentec of natural monuments of Albania 1998).
Ovaa dupka se nao|a na zapadnata obala na ezeroto blizu do Mala Gorica. Nastanala pri vkrstuvaweto na dva golemi tektonski rasedi. Eden od
brojnite probivi na Prespanskoto ezero zapo~nuva tokmu tuka i prodol`uva kon kalcitniot
masiv na Suva Planina. Po dolgo podzemno dvi`ewe vodata stasuva do Ohridskoto Ezero
(Institute of Hydrometerological Studies 1985). Pred 20
godini ovaa pojava be{e vidliva. Zaradi sni`uvawe na nivoto na ezeroto vo poslednive 15 godini ovoj fenomen ve}e ne e vidliv. Ovoj spomenik e izvor na informacii za karstni neotektonski studii no i prirodna laboratorija so brojni
didakti~ki vrednosti. U~enici i studenti, no i
zainteresirani lica mo`e da se zapoznaat so ovoj
karsten fenomen. Ova bara podetalno ispituvawe i podgotovka na soodveten vodi~.
Besides the religious rites, there are performed even
many touristic excursions, with pupils and students, to
acquaint them with the natural, ecological and religious
values of this island. For this reason, it is very necessary
to prepare a detailed guide to stress all the island values.
The main created or modeled forms of carst. The extention of the dissololved rocks (Geological map of Albania
1983; Geography of Albania 1983) have conditioned the
wide spread of carst and carstic landscapes in this region.
At the same time, we can mention here even the surface
and ground carstic ecosystems (Qiriazi et al. 1998b).
The surface carstik relief constitutes a numerous and
varied surface and ground forms: from the beginners
(ridges, carstic furrows); funnels, blind valleys, etc.;
cracks, simple gaps and big caves with some (Qiriazi
1985b, 198?; Qiriazi et al. 1998). All these shapes are
very interesting and have numerous scientific, cultural,
ecological, and didactic values. As such, they can be proclaimed natural monuments. Respecting the condition of
the surface area of 50 ha, the large carstic fields must be
excluded from this category. It is impossible to proclaim
such numerous forms, as natural monuments. Therefore,
the most interesting objects that have esthetic values must
be chosen. Among them we can mention:
The ground carstic relief. Parallelly with the surfaced
carstic relief, there exist even some ground ecosystems,
composed of carstic caves, representing natural monuments that are real temples of nature, because of their
biotic and abiotic conditions (Qiriazi et al. 1998b). During thousand hundred years, even millions of years, due
to its slow and continuos dissolution and the precipitation
of the calcium carbonate and the other dissoluted minerals, inside to these caves, some irrepeatable values have
been carved.
In addition to the Cave of Church, in Prespa region it is
located even the Trein cave. The latter is located in the
south-eastern side of the micro Prespa lake. It is about ten
meters long and of two-stores . Its downstairs is very wet
and there are some colonies of bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus blasii, Miniopterus schreibersi,
Myotis daubentoni, Myotis myotis, Myotis capaccinii,
Eptesicus serotinus) that live there. At the same time, this
cave has been even a prehistoric dwelling for the ancient
men (from the early neolit epoch until the iron one). Because of its geomorphological, biological, esthetic and
archeological values, as well as because of being a natural laboratory of the carstic processes, this cave is proposed as natural monument (Completed card-files of
monumentec of natural monuments of Albania 1998). It
is very important to be protected from the damages. As
the result of the lake water entrance, the human intervention, this cave is filled with aluvions that cause big
damages. Also, this cave is used as a cattle-stable by the
inhabitants of the region. Besides, its geomorphological
aspect must be studied in more details.
Based on this, this cave must become an archeological
and geomorphological museum, that will be visited by
numerous and different visitors. Giving the status of natural monument, higher protection will be provided.
Besides its special surface and ground forms, there are
even some other carstic reliefs that are included within
this criterion surface, of about 50 ha, that can be proclaimed as natural monument. Among the carstic forms
of the region, the famous hollow of Zaver is distinguished, and it is proposed as a natural monument
(Completed card-files of monumentec of natural monuments of Albania 1998).
This hollow is located in the western coast of lake, near
Small Gorrica. It is created in the crossing of two big
tectonic breakings. One of the numerous penetrations of
Prespa lake begins right here and continues towards the
calcaneuos massive of the Dry Mountain. After a long
ground circulation the water discharges into Ohrid lake
(Institute of Hydrometerological Studies 1985).
20 years ago, this was a visible phenomenon. Owing to
the level descent, during the 15 last years, it became an
invisible phenomenon. This monument is an information
source for carst and neotectonic studies, but even a natural laboratory with numerous didactic values. Students
and pupils as well as the benevolent persons of the interesting phenomenon can be acquanited with these carstic
phenomenon. This will require a more detailed study and
the preparation of a respective guide.
The forms created by the lake shores activities. The lake
shores are of abrasive and accumulated types. In the first
one, there are found big clifs, that are almost in vertical
position. Most of them are active. In the second one stony
beaches are found. Among these forms we must choose
the most interesting ones, that are at the same time the
best representatives of the phenomenon, and as such they
must be included in the monuments category. These objects are the results of the lake waves impact, and according to the physic-geographical settled conditions,
most of them have estethic values.
c. Hydrographic objects
Prespa region is poor in surface carstic sources, but it
must be wealthy with ground water. Their identification
require speleological detailed studies. Among the other
hydrographycal objects, we can stress the wetlands of
special biotopes that are in creation process, along the
coasts of Macro and Micro Prespa lakes. They must be
carefully studied, in way to identify their values and to
propose as natural monuments the most interesting sectors of them.
People and tourists are very interested to visit or to get acquanited with nature curiosities, therefore, they visit them
with pleasure. On the other hand, the touristic activities
promote the environmental protection from the pollution
and degradation. Therefore, if we would like to develop
tourism in the Prespa region, first of all we must discover,
establish and especially protect these gifts of nature.
Among them the first place belongs to natural monuments.
99
Formi sozdadeni pod dejstvo na ezeroto.
Ezerskata obala e od abraziven i akumulaciski
tip. Kaj prviot tip se sretnuvaat golemi vertikalni klifovi. Pove}eto od niv se aktivni. Kaj
vtoriot tip se sretnuvaat kameni pla`i. Bi
trebalo da se izberat najinteresnite formi {to
}e go prika`at ovoj feomen najdobro i da se
vklu~at vo kategorijata na spomenici. Ovie objekti nastanale pod vlijanie na ezerskite branovi i spored fiziko-geografskite uslovi tie
imaat estetski vrednosti.
v. Hidrografski objekti
Prespanskiot region e siroma{en so povr{inski karstni izvori no e bogat so podzemna
voda. Za da se evidentiraat potrebni se speleolo{ki detalni studii. Pome|u drugite hidrografski objekti }e gi istakneme mo~uri{tata so
specijalni biotopi {to se sozdavaat dol` obalata na Golemoto i Maloto Ezero. Tie bi trebalo
vnimatelno da se prou~at, da se odredi nivnata
vrednost i najinteresnite sektori da se predlo`at za priroden spomenik.
Turistite so interes gi posetuvaat prirodnite neobi~nosti, pa zatoa ovde bi doa|ale so
zadovolstvo. Od druga strana turisti~kite aktivnosti baraat za{tita na prirodata od zagaduvawe
i degradacija. Nie bi sakale da go razvieme
turizmot vo Prespanskiot region, no prvo treba
da gi otkrieme, vrednuvame i osobeno da gi za{titime ovie darovi na prirodata. Na prvo mesto
toa se odnesuva na spomenicite na prirodata.
Referenci (References)
Institute of Geo- Mineral Studies and Projects, 1983,
Geological Map of Albania, Tirana,
Institute of geology-mineral Studies and Projects,
Geography of Albania, 1983, Tirana.
Institute of Hydrometerological Studies, 1985, Hydrology
of Albania, Tirana
IUCN (1994). Guidelines for protected area management
categories. CNPPA with the assistance of WCMC,
IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK
X+261 pp.
Mevlan, K. (1985). The voice of natural monuments in
Albanian Enciclopedical Dictionary, Tirana.
100
Mesnoto naselenie }e ima golema korist
od turizmot na prirodnite spomenici. Zatoa,
ovaa zaednica treba da e najzainteresirana za
za{titata na ovie prirodni spomenici.
Za{titata i za~uvuvaweto na prirodnite
spomenici e va`en ~ekor kon za{titata na
na{eto biolo{ko i prirodno nasledstvo koe e vo
vrska so na {eto sega{no i idni postoewe.
Osoznavaweto, za~uvuvaweto i vrednuvaweto na
ova nasledstvo e zada~a na na{ata generacija
kako moralno zadol`enie kon idnite generacii.
Poterbno e prirodnite spomenici da se prou~uvaat na ~asovite po biologija i geografija vo
u~ili{tata, za da se podigne nau~noto nivo i
mo`nostite na u~enicite za da go cenat i
za{tituvaat ova bogatstvo na prirodata. Potrebna e golema anga`iranost na nastavnicite vo
pretstavuvaweto, propagiraweto i za{titata na
prirodnite spomenici.
Vo ovoj trud nie se obidovme da pretstavime nekoi od prirodnite spomenici, a voedno i da
poka`eme nekoi od problemite povrzani so nivnata procena, za{tita i upravuavwe. Svesni deka
brojot na prirodnite spomenici vo ovoj kraj
treba da se zgolemi, bi sakale da naglasime deka
neophodno e da se napravat podetalni studii na
ovoj problem, bidej}i samo na toj na~in }e ja
zgolemime vrednosta na Prespanskiot Park i vo
isto vreme }e sozdademe pove}e mo`nosti za
odr`liv razvoj na ovoj region.
Kristo, V., Krutaj, F. & Mezini, B. (1987). The characteristics of the Albanian carstic landscapes and
problems of their rational exploitation. Geographical
Studies, 2.
Krutaj, F, & Qiriazi, P. (1987). The external processes of
the Albanian relief modulation, Geographical Studies, no.2.
Hydrological Company (1984). Hydrological Map of
Albania, Tirana.
Geographical Studies Center (1990). The physical
Geography of Albania, Tirana
Qiriazi P. (1985a). The geomorphological characteristics
of Macro Prespa’s hole.
First of all, the local community will benefit from the
touristic exploitation of the natural monuments. Therefore, precisely this community will be most interested to
protect and treat these natural monuments as touristic
objects.
The protection and conservation of the natural monuments must be considered as a very important chapter for
the conservation of our natural and biological heritage,
that is related to our common present and future. The
acknowledgement, conservation and appreciation of this
heritage, remains for our generation, as a moral obligation to the coming generation. Among others, this requires that the natural monuments must be presented even
in biological and geographical subjects of schools, to
raise the scientific level and probabilities for the practical
capacities of pupils in order to estimate and to protect
these precious wealth of our nature.There is a lot of work
to be done by the geography and biology teachers with
pupils of this zone, about the acknowledgment, propagation and protection of its natural monuments.
In this scientific paper, we are tried to make evident,
some natural monuments of Prespa region and identify
some other problems related to its, assessment, protection
and management. Being aware that number of the natural
monuments of this region must be more than now, we
would like to stress that it is necessary to make a more
detailed study on this problem, because in this way we
will increase the Prespa Park values, and at the same we
will create more possibilities for a sustainable development of this region.
Qiriazi, P. (1985b). Morphogenetical characteristics of the
southeastern Holes and Mountains around, Tirana.
Qiriazi, P. Physical geography of Albania, Tirana.
Qiriazi, P., Doko, Dh. & Gruda, Gj. (1998a). Tourist
potentials of Albanian part of Prespa
International Symposium Towards Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development of Transboundary Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes Korca 24-26
October 1997, Tirana.
Qiriazi, P. et al. (1998b). The carstic ecosystems of
Albania, Tirana.
Qiriazi, P. & Bego, F. (1999). Natural monuments of
Albania, Tirana.
Qiriazi, P., Gruda, Gj. & Kristo, V. (1987). The essential
geomorphological features of Albania and some
practical problems, Geographical Studies 2.
Seriani, A. (1997). Geomonuments of our country,
Geographical Studies no. 9.
Completed card-files of monumentec of natural monuments of Albania, 1998
Vangjeli J. Etc. Red Book- Endangered Plants, Tirana.
Van der Perk, De Groot, R. S., 198, Criteria, registration
and regulation for Natural Monuments in Albania.
100
Klasifikacija na vodenite stani{ta na prespanskite ezera
A. DIMALEKSIS, M. PIROVECI i D. BABALONAS
Biolo{ki Fakultet, Institut za Ekologija, Univerzitet vo Solun
P.O. Box 119, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece
Izvod
US programata za klasificirawe be{e iskoristena za obele`uvawe i klasificirawe na razli~nite vodeni
stani{ta vo Gr~kiot del na blatniot kompleks (Maloto i Golemoto Prespansko Ezero). Osven obele`uvaweto
na `iveali{tata, programot ima{e za cel da ja poka`e i proveri primenlivosta na istata vo Grcija, a posebno
vo Prespanskiot region. Site tri kopneni blatni sistemi koi se prika`ani vo US programata za
klasifikacija, lakustri~en, palustri~en i riverinski, bea identifikuvani vo prou~uvanata oblast.
Voved
Klasificiraweto na vodenite stani{ta
e osnova za nivnoto obele`uvawe, za~uvuvawe i
upravuvawe. Golemiot broj na vodeni stani{ta
i otsustvoto na jasna granica pome|u suvata i
vla`na sredina nalo`uvaat potreba od soodveten i efekasen sistem za klasificirawe. Ovoj
sistem bi obezbeduval jasni kriteriumi za
grupirawe na zaednicite koi ~esto se javuvaat
vo blatnata oblast i nasoki vo pogled na
nivnoto obele`uvawe, klasificirawe i upravuvawe (Cowardin et al. 19779, Micth & Gosselink
1986; CEC 1992; Orians 1993). Klasifikacijata na
vodenite stani{ta e predmet na obemni istra`uvawa, i predlo`eni se nekolku klasifikacioni sistemi koi se baziraat na blatnite
strukturni karakteristiki ili funkcii.
(Martin et al. 1953; Golet 1972; Jeglum et al. 1974;
Odum et al. 1981; Zoltai 1975; Cowardin et al. 1979;
Williams 1985; IUCN, 1987).
Za identifikacija i klasifikacija na
vodenite stani{ta na prespanskiot kompleks
nie ja koristevme klasifikacionata {ema na
Amerikanskata slu`ba za ribi i `iv svet
(Cowardin et al. 1979), koja se smeta za najdetalniot, celosno testiran i {iroko prifaten sistem
za klasificirawe vo svetot. Vo ovoj slu~aj
klasifikacioniot program be{e povrzan so
specifi~nite `ivotni potrebi na retkite i
za{titeni vidovi preku standardizirana metodologija poznata kako “tehnika za procena” na
vodenite stani{ta (WET). Ovaa tehnika se koristi za odreduvawe na pogodnosta na identifikuvanoto `iveali{te za konkretni vidovi
(Adamus et al. 1991). Potrebata od integralen
transgrani~en priod kon za{titata i upravuvaweto so ekosistemite na Prespa e na{iroko
prifatena. Primenata na predlo`enoto klasificirawe, bi obezbedilo usoglasenost vo terminologijata, {to e prv ~ekor kon opi{uvawe i
obele`uvaweto na `iveali{tata, no i steknuvawe na zaklu~oci vo vrska so dosega{nite
soznanija i nivna ocenka.
Celite na ovaa studija se:
proverka na primenlivosta na sistemot vo
Grcija, a osobeno primenlivosta na dosega{nite soznanija vo ovaa klasifikacija,
identifikuvawe i klasificirawe na tipovite
na vodenite stani{ta koi postojat vo gr~kiot
del na prespanskiot kompleks i
obezbeduvawe na osnova za idna klasifikacija,
spisok i obele`uvawe na tipovite na vodenite
stani{ta na Prespanskiot blaten kompleks.
Oblast na prou~uvawe i metodi
Studijata gi istra`uva{e gr~kite delovi
na Maloto i Golemoto Prespansko Ezero.
Maloto Prespansko Ezero ima vkupna povr{ina od 4800 ha, od koi najmnogu (4350 ha) pripa|aat na Grcija, dodeka povr{inata na Golemoto
Prespansko Ezero e 259400 ha od koi 3764 ha
pripa|aat na Grcija. Maloto ezero e na nadmorska viso~ina od 853 m, so mala dlabo~ina
(najgolema dlabo~ina pomala od 10 m), dodeka
GolemotoEzero e na nadmorska viso~ina od 850
m, i e mnogu podlaboko (najgolema dlabo~ina od
55 m).
101
Classification of wetland habitats at Prespa Lakes
A. DIMALEXIS, M. PYROVETSI & D. BABALONAS
School of Biology, Department of Ecology, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki
P.O. Box 119, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece
Abstract
The US wetland classification scheme was used to identify and classify the various wetland habitats of the Greek part of the
wetland complex of Prespa (lakes Mikri and Megali Prespa). Besides the identification of habitats, the study aimed to test and
demonstrate the applicability of the scheme in Greece and particularly at Prespa region. All 3 inland wetland systems, present at
the US classification scheme, lacustrine, palustrine and riverine were identified at the area studied. The background information
proved to be sufficient for the application of the classification scheme, which will undoubdfully be a useful tool for the inventory
and mapping of the wetland habitats of Prespa region, prerequisites for their efficient conservation, monitoring and management.
Introduction
Classification of wetland habitats is considered to be a
cornerstone for their inventory, conservation and
management. The high diversity of wetland habitats and
the lack of a clear separation between dry and wet
environments are the principal factors for the need of a
suitable and effective classification system which will
provide clear criteria for grouping communities that
occur repeatedly across a wetland landscape and will
impose boundaries on wetland ecosystems for the
purposes of inventory, evaluation and management
(Cowardin et al 1979, Mitch and Gosselink 1986, CEC
1992, Orians 1993). Wetland classification has been a
subject of extensive research, and several classification
systems based on wetland structural characteristics or
functions have been proposed (Martin et al 1953, Golet
1972, Jeglum et al 1974, Odum et al 1981, Zoltai 1975,
Cowardin et al 1979, Williams 1985, IUCN 1987).
To identify and classify the wetland habitats of Prespa
wetland complex, we used the classification scheme
adopted by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (Cowardin
et al 1979,), which is considered to be the most detailed,
thoroughly tested and widely accepted wetland
classification system worldwide. Furthermore, this
particular classification scheme has been linked with the
specific habitat needs of rare and protected species
through a standardized methodology known as Wetland
Evaluation Techniques (WET) used to assess suitability
of the habitat types identified for certain species
assemblages (Adamus et al 1991). The need for an
integrated transboundary approach in Prespa’s
ecosystems conservation and management has been
widely recognized. Therefore testing the applicability of
the proposed classification, which provides uniformity
in terminology and is considered to be the first step for
the future habitat inventory and mapping, will provide
102
useful conclusions concerning the adequacy of the
available background information for the region.
The objectives of the present study are:
to test the applicability of the system in Greece,
particularly the adequacy of the existing background
information needed for the implementation of the classification,
to identify and classify the wetland types present at the
Greek part of Prespa wetland complex and
to provide a basis for the future classification, inventory
and mapping of wetland types of Prespa wetland
complex.
Study area and Methods
The study was carried out at the Greek part of Lakes
Mikri and Megali Prespa . Lake Mikri Prespa has a total
acreage of 4,800 ha, most of which (4,350 ha) belongs
to Greece, while Lake Megali Prespa has a total acreage
of 259,400 ha from which the Greek part is 3,764 ha.
Lake Mikri Prespa lies at an altitude of 853 m above
Medium Sea Level (MSL), is rather shallow, with a
maximum depth less than 10 m, while Lake Megali
Prespa lies at an altitude of 850 m above MSL, and is
much deeper, with a maximum depth of 55 m.
The various habitat types of Prespa wetland complex
were identified and classified according to Cowardin et
al (1979). This classification has an hierarchical
structure progressing from systems and subsystems at
the most general levels to classes, subclasses and
dominance types. Modifiers for water regime, water
chemistry and soils are applied to the three lower levels
of hierarchy. The term systems refers to a complex of
wetland habitats that share the influence of similar
hydrologic, geomorphologic, chemical, or biological
factors. Systems are further subdivided into more
specific categories called subsystems.
Razli~nite tipovi stani{ta vo prespanskiot kompleks bea identifikuvani i obele`ani spored Cowardin et al. (1979). Ovaa klasifikacija ima hierarhiska struktura koja zapo~nuva so sistemi i podsistemi, a zavr{uva so najosnovnite nivoa kako {to se klasite, podklasi
i dominantnite tipovi. Kon dolnite tri klasi
se dodavaat modifikatori za vodniot re`im,
hemijata na vodata i po~vite. Terminot sistem
se odnesuva na kompleks na blatni `iveali{ta
koi se pod sli~ni hidrolo{ki, agromorfolo{ki, hemiski ili biolo{ki vlijanija. Ponatamu
sistemite se delat na pospecifi~ni kategorii
nare~eni podsistemi. Klasite se najvisokata
taksonomska edinica vo podsistemot i se koristat za opi{uvawe na izgledot na `iveali{tata
vo pogled na dominantnata vegetacijata za
rastitelni vodeni stani{ta ili fiziografijata i sostavot na substratot, ako se raboti za vodeni stani{ta bez vegetacija. Ovie osobini
mo`at lesno da se prepoznaat i bez detalni ekolo{ki merewa. Positnite razliki na `ivotnite formi se prepoznavaat na nivo na podsistem. Podklasite se odnesuvat na dominantnite
`ivotni formi. Po podklasite sledi nivoto na
dominantnite tipovi koi se odreduvaat na baza
na dominanten vid na rastenie ili `ivotno.
Nie gi identifikuvavme i opi{avme
sistemite, podsistemite i klasite za vreme na
periodot na plavewe, dodeka za klasifikacija
na razli~nite vidovi vo `iveali{teto gi
iskoristivme dominantnite osobini za vreme
na periodot na rastewe (prolet-rano leto), po
nasokite dadeni od Cowardin et al. (1979). Identifikacijata na razli~nite vidovi na vegetacijata be{e napravena niz terenska rabota i preku
postoe~kata literatura (Pavlides 1985; Catsodorakis 1986; Pyrovetsi & Karteris 1986; Babalonas &
Pavlides 1989, Papasteriegiadou, 1990; Pavlides,
1997). Procedurata za izrabotka na mapite
vklu~uva{e upotreba na visinski fotografii
(1:30000), topografska mapa (Pyrovetsi i Karteris,
1986) i proverki na terenot preku celata
godina.
Rezultati
Prespa e kombinacija od tri vodni sistemi: lakustri~en, koj gi pokriva dlabokite
nenaseleni delovi od dvete ezera, mo~uri{en,
koj go pokriva delot so vegetacija (so vegetacija na drva i grmu{ki) i krajre~en, koj gi
pokriva re~nite korita, ovde definirani kako
postojani vodoteci ili kako vrska me|u dve
stati~ni vodni tela.
Vo ramkite na ovie sistemi se razlikuvat
tri vodni re`ima: 1) postojano poplaveni stani{ta, pokrieni so povr{inska voda preku celata godina; 2) poplaveni stani{ta vo tekot na
sezonata na rastewe (prolet-leto); 3) povremeno poplaveni stani{ta kade {to ima voda na
po~etokot na raste~kiot period, no ne e prisutna kon krajot na periodot. Bea identifikuvani
17 tipovi na `iveali{ta koi se razlikuvaat po
nivniot voden re`im, formata na vegetacijata
i dominantnite vidovi na rastenija i `ivotni
(Tab. 1, Sl. 1).
Lakustri~en sistem: pokriva najgolem del od
ezerata, so isklu~ok na krajbre`niot del pokrien so raste~ka vegetacija, drva ili grmu{ki
(Sl. 1).
Limnetski podsistem: go vklu~uva dlabokiot
del od lakustinskiot sistem i se protega od
dlabo~ina od 2 m pa do maksimalnata dlabo~ina
na dvete ezera. Limnetskite `iveali{ta se
postojano pod voda i vo niv nema rastitelna
pokrivka zaradi toa {to pove}eto hidrofiti
se pojavuvaat samo do dlabo~ina od 2-3 m.
Oblasta na limnetskiot podsistem e vklu~ena
vo klasata nekonsolidirano dno. Podlogata e
pesok ili kal, a dominatniot vid se karakterizira so prisustvoto na benti~nite bez'rbetnici: Chiromunos plumosus, Chaoborus flavicans i
Potamotrix hammoniensis (Petrides & Sinis 1995).
Krajbre`en podsistem: se protega pome|u limnetskiot podsistem i mo~uru{niot (palustri~en) sistem. Vo mestata koi nemaat palustrinski
`iveali{ta, krajbre`niot podsistem se
protega do bregot. Gi vklu~uva slednive klasi:
Klasa voden krevet: se protega do obalnite
podra~ja koi se pokrieni so potopena vegetacija kako {to se Potamogen lucens, P. perfoliatus,
P. crispus i P. pectinatus. Ovie oblasti se
postojano pod voda so dlabo~ina od 1,5-3 m.
Klasa kamen breg: gi pokriva krajbre`nite
oblasti na jugoisto~niot i jugozapadniot del na
Maloto Prespansko Ezero i jugozapadniot del
na Golemoto Prespansko Ezero. Podlogata e
ili karpesta ili kamena i so positni kam~iwa.
Ovie oblasti se postojano poplaveni so voda so
dlabo~ina do 1,5 m so isklu~ok na nekoi delovi
od kamenlivata obala koi ne se postojano
poplaveni. Dominantni se potopenite vidovi
kako Potamogeton natans, P. lucens, Myriophyllum
spicatum, Polygonum amphibium.
Klasa nekonsolidiran breg: potklasi pesok i
sitni kamewa. Se protega do obalnite oblasti
koi se pokrieni so vegetacija, vklu~aj}i gi peso~nite pla`i na Golemoto Prespansko Ezero i
sitno kamenestite pla`i na Maloto Ezero kaj
Mikrolimni. Zaradi nivnite blagi padini ovie
oblasti se povremeno potopeni, a na niv
dominiraat trevi kako Juncus conglomeratus,
Cyperus fuscus, Scirpus holoschoenus i Poa annua.
103
Classes are the highest taxonomic unit below subsystems, and are used to describe the general appearance of
the habitats in terms of either the dominant life form of
the vegetation for vegetated wetlands or the physiography and composition of the substrate for unvegetated
wetlands. These features can be easily recognized without the aid of detailed environmental measurements.
Finer differences in life forms are recognized at the
subclass level. Subclasses are named in terms of the
dominant life form. Subordinate to subclasses is the
level of dominance types which are determined on the
basis of dominant plant or animal species.
We carried out identification and delineation of systems, subsystems and classes during the low flooding
period, while for the classification of the various habitat
types we used the dominant features during the growing
season (spring - early summer), following Cowardin et
al (1979) guidelines. Identification of the various types
of vegetation was carried out by field surveys and
through the existing literature (Pavlides 1985, Catsadorakis 1986, Pyrovetsi & Karteris 1986, Babalonas
and Pavlides 1989, Papastergiadou 1990, Catsadorakis
et al 1996, Pavlides 1997). For the mapping, the procedure involved the use of aerial photographs (1:30,000),
a base topographic map (from Pyrovetsi & Karteris
1986) and field proof year-round.
Results
Prespa is a combination of three wetland systems: Lacustrine, covering the deep unvegetated part of both
lakes , Palustrine, covering the vegetated (with emergent, tree or shrub vegetation) part of the lakes and Riverine, covering the stream channels, defined here as
areas containing moving water or form a connecting
link between two bodies of standing water. Within these
systems three water regime categories were recognized:
(1) permanently flooded habitats, covered by surface
water throughout the year, (2) semi-permanently
flooded habitats with surface water persisting throughout the growing season (spring-summer), (3) seasonally
flooded habitats, where surface water is present for extended periods early in the growing season but absent
by the end of the season. Seventeen habitat types were
identified, varying in their water regime, vegetation
form and dominant plant or animal species ( Table 1,
Fig. 1).
Lacustrine system: covers the greatest part of lakes
Mikri and Megali Prespa, with the exception of the
coastal zone covered by emergent vegetation, shrubs or
trees (Fig. 1).
Limnetic subsystem: includes the deep part of the lacustrine system in both lakes, extending from the depth
of 2m at low flooding up to the maximum depth of the
two lakes. Limnetic habitats are permanently flooded
and lack vegetation cover, due to the fact that most hydrophytes are confined by a depth of 2-3 m. The area of
the limnetic subsystem is included in the class
104
unconsolidated bottom.. The substrate is sand or mud
and the dominance type is characterised by the presence
of the benthic invertebrates Chironomus plumosus,
Chaoborus flavicans and Potamothrix hammoniensis
(Petrides & Sinis 1995).
Littoral subsystem: extends between the limnetic subsystem and the palustrine system. In sites lacking
palustrine habitats the littoral subsystem extends up to
the coastline. It includes the following classes:
Class aquatic bed: extends to the littoral areas
dominated by submerged vegetation including the species Potamogeton lucens, P. perfoliatus, P. crispus and
P. pectinatus. These areas are permanently flooded with
a water depth of 1,5 to 3 m.
Class rocky shore: covers coastal areas at the
southeastern and southwestern part of Mikri Prespa and
the southwestern part of Megali Prespa. The substrate is
either rock, or stones and gravel. These areas are permanently flooded with a water depth up to 1,5 m, with
the exception of some gravel shores which are semipermanently flooded. Dominant species include the
submerged vascular plants Potamogeton natans, P.
lucens, Myriophyllum spicatum, Polygonum amphibium.
Class unconsolidated shore: subclasses sand and
gravel. It extends to the coastal areas not covered by
emergent vegetation, including the sandy beach of
Megali Prespa and the gravel beach of Mikri Prespa at
Mikrolimni. Due to their gentle slopes, these areas are
seasonally flooded, dominated by grasses such as Juncus conglomeratus, Cyperus fuscus, Scirpus holoschoenus, and Poa annua.
Palustrine system: includes habitats covered by the
dominant vegetation forms of the wetland.
Class forested wetland: This class occurs at the
southwestern part of Lake Mikri Prespa, at the area of
Greek -Albanian borders, as well as at the island Agios
Achilios and the site of Opagia. Shrub and tree vegetation at those areas occupy a shallow zone with a depth
between 0,15 m and 1,2 m bordering either with the
class emergent wetland or with the class aquatic bed. At
the Greek -Albanian borders site the dominant tree species is Salix cinerea, associated with hydrophytes such
as Lythrum salicaria, Lycopus europaeus, Rumex hydrolapathum. At the other two sites dominant tree species are Salix alba, S. fragilis and Alnus glutinosa.
Class emergent wetland: covers the greatest part of
the Palustrine system and includes two subclasses the
persistent emergent subclass (reedbeds) and the non
persistent emergent subclass (wet meadows).
Subclass persistent emergent wetland: covers most of
the littoral zone of lake Mikri Prespa and a part of the
unconsolidated shore of Megali Prespa. It has a zonal
distribution occupying areas with a water depth up to
1,5 m. The width of the reedbed zone reaches 300 m in
some sites, especially in semi-permanently flooded
places with a substrate of mud or clay.
Mo~uri{en sistem: gi vklu~uva `iveali{tata
koi se pokrieni so dominantna vegetacija na
vodenite stani{ta.
Klasa {umsko blato. Ovaa klasa se pojavuva vo
jugozapadniot del na Maloto Prespansko Ezero,
vo oblasta na gr~ko-albanskata granica, kako i
na ostrovot Sv. Ahil i vo mestoto Opagija.
Grmu{kite i drvata ja zafa}aat plitkata zona
so dlabo~ina od 0.15 m do 1.2 m i grani~at so
zonata nadzemna blatna vegetacija ili so voden
krevet. Vo gr~ko-albanskata grani~na zona
dominanten e vidot Salix cinerea koj e asociran
so hidrofiti kako Lythrum salicaria, Lucopus
europaeus, Rumex hydrolapathum. Na drugite dve
mesta dominantni vidovi na drva se Salix alba, S.
fragilis i Alnus glutinosa.
Klasa emerzno vodeno stani{te: go pokriva
najgolemiot del na mo~uri{niot sistem i
vklu~uva dve podklasi: postojana nadvodna
podklasa (trska) i nepostojana nadvodna
podklasa (blatni livadi).
Podklasa postojano emergentno blato:
go pokriva najgolemiot del od krajbre`nata
zona na Maloto Prespansko Ezero i
rascepkanata obala na Golemoto ezero. Ima
zonska rasprostranetost i gi zafa}a oblastite
so dlabo~ina na vodata do 1,5 m. [irinata na
zonata na trskite dostignuva 300 m na nekoi
mesta, a osobeno vo delumno poplavenite mesta
so podloga od kal ili glina. Dominanten vid e
Phragmites australis, dodeka drugite se Typha
angustifolia i Scirpus lacustris. Na severniot del na
Maloto ezero Typha angustifolia e dominanten
vid, a pomalku zastapeni se Phragmites australis i
Sparganium erectum.
Podklasa nepostojano emerzni: gi
vklu~uva `iveali{tata na blatnite livadi na
Maloto ezero, na koi dominiraat trevi koi se
adaptirani na sezonskoto poplavuvawe. Vo
zavisnost od lokalnite uslovi i specifi~nite
hidrolo{ki pojavi postojat tri razli~ni grupi
na vidovi, koi pretstavuvaat razli~ni
dominantni tipovi. Vo blatnite livadi kaj
Mikrolimni dominantni vidovi se Ranunculus
ficarioides, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens; kaj
Opagia dominantni vidovi se: Elymus pycnanthus,
Catabrosa aquatica, Glyceria plicata i Lolium
repenne; dodeka vo podlabokite `iveali{ta na
severniot del na Prespa na blatnite livadi
dominiraat vidovite: Oenanthe aquatica, Rorripa
amphibia, Lycopus europaeus, Apium nodiflorum i
Menta aquatica.
1. Klasa voden krevet: vklu~uva delovi od
podvodna ili povr{inska vegetacija ili vo
zonata na trskite ili po vodnata granica na
trskite. Ponatamu se deli na dve podklasi:
Potklasa pricvrsteni vi{i rastenija:
ovie `iveali{ta se postojano poplaveni, i vo
zavisnost
od
karakteristikite
na
mikro`iveali{teto, na niv dominiraat ili
nimfoidi (Nymphae alba, Nuphar luteum,
Nymphoides peltata) ili podvodni vidovi
(Potamogeton perfoliatus, Ceratophyllum submersum)
i pleustofiti (Najas marina).
Podklasa flotantni vi{i rastenija:
opfa}a `iveali{ta koi se pojavuvaat ili vo
zavetrina vo pojasot na trskata ili vo kanalite
za isu{uvawe na isto~nata strana na Mala
Prespa. Dominantni vidovi se: Lemna minor,
Spirodella polyrhiza i Trapa natans. Na isto~niot
del na Mala Prespa dominiraat vidovite:
Salvinia natans i Hydrocharis morsus-ranae a
pomalku zastapen e Nymphoides peltata.
Krajre~en sistem: Pretstaven e so kanalot
Koula i potokot na Aghios Germanos. I dvete
lokacii pripa|aat na poniskiot perenijalen
podsistem.
1. Klasa - dno od nekonsolidiran materijal: gi
vklu~uva koritata na kanalot Koula (pesok i
siten kamen) na potokot Agios Germanos (pesok).
Poplavuvaweto ne e postojano i dominantni
vidovi se: Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Myriophyllum
spicatum i Mentha aquatica.
2. Klasa - breg od nekonsolidiran materijal: gi
vklu~uva povremeno poplavenite bregovi na
kanalot Kula i potokot Aghios Germanos, a na
niv dominantni se ili povr{inski vidovi kako
Phragmites australis i Typha angustifolia, ili
grmu{ki kako Rubus canescens, R. candicans i
Prunus spinosa.
Diskusija
Spored Cowarding et al. (1979), glavnata
cel na klasifikacijata na vodenite stani{ta e
da se opi{e ekolo{kata taksonomija, da se
podredat vo sistem korisen za upravuvawe so
resursite, da obezbedi uslovi za iscrtuvawe na
mapa kako i uniformnost vo konceptite i
poimite. Za razlika od drugite na~ini na
klasificirawe, tuka se potrebni samo
ograni~eni informacii za biotskite i
abiotskite osobini na oblasta koja se
klasificira. Najgolemata prednost e {to mo`e
da se odi do razli~ni nivoa na detalite.
Sistemot e primenliv za poniski hierarhiski
nivoa, vo zavisnost od preciznosta na
dostapnite informacii. Metodite za dale~no
odreduvawe se dovolni za prvite tri nivoa na
klasifikacijata (od sistem do klasa). Za
poniskite nivoa potrebna se specifi~ni
informacii za biotskite i abiotskite
karakteristiki. Za dobro prou~eni oblasto
kako {to e Prespa, poznatite informacii se
dovolni za barem u{te dve hierarhiski nivoa
(podklasa i dominanten tip).
105
Tab. 1 Klasifikacija na tipovite vodeni stani{ta vo prespanskiot region
Tab. 1 Classification of habitat types at Prespa wetland
SISTEM
SYSTEM
PODSISTEM
SUB-SYSTEM
KLASA
CLASS
PODKLASA
SUB-CLASS
VODEN RE@IM
WATER REGIME
Limneti~ki
Limnetic
Nekonsolidirano dno
Tiwa
Mud
Permanently flooded
Unconsolidated bottom
Voden krevet
Aquatic bed
LAKUSTRI^EN
LACUSTRINE
Litoralen
Littoral
Kamenest breg
Rocky shore
Permanently flooded
Rooted vascular
Rock
Nekonsolidiran
breg
Unconsolidated shore
Sand
Po{umeno vodeno
stani{te
(Forested wetland)
[irokolisna
listopadna
(Broad leaved
deciduous)
Permanently flooded
Seasonally flooded
DOMINANTNI
VIDOVI
DOMINANT SPECIES
Chaoborus flavicans,
Potamothrix
hammonensis,
Chironomus pulmosus
Potamogeton lucens,
Ceratophyllum
demersum, Myriophyllum
spicatum
Potamogeton lucens, P.
natans, Polygonum
amphibium
tip
type
1
2
3
Juncus conglomeratus,
Cyperus fuscus, Scirpus
holoschoenus, Poa annua
4
Salix cinerea
5
Salix alba, S. Fragilis,
Alnus glutinosa
6
Lemna minor, Spirodella
polyrhiza, Trapa natans
7
Sezonski poplavuvana
Flotantni
vaskularni
Floating
vascular
MO^URI[EN
PALUSTRINE
Voden krevet
Aquatic bed
Vkoreneti
vaskularni
Rooted vascular
Seasonally flooded
Polupostojano poplavuvana
Semi-permanently flooded
Seasonally
flooded
Salvinia natans,
Hydrocharis morsus ranae
8
Postojano poplavuvani
Permanently flooded
Potamogeton perfoliatus,
Ceratophyllum
submersum, Najas marina
9
Sezonski poplavuvani
Seasonally flooded
Nymphaea alba, Nuphar
luteum, Nymphoides
peltata
10
Semi-permanently flooded
Phragmites australis,
Typha angustifolia,
Scirpus lacustris
11
Typha angustifolia,
Sparganium erectum,
Phragmites australis
12
Postojano
Persisten
Sezonski poplavuvani
Seasonally flooded
Emergentno
stani{te
Emergent wetland
Ranunculus ficarioides,
Plantago lanceolata,
Trifolium repens
Nepostojano
Non persistent
Nekonsolidirano dno
Unconsolidated bottom
KRAJRE^EN
RIVERINE
106
Niski
pove}egodi{ni
Lower perennial
Nekonsolidiran breg
Unconsolidated shore
^akal
Gravel
Naselen so
rastenija
Vegetated
Sezonski poplavuvani
Seasonally flooded
Polupostojano poplavuvan
Semi-permanently flooded
13
Elymus pycnanthus,
Catabrosa aquatica,
Glyceria plicata, Lolium
repenne
14
Oeanthe aquatica,
Rorripa amphibia
15
Hydrocharis morsusranae, Myriophyllum
spicatum
16
Phragmites australis,
Typha angustifolia, Rubus
canescens
17
Sezonski poplavuvan
Seasonally flooded
Lake Megali Prespa
1
2
7
2
17
3
16
7
14
11
10
4
7
Koula channel
11
15
12
11
9
11
6
2
15
8
11
2
Agios Achilios
6
2
1
11
Lake Mikri Prespa
2
14
1
11
9
13
Viro Island
Mikrolimni
3
3
3
11
2 1
3
2
11
4
9
2
9
3
11
10
5
Sl. 1 Distribucija na razli~nite tipovi stani{ta vo prespanskito region. Broevite gi ozna~uvaat
tipovite stani{ta kako na Tab. 1.
Fig. 1 Distribution of habitat types at Prespa wetland. Numbers refer to the habitat types of Table 1.
Klasifikacijata na vodenite stani{ta
ne e dovolna za ocenuvawe na `iveali{teto ako
ne se kombinira so podatoci od studiite koi ja
naoaat vrskata pome|u potrebite na `iviot
svet i razli~nite atributi na blatoto. Za
upravuvaweto so specifi~ni `iveali{ta i
vidovi potrebni se detalni podatoci za tipot i
mestopolo`bata na resursite. Ako ovie
podatoci se dostapni, klasifikacijata mnogu go
olesnuva nivnoto organizirawe. Razvieni se
nekolku metodologii za procena na relativnata
vrednost na diviot svet na blatnite
`iveali{ta (Williams 1985; Adamus et al. 1991).
Ovie metodologii se baziraat na podatoci
Dominant plant species is Phragmites australis with
dobieni so koristeweto na sistemot na
Cowardin. Skore{noto pojavuvawe na tehnologiite na geografskite informacioni sistemi
ovozmo`uva sozdavawe na idejni prostorni
modeli za za{titenite vidovi, koj gi povrzuva
potrebite na `iveali{teto i ekologijata na
odredeni vidovi so prostornata rasprostranetost i zastapenosta na blatnite `iveali{ta.
Ovie modeli gi koristat upravnicite na
resursite za da gi procenat efektite na
potencijalnite promeni vo `iveali{tata vrz
populaciite na za{titenite vidovi, i da gi
ispitaat alternativnite scenarija {to se
odnesuvaat na upravuvaweto na ekosistemot.
subordinates the species Typha angustifolia, and
107
Scirpus lacustris. At the northern part of Mikri Prespa
Typha angustifolia is the dominant species with
Phragmites australis, and Sparganium erectum being
subordinates.
Subclass non persistent emergent: includes the wet
meadow habitats of lake Mikri Prespa, dominated by
grasses adapted to seasonal inundation. Depending on
microhabitat conditions and site specific hydrological
patterns, there exist three different species associations,
representing
different
dominance
types.
At
Mikrolimni’s wet meadows, dominant species include
Ranunculus ficarioides, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium
repens, at Opagia, dominant species are Elymus
pycnanthus, Catabrosa aquatica, Glyceria plicata and
Lolium repenne, while at deeper habitats of the northern
part of Mikri Prespa, wet meadows are dominated by
the species Oenanthe aquatica, Rorripa amphibia,
Lycopus europaeus, Apium nodiflorum, Mentha
aquatica.
Class aquatic bed: includes patches of submerged or
floating vegetation either inside the reedbed zone or
beyond the lakeward limit of the reedbed. It is further
subdivided in two sub classes:
Subclass rooted vascular: these habitats are
permanently flooded, and depending on the
microhabitat characteristics, they are dominated either
by nymphoids (Nymphae alba, Nuphar luteum,
Nymphoides peltata) or by submerged species
(Potamogeton perfoliatus, Ceratophyllum submersum)
and pleustophytes (Najas marina).
Subclass floating vascular: habitats that occur either in
protected from the wind sites inside the reedbeds or in
the drainage ditches of the eastern side of Mikri Prespa.
Dominant species are Lemna minor , Spirodella
polyrhiza and Trapa natans. At the eastern part of
Mikri Prespa dominant species are Salvinia natans and
Hydrocharis morsus - ranae with Nymphoides peltata
being subordinate.
Riverine system. it is represented by the Koula channel
and the stream of Agios Germanos. Both sites belong
to the lower perennial subsystem.
Class unconsolidated bottom: includes the
streambeds of Koula channel (sand and gravel) and
Agios Germanos stream (sand). The inundation is
semi-permanent and dominant species are
Hydrocharis
morsusranae,
Myriophyllum
spicatum and Mentha aquatica.
Class unconsolidated shore: includes the seasonally
flooded shores of Koula channel and Agios
Germanos stream, dominated either by emergents
such as Phragmites australis and Typha
angustifolia, or by shrubs such as Rubus canescens,
R. candicans and Prunus spinosa.
108
Discussion
According to Cowarding et al 1979, the main objective
of wetland classification is to describe ecological taxa,
arrange them in a system useful to resource managers,
furnish units for mapping and provide uniformity in
concepts and terms. It is the first step for the assessment
of wetland resources of a region and is designed for use
in inventory and mapping. Unlike other classification
schemes, it requires limited information concerning the
biotic and abiotic features of the area classified, and its
main advantage is that it is designed for use in varying
levels of detail. The system is open - ended to the lower
hierarchical levels, depending on the detail of the
available information. Remote sensing methods are
considered to be sufficient for the first three levels of
the classification (system to class). For the lower levels,
site-specific information for the biotic and abiotic
features of the ecosystems is required. For well studied
areas like Prespa, the existing information is sufficient
for at least two more levels of hierarchy (subclass and
dominance type).
Wetland classification alone is of no value for assessing
wildlife habitat if not combined with information from
studies that relate wildlife use to the various attributes
of the wetland. Management of specific habitat types
and species requires detailed information on what the
resource is and where it is. However, provided that this
information is available, classification becomes
valuable to organize it. Several methodologies have
been developed to assess relative wildlife value of
wetland habitats (Williams 1985, Adamus et al 1991).
These methodologies are based on background mapping
information produced using Cowardin’s system. The
recent emergence of Geographical Information Systems
technology permits the construction of predictive
spatially-explicit population models for protected
species, relating habitat requirements and the ecology
of certain species with the spatial distribution and
abundance of suitable wetland habitats. These models
are used by resource managers to assess the effect of
potential habitat changes on protected species
populations, and to examine alternative scenarios
concerning ecosystem management.
The study indicated that the proposed
classification system was applicable and constituted an
efficient tool in describing, identifying, and delineating
the habitat types at Prespa wetland complex. The
system integrated information regarding the
hydrological status, and vegetation forms of the various
habitats and in this respect was more useful in their
recognition than a classification scheme based only on
vegetation forms.The background information for the
area proved to be sufficient for the application of the
first five levels of the hierarchical classification
scheme, which will undoubtedly be a useful tool for the
inventory and mapping of the whole of Prespa wetland
complex, prerequisite for its integrated conservation
and management.
Studijata oceni deka predlo`eniot
klasifikacionen sistem e primenliv i deka
pretstavuva efikasno sredstvo za opi{uvawe,
identifikuvawe i podela na tipovite na
`iveali{ta vo Prespanskiot blaten kompleks.
Sistemot gi vklopi podatocite za hidrolo{kiot status i formite na vegetacijata, {to e
pokorisno otkolku klasifikaciska {ema koja
se bazira samo na formite na vegetacijata.
Porane{nite podatoci za oblasta se poka`aa
kako dovolni za objasnuvawe na prvite pet
nivoa na hierarhiskata klasifikaciona {ema,
{to sigurno }e bide korisna alatka za
opi{uvaweto i iscrtuvaweto na celiot prespanski voden kompleks. Istovremeno toa e i
neophoden ~ekor kon integrirano upravuvawe i
za~uvuvawe na oblasta. Postoe~kite floristi~ki i fitosociolo{ki podatoci, kako i
topografskite i geolo{kite podatoci bea dovolni za identifikacijata, podelbata i
klasifikacijata na dominantnite vidovi na
blatnata vegetacija. [to se odnesuva do prostornite odliki na specifi~nite modulatori
koristeni od sistemot (pH, solenost, po~vena
taksonomija)
potrebni
se
dopolnitelni
podatoci. Kartografskite podatoci bea isto
taka dovolni, so isklu~ok na novi vozdu{ni
fotografii koi bi obezbedile soodvetni
podatoci za to~na podelba na granici na
`iveali{tata.
Sistematskata primena na sega{nata
klasifikaciona {ema osobeno vo kombinacija
so detalni podatoci za vrskata vidovistani{ta i upotrebata na geografskite informacioni sistemi za Prespanskiot region, }e
obezbedi u{te poprecizni podeluvawa na
granicite na `iveali{tata i po vklu~uvaweto
na podatocite za specijalnite modifikatori,
bi mo`ela da se poka`e kako osnova za monitoring na ekolo{kite promeni vo prespanskiot
voden ekosistem. Povrzuvaweto na hidrologijata, vegetacijata i `ivotnite potrebi na
retkite i za{titeni vidovi vo eden integriran
sistem }e ima golem pridones vo razbiraweto,
upravuvaweto i za{tituvaweto na prespanskite
prirodni resursi.
Referenci (References)
and flora" . - Offic. J. Europ. Comm. No C 206,
22-7-92.
Cowardin, L.M. , Carter, V., Golet, F.C., and E.T.
LaRoe, 1979. Classification of wetland and
deepwater habitats of the United States. - US Fish
and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological
Services, Washington DC, USA. FWS/OBS79/31.
Golet, F.C.,1972. Classification and evaluation of
freshwater wetlands as wildlife habitat in the
glaciated northeast. University of Massachusetts,
180 pp.
Grimmet, R.F.A. and T.A. Jones, 1989. Important Bird
Areas in Europe.- International Council for Bird
Preservation (ICBP) Technical Publication No 9.
IUCN, 1987. Directory of wetlands of international
importance.- Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge.
Karteris, M.A. and M. Pyrovetsi, 1986. Land Cover/Use
Analysis of Prespa National Park, Greece.
Environmental Conservation. 13 (4): 319-330
Jeglum, J.K., Boissonneau, A.N. and V.F. Haavisto,
1974. Toward a wetland classification for Ontario.
Dep. Envir. Can. For. Serv. Info. Rep. 0-X-215:
54 pp.
Adamus, P. R., Stockwell, L. T., Clairain, E. J. Jr.,
Morrow, M. E., Rozas, L. P., and Smith, R. D.,
1991. Wetland Evaluation Technique (WET);
Volume I: Literature Review and Evaluation
Rationale. - Technical Report WRP-DE-2, US
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, MS.
Babalonas, D., & G. Pavlides, 1989. Contribution to the
knowledge for the vegetation of aquatic
macrophytes at Lake Mikri Prespa. BIOS I
(Supplement): 19-29
Catsadorakis, G., 1986. Biotopes and vertebrates of
Prespa National Park. Min. of Agriculture &
University of Athens, School of Biology,
Department of Ecology and Systematics. 161 pp.
(in Greek)
Catsadorakis, G., Μ. Μalakou and A. Crivelli, 1996.
The Prespa barbel, Barbus prespensis, Karaman
1924, in the Prespa lakes basin, north-western
Greece.Tour du Valat, Arles, 79 pp
C.E.C.,1992. Council Directive 92/43, on "The
conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna
109
The existing floristic and phytosociological information
as well as the topographic and geological data were
sufficient for the identification, delineation and
classification of the dominant wetland vegetation units.
A systematic application of the present classification
scheme for the region of Prespa, especially if combined
with detailed information on species-habitats
relationships and the use of Geographical Information
Systems will provide more accurate delineation of
habitat boundaries and, after including information for
special modifiers could prove to be a valuable baseline
for the monitoring of ecological change at Prespa
wetland ecosystems. Linking hydrology, vegetation and
the habitat needs of rare and protected species in an
integrated system will greatly contribute in
understanding, managing and protecting Prespa’s
natural resources.
Martin, A.C., Hotchkiss, N, Uhler, F.M. and W.S.
Bourn, 1953. Classification of wetlands of the
United States. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
Special Scientific Report. 20:1-14 p.
Mitch, W. J., and J.G. Gosselink, 1986. Wetlands. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Odum, E.P., 1981. A functional classification of
wetlands. FWS/OBS - United States, (80/59) 4-9
p.
Orians, G.H., 1993. Endangered at what level? - Ecol.
App. 3: 206-208.
Papastergiadou, E., 1990. Phytosociological and ecological study of aquatic macrophytes at northern
Greece. PhD Thesis, Aristotelian University of
Thessaloniki: 266 pp (in Greek with English
summary)
Papastergiadou, E., and D. Babalonas,1992. Ecological
studies on aquatic macrophytes of a dam lakeLake Kerkini, Greece. - Arch. Hydrobiol.,Suppl.
90:1-20.
Pavlides, G., 1985. Geobotanichal study of Prespa
National Park. Volume A’: Ecology, flora,
phytogeography,
vegetation.
Aristotelian
University of Thessaloniki 308 pp.
Pavlides, G., 1997. Aquatic and terrestrial vegetation of
the Prespa area. Hydrobiologia 351:41-60
Petrides, D. & A. Sinis, 1995. Benthos of Lake Mikri
Prespa (North Greece). Hydrobiologia 304: 185196
Pyrovetsi, M. and M. Karteris, 1986. Forty years of
land cover/use changes in Prespa National Park,
Greece. Journal of Environmental Management.
23: 173-183
Sokal, R.R., 1974. Classification: purposes, principles,
progress, prospects. Science 185: 1115-1123 p.
Williams, G.L., 1985. Classifying wetlands according
to relative wildlife value: application to water
impoundments. U.S. Forest Service, general
technical report, NC-United States North Central
Forest Experiment Station. 100: 110-119 p.
Zalidis, G.C., A.L. Mantzavelas & E.N. Fitoka, 1996.
Mediterranean Wetland Inventory: Photointerpretation and Cartographic Conventions. MedWet/
Greek Biotope/Wetland Centre (EKBY)/ Instituto
da Conservacao Natureza/ Wetlands International
Publication, Vol. IV
Zoltai, S.C., Pollet, F.C., Jeglum, J.K. and G.D.
Adams, 1975. Developing a wetland classification
system for Canada. Proc. 4th North American
Forest Soil Conference : 497-511 pp.
110
Histolo{ka evidencija za efektite na zagaduvaweto kaj
nekolku vidovi ribi od Prespanskoto Ezero
Danica R. ROGANOVI]-ZAFIROVA, Kristina MANASIEVA i Adriana SPASOVA
Institut za biologija, Prirodno-matemati~ki fakultet, Skopje, Republika Makedonija
Apstrakt
Dolgotrajnoto prisustvo na mali subletalni dozi na razli~ni hemiski kontaminanti vo vodenata sredina mo`e da
predizvika razli~ni toksi~ni efekti kaj ribite i drugite vodeni organizmi. Kaj nekolku vidovi ribi od
Prespanskoto ezero (mrenata Barbus prespensis Kar., belvicata Alburnus alburnus belvica Kar. skobustot Chondrostoma
prespensis Kar., prespanskiot grunec Rutilus rubilio prespensis Kar., i krapot Cyprinus carpio L.) be{e izvr{ena
mikroskopska analiza na bubre`noto i `abrenoto tivo. Rezultatite poka`aa prisustvo na lezii vo ekskretorniot
del na bubregot i `abrite kaj del od ispituvanite edinki, kako i za~esteno prisustvo na protozojski parazitni
infekcii vo intrarenalnoto hematopoeti~no tkivo. Diskutirana e mo`nata povrzanost na dobienite naodi so
eventualni toksi~ni i imunosupresivni efekti na zagaduvaweto vrz organizmot na ribite.
Vo pove}e dosega publikuvani stru~ni i
nau~no-istra`uva~ki studii so environmentalna
tematika
se
uka`uva
deka
vodite
na
Prespanskoto Ezero se pod vlijanie na razli~ni
vidovi zagaduvawe od urbano, industrisko i
agrarno poteklo (Jonovski 1997, Pej~inovski i
sor. 1997, Kanari et al. 1997 i drugi ), no seu{te
nedostasuvaat
konkretni
kvalitativni
i
kvantitativni
podatoci
za
stepenot
na
polucijata i prisustvoto na antropogeni
toksi~ni kontaminanti vo vodata, sedimentite i
hidrobiontite od Ezeroto. U{te pomalku se
ispituvani efektite na kontaminantite vrz
`iviot svet od ovoj ekosistem. Metodot na
histolo{ka analiza na tkivata i organite na
vodenite organizmi, pred se ribite i
invertebratite, pretstavuva ceneta i se pove}e
primenuvana alatka za kvalitativna procenka na
toksi~nite efekti na polucijata vo vodenite
ekosistemi (Hinton et al. 1989, Teh et al. 1997).
Podatocite od histolo{kite ispituvawa se od
osobeno zna~ewe koga stanuva zbor za dolgotrajni
efekti na mali koncentracii od toksi~ni
materii vo `ivotnata sredina koi predizvikuvaat hroni~ni subletalni lezii vo
`ivotinskite tkiva i organi (Meyers and
Hendricks, 1984). So cel da se doprinese kon
prou~uvaweto na ekotoksi~nite efekti
na
zagaduvaweto vo Prespanskoto Ezero, vr{evme
mikroskopski ispituvawa na visceralnite
organi kaj nekolku vidovi ribi od ovoj
ekosistem. Vo ovaa studija prezentirani se
rezultatite od histolo{ka analiza na `abrite i
bubrezite kaj ispituvanite vidovi i diskutirani
se mo`nite toksi~ni efekti na zagaduvaweto
kako pri~ini za predizvikanite lezii na ovie
organi.
Materijal i metodi
Ribite ispituvani vo ovaa studija bea
izloveni od litoralot na Prespanskoto Ezero na
potezot Sirhan - Asamati (vo okolinata na
vlivot od Golema reka). So ispituvaweto bea
opfateni vkupno 67 edinki od slednite vidovi
ribi: mrena (Barbus prespensis Kar.), belvica
(Alburnus alburnus belvica Kar.), skobust (Chondrostoma prespensis Kar.), prespanski grunec (Rutilus
rubilio prespensis Kar.) i krap (Cyprinus carpio L.).
Kolekcioniraweto be{e vr{eno vo tri navrati
vo kasniot proleten i vo tek na letniot period
od 1999 godina.
111
Histological evidence for pollution effect on some telostean species from Lake
Prespa
Danica R. ROGANOVIC-ZAFIROVA, Kristina MANASIEVA & Andrijana SPASOVA
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Abstract
Long-term exposure to low sublethal concentrations of various contaminants in the water may cause toxicopathic diseases or lesions
in tissues and organs of fish and other aquatic organisms. Microscopic analysis of kidney and gill from several teleostean species
inhabiting Lake Prespa ( Barbus prespensis Kar., Alburnus alburnus belvica Kar. Chondrostoma prespensis Kar., Rutilus rubilio
prespensis Kar., and Cyprinus carpio L.) was performed in this study. Various renal and gill lesions of moderate intensity, as well as
high frequency of protozoan parasitic infections in hematopoietic tissue of the kidney was revealed in all investigated species. A
possible correlation between these findings and an eventual contaminant-induced toxicity in analysed organs, as well as
immunosuppressive effect of the environment was discussed.
The fact that Lake Prespa may suffer urban industrial or
agricultural pollution pressure has been stressed in a
number of published articles (Jonovski 1997, Pejcinovski
et al.1997, Kanari et al. 1997 and others), but precise and
reliable qualitative and quantitative data concerning the
presence and concentration of various anthropogenic
toxic contaminants in water, sediments, and living
organisms is still missing. The risk factors related to
contaminant exposure and possible adverse effects of
pollution on Lake Prespa inhabitants are even less
investigated. The histological analysis of pollutionassociated diseases and lesions in aquatic animals is respected method and widely used as a pollution biomonitoring tool (Hinton et al.,1989, Teh et al.,1997). In
order to contribute to better understanding of toxicopathic
risk for fish populations in Lake Prespa, a morphological
survey of lesions in various visceral organs of several
teleostean species was undertaken. The results from
histological analysis of gills and kidneys are presented in
this study.
Material and methods
Fish sampling was carried out from a littoral site situated
between Sirhan and Asamati in the area of tributary Great
River entrance. The investigation has been performed on
67 individuals belonging to the following cyprinid
species: Prespa barbell (Barbus prespensis Kar.), Prespa
112
bleak (Alburnus alburnus belvica Kar.), Prespa nase
(Chondrostoma prespensis Kar.), Prespa roach (Rutilus
rubilio prespensis Kar.), and carp (Cyprinus carpio
L.).The fishes were collected during late spring and
summer 1999 year. Basic data concerning the number,
sex, fork length, and catchment's date per species are presented on Tab. 1. Pieces of gill and kidney were isolated
from every individual and fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde. Isolated and fixed tissue was dehydrated in
several changes of alcohol with ascending concentration,
cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin blocks. The
4-5 µm sections were stained with haematoxylin and
eosin and analysed with Leitz-Wetzlar light microscope.
Results
Renal lesions
The excretory and hematopoietic part of kidney
was screened for the pathological changes in all
individuals of investigated species. The structural
changes in the glomeruli, proximal and distal segments of
renal tubules, collecting and mesonephric ducts were
detected. The frequency of parasitic infection, and the
occurrence of melanomacrophage centers and granulomas
were approximately evaluated.
Tab. 1 Osnovni podatoci za ribite vklu~eni vo histolo{kata analiza
Tab. 1 Basic specimen sampling data
Vidovi (species)
Broj edinki
Number of individuals
Barbus prespensis Kar.
Alburnus alburnus belvica Kar.
Chondrostoma prespensis Kar.
Rutilus rubilio prespensis Kar.
Cyprinus carpio L.
22
12
13
14
6
pol (sex)
♂
1
2
7
3
-
Osnovnite podatoci za vidot, brojot, dimenziite, polot i datumot na kolekcionirawe na
edinkite ispituvani vo ovaa studija dadeni se vo
Tab. 1. Del~iwa od `abrite i bubrezite (so dimenzii maksimum 1-2 cm) bea fiksirani vo 10%
neutralen formalin. Potoa tkivoto be{e
dehidrirano niz serija alkoholi so raste~ka
koncentracija, prosvetluvano vo ksilol i
vklopuvano vo parafin. Parafinskite preseci
so debelina 4-5 µm bea boeni so hematoksilineozin metoda i analizirani na Leitz Wetzlar
svetlosen mikroskop.
Rezultati
Bubre`ni lezii
Edinkite od site ispituvani vidovi bea
skrinirani za prisustvo na promeni, kako vo
ekskretorniot, taka i vo hematopoeti~niot del
na bubre`noto tkivo. Pri toa bea sledeni mikroskopski promeni vo glomerulite, proksimalnite
i distalnite segmenti na tubulite, sobirnite i
izvodnite kanal~iwa, procenuvana be{e zastapenosta na melanomakrofagni centri i granulomi
vo hematopoeti~noto tkivo i bea registrirani
naodi na parazitni infekcii. Vo ekskretorniot
del na bubregot, globalno zemeno, zabele`itelni
bea slednite naodi: blagi degenerativni promeni
na tubularniot epitel, mnogu retki i umereno
prisutni nekrozi na tubularnite kletki, i kaj
nekoi edinki eozinofilna, najverojatno proteinska, sodr`ina vo lumenot na nefronite i sobirnite kanal~iwa. Vo hematopoeti~noto tkivo
preovladuvaa naodi na sporozoarni infekcii
retko proprateni so granulomi. Histolo{kiot
naod se odlikuva so odredena intervidova specifi~nost vo odnos na zastapenosta i za~estenosta
na spomenatite lezii.
Ekskretornoto tkivo na bubrezite od mrenata poka`uva prete`no normalna mikroskopska
struktura. Vo glomerulite ne bea registrirani
promeni, a vo tubulite mo`ea da se vidat retki
lezii vo vid na hidropsna degeneracija na tubularniot epitel. Kaj del od edinkite na mrenata
♀
21
10
6
11
-
fork lenth/mm
202-332
139-180
191-306
109-184
270-306
Broj na ulovi/datum
N° of catchments /data
30.06
28.07
01.09
17
9
-
1
3
7
3
4
6
14
3
vo pogolemite i pomalite izvodni kanali, no i
vo distalnite tubuli, pa duri i vo glomerulite
mo`ea da se sretnat kletki so svetla citoplazma
koi najverojatno pretstavuvaat spori na protozoarni paraziti. Vo izvodnite kanali prisutna
be{e Rhabdospora telohani, koja kaj nekoi individui se javuva mnogu masovno. Razvitok na novi
nefroni vidliv e kaj skoro site ispituvani
edinki.
Glomerulite na prespanskata belvicata ne
poka`uvaat patolo{ki promeni. Epitelot na tubulite isto taka ima prete`no normalna struktura. No, iako relativno retko i na mal broj
nefroni, vo proksimalnite kanal~iwa be{e registrirana hidropsna degeneracija i eksfolijacija na tubularniot epitel. Proliferacija na
mukozni kletki se sre}ava vo izvodnite kanal~iwa, a mnogu retko i vo epitelot na tubulite. I
kaj ovoj vid riba be{e registriran razvitok na
novi nefroni. Nivnata gustina po edinica povr{ina poka`a sporedlivi vrednosti so tie kaj
mrenata (Tab. 2). Za del od edinkite be{e karakteristi~no da site novi nefroni bea vo pokasen
razvoen stadium so ve}e diferencirani tubuli i
mladi glomeruli vo razvoj. Vo hematopoeti~noto
tkivo ima{e umno`eni melanomakrofagi i ~est
naod na mikro i miksosporozoi. Glomerulite kaj
site individui na skobustot se normalni so isklu~ok na edna edinka kade promenite treba da se
dodatno da se ispitaat so primena na dopolnitelni metodi. Kaj nekoi individui be{e videna eozinofilna proteinska sodr`ina vo lumenot na
tubulite {to mo`e da uka`uva na proteinurija.
Vo sobirnite kanal~iwa i del od distalnite
tubuli na nefronite od skobustot be{e zabele`ana pojava na golemi prazni vakuoli vo bazalniot del od citoplazmata. Najverojatno stanuva
zbor za izrazena hidropsna vakuolizacija na ovie
kletki. Kaj nekoi od edinkite bea prisutni novi
nefroni vo zna~itelno zgolemen broj. Vo hematopoeti~noto tkivo kaj nekoi edinki bea registrirani miksosporozoi pridru`eni so melanomakrofagni centri.
113
Speaking in general, the following findings were
observed in the excretory part of kidney: mild hydropic
degeneration of tubular epithelial cells, scarce necroses of
tubular epithelium with moderate intensity, and, in some
individuals, eosinophilic proteinaceous droplets in the
lumen of the tubules and collecting ducts. The sporozoan
infections rarely associated with granulomas prevailed in
the hematopoietic part. Interspecies and individual differences of histological findings in kidney were manifested to some extent.
The renal tissue of Prespa barbell showed practically
normal structure. No changes were registered in the
glomerules. But, mild to moderate hydropic degeneration
of tubular epithelium was frequently observed. In the
epithelium of collecting tubules and mesonephric ducts
many large cells with clear cytoplasm were found, which
were supposed to be parasitic spores. The spores of
Rhabdospora telohani were common finding in the collecting tubules, and in some individuals were reaching
massive amounts. Hematopoietic tissue was frequently
invaded by microsporozoans. New nephrones development was seen in each barbell individual.
No pathological changes were registered in the glomeruli
of Prespa bleak. The tubular epithelium showed mostly
normal appearance. But, in some individuals,
nevertheless mild and in few nephrons, hydropic
degeneration and exfoliation of tubular epithelium was
observed. Goblet cell proliferation was noticed in the
collecting ducts and much more scarcely in the nephric
tubules. New nephrones were also registered, showing
synchronous development to some extent. Most of them
appeared in late developmental stages manifesting differentiated tubules and young glomerules. Density figures
were comparable with the barbell (Tab. 2). The haematopoetic tissue was invaded by micro and mixosporozoans and demonstrated increased density of
melanomagrophage centres.
The glomeruli of Prespa nase were normal, with
exception of one individual where some changes
requiring further definition were noticed. In some fishes
eosinophilic proteinaceous content was observed in the
tubular lumen, suggesting possible proteinuria. In the
basal cytoplasm of the tubular and collecting duct cells,
large empty vacuoles were present, manifesting most
likely severe hydropic degeneration. The number of
developing nephrons per square millimetre was notably
high in some nase individuals. Microsporozoan infection
associated partly by melanomacrophage centres was
present in the hematopoietic tissue.
Tab. 2 Lezii vo ekskretorniot del na bubregot
Tab. 2 Lezios in the excretory part of kidney
broj na novi nefroni na mm2
sredna vrednost (min/max)
vid (species)
(N° of new nephrons per mm2
hv
n
epl
mean value (min/max))
Barbus prespensis Kar.
36
18
0
0.60 (0/1.35)
Alburnus alburnus belvica Kar.
25
8
0
0.67 (0/1.49)
Chondrostoma prespensis Kar.
92
0
15
0.92 (0.05/1.84)
Rutilus rubilio prespensis Kar.
28
7
7
0.86 (0/2.55)
Cyprinus carpio L.
33
33
0
1.75 (0.94/2.68)
h- hidropsna degeneracija na epitelnite kletki (hydropic degeneration of epithelial cells), n-nekroza (necroses), epl - eozinofilna sodr`ina vo lumenot na tubulite i sobirnite kanal~iwa (eosinophilic proteinaceous content in the tubular lumen)
% individui so lezii
(% of ind. with lesions)
The most important finding in the kidney of Prespa roach
was a heavy infection by an unidentified, probably microsporozoan, parasite infection. The process prevailed in
the hematopoietic tissue causing extensive necroses and
spongioses and, in the most severe cases, hyperemia and
hemorrhagic changes. Parasite spores were found also in
the excretory part of the kidney mostly in the larger
mesonefric ducts and to the less extent in upper urinary
pathways, including glomerules in some cases. This infection was associated by mild changes in tubules and
moderate changes in collecting ducts. Eosinophilic proteinaceous content was observed in the tubular lumen of
some roach individuals. The figures of new nephron density were relatively low in most of fishes, but in few of
them quite high values were obtained.
The observed pathohistological changes in the excretory
part of the kidney in almost all investigated species were
mild to moderate. No glomerular changes were recognized. Some individuals of Prespa barbell and Prespa
roach showed more notable lesions of tubular and ductal
epithelium. But, it is worthy mentioning that in the most
of analysed fishes induced development of new nephrons
was revealed. Measurements have shown highest values
in the carp, and partly in the Prespa nase and Prespa
roach (Tab. 2). In the hematopoietic part of kidney of the
investigated fishes, extensive protozoan infections were
dominant findings. Infections were partly associated by
granulomas and melanomacrophage centres. Protozoan
infections were quite frequent in all investigated species,
Prespa roach in particular (Tab. 3). The number of
induced melanomacrophage centres was notably high in
the Prespa bleak, with no apparent association with the
infective process.
115
Tab. 3 Protozojski infekcii vo intrarenalnoto hematopoeti~no tkivo
Tab. 3 Protozoan infections in the renal hematopoietic tissue
% na edinki so
% na edinki so parazitarni infekcii
% individuals with parasitic infections
inducirani MMC
species
% individuals with
Rhabdospora
Microsporoz
Mixosporozoa
induced MMC
telohani
oa
Barbus prespensis Kar.
0
45
13
50
Alburnus alburnus belvica Kar.
66
16
16
25
Chondrostoma prespensis Kar.
7
0
15
53
Rutilus rubilio prespensis Kar.
0
71
0
14
Cyprinus carpio L.
0
0
0
50
MMC - melanomakrofagni centri (MMC - melanomacrophage centrres)
Najvpe~atliv naod za ispituvanite edinki
od prespanskiot grunec e infekcija so eden neidentifikuvan vid na protozoa, najverojatno mikrosporozoa koja prvenstveno se razviva vo hematopoeti~noto tkivo izazivaj}i nekroza i spongioza. Kaj pote{ko inficiranite edinki se javuva hemoragija i hiperemija vo ova tkivo. Parazitni spori se sre}avaat i vo ekskretornoto tkivo, najmnogu vo golemite mezonefri~ni odvodni
kanali, a pomalku vo pogornite ekskretorni pati{ta, se do proksimalnite tubuli, a kaj nekoi
edinki i vo samite glomeruli. Infekcijata pri
toa be{e sledena so sosema blagi promeni vo
epitelot na nefronite, i ne{to pote{ki vo
epitelot na izvodnite kanal~iwa. Treba da se
napomene prisustvoto na eozinofilna sodr`ina
vo bubre`nite i izvodnite kanal~iwa kaj nekoi
edinki. Brojot na novi nefroni po edinica
povr{ina kaj pogolem del od edinkite ima{e
niski vrednosti, no kaj pomal del istiot be{e
relativno visok (Tab. 2).
Leziite vo ekskretorniot del na bubregot
kaj site ispituvani vidovi bea glavno slabi do
umereni. Glomerularni promeni ne bea videni, a
pozabele`itelni lezii na epitelot vo tubulite
i sobirnite kanal~iwa bea registriran kaj nekoi
edinki na mrenata i grunecot. No zatoa, prisutvoto na novi nefroni vo bubregot na ribite be{e registriran kaj site ispituvani edinki. Pri
toa merewata poka`uvaat najvisoka gustina na
novi nefroni vo bubregot na krapot, i delumno
kaj skobustot i prespanskiot grunec (Tab. 2). Vo
hematopoeti~niot del na bubregot dominira
naodot na sporozoarni infekcii koi se delumno
sledeni i so granulomi. Ovoj naod e so visoka
za~estenost zastapen kaj edinkite od site ispituvani vidovi (Tab. 3) i osobeno ekstenzivno prisuten vo bubregot na prespanskiot grunec. Vpe~atliv e naodot na inducirani melanomakrofagni
centri kaj prespanskata belvica koj ne e strogo
asociran so infektivniot proces vo bubregot.
Lezii vo `abrite
Histolo{kite preseci od `abrite od ispi-
116
tuvanite edinki od site vklu~eni vidovi ribi
bea pregleduvani za prisustvo na eventualni degenerativni, nekroti~ni, hipertrofi~ni ili
proliferativni promeni vo epitelot, kako na
nerespiratornite delovi na `abrenite laci i
filamenti, taka i vo respiratorniot epitel na
lamelite. Posebno vnimanie be{e posveteno na
promeni koi mo`at da imaat kompromitira~ko
vlijanie vrz di{eweto kako telangiektazija,
slepuvawe na lamelite i sl. Isto taka be{e
registrirano i procenuvano i prisustvoto na
ektoparaziti na `abrenite povr{ini.
@abrite kaj mrenata poka`uvaat promeni
vo pove}e domeni na nivnata struktura. Vo
nerespiratorniot epitel od faringealnata
strana na zabrenite lakovi, i vo filamentite
zabele`ana e umerena proliferacija na mukozni
kletki. Karakteristi~na e pojava na telangiektazija koja e silno izrazerna kaj nekoi edinki.
Proliferacijata na interlamelarniot epitel e
pojava koja se gleda kaj site edinki so razli~en
stepen na izrazenost. Edinkite koi imaa izraziti epitelni proliferacii poka`vaa mestimi~no slepuvawe na lamelite. Poveketo
edinki imaa prisustvo na protozoarni i helmintni ektoparaziti vo `abrite, no samo kako
sosema slabo izrazena infekcija. Infiltracijata na eozinofilni kletki vo nerespiratorniot
epitel na filamentite i `abrenite lakovi be{e
relativno ~est naod.
@abrite na edinkite od prespanskata belvica ne poka`uvaa morfolo{ki znaci za patolo{ki procesi ili promeneta funkcija. Edinstven naod be{e izrazito blaga proliferacija na
mukozni kletki vo interlamelarniot i nerespiratorniot epitel na filamentite. Samo edna edinka poka`a poizrazena proliferacija na mukoznite kletki vo faringealnata ligavica na `abrenite laci prosledena so umerena proliferacija na istite vo nerespiratorniot epitel na filamentite. Od parazitite prisutni bea neidentifikuvani ektoprotozoi i parazitot Rhabdospora
telohani, no so mnogu mala nezna~itelna inficiranost.
Gill lesions
The microscopic sections of gill tissue from all investigated fishes were scanned for eventual occurrence of degenerative, necrotic, hyperthropic, or proliferative changes in the epithelium of gill racks, filaments and lamellae.
Particular attention was paid to the changes that may indicate compromised respiratory function as telangiectasia
of blood sinuses of the individual lamellae and lamellae
fusion. The occurence of ectoparasites vas also screened.
Gill inspection in Prespa barbell revealed changes in several part of their structure. Non-respiratory epithelium
covering pharyngeal part of the gill racks and gill filaments showed moderate proliferation of goblet cells.
Telangiectasia of blood sinuses of the individual lamellae
was strongly manifested in some individuals. The prolif-
eration of interlamellar epithelium resulting in thickening
of interlamellar spaces was common finding expressed
with different intensity among individuals. The most severe epithelial proliferations were in conjunction with
focal lamellae fusion. Protozoan and helminth parasites
were scarcely present. Eosinophilic leucocytes frequently
infiltrated non-respiratory epithelium covering gill racks
and filaments.
No apparent changes were registered in the gills of Prespa
bleak. A very mild goblet cell proliferation in the interlamellar spaces and in the non-respiratory epithelium of
the filaments was the only observable change. This finding was more pronounced just in one of the investigated
bleak specimens. Very few unidentified protozoan ectoparasites including the R. telohani were detected.
Tab. 4 Za~estenost na lezii vo `abrite
Tab. 4 Gill lesion occurrence
Vid
Species
% na edinki so naglasena
proliferacija na mukozni
kletki
(% of individuals with goblet
cell proliferation)
% na edinki so telangiektazija na respiratornite lameli
(% of individuals with telangiectasia)
% na edinki so prisustvo
na slepeni lameli vo
`abrite
(% of individuals with
lamellae fusion)
Barbus prespensis Kar.
Alburnus alburnus belvica Kar.
Chondrostoma prespensis Kar.
Rutilus rubilio prespensis Kar.
Cyprinus carpio L.
9
8
53
14
0
31
0
23
14
0
18
0
0
21
0
Moderate changes were revealed in the gills of the Prespa
nase. Significant finding was a mildly expressed telangiectasia in some individuals. Goblet cells were proliferated
in the non-respiratory epithelium of gill filaments, and
even in the respiratory epithelium of gill lamellae in some
individuals. Parasitic infections and inflammatory processes were not detected.
A remarkable individual difference was noticed concerning pathological changes in the gills of Prespa roach.
The telangiectasia of blood sinuses of the individual lamellae was found in few individuals. In part of them this
change was in association with lymphocyte accumulation,
lamellae fusion and goblet cell proliferation. In the rest of
the sampled Prespa roach this changes were slight or absent. The parasitic infections were insignificant.
A summarised presentation of the occurrence of most important gill changes found in the investigated species is
offered in Tab. 4. Results obtained in this study showed
the most prominent gill lesions in Prespa barbell and Prespa nase, with prevalence of telangiectasia and lamellae
fusion in the former, and goblet cell proliferation in the
latter. The Prespa roach showed moderate expression of
the above mentioned gill changes. The Prespa bleak and
the carp individuals were affected the least or unaffected.
Discussion
Long-term exposure to low subletal doses of various toxic contaminants in the water may cause various adverse
effects on fish and other aquatic organisms. Even when
the concentrations are very low, sometimes under sensitivity range of measuring instruments, the harmful chemicals in the water may reach toxic doses through the processes of bioaccumulation and bioconcentration and initiate various diseases in aquatic ecosystem inhabitants
(Meyers and Hendricks 1984).
117
Strukturata na `abrite od edinkite na
skobustot isto taka poka`a odredeni promeni.
Najzna~aen naod be{e blago izrazena telangiektazija na lamelite kaj nekoi edinki. Mukoznite
kletki bea proliferirani vo nerespiratorniot
epitel na filamentite , a kaj nekoi edinki ima{e prisustvo na mukozni kletki i vo respiratorniot epitel na lamelite. Parazitni infekcii i
inflamatorni reakcii ne bea videni.
Sostojbata na `abrite kaj prespanskiot
grunec poka`a izrazena individualna varijabilnost - od edinki so zna~itelni lezii do edinki
bez vidlivi promeni. Telangiektazija be{e videna kaj mal broj od edinkite, pri {to kaj del od
niv ovaa promena be{e asocirana so limfocitoza, slepuvawe na lamelite i zgolemena mukozna
sekrecija. Ostanatite edinki imaa mnogu poumereni promeni sledeni so zgolemen broj na mukozni kletki vo nerespiratorniot, a delumno i respiratorniot epitel. Parazitnite infekcii vo
`abrite bea nezna~itelni.
Na Tab. 4 e daden sumaren prikaz na za~estenosta na najzna~ajnite promeni vo strukturata
na `abrite od ispituvanite vidovi, koi uka`uvaat na razli~en stepen na afektiranost na funkcijata na `abrite: od iritiranost (proliferacija na mukozni kletki i zgolemena mukozna sekrecija) do poseriozna kompromitiranost na respiratornata povr{ina (telangiektazija i slepuvawe na lamelite). Podatocite poka`uvaat deka
mrenata i skobustot imaat najizrazeni i naj~esti
lezii na `abreniot aparat, pri {to kaj prviot
vid preovladuva naodot na telangiektazija i slepenost na lamelite, dodeka kaj vtoriot - mukozna
proliferacija. Prespanskiot grunec e so umerena za~etenost na spomenatite promeni. Prespanskata belvica i krapot se najmalku ili voop{to
nezafateni od ovoj vid promeni vo `abrite.
Diskusija
Dolgotrajnoto prisustvo na mali subletalni dozi na razli~ni hemiski kontaminanti vo
vodenata sredina mo`e da predizvika razli~ni
toksi~ni efekti kaj ribite. Iako koncentracijata na hemiskite kontaminanti vo vodata i sedimentite mo`e da bide sosema niska, nekoga{ i
pod pragot na osetlivosta na mernite instrumenti, istite se vo sostojba da dostignat toksi~ni
dozi niz slo`enite lanci na ishrana vo ekosistemot preku procesite na biotransformacija i
biokoncentracija i da predizvikaat razli~ni zaboluvawa kaj ribite i drugite vodeni `ivotinski organizmi (Meyers and Hendricks 1984).
Histolo{kite naodi vo bubregot na ribite
od Prespanskoto Ezero bi mo`ele da se povrzat
so prisustvo na nefrotoksi~ni procesi. Iako
blago manifestirani, bubre`nite lezii od tipot
na degeneracija i nekroza na epitelot na bubre`nite i sobirnite kanal~iwa, kako i proteinska
sodr`ina vo lumenot na istite mo`no e da
uka`uvaat na odreden subletalen toksi~en insult. Od ovoj aspekt osobeno vnimanie zaslu`uva
indukcijata na novi nefroni, koi vo razli~ni
fazi na razvitok bea videni kaj site ispituvani
vidovi. Sposobnosta za razvitok na novi nefroni kako odgovor na toksi~ni lezii, prestavuva
posebna karakteristika za bubregot na ribite
(Reimschuessel at al. 1990). Spored Hinton et al.
(1989), ovaa pojava e od interes kako indikator za
prisustvo na nefrotoksi~ni materii vo okolinata. Eksperimentalni ispituvawa so zlatniot kara{ (Carrassius auratus L.), kako i terenskite naodi kaj pastrmkata (Oncorhynchus mykiss) poka`ale
deka propa|aweto na nefronite predizvikano
pri akutno ili hroni~no eksponirawe na ribite
na razli~ni nefrotoksini e prosledeno so pojava
na zgolemen broj na novi nefroni vo bubregot
(Reimschuessel et al. 1990, Reimschuessel et al., 1993,
Reimschuessel and Williams 1995, Reimschuessel and
Gonzalez 1998). Naodot na novi nefroni vo bubre`noto tkivo vo ispituvanite ribi od Prespansko Ezero, osobeno kaj edinkite na krapot, nekoi
od edinkite na skobustot i prespanskiot grunec,
mo`e da sugerira nefrotoksi~en proces. Dobienite podatoci za gustinata na formira~kite
nefroni baraat ponatamo{na proverka vo poop{irni ispituvawa vo koi }e bidat vklu~eni
edinki od regioni so razli~en stepen na zagadenost, kako i od referentni ~isti lokacii.
Hematopoeti~niot del od bubregot poka`a
prisustvo na protozoarni infekcii so varijabilen intenzitet, no so izrazito visoka za~estenost kaj edinkite na site ispituvani vidovi. Ovoj
podatok, iako dobien na mnogu mal primerok,
korespondira so naodite na Hristovski i Stojanovski 1997 koi registrirale visoka za~estenost
na infestacii so endohelminti kaj istite vidovi
ribi od Prespanskoto ezero. Pri~ina za ovaa pojava mo`e da bidat imunosupresivni i imunotoksi~ni efekti na zagaduvaweto, a {to e evidentirano kaj pove}e vidovi ribi i invertebrati vo
eksperimentalni i terenski uslovi (Anderson &
Brubacher 1992, Roszell & Anderson, 1993, 1994,
1996a, 1996b, Anderson et al. 1994, Anderson et al.1997,
Muhvich et al. 1995, Mercer et al. 1997, Jacobson and
Reimschuessel 1998, Jacobson et al. 1999). Vo prilog
na ovoj naod se i literaturnite podatoci za za~estenite parazitni i drugi infekcii kaj ribi i
invertebrati koi se podlo`eni na environmentalen stres (Khan 1987, 1991a, b, 1995, 1997, 1998a,b,
1999a,b, Khan and Payne 1997, Anderson et al. 1996 ).
117
Histological findings in the kidney of fishes, which were
investigated in this study, may indicate exposure to some
nephrotoxic effects. Even though the registered kidney
lesions like hydropic degeneration and necroses in the
epithelium of tubules and collecting ducts appeared to be
mild to moderate, possibility exists that they were initiated by some subletal toxic injury. Particular attention
should be paid to the finding of induced new nephrons
development registered (with lower or higher extent) in
all investigated species. The capacity of new nephron
development seems to be unique feature of fish kidney
(Reimschuessel at al. 1990). According to Hinton et al.
1989 this phenomenon may be of interest as a histopathologic indicator of nephrotoxicity exposure in aquatic
environments. Experimental studies with goldfish (Carrassius auratus) and field examinations with rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) demonstrated significant
increase of new nephron development in the kidney after
a process of extensive deterioration of nephrones caused
by exposure to various nephrotoxicants (Reimschuessel
et al. 1990, Reimschuessel et al. 1993, Reimschuessel &
Williams 1995, Reimschuessel & Gonzalez 1998).
The evidence of induced new nephrons development registered in some of investigated Prespa lake teleostean species, particularly in the carp and to some extent in the
Prespa nase and roach may suggest nephrotoxic exposure.
The results in this study need to be ascertained in some
further investigations with larger samples and
comparative studies of contaminated and reference sites.
The hematopoietic part of the kidney showed existence of
protozoan infections expressed by variable intensity, but
taking place with high frequency in all examined species.
Even though obtained in a very small sample, this finding
may be in correlation with the results of Hristovski and
Stojanovski 1997 that registered high occurrence of helminth infestations in the same fish species of Lake Prespa. This phenomenon may correspond with a state of
contaminant-induced reduction in host defence. The immunosuppressive effects of the contamination were evidenced in a number of experimental and field studies
(Anderson & Brubacher 1992; Roszell and Anderson,
1993,1994,1996a, 1996b; Anderson et al. 1994; Anderson
et al. 1997; Muhvich et al. 1995; Mercer et al 1997;
Jacobson and Reimschuessel 1998; Jacobson et al. 1999).
Also, the evidence of pollution-induced susceptibility of
aquatic organisms to parasitic infections is frequently
referred in recent literature (Khan 1987, 1991a, b, 1995,
1997, 1998a,b, 1999a,b, Khan and Payne 1997; Anderson
et al. 1996 ). Parasitic infection frequency registered in
our and previous studies deserves attention and further
field and experimental investigations with aim to ascertain if Prespa Lake inhabitants are exposed to immunosuppressive contaminants in the polluted areas.
Gill changes may be sensitive indicators of various environmental stresses including anthropogenic contamination of the water, but gill lesion induced by toxic injuries
are usually non-specific and indistinguishable from other
irrelevant causes like microbial infections ectoparasitism
and so on (Hinton 1989). The histological investigation in
this study revealed interspecies variability in gill lesions.
In the carp and Prespa bleak no significant changes were
found, but in Prespa barbell and, to some extent, in Prespa nase and Prespa roach more serious lesions were seen
including telangiectasia and lamellae fusion. Similar gill
changes were registered from authors who investigated
various fish species exposed to contaminated habitats
(Khan and Kiceniuk 1984, Khan et al. 1994, 1995, 1997,
1998, 1999; Mercer et al. 1997). If the gill lesions,
documented in this study, are induced by water-born
toxicants or by some other causes, have to be finding out.
The interspecies difference, when gill lesion intensity and
occurrence are concerned, may suggest toxic exposure
reflecting differences in living area and way of nourishment. From this point of view, the gill lesion evidence in
Prespa barbell and Prespa nase, as well as the Prespa
roach to some extent, corresponds to what one may expected from fishes exposed to contaminated sediments.
Conclusion
The histological analysis of the kidney of several
teleostean species from Lake Prespa revealed moderate
lesions manifested as hydropic degenerations, necroses,
and cell exfoliation in the epithelium of tubules and collecting ducts, as well as induction of new nephrons development. This finding may suggest toxic exposure of
investigated fishes.
Protozoan infections were detected in hematopoietic renal
tissue occurring with remarkable frequency in all
investigated species. These findings may be in coincidence with eventual immunosuppressive effects of the
environment, which needs to be established by further
epidemiological and experimental studies.
Some gill lesions were registered in the Prepa barbell,
Prespa nase and Prespa roach, but not in Prespa bleak and
carp. The interspecies difference may be result of
different contaminant exposure, even though, other
irrelevant gill insults are not excluded.
*** Investigation presented in this study was supported by Macedonian Academy of Science and Arts, as a part of
project titled "Anthropogenic Effects to the Environment in Ohrid Prespa Region. An Interdisciplinary Integrative
Study"
119
Naodot na za~esteni infekcii kaj ribite
na razli~niot na~in na ishrana i areal na
od Prespansko ezero zaslu`uva poopse`ni epidedvi`ewe vo Ezeroto. Od ovoj aspekt, naodite kaj
miolo{ki studii i dodatni terenski i ekperimrenata i skobustot, a delomi~no i prespanskiot
mentalni ispituvawa za eventualni imunosupregrunec, odgovaraat na ona {to bi mo`elo da se
sivni i imunotoksi~ni efekti vrz ribnata popuo~ekuva kaj ribi, koi zaradi na~inot na ishrana,
lacija koja gi naseluva zagadenite regioni na
se pove}e eksponirani na sedimentite.
Ezeroto.
@abrite pretstavuvaat senzitiven indikaZaklu~ok
tor na environmentalniot stres, vklu~uvaj}i gi
antropogenite kontaminanti vo vodata, no leziiHistolo{kata analiza na bubrezite kaj
te predizvikani od subletalni koncentacii na
nekolku vidovi ribi od Prespanskoto ezero
razli~ni toksikanti ~esto se nespecifi~ni i
otkri prisustvo na umereni lezii vo ekskretormo`at da bidat rezultat i na drugi irelevantni
niot del na bubregot, manifestirani kako hidinsulti vklu~uvaj}i infekcii so mikroorganizropsni degeneracii, nekrozi i eksfolijacii na
mi, ektoparazitizam i sl. (Hinton 1989). Histoepitelot na tubulite i izvodnite kanal~iwa, kalo{kite naodi vo `abrite na ispituvanite ribi
ko i indukcija na novi nefroni. Postojat interod Prespansko Ezero poka`aa deka prisustvoto i
vidovi i individualni razliki vo intenzitetot
za~estenosta na registriranite leziite se razlina leziite i nivnata za~estenost. Naodot indicikuva vo zavisnost od vidovata pripadnost. Kaj
ra nefrotoksi~ni efekti na kontaminantite vo
prespanskata belvica i kaj krapot ne bea registvodata {to zaslu`uva ponatamo{ni ispituvawa.
rirani zna~itelni promeni vo `abrite, no zatoa
Vo intrarenalnoto hematopoeti~no tkivo
kaj mrenata, skobustot i do nekade prespanskiot
bea registrirani protozojski parazitni infekgrunec bea konstatirani poseriozni strukturni
cii, koi bea prisutni vo zna~itelno visok proo{tetuvawa, kako telanktijazi i slepuvawe na
cent kaj site ispituvani vidovi ribi. Naodot
`abrenite lameli. Stepenot na promenata e
mo`e da se povrze so eventualni imunosupreumeren i subletalen no najverojatno ne bez
sivni vlijanija, {to treba da se proveri so
efekti na celokupnata sostojba na organizmot na
opse`ni epidemiolo{ki i eksperimentalni
ribata. Na{ite naodi korespondiraat so hisispituvawa.
tolo{ki promeni vo `abrite kaj ribi koi
Proliferacijata na mukoznite i epitelnaseluvaat kontaminirani vodeni `iveali{ta
nite kletki, telangiektazijata, i slepuvaweto na
registrirani i od drugi avtori (Khan and Kiceniuk
lamelite bea registrirani kako najkarakteris1984, Khan et al 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, Mercer et
ti~ni lezii vo `abrite na mrenata, skobustot i
al. 1997). Dali leziite vo `abrite dokumentirani
prespanskiot grunec, no ne kaj prespanskata
vo ovaa studija se predizvikani od toksi~ni
belvica i krapot. Intervidovata razlika mo`e
agensi ili od drugi pri~ini treba naknadno da se
da odrazuva razli~na eksponiranost na iritira~ispita. Intervidovite razliki vo odnos na reki i {tetni agensi, iako ne se isklu~eni i drugi
gistriranite lezii vo `abrite mo`no e da se vo
irelevantni insulti.
prilog na eksponiranost na toksini i rezultat
*** Ispituvawata prezentirani vo ovoj trud bea finansirani od Makedonskata akademija na naukite i umetnostite vo
ramkite na nau~no-istra`uva~kiot proekt: "Antropogeni efekti vrz `ivotnata sredina vo ohridsko-prespanskiot region.
Interdisciplinarna i integrativna studija".
Referenci (References)
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medaka phagocyte chemiluminiscence by pentachlorophenol. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 2, 299-310
Anderson, R.S., Brubacher, L.L., Ragone Calvo, L.M., Burreson, M.M., Unger, M.A. (1997) Efect of in vitro exposure to tributyltin on generation of oxigen metabolites by
oyster hemocytes. Environmental Research 74, 84-90
Anderson, R.S., Mora, L.M., Thomson, S.A. (1994) Modulation
of oyster (Crassotrea virginica) hemocyte immune function by copper, as measured by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. Comp.Biochem.Physiol. 108C, 215-220
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Hendricks, J.D., Murchelano R.A., Okihiro, M.S. (1989)
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Kanina, B. (1997) Problems of Micro Prespa lake caused
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Toxicol. 47, 63-69
Khan, R.A. (1991b) Influence of concurrent exposure to crude
oil and infection with Trypanosoma murmanensis (Protozoa:Mastigophora) on mortality in winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Can.J.Zool. 69, 876-880
Khan, R.A.(1995) Histopathology in winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus, following chronic exposure to crude
oil. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 54, 297-301
Khan, R.A. (1997) Effect of sediment from two sulfite-bleaching paper mills on winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) following chronic exposure Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 59, 139-145
Khan, R.A. (1998a) Influence of petroleum at a refinery terminal on feral winter flounder, (Pleuronectes americanus).
Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 61, 770-777
Khan, R.A. (1998b) Parasites of fish as indicators of environmental stress. Proceedings of 9th International Congress
of Parasitology. Makuhari Messe, Chiba, Japan, August
1998, pp 313-318
Khan, R.A. (1999a) Lenth-mass relationship, histopathology,
and parasitism in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) living near a PCB-contaminated naval facility in
Newfounland. Can.J.Zool. 77, 381-388
Khan, R.A. (1999b) Study of pearl dace (Margariscus margarita) inhabiting a stillwater pond contaminated with diesel
fuel. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 62, 638-645
Khan, R.A., Barker, D.E., Hooper, R., Lee, E.M., Ryan,K.,
Nag,K. (1994) Histopathology in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) living adjacent to a pulp and paper
mill. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 26, 95-102
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crude oil on Atlantic cod following chronic exposure.
Can.J.Zool. 62, 2038-2043
Khan, R.A., Payne, J.F. (1997) A multidisciplinary approach
120
using several biomarkers, including a parasite, as indicators of pollution: a case history from a paper mill in Newfoundland. Parassitologia 39, 183-188
Mercer, I.R.G., Barker, R.A., Khan, R.A. (1997) Stress-realted
changes in cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, living near a
paper mill. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 58, 442-447
Meyers, T.R., Hendricks, J.D. (1984) Histopathology. In: Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology. Methods and Aplications. Rand, G.M. and Petrocelli S.R., Eds. Hemisphere
Publishing Corporation, 1984. pp 283-323
Muhvich A.G., Jones, R.T., Kane, A.S., Anderson R.S., Reimschuessel R. (1995) Effects of chronic copper exposure on
macrophage chemiluminescent responce and gill histology in goldfish (Carrassius auratus L.). Fish & Shellfish
Immunology 5, 251-264
Pej~inovski, F., Postolovski, M. and Lazarevska, S. (1997)
Plant protection in Prespa region. International Symposium. Towards Integrated Conservation and Sustainable
Development of Transboundry Macro and Micro Prespa
Lakes. Oktober 1997, Korcha, Albania. Proceedings pp.
207-210
Reimschuessel R., Bennett, R.O., May E.B., Lipsky M.M.
(1990) Development of newly formed nephrons in the
goldfish kidney following hexachlorobutadiene-induced
nephrotoxicity Toxicologic Pathology 18(1), 32-38
Reimschuessel R., Bennett, R.O., May E.B., Lipsky M.M.
(1993) Pathological alterations and new nephron development in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following tetrachloroethylene contamination. Journal of Zoo and
Wildlife Medicine 24(4): 503-507
Reimschuessel R., Gonzales, C.M. (1998) Renal alterations
following subletal mercury toxicity: a fish model for
aquatic environmental contamination. In: Advances in
Animal Alternatives for safety and Efficacy Testing. Salem, S. and Katz, S.A. Eds. Taylor&francis Pub. 1998 pp
399-401
Reimschuessel R., Williams D. (1995) Development of new
nephrons in adult kidneys following gentamicin-induced
nephrotoxicity. Renal Failure 17(2), 101-106
Roszell, L.E., Anderson, R.S. (1993) In vitro immunomodulation by pentachlorophenol in phagocytes from an estuarine teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus, as measured by
chemiluminescence. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 25,
492-496
Roszell, L.E., Anderson, R.S. (1994) Inhibition of phagocytosis
and superoxide production by pentachlorophenol in two
leukocyte subpopulations from Fundulus heteroclitus. Marine Environmental Research 38, 195-206
Roszell, L.E., Anderson, R.S. (1996a) Effect of in vivo pentachlorophenol exposure on Fundulus heteroclitus phagocytes: modulation of bactericidal activity. Diseases of
Aquatic Organisms 26, 205-211
Roszell, L.E., Anderson, R.S. (1996b) Effect of chronic in vivo
exposure to pentachlorophenol on non-specific immune
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Teh, S.J., Adams, S.M., Hinton, D.E. (1997) Histopathologic
biomarkers in feral and freshwater fish populations exposed to different types of contaminant stress. Aquatic
Toxicology 37, 51-70
Agriculture and its Influence on the Sustainable
Development of Prespa Valley
Zemjodelieto i negovoto vlijanie vrz odr`liviot
razvoj na Prespanskata Kotlina
121
Pe{terite vo Prespanskata oblast kako resurs za odr`liv razvoj
Mitro NEDELKO
Sovet na oblasta Kor~a
Apstrakt
Predmet na ovoj trud se pe{terite vo Prespanskiot region. Prespanskiot geoprostor e bogat so ovie prirodni
resursi zaradi potekloto na formaciite i golemata karstna aktivnost. Turisti~kite potencijali koi ne se
iskoristeni se vo vrska so: geografskata postavenost, ulogata na centar na komunikacii pome|u trite sosedno
zemji, so negoviot prekrasen pejsa` so golemi kontrasti (razli~nite ezerski obali, mali poliwa, mnogu karstni
formi nad i pod povr{inata, visoki planini so razli~ni karakteristiki i so sneg koj ostanuva po dva do tri
meseci godi{no, {umi i dr.), so golem procent na mladi lu|e, so bogata tradicija i dobro obrazovno i kulturno
nivo na lu|eto, i so golemi mo`nosti ne samo za Prespanskata oblast, tuku i za sosednite. [to mo`e pe{terite da
im ponudat na posetitelite i turistite? Problemite so za{titata i za~uvuvaweto na pe{terite }e bidat
razgledani vo ovoj trud.
Voved
Oblasta pome|u Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero ima golema va`nost zaradi golemite
potencijali vo pogled na idniot razvoj (Nedelko,
1997). Taa e edinstvena na Balkanot i ima golemi
turisti~ki potencijali zaradi nejzinite vrednosti i raznolikost na predeli. Ovde preovladuva karstnata morfologija. Gledano od ekolo{ka gledna to~ka, taa e opredelena so reljefot,
hidrografijata, florata i faunata, kako poseben
vid na suva i polusuva klima.
Metodologija
Istra`uvawata na albanskiot del od ezeroto se odvivaat ve}e nekolku godini. Nabquduvawata se fokusirani voglavno na opisot na
mestata, geomorfologijata i ispituvawata na
karstnata aktivnost. Nabquduvaweti i obrabotkata na fotografii se so cel zaopredeluvawe na
geografijata. Isto taka se izvr{eni i procenki
na turisti~kite potencijali.
Karstot, karstnite formacii i pe{terite
vo Prespa
Prviot pogled na prirodata i predelot na
Prespa poka`uva postoewe na silno razvieni
ostri strmini kako {to se razvieni padini,
masivnite padini, golemi karpi isl. Glavna
pri~ina za vakviot morfolo{ki razvoj, odnosno
za dinami~niot reljef na ezerskite bregovi, e
122
pojavata na karstot. Toa e postojan proces na
transformacija bidej}i postojnite prirodni
procesi prodol`uvaat.
Nie ovde se sretnuvame so holokarst, pretstaven so golem broj na formi vo razli~ni, kompleksni i policikli~ni etapi na evolucija
(Krutaj 1997). Evolucijata na karstnata morfologija ja uslovuvaat klimatskite faktori (sega{ni
i nasledeni) i od strukturnata postavenost
(karpi, tektonski poremetuvawa i razdeluvawa).
Celata oblast e re~isi celosno sostavena
od kalciumovi formacii (varovnik) i dolomiti.
Dolomitite i varovnikot ja pretstavuvaat glavnata kategorija na rastvorlivi karpi. So isklu~ok na formite napraveni pod vlijanie na klimatskite uslovi, tie zadr`ale ostatoci od starite
karstni fazi. Kako posledica na podobrenatata
cirkulacija na vodata, ovozmo`ena od strana na
mezozoi~kiot varovnik, postojat mnogu silni,
podzemni potoci. Golem del e zafaten so cvrst i
masiven varovnik so {irina od 1000m koj
poteknuva od raniot i kasniot jura period.
Violetoviot varovnik od paleozoikot, bogat so
amoniti I2-I3, e postaven preku varovnikot koj
poteknuva od eocenot.
Horstot na Suva planina e podelen vo dve
edinici: Ohrid-Kor~a-Bili{ti na zapad i
Prespa na istok. Preovladuva ju`nata postavenost zaradi Ohridskiot tektonski sistem koj go
upravuval ovoj sektor za vreme na policenot i
kvarterot (Gjeografia Fizike, 1990). Glavnata
morfogenetska uloga na post-policentskaot tektonski stadium e vo vrska so kontra-reakcijata
na alpskiot stadium.
Caves in Prespa region as a resource for sustainable development
Mitro NEDELKO
Council of Korça District, Korça
Abstract
The subjects of this paper are the caves of Prespa region. Because of the origin of formation and the very intensive carst activity the
Prespa geospace is very rich with these natural resources. The big tourist potentials are not exploited although this area has the
following characteristics: good geographical position; the role as a center of communication among three neighbouring state; the
beautiful landscape with big contrasts (lake coasts that are not the same, small fields, troughs and many karstic forms that are on the
surface and under the surface, high mountains with different characteristic and with snow that stays for 2-3 months per year, with
forests etc.); with high percentage of the young people ; with enrich traditions and a good educational and cultural level of the people;
with the big material and spiritual heredity and also with its big possibilities not only for Macro Prespa zone, but also for the other
zones that are near. What can the caves offer to the visitors and tourists? The cave protection and destination will be presented in our
paper.
Introduction
The are between Ohrid and Prespa Lake has a particular
importance. There is evidenced a big potential in terms of
future developments (Nedelko 1997). It is unique in the
Balkans and has high tourist potential for its values and
variety of landscapes. The karst morphology
predominates in this area. Regarding the ecological point
of view, its relief, hydrography, flora and fauna, with
semi and dry climate determine it.
Methods
Several years of investigation on the Albanian part of the
lakes was carried out. Observation was focused mainly on
the site description, relevation, photography processing
etc., aiming the geographical assessment. Touristic
potential evaluation is done as well.
Carst, carst formation and caves in Prespa
From the first contact with the Prespa's nature and its
landscape its logically to ask why are there so much
developed "sharp-stiper" like developed slopes, very big
stones and massive slopes etc. This morphological
development and evolution have as a reasons karst
phenomenon as a main factor, very dynamic relief near
the lake. But the story continues. There are "non-stop"
natural processess.
Here, we have to do with the holokarst, represented by a
wide range of shapes in diverse, complex and polycycle
stages of evolution (Krutaj 1997). The evolution of karst
morphology is conducted by (actual and inhereted)
climate conditions and by structural position (lythology,
tectonic breaks and splitting).
The entire area is composed almost entirely from
carbonic formations (limestone) and the dolomites. The
dolomites and limestones represents the main category of
disoluble rocks. Except shapes, created under specific
climate conditions, they conserve trails of ancientkarst
stages. In consequence of better water circulation
favoured by Mesozoic limestones, there are many potent
subterranean streams. An important part is occupied by
thick-bed and massive limestone of high and low Jurassic
1000 m wide. Paleogyc's purple limestone, rich with
ammonites J2 – J3 is placed on and more over come
Eocen limestones.
The horst of Dry Mountain (Mali i Thatë) is divided in
two unities: Ohrid- Korça-Bilishti in the West and Prespa
in the East. Southern orientation predominates because of
the tectonic system of Ohrid that organised this sector
during Policen-Quaternar era (Gjeografia Fizike 1990).
The principal morphogenetical role of Post-Policenic
tectonic stage is related to the counteraction of Alpine
stage. There are three systems of tectonic detachments in
the karst and graben area: north-western, northernm and
north-eastern systems. During its paleogeographic
evolution, the horst of Mali i Thatë is submitted to the
regime of horizontal attraction toward the axis north
northwest-south southeast.
123
Postojat tri sistema na tektonski odvojuvawa vo predelot na karst i greben: severo-zapadniot, severniot i severoisto~niot sistem. Za
vreme na paleografskata evolucija, horstot na
Mali i Thate bil podlo`en na tektonsko re`im so
horizontalno privlekuvawe kon oskata sever
severozapad - jug jugoistok.
Plio-kvarternite razdelni pomestuvawe
zaedno so horizontalnoto pribli`uvawe silno
vlijae na reljefnata diferencijacija o`ivuvaj}i
ja karstnata aktivnost. Ovie se izdignuva~ki
dvi`ewa so golem godi{en intenzitet na Suva
planina i sni`uva~ki na perifernite grebeni
(Ohrid, Kor~a, Bili{ti i Prespa). Amplitudata
na neo-tektonskite i vistinskite izdignuvawa se
vo intervalot od 1500 do 2000 m. Postojanoto
izdignuvawe na Mali i Thate e prosledeno so sni`uvawe na nivoto na podzemnata voda, zgolemuvawe
i vdlabo~uvawe na podzemnite kanali, sozdavawe
na novi nivoa i napu{tawe na starite (Krutaj
1997). Ova se zabele`uva vo mnogu mesto pokraj
Prespanskite Ezera kaj Gollombochi i Kallamas.
Oblasta e poznata po ~estite potresi i zna~itelnata sozdava~ka sila. Zemjotesite se vo vrska so
dlabokite regionalni rasedi (Grcija-Bili{tiOhrid-Debar) koj e isprese~en so drugi rasedi od
lokalna va`nost. Ovie imaat zna~itelno vlijanie na karstot bidej}i zgolemuvaweto na planinite e disproporcionalno. Strukturniot faktor
pogoduva na razvojot na karstot vo ovaa oblast.
Sozdaden e dlabok karst, pod voda, dodeka na
povr{inata toj e zastapen vo oskite na strukturata.
Zna~itelnoto prisustvo na rasedi i
visokata sodr`ina na kalcium (CaCO3 preku
90%) ovozmo`uva razvoj na intenzivniot karst.
Taka, strukturnite tektonski i neotektonski
dvi`ewa, puknatinite i klimata, ovozmo`ile
brz razvoj na karstniot predel. Puknatinite
imaat va`na uloga vo orientacijata i ritmot na
rastvoruvaweto, taka {to toa pretstavuva
po~etna to~ka na karstnata erozija i nejzin
regulator. Spored potekloto tie se glavno
tektonski, dodeka spored morfologijata se
razlikuvaat mikro i linearni puknatini.
Pove}eto se orientirani vo pravecot severseverozapad i odgovaraat na pravecot na glavnite
tektonski dvi`ewa. Pobrojni se onie na
varovnikot koj poteknuva od jura periodot (40
puknatini na kvadraten metar).
Na Sl. 1 se poka`ani pe{terite vo
Prespanskate ezera: Globoka, Manastirot Sv.
Marija, Bobolec, Zavir, Golombo~, Nakol i
Treni. Pe{terite vo Treni se so golema va`nost
zaradi
- istoriskata vrednost
- razvieniot karst
- turisti~kiot potencijal
- prou~uvawe na `iviot svet, prete`no liljacite
(Bego, 1997) i dr.
Pe{terite vo Kalamsi ne se dovolno istra`eni,
no bi bile interesni za turistite kako i za
prou~uvawe na `iviot svet. Smetame deka mo`e
da pretstavuvaat nov na~in za zarabotuvawe na
pari vo noviot Nacionalen Park. Sli~no se
razgleduvaat i pe{terite vo Golombo~i.
Zaklu~ok
Pe{terite vo nacionalniot park Prespa ne se
prou~uvani do sega. Tie se nova cel na
prou~uvawe za vo idnina. Se smeta deka tie }e
bidat profitabilen del od noviot Nacionalen
Park.
Sl. 1 Lokalizacija na pe{terite vo prespanskiot
region
Fig. 1 Cave situation in Prespa Lakes region
Plio-Quaternary movements of differentiation with
horizontalattraction regime influenced vigorously the
relief differentiation and karst activity vivification. These
were erection movements with high annual intensity in
Dry Mt. and descentive in peripheral grabens (Ohrid,
Korça, Bilishti and Prespa). The amplitude of neotectonic
and actual erections ranges from 1500 to 2000 m. The
continuous erection of Mali i Thatë is followed by
subterranean waters' horizon descent, enlargement and
deepening of underground channels, creation of new
horizons and abandon of the older ones (Krutaj 1997).
This is observed at many sites along the lakes in
Gollomboçi, Kallamas etc.
This area is distinguished for its high density of earth
tremors and its considerable generating power.
Earthquakes are related to deep regional breaks GreeceBillishti-Korcha-Ohrid-Diber e Madhe (Debar) which is
itersected by other breaks with local importance. These
have a considerable influence on the karst because
descent or ercet mountains ranges disproportionately. The
structural factor is very favourable for the development of
karst under water while on surfaces it is concentrated in
the axisof the structure.
Apikulturata vo Prespanskiot region - na~in za odr`livo koristewe na
prirodnite resursi i razvoj
Pelumb ALEKSI
Institut za veterinarni istra`uvawa, Tirana, Albanija
Apstrakt
Konceptot za odr`liv razvoj vo teorija i praksa se mnogu dobro postaven samo vo ovaa granka na razvojot – apikulturata. Vo ovoj trud }e gi pretstavime sostojbata i potencijalite na razvojot na apikulturata. Spored nas, apikulturata mo`e da bide nov izvor na prihod za mesnoto naselenie vo Prspanskiot region. Smetaj}i gi bio-resursite kako hrana za koloniite na p~eli i apikulturata vo celost vo Prespa, ima odli~ni uslovi za razvoj na ovaa
zookultura vo ramkite na odr`liviot razvoj. Kvalitetot na medot e me|u podobrite vo zemjata. Bidej}i e proglasen Prspanskiot Nacionalen Park, mnogu e va`no da se napravat nau~ni napori za razvojot na apikulturata. Od
pregledot na situacijata vo Juli 1999, be{e zaklu~eno deka uslovite se mnogu dobri, me|utoa koloniite na p~eli
ne se odgleduvaat dobro od strana na sopstvenicite.
Voved
Prespanskiot region, sostaven od Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko Ezero e smesten vo specifi~na geografska lokacija, me|u visoki planini na trome|eto na Albania Makedonija i Grcija.
Ako gi imame predvid uslovite, geografskata
postavenost, vegetacijata i nivoto na razvoj i nemaweto uslovi za ra{iruvawe na bolesti mo`e
da ka`eme deka ovoj region e mnogu atraktiven za
razvoj na apikulturata.
Slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero se odlikuva
so visoki izdignati masivi {to go pregrnuvaat
ezeroto od site strani. Ima brojni planinski vrvovi, a najvisokite se Mali i Thate (2287). Ovie se
sozdadeni vo kasniot tercier i jura, no ima delovi sozdadeni vo eocenot i pliocenot. Vo ju`niot
del od zonata se protegaat ridskite oblasti. Na
toj del se nao|a Mali i Ivanit (1763) koj se odlikuva
po negovata strukturna organizacija (izgled na
konus zaradi tektonskite pomestuvawa - Gjerografi
Fizike, Vol. 1).
Prespanskiot region mora da primeni
celosen odr`liv regionalen razvoj so cel da gi
podobri `ivotnite uslovi na mesnoto naselenie.
Ako se re{i siroma{tijata, biodiverzitetot
mo`e da se za~uva i mo`e da se obnovi prirodnata ubavina na regionot. Prirodni oblasti se u{te postojat vo konkretniot region. Ovie oblasti
126
opstanale i pokraj masivnoto uni{tuvawe na {umite predizvikano od se~ata, prepasuvaweto na
kozite i ovcite kako i od nivnata upotreba za ogrev (Fremuth et al. 1999).
Materijali i metodi
Istra`uvawata bea izvr{eni vo juli 1999,
a primerocite od razli~nite kolonii bea analizirani vo laboratoriite na veterinarniot institut so razli~ni dijagnosti~ki metodi.
Sinopti~ki uslovi za apikulturata
Geografski i klimatski uslovi
Prespanskiot sliv spored klimatskite podelbi pripa|a na jugoisto~niot planinski mediteranski podregion. Ladnite zimi so dolgotraen
mraz i ne premnogu suvo leto se klimatskite
odliki na regionot. Prose~nata godi{na temperatura e 10.6 0C, vo letnite denovi e 18.8 0C, a
zimskata temperatura e 2.8 0C. Za vreme na zimata
ima dosta sne`ni i denovi so mraz.
Golemoto Prespansko Ezero ima krajbre`na linija od 35 km, vklu~uvaj}i gi razli~nite
geomorfolo{ki oblici. Ezeroto le`i na visina
od 853 m nad morskoto nivo, a Maloto Prespansko Ezero se na|a me|u selata Zogradec i Shuec i
ima {irina od 3.6 km (Shumka & Fremuth 2000).
Apiculture in Prespa region- A way of sustainable natural resource using and
development
Pellumb ALEKSI
Institute of Veterinary Research, Tirana-Albania
Abstract
The concept of sustainable development in generals and in the practics are very friendly treated just in this branch of development i.e.
apiculture. In this paper we will present the situation and the perspectives of development of apiculture. We think the development of the
apiculture will be as new source and way of the income generation for the local population in Prespa Region.
Regarding from the biological resources as a food for the bee colonies and the apiculture in general in Prespa region are the excellent
condition for the development of this zooculture very profitable in the frame of sustainable development. The honey quality are from the
betters in overall country. Since Prespa National Park is established, it’s very important to be taken the efforts on the scientificaly bases for
this development. From the monitoring-survey done during Jule, 1999 here was concludet that the bee colony of prespa region presents
theirself the very good helthy situation, meanwhile notwel carryed by the beekipers.
Introduction
The Prespa region, composed by Macro and Micro Prespa
is situated in the special geographical location, among
high mountains just in the intersection between Albania,
Macedonia and Greece. Regarding the precondition as
well are geographical location, vegetation and level of
their development and the possibility (not) of infection
dispering this region can be considered as a very atractive
for apiculture development.
The watershed of Prespa lakes characterised by strong
uplifting of relief hugging directly the Lake in all possible
direction. Mountain peaks are nomerous with the highest
top mountain Mali i Thatë (Pllaja e Pusit) 2287 m. This
consist of calcareous mainly Late Triassic and Jurassic,
and few calcareous of Cretaceous and Terrigenous of
Eocene and Pliocene periods. In southern part of the zone
extend Rakicka and Llapishti highlands. In this side
stands Mali i Ivanit 1763 m high characterised by its
structural organisation as a cone because of tectonic
fluctuations (Gjeografi Fizike, Vol. 1).
The Prespa region is predestined to implement a
comprehensive sustainable regional development aiming
at the improvement of the living conditions of the local
people. By this poverty can be solved, the biodiversity
can be conserved and the natural beauty of the landscape
can be restored.
Natural sites are still existing in the targeted region.
These sites have still survived even though large expanses of forests have been heavily deteriorated and are suf-
fering from overgrazing by sheeps and goats but also by
overuse for fuelwood production (Fremuth et al. 1999).
Material and methods
The monitoring system of survey was carry out durin the
Jule, 1999. the samples of the bee taken from the different bee colony have been as a subject of analyses in the
laboratory of institute of Veterinary Research. the different diagnostical techniques have been used as well.
Apiculture synoptical preconditions!
Geographical and climate
Prespa watershed according to the climate division belongs to south - eastern mountainous mediterranean
subregion. Cold winter with long - times ices and cool
summer not too dry are the climatic characteristics of the
region. The annual average temperature is 10.6 oC, summer days and ice days the mean temperature is 18.8 0C
and winter temperature is 2.80C. During winter there are
much snow days and icy days.
Macro Prespa Lake has a coastal line about 35 km, including different geomorphologic shapes, too many
capes. The Lake lies 853 m over sea level, and Micri Prespa Lake lies only between Zogradec and Shuec villages
in our country with a small surface in southeaster part of
it, 5 km long and some metros up to 3.6 km width
(Shumka & Fremuth, 2000).
Preku Vol~jiot Tesnec, Ezeroto e povrzano so
dolinata Devoli. Vodniot sliv e opkru`en so
visoki planini, strmni padini koi se re~isi
vertikalni, i ima dokazi za nejzinoto tektonsko
propa|awe. Pe{terata Treni se nao|a blizu do
ezroto i e pod vodnoto nivo taka {to nejziniot
vtor kat e vla`en. Okolnite planinski padini se
so niska vegetacija, so niski grmu{ki i se mnogu
degradirani. Na pove}e mesta se nao|aat lenti od
{qunak koj {to pa|a vo ezeroto.
Vegetacijata od interes za apikulturata
Vegetacijata vo ovj basen ima golema raznovidnost. Taa ima karakteristiki na srednoevropskata, Alpskata i Karpatskata (Mali i Thate, Rakickes i Llapishti ridovite na jugoistok) flora.
Pokraj ovie, vo planinsklite provlaki i tesneci, kako i vo vnatre{nosta na slivnoto podra~je
ima mediteranska vegetacija.
Ovde dominiraat {irokolisnite drvja, a
na povisoka visina se nao|a i retkiot Bor od
podarkti~ki tip; na visokite planini se nao|aat
alpski i podalpski pasi{ta. Vo zapadnite i
jugozapadnite planini i ridovi se nao|aat mediteranski elementi pretstaveni so mediteranski
grmu{ki od tipot na makiite. Tie se retki no gi
ima vo izolirani mesta kakvi {to se planinskite provlaki i tesnecite okolu ezeroto zaradi
toplite vremenski uslovi. Od drugite grmu{ki
se istaknuva Palirius acuelatus koi se protegaat vo
site ridski lanci vo oblasta, pome{ani so drugi
grmu{ki, ponekoga{ kako del od dabovite zaednici koi postojat vo ovoj region ili kako posebni zaednici. Drug vid grmu{ka e Pyrus amygdaliformis i nekoi drugi. Daboviot pojas se protega
do visina od 1000-1400 m i se sostoi od vidovi
kako {to se Quercus cerris, Q trojana, Q. lamigiueza
koi naj~esto se nao|aat izme{ani pome|u sebe.
Osven dabot tuku postojat i drugi vidovi drva
kako {to se Ostria carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis,
Acer campestre, Acer obtusatum, Fraximus excelsior i
nekoi drugi. Ovoj pojas e mnogu o{teten. Na mnogu delovi e celosno uni{ten, a denes ostanale
samo ograni~eni delovi od {umata. Glavnite
pri~ini za uni{tuvaweto na drvniot pojas e
Referenci (References)
Aleksi, P. (1999). Bleta dhe reziqet e saj. Ne dhe Mjedisi.
Nr.16
Cuccia, C. (1995). Lotta biomeccanica anti-varroa tecnica
alla partita di tutti. Apitalia. N. 4. p. 43-45.
128
upotrebata na drvoto za ogrev, kako zimska sto~na hrana i kako grade`en materijal.
Sostojbata na apikulturata vo regionot i vo
idnina
Vo vremeto na na{eto nabquduvawe nie
zabele`avme okolu 800 kolonii na p~eli vo ovoj
region, od koi 500 bea vo Golema Prespa, a 300 vo
Mala Prespa. Zdravstvenata sostojba na p~elite
vo regionot e dobra bidej}i so isklu~ok na
varietozata ne sme imale nikakvi pogolemi
problemi so p~elnite familii vo pogled na bolestite. Toa e rezultat i na izoliranosta na regionot od migraciite na p~elite i na nekoristeweto na hemiski sredstva od strana na zemjodelcite vo poslednite 10 godini vo zemjodelieto,
ovo{tarstvoto i dr. Ovde p~elarstvoto se odr`uva vo mnogu primitivna forma {to pridonesuva
za niskoto nivo na produktivnost (1/5 od modernoto p~elarstvo), no im ovozmo`uva na p~elarite
da rabotat so p~elnite familii na pravilen
na~in. Ako gi presmetame {tetite napraveni od
varitozata kako i niskata produktivnost vo
Prespanskiot region }e vidime deka regionot so
ovoj broj na p~eli treba da proizveduva ~etiri
pati pove}e med. Prespanskata oblast ima mo`nosti da bide `iveali{te za dvojno pove}e
p~eli, {to iznesuva broj od 12000.
Zaklu~oci
Prespanskiot region e mnogu privle~no mesto za
razvoj na apikulturata,
Vo ramkite na odr`liviot razvoj ovaa zookultura mo`e da pretstavuva zna~aen izvor
na prihod za mesnoto naselenie i na~in za
odr`livo koristewe na prirodnite resursi.
Za planiraniot razvoj na apikulturata prv uslov
e da se dozvoli zamenata na starite gnezd so
novi zaradi za{tita na p~elite od bolesti i
zgolemuvawe na proizvodstvoto.
Neophodna e obuka za p~elarite i nivna
sorabotka vo domenot na za{titata na
koloniite na p~eli.
Dinsart, J. (1996). Apiculture biologique. N. 9. in La
Belgique Apicola. p 283-284.
Fremuth, W. & Shumka, S. (2000). The southeast
Albania. Guide to Albanin Natural treasures (in press)
Gjeografi Fizike e Shqiperise, Vol. 1. (1990). AA
Sciences. Qendra e Studimeve Gjeografike Tirana
Through Wolf Gorge the Lake is connected to Devolli
Valley. The watershed surrounded by high mountains,
steep slopes, nearly vertical position, and proofs of its
tectonic falling. Treni Cave lying close to lake is under
the surface water level, and the second floor of it is wet.
The surrounded mountainsides are low vegetated with
low shrubs and big degradation. There are gravel streams
out-falls in the lake with small deposition cones.
wild pear (Pirus amygdaliformis), hawthorn varieties,
etc. Oak belt lies up to 1000-1400 m and consist of species such as Turkey Oak - Quercus cerris, Q. trojana, Q.
lamigiuesa mixed to each-other in the greatest cases. The
other trees except oak are (Ostria carpinifolia), hornbeam
(Carpinus orientalis), field maple (Acer campestre),
maple (Acer obtusatum), manna ash (Fraxinus excelsior),
etc.. This belt has been under a great destruction. It is
destroyed in many places, remaining nowadays-limited
surfaces of forest. In some cases there has been a big
degradation of the forest, dissapeared because of
overcutting from the habitants there, using wood as fuel,
as winter animal food and construction materials.
Apiculture situation in the region and the future
Sl. 1 Rasporedot na p~elinite kolonii vo Prespanskiot region.
Fig. 1 The distribution places of bee colony in Prespa
region
Vegetation in accordance to apiculture
The vegetation of these basins has a kind of species variety. It belongs to Mideuropean, Alpine, Karpatane (Mali i
Thatë, Rakickës and Llapishti Highlands in southeast),
represented by floristic elements of these areas. Beside
this in mountainous passes and gorges and inside watershed sometimes lies Mediterranean vegetation.
Large-leaflet trees are dominant here and in higher latitudes rare pines of subarctic type; in high mountain lies
alpine and subalpine pastures. In western and south-western mountain side and hillside lies mediterranean elements represented by mediterranean shrubs of macchia
type (box-tree), rare but in isolated places like mountainous passes and gorges around lakes, because of warm
weather conditions. From other shrubs the main species
brier (Paliurus aculeatus) extend in all hill chains of the
zone, mixed with other shrubs, sometime as an element of
subforest oaks communities existent in this region or as a
separate community. The other shrub species here are
In this region till the time of the our monitoring has resulted about 800 bee colony, from which 500 are in
macro Prespa and 300 in Micro Prespa. Their healthy
situation in the region results as a very good, because
beside of the partly demages by “varietosa” we had not
examinet the bee familys infected by american fullbrood,
european fullbrood, nosemioses of bee etc... Here it is a
result of the isolation of the region from the migrations of
the other bee colonies from the other region to Prespa and
outside that, as well here heve influenced the nonusing by
the farmers in the 10 past years of the chemical products
in the agricultures, fruticultures et Here is present the bee
maintaining in the primitives form which only in Macro
Prespa consists 40% of the totals, which influences on the
low level of production (1/5 ratio to the modern ones) and
also allows the beekipers to work with bee families in the
proper way. If we evaluate the demages of the bee from
varitosa as well low production in Prespa region with
that’s number of colonies which is present it must be
taken a four times more honey productions.
As a capacity Prespa can be a habitat for a double number
of the existing now which means 12000.
Conclusions
The Prespa region consideret as a very attractive place for
the apiculture development.
In the frame of the sustainable development this
zooculture can be consideret as a very good source of
the incomes for the lokal population and the way of
the sustainable using of natural resources.
For the ahead development of the apicultures as a first
condition is the allow of the primitive hives and
replace by the modern hives, because it’s a way of
the protection of the bee from the deases and the increase of the production.
It’s necessary the training and qualification of the
beekipers and their cooperation in the frame of the
protection of bee colonies.
129
Odr`liviot razvoj na prespanskiot region: mo`nosti i problemi vo
razvojot na organskoto farmerstvo
Ilir MEHMETI1, Arben MOLA2, \er|i ]AFKO3
1
2
Zemjodelski fakultetm Univerzitet vo Kor~a, Albanija
Kancelarija za zemjodelski proekti, Ministerstvo za zemjodelie, i hrana, Tirana
3
Zemjodelska istra`uva~ka stanica, MoAF,Kor~a, Albanija
Apstrakt
Prespanskiot i Ohridskiot region se najgolemata Albanska za{titena oblast. Razli~ni zaedni~ki aktivnosti i
studii ja poka`uvaat potrebata od za{tita i za~uvuvawe na ovaa okolina. Na po~etokot na 1999, oblasta na
Prespa, zaedno so {umite, pasi{ta, prirodni i poluprirodni livadi, vodni povr{ini i obrabotlivo zemji{te, so
povr{ina od 27750 ha e ozna~ena kako nacionalen park.Vo albanskiot del na Prespanskata oblast, 1804 ha se
obrabotlivo zemji{te. Od toa, 1000 ha se so `ita, 124 ha so ovo{tarnici i lozja, 206 ha so krma,191 ha pod grav, 31
ha zelen~uk i kompir, ostanatite 250 ha se ugar ili livadi.Glavnata aktivnost na naselenieto od 13 sela okolu
Maloto i Golemoto Prespansko ezero se zemjodelie i sto~arstvo, ribolov, {umarstvo. Zatoa, neophodno e da se
prigotvi plan za idniot odr`liv razvoj na oblasta. Pri toa treba da zemat u~estvo site zainteresirani strani,
poedinci i institucii. Vsu{nost, najdobro bi bilo, bidej}i se raboti za za{titena oblast, da se izbegnuvaat
~`ovekovite aktivnosti vo oblasta na zemjodelieto, koi mo`at da ja uni{tat, o{tetat ili smenat prirodnata
ramnote`a na delovi od okolinata ili na celiot ekosistem.Dolgotrajnite ~ovekovi aktivnosti, dovele do
erozijata na po~vata i o{tetuvawe na po~venata struktura, promenite vo nivoto na vodata vo ezerata i nejzino
zagaduvawe so hemikalii, zagaduvawe na po~vata i vodata so |ubriva i pesticidi, uni{tuvawe na {umite, {to se
{tetni za prirodnata ramnote`a i moraat da se spre~at. Od druga strana, lokalnoto naselenie (pove}e od 5000
`iteli) mora da najde novi na~ini na iskoristuvawe na prirodnite resurski, za da obezbedi prihodi za
`ivot.Neophodno e potrebno da se iznajdat novi na~ini na sto~arewe koi se vo soglasnost so okolinata, a }e se
baziraat na tradicionalnite na~ini, ekologijata i ~ove~kite resursi. Smetame deka vaka odgleduvanata hrana
treba da e poskapa. Organskoto zemjodelie i sto~arstvo e edno od novite mo`ni aktivnosti vo ovaa oblast.
Preorientiraweto na zktivnostite na malite semejni farmi od konvencionalen vo organski na~in na
proizvodstvo na hrana ne e ednostavno. Toa bara pove}estran priod, golemi materijalni vlo`uvawa, {to se u{te
treba da se razrabotuva, dodatno pro{iruvawe, finansiska pomo{ i sl. No vo primenata na ovoj na~in le`i
idninata, so namaluvawe na vlijanieto na antropogeniot faktor da se namali degradacijata na ezerata.
Voved
Vo ramki na zgolemenata gri`a za odr`livost na razvojot na regionite, zaedno so zgolemenata gri`a na potro{uva~i vo odnos na kvalitetot na hranata {to ja konsumiraat, vo zemjite
so pazarno stopanstvo, organskoto proizvodstvo
na hrana brzo se razviva. Brojot na proizvoditeli i prerabotuva~i na organska hrana raste
sekojdnevno, distribucionata mre`a se pove}e se
razviva za da ja zadovoli pobarauva~kata, no
sepak, na pr. vo Evropskata unija toe e eden od
retkite pazari, kade ponudata na proizvodi e
pomala od pobaruva~kata.
Prvi~nite analizi {to gi napravile razli~ni avtori od Ministerstvoto za zemjodelie i
hrana, Zemjodelskite fakulteti ili pak Alban-
130
skoto organsko zdru`enie, poka`uvaat deka cela
Albanija ima potencijal za ogansko proizvodstvo
na hrana. Ova e realnost, bidej}i me|u drugoto,
spontaniot proces na dekolektivizacija od 1991
god. dovede do poednostavuvawe na proizvodstvoto. Vsu{nost, vo nekoi delovi od Albanija, zaradi zanemarlivoto u~estvo ili totalnoto otsustvo na agrohemiski merki (neogranski |ubriva,
pesticidi, hibridni semiwa, GMO idr), zaedno so
golemata siroma{tija na selanite, dojde do spontano preorientirawe kon malo organsko proizvodstvo na hrana.
Obuka, prenos na znaewa, tehni~ka pomo{
bi go olesnila iskoristuvaweto na drugite potencijali, tranformiraj}i gi nedostatocite vo
kurentni prednosti.
Prespa lakes region: possibilities and problems for organic farming, as a
direction for its sustainable development.
Ilir MEHMETI1, Arben MOLLA2 & Gjergji QAFKO3
1
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Korca, Albania.
Agricultural Programs Office, Ministry of Agriculture & Food, Tirana.
3
Crop Research Station , MoAF, Korca, Albania.
2
Abstract
The Prespa and Ohrid region will be one of the Albania’s largest system of protected areas and now many joint activities and studies
has shown the necessity of preservation and conservation of its environment .In the beginning of 1999 it is proposed the Prespa
National Park, which covers an area of 27,750 ha including forests and/or shrublands, pastures, natural and seminatural meadows,
aquatic areas as well as cultivated lands. In the Albanian part of Prespa lakes region there are 1804 ha of agricultural land, of which:
the cereals 1000,orchards & vineyards 124 ha, forages 206 ha, dry white beans 191 ha, potato & vegetables 31 ha, the rest 250 ha are
fallow and/or meadows.The main human activities of the rural population of 13 villages altogether in Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes
are as follows: agriculture (crop production and livestock), fishing, forestry etc. That’s why the protection, administration and
development of the Prespa region is needed to prepare a future sustainable development plan with active participatory approach of all
interested actors and/or institutions.Actually, as a protected area, within the Prespa region it will be better to avoid the human
agricultural activities, which may destroy, damage, or change the natural equilibrium of the environment either the parts of it. The
long term human harmful interventions like deforestation, soil erosion and damage of land structure, changes of lakes’ water level and
theirs chemical contents, pollution of land and water with chemical fertilizers or pesticides etc. must be stopped.But in the other hand,
the actual living rural population, which accounts more than 5000 inhabitants, is searching in the different ways the exploitation of all
natural resources to assure their standard of life. There is an urgent need to find new ways of using farming activity as a compatible
and friendly with environment, and based to the tradition, ecology, and human resources, there is a need for extra pricing of their
products, and the authors are suggesting the organic agriculture as one of the possible new activity to begin. The true conversion of
small familial private exploitations from the conventional type to organic way is not a simple action, but an multisteps and expensive
approach, which need more studies, extension, financial support etc., as a future way, which contributes towards the goal of reducing
anthropogenic influence on the degradation of the lakes.
Background
In the framework of growing concern toward environmental sustainability as well as the western consumers’
attitude vis-à-vis nutrition and healthy food, the organic
farming is developing very fast in the advanced market
countries, where the number of farms and processing
industry is increasing and the distribution network is in
expansion to supply the growth of demand. Actually, to
date organic products’ market is one of the few one where
demand exceeds supply in the European Union.
Preliminary analyses conducted by different actors within
the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Agricultural Universities, and/or Albanian Organic Association has
showed that Albania as a whole country may have some
potentialities in the organic production. This is the reality,
because amongst others, the spontaneous de-collectivization process of 1991 brought, paradoxically to the simpli-
fication of production. Actually, in some areas of the
country there is a sort of natural conversion because of the
either negligible quantities or either total absence of the
agricultural inputs using (inorganic fertilizers, pesticides,
classical improved or hybrid seeds not at all genetically
modified organisms, GMO-s, etc) leading together with
the poverty of peasants toward an “involuntary" smallscale organic production.
Training, transfer of know-how, technical assistance could
facilitate the exploitation of these conditions, transforming
the disadvantage in the possible comparative advantage.
As elsewhere, moreover, introducing techniques
and procedures of organic farming not only could be considered as potential products but also would benefit the
consumer and more in general the environment, especially in the protected areas, like Prespa Lakes region.
Kako {to ve}e e napraveno na drugi mesta,
voveduvaweto na tehniki i na~ini za organsko
vodewe na farmi, bi zna~elo novi mo`nosti za
proizvoditelite, no isto taka bi bile od polza
za potro{uva~ite, za celata okolina, a osobeno
za za{titenite oblasti kako {to e Prespa.
Na ovoj na~in Albanija mo`e da vleze na
pazarot no Evropskata unija. Smetame deka
zaradi negoviot dvoen status (za{titena oblast i
me|ugrani~na oblast), Prespanskiot region bi
trebalo da bide “prvata lastovi~ka” vo
voveduvaweto na organsko farmerstvo. Gr~ka
kako edna od grani~nite oblasti i ~lenka na EU
bi trebala da ovozmo`i vlez na ovaa hrana na
svojot EUpazar.
Materijal i metodi
Za da se dobie celosen uvid vo problematikata i za da se izbere vistinko vreme za akcija,
razgledani se brojni pi{ani materijali od
doma{ni i strani avtori vo vrska so sli~ni oblasti, napraveni se uvidi na teren, sledena e
praktikata na konvencionalnoto zemjodelie kako
i iskustvata na novite zemjodelci, sobirani se
mislewa na agronomskite od op{tinite Kor~a i
Devoli, vo koi pripa|aaat Maloto i Golemoto
Prespansko ezero.
Pregledot go sodr`i materijalot vo vrska so:
prirodnite karakteristiki na Prespanskiot
ekosistem (pedolo{ki, klimatski, hidrografski, biolo{ki),
statisti~ki podatoci (teritorijalna podela,
sela, naselenie, osnovni ekonomski aktivnosti, nekoi pokazateli i dr.)
razvojni planovi (prostorni planirawa, mapi i
dr.)
legislativa (zakoni i zakonski regulativi za
za{titeni oblasti, nacionalni parkovi,
regulativi vo vrska so organskoto farmerstvo na EU)
dene{ni investirawe
Sobraniot materijal e detalno razgledan, napravena e prioritetna lista na soznanija i proceneta e polo`bata na na{ata cel vo soglasnost
so soznanijata. Na krajot, izbran e materijalot
{to pretstavuva{e osnova na formuliranite
zaklu~oci {to }e gi izneseme na ovoj simpozium.
Rezultati i diskusija
I. Op{ti karakteristiki na prespanskiot region
Oblasta na Mala i Golema Prespa se nao|a
vo jugo-isto~na Albanija, na granica so Gr~ka i
Makedonija. Dvete najgolemi bazena na Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero se razdeleni so
planinskata niza na Mali i Thate (zapad, 2287 m
m.n.v.), nizinite na Kor~a i Devoli od Big Ivan
(jug, 1768 m.n.v.) i Small Ivan (1400 m). Ekolo{kata
vrska pome|u niv se ostvaruva preku Edge of Zvezda
(Golema Prespa) i Gorge of Wolf (Mala Prespa).
Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko ezero (na
nadmorska viso~ina od 845-855 m) se smesteni vo
Prespanskata kotlinata. Tie se geotektonska
depresija na zemjata od pliocenot (pred okolu 3
milioni godini). Smesteni se pome|u 40,42 i 41,02
severna geografska {irina i 18,43 isto~na geografska dol`ina. Vkupnata povr{ina na ezerata
iznesuva 317 km2 dodeka vkupniot voden kapacitet im e pove}e od 1350 km2.
Klimata e pod vlijanie na mediterantskata
i planinskata klima, pa taka pove}e avtori ja
opi{uvaat kako jugoisto~na planinska klima. Se
karakterizira so topli leta i studeni zimi so
prose~na godi{na temperatura na oblasta od 9-10
o
S. Prose~niot voden talog godi{no iznesuva
730-890 mm, so neredovna mese~na raspredelba.
Eden od maksimumite na vodniot talog se javuva
vo novemvri i/ili dekemvri i vtoriot vo maj. Od
120 dena so voden talog, 30 se sne`ni. Letata se
suvi, vo juli i avgust obi~no bez do`d. Vo dolnite delovi od kotlinata, vegetacioniot period
trae od sredinata na april do krajot na oktomvri.
Spored prethodnite pedolo{ki ispituvawa na Prespanskata kotlina, se sretnuvaat
slednive tiopvi po~va: aluvialna, deluvialna,
crvenica, me{avina od crvenica i deluvialna,
kako i vodni povr{ini (mo~uri{ta i ezera).
Planinskata oblast, so visinska razlika
od 1300 m, se karakerizira so posebni vidovi
po~va, hidrolo{ki i klimatski faktori, {to
obezbeduvaat postoewe na raznovrski habitati i
biotopi. Biolo{kata komponenta na Prespanskiot ekosistem ja so~inuvaat zemna i vodna flora i fauna, koja se karakterizira so isklu~itelno bogat biodiveritet, i kaj ni`ite i kaj vi{ite
vidovi na florata i faunata.
Prespanskata oblast pripa|a na submediterankata vegetativna zona, kade mo`at da se
opredelat tri fitoklimatski pojasi: a) pojas na
dab (600-1300 m nadmorska viso~ina) b) pojas na
buka (1200-1900 m nadmorska viso~ina) v) pojas na
alpski livadi (nad1900 m nadmorska viso~ina).
Vo prespanskata oblast se sretnuvaat
mesta od isklu~itelen istoriski i kulturen
interes.
Therefore, Albania as a country may have the possibility
to enter in the EU organic market. Deriving we think it’s a
good opportunity of Prespa Lakes region to be treated as
the first swallow introducing organic farming, based to its
double special status for the moment as protected area as
well as a cross-boundary area, using neighbor Greece an
EU member country as a promotional entering door.
Materials and methods
In order to elaborate this topics as good as possible for
the moment, our work included an detailed inventory of
numerous written materials by domestic and foreign
authors for the similar regions, preparing the field visits,
seeing conventional agricultural practices, discussing
directly with the new private farmers as well as
contacting the local agronomic staff of both communes
that of Liqenas(Macro Prespa) and Progri (Micro Prespa),respectively in Korca and Devolli districts.
The inventories comprise materials on: -natural
characteristics of Prespa ecosystems (pedological, climatic, hydrographic, biological); -statistical data (territorial division, villages, population, principles economic
activities and some indicators etc); -some development
documents (spatial plans, maps etc); -legal regulations
(laws and legal acts on protected areas, national parks, EU
organic farming regulations); -investments of nowadays.
The collected materials were analyzed in detail, and
priority things were selected and evaluated in order to
identify the position of our target issue. Finally, the proper
material was selected and taken as a basis for the formulation of draft conclusions to be submitted on this Symposium.
Results and discussion
1- General characteristics of the Prespa region
The region of Macro Prespa and Micro Prespa lies
in southeastern Albania at the border to Macedonia and
Greece. The two large basins of the Ohrid and the Prespa
Lakes are divided by the mountain chain of the Mali i
Thate (west, 2287 m a.s.l.), Korca and Devolli plains of
the Big Ivan (south, 1768 m a.s.l.) and Small Ivan (1400
m), the ecological connections with them are only the
Edge of Zvezda (Macro) and Gorge of Wolf (Micro).
Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes (845 m – 855 m a.s.l.)
are situated in the valley with the same name Prespa, and
by origin they belong to the geotectonic depression of
Earth in the Plioceni time (about 3 million years ago).
The current state of Prespa Lakes: they are situated
between 40,42 and 41,02 North latitude and 18,43 East
longitude, covering a total water area of 317 km2 and the
watershed for both more than 1350 km2.
The climate is subject to Mediterranean and Continental
influences and many authors determine it as southeastern
mountainous climate. It is characterized by hot summers
and cold winters, the annual average temperature in
Prespa valley lie around 9 –10 o C. The annual average of
precipitation in the area normally lies between 730 to 890
mm, but with irregular distribution during months of the
year. One maximum of precipitation usually lies in
November and/or December and the another in May. Out
of the 120 days with precipitation in the average 30 days
is with snow .The summers are dry, July and August
usually rainless. The vegetation period in the lowlands
lasts approximately six months from mid-April to the end
of October.
Based on previous pedological studies of Prespa Valley,
there have been identified the following soil types: alluvium, delluvium, red dot, complex of delluvium and red
dot, and wetland areas (swamps and lakes).
The mountainous area with a difference in altitude of
more than 1300 m provides in combination with particular
soil, hydrological and climatic parameters a variety of
special habitats and biotopes. The biological component of
Prespa ecosystem is composed of terrestrial and aquatic
flora and fauna, characterized by an exceptionally rich
biodiversity, both in lower and higher flora and fauna
species.
The Prespa region belongs to the Balkan sub-division of
the Sub-Mediterranean vegetation zone and three
phytoclimatic belts can be well distinguished
The oak belt (600- to ca .1300 m a.s.l.); b) the beech belt
(1200 – 1900 m a.s.l.);
c) The alpine meadows belt (more 1900-m)
Prespa area is characterized by extraordinary
places containing historical and cultural items.
2. Evidence of the actual and potential organic products
in Prespa region.
"Involuntary" small scale organic production.
The same as the general panorama in Albania
after de-collectivization of agriculture also in Prespa
region the size of private farms in average is less than 1,3
ha, divided in small plots situated in 3-4 places: lowlands,
hills and uplands, either fertile/or irrigated soils either dry
land etc. The majority of householders are keeping a
multi-crop/animal farm in order to be self-sufficient in
foods, and if there are a surplus items to be present in
town market.
2. Dokazi za postoe~koto i idno organsko
proizvodstvo vo Prespanskiot region
Maloobemno “nesvesno” organsko proizvodstvo
Sli~no kako i vo ostanatite delovi od Albanija
po dekolonizacijata,
zemjodelskite imoti vo
prosek, vo prespanskiot region, se pomali od 1,3
ha, podeleni na nekolku dela {to se smesteni na
razli~ni mesta: nizinski, visini, plodni/navodnuvani ili su{ni zemji{ta i sl. Pove}eto doma}instva ~uva raznorodna stoka, za da si gi zadovoli site svoi potrebi vo hrana, a samo vi{okot
(do kolku go ima) se prodava na pazar.
Spored na{ite podatoci, vo 12 sela dol`
obalata na Prespanskoto ezero `iveat okolu
5000 `iteli vo 1241 selska zaednica i site
obrabotuvaat svoja zemja za obrabotuvawe. ^etirite osnovni glavni kulturi se : `ita (pove}e od
60% od obrabotlivata pove{ina), krma (20% osobeno jonxa-repka), zarzavat zaedno so carar-grav
(okolu 10%) kako i ovo{tarnici i lozja 10%.
Dobitokot seu{te ima mnogu golemo ekonomsko zna~ewe. Od doma{nite `ivotni, kozite
se najdobro prilagodeni kon prirodnite uslovi.
Niz vekovite, napravena e uspe{na selekcija i
denes ima prekrasna doma{na mle~na koza so kafeavo krzno. Ovcite se odgleduvaat zaradi nivnoto mleko, volna i meso i oblasta e poznata po
proizvodstvo na volneni {areni kilimi i obleki. Vo ovaa oblast govedata ne se mnogu zastapeni.
[to se odnesuva do upotrebata na |ubriva,
situacijata e sli~na so onaa vo Kor~a i vo
drugite delovi od Albanija. Toa zna~i deka
nivnata upotreba e mnogu opadnata i e svedena na
dve-tri vrsti {to mo`at da se najdat na pazarot.
Za vreme na esenskoto |ubrewe, samo 30% od
povr{inata e tretirana so DAP (diamonium
fosfat), dodeka pri proletnoto |ubrewe se
koristi urea ili amonium nitrat. Od brojkite se
gleda deka go zemjodelcite koristat minimumot,
samo 0,12 1 t·ha-1 |ubrivo, osobeno kaj p~enicata.
Zemjodelcite se orientirani na upotreba na
arsko |ubrivo {to go dobivaat od doma{nite
`ivotni (1 t·ha-1) na povrinite kade odgleduvaat
zelen~uk, grav, kompir.
Klimatskite uslovi dozvoluvaat upotreba
na pomalku hemikalii vo za{tita na rastenijata,
zaradi namaleniot generacijski broj na {tetnicite i bolestite vo ramki na vegetativniot ciklus na kulturite. Na primer, samo edna generacija na krompirovata zlatka (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) se javuva, dodeka vo toplite kraevi se 2-3
generacii.
Ponekoga{ se vr{i hemisko tretirawe (23 pati) na ovo{tarnicite (ne na site ovo{ki),
najmnogu na jabolkoto protiv bolestite: Venturia
maequalis, Podosphera leucotricha, Moniliafructigena i
{tetnicite Lasperuesiapomonella, Panonychus ulmi,
Aphis pomi i dr. Vkupnata upotreba na
pesticidite iznesuva prose~no 0,7 kg/ha za
Prespanskiot region. Hemisko tretirawe na
`itata, osven na semenskiot materijal, ne se
vr{i, dodeka hemiska kontrola na plevelite, so
hormonski herbicid 2,4-D (2l/ha) se vr{i samo na
10% od povr{inite.
Detelinata i sitniot grav, se kulturi {to
go fiksiraat azotot vo po~vata i rastat vsu{nost, bez da imaat potreba od hemisko gubrivo
ili pesticidi.
Op{to gledano, upotrebata na pesticidi
vo Albanskiot del od Prespanskiot region, e
zanemarliva, a i toa {to se koristi e so dobar
biodegradabilitet, so malo vlijanie po `ivotnata sredina. Od ovie podatoci se gleda deka
na~inot na za{tita na rastenijata od Albanskata
strane ne e faktor na zagaduvawe na okolinata
nitu na ezerata.
b) Odr`liv razvoj na lekovitite i aromati~ni
rastenija
Sobiraweto, prerabotkata i trgovijata so
lekoviti ratenija bi mo`elo da bide nov na~in
na zarabotka za lu|eto {to `iveat vo ovaa
oblast. Okolu 1800 vidovi rastenija, se procenuva deka, ima vo oblasta na Kor~a, a najgolemiot
broj od niv se prisutni i vo Prespanskiot region. Nekoi porane{ni ispituvawa procenile
postoewe na 350 vrsti na lekoviti i aromati~ni
rastenija, od koi najgolemiot broj se javuvaat vo
Prespa. Ekonomskata va`nosta na ovaa aktivnost
se gleda i od godi{niot prihod na Albanija od
izvezuvaweto na lekoviti rastenija, {to dostignuva 13 milioni EUR-a. Najgolemiot broj vidovi,
za koi se zainteresirani doma{niot i stran
pazar, farmacevtskite proizvoditeli kako i
prerabotuva~ite na za~ini i ~aj se obi~ni
zastapeni vo Prespanskiot region.
Vidovite od tipot Centaurea cyanus, Matricaria recutita, Urtica dioica, Achillaea millefolium, Malva
neglecta, Taraxacum officinale, Rubus idaeus , Rubus
fruticosus, Mentha, Thymus lingifolius, Origanum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum, Crataegus sp., Sideritis
raeseri, rastat okolu selata, pokraj patot, po
nivite i pasi{tata i sl.
Zaradi
pregolema
eksploatacija
od
sobira~ite, mo`e da dojde do zagrozuvawe na
nekoi lekoviti vidovi. Bi trebalo da se napravi
obid, najinteresnite vidovi da se kultiviraat i
odgleduvaat na proveren i odr`liv na~in.
Based to our collected data in all 12 villages situated along
the lakeshores of both Prespa lakes are living up to 5000
inhabitants and 98 % of the 1241 rural families have access to private agricultural land. The four principles crops
are: cereals (more than 60 % of the cultivated surface),
forage crops (20 %, especially alfalfa), vegetables including small dry beans (not more than 10 %), as well the
orchards and vineyards 10 %.
Actually, the livestock is playing still an important economic role. Among the domestic animals the goats are
better adopted to the natural conditions, that's why we are
able to have in our days from the last centuries a good
human selection product, the rustic and so beautiful goat
with black color of skin, able to produce high milk yield.
Sheep are always raising for milk, meat and wool and the
area is wellknown for the production of colored woolen
carpets and daily peasant's clothes. The cattle are less
developed in the area.
The situation of using chemical fertilizers in this upland
area has followed the same trends as in Korca region and
more further in Albania, it means a drastic decrease of the
quantities and it's not so varied in items, only 2-3 items
are commonly known from farmers and which are
available in the dealers network. The autumn fertilization
the use of Diamonium phosphate (DAP) is performed in
30% of the cultivated area and the spring fertilization
early hand urea and the others use of nitrate amonium.
The figures showed that in average the farmers are using
in total minimum, only 0,12-ton/ha fertilizers, especially
in wheat crop. The farmers are using in average 1 ton/ha,
the manure produced from their animals in small plots
where they grow vegetables, small dry beans, potato.
The fresh climatic conditions are suitable for using less
chemical treatments for plant protection, because of the
lower number of generations of pests and diseases within
the vegetative crop cycles. For instance there is only one
generation of potato bug (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)
compared with 2 or more ones in the warm area.
Although the chemical control is used once in a
way, not in all fruit trees, mainly on apple orchards against
important diseases such as Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery Mildew (Podosphera leucotricha),
Brown Rot of Fruits (Monilia fructigena), etc and against
important insects such as Codling moth (Laspeyresia
pomonella), Red mite (Panonychus ulmi), aphids (Aphis
pomi) etc with a total number of 2-3 treatments .The total
use of pesticides in average for Prespa Lakes region is 0,7
kg/ha . The chemical control of cereals consists not regularly only of seed treatment and the weed control is con-
ducted on the 10% of the surfaces with hormonal herbicides called 2,4-D with 2 l/ha.
The alfalfa, small dry beans, are both biological
nitrogen fixing crops and actually grown neither without
any use Ni of chemical fertilizers nor of pesticides.
Generally, the total use of pesticides in Albanian
part of Prespa region is negligible and the chemical products have a good biodegradability with very very low
environmental impact. It is clear from these data, that
plant protection in Albanian Prespa part is not a pollution
factor for the environment as well as for the Lakes themselves.
Sustainable use medicinal and aromatic plants.
The collection, processing and trade of medicinal
plants could probably be a new source providing a good
income to people living in the area of the Prespa region.
The total number of plant species in the Korca region is
estimated to be around 1800, and more of them are present
in Prespa Lakes area. Based to some previous studies the
number of medicinal and aromatic plant goes to 350 species, most of them present in Prespa region.
For giving you the economic importance of these medicinal plant we want to stress that export income grows up to
13 millions Euro in national scale. Most of the species,
which are interesting for the international and domestic
markets, for the pharmaceutical, spice and tea uses are
common and less abundant in the Prespa region.
Species like Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus), Common
Poppy (Papaver rhoeas)
Chamomilla (Matricaria recutita), Nettle (Urtica dioica),
Yarrow (Achillaea millefolium), Dwarf Mallow (Malva
neglecta), Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), Raspberry
(Rubus idaeus), Bramble (Rubus fruticosus), Mint (Mentha), Thymus (Thymus longifolius), Origanum (Origanum
vulgare), St.John's Worth (Hypericum perforatum), Hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), and old fashion Mountain Tea (Sideritis raeseri) occur around villages, on roadsides, in
fields or in pastures etc.
Often the over-exploitation by wild-collection
might contribute to the endangerment of the medicinal
plants, that's why it might be worth to try to cultivate
(some of these species, which might be most interesting
for trade) on a sustainable and biologically certified basis
there.
C). Tradicionalno gotvewe i zdrava hrana
Da si zamislime kako bi izgledata masata so
jadewa poslu`ena pred vidni gosti, vo edna od
ku}ite na ruralna Prespa.
kako aperitiv: doma{na slivovka (dvapati
destilirana) poslu`ena so belo sirewe ili
jogurt so luk i pe~en grav tetovec kako meze
za glavnoto jadewe bi trebalo da izberete
pome|u dvata delikatesi:
pe~eno jagne so sezonski zelen~uk/kompir, a
Referenci (References)
Integrating agriculture and the environment. September,
1995.
Biodiveriste: le fruit convoite. Fevrier,1994.
136
za piewe tradicionalnoto doma{no
crveno vino od doma{ni rusti~ni sorti
sve`a riba na tradicionalen na~in kako
desert: sezonsko ovo{je (vi{ni, kru{i,
jabolki, grozje, orevi, bademi) i
aromati~en med od alpskite livadi
Na krajot od ru~ekot, namesto smetka, }e
doznaete deka seto jadewe e rezultat na vrednite
race na doma}inkata i deka najubavo }e platite
ako ne go zaboravite gostoprimstvoto na t.n
prespanci.
AgroBioAlba,no.1, dhjetor 1998.
Organic farming. 1992.
Agriculture biologique. 1993.
Data from Statistics offices in Korca and Devolli
districts,1999.
Traditional cooking and healthy food.
Let's make together a fast imaginary tour of what dishes
and foods, you can taste in a table served on behalf of
your visit as a distinguished guest in one of the rural
family living in Prespa, more or less the menu looks like
this:
as aperitif savage-plump raki, (twice distillated) served
with feta cheese or yogurt
sauce with garlic, baking big white dry beans
prepared as appetizers;
as principal dish you need to decide between two culinary
delicacies :
to have roasted lamb meat with
season's
vegetables/potato and for drinking traditional
homemade red wine of rustic grape variety; or
To have fresh fish prepared in so many traditional
cooking;
as desert: season fruits (cherries, pears, plumps, apples,
grapes, walnuts ,
hazelnuts etc) accompany in some cases with
aromatic honey from alpine meadows composed by
so many flowers and herbs .
At the end of the meal, you may want to know the "bill",
and the surprised answer clarify you that all things were
home prepared by the tireless housewife, and there is not
higher price than your words to put in evidence the
unforgettable hospitality of the so called "Prespans",
people of Prespa.
Conclusions
It's now clear that the geographic position (far from urban
sites), climate (fresh and Mediterranean), flora and
fauna (rich and divers), human resources (qualified
Towards Integrated Conservation and Sustainable
Development of Transboundary
Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes. (International
Symposium, organized by PPNEA, 1997, Korce,
Albania).
An Introduction to Organic Certification for Farmers and
Growers. March 1999.
and hard workers), of Prespa Lakes area assure the
pre-conditions for introducing the organic farming, as
a new way to rentabilise better the work done on
agricultural domain.
Whilst in one hand, there are not enough technical
information's available to assist farmers in converting
their land and managing it organically, the process of
getting it inspected and certified is quite unknown. On
the other hand there is a huge need for financial
support, that's why we suggest as the best way to
follow the preparations of the extension's plan of the
activities, such as the establishing of the on-farm
demonstrations, training of pilot farmers, combined
with a micro-credit scheme to the householders
willing to join the practices of the organic farming.
The implementation of the international criteria deriving
from the approved documents requires involvement
of the specialists from the three countries, which have
to work on finding the means and the ways of
reducing the use of chemicals against parasites and
mineral fertilizers towards the goal of reducing
anthropogenic
influence on the degradation of the Prespa Lakes
region.
The improvement of the chemical control of pests and
diseases will require the introduction of Integral Pest
Management (IPM), which need the employment of
graduated agronomists from the Public Extension
Service for both communes, as well as the
professional advise from the inputs' dealers to the
private producers.
5- The economic resources in Prespa region can be
increased either through the Promotion of the so called
organic products (dry beans, medicinal plants, Mountain
tea, kids and lamb meat, etc) in the international and
domestic markets, Either improves the infrastructure to
host as much as possible the Eco-tourists.
Strategjia dhe Plani i Veprimit per Biodiversitetin.
AKM,Nentor 1999,Tirane.
Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Catalogue Field, University
of Bari- Italy.
European Commission : Organic farming, 2/1994,Green
Europe, Brussels.
137
Konvencionalno i organsko zemjodelie vo Prespanskiot Nacionalen
Park, Makedonija, Grcija
Despina FILIU1, Mirto PIROVECI2 i Xorx A. DAOTOPULOS1,*
1
Zemjodelski fakultet, Univerzitet vo Solun, Grcija
2
Biolo{ki fakultet, Univerzitet vo Solun, Grcija
Apstrakt
Konvencionalnoto zemjodelie vo Prespanskiot region se koristi intenzivno od izgradbata na irigacioniot
sistem vo isto vreme koga be{e za prvpat pretstaveno i organskoto proizvodstvo vo region vo 1990.
Intenziviraweto na proizvodstvoto dovede do rasprostraneti monokulturi - voglavno me{unkasti rastenija - i
do golema upotreba na hemiski produkti - |ubriva i pesticidi. Organskoto zemjodelie obezbeduva na~in za
minimizirawe na efektite {to intenzivnoto konvencionalno zemjodelie gi ima vrz ne`niot i skapocen
ekosistem na Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park.
Celta na ovoj trud e da se identifikuvaat mo`nostite na ovaa nova praktika preku istra`uvawe na faktorite
{to od edna strana go ograni~uvaat negoviot razvoj, a od druga bi mo`ele da pridonesat za negoviot razvoj.
Slu~ajno be{e izbran primerok od 35 zemjodelski proekti koi 11 bea organski, koi vo toa vreme (1997) bea
celokupnata soodvetna populacija.
Voved
Organskoto zemjodelie vo Grcija zapo~nuva
vo 1993, so prifa}aweto na Propisot 2092/91 i so
formiraweto na prvite organizacii {to go garantiraa organskoto proizvodstvo. Po ova be{e
donesen Propisot 2078/92 koj obezbedi ekonomski
povlastici za zemjodelcite koi }e se prefrlat
na organsko zemjodelie. Povlasticite ja ra{irija povr{inata pod organski nasadi so toa {to
povr{inite odredeni za novite praktiki dvojno
gi zgolemuvaa sekoja godina. Vo ovoj moment
vkupnata povr{ina iznesuva 36000 ha, {to pretstavuva 0.9% od kultiviranite povr{ini vo zemjata. Procentot na organski kulturi vo Grcija e
mnogu pomal od procentot vo drugi evropski
dr`avi (Germanija, na primer, vo 1994 5% od
vkupnata povr{ina be{e pod organski kulturi).
Grcija ima popovolni uslovi za razvoj na
organsko zemjodelie bidej}i:
Golemata podelenost na zemjata dava prednost na
mali, familijarni farmi,
*
Obrabotlivite povr{ini, so isklu~ok na ramninite, obi~no se obikoleni so {umi ili
prirodna vegetacija {to nudi mnogu povolni
uslovi za organskki kulturi,
Hemiskite sredstva ne se koristat premnogu od
strana na zemjodelcite,
Postoi golema raznoli~nost na po~vi i
klimatski uslovi {to ja zgolemuvaat i raznolikosta na kulturite,
Monokulturite se u{te se nemaat ra{ireno na
golemi povr{ini obrabotlivo zemji{te.
Organskoto zemjodelie be{e pretstaveno
vo Prespa vo 1990. Inicijativata dojde od strana
na eden individualen zemjodelec vo seloto Aghios
Germanos koj se zdobil so znaeweto preku sopstveni istra`uvawa. Vo narednite godini, prespanskoto dru{tvo, lokalna ekolo{ka NVO, organizira{e kursevi za organsko zemjodelie i prezede odgovornost za marketing na organskoto proizvodstvo. Do 1997, vkupno 11 zemjodelci, vo 3 od
8 sela vo parkot, so povr{ina od 9.1 ha me{unkasti rastenija se pridru`ija kon novata praktika.
Avtor za korespondencija: Xorx Daoropulos, Univerzitet vo Solun, p. Fah 246, 54006 Solun, Grcija
E-mail: daoutop@agro.auth.gr
138
Conventional and Organic Agriculture in Prespa National Park
(Macedonia, Greece)
Despoina FILIOU1, Myrto PYROVETSI2 & George A. DAOUTOPOULOS3,*
1
2
School of Agriculture, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
School of Biology, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Abstract
Conventional farming in the area of Prespa is practiced quite intensively since the construction of an irrigation system at the same
time that organic farming was first introduced to the area in 1990. Intensification of the production lead to vast monocultures –mainly
of dried beans- and to heavy utilization of chemical products –fertilizers, pesticides. Organic agriculture provides a way to minimize
the effects of intensified conventional farming to the vulnerable and valuable ecosystem of Prespa National Park.
The purpose of this paper is to identify the prospects of this new practice by investigating the factors that on the one hand retard
its expansion, and on the other could contribute to its expansion. A sample of 35 farming operations was randomly selected of which
11 were organic representing at that time -1997- the entire corresponding population.
Introduction
Organic agriculture in Greece starts in 1993, when
Regulation 2092/91 was adopted and the first Organizations to certify the organic produce were formed. This
was followed by Regulation 2078/92 implementing economic incentives to farmers switching to organic farming.
The incentives have boosted the area under organic crops
by doubling each year the area devoted to the new practice. The total area presently amounts to 36,000 hectares
representing 0.9 percent of the total crop area of the
country. The percentage of organic crops in Greece is far
less than the percentage attained in other European countries (Germany, for example, in 1994 had 5% of the total
area under organic crops). Greece has more favorable
conditions for the expansion of organic farming, since:
Land is very fragmented favoring a small family
operated type of farming,
Farming areas, with the exceptions of the plains, are
usually surrounded by forest or natural vegetation
that provide very favorable conditions for organic
crops,
Chemical inputs are not heavily used by farmers,
There is a great variety of soil and climatic conditions
*
that enhance crop diversity,
Monocultures have not yet spread over large areas of
farming land
Organic agriculture was introduced in Prespa in
1990. The initiative came on the part of an individual
farmer in the village of Aghios Germanos who acquired
the knowledge through personal inquires. In later years,
the Society of Prespa, a local environmental NGO, organized courses on organic farming and assumed responsibilities in marketing the organic produce. By 1997, a
total of eleven farmers living in three of the eight villages
of the Park and farming an area of 9.1 ha of dried beans,
has joined the new practice.
It is very interesting to notice that as late as the mid
1960’s, farmers in Prespa were practicing a form of agriculture that was very close if not a genuine form of what
we call today organic farming. Traditional farmers were
growing crops in terraces in the hillsides of the lake, using native genetic material and a variety of crops to satisfy local needs (Pyrovetsi and karteris, 1986). Animal
manure was the only nutrient added in the fields. Indigenous culture emphasized thriftiness in life and encompassed every aspect of life providing cultural adaptations
to local conditions in a sustainable way.
Correspondence author: George A. Daoutopoulos, University of Thessaloniki, Univ. P.O.Box 246, 540 06 Thessaloniki, GREECE,
E-mail: daoutop@agro.auth.gr
Mnogu e interesen faktot deka se do sredinata
na 1960-tite, zemjodelcite vo Prespa praktikuvaa forma na zemjodelie {to be{e mnogu
blisku, ako ne i ista forma na ona {to denes go
narekuvame organsko zemjodelie. Tradicionalnite zemjodelci odgleduvaa kulturi na terasi na
ridskite padini okolu ezeroto, koristej}i doma{en genetski materijal i raznolikost na kulturite za da gi zadovolat lokalnite potrebi
(Pyrovetsi i Karteris 1986).
Arskoto |ubre be{e edinstveniot nutrient
koj se dodava{e vo poliwata. Doma{nite kulturi
go naglasuvaaa napredokot vo `ivotot i gi sledea
site aspekti na `ivotot obezbeduvaj}i kulturni
izmeni na lokalnite uslovi na eden odr`liv na~in. Na primer, trskata i drugata vodna vegetacija se `nee{e sekoja godina za da se nahranat
`ivotnite koi bea pobrojni nego denes i za da gi
pokrivaat pokrivite na ku}ite i drugite gradbi.
Na ovoj na~in nutrientite se vadea od ezeroto
{to go za{tituva{e negovoto nivo na trofija.
Vo drug primer, leguminozi bea zasaduvani zaedno so `itarici, i na toj na~in ovozmo`uvaj}i im
na dvete raastenija da imaat korist edno od
drugo. @itaricite so iskoristuvaweto na sposobnosta na me{unkite da go vrzuvaat azotot, leguminozite so iska~uvaweto po stebloto na `itaricite. I pokraj toa {to prinosot be{e pomal
otkolku deneska, lokalniot ekosistem poddr`uva{e pove}e lu|e i `iv svet od dene{niot.
Organskoto zemjodelie e dobrodojdeno vo
Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park bidej}i so izgradbata na sisitemot za navodnuvawe se intenzivira{e zemjodelieto vo Parkot i vo zonata A.
Glavnite nasadi bea od me{unkasti rastenija koi
intenzivno se na|ubruvaat i prskaat so biocidi i
herbicidi (Tab. 1). Vkupno 190t. na |ubriva zaedno so 2500 l hemikalii se tro{at sekoja godina za
za{tita na nasadite (Zemjodelska Zaednica na
Prespa).
Organskoto zemjodelie go privle~e vnimanieto na istra`uva~kite zaednici kako nova
forma na zemjodelie koe e poekolo{ko i sposobno da obezbedi odr`livi agrosistemi. Ulogata na
organskoto zemjodelie stana u{te pogolema otkako trite sosedni dr`avi se dogovorija da gi
postavat temelite na prviot transgrani~en balkanski park. Glavnata cel na ovaa incijativa e da
se za{titi ranliviot i skapocen ekosistem na
regionot (Kathimerini 2000).
Celta na ovaa studija e da: a) da gi sporedi
organskoto i konvencionalnoto zemjodelie vo
funkcija od karakteristikite na nivnite operatori i nivnite farmi, i b) da se proceni idnata
uspe{nost na organskoto dvi`ewe vo Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park.
140
Metodi
Zemjodelcite koi odgleduvaat me{unkasti
rastenija se cel na studijata bidej}i, me{unkastite rastenija ne samo {to pretstavuvaat glavna
kultura vo regionot tuku i edinstvena kultura
{to se odgleduva od strana na organskite
zemjodelci. Glavnata grupa be{e grupata na
konvencionalni zemjodelci oja se sostoe{e od
139 operacii podeleni me}u osumte sela vo Parkot. Ovaa grupa, so prose~na golemina na me{unkasti nasadi od 4.1 ha, be{e ponatamu podelena na
dve podgrupi vo zavisnost od veli~inata na
proizvodstvoto. Operaciite {to odgleduvaa pomalku od 4 ha go formiraa prviot sloj koj se sostoe{e od 77 operacii, a tie {to odgleduvaa pove}e od 4 ha go formiraa vtoriot sloj (62 operacii). Za sekoj sloj i od sekoe selo vo parkot slu~ajno odbiravme 20 procenten primerok. Na kraj,
primerokot so konvencionalni zemjodelci vklu~uva{e 24 operacii. Grupata na organski zemjodelci gi vklu~uva{e site operacii (11 operacii
za vreme na studijata). Orgamskite farmeri bea
identifikuvani preku lista podnesena od Regionalnoto Ministerstvo za Zemjodelie.
Bea sostaveni dva razli~ni pra{alnika i
isprateni do soodvetnite ~lenovi od dvete grupi.
Zaedni~kiot del od pra{alnicite bara{e informacii na demografskite karakteristiki na
zemjodelcite i glavnite karakterstiki na nivnite operacii. Prilagodeniot del za konvencionalnite zemjodelci bara{e informacii za nivnata svesnost za organskoto proizvodstvo na
leguminozi, kako ja ocenuvaat ovaa praktika i
dali razmisluvaat za pridru`uvawe kon organskoto proizvodstvo i pod koi uslovi. Delot od
pra{alnikot za organskite zemjodelci bara{e
informacii za problemite so koi se sudiraat, na
nivnite obrazovni potrebi, i na idninata na
organskoto dvi`ewe vo parkot.
Sobranite podatoci bea analizirani so
statisti~ki tehniki dostapni vo SPSS. Nekolku
aspekti na organskoto i konvencionalnoto zemjodelie bea sporedni so koristewe na studentoviot
t-test za nespareni primeri.
Diskusija
Statisti~kata analiza na demografskite
karakteristiki na dvete grupi otkri deka
organskite zemjodelci ne se zna~itelno pomladi
nego nivnite konvencionalni soselani. I dvete
grupi se pomladi od prose~niot nacionalen
zemjodelec (57.7 god za prose~nata aktivna
li~nost vo zemjodelieto spored podatocite od
1991, Zemjodelska banka na Grcija 1994).
For example, reeds and other aquatic vegetation were
harvested each year to feed animals that were more numerous than today and to cover the roofs of houses and
other buildings. By doing so nutrients were removed
from the lake protecting its eutrofic level. In another example, dried beans were cultivated with corn at the same
time in the fields, enabling both crops to benefit from
each other. Corn, by making use of nitrogen fixing ability
of beans, and beans, by climbing over the stems of corn.
Although yields were less than today, the local ecosystem
was supporting more people and much higher numbers of
wildlife than today.
Organic farming is highly welcomed today in Prespa National Park since within the park and close to zone A, the
construction of an irrigation system in 1990 has boosted
intensive agriculture. The main crop planted was dried
beans that is heavily fertilized and sprayed with biocides
and herbicides (Figure 1). A total of 190 tons of fertilizing units along with 2,500 litters of chemicals to protect
the crop are consumed each year (Agricultural Cooperative of Prespa).
Organic farming has attracted the interest of the research
community as a new practice of farming that is more environmental friendly and capable to sustain agrosystems
indefinitely. The role of organic farming in Prespa becomes even more important after the agreement of the
three neighboring countries to lay the foundations of the
first cross-border Balkan Park. The main objective of
this initiative is to protect the vulnerable and valuable
ecosystem of the region (Kathimerini, 2000).
The purpose of this study is to: a) compare organic and
conventional agriculture in terms of characteristics related to their operators and their farms, and b) estimate
the future viability of the organic movement in Prespa
National Park.
Methods
Farmers growing dried beans form the population of the
study because, dried beans not only constitutes the main
crop in the area that is cultivated quite intensively but
also is the only crop that organic farming is practiced.
The main group was the conventional farmers group consisting of 139 operations distributed within the 8 villages
of the Park. This group, with an average size of dried
bean crop of 4.1 hectares, was further delineated into two
groups, depending on the size of the growing produce.
Operations growing less than 4 hectares formed the first
stratum consisting of 77 operations and those growing
more than 4 hectares formed the second stratum (62 operations). From each stratum and within each village of
the park we selected randomly a 20% sample size. Finally
the sample of conventional farmers included 24 opera-
tions. The group of organic farmers included all operations (11 operations at the time of the study). Organic
farmers were identified through a list conducted by the
Regional Ministry of Agriculture.
Two different questionnaires were constructed and administered to the respective members of the two groups.
The common part of the questionnaire solicited information on the demographic characteristics of farmers and
the main characteristics of their operation. The customized part for conventional farmers solicited information
on their awareness of the organic bean production, how
they evaluated this practice and whether they considered
to join the organic production latter on and under which
conditions. The customized part of the questionnaire for
organic farmers solicited information on the problems
that presently face, on their educational needs, and on the
future of the organic movement in the Park.
Data collected were analyzed using statistical techniques
available in SPSS. Several aspects of organic and conventional agriculture were compared by using Student’s ttest for unpaired samples.
Discussion
Statistical analysis of the demographic characteristics of
the two groups revealed that organic farmers were not
substantially younger than their conventional co-villagers. Both were younger than the average national farmer
(57.5 years for the average active person in agriculture
according to 1991 census data; Agricultural Bank of
Greece 1994). The lack of any significant difference
between the ages of organic and conventional farmers is
in line with other studies (e.g. Sullivan et al. 1996;
McCann et al. 1997) and consistent with Napier and
Foster’s (1982) conclusion that age has no influence on a
farmer’s inclination to adopt new conservation practices.
The two groups were substantially different in terms of
the education received, with organic farmers having 10
years of schooling as compared to 7.4 years for conventional farmers. Train received was also substantially different between the two groups with conventional farmers
having participated in at least one training course in 8.3
% as compared to all organic farmers. This is in line with
previous research indicating that organic farming is more
demanding than conventional farming in terms of education and training (Pyrovetsi and Daoutopoulos 1999).
Another very interesting evidence from the comparison
between the two groups is related to the size and source
of their income. Organic farmers had a substantially
lower income (59.3% of the conventional farmers) and
most of it was coming from non-farming activities
(72.7% for organic farmers as compared to 4.8% for conventional farmers).
Nedostatokot na zna~ajna razlika pome|u
starosta na organskite i konvencionalnite zemjodelci e vo soglasnost so drugite studii (Sullivan
et al. 1996; McCann et al. 1997) i soglasen so zaklu~okot na Napier & Foster (1982) deka starosta nema
vlijanie vrz naklonetosta na zemjodelecot za
prifa}awe na novi za{titni praktiki. Dvte
grupi mnogu se razlikuvaa spored stepenot na
obrazovanie. Organskite zemjodelci se {koluvale 10, nasproti 7.4 godini {koluvawe na konvencionalnite zemjodelci. Vo obukata poste{e su{tinska razlika bidej}i konvencionalnite zemjodelci u~estvuvaa barem na eden kurs. Ova e vo
soglasnost so prethodnite istra`uvawa koi poka`uvaat deka organskoto zemjodelie pove}e barem od konvencionalnoto vo pogled na obrazovanieto i praksata (Pyrovetsi & Daoutopoulos, 1999).
Drug mnogu interesen fakt od sporedbata na
dvete grupi se odnesuva na goleminata i izvorot
na nivniot prihod. Organskite farmeri imaa
zna~itelno pomal prihod (59.3% od konvencionalnite zemjodelci) i najgolem del od toa be{e
od nezemjodelski aktovnosti (72.7% za organskite sporedeno so 4.8% za konvencionalnite zemjodelci).
Postoeja razliki i vo glavnite karakteristiki na dvete sporedeni zemjodelski aktivnosti. Konvencionalnite farmi bea zna~itelno
pogolemi so obrabotlivi 6.9 ha zemja sporedeno
so 3.3 ha na organski operacii. Tie razliki
glavno bea povrzani so razlikite vo zakupenata
zemja kade konvencionalnite operacii zakupuvaa
tri pati pove}e od organskite. Rezultatite vo
vrska so strukturata na farmite e vo soglasnost
so studijata na Sullivan et al. (1996) koja poka`a
deka za{titnite praktiki se koristat poretko i
so pomal intenzitet na zakupeno zemji{te (Duff
et al. 1991). Spored Buttel et al. (1981) golemite
zemjodelci imaat voglavno ekonomska orientacija sprema zemjodelieto i kako takvi ne bi prezemale rizici povrzani so prifa}aweto na razli~ni zemjodelski praktiki kako onie vo vrska
so za~uvuvaweto na prirodata.
Ima{e i zna~ajni razliki vo povr{inata
odredena za odgleduvawe na me{unkasti rastenija. Konvencionalnite farmi odgleduvaa 5.7 ha me{unkasti rastenija sporedeno so 0.8 ha na organskite farmi. Va`nosta na proizvodstvoto na me{unkasti rastenija me|u konvencionalnite farmeri e prika`ano so faktot deka 83.4% od povr{inite na konvencionalnite farmi se odredeni
za istite i deka 58.3% od konvencionalnite
zemjodelci odgleduvaat edinstveno me{unkasti
rastenija.
Da zaklu~ime deka organskite zemjodelci
se poobrazuvani part-time zemjodelci koi glavno
zavisat od nezemjodelski aktivnosti i obrabotuvaat i zakupuvaat pomalku zemja od konvencionalnite. Sprotivno, prose~niot konvencionalen
zemjodelec be{e pomaluk obrazuvan, so celosno
zavisen prihod od zemjodelieto i koj gi pro{iruva svoite operacii so zakupuvawe zemja za da
odgleduva voglavno me{unkasti rastenija.
Prospekti za novita praktika
Povr{inata pod biolo{ko zemjodelie, za
vreme na istra`uvaeto, pretstavuva{e 0.6% od
vkupnata povr{ina pod me{unkasti rastenija.
Zatoa be{e mnogu interesno da se vidi dali
novaata praktika ima{e potencijal i pod koi
uslovi za da ima pogolemo vlijanie vo regionot.
Soodvetni pra{awa im bea postaveni na dvete
grupi, na konvencionalnite i organskite zemjodelci.
Na pra{aweto za faktorite koi go spre~uvaat razvojot organskoto proizvodstvo na me{unki organskite zemjodelci gi navedoa slednive: nedostatok na pogodni povr{ini (31.2%),
mala pobaruva~ka za nasadot (18.8%), nedostatok
na organsko |ubrivo (12.5%), pogolem raboten
vnos (12.5%), pomal prihod (12.5%), i mal broj na
organski farmeri (12.5%). Nedostatokot na pogodni povr{ini se ~ini deka pretstavuva zna~ajna pre~ka za organskoto porizvodstvo. Konvencionalnoto proizvodstvo na me{unkasti rastenija
se sproveduva na golemi kompaktni povr{ini
kade {to be{e izgraden sistem za navodnuvawe vo
1990 g. Na ovaa povr{ina organsko zemjodelie na
mo`e da se izvede bidej}i }e bide opkoleno i
zaradi toa zagadeno od farmi koi go praktikuvaat konvencionalniot metod. Malata pobaruva~ka e zaradi nedostatocite vo marketingot na
novoto proizvodstvo koe {to ne dostignuva
zna~ajna koli~ina koja bi go opravdala pakuvaweto i klasificiraweto i bi privleklo doma{ni i stranski kupuva~i. Nedostatokot na organsko |ubre e mnogu zna~aen element vo organskoto
proizvodstvo. Ovoj problem mo`e lesno da se
re{i, a vo isto vreme bi imal i povolni efekti
vrz sosednoto i zna~ajno blato. Otstranuvaweto
na vodenata vegetacija od Maloto Prespansko
Ezero bi mo`elo da go snabdi organskite zemjodelci so materijal za kompost. Otstranuvaweto
na vodnata vegetacija bi go namalilo nivoto na
nutrinti vo ezzeroto koi sega se ostavaat da se
razgradat vo ezeroto.
Cultivated Land (in hectares)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Year
Grains
Dried beans
Alfa-Alfa
Pasture land
Fallow land
Irrigated land
Sl. 1 Glavni kulturi, ugari i navodnuvani po~vi vo Prespa (1985-1997)
Fig. 1 Main crops, fallow and irrigated land in Prespa (1985-1997)
Differences were also present in the main characteristics
of the two farming operations compared. The conventional farm was substantially larger in size cultivating 6.9
hectares of land as compared to 3.3 hectares of the organic operation. Those differences were mainly associated with differences in rented land where the conventional operation was renting three times as much as the
organic one. The findings concerning farm structure are
in line with the study of Sullivan et al (1996) suggesting
also that conservation practices are used with less frequency and intensity on rented land (Duff et al, 1991).
According to Buttel et al (1981) large farmers have a
largely economic orientation towards agriculture that
makes them less likely to take risks associated with the
adoption of different agricultural practices such as the
ones concerning environmental protection.
Substantial differences were also present with the crop
area devoted to dried beans. Conventional farms were
farming 5.7 hectares of dried beans as compared to 0.8
hectares of the organic farm. The importance of dried
bean production among conventional farmers is indicated
by the fact that 83.4% of the average area of conventional
farms is devoted to dried beans and also 58.3% of conventional farmers grow dried beans as the only crop in
their farming operation.
In conclusion organic farmers were more educated parttime farmers depending for living mainly on non-farming
activities and cultivating and renting less land than their
conventional counterparts. On the contrary, the average
conventional farmer was less educated, almost fully dependable on agriculture for his income and expanding his
operation by renting land from others to mainly cultivate
dried beans.
Prospects for the new practice
The area under biological agriculture, at the time of the
research, represented 0.6 percent of the total area under
dried beans. Therefore it was very interesting to investigate whether the new practice had the potential and under
which circumstances to make a greater impact in the area.
Relative questions were asked to both groups, conventional and organic farmers.
Organic farmers when asked, named the following factors
as retarding the expansion of organic bean production:
Lack of suitable areas (31.2%), low demand for the crop
(18.8%), lack of organic manure (12.5%), higher labor
inputs (12.5%), lower income (12.5%), and small number
of organic farmers (12.5%). Lack of suitable areas seems
to form a substantial barrier for the expansion of the organic production. Conventional dried bean production is
conducted in a large compact area where the irrigation
system was constructed in 1990. Within this area, organic
production cannot be accomplished since it will be surrounded and therefore contaminated by farms practicing
the conventional method. Low demand for the crop has to
do with deficiencies in the marketing of the new produce
that has not reached a substantial amount to justify grading and packaging and to attract foreign and domestic
buyers. Lack of organic manure is a very crucial element
in organic production. This problem can be easily faced
having also very beneficial effects for the neighboring
and valuable wetland. Removal of the aquatic vegetation
from lake Mikri Prespa could provide organic farmers
with substantial quantities of composting material. Removal of aquatic vegetation will also reduce the level of
nutrients in the lake now left to decompose into the lake.
143
Na pra{aweto za faktorite koi pridonesuvaat za razvojot na novata praktika, tie
navedoa: informativni kampawi za proizvoditelite i potro{uva~ite (45.5%), podobro organiziran marketing (27.3%), i povlastici (27.3%). Nedostatokot na informacii i potrebata za nadomestok vo slu~aj na poniski prinosi gi so~inuvaa
faktorite koi go spre~uvaat razvojot na organskoto zemjodelie koi se navedeni vo drugite
sli~ni studii (Hanson et al. 1995). Promenata kon
organsko zemjodelie bara zna~ajno znaewe od
strana na farmerot. Toj mora celosno da go razbira kolniot ekosistem i da odr`i ramnote`a
me|u povolnite i {tetnite elementi od prirodata. Doma{nata kultura bi mo`ela da gi snabdi
zemjodelcite so skapoceno znaewe vo vrska so
kultiviraweto na nasadite bez upotreba na
hemiski sredstva.
Koga konvencionalnite zemjodelci bea zapra{ani da go ocenat organskoto zemjodelie zazemaa negativen stav so proglasuvaweto na organskite zemjodelci za amaterski zemjodelci, romanti~ni li~nosti i sl (64.3%). Kako {to ve}e zabele`avme, konvencionalnite zemjodelci se celosno zavisni od zemjodelieto. Zaradi toa, novata praktika mora da gi ubedi zemjodelcite deka e
uspe{na i profitabilna. Veruvaweto deka organskoto zemjodelie mo`e da go namali profitot
so namaluvaweto na prinosot ili/i mo`nosta
zapove}e korov e ra{ireno me|u konvencionalnite zemjodelci intervjuirani vo drugite studii
(Hanson et al. 1995).
Ra{iruvaweto na monokulturata me{unkasti rastenija zaedno so istrajnosta na problemite so kontrola na {tetnicite mo`e da stane,
vo bliska idnina, silen faktor koj }e gi primora
konvencionalnite zemjodelci da ja ocenat svojata
praktika. Vo 87.5% slu~ai konvencionalnite
zemjodelci priznaa deka borbata so {tetnicite
denes e pote{ka nego pred 10 godini. Vo 45.8%
slu~ai tie opravdano go obvinija razvojot na
proizvodstvoto na me{unkasti rastenija, a vo
33.3% slu~ai go obvinija zgolemenata otpornost
na {tetnicite.
33.3% od convencionalnite farmeri pozitivno se izjasnija organskite zemjodelci, a ostanatite 2.2% zazemaa neutralen stav. Interesno e
da se spomne deka od tie koi iska`aa pozitiven
stav, 13.3% razmisluvaat da gi sledat niv so
prefrluvawe na organsko zemjodelie. Hanson et al
(1995) poka`a deka postoeweto na organski
zemjodelci vo zemjodelska zaednica verojatno }e
ima vlijanie na nivnite soselani i mo`e da se
odnesuva kako jadro za razvoj na novi zemjodelski
praktiki za za{tita na prirodata.
Zaklu~oci
Prethodnata analiza ja poka`a va`nosta
od organsko zemjodelie vo Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park. Napu{taweto na zemjodelieto na
padinite i razru{uvaewto na terasite ja zgolemi
erozijata i koli~estvoto mil vo ezeroto. Zamenata na doma{ni kulturi so vrednosti koi go
zgolemija proizvodstvoto i potro{uva~kata na
{teta na prirodata se poka`aa mnogu {tetni za
regionot. Zemjodelieto se dobli`i do ezeroto i
razvojot na sistemot za navodnuvawe u{et pove}e
go zgolemija intenzivnoto zemjodelie vo poslednite 15 godini {to zema forma na rasprostraneti monokulturi. Intenzivnoto proizvodstvo na
leguminozi se zgolemi od 13.5% od site nasadi
vo1985 na 39.4% vo 1995 (Sl. 1). Vo region skapocen zaradi negoviot `iv svet, site aktivnosti za
minimizirawe na hemiskiot otpad i zgolemuvawe
na raznolikosta na nasadite e dobredojdena.
Organskoto dvi`ewe izgleda deka e dobra
alternativa {to mora da dobie prioritet vo site
zemjodelski oblasti blizu do mnogu vredni i ranlivi ekosistemi. Upravnite planovi mora da go
zemat vo predvid pretstavuvaweto na organskoto
zemjodelie vo site oblasti koi se blizu do blatni ekosistemi. Vodenite stani{ta i organskoto
zemjodelie mo`e da razvijat simbioti~ki odnos.
Organskoto zemjodelie }e go iskoristuva
materijalot za kompost koj doa|a od trskata i
drugata vodna vegetacija, a blatoto }e dobie so
otstranuvaweto na vi{okot vodna vegetacija i
nutrientite {to gi sodr`i.
Za uspe{nosta na bilo koja politika za
za{tita na prirodata mora da se vklu~at i
harmoniziraat nejzinite celi so stavovite,
veruvawata i potrbite na lokalnata zaednica.
Analizite poka`uvaat deka uspe{no sproveduvawe na vakvata politika bara:
informirawe i obu~uvawe na kandidatite za
organski zemjodelci
obezbeduvawe na tehni~ka pomo{ na samoto
mesto, posebno vo prvite godini
podobra organizacija na marketingot, i
nadoknada na zemjodelcite za pojavata na
eventualni zagubi vo prvite godini.
Povtornoto za`ivuvawe na kulturnite adaptacii na novite uslovi vo regionot bi mo`elo da obezbedi dolgoro~na simbioti~ka ralacija
pome|u lu|eto i `iviot svet vo regionot.
When asked to name factors contributing to the expansion of the new practice, they named: information campaigns for producers and consumers (45.5%), better organization of the marketing (27.3%), and subsidies
(27.3%). Lack of information and the need for compensation in case of lower yields constitute factors retarding
the expansion of organic farming cited in other relative
studies (Hanson et al. 1995). Switch to organic farming
requires substantial knowledge on the part of the farmer.
He or she has to fully understand the local ecosystem and
retain a balance between beneficial and harmful elements
of nature. Indigenous culture could provide farmers with
precious knowledge regarding crop cultivation without
any chemical input.
Conventional farmers when asked to evaluate the practice
of organic farming practiced by some of their co-villagers
have adopted a negative stand (64.3%) by declaring them
as amateur farmers, romantic persons, etc. As we have
already noticed, conventional farmers are financially fully
dependable on agriculture. Thus, the new practice has to
persuade conventional farmers that it is viable and profitable. The belief that organic farming could reduce profits, by reducing yields and/or the potential for more
weeds is shared by conventional farmers interviewed in
other studies (Hanson et al. 1995).
The expansion of dried bean monoculture along with the
persistence of pest control problems might act, in the near
future, as a strong factor for conventional farmers to reevaluate their practice. Conventional farmers when asked,
have admitted in 87.5% cases that pest control today is
more difficult than ten years ago. They correctly blamed,
in 45.8% of the cases, the expansion of dried bean production and in 33.3% increased pest resistance.
The positive judgements for organic farmers on the part
of conventional farmers amounted to 33.2% and the rest
2.2 percent adopted a neutral position. It is interesting to
notice that among those expressing a positive attitude,
13.3% declared that they consider following them by
switching to organic farming. Hanson et al. (1995) have
also pointed out that the existence of organic farmers in a
farming community is likely to influence the behavior of
their co-villagers and to act as a nucleus for the expansion
of new –environmentally protective- farming practices.
Conclusions
The preceding analysis has presented the importance of
organic farming in Prespa National Park. The abandoning
of farming in the hillsides and the resulted destruction of
terraces has increased erosion and silting of the lake. The
replacement of local culture with values that emphasized
production and consumption at the expense of nature
proved very detrimental for the area. Farming has moved
closer to the lake and the expansion of the irrigation system has further increased intensive agriculture during the
last 15 years that took the form of vast monocultures.
Intensive dried bean production has increased from
13.5% of all area under crops in 1985 to 39.4% in 1995
(Figure 1). In an area highly valuable for its wild life, any
action to minimize chemical run-off and increase crop
diversity is highly welcomed.
The organic movement seems to be a very viable alternative that has to receive higher priority in all farming areas
close to vulnerable and highly valued ecosystems. Management plans have to consider the introduction of organic farming in all areas close to wetland ecosystems.
Wetlands and organic farming can develop a symbiotic
relation. Organic farming by making use of composting
material coming from reeds and other aquatic vegetation
and wetlands benefiting from the removal of the surplus
aquatic vegetation and the nutrients contained.
It is of crucial importance that any environmental policy
regime in order to be successful has to incorporate and
thus harmonize its objectives with the attitudes, beliefs
and necessities of the local community. The analysis has
clearly pointed out that the successful implementation of
such a policy requires:
information and training of the candidate organic
farmers,
provision of technical assistance at the spot, especially at the early years,
better organization of the marketing, and
compensation of the farmers for any losses occurred
during the first years.
Revival of cultural adaptations to the new conditions
prevailing in the area might provide a long term symbiotic relation between people and wildlife in the area.
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Greek Agriculture. Athens, Greece: Directorate of
Planning: 100pp. (in Greek).
Buttel, F. H., Gillespie G. W. et al. (1981). The social
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Duff, S. N., Stonehouse, D. P. et al. (1991). Soil
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Hanson, J., Kauffman, S, Schauer, A. (1995). Attitudes
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147
Upotreba na obrabotlivoto zemji{te vo osetliva okolina
(primena na regulativata 2078/1992 EEC)
A. PSIHUDAKIS, S. AGELOPULOS i E. DIMITRIJADU
Univerzitet vo Solun, Institut za Zemjodelska Ekonomija
Izvod
Regulativata 2078/1992 EEC go podr`uva zemjodelskoto proizvodstvo {to e kompatibilno so za{titata na
okolinata i odr`uvaweto na ruralnite oblasti. Ispituvana e varijanta na takvo ekolo{ki povolno upravuvawe
na zemjodelieto okolu osetlivite ekosistemi na dvete ezera. Modelot “Pove}ecelno programirawe” gi procenuva
posledicite na namaluvaweto na upotrebata na agrohemikaliite. Predlo`enoto re{enieto poka`a deka
zna~itelno namaluvawe vo upotrebata na agrohemikalii e mo`no, i toa samo so promena na na~inot na sadewe.
Ako predlo`enata regulativa predizvikuva zagubi vo proizvodstvoto, predlo`en e nadomest od 150 eki po hektar.
Ovaa suma e nedovolna za zna~itelno namaluvawe, no zgolemuvaweto na cenata na proizvodot e vo prilog na
dostignuvawe na celite na regulativata.
Voved
Za{titata na prirodata e integralen del
na Zaedni~kata zemjodelska politika (CAP) na
Evropskata unija. Regulativata na Sovetot Br.
797/1985 (EEC), se odnesuva na efikasnosta i
obezbeduva pomo{ za za{tita na `ivotnata sredina. Sli~ni celi bea vmetnati i vo reformite od
1992 na CAP, a posebno vo regulativata Br. 2078
/1992 (EEC), koja go ohrabruva zemjodelskoto proizvodstvo, kompatibilno so za{titata na prirodata i odr`uvaweto na `ivotnata sredina. Regulativata Br. 2078/1992 (EEC) ima cel da go promovira ekolo{ki povolnoto upravuvawe na zemjodelieto (~l. 1b), i predviduva pomo{ za zemjodelcite koi zna~itelno }e ja namalat upotrebata na agrohemikalii (~l. 2). Zemjite ~lenki mo`e da gi
primenat ovie idei preku posebni zonski programi kade se vklu~eni celite na regulativata1.
Ekolo{ki povolnoto upravuvawe na zemjodelieto podrazbira razli~ni zemjodelski praktiki ili na~ini na sadewe, koi se predlo`eni od
Mediteranskata Konvencija. Namaluvaweto na
upotrebata na agrohremikalii mo`e da se postigne so zamenuvawe na sega{nite so pootporni nasadi {to e neophodno za za{titata na osetlivi
ekosistemi. Dolinata Mygdonia, so ezerata Kornia
i Volvi, severoisto~no od Solun vo Severna Grcija mo`e da poslu`i kako primer. Zemjodelieto
okolu ezerata ja vlo{uva sostojbata so zagaduvaweto preku ispu{taweto na agrohemikalii.
1
Regulativite No 2078/1992, zaedno so regulativite
2079/1992 za predvremeno penionirawe na zemjodelcite
i 2080/1992 za {umarski merki vo zemjodelieto, gi
formiraat pridru`nite merki na reformata na CAP
od 1992 godina.
148
Namaluvaweto na upotrebata na agrohemikalii so pomalku intenzivno zemjodelie go namaluva prihodot. Zagubata vo prihodot e cenata za
namaluvawe na zagaduvaweto od zemjodelieto
okolu ezerata. Sepak, ne e jasno dali zemjodelcite imaat ekolo{ki celi povrzani so namaluvaweto na agrohemikaliite. Ako se pokrijat zagubite na prihodot, zemjodelcite bi mo`ele da go
vklu~at namaluvaweto na agrohemikaliite vo
proizvodstvoto. MOP gi razgleduva ovie sprotivstaveni celi. Postojat golem broj na tehniki na
sadewe so razli~na upotreba na hemikalii {to
mo`at da se primenat. Taka, indirektno, mo`e da
se odredi potrebnata pomo{ za kompenzirawe na
zagubeniot prihodot. Za da se postigne efektivnost na regulativata nivoto na pomo{ta treba da
bide sporedlivo so zagubite vo prihodot.
Celta na ovaa studija e prvo da ja proceni
cenata na namaluvaweto na upotrebata na agrohemikaliite, pretstavuvaj}i ekolo{ki povolno upravuvawe, potrebno za za{tita na osetlivi ekosistemi. Vtorata cel e da se proceni potencijalnata efikasnost na regulativata (2078/1992) vo
namaluvaweto na upotrebata na agrohemikaliite.
Tretata cel e da se predlo`i efikasen priod so
regulativata 2078/1992, bidej}i ovaa regulativa
ne e na{iroko primeneta (EC 1996).
Karakteristiki na regionot
Dolinata Migdonija e vo centarot na gr~ka
Makedonija, severoisto~no od Solun vo Severna
Grcija. Ezeroto Koronia (42.3 km2) e vo zapadniot
del na regionot i ezeroto Volvi (69.6 km2) e vo
isto~niot del. Nekolku mali reki~ki i potoci
se vlevaat vo ezerata nosej}i voda i nanos od
slivot so povr{ina od 2129 km2.
Agricultural Land Use in an Environmentally Sensitive Area
(Implementation of Regulation 2078/1992 EEC)
A. PSYCHOUDAKIS, St. AGGELOPOULOS, E. DIMITRIADOU
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Agricultural Economics
Abstract
Regulation 2078/1992 (E.C.) encourages agricultural production compatible with the protection of the environment and maintenance
of the countryside. An option of such environmentally favourable management of farming round a sensitive ecosystem including two
lakes is examined. The introduced Multiobjective Programming model is used to assess the cost of reducing the use of agrochemicals.
The solution shows that a substantial reduction of the use of agrochemical can be achieved, by changing the pattern of cropping alone,
if the proposed aid by the regulation can offset income losses due to extensification. However, the proposal aid of 150 ecu per hectare
is insuffiecient for a substantial reduction, while price support increases the required aid of achieving the objectives of the regulation
Introduction
Environmental protection is an integral part of the
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European
Union. Council Regulation No 797/1985 (EEC),
addresses the efficiency of agriculture and provides aid
for the protection of the environment, similar objectives
were integrated in the 1992 reform of the CAP, and
particularly in Regulation No 2078/1992 (EEC),
encouraging agricultural production compatible with the
protection of the environment and maintenance of the
countryside. Regulation 2078/1992 (EEC) aims to
promote environmentally favourable management of
farming (Article 1b), and includes aid for farmers who
reduce substantially the use of agrochemicals (Article 2).
Member States can implement such aid schemes by zonal
programmes incorporating the objectives of the
regulation2.
Environmentally favourable management of farming
means different farming practice or cropping pattern. The
latter is feasible under Mediterranean condition which
allow a wide range of cropping patterns. A reduction in
the use of agrochemicals can be achieved by substitution
of less intensive crops, in terms of agrochemicals,
essential for the protection of sensitive ecosystems. The
Mygdonia Valey, including lakes Kornia and Volvi, north
east of Thessaloniki in Northern Greece, is an example.
Farming round the lakes exacerbates pollution through
discharge of agrochemicals.
Reducing the use of agrochemicals by less intensive
cropping reduces income. Income losses represent the
2
Regulations No 2078/1992, along with Regulations
2079/1992 on early retirement from farming, and
2080/1992 on forestry measures in agriculture, form the
accompanying measures of the 1992 reform of the CAP.
opportunity cost of reducing the polluting effect of
farming round the lakes. However, it is doubtful whether
farmers have environmental objectives related to
agrochemicals reduction. If income losses are
compensated, farmers may include in their objectives the
reduction of agrochemical use. The income losses of
reducing the use of noxious inputs can be specified by
Multiobjective Programming (MOP) which allows,
within a programming framework, the consideration of
conflicting objectives. A range of crop patterns using
different quantities of agrochemicals can be produced.
Thus, indirectly, the amount of aid required to maintain
income can be specified. The level of aid can be
compared with the income losses to assess the
effectiveness of the regulation.
The purpose of this study is first to assess the opportunity
cost of reducing the use of agrochemicals, representing an
environmetnally favourable management option required
for the protection of a sensitive ecosystem. The second
objective is to assess the potential effectiveness of the
regulation (2078/1992) in reducing the use of
agrochemicals. The third objective is to suggest an
effective approach within regulation 2078/1992, since
this regulation has not been widely implemented (EC
1996).
Characteristics of the region
The Mygdonia Valley is in the center of Macedonia,
north east of Thessaloniki in Northern Greece. Lake
Koronia (area 42.3 km2 is in the west of the region and
Lake Volvi (area 69.6 km2) in the east. Several small
rivers and streams flow into the lakes carrying water and
silt from a 2,120 km2 catchment area.
Dvete ezera se poznati vodni stani{ta so
me|unarodna va`nost spored konvencijata Ramsar
zaradi nivnata ekolo{ka va`nost za migratornite i doma{nite vidovi ptici. Detalen opis na
ezerskiot sistem mo`e da se najde vo EKBY
(1997). Industriskata i komunalnata otpadna voda i agrohemiskite ostatoci go zagadija ekosistemot, a posebno ezeroto Koronija. Za vreme na
letoto providnosta na vodata e mnogu mala (< 0.4
m), {to poka`uva golema planktonska biomasa i
beskislorodni dlaboki sloevi na ezeroto
(Mourdikes & Tsiouris 1984). Sostojbata zabrzano se
vlo{uva vo dvete ezera bidej}i se pove}e voda se
koristi za navodnuvawe i industrija. Vlijanieto
na agrohemiskoto zagaduvawe na slivot na ezeroto e nepoznato no e seriozna zakana po za~uvuvaweto na vodnite stani{ta (Tsiouris et al. 1993).
Obrabotuvanoto zemji{te okolu ezerata e
so povr{ina okolu 374 km2 ili 18% od povr{inata na slivot. Regionot e “nepovolno podra~je”
vo Grcija spored regulativata Br. 268/1975/ EEC,
a zemjodelieto e glaven izvor na prihod. Glavnite kulturi se `itata, tutunot, pamukot i lucerkata. Zemjodelskite praktiki se sli~ni so onie
vo okolnite regioni.
Pomala upotreba na agrohemikaliite okolu ezeroto bi go namalila zagaduvaweto. Ova
mo`e da se postigne so opredeluvawe na del od
zemji{teto za poinakvi zemjodelski praktiki
(organsko ili integrirano zemjodelie), ili so
promena na nasadite. Ovde e ispituvan vtoriot
priod bidej}i zemjodelskite slu`bi gi kontroliraat re~isi site povr{ini pod nasadi.
Pro{iruvawe na na~inot na sadewe:
Pove}ecelno Programirawe
Pove}ecelnoto programirawe (MOP) e sofisticirana verzija na linearnoto programirawe (LP) koe dozvoluva odbirawe na pove}e
sprotivstaveni celi namesto edna edinstvena
cel. Vo MOP, konceptot za maksimum e zamenet so
koncept za efikasnost ili ne-inferiornost
(Zeleny 1974; Cohon 1978; Romero i Rehman 1989).
Celta za namaluvawe na upotrebata na
agrohemikalii preku pro{iruvawe na zemjodelieto se razgleduva zaedno so celta za maksimizirawe na prihodot. Re{enieto obezbeduva na~ini
na zemjodelie koi go maksimiziraat prihodot za
razli~ni nivoa na upotreba na agrohemikalii.
Prilagoduvaweto vklu~uva zamena so pomalku
intenzivni nasadi i zavisi od nivoto na pomo{ta
obezbedena pod regulativata Br. 2078/1992 koja go
pokriva gubitokot na zemjodelskiot prihod.
Potencijalnata efikasnost na regulativata mo`e indirektno da se opredeli.
Modelot {to e prika`an ovde gi simulira
zemjodelskite uslovi na ezerata. Celata oblast
se tretira kako celina koja se sostoi od pove}e
farmi. Primerokot od 602 farmi dava 24
reprezentativni farmi odbrani na osnova na
dostapnite resursi i na~inite na zemjodelieto.
Site LP konvencii bea primeneti vo konstrukcijata na LP matricata. Aktivnostite gi vklu~uvaat site odgleduvani kulturi vo oblasta; 8 do`dovni nasadi (meka p~enica, durum-p~enica, ja~men, lucerka, pamuk, son~ogled, tutun, tutun-basmas), i 7 navodnuvani kulturi (p~enka, lucerka,
pamuk tutun – Burley i Virginia, domati, kompiri).
Pet celi istovremeno se razgleduvaat. Tie se:
maksimizirawe na vkupniot prihod (Z1) i minimiziraweto na upotrebata na |ubriva (Z2), fungicidi (Z3), herbicidi (Z4) i insekticidi (Z5).
Matricata se sostoi od 189 reda i 273 koloni
vklu~uvaj}i gi pette funkcii na celite. Podatocite za vnosot/iznosot bea obezbedeni od pregledot na upravuvaweto na 100 farmi, koj be{e
sproveden za ovaa studija vo 1995, dodeka strukturnite karakteristiki na 602 farmi bea zemeni
od Ministerstvoto za zemjodelie.
Matemati~koto programirawe e vospostaven priod za analizarawe na vlijanieto na kontrolite na non-point zagaduvaweto (Burton & Martin
1987), dodeka MOP se primeni za procena na ekolo{kite problemi. Hitshens et al. (1978) i Thampapillai & Sinden (1979) go primenija metodot vo
re{avaweto na problem kade se razgleduvaat dve
konfliktni celi: neto prihodot i neto korista
po okolinata. Sepak, MOP priodot nikoga{ ne
bil primenet za analizirawe na non-point zagaduvaweto. Ova e prvo primenuvawe na MOP za ocenuvawe na efikasnosta na kontroliraweto na izvorite na non-point zagaduvawe vo ekolo{ki ~uvstvitelna oblast.
MOP: Primenlivost i rezultati
MOP vklu~uva izbor na metodi za dobivawe na set na efikasni re{enija. Za najsoodveten,
spored veli~inata na problemot i brojot na celi,
izbran e “prisilniot” metod (Cohon 1978).
Metodot raboti taka da ja optimizira sekoja cel
posebno, a potoa gi presmetuva vrednostite na
drugite celi za sekoe optimalno re{enie za da se
dobie isplatliva matrica. Efikasen set na
re{enija e izveden preku fiksirani parametri
na desnata strana na celite. Algoritmot na ovaa
tehnika e opi{an od Cohon (1978, pp. 118-126).
Lakes Koronia and Volvi are recognized wetlands of
international importance according to the Ramsar Convention, because of their ecological importance especially
for migrating and indigenous birds. A detailed description
of the lakes’ ecosystem can be found in EKBY (1997).
Industrial and domestic wastewater and the agrochemical
residue have polluted the ecosystem especially the Lake
Koronia. During the summer the transparency of the water is very low (<0.4 m), indicating a high phytoplankton
biomass and the bottom water of the lake becomes anoxic
(Mourkides and Tsiouris, 1984). The situation is deteriorating rapidly in both lakes as more water is used for irrigation and industry. The impact of agricultural pollution
of the watersheds of these lakes is unknown but is a threat
to the preservation of the wetlands (Tsiouris et al. 1993)
The farmed area round the lakes is about 374 sq.km or 18
percent of the catchment area. The region is a “less favoured area” in Greece according to Regulation No
268/1975/EEC, and farming is the main source of income. The main field crops are cereals, tobacco, cotton
and lucerne. Farming practice is similar to neighbouring
regions.
Less use of agrochemicals round the lakes would reduce
pollution. This can be achieved by setting aside part of
the cropland, by different farming practice (organic
farming, integrated farming), or by changing the croppattern. The last approach, which is feasible since Agricultural Services control almost all crop acreages, is examined here.
The extensification of cropping pattern: Multiobjective Programming
Multiobjective Programming (MOP) is a Linear Programming (LP) sophistication which explicitly allows
the consideration of several conflicting objectives instead
of a single objective. In MOP the concept of optimum is
replaced by the concept of efficiency or non-inferiority
(Zeleny 1974, Cohon 1978, Romero and Rehman 1989).
The objective of reducing the use of agrochemicals by
means of extensive farming is considered with the objective of income maximization. The solution provides
crop patterns which maximize income at various levels of
agrochemicals use. Adjustment involves substitution of
less intensive crops and depends on the level of aid provided under Regulation No 2078/1992 which compensates for reduction of farm income. The potential effectiveness of the Regulation can be assessed indirectly.
The model here simulates farming conditions round the
lakes. The whole area is treated as an aggregate unit
comprising of a number of representative farms. A sample of 602 farms yields 24 representative farms selected
on the basis of available resources and cropping practices.
All LP modeling conventions were applied in constructing the LP matrix. Activities include all annual field
crops grown in the area; eight rain-fed crops (wheat soft,
wheat durum, barley, cotton, lucerne, sunflower, tobacco
and tobacco-Basmas) and seven irrigated crops (maize,
lucerne, cotton, tobacco-Burley, tobacco-Virginia, tomatoes, potatoes). Five objectives are simultaneously considered, they are: the maximization of gross margin (Z1)
and the minimization of the use of fertilizers (Z2) , fungicides (Z3), herbicides (Z4) and insecticides (Z5). The
matrix consists of 189 columns and 273 rows including
the five objective functions. The data source for inputoutput coefficients was a farm management survey of 100
farms carried out for this study in 1995, while the structural characteristics of 602 farms were derived from the
Ministry of Agriculture.
Mathematical programming is an established approach
for analyzing impacts of non-point source pollution controls (Burton & Martin 1987), while the MOP has been
applied to consider environmental problems. Hitchens et
al. (1978) and Thampapillai and Sinden (1979) have applied the method to an allocation problem where two conflicting objectives were considered: net money income
and net environmental benefits. However MOP approach
has never been applied towards analyzing the impact of
control of non-point source pollution. This is the first
application of MOP aiming to the assessment of the effectiveness of a policy measure for controlling non-point
source pollution of an environmentally sensitive area.
Multiobjective Programming: Application and
Results
The MOP involves the selection of a generating method
to obtain the set of efficient solutions. The constraint
method was selected as the most appropriate, for the size
of the problem and the number of objectives considered
(Cohon 1978). The method operates by optimizing each
objective separately and then by calculating the value of
other objectives at each optimal solution, to produce the
payoff matrix. An efficient set of solutions is then generated by parametrizing the right hand side of the objectives, treated as constraints. The algorithm of the technique is described in Cohon (1978 p.p. 118-126).
Tab. 1 shows the payoff matrix for the five objectives,
providing the initial solution. The elements in the first
row were obtained by the LP solution which maximizes
gross margin (objective Z1) and then calculating the values of the objectives Z2 to Z5.; the elements of the remaining four rows were obtained by the LP solutions
which minimize the objectives Z2 to Z5. The payoff matrix illustrates the conflict between the objectives, and the
range for the values of the objectives. Some complementarity is expected between inputs; however, Tab. 1
shows that no constant relationships exist between the
inputs considered. In that case MOP would have been
unnecessary.
Tab. 1 ja poka`uva matricata na isplatlivost za pet celi preku po~etnoto re{enie.
Elementite vo prviot red se dobieni preku LP
re{enie koe ja zgolemuva granicata na dobitok
(cel Z1), a potoa gi presmetuva vrednostite na
celite od Z2 do Z5; elementite od ostanatite
~etiri reda se dobieni preku LP re{enija koja
gi minimizira celite Z2 do Z5. Matricata na
isplatlivost go poka`uva konfliktot na celite
i negovite vrednosti. Se o~ekuva soglasnost vo
vleznite vrednosti no kako {to se gleda od Tab. 1
ne e razgleduvan postojan soodnos pome|u vnesovite. Vo takov slu~aj MOP bi bil nepotreben.
Tab. 1 isto taka gi prika`uva namaluvawata vo sekoj vnes i soodvetniot gubitokot vo prihodot. Taka na primer 30%-no namaluvawe na |ubrivo predizvikuva 56% gubitok vo prihodot; 42%
namaluvawe na herbicidite rezultira so 56%
gubitok na prihodot. 81% namaluvawe vo insekticidi vodi do 48% namaluvawe vo prihodot dodeka so kompletno isfrlawe na upotrebata na
fungicidi prihodot }e se namali za 44 %.
Tab. 1 Matricata na isplatlivost za pet celi
Tab. 1 Payoff Matrix for the Five objectives
Elementite vo glavnata dijagonala vo
matricata na isplatlivost poka`uvaat idealno
re{enie kade sekoja cel poedine~no ja postignuva svojata optimalna vrednost. Vo ovoj problem
idealnoto re{enie e 1371 eki/ha; 84,8 eki/ha za
|ubriva; 23.1 eki/ha za herbicidi; skoro 0 za
fungicidi i 3,1 eki/ha za insekticidi. No idealnoto re{enie ne e primenlivo bidej}i celite se
konfliktni. Sledniot ~ekor vo ovaa metoda e
nao|awe na primenliva kombinacija na celi,
odnosno barawe na efikasni re{enija.
Set na efikasni re{enija e dobien primenuvaj}i gi slednite ~ekori na “prisilniot” metod. Celna funkcija pretstavuva prihodot dodeka
drugite ~etiri celi (Z2 do Z5) slu`at kako
parametri. Po~etnata dolna granica na vnesot se
dijagonalnite vrednosti na matricata na isplatlivost. Sekoj vnes e parametriziran poedine~no
dodeka uslovite za realno re{enie e ostanatite
promenlivi da bidat me|usebno zavisni (Cohon
1978, p.117).
Primenata na ovaa procedura dade 46 efikasni re{enija bez da gi vklu~i onie {to bea
mnogu sli~ni. Ovie re{enija davaat informacii
{to ne se od prakti~en interes. Za da se namali
veli~inata na efikasniot set primeneta e t.n.
tehnika na filtrirawe koja gi otstranuva sli~nite re{enija (Steuer & Harris 1980; Romero et al.
152
Domati kompiri
Tomatoes Vkupno
Total
Cropping Patterns (%)
59.32
4.61
11.43
69.04
4.40
75.43
6.71
0.40
68.57
5.82
86.49
5.80
0.44
Lucerka
Lucerne
16.1
5.7
6.6
6.2
3.1
Son~ogled
Sun Flower
Zimski
`itarici
Winter Cereals
6.4
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.5
Pamuk
Cotton
Insekticidi
Z5 Insecticides
39.5
26.5
23.1
36.8
38.8
Tutun
Tobacco
Fungicidi
Z4 Fungicides
121.3
84.8
91.5
103.9
112.7
P~enka
Maize
Herbicidi
Z3 Herbicides
ecu/ha
1371.6
604.2
609.3
767.1
711.2
Decision Space
\ubriva
Z2 Fertilizers
z1
z2
z3
z4
z5
Granica na
dobitok
Z1Gross Margin
To~ki na
efikasnosst
Efficient Points
Objective Space
5.82
6.31
6.67
7.07
1.56
7.32
8.46
2.12
7.84
-
9.64
11.59
8.25
10.65
4.57
1.85
0.20
0.42
0.05
1.13
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
1987). Taka se dobi podset od 12 re{enija pri
{to dve bea so ekstremni vrenosti na prihod
(Tab. 2). Najefikasnoto re{enie mo`e da se
izbere od ovoj podset na re{enija.
Konvencionalniot par na MOP priodot e
izveduvawe na kompromisen set na realni
re{enija koi gi vklu~uvaat prioritetnite celi
(Cohon 1978 ch. 7). Bidej}i celite ne mo`e da se
podredat po va`nost se pretpostavuva deka site
se so ista va`nost. Zatoa bea najdeni najdobrite
kompromisni re{enija za L1 i Loo bez da se
zanemari procenata na vrednostite na celite.
Sepak, re{enijata dobieni na ovoj na~in gi
vklu~uvaat pove}eto soodvetni re{enija.
Tab. 2 go poka`uva podsetot na efikasni
toz~ki vo celta, zaedno so kompromisnite re{enija za L1 i L00. Relaciite pome|u pete celi gi
poka`uvaat razmenite pome|u niv (Sl. 1). Ovie
razmeni mo`e da se karakteriziraat kako cena na
edna cel prika`ana preku drugite. Od prakti~na
gledna to~ka, razmenite od interes se pome|u
goleminata na prihodot (cel Z1) i sekoja kategorija agrohemikalii (celi od Z2 do Z5). Sepak,
bidej}i site celi se razli~ni, razmenata pome|u
niv e mnogu nezgrapna. Razmenite mo`e da se
napravat i ako se sporeduvaat dve celi dodeka
drugite tri se fiksirani.
Tab. 1 also shows the possible reduction in each input
and the correspodning loss in gross margin. A 30 percent
reduction in fertilizers would result in a 56 % loss in
gross margin; a 42 % reduction in herbicides would result
in a 56 % loss in gross margin; a 81 % reduction in
insecticides use would result in 48 % reduction in gross
margin; while the use of fungicides can be almost
abandoned with 44 % loss in gross margin.
The elements in the main diagonal of the payoff matrix
show the ideal solution, where all the objectives reach
separately their optimum value. In this problem the ideal
solution is 1371.6 ecu/ha for gross margin; 84.8 ecu per
hectare for fertilizers; 23.1 ecu/ha for herbicides; almost
zero for fungicides, and 3.1 ecu/ha for insecticides.
However, the ideal solution is not feasible because the
objectives are in conflict. The next step of the method
involves the search for non-inferior combinations of the
objectives, i.e. the search for the efficient solutions.
The set of efficient solutions is generated by applying the
next steps of the constraint method. The gross margin
function was chosen as objective function while remaining four objectives (z2 to z5) served as parametric constraints. The initial lower bounds for the inputs are the
values of the main diagonal of the payoff matrix. Each input is parametrized separately while the condition for
non-inferiority of solutions is that the remaining constraints on objectives should be binding (Cohon 1978 p.117).
The application of this procedure yielded more than forty
six efficient solutions not including those that were almost equal to the adjacent ones. These solutions provide
information which is not necessary from a practical point
of view. In order to reduce the size of the efficient set, a
filtering technique was used which discards efficient solutions that are not sufficiently different from other efficient solutions (Steuer and Harris, 1980, Romero et al.
1987). Thus a subset of twelve solutions was obtained
including the two solutions with the extreme values of
gross margin (Table 2). The most efficient solution can
be selected for this subset as preferences between the
objectives cannot be specified.
The conventional complement of the MOP approach is
the generation of a compromise set of non-inferior solutions which incorporates the preferences between objectives (Cohon 1978 ch.7). Since no preference between
objectives can be expressed, assume that the objectives
are of equal importance. Thus the best compromise solution for the L1 and L∞ metrics were obtained, not ignoring value judgments on objectives. However the range of
the compromise set so obtained includes most of the feasible solutions.
Tab. 2 shows the subset of efficient points in the objective and in the decision space as well, along with the
compromise solutions for metrics L1 and L∞. The relationships between the five objectives indicate the tradeoffs between them (Fig. 1). These trade-offs can be characterized as the opportunity costs of one objective in
terms of another. From a practical point of view the tradeoffs of interest are between gross margin (objective Z1)
and each category of agrochemical (objective Z2 to Z5).
However, since all objective values are varied the appreciation of these trade-offs is awkward.
Tab. 2 Podset na efikasni i na~ini na odgleduvawe zapette celi
Tab. 2 The Subset of Efficient Points and cropping Patterns for the Five objectives
P~enka
Maize
5.7
3.8
8.5
13.2
8.2
12.1
14.6
14.9
11.9
16.0
15.3
16.1
16.1
10.3
69.04
85.24
66.78
60.76
75.94
63.70
69.90
60.20
69.38
63.45
59.62
59.32
59.01
70.36
4.40
5.65
5.62
4.17
5.14
5.62
6.48
5.55
5.02
5.66
5.20
4.61
4.61
5.93
Cropping Patterns (%)
6.31 8.46
11.59
1.91
1.34
4.14
1.79
7.07 7.85
10.36
7.87
6.93 8.46
11.06
7.05
1.34 4.51
4.30
5.40
7.07 7.64
10.04
8.77
7.18 2.17
4.48
8.90
6.79 7.64
10.04
10.08
1.74 4.74
7.33
11.22
6.90 5.51
6.10
9.92
6.13 7.64
9.98
11.44
5.82 7.32
9.64
11.44
5.82 7.64
9.76
7.22
3.53 1.92
9.35
Vkupno
Total
Zimski `itarici
Winter Cereals
0.04
1.6
0.6
4.1
4.4
2.5
4.8
4.2
5.8
6.1
5.0
6.5
6.5
3.9
Domati - kompiri
Tomatoes - Potatoes
Insekticidi
Z5 Insecticides
ecu / ha
26.5
39.4
37.0
28.9
39.5
37.6
26.5
38.2
39.5
31.5
39.2
39.5
39.4
29.6
Lucerka
Lucerne
fungicidi
Z4 Fungicides
84.8
116.3
105.4
93.9
119.5
110.3
103.9
114.5
121.3
113.7
117.1
121.3
120.8
105.7
Son~ogled
Sun Flower
herbicidi
Z3 Herbicides
604.2
812.3
893.0
1057.0
1093.6
1099.3
1109.8
1258.8
1261.0
1264.1
1310.7
1371.6
1371.3
1069.8
Pamuk
Cotton
|ubriva
Z2 Fertilizers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
L1
L∞
Tutun
Tobacco
granica na
dobitok
Z1Gross Margin
Decision Space
To~ki na
efikasnosst
Efficient Points
Objective Space
0.20
1.72
0.53
0.75
1.72
0.53
1.02
0.88
1.72
1.16
1.51
1.85
1.83
1.70
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Ovie rezultati ne se prika`ani ovde bidej}i tie se odnesuvaat na drugiot aspekt na
problemot, odnosno taksata za namaluvawe na
upotrebata na agrohemikalii.
Vo
prostorot
za
odlu~uvawe
se
identifikuvaat site mo`ni izbori na na~inite
na sobirawe na prinosot. Prilagoduvaweto na
na~inite na sobirawe na prinosot od to~ka 12 do
1 ja pretstavuva ekstenzifikacijata na zemjodelieto koja se dol`i na namaluvaweto na upotrebata na agrohemikaliite so gubitokot vo vukpniot prihod. Izborot pome|u na~inite na sobirawe na prinosot od 12 do 1 treba da go napravat
eksperti spored va`nosta {to tie im ja pridavaat na zagaduva~kite efekti {to go ima sekoja
kategorija na hemikalii.
Regulativot br. 2078/1992 (~len 4 & 5)
obezbeduva 150 eki/ha godi{no za ednogodi{ni
nasadi kako nadomestok na zemjodelcite za zagubeniot prihod predizvikan od namaluvaweto na
upotrebata na agrohemikalii2. Koli~estvoto na
pomo{ go odreduva mo`noto prilagoduvawe. Prilagoduvaweto od to~ka 12 do 8 mo`e da se postigne so 150 eki/ha. Sepak, postignata ekstenzifikacija ne vklu~uva dovolno namaluvawe vo
upotrebata na agrohemikalii. Zemjite ~lenki
mo`e da vovedat dopolnitelni nacionalni merki
za pomo{ so razli~ni uslovi (Reg. 2078/1992 ~len
4 & 5) za da go pottiknat ponatamo{noto namaluvawe na upotrebata na agrohemikalii.
Optimalnite na~ini na sobirawe na prinos se dadeni vo Tab. 2, no ne za reprezentativnite farmi koi se raspolo`livi no ne se
prika`ani. Nasadite koi se pogodeni na ist
na~in od namaluvaweto na upotrebata na agrohemikaliite se grupirani. Namaluvaweto na upotrebata na agrohemikaliite gi namaluva oblastite pod tutun, domati-kompiri i gi zgolemuva
oblastite pod zimski `ita i p~enka. Rezultatite, koi ne se prika`ani, gi poka`uvaat efektite
na menuvaweto na parametrite vo upotrebata na
sekoja kategorija na hemikalii. Namaluvaweto na
upotrebata na |ubriva ja zgolemuva oblasta pod
ziski `ita, son~ogled i lucerkata, no gi namaluva oblastite pod tutun i domati-kompiri. Namaluvaweto na upotrebata na herbicidite ja zgolemuva povr{inata pod zimski `ita, p~enka, pamuk
a gi namaluva povr{inite pod tutunot, son~ogledot, lucerkata i domatite-kompirite. Namaluvaweto na upotrebata na fungicidi ja zgolemuva
2
Maksimalnata dozvolena premija }e bide: 150 eki/ha
za ednogodi{ni nasadi za koj premijata po hektar e
garantirana spored pazarnite regulativi koi se
odnesuvaat za nesigurnite nasadi (~l. 4). Vo 1996
dozvolenite koli~ini na pomo{ bea zgolemeni so
faktor 1.207509
povr{inata pod zimski `ita, p~enka, pamuk, son~ogled i lucerka, a gi namaluva povr{inite pod
tutun i domati-kompiri. Namaluvaweto na upotrebata na insekticidi ja zgolemuva povr{inata
pod zimski `ita i p~enka, a gi namaluva povr{inite pod tutun, pamuk, son~ogled, lucerka i
domati-kompiri.
Protekuvaweto na ostatocite od agrohemikaliite vo ezeroto e negativno nadvore{no vlijanie vrz zaedni~ki resurs. Ocenuvaweto na nadvore{nata cena e mnogu te{ko zaradi dobro poznatite pri~ini me|u koi e i faktot deka vlijanieto na zemjodelieto vrz ezeroto e seu{te neopredeleno. Ovaa cena bi trebalo da ja pla}aat
farmerite, no e prefrlena na op{testvoto so
regulativite koi obezbeduvaat nadomestoci za
zemjodelcite so cel da se namali zagaduva~kiot
efekt na zemjodelieto vrz ezeroto. Dosega{nite
analizi poka`aa deka minimalna upotreba na
agrohemikalii, pod postoe~kite uslovi, mo`e da
se postigne so pomo{ od 767.3 eki/ha. Sepak, vlijanieto na cenite vrz vkupniot prihod ja zgolemi
cenata na mo`nostite za istata vrednost.
Zaklu~oci
Regulativot na Sovetot Br. 2078/1992
(EEC) be{e pretstaven kako del od reformite
na CAP vo 1992 za da promovira zemjodelski
metodi koi se kompatibilni so za{titata na
okolinata. Celta na regulativot (~len 3) mo`e
da se postigne so poekstenzivno zemjodelie vo
pogled na namaluvaweto na upotrebata na
agrohemikalii.
Ovde se predlo`uva priod kon primena na
regulativot vo osetliviot ekosistem na dolinata
Mygdonia, vklu~uvaj}i gi i ezerata Koronia i Volvi
koi se priznaeni vodenite stani{ta so
me|unarodna va`nost. Pretstaveniot MOP
model se koristi za procenuvawe na zagubite vo
prihodot koi se predizvikani od namaluvaweto
na
upotrebata
na
~etiri
kategorii
agrohemikalii. Re{enieto predlaga podset od 12
na~ini na sobirawe na prinos so maksimalno
nivo na prihodot za soodvetno nivo na upotreba
na agrohemikaliite. Re{enieto poka`uva deka
zna~itelno namaluvawe na upotrebata na
agrohemikalii e mo`no i samo so menuvawe na
na~inite na sobirawe na prinosot, bez da se
razgleduvaat drugite praktiki. Sepak, mo`nite
na~ini na sobirawe na prinosot mora da ja zemat
vo predvid pomo{ta koja se dodeluva za
primenata na regulativata, bidej}i predlo`enata pomo{ e za kompenzirawe na zagubite vo
prihodot pri~ineti od ekstenziviraweto na
zemjodelieto.
The trade-offs can also be obtained by pairing the objectives when the remaining three are held fixed. Such results are not reported here since they concern the other
aspect of the problem, that is the required tax for the restriction in the use of agrochemicals. In the decision
space the full range of choice concerning the cropping
patterns is identified. The adjustment of cropping patterns
from point 12 to 1 represents extensification of farming
due to reduction in the use of agrochemicals with a loss in
gross margin. Experts should make the choice between
cropping patterns 12 to 1 according to the importance
they attach to the polluting effect of each category of
agrochemicals.
Objectives Z2 to Z5 (ECU perhectare
Celite Z2-Z5 (eki/ha)
140.0
z2
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
z3
40.0
matoes-potatoes areas. Reducing fungicides use increases
the area of winter cereals, maize, cotton, sunflower and
lucerne and reduces tobacco and potatoes-tomatoes. Reducing insecticides use increase the area of winter cereals and maize at the expense of tobacco, cotton, sunflower, lucerne and tomatoes - potatoes.
The flow of agrochemical residues into the lakes is a
negative externality inflicted on a common property resource. Valuing the external cost is very difficult for the
well known reasons including the fact that the contribution of farming to the pollution of the lakes is still unknown. This cost should be borne by the farmers but is
transferred to society by means of the regulation which
provides a subsidy to farmers in order to reduce the polluting effect of farming upon the lakes. The analysis has
shown that the minimum use of agrochemicals, given
existing practices, can be achieved with the aid of 767.3
ecu per hectare. However, the incidence of price policy
on gross margin, which is assumed to be about 50 percent
of the gross margin, has increased the involved opportunity cost by this same amount.
z5
20.0
z4
0.0
550
650
750
850
950
1050
1150
1250
1350
Conclusions
1450
GrM
Sl. 1 – Fig. 1
Regulation No 2078/1992 (Article 4 §2) provides 150 ecu
per hectare per year for annual crops to compensate farmers for income lost by reduction in the use of agrochemicals3. The amount of the aid determines the feasible adjustment. The adjustment from point 12 to 8 can be
achieved with 150 ecu per hectare. However, the implied
extensification does not involve a sufficient reduction in
the use of agrochemicals. Member States can introduce
additional national aid measures with different conditions
(Reg.2078/1992 Article 4§5) to encourage further reduction in agrochemical use.
Optimal cropping patterns are shown in table 2, but not
for representative farms which are available but not reported. Crops which are affected in the same way by the
reduction in the use of agrochemicals are grouped. Reduction in the use of agrochemicals reduces the area of
tobacco, tomatoes-potatoes and increases the area of
winter cereals and maize. Results, not reported, show the
effect of parametric variation in the use of each category
of agrochemicals. Reducing fertilizer use increases the
area of winter cereal, sunflower and lucerne but reduces
tobacco and tomatoes - potatoes area. Reducing herbicides use increases the area of winter cereals, maize,
cotton and reduces tobacco, sunflower, lucerne and to3
The maximum eligible amount of the premium shall be: ecu
150 per hectare for annual crops for which a premium per
hectare is granted under the market regulation governing the
crops in question (Article 4§2). In 1996 the eligible amount of
aids increased by the factor 1.207509
Council Regulation No 2078 (EEC) was introduced as
part of the 1992 reform of the CAP to promote agricultural production methods compatible with protection of
the environment. The objective of the regulation (Article
3) can be achieved by more extensive farming by means
of reduction in the use of agrochemicals.
An approach to implement the regulation in the sensitive
ecosystem of Mygdonia Valley, including lakes Koronia
and Volvi, recognized as wetland of International importance, is suggested here. The MOP model introduced is
used to assess the income losses of reducing the use of
four categories of agrochemicals. The solution suggests a
subset of twelve cropping patterns with maximum income for the corresponding levels of agrochemical use.
The solution shows that a substantial reduction of the use
of agrochemicals can be achieved by changing the pattern
of cropping alone, apart from other practices, which are
not considered. However, the feasible cropping pattern
must take into account the aid provided for the application of Regulation, since the proposed aid is to compensate income losses due to extensification of farming.
However, the aid of 150 ecu per hecrare is insufficient for
a substantial reduction. The amount of aid offsets the
opportunity cost of reducing polluting impacts by
different cropping. This cost is increased as annual crops
are subsidized by the CAP. Price support increases the
cost of achieving environmental objectives.
Sepak, pomo{ta od 150 eki/ha e nedovolna za
zna~itelno namaluvawe. Koli~inata na pomo{ta
ja nadopolnuva cenata za namaluvaweto na
zagaduva~kite vlijanija vrz razlinite nasadi.
Ovaa cena se zgolemuva bidej}i ednogodi{nite
nasadi se pomagaat spored CAP. Poddr{kata na
cenata ja zgolemuva i cenata za postignuvawe na
ekolo{ki celi.
Ovoj priod se odnesuva na mediteranski
uslovi kade e mo`en golem izbor vo pogled na
na~inite na sobirawe na prinosot koi mo`e da se
promenat za da se podobrat ekolo{ki osetlivite
oblasti. Ovaa studija mo`e da pomogne vo
praveweto na soodvetni zonski programi za
podobruvawe na primenata na Regulativot. Bi
bilo mo`no da se vklu~at i drugi celi vo modelo,
a istio taka bi mo`elo i tie da se rangiraat.
Mo`e da se zemat vo predvid i novi aktivnosti, a
posebno alternativni zemjodelski praktiki.
Referenci (References)
Situation in the Community - 1993. Report Brussels
- Luxembourg.
European Commission (E.C.1996). The Agricultural
Situation in the Community - 1995 Report . Brussels
- Luxembourg.
Hitchens, M.T., Thampapillai, D.J. & Sinden, J.A. (1978).
The Opportunity Cost Creterian for Land Allocation. Rev. MKEg and Agr.Econ. Vol 46, 275-93.
Mourkides G. & Tsiouris, S. 1984. The Lakes of
Northern Greece. Eutrophication of the Lakes
Koronia and Kastoria, 1980-1981. Agricultural
Research 8: 317-334 (Gr, En su).
Burton, R.O. & Martin, M.A. (1987). Restrictions on
Herbicide Use: An Analysis of the Economic
impacts on U.S. Agriculture. North Central Journal
of Agricultural Economics, Vol 9, No 2 p.p.181194.
Cohon, J.L. (1978). Multiobjective Programming and
Planning. Academic Press, New York.
Greek Biotope/Wetland Centre (EKBY) (1997). Greek
Wetlands. Thessaloniki.
European Commission (E.C.1994). The Agricultural
The approach here is relevant in Mediterranean condition
which allow a wide choice of cropping patterns, which
can be changed to improve environmentally sensitive
areas. The study may help to devise appropriate zonal
programs to improve the implementation of the
regulation. It would be possible to imcorporate in the
model other objectives and to rank objectives. New
activities can be considered and particularly alternative
farming practices.
Romero, C., Amador, F. & Barco, A. (1987). Multiple
Objectives in Agricultural Planning: a compromise
Programming Application. American journal of
Agricultural Economics 69, 78-86.
Romero, C. & Rehman, T. (1989). Multiple Criteria
Analysis for Agricultural Decisions.
Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
Steuer, R.E., & Harris, F.W. (1980). Intra-set Point
Generation and Filtering in Decision and Criterion
Space. Comput, and operations Res. Vol 7 41-53
Thampapillai, D.J., & Sinden, J.A. (1979) Trade - offs for
Multiple Objective Planning through Linear
Programming. Water Resource Research Vol 15,
1028-33
Tsiouris, S. E., Kalbourtji, K.l. &, Alifragis, D. (1993).
“Effects of agricultural practices on the quality of
surface runoff water and transported soil sediments
in the watershed of Lake Koronia, Greece. Greek
Biotope/Wetland Centre. 48 pp. (Gr, En su)
Zeleny, M. (1974). Linear Multiobjective Programming.
Springer - Verlag, Berlin.
157
Zemjodelieto vo Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park
Xorx A. DAOTOPULOS1 i Mirto PIROVECI2
1
Zemjodelski fakultet pri Aristoteloviot Univerzitet vo Solun, Grcija
2
Biolo{ki fakultet pri Aristoteloviot Univerzitet vo Solun, Grcija
Apstrakt
Zemjodelieto vo Prespa dostigna izvonreden razvoj i modernizacija vo poslednive trieset godini. Tradicionalnite karakteristiki i kulturnite promeni koi go obezbedija opstanokot na lu|eto i diviot svet preku mileniumi
na postojano kultivirawe na neplodni zemji{ta otstapija pred moderni i visoko-vnosno zemjodelie. Ovoj trud gi
ispituva posebnite karakteristiki na tradicionalniot na~in na proizvostvo vo Prespa i Gr~kite ruralni
oblasti koi pretendiraa na odr`liv pat i promenite koi bea voglavno doneseni poslednive dve do tri dekadi. Se
istra`uva patot do odr`liva forma na zemjodelie i se predlagaat konkretni merki za forma na zemjodelie koe e
ekolo{ki prifatlivo.
Voved
Dene{noto zemjodelie vo Grcija i nasekade
vo razvieniot svet se obvinuva za seriozno
vlijanie vrz prirodata. Erozijata, bescelnoto
zagaduvawe, iscrpuvaweto na energijata i gubitokot na biodiverzitetot se nekoi od glavnite
vlijanija. Dodeka vakvite vlijanija mo`e da se
toleriraat do nekojstepen vo ramninite na
zemjata kade se praktikuva modern intenzivno
zemjodelie, osetlivite povr{ini kako {to se
vodenite stani{ta so me|unarodna va`nost
baraat najmalo mo`no vlijanie od dtrana na
zemjodelieto.
Ovoj trud gi sledi: a) evolucijata an
zemjodelieto vo Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park
i negovoto vlijanie vrz blatoto za vreme na
poslednite 50 godini, i b) potrebata za poekolo{ki vid na zemjodelie so predlo`uvawe na konkretni merki.
Minatoto
Vo Prespa i vo gr~kiot i vo mediteranskiot del lu|eto uspeale da opstanat preku vekovite
vo te`ok teren so malku plodna zemja i malku
do`d, preku sistemot za kulturna adaptacija t.n.
zaedni~ki na~in na proizvodstvo (CoMP) (Karavidas 1936; Sakiotis 1995). CoMP-ot ima ogromni
razliki so kapitalisti~kiot na~in na proizvodstvo (CMP) koj go zameni za vreme na posled-
158
nive 50 godini.
CoMP-ot be{e edinstven model na socijalna, ekonomska i kulturna zaednica vo ruralna
Grcija se do kasnite 1940-ti i `ivi ostatoci od
ovoj na~in se u{te mo`at da se najdat vo krajnite
ruralni oblasti na zemjata. CoMP-ot vo osnova e
`ivoten model na proizvodstvo kade {to lu|eto
proizveduvaat dobra za da gi adovolat nivnite
sopstveni potrebiza hrana i energija dodeka resursite bea za~uvuvani na takov na~in za da go
obezbedat dolgoro~niot opstanok na zaednicata.
Potrebite bea zadovoluvani preku proizvodstvo
vo doma{nite farmi, bliskite {umi, doma{nite
zelen~ukovi gradini i doma{nite {tali (meso,
mleko). Sekoj vi{ok se menuva{e, samo pod povolni uslovi, za snabduvawe so surovini (ko`a,
metali, kujnski alatki, alati i sl). Vakvata ekonomska organizacija ne se bazirala na pari~na
razmena na vreme i energija, no bila del od serija
na odnosi i funkcii so cel za zadovoluvawe na
potrebite na lu|eto vo zaednicata. Potrebite, se
razbira, se baziraa na sosema razli~en mentalitet otkolku dene{niot. Funkciite na tipi~noto
doma}instvo bile tolku razli~ni i me|u povrzani {to dozvoluvale ramnote`en odnos so prirodata. Kako rezultat na balansiranata razmena i
pametno iskoristuvawe na resursite preku reciklirawe nemalo otpadoci i |ubre {to se frlale.
Vo isto vreme, preku ovoj na~in na proizvodstvo
nemalo siroma{tija.
Farming in Prespa National Park
George A. DAOUTOPOULOS & Myrto PYROVETSI
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 246, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Phone (+3031) 99-88-04 Fax (+3031) 99-88-29 E-mail: daoutop@agro.auth.gr
School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Abstract
Agriculture in Prespa presented remarkable rates of development and modernization during the last three decades. Traditional
characteristics and cultural adaptations that secured the survival of people and wildlife over millennia of continuous cultivation of low
fertility lands have given away to modern and high-input agriculture. The paper examines the specific characteristics of the traditional
mode of production in Prespa and in the Greek rural areas in general that favored a sustainable path and the changes that were brought
about mainly in the last two to three decades. The path to a sustainable form of agriculture is explored and specific measures are
proposed for a form of farming that is more environmentally friendly.
Introduction
Present day faming in Greece and elsewhere in the developed world has been blamed for its serious impacts on the
environment. Erosion, non-point pollution, energy depletion and loss of biodiversity are among the main impacts.
While such impacts can be tolerated to some degree in
the plains of the country where modern intensive farming
is practiced, sensitive areas such us wetlands of international importance, require the least possible impact from
agriculture.
The present paper traces: a) the evolution of farming in
Prespa National Park and its impacts on the wetland during the last fifty years, and b) the need for a more
friendly type of agriculture by proposing specific actions.
The past
In Prespa and the Greek and the Mediterranean area in
general, people have managed to survive for centuries in
a harsh terrain with small fertile lands and little rain, due
to a cultural adaptation system the so-called ‘Community
Mode of Production’ (CoMP) (Karavidas, 1936; Sakiotis,
1995). The CoMP has remarkable differences from the
‘Capitalist Mode of Production’ (CMP) that replaced the
former during the last five decades.
The CoMP was a unique model of social, economic and
cultural organization in much of rural Greece until the
late 1940s and living traces of this mode can still be
found in marginal rural areas of the country. The CoMP
was basically a subsistence model of production whereby
people produced goods to meet their own needs for food
and energy while resources were maintained in such a
way as to provide the long-term survival of the community. Those needs were met through production accomplished in the household farm, in the nearby forests, in
the household vegetable garden, and in the household
barn (meat, milk). Any surplus was traded, only under
favorable conditions, for the purchase of raw materials
(fabrics, leather, metals, household kitchen items, tools,
etc). This economic organization was not based on a
monetary exchange of time and energy but it was part of
a series of relations and functions geared to meet the
needs of the people in the community. Needs, of course,
were based on an entirely different mentality (thriftiness)
than the present lifestyle. The functions of the typical
household in the community were so diverse and interrelated that permitted a balanced relationship with the environment. There were no waste products and garbage to be
thrown away, as a result of balanced exchanges and wise
use of resources though recycling. At the same time, poverty was absent in rural communities under this mode of
production.
Thus the significance of the CoMP system relied not only
in its social and cultural values but also in its environmental ones. The system was less polluting, used fewer
resources, actually conserved the fundamental resources
for agro-production, and played a major role in the conservation of natural habitats and wildlife dependent on
them.
Zatoa, va`nosta na CoMP sistemot se potpirala ne samo na negovite socijalni i kulturni
vrednosti, tuku isto taka i na ekolo{kite. Sistemot pomalku zagaduval, tro{el pomalku eseursi, vsu{nost gi za~uvuval osnovnite resursi za
agroproizvodstvo, i imal va`na uloga vo za~uvuvaweto na prirodnite `iveali{ta i diviot svet
zavisen od niv.
Na primer, arskoto |ubre bil tradicionalen na~in za za~uvuvawe na zemjodelskata produktivnost vo zemjodelskite sistemi vo Prespa i
nasekade vo Grcija pred 1960. @ivotniot uspeh na
gr~kiot zemjodelski sistem be{e integracijata
na nasadot i stokata, koj im dozvoluval na zemjodelcite da upravuvaat efikasen sistem za reciklirawe na nutrientite, blagodarenie na sitnite
pre`ivari koi{to fiksiraniot azot vo leguminoznite rastenija go pretvoraat vo organsko |ubrivo, vo slu~aj koga leguminoznite rastenija bile koristeni kako sto~na hrana (Martinos et al.
1988). Sekako, ova vklu~uvalo visok vnos na rabota na zemjodelcite, koi trebalo da gi ograni~at
`ivotnite vo dvi`eweto za vreme na do`dovnata
sezona, da gi sobiraat ostatocite od nasadite i
korovot za sto~na hrana, i da go prenesat arskoto
|ubre nazad vo poliwata.
Sledstveno, dinamikata na nutrientite vo
Gr~koto tradicionalno ruralno doma}instvo bila zna~aen napredok, ne samo vo pogled na ograni~enoto koristewe na neorgansko |ubrivo, polikulturite, i vklu~uvaweto na `ivotinskoto i
rastitelnoto proizvodstvo vo edna farma, tuku i
vo raznolikosta na prihodot na zemjodelcite.
Anga`iraweto na zemjodelcite i vo `ivotinskoto i vo rastitelnoto proizvodstvo im ovozmo`ilo polesno da izleguvaat na kraj so rizicite, bez
razlika dali bile prirodni (su{i) ili ekonomski (varirawe na cenite) (Forbes 1976).
Odr`livata upotreba na prirodnite resursi ja poka`uva bezuslovnata zavisnost na zemjodelcite od nivnata prirodna okolina. Kako primer za vakvo mudro koristewe na ruralnite i
prirodnite resursi mo`e da poslu`i i Prespanskata dolina, kade prirodnite resursi i ~ovekot
koegzistirale stotici godini, blagodarenie na
uramnote`enite razmeni. Vo Prespa, zemjodelcite vo minatoto ja `neele trskata od kerajbre`niot pojas i ja koristele kako sto~na hrana i grade`en materijal (pokrivi i zidovi). Korista od
ova bila dvokratna. Prvo, tie so otstranuvaweto
na golemi koli~estva organska materija gi podobruvale fizi~kite svojstva na ezerskata voda,
za~uvuvaj}i ja od eutrofikacija, a vo isto vreme
obezbeduvale visoko energetska hrana za stokata
(Pyrovetsi 1984). Vtoro, gradbite bile konstruira-
ni so kal i trska izvadena od ezeroto. Duri i koga gradbite }e se uni{tele materijalot bil recikliran vo prirodata. Ezerskata voda bila direktno koristena od lu|eto i `ivotnite se do
kasnite 1960-ti. Od 1970 pa navamu, zaedno so modernizacijata na Gr~koto zemjodelie i izgradbata na sitem za navodnuvawe (Pyrovetsi & Gerakis
1987), trskata ve}e ne se `neela, i nutrientite,
preku zemjodelskoto ispirawe, se zgolemile
predizvikuvaj}i eutrofikacija na ezeroto i pravej}i ja vodata neupotrebliva za piewe za ~ovekot i `ivotnite.
Vtorata odlika na tradicionalnoto upravuvawe so zemjata vo Grcija e zemjodelskata raznovidnost koja vklu~uvala me{awe na nasadite,
nivna rotacija i opo`aruvawe. Vo Prespanskata
oblast, kako i vo drugiot del od Gr~ka Makedonija, obrabotkata na legumite (pr. Phaseolus spp.)
zaedno so p~enka ja namalilo potrebata za azotni
|ubriva. Bakteriite {to se prisutni vo specijalni jazli na korenot na legumite mo`at da go vrzat azotot direktno od atmosferata pravej}i go
dostapen na rastenijata. Zaedni~koto obrabotuvawe na `itaricite so legumite mo`e da go podobri i vkupniot prinos stabilnosta na proizvodstvoto (Mountjoy i Gliessman, 1988). Taka, dolgo vreme pred otkrivaweto na |ubrivata, domorodnoto znaewe na{lo prirodni na~ini da im pomogne na rastenijata koi imaat potreba od mnogu
azot bez da upotrebi hemiski |ubriva. Zgora na
toa, raznolikosta na vidovite na nasadi vo Grcija ja otslikuvalo potrebata na `ivotnite zemjodelci za zadovoluvawe na potrebite za hrana na
nivnite semejstva.
Mnogu ~esto napadite na {tetnicite bea
namaleni vo me{anite nasadi zaradi pove}e faktori (Thurston i Parker 1995). Rastenijata-doma}ini bile pora{ireni i bilo pote{ko da se najdat;
oden vid mo`el da go zarobi {tetnikot; ili nekoj vid mo`el da go odbie {tetnikot; i/ili mo`ele da bidat privle~eni grablivci. Isto taka
postoela pogolema verojatnost deka korovot }e
bide istisnat od me{avinata. Gr~kite `ivotni
zemjodelci ja ostavale opo`arena nivnata zemja
najmalku godina dena i si razmenuvale semiwa
bidej}i zaklu~ile deka bilo koj nasad imal tendencija da nastrada od {tetnici ako bil odgleduvan na isto mesto pove}e godini. Razlikite koi
postoele od farma do farma vo na~inot i vidot
na nasadite i po~venite, prostornite i genetskite razliki davale barem delumna otpornost kon
napadite na {tetnicite, a sotoa pravej}i gi
pomalku rizi~ni i poproduktivni pome|u nekolkute planinski Gr~ki zemjodelci koi koristele
nizok vnos na energija (Altieri &Anderson, 1986).
For example, livestock manures have been the traditional
key to maintaining agricultural productivity in subsistence farming systems in Prespa and elsewhere in Greece
before 1960. The subsistence success of the Greek farming system then, was crop-livestock integration, which
allowed farmers to manage an efficient nutrient recycling
system centered around small ruminants, who converted
the nitrogen fixed by legumes into manure when legume
crop residues were used as fodder (Martinos et al. 1988).
This, of course, involved high labor inputs by farmers,
who should keep animals tethered within the compound
during the rainy season, and collect crop residues and
weeds for fodder, then transport their manure back to the
fields.
Consequently, the nutrient dynamics of the Greek traditional rural household had been an important development, not only in terms of the limited use of inorganic
fertilizers, polycultures, and the incorporation of animal
and crop production in a mixed type of farm but also in
diversifying farmer’s income resources. Farmers’ engagement both in crop and livestock production, allowed
them to cope with risks, whether environmental (drought)
or economic (price fluctuations) (Forbes 1976).
Sustainable utilization of rural natural resources, as revealed above, identify the unconditional dependence of
farmers on their surrounding environment. A supportive
example of this wise use of rural and natural resources
can also be illustrated by the Lake Prespa area, where
natural resources and humans co-existed for hundreds of
years, thanks to balanced exchanges. In Prespa, farmers
in the past were harvesting the reeds from the lakeshores
and used them as animal feed and building material
(thatch roofs and walls). The benefits of this practice
were twofold. First, by removing every year large quantities of organic matter, they improved the physical properties of the lake water, preventing it from eutrophication
and at the same time providing highly nutritious feed for
the livestock (Pyrovetsi 1984). Secondly, buildings (e.g.
houses and farm buildings) were constructed with mud
and reeds extracted from the lake. Even when the mudreed constructed buildings were demolished, this same
material was recycled in the environment. Water, from
the lake, was used directly by humans and animals until
the late 1960’s. From 1970 onwards, coincided with the
modernization of Greek agriculture and the construction
of an irrigation system (Pyrovetsi & Gerakis 1987), reeds
were no more harvested and nutrients, through agricultural runoff, increased causing lake eutrofication,
making, thus, the water unfit to drink for both humans
and animals.
The second major characteristic of traditional agricultural
management in Greece was farming diversity and involved the practices of intercropping, crop rotation and
fallowing. In the area of Prespa as well as in the rest off
Greek Macedonia, cultivation of legumes (e.g. Phaseolus
spp) together with maize, reduced the need for nitrogen
fertilizers. Bacteria present in specialized nodules that
develop on the roots of legumes can fix nitrogen directly
from the atmosphere making it available to plants. Cultivation of cereals and legume crops together can improve
both total yields and stability production (Mountjoy and
Gliessman, 1988). Thus, long before fertilizers were invented, indigenous knowledge had discovered natural
ways to benefit plants that need a lot of nitrogen, without
applying chemical fertilizers. Moreover, diversity in crop
species in Greece reflected the needs of subsistence farmers to meet the dietary needs of their families.
Furthermore, pest attack was frequently reduced in intercrops, because of a variety of factors (Thurston and
Parker 1995). Host plants were more widely spread and
so harder to find; one species may trap a pest; or one species may repel the pest; and / or predators may be attracted. Weeds were also more likely to be suppressed by
mixtures. Greek subsistence farmers used to leave fallow
their land for at least a year and exchange seeds because
they had observed that any particular variety tended to
suffer from pest problems if grown continuously on the
same land for several years. With farm-to-farm variations
in cropping systems, the resulting temporal, spatial, and
genetic diversity confers at least partial resistance to pest
attacks, making it less risky and more productive among
the few mountainous Greek farmers who used low energy
inputs (Altieri and Anderson 1986).
On the other hand, the mountainous, hilly villages of Prespa as well as the rest of Greece used slopping terraces
(pezoules) in order to slow the rate of rainfall runoff and
thereby soil erosion (Kosmas et al. 1995). Within the
field, farmers could manage runoff by grading the slope
of the furrows to minimize rapid runoff and erosion and
yet avoid pooling of water around crop roots. Soil had
been removed from river deposits by animal traction in
order to fill in the constructed terraces. Returning to the
Prespa case, when the terraced fields in the hills were
abandoned, as a result of the construction of the irrigation
system in the low lands (Pyrovetsi & Gerakis, 1987) hill
soil erosion increased to the point that sentimentation in
the lake made it shallower and highly eutrophicated.
From what has been discussed so far, CoMP along with
traditional management techniques such as soil, water
conservation and nutrient cycling methods in Greece
were based on labor intensive means of management.
Human labor has historically been more available than
other forms of energy or natural resources in rural
Greece, so management strategies have evolved to make
use of this labor potential. In the sphere of social organization community was equipped with structures promoting continuity, stability, and longevity. The extended
family, the local church and the local government with a
strong participatory element constitute a system of social
articulation that remains in tack for centuries.
Vo druga raka, planiskite Prespanski sela
isto kako i drugite vo Grcija koristele planinski terasi so cel da se namali ispiraweto od
do`dot, a so toa i erozijata (Kosmas et al. 1995).
Vo ramkite na poleto, zemjodelcite mo`ele da
upravuvaat so ispirawata so pregraduvawe na
brazdite za da go minimiziraat rapidnoto istekuvawe i erozija, a sepak da go izbegnat poplavuvaweto na korenite na nasadot.
So pomo{ na `ivotnite po~vata se zemala
od re~nite nanosi za da se nanese na napravenite
terasi. Da se navratime na Prespa, koga terasnite poliwa bile napu{teni kako rezultat na izgradbata na sistemot za navodnuvawe vo nizinata
(Pyrovetsi & Gerakis 1987), ridskata erozija se zgolemila do to~ka koga nejzinoto natalo`uvawe go
napravila ezeroto poplitko i mnogu eutrofizirano. Od ona {to be{e razgledano dosega, CoMP
zaedno so tradicionalnite tehniki kako {to se
za~uvuvaweto na po~vata i vodata i metodite za
prometot na nutrientite vo Grcija bil baziran
na intenzivna rabota. Istoriski, ~ove~kata rabota bila podostapna otkolku drugite vidovi na
energija ili prirodni resursi vo ruralna Grcija,
pa taka upravuva~kite strategii evolvirale na
na~in za iskoristuvawe na ovj raboten potencijal. Vo domenot na socijalnata organiziranost,
zaednicata bila snabdena so strukturi za promovirawe na kontinuitetot, stabilnosta i dolgove~nosta. Po{irokata familija, lokalnata crkva i mesnata vlast vo golem del sozdale sistem na
socijalni odnosi koi ostanuvaat nepromeneti
niz vremeto. Mo`nosta za dobrovolna rabota za
proektite vo zaednicata, godi{nite festivali i
proslavi, mirazot i transferot na dobrata me|u
generaciite pretstavuvaat institucii {to go osiguruvale CoMP. Tie institucii se poddr`ani
od sistem normi (~est, prijatelstvo, solidarnost,
napredok...) i sistem na socijalna kontrola i
pravda na zaednicata koi se otsekoga{ prisutni.
Sega{nosta
Vo sprotivnost so tradicionalnite strategii na upravuvawe, modernite zemjodelski praktiki na CMP ja pretstavile fosilnata energija i
sinteti~ki hemiski |ubriva. "Zamenata" vo odnos
na "zadr`uvaweto" go otslikuva glavniot priod
na zemjodelskoto proizvodstvo. Slobodniot protek na energija i vnos na nutrienti vklu~uva trgovija vo svetski ramki. Odlukite za proizvodstvoto ne se baziraaat samo na lokalnite `ivotni potrebi tuku i na cenite na svetskite pazari i
nacionalnata strategija za razvoj.
Noviot sistem za navodnuvawe vo Prespa,
zapo~nat 1984 a zavr{en vo ranite 1990-ti, donese
golemi promeni vo zemjodelieto. So zavr{uvawe-
to na proektot, navodnuvanata oblast be{e izramneta so buldo`eri. Drvjata i `bunovite bea
otstraneti i oblasta gi izgubi grani~nite prirodni `iveali{ta {to bea izvor na raznovidnost
na diviot svet. Na ova se nadovrza i pro{iruvaweto na monokulturite, vo prv red leguminozite.
Leguminozite go so~inuvaat glavniot del na nasadite vo oblasta. Spored podatocite od 1997, oblasta odredena za leguminozite dostigna rekordni 60% od vkupnata povr{ina. @itaricite pokrivaat 30%, a {e}ernata repka ostanatite 10%.
Bidej}i trendot za napu{tawe na oblasta prodol`i i vo povoeniot period, iako so namalen
intenzitet (3.6% gubitok na naselenie vo 198191, vo sporedba so 35.4% vo 1971-81) se zgolemi
mehanizacijata. Vo momentov Prespa ima povisok
koeficient na mehaniziranost otkolku nacionalniot prosek (7.6 sporedeno so 6.6).
Intenzivnoto zemjodelie so visok vnos na
|ubriva i pesticidi se praktikuva mnogu blisku
do jadroto na nacionalniot park. Vodnata vegetacija ne se `enee ili pase so `ivotnite {to rezultira{e so zgolemena eutrofikacija na ezeroto i pro{iruvawe na vegetacijata na smetka na
mo~urlivite livadi. Vo isto vreme, navodnuvanite poliwa, odredeni isklu~ivo za leguminozite
sè pozabrzano go gubat organskiot sostav {to bara zgolemena upotreba na hemikalii za da se odr`at prinosite. Organskoto zemjodelie vo oblasta ne napravi vistinski progres (Filiou et al. 1999)
kako rezultat na nedostatokot na povlastici za
kompenzirawe na prvi~nite zagubi vo proizvodstvoto i nedostatokot na podr{ka od instituciite i tehni~ka pomo{ od zemjodelskite vlasti. Dodeka se prepoznavaat {tetnite efekti od intenzivnoto zemjodelie od strana na nau~nicite i
zemjodelskite vlasti, se u{te ne e prezemena ni
najprosta merka za za{tita. Se u{te nema upravuva~ki vlasti za Parkot. Namesto toa, se pravat
novi studii po barawe na centralnite vlasti za
da se dodadat na brojnite prethodni studii koi ne
dovedoa do niti edna edinstvena merka. Po se izgleda deka centralnite vlasti izbegnuvaat primena koja bi proizvela sudir me|u lokalnite, regionalnite i nacionalnite igra~i.
Idninata
Precizna definicija za odr`livost, a ottamu i za odr`livo zemjodelie e nevozmo`na. Odr`livosta e koncept koj e kompleksen i podlo`en
na promeni. Mo`e da se ka`e deka odr`livosta
vklu~uva odnos me|u prirodnite i razvojnite potrebi. Mo`e da se izbalansira ili so namaluvawe
na {okot - ekolo{ki priod ili so zgolemuvaweto
na kapacitetot na prirodata - ekonomski priod
(UNESCO 1997).
The offer of voluntary work for community projects, annual festivities and celebrations, dowry and transfer of
wealth among generations constitute institutions that secure the CoMP. Those institutions are backed by a system
of norms (honor, friendship, kinship, solidarity, philotimo, progress, etc) along with a system of social control and community justice always present.
agement measure has not yet been applied. Management
authority for the Park is still lucking. Instead new management studies have been ordered by central authorities
to be added to the numerous previous studies that have
not implemented even to a single measure. It seems that
central authorities avoid implementation that will generate conflict among local, regional and national actors.
The present
The future
In contrast to the traditional management strategies, modern agricultural practices or the Capitalist Mode of Production (CaMP) involve the introduction of fossil-fuel
energy and synthetic chemical nutrients. ‘Replacement’
rather than ‘maintenance’ characterizes the major approach to continued agricultural production. Open flows
of energy and inputs of nutrients involve economic trade
at a global scale. Production decisions are based not only
on local subsistence needs but also on world market
prices and national development policies.
The new irrigation system enacted in Prespa in 1984 and
completed in early 1990’s has transformed farming to a
great extend. With the completion of the irrigation project
the area brought to irrigation was leveled with bulldozers.
Trees and hedges were removed and the area lost the border natural habitat that was an important source of wildlife diversity. Concurrent to this trend was the increasing
expansion of single crops, mainly beans. Beans constitute
the main crop of the area. According to 1997 data, beans
have reached an all time record with 60% of the cultivated area devoted to them. Cereals cover 30% of the
cultivated area and alfa-alfa the rest 10%. With population losses continuing in the post war period although at
reduced rates (population loss in the period 1981-91 was
3.6% as compared to 35.4% in 1971-81) mechanization
has increased. Presently Prespa has a higher index of
mechanization compared to the national average (7.6 as
compared to the national 6.6).
Intensive farming with high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides is practiced very close to the nucleus of the National Park. Aquatic vegetation is not harvested or pastured by animals resulting in increased eutrophication of
lake waters and in the expansion of the vegetation at the
expense of wet meadows. At the same time irrigated
fields devoted to bean production exclusively without any
rotation with other crops are lousing their organic content
at an accelerated pace making chemical inputs more necessary to sustain yields. Organic farming introduced in
the area is not making a real progress (Filiou et al, 1999)
as a result of luck of sufficient incentives to compensate
initial losses in production and luck of institutional support and technical assistance on the part of agricultural
authorities. While the harmful effects of intensive farming within the sensitive area of the Park is recognized by
scientists and agricultural authorities the simplest man-
A precise definition of sustainability, and therefore of
sustainable agriculture, is impossible. Sustainability itself
is a complex and contested concept. We could suggest
that sustainability involves an equation between environmental requirements and developmental needs. It can
be balanced by acting either to reduce stress –ecologist’s
approach—or to increase the carrying capacity of the
environment –economist’s approach (UNESCO, 1997).
In any discussion of sustainability, it is important to clarify what is sustained, for how long, for whose benefit and
at whose cost, over what area and measured by what criteria. Answering these questions is difficult, as it means
assessing and trading off values and beliefs. Nonetheless,
when specific parameters or criteria are selected, it is
possible to say whether certain trends are steady, or not.
For example, practices causing soil to erode can be considered to be unsustainable compared with those that conserve soil. Practices that remove hedges as habitats of
natural predators or kill them directly are unsustainable
compared with those that maintain them. Planting trees is
clearly more sustainable for a community than just cutting them down. Forming a local group as a forum for
more effective collective action is likely to be more sustainable than individuals trying to act alone (Chambers
and Conway, 1992).
At the farm or community level, it is possible for actors
to weigh up, trade off and agree on these criteria for
measuring trends in sustainability. But as we move to
higher levels of the hierarchy, to districts, regions and
countries, it becomes increasingly difficult to do this in
any meaningful way. It is critical that sustainable agriculture does not prescribe a concretely defined set of
technologies, practices or policies at these levels. This
would only serve to restrict the future options of farmers.
As conditions change and as knowledge changes, so must
farmers and communities be encouraged and allowed to
change, too. Again, this implies that definitions of
sustainability are time-specific and place-specific
(Daoutopoulos et al, 1999). As situations and conditions
change, so must change our constructions of
sustainability. Sustainable agriculture is, therefore, not a
simple model or package to be imposed. It is more a process for learning and practicing at the local or regional
level.
Vo sekoja diskusija na odr`livosta, va`no
e da se odredi {to e odr`livo, kolku dolgo, za
~ija korist i po koja cena, na koja oblast i spored
koi kriteriumi }e se odreduva. Odgovorot na ovie pra{awa e te`ok bidej}i pretstavuva procenuvawe i razmenuvawe na vrednosti i veruvawa.
Duri i koga }e se odberat konkretni parametri
ili kriteriumi nevozmo`no e da se ka`e dali
konkretniot izbor e stabilen ili ne. Na primer,
aktivnostite koi predizvikuvaat erozija treba
da se smetaat za neodr`livi vo sporedba so tie
koi ja za~uvuvaat po~vata. Aktivnostite so koi
se otstranuvaat grmu{kite kako `iveali{ta na
prirodnite grablivci ili koi direktno gi ubivaat se neodr`livi vo sporedba so onie koi gi za~uvuvaat. Sadeweto na drva e o~igleno poodr`livo
za edna zaednica odkolku se~eweto. Sozdavaweto
na lokalna grupa kako forum za poefikasna zaedni~ka akcija verojatno }e bide poodr`livo nego
poedinci koi rabotat sam po sam (Chambers &
Conway 1992).
Na nivo na farma ili zaednica, mo`no e
zainteresiranite strani da presmetaat, razmenat
i da se soglasat za kriteriumite za merewe na
odr`livosta. No so podignuvaweto na povisoko
hierarhisko nivo, na nivo na oblast, region,
dr`ava, stanuva se pote{ko da se napravi ova na
nekakov razumen na~in. Mnogu e va`no na ovie
nivoa da ne se odredi konkretna politika ili
tehnologii. Ova edinstveno bi gi ograni~ilo
idnite mo`nosti na zemjodelcite. Kako {to }e se
menuvaat uslovite i znaeweto, }e mora da se
ohrabrat i zemjodelcite i zaednicite da se
promenat. Ova ni poka`uva deka definiciite za
odr`livosta se vremenski i prostorno promenlivi (Daoutopolous et al. 1999). Kako {to }e se menuvaat sostojbite i situaciite mora da se menuva
i na{ata pretstava za odr`livosta. Zatoa, odr`livoto zemjodelie ne e samo prost model ili paket koj treba da se nametne. Toa e pove}e proces
na u~ewe na lokalno ili regionalno nivo.
Interesno e da se elaborira patot na Prespa kon odr`liviot razvoj pod gorenavedenite
pretpostavki. Dene{noto zemjodelie vo Prespa
sigurno ne e odr`livo i ne mo`e da prodol`i vo
negovata sega{na forma zaradi negoto golemo
vlijanie na lokalnata ranliva i raznovidna okolina. Na druga strana, obnovata na tradicionalniot na~in na proizvodstvo e nevozmo`na vo dene{ni uslovi. Se razbira deka bilo koja aktivnost za popravka ne mo`e da se prezeme na {teta
na mesnoto naselenie. Mesnoto naselenie ima
mnogu lo{o iskustvo, osobeno na stranski nau~nici koi baraa za~uvuvawe na vredniot div svet
bez da gi zemat predvid ~ovekovite potrebi i
aspiracii. Na sekoja aktivnost za za~uvuvawe na
diviot svet na smetka na mesnoto naselenie }e i
se bide sprotivstaveno. Sega{niot set na
politiki i merki za za{tita na ranlivite
resursi vo Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park be{e
planiran taka da gi obezbedi sega{nite prihodi,
da go namali golemiot rizik i da go prenaso~i
zemjodelieto kon poodr`liva pateka.
Borba so erozijata: Site oblasti koi
istekuvaat kon Maloto Ezero mora da se upravuvaat na na~in da se spre~i erozijata. Maloto
Ezero strada{e od pregolemoto natalo`uvawe vo
poslednite 50 godini kako rezultat na promenata
vo obrabotkata na po~vata. Napu{tenite oblasti
(privatni ili op{testveni) mo`e da se po{umat
so doma{ni vidovi drvja pod specifi~nata
direktiva od EZ koja obezbeduva nadoknadi na
zemjodelcite.
Upravuvawe so trskata i kompostot: trskata koja }e se otstrani od ezeroto mo`e da se isecka i da se kompostira. Proizvedeniot organski
materijal mo`e da im se prodade ili na lokalnite zemjodelcite za mali pari ili na pazarot po
redovna cena. Vo momentov, obrabotuvanite poliwa sodr`at pomalku organska materija. Kompostiraweto na trskata proizveduva odli~en dodatok na po~vata koj mo`e da apsorbira dopolnitelni nutrienti i so toa da go namali non-point
zagaduvawe. Dodatno, sekoja merka za podobruvawe na kvalitetot na po~vata }e ja minimizira
potrebata za hemiski vnos (|ubriva i pesticidi).
Pasewe na `ivotnite: Edna skore{na studija poka`a deka `ivotnite koi se hranat so vodena vegetacija ja otstranuvaat organskata materija
i go kontroliraat pro{iruvaweto na vegetacijata vo mo~urlivite livadi. (Kazoglou 2000).
Biodiverzitet: Zemjodelcite koi }e gi
prifa}aat starite prirodni praktiki treba da
dobijat nadoknada od fond sozdaden speciajlno za
celata oblast na Nacionalniot Park. Obnovata
na grmu{kite teba da se ohrabri i vedna{ da se
kompenzira. Sega{nata pomo{ od 150 eki po hektar e nedovolna za zna~ajno namaluvawe na upotrebata na agrohemikalii (Psychoudakis et al. 1999),
Tehni~ka pomo{: Na zemjodelcite vo Prespa im e skratena sekakva tehni~ka pomo{. Edinstveniot izvor na informacii doa|a od privatniot sektor koj gi prodava zemjodelskite vnesovi. Site vidovi na zemjodelie {to se pogodni za
prirodata (organsko zemjodelie, integrirana
kontrola na {tetnicite) baraat tehni~ka pomo{
na mestoto vo pogolem stepen od konvencionalnoto zemjodelie.
Organsko zemjodelie: toa mora da dobie
prioritet od ekonomski pobudi i tehni~ka
pomo{ vo uvstvitelnite podra~ja, kako {to se
vodenite stani{ta od me|unarodna va`nost.
Under the above considerations it is interesting to elaborate on the Prespa route to sustainable agriculture. Present
day farming in Prespa is definitely unsustainable and
cannot continue in its present form as it heavily impacts
on the local vulnerable and diverse environment. On the
other hand, restoration of the traditional mode of production is rather impossible in the present era. Of course any
corrective action of the present mode of production cannot occur at the expense of local people. Local people
have some very negative experiences, especially from
foreign conservationists who sought conservation of the
valuable wildlife without considering human needs and
aspirations. Any action to protect wildlife at the expense
of the welfare of local people will be heavily opposed.
The present set of policies and measures to protect vulnerable resources in Prespa National park have been
planned under the consideration to secure present incomes, reduce the high risk associated and divert farming
to a more sustainable path.
Combating erosion: All areas draining to lake Mikri
Prespa have to be managed in a way to combat erosion.
Lake Mikri Prespa has suffered from heavy silting during
the last fifty years as a result of changes in farming. The
areas abandoned (privately or publicly owned) can be
reforested with native trees under the specific EU directive that provides compensation to farmers.
Reed Management and Composting: Reeds removed
from lake Mikri Prespa can be shredded and composted
in a small community operated facility. The organic material produced can be sold either to local farmers at a
small price or to the market at the regular price. Presently, fields cultivated have lower organic matter content.
Composting of reeds produces an excellent soil amendment that can absorb additional nutrients therefore reducing non-point pollution. In addition, any measure to
improve soil quality and fertility will minimize the necessity for chemical inputs (fertilizers and pesticides).
Animal pasturing: Recent research has revealed that
animals feeding on the aquatic vegetation remove organic
matter and control the rate of expansion of the vegetation
in the wet meadows (Kazoglou, 2000).
Biodiversity: Farmers adopting old environmentally
friendly practices and planting a variety of crops should
be compensated under a fund specially set up for the entire National Park area. Restoration of hedges should be
also encouraged and compensated initially. The present
aid of 150 ecu per hectare provided under the Regulation
2078/1992 is insufficient for a substantial reduction in the
use of agrochemicals (Psychoudakis et al. 1999)
Technical Assistance: Farmers in Prespa are deprived of
any technical assistance in farming. The only source of
information comes from the private sector that markets
agricultural inputs. All forms of farming that are environmentally friendly (organic farming, integrated pest
management) require technical assistance on the spot to a
higher degree than conventional farming.
Organic farming: Organic farming has to receive extra
priority in terms of economic incentives and technical
assistance in vulnerable areas, such as wetlands of international importance. The main obstacles to a massive
introduction of organing farming in Prespa are lower income expected and lack of a market demand for the
product. The present system of certification runs at the
expense of farmers adopting organic farming who are left
on their own to address these problems. The establishment of a local Agricultural Office can assume this very
important task.
Local Food Processing: Local produce should be processed locally to offer a variety of products of higher price
and quality. The isolation of the area provides an opportunity for the production of a variety of traditional products in a number of cottage industries financed under the
Leader initiative. Visitors of the Park will have the opportunity to taste them in local shops and carry some of
them on their departure.
Irrigation system: The present system although relative
new is very old in terms of technology used and requires
upgrading. Open ducks and canals should be replaced
with pipes bringing water to individual plots under pressure. In this case farmers can adopt and use irrigation
methods that conserve water (drip irrigation, sprinklers,
etc) and reduce non-point pollution.
Management Authority for the Park: Last but not least
an authority to implement those measures in an integrated
manner and under the guidance of a management plan is
still missing. The Municipality of Prespa as the forum of
the local government must assume the main role in the
supervision and implementation of the management plan.
Specialized scientists should be appointed in the Municipality of Prespa to form the authority that will gradually
assume the role of monitoring the Park and implementing
measures to protect and enhance its richness in flora and
fauna.
Sustainable agriculture and sustainable development in
Prespa as well as in other rural areas require actions and
measures that will allow local societies to respond to the
changing environment, to heal the social network and
become again capable to produce their own unique culture adapted to the various natural environments. Uniform solutions and institutional arrangements especially
those propagated by developed countries or multinational
agribusiness corporations cannot provide answers to local
communities throughout the world. The study of traditional knowledge and methods in rural life that are more
sustainable than high subsidy, highly mechanized agriculture should become the focus of our research in search
for solutions to more sustainable forms of agriculture.
Glavnata pre~ka na masivnoto preod kon
organskoto zemjodelie vo Prespa se o~ekuvawata
za pomal prihod i mala pobaruva~ka za proizvodite. Sega{niot sistem na dozvoli odi na {teta
na zemjodelcite koi go prifa}aat organskoto
zemjodelie i tie se ostaveni sami na sebe za re{avawe na ovoj problem. Vospostavuvaweto na
lokalna Zemjodelska Kancelarija mo`e da ja prezeme ovaa mnogu va`na zada~a.
Lokalno proizvodstvo na hrana: Doma{niot proizvod bi trebalo da se obrabotuva lokalno
za da se ponudi raznovidnost na proizvodi so pogolema cena i kvalitet. Izoliranosta na oblasta
obezbeduva mo`nost za proizvodstvo na pove}e
tradicionalni proizvodi i pove}e selski industrii koi bi se finansirale spored Leader-inicijativata. Posetitelite na Parkot bi imale mo`nost da gi probaat vo lokalnite prodavnici i da
ponesat ne{to so niv pri nivnoto zaminuvawe.
Sistem za navodnuvawe: Sega{niot sistem
i pokraj toa {to e relativno nov, vo pogled na upotrebenata tehnologija e mnogu star i bara nadgraduvawe. Otvorenite kanali bi trebalo da se
zamenat so cevki koi bi ja nosele vodata do individualnite brazdi pod pritisok. Vo ovoj slu~aj
zemjodelcite bi mo`ele da prifatat metodi za
navodnuvawe koi ja za~uvuvaat vodata (kapka po
kapka navodnuvawe, rasprskuva~i) i da go namalat non-point zagaduvaweto.
Upravna vlast za Parkot: Za kraj, no ne i
najmalku va`no, vo Parkot nedostasuva vlast koja
bi gi primenila tie merki spored konkreten upraven plan. Prespanskata op{tina, kako forum
na lokalnata vlast mora da ja prezeme glavnata uloga vo nadgleduvaweto i primenuvaweto na upravniot plan. Specijalizirani nau~nici bi trebalo da se nazna~at vo Prespanskata op{tina za
da formiraat vlast koja{to postepeno }e ja
nasledi ulogata na monitoringot na parkot i
primenata na merkite za za{tita i podobruvawe
na nejzinoto bogatstvo na florata i faunata.
Odr`livoto zemjodelie i odr`liviot razvoj vo Prespa kako i vo drugi ruralni oblasti bara akcii i merki {to }e mu ovozmo`at na lokalnoto naselenie da odgovori na promenata vo
`ivotnata sredina, da ja le~i socijalnata mre`a
i da stane sposobno da producira sopstvena kultura adaptirana na razli~ni prirodni `ivotni
sredini. Uniformnite re{enija i institucionalni aran`mani, osobeno onie propagirani od
multinacionalnite zemjodelski korporacii, ne
mo`at da dadar odgovori na site lokalni naselenija vo Svetot. Prou~uvaweto na tradicionalnoto znaewe i metodi vo ruralnite sredini, koe{to
e pove}e odr`livo otkolku silno mehaniziranoto zemjodelie, treba da stane fokus na na{ite istra`uvawa ~ija cel e iznao|awe formi na odr`livoto zemjodelie.
Referenci (References)
Altieri, M.A. and Anderson, C.A. (1986) An Ecological
Basis for the Development of Alternative Agricultural Systems for Small Farmers in the Third World.
American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 1,
30-38.
Daoutopoulos, G. M. Pyrovetsi, & E. Petropoulou.
(1999). Greek Rural Society and Sustainable Development. Chapter 9 in Eder K and M. Kousis (eds)
The Europeanization of Environmental Politics.
Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic
Publishers. (forthcoming)
Filiou, Despina, M. Pyrovetsi, & G. Daoutopoulos,
(1999). Conventional and Organic Agriculture in
Prespa National Park, Makedonia, Greece. (forthcoming)
Forbes, H.A. (1976) ‘We Have A Little of Everything’:
The Ecological Basis of Some Agricultural Practices
in Methana, Trizinia. In Dimen, M. and Friedl, E.
(eds.), Regional Variation in Modern Greece and
Cyprus: Toward a Perspective on the Ethnography of Greece, pp:236-250. Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences 268: New York.
Karavidas, K. (1936). Local Government and Greek Economic Regionalism. Reprinted in 1981 by Papazisis
Publishing House. Athens. (in Greek)
Kazoglou, Y. (2000). Restoration and management of
Wet Meadows of Lake Mikri Prespa: an Experimental Approach. (forthcoming)
Kosmas, C.S., Moustakas, N., Danalatos, N.G. and Yassoglou, N. (1995) The Effect of land use change on
soil properties and erosion along a catena. In: J.
Thornes and J. Brandt (ed.), Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use. J. Wiley and Sons: Chister.
Martinos, N., Louloudis, L. and Daniel, N. (1988) Economic Development and Structural Change in
Rural Greece (unpublished report).
Mountjoy, D.C. and Gliessman, S.R. (1988) Traditional
Management of a Hillside Agroecosystem in Tlaxaca, Mexico: An Ecological Based Maintenance
System. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 3(1), 3-10.
Psychoudakis, A., St. Aggelopoulos and E. Dimitriadou.
(1999). Agricultural Land Use in an Environmentally Sensitive Area. (forthcoming)
Pyrovetsi, M. (1984) Ecodevelopment in Prespa National
Park, Greece. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA, 186 pp.
Pyrovetsi, M. and Gerakis, P.A. (1987) Environmental
Problems for Practicing Agriculture in Prespa National Park, Greece. The Environmentalist 7(1):3542
Sakiotis, Yiannis. (1995). The Greek community victim
of development. New Ecology, No 128: 55-9. (in
Greek)
Thurston, D.H. and Parker, J.M. (1995) Raised Beds and
Plant Disease Management. In Warren, D.M., Slikkerveer, L.J. and Brokensha, D. (eds.), The Cultural Dimension of Development: Indigenous
Knowledge Systems, Intermediate Technology
Publications: London, pp:140-146.
167
Zemjodelieto i prirodnata sredina vo Prespa
Hrisovalantu ANTONOPULU i Vangeli GRAMATIKU
Zemjodelski Fakultet, Aristotelov Univerzitet, Solun
Voved
Ovoj trud e rezime na studija koja be{e
napravena na Zemjodelskiot fakultet, Univerzitet vo Solun, a se odnesuva na razvojot na primarniot sektor vo Prespanskata oblast. Rabotata
be{e delumno sponzorirana od Vtorata ramka na
Evropskata Zaednica i gradot Prespa.
Celta na studijata be{e: a) analiza na
sega{nata situacija na zemjodelieto vo oblasta,
b) predlog za organsko zemjodelie i v) da im
pru`i mo`nost na studentite za rabota vo pove}e
disciplinarni grupi vo poleto na zemjodelieto i
da soberat iskustvo.
Vkupnata povr{ina na Prespa iznesuva
51600 akri od koi 8144 akri otpa|aat na dvete ezera. Prespa e smestena na visina od 850 m (ANKO
1996). Mesnoto naselenie e raspredeleno vo 13
naselbi. Vo po~etokot na vekot va Prespa
`iveele pove}e od 10000 lu|e, no sega `iveat
pomalku od 1800.
Vo januari 1974 so pretsedatelski ukaz
celata Prespanska oblast be{e proglasena za
nacionalen park zaradi va`nata raznolikost na
florata i faunata vo oblasta.
Zemjodelie
Glavnoto zanimawe na naselenieto e zemjodelieto, a posebno odgleduvaweto na me{unkastite rastenija. Inetnzivnata kultivacija na
leguminozite zapo~na pred 10 godini so izgradbata na sistemot za navodnuvawe.
Spored Katsadorakis (1995) evolucijata na
zemjodelieto vo Prespa e podeleno vo dve fazi:
pred i posle izgradbata na sistemot za
navodnuvawe.
Vo prvata faza (se do 1965 do 1970)
ekonomijata be{e bazirana na `ivotna forma na
zemjodelie. Lu|eto vo isto vreme bea i zemjodelci, ribari i odgleduva~i na stoka. Se {to na-
168
vistina im treba{e za `ivot samite go proizveduvaa. Nekolkute raboti {to mora{e da gi kupat
gi zamenuvaa za ne{to {to tie go poseduvaa.
Vtorata faza go pretstavuva zgolemoto
upotrebuvawe na sistemot za navodnuvawe.
Marketingot na proizvodstvoto ne se bazira na
zamena tuku na pari~na osnova.
A. 1940: Za periodot pred 1964 ima dovolno
informacii samo za 1940 no ne se mnogu
precizni. Poliwata se pokrieni so `itarici
(oves, r`en) i treva za hranewe na golemiot broj
doma{ni `ivotni (kowi, volovi). Glavnata sila
upotrebuvana vo poliwata doa|a{e od `ivotnite.
B. 1964: @itniot period. Preovladuvaat
zimskite `itarici, a posebno `ito za proizvodstvo na doma{en leb. Op{testvo na vi{oci (i
razmena). Vo letnite periodi stokata se nosi na
pasi{ta, a preku zima se hrani so treva i trska
nabrana od ezeroto. Nema mnogu nasadi na detelina. Se odgleduvaat pove}e vidovi na leguminozi
za nivna sopstvena upotreba, prvenstveno grav.
Se koristat isklu~ivo organski |ubriva.
V. 1973: Prviot preoden period. Preovladuva ja~menot, ne samo za stokata tuku i za
razmena. Ima namaluvawe na `itoto, koe se uvezuva a lebot se nosi od pazarot vo Lerin. Se
zabele`uva namaluvawe na stokata i pasi{tata.
Nasadite od detelina se zgolemuvaat isto kako i
uvezenata i podobrena sto~na detelina. Se~ata
na trskite postepeno se napu{ta.
G. 1983: Period na ja~menot. Po~etotkot na
padot na odgleduvaweto na stoka. Se zabele`uva
najgolema nadvore{na i vnatre{na emigracija i
zatoa preovladuvaat nasadite so pomala potreba
za rabota. Nasadot {to najmnogu odgovara za
sredno produktivno zemji{te e ja~menot. Ima
u{te pogolemo namaluvawe na pasi{tata, dodeka
detelinata povtorno go zazema svoeto mesto vo
zemjodelskiot sistem.
Agriculture and the natural environment in Prespa
Xrysovalantou ANTONOPOULOU & Vangeli GRAMMATIKOU
School of Agriculture, Aristoteleio University of Thessaloniki
Introduction
The present paper is a summary of a study that was
carried out at the School of Agriculture, University of
Thessaloniki concerning the development of the primary
sector at the Prespa area. The work was partially funded
by 2nd European Community Frame and the
Municipality of Prespa.
The aim of the study was: a) the analysis of the present
situation of agriculture at the area, b) the proposal of
sustainable agriculture practices and c) to provide
students the opportunity to work in multidiscipline
groups in the field of agriculture and to obtain real life
experiences.
The total area of Prespa is 51.600 acres of which the
water area of the two lakes covers 8.144,7 acres. Prespa is
located at an altitude of 850 m (ANKO 1996). The local
population is dispersed in 13 settlements. At the
beginning of the century in Prespa lived more than
10.000 people but nowadays live less than 1800 people.
In January of 1974 with presidential degree the entire
Prespa area was declared as National Park, because of the
important diversity of the flora and fauna in the area.
Agriculture
The main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture and
especially the cultivation of beans. The intensive
cultivation of beans started 10 years ago with the
construction of an irrigation project.
According to Katsadorakis (1995) the evolution of
agriculture in the area of Prespes is divided into two
prime phases: before and after the construction of the
irrigation system.
In the first phase (until 1965 to 1970) the economy was
based on a subsistence form of agriculture. People were
at the same time farmers, fishermen and stock-breeders.
They used to produce on their own everything they really
needed to survive. The few things they had to buy, they
exchanged with something they owned.
The second phase represents the icreasing exploitation
of the irrigation system. Marketing of the produce is not
based on the exchange but on a monetony basis.
A.1940: For the period before 1964, there is enough
information only for 1940 but it’s not very accurate. The
fields are covered with cereals (rye, oats) and forage
grasses, for the feeding of the large number of domestic
livestock (horses, oxen). The main power used in fields
comes from animals.
B.1964: “The wheat period ”. Winter cereals prevail and
especially wheat for the production of home-made bread.
A society of sufficiency (and exchange). In the summer
domestic livestock are put to pasture and in the winter
they are fed with grass and reeds harvested from lake.
Clover crops are few. A variety of legumes are cultivated
for their own consumption, with beans as the main
legume. Only organic fertilizers are applied.
C.1973: “First transitional period”. Barley predominates
not only for the local livestock but also for trade. There is
a reduction of wheat, which is mostly imported and bread
is now supplied by the market in Florina. Reduction of
stock breeding and pasture is also noticed. Clover crops
are icreased as the imported and improved cattle feed
clover. The cutting of reeds is gradually abandoned.
D.1983: “The barley period ”. The beginning of the
collapse of stock breeding. The maximum of external and
internal emigration is observed and therefore lower
labour demanding crops prevail. The most suitable crop
for the soils of medium productivity is barley. There is
more reduction of pasture, while clover retains its
position in the farming system.
E.1986: “Second transitional period”. The turn towards
the productive bean cultivation in the area of the
irrigation system has already started. The local population
is stable while the land devoted to beans increases. On the
other hand, stock breeding has already collapsed, except
for the community of Brontero where the sheep and goat
raising has started to increase. Generally, the livestock
which is kept in home barns begins to reduce.
Z.1993- present: “The bean period ” Bean cultivation
reaches an all time record. The irrigated area is taken up
by beans. Mechanization, use of inorganic fertilizers and
pesticides increases to record levels. It should be noticed
that during the above period there was a shift in the area
cultivated (from the hills to an area adjusten to the
wetland) that has not be considered in the above analysis.
D.
1986:
Vtoriot
preoden
period.
Zapo~nuva preo|aweto kon produktivnoto
odgleduvawe na gravot vo oblasta na sistemot za
navodnuvawe. Mesnoto naselenie e stabilno, a
zemjata predvide za grav se zgolemuva. Od druga
strana, sto~arstvoto ve}e e zamreno, osven vo
Brontero kade se zgolemuva odgleduvaweto na
ovci i kozi. Generalno, stokata {to se ~uva po
{talite zapo~nuva da se namaluva.
E. 1993 - sega{nost: Period na gravot.
Nasadite na gravot dostignuvaat najgolemi
razmeri. Navodnuvaniot del e zazemen od gravot.
Mehanizacijata, upotrebata na neorganski
|ubriva i pesticidi se zgolemuva do rekordni
nivoa.
Treba da se napomene deka za vreme na ovoj
period ima{e pomestuvawe na obrabotuvanata
zemja (od ridovite kon oblast blisku do
vodenite stani{ta) koe ne be{e zemeno vo
predvid vo prethodnata analiza. Gorenavedenite
trendovi se prika`ani na Tab. 1.
Obrabotlivata zemja iznesuva 2418 akri vo
sporedba so 2430 akri vo 1989.
Generalno gledano, dene{nite tendencii
se da se zadr`i zemjodelieto na ova nivo bidej}i
nao|aweto na novi pogodni po~vi e nevozmo`no.
Postepenoto zgolemuvawe na nasadite so
grav e predizvikano so konstrukcijata na sistemot za navodnuvawe, nivnata golema produktivnost i pogolem prihod.
Glavniot problem na zemjodelieto vo
Prespa e intenzivnata monokultura na gravot,
koj gi ima slednive posledici:
Postojanota obrabotka na me{unki na istite
poliwa, vo oblasta na sistemot za navodnuvawe,
vodi kon degradirawe na po~vata.
Prekumernoto |ubrewe na po~vite ja zgolemuva
eutrofijata na Maloto Prespansko Ezero.
Otsustvoto na kru`ewe na nasadite gi zgolemuva
napadite na {tetnicite i vodi kon zgolemena
upotreba na pesticidi.
Na strana od efektite vrz prirodata, monokulturata ima svoi efekti i vrz naselenieto. Za
vreme na poslednite 10 godini, obrabotkata na
gravot ima{e pozitivni efekti vo zgolemuvaweto na prihodot na farmerite, no vo isto vreme
ima{e i negativni. Na primer, finansiskata
zavisnost na zemjodelcite od samo edna kultura i
nesigurnosta so koja se soo~uvaat vo raspredelbata na proizvodot samo gi zgolemuva nivnite maki.
I pokraj toa {to mnogu od niv sakaat da pronajdat alternativna kultura, najverojatno e deka
sega{nava situacija }e prodol`i i ponatamu
zaradi golemiot prihod od gravot, nedostatokot
na dr`avna finansiska pomo{, nedostatokot na
drugi seriozni izvori na prihod i neadekvatnite
informacii od zemjodelcite-eksperti za alternativni vidovi na obrabotka.
Kako dodatok na ova, mnogu farmeri gi poso~uvaat problemite so infrastrukturata kako:
lo{ata sostojba na pati{tata i propadnatiot
drena`en sistem. Spored lokalnite zemjodelci
mnogu e verojatno deka oblasta blizu do ezerata
}e se pretvori vo mo~uri{te vo narednite
godini zaradi lo{ata sostojba na drena`niot
sistem. Druga pri~ini za niskata produktivnost
vo nekoi zaednici e nedostatokot na voda za
piewe i navodnuvawe.
Za da ja podobrat sega{nata situacija na
zemjodelieto, `itelite na Prespa }e mora da
zapo~nat so:
Promena na sega{nite zemjodelski praktiki
Pro{iruvawe na proizvodstvoto
Rotirawe na nasadite
Proizvodstvo na biolo{ki proizvodi, a posebno
leguminozi.
Za postignuvawe na navedenite celi ima
itna potreba od informacii od obrazovani
zemjodelci i vospostavuvawe na centar za
zemjodelska tehni~ka pomo{.
Vo poslednive pet godini ima zabele`itelen napor za promovirawe na alternativnite
na~ini na obrabotka so cel namaluvawe na
navedenite problemi. Praktikuvaweto na biolo{koto zemjodelie mo`e da go dade re{enieto.
Treba da se napomene deka vo Prespanskata
oblast ima idealni mesta kade {to mo`e da se
primeni Biolo{koto Zemjodelie. Klimata i
zemji{teto vo nekoi regioni - kako {to e
dolinata me|u Laimos i A. Germanos, poliwata vo
Mikrolimni i Pili, vododelnicata do naselbata
Pili - vo kombinacija so organsko |ubrewe sozdavaat uslovi za zadovolitelen prinos i namaluvawe na bolestite.
Sto~arstvoto vo Prespanskata oblast ima
golemi mo`nosti za razvoj, no Evropskata poddr{ka vo sektorot na proizvodstvo na rastenija
go spre~i negoviot razvoj.
Zanimaweto na sto~arite ne e privle~no, a
kamoli vo planinskata i nezgodna Prespanska
oblast. Tendencijata na napu{tawe na oblasta e
mnogu o~igledna, a stoka odgleduvaat samo mnogu
stari lu|e so pomo{ na stranski rabotnici.
Najgolem del od stokata pripa|a na stari
doma{ni rasi so mala produktivnost. Uslovite
za nivno odgleduvawe se primitivni, a {talite
se tradicionalni bez soodvetna oprema.
The above trends are shown in Tab. 1.
1940
1964
1973
1983
1986
1993
49
53.3
51
67
50.8
30.5
other field
plants
pastures
alfa-alfa
legumes
cereals
(wheat,
barley, etc)
corn
Fig. 1 Percentage of cultivated crops from 1940 to 1993
2
7
0
37
6
2.1 8.3 2.3 25.1
10
1.6 12.3 10.3
13 13.3
2 8.7 9.6 5.2 7.5
0.7 22.4 9.2 4.9 6.9
0.5 45.6 0.3
11 11.5
Izvor (Source): Katsadorakis, Malakou & Crivelli 1996
Cultivated land amounts to 2.418,2 acres as
opposed to 2.430,5 acres in 1989.
Generally, the tendency today is to maintain
agriculture at this level, as the finding of new suitable soil
is impossible.
The gradual increase of bean crops is caused by
the construction of the irrigation system, the high
productivity and the high income.
The main problem of agriculture in Prespa is the
intensive monoculture of beans, having the following
consequences:
The continual bean cultivation in the same fields, in the
area of the irrigation system, lead to the debasement
of the cultivated land.
The overfertilization of the fields increases eutrofication
in lake Mikri Prespa.
The luck of crop rotation increases pest attacks and leads
to higher applications of pesticides.
Except from the side-effects on the enviroment, the
monoculture of beans effects also the inhabitants of
Prespa. During the last ten years, the bean cultivation
had positive effects increasing the producers’
income, but at the same time it had also negative
effects. For example, the financial dependence of the
farmers on just one particular kind of cultivation and
the insecurity they face in disposing the product
increased their anguish. Although many of them
want to find an alternative kind of cultivation,
nevertheless the present situation is very likely to
continue, due to the high income that bean
cultivation brings in, the lack of financial state
support, the absence of other serious sources of
income and the inadequacy of information from
trained agriculturalists - about alternative kinds of
cultivation.
In addition to these, many farmers point out the
problems associated with infrastracture such as: the bad
condition of the roads, the degraded and drainage
systems. According to local farmers it is very likely the
area near the lakes to turn into swamp in the following
years, due to the bad condition of the drainage system. In
some communities another reason for the low
productivity is the inadequacy of irrigation and drinking
water.
To improve the present situation of agriculture the
inhabitants of Prespa should turn towards:
Change of the present cropping pattern,
Extensification of the production,
Rotation of crops,
Production of biological products, especially beans,
For the achievement of the above goals, the need
for information by trained agriculturalists and the
establishment of a center of farming technical assistance,
is urgent.
For the decrease of the above problems, during the
last 5 years, a notable effort has taken place to promote
"alternative ways " of cultivation. The practice of the so
called Biological Agriculture can provide a solution. It
should be noticed that in the area of Prespa there are ideal
areas where Biological Agriculture can be practiced. The
climate and ground in some areas - such as the valley
between Laimos and Ag.Germanos, the fields at
Mikrolimni and at Pili, the gully near the settlement of
Pili,- in combination with organic fertilization, create
conditions in which diseases are rare and the yield is
satisfactory.
Stock breeding in the area of Prespa has great
latitudes of development, but EU support in the sector of
plant production has hindered development of stock
breeding.
The occupation of the stock breeder is not an
attractive one let alone in the mountainous and
disadvantageous area of Prespa. The tendency of
desertification of the area is obvious and stock breeding is
carried on by very old people with the help of foreign
workers. Most of the livestock belong to indigenous races
with low productive characteristics. The conditions of
their breeding are primitive and the barns used structures
are traditional without adequate equipment.
Thus, most of the people in Prespa earn through stock
breeding activities just an additional income, while their
main occupation is in the cultivation of beans. Only the
inhabitants of Brontero earn their living mainly from
livestock activities and in particularly from sheep and
goat breeding. Grasslands in the area are fertile, however
there appear symptoms of over and under grazing. In the
end, local people do not get enough help.
Zaradi ova, najgolemiot del od lu|eto vo
Prespa preku sto~arstvoto dobivaat samo dopolnitelen prihod, dodeka nivnoto glavno zanimawe
e obrabotkata na grav. Edinstveno `itelite na
Brontero zarabotuvaat glavno od sto~arstvoto, a
osobeno od ov~arstvoto i kozarstvoto. Trevnite
povr{ini vo oblasta se plodni, no sepak se
zabele`uvaat simptomi na prekumerno pasewe.
Za kraj, jasno e deka lokalnoto naselenie ne
dobiva dovolno pomo{.
Zaradi ekolo{kata va`nost na regionot,
za razvivawe na sto~arstvoto mora da se prezemat
konkretni merki:
Genetska selekcija i podobruvawe na
stokata
Practice of projected yokes
Podgotovka na hranata od specijaliziran
personal
Modernizacija na {talite
Bezbedno otstranuvawe na otpadot od
stokata
Pravilno upravuvawe so pasi{tata
Zaklu~oci
@itelite ja imaat najva`nata uloga vo
Nacionalniot Park. Site ovie godini na
harmoni~na kohabitacija so prirodata mo`at da
bidat odli~en primer za idninata. Razvojot na
Prespa e mo`en zaradi odr`livoto koristewe na
prirodnite i kulturnite resursi vo oblasta i,
istovreme
podobruvawe
na
osnovnite
podstrukturi kako {to se zdravstvenata za{tita
i obrazovanieto. Treba da se prezemat merki za
zadr`uvawe na ekolo{kata ramnote`a. Isto taka
na lu|eto od Prespa treba da im se ponudat
soodvetnite objekti so cel da se podobri nivniot
`ivoten standard.
Ekolo{kata vrednost na oblasta proizleguva i od estetskata procenka na prirodnata
sredina i od me|unarodniot nau~en i turisti~ki
interes za regionot. Ovoj vreden resurs treba da
se upravuva i iskoristuva vnimatelno za da obezbedi dopolnitelen prihod za mesnoto naselenie.
Vakov trend e dobredojden bidej}i }e go olesni
tovarot so obezbeduvawe na soodveten prihod koj
za sega doa|a od zemjodelieto. Sega{nata sostojba
na zemjodelieto bara zaposluvawe na naselenieto
vo drugi sektori kako {to se rpoizvodstvoto i
agroturizmot. Sepak, ovie napori treba postojano da se poddr`uvaat od strana na vladata i nau~nata zaednici za da se informira soodvetno
naselenieto i za da se napravat stabilni ~ekori
kon odr`liv razvoj na nacionalniot park.
Because of the ecological value of the area, for the development of stock raising certain measures must be taken:
Genetic selection and improvement of livestock
Practice of projected yokes
Preparation of rations by specialized personnel
Modernization of barns used
Safe disposal of livestock's manure
Proper management of pastures
Conclusions
Inhabitants have the most important role in the
National Park. All these years their harmonious cohabitation with the natural environment can be a great example
for the future. The development of Prespa is possible due
to the sustainable use of the natural and cultural resources
of the area and simultaneously the improvement of the
basic substructures like health care and education. Measures should be taken for the maintenance of the ecologi-
Referenci (References)
ANKO A.E. (1996). Study of development in the area of
Prespa. Athens. (in Greek)
Katsadorakis, G. (1995). The texts of the imformation
cal balance. Also the right facilities should be offered to
the people of Prespa in order to improve their standard of
living.
The ecological value of the area derives from both
the aesthetic evaluation of the natural environment and
the international scientific and touristic interest of the
region. This valuable resource should be carefully managed and exploited to provide additional income for local
people. Such a trend is very welcomed because it will
ease the burden to provide adequate income presently
assumed by agriculture. The present situation of agriculture demands the inhabitants' employment in other sectors such as processing and agrotourism as well. However, this effort should be enhanced by the constant support of the government and the scientistic community, so
that, the population is adequately informed and stable
steps are made towards the sustained development of
National Park.
centre of Prespa. Ag. Germanos. Society of the
Protection of Prespa. (in Greek)
Katsadorakis, G., Malaku, M. Crivelli, A. J. (1996). The
Brana of Prespa. Ag. Germanos. Society of the
Protection of Prespa. (in Greek)
173
Vlijanieto na zemjodelieto vrz okolinata i politika na odr`livo
zemjodelie vo Gr~kiot del na Prespanskata oblast
Sofija PAPUCI-PSIHUDAKI1 i Asimakis PSIHUDAKIS2
1
Oddelenie za hidraulika, pedologija i zemjodelski in`enerstvo, Zemjodelski fakultet,
Univerzitet "Aristotel", Solun 54006 Tel.: +3031-998826,
e-mail: papoutsi@agro.auth.gr
2
Oddelenie za zemjodelska ekonomija, Zemjodelski fakultet, Univerzitet "Aristotel",
Solun, Tel: +3031-998716, e-mail: psychoud@agro.auth.gr
Izvod
Ovoj trud gi opi{uva fizi~kite karakteristiki na Gr~kiot del na Prespanskata oblast i glavnite negativni
nadvore{ni vlijanija na zemjodelieto vrz okolinata. Ovie negativni vlijanie se glavnata zakana po ekosistemot,
a vo isto vreme, podobruvaweto na ekonomskite uslovi vo ovoj siroma{en region se bazira voglavno na
zemjodelieto. Spored postoe~kite uslovi, se predlaga odr`liv na~in na koristewe na zemjodelskite resursi i se
opi{uva Evropskata politika vo vrska so za{titata na okolinata i odr`uvaweto na ruralnata sredina.
Voved
Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko Ezero se
nao|aat vo srednozapadniot del od Balkanskiot
poluostrov i pripa|aat na tri sosedni dr`avi,
Albanija, Makedonija i Grcija. Zaradi golemata
ekolo{ka va`nost, bogatata flora i fauna,
vklu~uvaj}i gi i zagrozenite vidovi ptici, se
zgolemi interesot za za~uvuvawe na skapoceniot
ekosistem na Prespanskata oblast. Ekosistemot
vklu~uva retko naseleni oblasti kade {to
ekonomskite aktivnosti mo`e da miaat {tetni
efekti (negativno nadvore{no vlijanie) po
okolinata. Ovie vlijanija ja pretstavuvaat najgolemata zakana po diviot svet i po ekosistemot.
Jasno e deka sorabotkata pome|u involviranite
zemji e neophodna za spravuvaweto na nadvore{nite vlijanija na postoe~kite ekonomski aktivnosti okolu ezerata.
Promenata na na~inot na obrabotuvawe na
zemjata vo Gr~kiot del na oblasta, koja se dol`i
na proektot za navodnuvawe, stana mnogu interesna zaradi proizlezenite ekolo{ki posledici.
Posledicite gi vklu~uvaat gubitokot na blatata
na isto~niot breg na Maloto Prespansko Ezero,
pomestuvaweto na zemjodelieto od povisokite
mesta vo navodnuvanata dolina {to se nao|a do
ezearata, namaluvawe na prirodnata vegetacija
{to ima{e vlijanie vrz `iveali{tata na
pticite, i zgolemenata upotreba na agrohemikalii. Sepak, bidej}i ovoj region e eden od
najsiroma{nite vo Grcija, navedenite promeni
174
pridonesoa kon podobruvaweto na ekonomskite
uslovi, {to od druga strana go namali iseluvaweto od ovaa osetliva oblast.
Ovoj trud pretsrtavuva ograni~en prgled
na dostapnite studii koi go razgleduvaat
Gr~kiot del od Prespa. Najprvin ja opi{uva
oblasta i nejzinite fizi~ki karakteristiki.
Potoa se pregleduvaat postoe~kite podatoci koi
se vo vrska so zemjodelskiot vnos i upravuvaweto
na ezerata. Pregledot se zadr`uva na glavnite
problemi so koi {to treba da se spravima so cel
da se namalat {tetnite efekti od zemjodelieto,
vo slu~aj tie da postojat. Ponatamu, vo trudot se
odreduva odr`liv na~in na koristewe na
resursite vo postoe~kite uslovi i se objasnuva
politikata na EU kon za{titata na okolinata i
odr`uvaweto na ruralnite oblasti.
Fizi~ki karakteristiki na regionot
Spored internacinalni standardi, teritorijata na Gr~kiot del od regionot e mala
(33480 ha). Taa gi vklu~uva najgolemiot del od
Maloto Prespansko Ezero, mal del od Golemoto
Prespansko Ezero i sosednite oblasti pokrieni
so blata, blatni livadi, obrabotlivo zemji{te,
ridovi i planini. Vo regionot ima 12 sela (10
administrativni op{tini) vo koi `iveat 1200
lu|e. Glavniot izvor na vrabotuvawe i prihod vo
regionot e zemjodelieto, a vo posledno vreme i
agroturizmot.
Agricultural externalities and policy for sustainable agriculture
in the Greek part of Prespa
Sophia PAPOUTSI-PSYCHOUDAKI1 & Asimakis PSYCHOUDAKIS2
1
Department of Hydraulics, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, School of Agriculture, AUTH,
Thessaloniki 54006, e-mail: papoutsi@agro.auth.gr
2
Department of Agricultural Economics,School of Agriculture, AUTH, Thessaloniki 54006,
tel: +3031-998716, +3031-998826, e-mail: psychoud@agro.auth.gr
Abstract
This survey paper describes the physical characteristics of the Greek part of Prespa area and the main externalities of agriculture,
which cause the negative effects on the environment. These externalities have been seen as the main threats to the ecosystem, while
the sought improvement of economic conditions in this poor area is based mainly on agriculture. Given the existing condition, in the
area, the sustainable use of agricultural resources is specified and the European policy addressing the protection of the environment
and maintenance of the countryside is described.
Introduction
The Lakes Megali and Mikri Prespa are situated midwest
of Balcan peninsula and belong to three neighbour
countries, Albania, FYROM and Greece. There is an
increasing interest concerning the conservation of the
valuable ecosystem of Prespa area, because of its high
ecological importance, due to its flora and fauna,
including endangered bird species. The ecosystem
includes sparsely populated areas where the practised
economic activities may have adverse effects (negative
externalities) on the environment. These externalities
have been seen as the main threats to wildlife and to the
ecosystem. It is recognised that the co-operation of the
countries involved in the area is necessary to deal with
the externalities of existing economic activities round the
lakes.
In the Greek part of the area changes in farming practices,
due mainly to an irrigation project, has become of great
interest for their environmental consequences. These
include, wetland losses on the eastern shores of Lake
Mikri Prespa, the shift in farming from uplands to the
irrigated low lands next to the lakes, the reduction of
natural vegetation affecting bird habitats and the
increased use of agrochemical. However, since the region
is one of the poorest in Greece, these changes contributed
to the improvement of economic conditions, which
reduced emigration from this sensitive area.
This paper, is a limited survey of the available studies
concerning the Greek part of the Prespa area. First it
describes the area and its physical characteristics.
Secondly, it surveys the existing information concerning
the use of agricultural inputs and the management of the
lakes. The survey focuses on the main problems that we
have to deal with, in order to reduce the adverse effects of
agriculture, if such effects exist. In addition, the paper
specifies the sustainable use of resources under the
existing condition and it describes the introduced
European Union policy addressing the protection of the
environment and maintenance of the countryside.
Physical characteristics of the Region
The Greek territory of the region, by international
standards, is small only 33,480 ha. It includes most of
Lake Mikri Prespa, a considerable small part of Lake
Megali Prespa and the contiguous lands of marches, wet
meadows, agricultural land, habitation land, highlands
and mountains. There are twelve villages (ten
administrative communes) in the region inhabited by
1200 people. Agriculture has been the main source of
employment and income in the region complemented
recently by agrotourism.
Lake Mikri Prespa covers an area of 47.4 km2, it is
13 km long with a maximum width of 6 km, and it has a
maximum depth of 8.4 m and contains a number of
islands. Its hydrological basin covers an area of 189 km2,
of which 138 km2, are in Greece, and 51 km2 are in
Albania. Lake Megali Prespa extends to 253.6 km2 and it
is 26 km long, 20 km wide and up to 55 m deep. Its
hydrological basin is 2029.1 km2, of which 1795.5 km2
belong to FYROM, 162 km2 to Albania, and 71.6 km2 to
Greece. It is supposed that Lakes Mikri and Megali
Prespa was once one lake. It seems that sediments carried
out into the lake by the local torrents were deposited on
the lake, forming a sort of «earth dam», which cut off a
part of the lake. This «dam» developed to the existing
isthmus called Koula-Vromolimni.
Maloto Prespansko Ezero zafa}a povr{ina od 47.4 km2, dolgo e 13km so najgolema
{irina od 6 km, a najgolemata dlabo~ina e 8.4m i
sodr`i odreden broj na ostrovi. Negoviot
hidrolo{ki basen ima povr{ina od 189km2, od
koi 138 km2 pripa|aat na Grcija, a 51km2 se vo
Albanija. Golemoto Prespansko ezero ima
povr{ina od 253.6km2, dolgo e 26km i {iroko
20km, a najgolemata dlabo~ina iznesuva 55m.
Negoviot hidrolo{ki basen ima povr{ina od
2029.1 km2, od koi 1795.5 km se na teritorijata na
Makedonija, 162 km2 se vo Albanija, i 71.6 km2 se
vo Grcija. Se pretpostavuva deka nekoga{
Maloto i Golemoto Prespansko Ezero pretstavuvale edna vodena celina. Izgleda deka lokalnite
potoci nosele golemi koli~Ini na sedimenti
koi se natrupuvale vo ezeroto i na nekoj na~in
sozdale “zemna brana” koja se razvila vo
postoe~kiot prevalec nare~en Koula-Vromolimni.
Ezerata le`at na nadmorska viso~ina od
okolu 853 metri, dodeka najvisokiot vrv na Gr~ka
strana e visok 2156 metri, a promenata vo
viso~inata iznesuva 1300m, na rastojanie pomalo
od 7 km. Prose~noto nivo na Maloto Prespansko
Ezero e na nadmorska viso~ina od 853m.
Najniskoto nivo iznesuvalo 852.4m vo 1990, a
najvisokoto 855.7m vo 1963. Prose~noto nivo na
Golemoto Prespansko Ezero e na nadmorska
viso~ina od 853.1m. Najniskoto nivo bilo 851.2m
vo 1991, a najvisokoto bilo 855.7 vo 1963 (detalno
vo G. H. Hollis i A. C. Stevenson, 1997). Ezerata go
dostignuvaat maksimalnoto nivo vo maj i juni, a
najniskoto kon krajot na esenta. Godi{nite
oscilacii se razlikuvaat od godina do godina i
zavisat od vla`nite ili suvite periodi. Maloto
Prespansko Ezero se preliva vo Golemoto
Prespansko Ezero, dodeka Golemoto Ezero nema
povr{inski prelivawa. Mnogu e verojatno deka
ima podzemno karstno protekuvawe od Golemoto
Prespansko Ezero kon Ohridskoto Ezero, koe e
180 metri ponisko od Prespanskite. Spored
geomorfolo{kite karakteristiki mo`e da se
pretpostavi deka Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko
Ezero povr{inski se prelivale, preku rekata
Devoli, vo Jadranskoto More. Nivoto na vodata
na dvete ezera se meri sekoj den kaj Koula vo
Grcija od oktomvri 1953. Od 1953 do 193 nivoto na
vodata na MalotoEzero be{e povisoko od nivoto
na Golemoto Ezero, i dvete ezera imaa sli~en
godi{en ciklus so relativno mali razliki. Od
1963 do 1978 nivoto i na dvete ezera postepeno
opa|a{e, i postoeja mnogu mali razliki pome|u
nivnite nivoa. Postoeja i periodi koga nivoto na
Golemoto Ezero be{e povisoko od nivoto na
MalotoEzero. Od 1978 do 1988 godi{nite
oscilirawa na Maloto Prespansko Ezero
zna~ajno se zgolemija, no pove}e ili pomalku bea
okolu nekoe sredno nivo vo ovie 10 godini.
Nivoto na vodata be{e povisoko od ona na
Golemoto Ezero. Vo ovoj period, Golemoto ezero
prestana da gi sledi promenite na Maloto ezero,
kako {to toa be{e vo prethodnite deset godini,
za da go dostigne svojoeto najnisko nivo vo 1991
godina. Od 1991 godina, od tehni~ki pri~ini,
prestanaa merewata. Vo periodot 1990-1995
zabele`an e pad vo nivoto na ezeroto od 5 m
(Hollis & Stevensen, 1997), za da prodol`i da opa|a
vo ponatamo{niot period so interval od 10
cm/mese~no. Ponatamo{ni informacii za polo`bata na ezerskoto nivo kaj dvete ezera, nema.
Izgleda deka nivoto na ezeroto e vlijaeno, pokraj
su{nite ili vla`ni periodi, i od ~ovekovoto
vlijanie. Toa mo`e da gi objasni oscilaciite vo
nivoto na Maloto ezero, no {to se odnesuva do
Golemoto ezero, ne se poznati akcii od strana na
Makedonija i Albanija vo vrska so navodnuvawe
so ezerskata voda. Mo`ebi zemjinite potresi
predizvikale otvorawe na nekoi karstni premini naso~uvaj}i ja vodata vo Ohridskoto ezero.
Od gr~kata strana na ezerata postojat {est
potoka. Pet se vlevaat vo Maloto ezero, dodeka
{estiot delumno se vleva vo Golemoto ezero, a
delumno vo Maloto. Vo 1936 potokot Agios
Germanos be{e prenaso~en od Maloto kon
Golemoto ezero (Pano, 1984). Vo gr~kiot del,
Maloto ezero e povrzano so Golemoto preku
kanal, koj e 50 m dolg i 2 do 10 m {irok. Na
albanska teritorija, postoi kanal {to gi
povrzuva Maloto ezero so rekata Devoli.
Kanalot e {irok od 30 do 50 m. Vo 1969 god.
napravena e brana na kanalot, za da se
kontrolira protokot na vodata, za navodnuvawe
na Divjaka, Lu{we i Berat vo letnata sezona,
odnosno za odlevawe na vodata vo ezeroto, vo
zimskata i proletna sezona.
Po~nuvaj}i od 1936 godina, na Maloto ezero se
izvr{eni pove}e razli~ni ~ove~ki intervencii:
1936: Grcite go prenaso~uvaat potokot Agios
Germanos od Maloto kon
Golemoto ezero.
1953: Albancite ja povrzuvaat rekata Devoli so
Maloto ezero
1962-1982: Proekt za navodnuvawe e izgraden na
Gr~ka teritorija
1969: Albancite gradat brana na kanalot za da ja
naso~uvaat vodata za polivawe vo leto i
nazad kon ezeroto vo zima.
1969: Grcite go pokrivaat so beton postoe~kiot
kanal i gradat soobra}aen most preku
nego. Podocna kontrolen otvor e vgraden
na vlezot na kanalot vo Maloto ezero, za
kontrola na nivoto.
The lakes are about 853 m above sea level (ASL) and the
highest mountain peak, in the Greek area is
approximately 2156 m ASL with an elevation change of
1300 m, within an extent of 7 km. The average lake level
of Mikri Prespa is 853.0 m ASL with a lower in 1990,
852.4 m and a highest in 1963, 855.7 m. The average lake
level of Megali Prespa is 853.1 m ASL, with a lower
level in 1991, 851.2 m and a highest in 1963, 855.7 m
(details in G.H. Hollis and A.C. Stevenson, 1997). Peak
water level of the lakes is observed during May and June
and low water level during autumn. The annual
fluctuations differ from year to year according to wet or
dry periods. Mikri Prespa, overflows to Megali Prespa,
while Megali Prespa has no surface out flow. It is very
likely that there is underground karstic outflow from
Megali Prespa to Lake Ohrid, which is 180 m. lower than
Lakes Prespa. The geomorphology of the area suggests
the ancient surface outflow from Megali and Mikri
Prespa through the River Davoli into Adriatic Sea.
The water level of Mikri and Megali Prespa has been
measured daily at Koula in Greece since October 1953.
From 1953 to 1963 the water level of Mikri Prespa was
higher than that of Megali Prespa and both lakes followed
a strong annual cycle within a relatively narrow range and
at a relatively low level. From 1963 to 1978 both lakes
declined in level steadily, with very small differences
between the water level of the two lakes. There were
periods that the level of Megali Prespa was higher than
that of Mikri Prespa’s. From 1978 to 1988 the annual
oscillation of the level of Mikri Prespa was bigger than it
was before and more or less in a steady mean level over
these 10 year. The water level of the lake was higher than
the level of Megali Prespa. At this period the water level
of Megali Prespa ceased to follow the changes in the
water level of Mikri Prespa as it was more or less in the
previous decades and it became more so when the water
level of Megali Prespa had a fairly rapid fall in 1991
when ended the record of measurements for technical
reasons. It is reported (Hollis and Stevenson, 1997) that
the water level of Megali Prespa has fallen 5 m since
1990 and in 1995 it continued falling by 10 cm/month.
Since then there has been information of further falling.
As far as the authors could know, there is no further
information about the stage of the water level of both
lakes.
It seems that the water level of the lakes was affected,
apart from the wet or dry weather periods, by human
interference. As far as Mikri Prespa is concerned, the
human interference from Greeks and Albanians can be
explained but what caused the rapid fall of the water level
of Megali Prespa from 1988 to 1995 and on, is not
known. It is not known if there are any irrigation
practices and hydrogeological conditions in the Republic
of Macedonia and Albania, concerning Megali Prespa.
Probably earth tremors or geological realignments have
caused an underground opening through the karstic
petroma to the Lake Ohrid.
In the Greek part of Prespa there are 6 torrents. Five of
them are discharged to Lake Mikri Prespa and the sixth
one mainly discharges to lake Megali Prespa and only a
small part of it goes to Lake Mikri Prespa. In 1936 torrent
Agios Germanos was diverted from Mikri to Megali
Prespa (Pano 1984). There is a channel 50 m. long and 2
to 10 m. wide, which connects Mikri to Megali Prespa in
the Greek part. In Albanian territory there is a canal that
leads from Mikri Prespa to river Davoll. The canal is 30
to 80 m. wide. A dam has been constructed across it in
1969 to regulate the water flow from irrigation purposes
to Diviaka, Lushnje and Berat during summer and back to
Mikri Prespa during winter and spring.
Since 1936 Lake Mikri Prespa has been affected seriously
by human action. As it has been said previously, the
following actions have taken place:
1936: Greeks diverted Agios Germanos Stream from
Mikri Prespa to Megali Prespa.
1953: Albanians linked Mikri Prespa with the River
Devoll by a canal
1962 on to 1982: An irrigation project was constructed in
Greek territory.
1969: Albanians built a dam with sluice gates on the
canal so that water from the lake was used for irrigation
purposes during summer and was diverted into the lake,
during winter and spring.
1969: Greeks covered with concrete the connecting Mikri
and Megali Prespa channel and built across it a road
bridge. Later a sluice gate was placed at Mikri Prespa end
of the channel to control the water level of the lake.
1974: The marches, the wet meadows and the Lakes
Mikri and Megali Prespa that belong to Greece were
declared National Park by the Greek Government.
1984-1986: Development works (maintenance of the
channels) in the Greek region.
There is no available information from the other two
countries concerning human interventions on Prespa
region.
The climate of the area is a Mediterranean type in
summer, hot and dry (July 23.60C) and a Mid-European
type in winter, increased cloudiness, low temperatures
(January 0.80 C), high rainfall and snowfall. By
bioclimatic classification the area is typical of a humid
Mediterranean type. (Emberger, 1963). Although the
mean air temperature remains above freezing throughout
the year, Lake Mikri Prespa is frequently frozen.
Precipitation varies from 750 mm/an in the lowlands to
probably well over 1200 mm/an in the mountains. Annual
evaporation from the lakes is estimated to be of the order
of 980 mm (Hallis and Stevenson 1997).
1974:
Gr~kata vlada gi proglasi blatata,
vla`nite livadi i Golemoto i Malo
prespansko ezero za nacionalen park.
1984-1986: Vo gr~kiot del se pro{iruva kanalot
i se poprava.
Nema
informacii
za
drugite
~ovekovi
aktivnosti, {to se odvivale vo drugite
dve zemji.
Klimata vo regionot e od mediteranski tip
za vreme na letoto, topla i suva (23.6 oC vo Juli),
a vo zima od sredno-evropski tip, zgolemena
obla~nost, niski temperaturi (0.8 oC vo Januari),
golemi do`dovi i sneg. Spored bioklimati~kata
podelba, oblasta spa|a vo tipi~no vla`en
mediteranski tip (Emberger 1963). I pokraj toa
{to srednata temperatura e nad nulata preku
celata godina, Maloto Prespansko Ezero e mnogu
~esto zamrznato. Vodniot talog varira od
750mm/god. vo nizinata do nad 1200 mm/god. vo
planinite. Procenetoto godi{no isparuvawe na
ezeroto e okolu 980 mm (Hallis & Stevenson 1997).
Postojat
i
golemi
razliki
vo
topografijata vo Gr~kiot del na oblasta, kade
{to nagibot na padinite e 0-10 % vo aluvijalnata
ramnina do pove}e od 35 % vo okolnite ridovi.
Zatoa po~vite vo Prespa se pod vlijanie na
topografijata vo pogled na prirodnoto
istekuvawe, pokrivkata na ramninata i
po~venata erozija. Vidlivo e deka postoi golemo
prirodno isu{uvawe na po~vata na srtovite od
ridovite i na povisokite mesta, a istata e mnogu
mala vo nizinata. Nivoto na podzemnata voda
varira so godi{noto vreme, no obi~no e mnogu
visoko vo nizinata vo centralnata ramnica na
Prespanskiot region. Ovie delovi se isu{uvaat
preku drena`niot sistem. Po~venata erozija e
va`en faktor vo povisokite mesta, a osobeno e
vidliva vo obrabotuvanite padini. Se razbira
deka potoa erodiranata po~va se nanesuva vo
poniskite mesta.
Upotreba na zemji{teto vo prespanskata
oblast
Gr~kata teritorija vo Prespanskata
oblast e 33480 ha (N.S.S.G. 1995), od koi 25690 ha e
Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park. Prespanskot
Nacionalen Park vklu~uva golem del od Maloto
Prespansko Ezero, del od Golemoto Prespansko
ezero i golemi povr{ini od bliskoto zemji{te.
Jadroto na parkot (4900 ha) se sostoi od Maloto
Prespansko Ezero so negovoto blato i mala
populacija na Juniperus spp. na zapadniot breg
(Karteris & Pyrovetsi 1986). [to se odnesuva do
navodnuvaweto, poslednite podatoci (1993)
poka`uvaat deka okolu 1100 ha se navodnuvani
(Catsadorakis & Malakou, 1997), od koi 10% se
nao|aat vo jadroto na parkot. Blagodarenie na
izgradbata na irigacioniot sistem, zemjodelieto
se preseli vo poniskite delovi koi se pobliski
do ezeroto. Glavniot nasad na navodnuvanite
poliwa e gravot. [tetnite efekti od
zemjodelieto okolu ezeroto, vo jadroto na parkot,
gi vklu~uvaat upotrebata na agrohemikalii, ~ii
ostatoci
se
ispu{taat
vo
ezeroto,
i
namaluvaweto na prirodnata vegetacija koja {to
ima vlijanie vrz `iveali{tata na pticite.
Agrohemikaliite i kvalitetot na vodata
Upotrebata na hemikalii vo obrabotuvanite oblasti okolu ezerata mo`e da dovede do
nivno zagaduvawe ako agrohemiskite ostatoci
zavr{at vo ezeroto. Sepak, postoe~kata evidencija za zagaduvaweto na ezerata ne e dovolna.
Spored Pyrovetsi et al. (1984), Pyrovetsi & Gerakis
(1987), Koussuris et al (1989) Maloto Prespansko
Ezero se eutrofizira{e so ispiraweto na
ostatocite od |ubrivata i netretiranata zemja
koja vleguva vo ezeroto. No, spored Stevenson &
Flower (1991), Trylon et al (1994) ezeroto ne e
eutrofizirano i kvalitetot na vodata vo nego ne
se ima mnogu promeneto vo ovoj vek. \ubrivata, so
isklu~ok na nitratite, ne se preupotrebuvani
tuku lo{o upoterbuvani, isto kako i
pesticidite. Vo isto vreme vodata za
navodnuvawe be{e rasipni~ki tro{ena, spored
Gerakis & Tsiouris (1992). Dostapnite podatoci
{to se odnesuvaat na |ubrivata vo Prespa vo
periodot 1980-1995 poka`uvaat deka vkupnite
koli~ini se namaluvaat od 1986. (Catsadorakis &
Malakou, 1997). Sepak, i pokraj toa {to
vlijanieto od upotrebata na agrohemikalii vo
zemjodelieto ne e to~no utvrdeno, mora da se
zabele`i deka toa pretstavuva zakana za
za~uvuvaweto na blatata. Ova e pri~inata zaradi
koja mora da se razmisluva za namaluvawe na
|ubrivata i za pottiknuvawe na proizvodite koi
gi za{tituvaat rastenijata.
Upotrebata na voda
Fizibiliti studijata na proektot za
navodnuvawe pretpostavuva{e navodnuvawe na
1816 Ha za koi }e bidat potrebni 4500 m3/ha i
be{e oceneto deka ovie aktivnosti }e go namalat
nivoto na vodata vo leto za 50mm (Broikos, 1962).
So zagubata od isparuvawe od 650mm, se
o~ekuva{e vkupnoto namaluvawe na nivoto na
vodata da bide 700 mm.
There is a large variation in topography, in the Greek part
of the area, with slopes ranging from 0-10 per cent in the
alluvial plain to more than 35 per cent in the surrounding
hills. Therefore, the soils of Prespa area are affected from
this variation in topography as far as natural drainage,
plane cover and soil erosion are concerned. It is clear that
natural soil drainage is well on the beach ridges and the
upper parts of the alluvial fans and very poor in the low
land. Normally the groundwater level fluctuates
according to season, but usually it is very high in the
lowlands in the central plains of the Prespa region. These
parts are drained through a drainage network. Soil erosion
becomes very important on high lands, as it is expected
and it has been more severe in cultivated sloping
agriculture land. Of course all this eroded soil is
deposited at lowland places.
Land use of Prespa area
The Greek territory of the Prespa area is 33,480
ha, (N.S.S.G. 1995), of which 25,690 ha is the Prespa
National Park. The Prespa National Park includes most of
Lake Mikri Prespa, part of Lake Megali Prespa and much
adjacent land. The nucleus of the Park (4,900 ha)
consists of the Lake Mikri Prespa part with its wetland
and a small stand of juniperus spp. on the western shore
(Karteris and Pyrovechi, 1986). As far as the irrigation is
concerned, the most recent data, (1993), show that about
1100 ha are irrigated, (Catsadorakis and Malakou 1997),
of which about 10% located in the nucleus of the park.
There has been a shift in farming, due to the constructed
irrigation network, from uplands to the low lands next to
the lakes. The main crop on irrigated land is beans. The
adverse effects of farming round the lake, in the nucleus
of the park, include the use of agrochemicals, the residue
of which are discharged into the lake, and the reduction
of natural vegetation affecting bird habitats.
Agrochemical and water quality
The use of agrochemicals in the farmed areas
round the lakes may pollute the lakes if agrochemical
residues are carried out into lakes. However, the existing
evidence concerning the pollution of lakes is
inconclusive. According to Pyrovetsi et al. (1984),
Pyrovetsi & Gerakis (1987), Koussouris et al. (1989)
Mikri Prespa has become eutrophic by run off of residue
of agriculture fertiliser and untreated row savage entering
the lake. But, according to Stevenson and Flower (1991),
Trylon et al. (1994) the lake is not eutrophic and its water
quality has changed little during this century. Fertilisers,
except nitrates have not been overused but often misused,
and pesticides have also been misused and not properly
applied while irrigation water was wasted according to
Gerakis and Tsiouris (1992). Available data concerning
the use of fertilisers in Prespa during the 1980 to 1995
period have shown that the overall quantities used had
been decreasing since 1986 (Catsadorabis and Malakou
1997). However, although the impact of agrochemical use
on the lake is in doubt, it is a threat to the preservation of
the wetland and thus the reduction in the use of fertilisers
and plant - protection products should be encouraged.
The use of water
The feasibility study of the irrigation project made
provision for irrigating 1816 ha, requiring 4,500 m3 meter
per ha and it was assessed that pumping this water out of
Mikri Prespa would lower the lakes level by 50 mm in
summer (Broikos, 1962). With evaporative loss of 650
mm, a total fall in water level of 700 mm was expected.
Bonazoundas (1988) assessed that more water has been
pumped taking into account the working hours per day of
the pumping station, during the irrigation period of 1987.
Supposing that all 4 pumps were working at the higher
rate simultaneously, he estimated that the volume of
pumped water was two times higher than the volume of
water estimated by Broikos. He provided evidence that
the pump station was running for 24 hours per day while
the surplus water was drained directly into the Lake.
Hollis et all in 1989 used the same data to simulate the
effects of water use at Mikri Prespa. They estimated that
the fall of the water level for the period 1978-1984,
would have been only a few centimetres during summer.
It seems that the volume of water, used for irrigation, has
a negligible effect upon the water level of Mikri Prespa
(Hollis and Stevenson, 1997).
The management of water level of Mikri Prespa
The water level of Mikri Prespa determines the
cultivated area in the lowlands adjacent to the lakes and
at the same time the available area for the breeding of the
water birds and for spawning of the fish. A relatively low
water level is required in spring so that the agriculture
land can be drained well at the soil region of 0-30 cm
from the earth surface, for sowing spring crops, while
from 15 of May to 15 of September a moderate water
level is required for irrigation. On the other hand, high
and stable water level in the lake increases the non-arable
land and natural vegetation, favouring the expansion of
wild life. It is a conventional externality where the
expansion of a production activity has negative effects on
the environment, creating conflicts between the farmers
and the ecologists.
A compromise management of the lake’s water
level, involving Greek and Albanian authorities, given the
existing conditions, should be applied. According to
Hollis et al. (1989) the water level of Mikri Prespa should
be:
- Not lower than 852,8 m A.S.L., i.e. not lower than the
sill of the Koula culvert for continuous outflow.
Bonazoundas (1988) proceni deka se ispumpuva
pove}e voda ako se zemat vo predvid rabotnite
saati na pumpnite stanici za vreme na
navodnuvaweto vo 1987. Ako se pretpostavi deka
site 4 pumpi rabotat istovremeno, toj zproceni
deka koli~inata na ispumpana voda e dvapati
pogolema od onaa {to ja o~ekuval Broikos. Toj
obezbedi dokazi deka pumnata stanica rabotela
24 ~asa na den, dodeka vi{okot na voda direktno
se slival vo ezeroto. Hollis et al (1989) gi koristi
istite podatoci za da go prika`e efektot od
upotrebata na vodata na Maloto Prespansko
Ezero. Tie procenuvaat deka padot na nivoto na
vodata vo periodot 1978-1984 bi bil samo nekolku
santimetri vo leto. Se ~ini deka koli~inata na
voda koja se koristi za navodnuvawe ima
zanemarliv efekt vrz nivoto na vodata vo
Maloto Prespansko Ezero (Hollis & Stevenson,
1997).
Upravuvawe so nivoto na vodata vo Maloto
Prespansko Ezero
Vodnoto nivo na ezrskata voda ja odreduva
sostojbata na obrabotuvanata oblast vo blizina
na ezeroto, a istovremeno i sostojbata na
raspolo`ivata oblast kade {to se razmno`uvaat
vodnite ptici i ribite. Vo prolet e potrebno
relativno nisko nivo na vodata za da mo`e da se
isu{i gorniot sloj (do 30 sm) na obrabotlivite
povr{ini za da se ovozmo`i sadeweto na
kulturite, dodeka od 15 maj do 15 septemvri
potrebno e sredno nivo na vodata zaradi navodnuvaweto. Od druga strana, visoko i stabilno nivo
na
vodata
vo
ezeroto
go
zgolemuva
neobrabotlivoto zemji{te i prirodnata vegetacija sozdavaj}i povolni uslovi za razvoj na diviot svet. Ova e konvencionalen primer za
nadvore{no vlijanie, kade {to pro{iruvaweto
na proizvodstvoto ima negativni posledici po
okolinata, i sozdava konflikti pome|u farmerite i ekolozite.
Treba da se primeni kompromisno upravuvawe so nivoto na vodata, koe bi gi vklu~ilo
Gr~kite i Albanskite vlasti. Spored Hollis et al
(1989) vodnoto nivo na Maloto Prespansko Ezero
treba da: ne e ponisko od 852.8 m.n.v, odnosno da
ne e ponisko od pragot na kanalot kaj Koula za da
se ovozmo`i nepre~en protok;maksimalnoto nivo
iznesuva 854.6m; maksimalno nivo od 855m za da se
izbegnat poplavi na poliwata; mali oscilacii
vo vodnoto nivo (16m) vo Maj-Juni.
Vodnoto nivo mo`e da se kontrolira so pomo{ na
vrata postavena koja bi bila postavena vo
kanalot koj gi povrzuva dvete ezera.
Be{e tvrdeno deka predlo`enite osci-
lacii se prirodnite oscilacii vo bliskoto minato (1976-86). Hollis & Stevenson (1997) gi iscrtaa
oscilaciite na nivoto na vodata vo Maloto
Prespansko Ezero za periodot 1954-1992. Vo
periodot 1954-62, koga se navodnuvaa samo 190ha
zemja, nivoto na vodata oscilira{e od 853.3m
nadmorska viso~ina do 854.4 metri nadmorska
viso~ina i be{e pribli`no na prirodnite
oscilacii vo vremeto koga ~ovekovite aktivnosti ne go voznemiruvale diviot svet. Sepak, vo
periodot 1978-1986 ima{e promeni vo oscilaciite na nivoto na vodata koi se dol`ea na
promenite na klimata, so mnogu povisoki
maksimalni nivoa i re~isi istite minimalni
nivoa. Se ~ini deka oscilaciite vo periodot
1954-62 bea povolni za gnezdeweto na pticite i
ribite i zatoa pretstavuva kompromisno upravuvawe so nivoto na vodata vo ezeroto.
Odr`livost na zemjodelieto
Odr`livosta
na
zemjodelieto
ja
pretstavuva upotrebata na zemjodelskite resursi
so minimalna cena po prirodata. Sepak, bidej}i
zemjodelskite resursi se vgradeni vo prirodata,
ne postoi zemjodelsla aktivnost koja nema
vlijanie vrz okolinata. Okolinata ima nekoja
odredena granica do koj mo`e da gi tolerira
nadvore{nite i vnatre{nite vlijanija. Zatoa
iskoristuvaweto na zemjodelskite resursi e
odr`livo ako negovite {tetni efekti ne gi
nadminuvaat tie granici. Vsu{nost, odr`livoto
koristewe na zemjodelskite resursi na go
spre~uva razvojot koj e potreben za podobruvaweto na sostojbata na mesnoto naselenie.
Razvojjot vo Gr~kiot del od Prespa zapo~na
so proektot za navodnuvawe koj ima{e {tetno
vlijanie vrz ekosistemot. Zgolemuvaweto na
navodnuvano zemji{te gi zgolemi prihodite od
zemjodelieto, i sozdade pritisok za navodnuvawe
vo
sli~ni
osetlivi
ekolo{ki
oblasti.
Obrabotkata na zemjata vo blizina na ezeroto
ima negativni efekti vrz za~uvuvaweto na
vrednostite na mesniot ekossitem. Vo soglasnost
so
za{titata
na
prirodata
bi
bilo
pottiknuvaweto na farmerite vo svoite
praktiki da gi vklu~at i ekolo{kite celi.
Zemjodelcite bi mo`ele da gi vklu~at takvite
celi vo nivnoto upravuvawe pod uslov
proizlezenite {teti da bidat kompenzirani.
Vsu{nost, CAP vklu~uva merki koi obezbeduvaat
takov vid na kompenzacija za da se pottikne
zemjodelsko proizvodstvo koe bi bilo vo
soglasnost so za{titata na prirodata.
- A high maximum water level of over 854,6 m.
- A maximum level of 855 m to avoid flooding fields.
- Small variability in water level (16 m) in May-June.
The water level can be controlled by the use of the sluice
gate placed at the canal connecting the two lakes.
It was claimed that the recommended fluctuation
had been the natural fluctuations in the recent past (197686). Hollis and Stevenson in 1997 drew up the
fluctuations of the water level of Mikri Prespa from 1954
to 1992 period. During the 1954-62 period, when only
190 ha of land were irrigated, the water level had been
fluctuating from 853.3 m A.S.L. (minimum) to 854.4 m
A.S.L. (maximum), approaching natural fluctuations
since human interference had not disturbed the wild life.
However, during the 1978-1986 period there has been a
change in the pattern of water level fluctuations, due to
climatic changes, with much higher maximum level and
almost the same lower water levels. It seems that the
pattern of 1954-62 fluctuation was sufficient for birdnesting and fish prawing and thus it represents a
compromise management of the water level of the lake.
7. Agricultural sustainability
Agricultural sustainability means the use of agricultural
resources at zero cost of the environment. However, since
agricultural resources are an inherent part of the
environment, there is no agricultural activity, which
leaves unaffected the environment. Nevertheless, the
environment has the capacity to deal with such external
or internal effects up to a limit. Therefore the use of
agricultural resources is sustainable if its adverse
environmental effects do not exceed such limits. In fact,
the sustainable use of agricultural resources does not
prevent the development required for the improvement of
the welfare of the local people.
In the Greek part of the Prespa area development was
promoted by the irrigation project, which adversely
affected the ecosystem. Nevertheless, the increase of
irrigated land raised farm income, although less than
expected, but sufficient to create pressures for irrigation
in similar sensitive ecological areas. The use of irrigated
land adjacent to Mikri Prespa is a cause of concern in
relation with the conservation of the values of the local
ecosystem. A compatible with the protection of the
environment use of irrigated land can be promoted by
encouraging farmers to include environmental objectives
in their management practices. Farmers may include
such objectives in their management if income losses due
to implied extensification of farming were compensated.
In fact, the CAP includes measures that provide such
compensations to encourage agricultural production
compatible with the protection of the environment.
In practice agricultural sustainability in the Prespa area,
round the lake Mikri Prespa, means:
The control of human interventions, including
construction works, to prevent the change of the
landscape.
A stable fluctuations pattern of the level of Mikri
Prespa. It is a risk aversion provision for farmers.
The rational use of agrochemical and water.
The introduction of particular farming practices such
as organic or integrated farming.
8. Policy for sustainable use of agricultural
resources
The protection of Prespa’s sensitive ecosystem is
associated with the welfare of the local community, since
only the prosperity will improve environmental attitudes.
It is obvious that the cost of protection should not be
borne by the farmers but it should be transferred to
society by means of appropriate policy measures. The
European Union has introduced such measures
responding to the criticism, concerning the CAP, for not
taking sufficient account of the environmental
consequences. The main agri-environmental measure is
regulation 2078/1992 (E.E.C. 1992) encouraging
agricultural production compatible with the protection of
the environment and maintenance of the countryside.
Regulation 2078/1992(article 2) provides aid for
farmers who undertake:
To reduce substantially their use of fertilisers and/or
plant protection products, to keep the reductions
already made, or to introduce or continue with
organic farming methods.
To change, by means other than those referred to in
(a), to more extensive forms of crop, including
forage, production, or to maintain extensive
production methods introduced in the past, or to
convert arable land into extensive grassland.
To reduce the proportion of sheep and cattle per
forage area.
To use other farming practices compatible with the
requirements of protection of the environment and
natural resources, as well as maintenance of the
countryside and the landscape, or to rear animals of
local breeds in danger of extinction.
to ensure the upkeep of abandoned farmland or
woodlands
To set aside farmland for at least 20 years with a
view to its use for purposes connected with the
environment, in particular for the establishment of
biotope reserves or natural parks or for the protection
of hydrological systems.
To manage land for public access and leisure
activities.
Vo praksa, odr`livosta na zemjodelieto vo
Prespa, okolu Maloto ezero zna~i:
- Kontrola vrz ~ove~kite intervencii, vklu~uvaj}i go i gradeweto, za da se spre~i promena na
okolinata
- Stabilni oscilirawa na nivoto na Maloto
Prespansko Ezero
- Racionalna upotreba na agrohemikalii i voda
- Zapo~nuvawe so konkretni zemjodelski praktiki kako {to se organskoto ili integriranoto
zemjodelie.
Politika za odr`livo koristewe na
zemjodelskite resursi
Za{titata na osetliviot Prespanski
region e povrzana so blagosostojbata na mesnoto
naselenie, bidej}i samo napredokot }e gi
podobri ekolo{kite stavovi. O~igledno e deka
cenata za za{titata ne treba da ja pla}aat
zemjodelcite tuku taa treba da se prefrli na
op{testvoto so soodvetni politi~ki re{enija.
Po soo~uvaweto so kritiki za CAP, odnosno za
nevodeweto smetka za ekolo{kite posledici EU
podgotvi takvi merki. Glavnata agro-ekolo{ka
merka e Regulativot 2078/1992 (E.E.C. 1992) koj
pottiknuva
zemjodelsko
proizvodsto
vo
soglasnost so za{titata na okolinata i
odr`uvaweto na ruralnite oblasti.
Regulativot 2078/1992 (~len 2) predviduva
pomo{ za zemjodelcite koi }e prevzemat:
- zna~ajno namaluvawe na nivnoto koristewe
na |ubriva i/ili proizvodi za za{tita na
rastenijata, da gi odr`at ve}e storenite
namaluvawa, ili da zapo~nat ili prodol`at
so organsko zemjodelie
- da se preorientiraat kon, razli~ni od
navedenite pod a), opekstenzivni formi na
nasdi, vklu~uvaj}i go sobiraweto, proizvodstvoto, ili da gi odr`at ekstenzivnite
metodi zapo~nata vo minatoto, ili da go
pretvorat obrabotlivoto zemji{te vo
extenzivni trevni nasadi
- da se namali odnosot na ovci i stoka po
povr{ina za hranewe
- da koristat drugi zemjodelski praktiki koi
se vo soglasnost so barawata za za{tita na
okolinata i prirodnite resursi, kako i
odr`uvawe na ruralnite oblasti i predeli,
ili da odgleduvaat `ivotni od doma{ni
sorti koi se vo opasnost od is~eznuvawe
- da obezbedat odr`uvawe na napu{tenite
farmi i {umi
- da ostavat obrabotlivo zemji{te vo period
od 20 godini za da se vospostavat rezervati za
182
biotopi ili prirodni parkovi ili za
za{tita na hidrolo{kite sistemi
- da upravuvaat zenji{te so javen pristap i
rekreativni aktivnosti
Kako dodatok, {emata mo`e da vklu~uva
merki za da se podobri obukata na zemjodelcite
vo pogled na zemjodelski ili drvarski praktiki
koi se vo soglasnost so okolinata.
Regulativot mo`e da se primeni so
iscrtuvawe na pove}egodi{ni zonski programi
koi }e gi vklu~uvaat negovite celi. Ovoj
regulativ ne e na{iroko primenet vo Grcija, i
kolku {to nie znaeme, nema takov program za
Prespanskata oblast. Sepak, ima indikacii (A.
Psychoudakis) deka predlo`enata pomo{ e
nedovolna za postignuvawe na zna~ajni pozitivni
rezultati, vo koj slu~aj dr`avite ~lenki mo`e da
vovedat dopolnitelni merki za pomo{.
Kako dodatok na ova, specifi~Nite
karakteristiki na oblasta baraat nekoi
komplementarni dogovori i kontrola vrz nekoi
aktivnosti. Tie vklu~uvaat:
Za{tita na doma{nite ptici i nivnite
`iveali{ta. Se ~ini deka samo lokalnoto
naselenie e vo mo`nost da gi za{titi.
Sorabotkata pome|u lokalnata zaednici i site
onie koi poka`uvaat interes za regionot. Se
~ini deka vo minatoto nekoi problemi vo
sorabotkata }e mo`ea da se odbegnat ako bea
dogovoreni prioritetite.
Efikasno upravuvawe so MalotoPrespansko
Ezero.
Ekolo{kite
vrednosti
na
Prespa
ovozmo`uvaat povolni uslovi za razvoj na nezemjodelski aktivnosti kako {to e agroturizmot,
kako dopolnitelen izvor na prihod i
vrabotuvawe, koj bi go koristel interesot za
ovie vrednosti. Bidej}i regionot e eden od
najsiroma{nite vo Grcija sozdavaweto na vakvi
aktivnosti }e gi zgolemi prihodite i vo isto
vreme, i ekolo{kite stavovi.
Zaklu~oci
Gr~kiot del od Prespa go vklu~uva
najgolemiot del od Maloto Prespansko Ezero,
del od Golemoto Prespansko Ezero i okolnite
oblasti. Del od ovaa teritorija, zaradi nejzinata
ekolo{ka va`nost, e proglasena za Nacionalen
Park od strana na Gr~kata vlada. Oblasta e
retko naselena, a glavnata ekonomska aktivnost e
zemjodelieto.
In addition, the scheme may include measures to improve
the training of farmers with regard to farming or forestry
practices compatible with the environment.
The implementation of the regulation can be made by
drawing multiannual zonal programmes incorporating the
objectives of the regulation. This regulation has not been
widely implemented in Greece, and as far as we know,
there is no such program for the Prespa area. However,
there are indications (A. Psychoudakis) that the proposed
aid is insufficient for achieving substantial positive
effects, in such a case member states can introduce
additional aid measures.
In addition, the specific characteristics of the area require
some complementary arrangements and the control of
certain activities. They include:
a) The protection of indigenous birds and their habitats. It
seems that only the local community can protect them.
b) the co-operation between the local community with all
those who express interest for the region. It seems that in
the past some problems of co-operation would have been
avoided, if priorities were settled.
c) the effective management of the water level of the lake
Mikri Prespa.
The intrinsic environmental values of Prespa favour the
development of non-farm activities i.e. agrotourism, as
complementary sources of income and employment
making use of the existing interest in these values. Since
the region is one of the poorest in Greece the creation of
such activities will improve incomes and at the same time
environmental attitudes.
Conclusions
The Greek territory of Prespa includes most of
Lake Mikri Prespa, considerable small part of Lake
Megali Prespa and the surrounding areas. A part of this
territory declared National Park, by the Greek
Government, because of its high ecological importance.
The area is sparsely populated while agriculture is the
main economic activity in the area.
The two lakes are about 853 m above sea level and their
water fluctuates between 851.2 m (Megali Prespa) and
852.4 m (Mikri Prespa) to 855.04 m. The volume of
water used for irrigation may has negligible effect upon
the water level of Mikri Prespa. The fluctuation of the
Lake Mikri Prespa, determining the arable land and the
area available for the wildlife round the Lake, has been a
source of conflicts between farmers and ecologists. The
pattern of water level fluctuations in 1954-62 period is
recommended and it is claimed that it approaches the
natural fluctuations.
An irrigation project constructed in the area had adverse
effects on the ecosystem but at the same time contributed
to the improvement of economic conditions in the area.
The irrigated land is about 1100 ha and the main crops
grown are beans. Although farming has become more
intensive the pollution of the lake, due to agrochemical
residue, is in doubt. Nevertheless the use of agrochemical
is a threat to the preservation of the wetland and thus the
reduction in their use should be encouraged.
The development of the region required for the
improvement of the welfare of the local people is not in
conflict with the protection of the ecosystem if
agricultural externalities do not exceed certain limits.
This is the meaning of sustainable agriculture, which is
specified given the existing conditions in the area. The
European Policy addressing the protection of the
environment and maintenance of the countryside can be
implemented in the area to protect this valuable
ecosystem.
Dvete ezera se okolu 853 m.n.v., a nivnoto
nivo oscilira od 851.2m (GolemoEzero) i 852.4m
(Malo Ezero) do 855m. Koli~inata na vodata
upotrebena za navodnuvawe mo`e da ima samo
zanemarliv efekt vrz nivoto na vodata vo
Maloto Ezero. Oscilaciite na Maloto Ezero,
koi gi odreduvaat obrabotlite povr{ini i
oblastite povolni za diviot svet okolu ezeroto,
se izvor na konflikti pome|u farmerite i
zemjodelcite. Predlo`eni se oscilaciite na
nivoto vo periodot 1954-62 i se tvrdi deka tie se
bliski do prirodnite oscilacii.
Izgradbata na sistem za navodnuvawe
ima{e {tetni efekti po ekosistemot, no vo isto
vreme pridonese i za podobruvaweto na
ekonomskite uslovi vo oblasta. Navodnuvanoto
zemji{te ima povr{ina od 1100ha, a glavnata
kultura e grav. I pokraj toa {to zemjodelieto se
184
intenzivira{e, ne e jasno odredeno negovoto
vlijanie vrz zagaduvaweto na ezeroto. Sepak
upotrebata na hemikalii e zakana po za{titata
na blatata i zatoa treba da se pottiknuva
namaluvaweto na nivnata upotreba.
Razvojot na regionot, koj e potreben za
podobruvawe na ekonomskata sostojba na mesnoto
naselenie, ne e vo konflikt so za{titata na
ekosistemot ako zemjodelskite vlijanija ne
nadminuvaat odredeni granici. Ova e i zna~eweto na odr`livoto zemjodelie, koe to~no se
odreduva vo zavisnost od uslovite vo dadenata
oblast. Evropskata politika za za{titata na
okolinata i odr`uvaweto na ruralnite oblasti
mo`e da bide primeneta vo oblasta za da se
za{titi ovoj skapocen ekosistem.
Referenci (References)
Bonazoundas, M., 1988. Environmental Impact from the
irrigation network under construction at Lake Mikri
Prespa in the Prefecture of Florina: Phase A Preliminary
Evaluation of the Impact of the Network. Mimeo.
Broikos, A., 1962. Final Study for the Development of
Areas of Prespes, Prefecture of Florina: Brief
Introductory Report. Ministry of Agriculture, 18 pp, (In
Greek). Mimeo.
Catsadorakis, G. and Malakou, 1997. Conservation and
Management Issues of Prespa
National Park.
Hydrobiologia 351, Lakes Prespa, Northwestern Greece.
Editors, Crivelli A. J., and Catsadorakis G. pp. 175-196.
Emberger, L., 1963. Cart Bioclimatique de la Region
Mediteraneene. FAO/UNESCO, Rome/Paris, 2 sheets
(1:5.000.000).
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regulation EEC No. 2078/92. On agricultural production
Methods compatible with the requirements of the
protection of the environment and the maintenance of the
countryside. Official Journal of the E.C. No. L215/85.
Gerakis, P.A. and S.E. Tsiouris, 1992. Agricultural
techniques for a better protection of wetlands. Final
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Ecology and Environmental protection. Thessaloniki,
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basic categories of land use, Pre-census data of the
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A.J. Crivelli, R. Flower, A.P. Gerakis, B. Goldsmith, N.
Rose, N. Stedman, A.C. Stevenson, D. Thomas, and Y.
Troumbis, 1989. A Management Plan for the Prespa
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pp. 108.
Hollis, G.E. and Stevenson, A.C. The physical basis of
the Lake Mikri Prespa systems: geology, climate,
hydrology and water quality. Hydrobiologia 351, Lakes
Prespa, Northwestern Greece. Editors, Crivelli A. J., and
Catsadorakis G. pp. 1-19.
Karteris, A., Michael and Pyrovetsi Myrto, 1986. “Land
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Catsadorakis G., pp. 21-33.
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Greece. Ann. Limnol. 25, pp. 17-24.
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Rps
Te
Shqiperise,
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McFarquhar, 1993. An assessment of the irrigation
project affecting the wetlands of Prespa, Greece. Greek
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Karteris, E. P. Kastro and N. Komninow, 1984.
Integrated environmental study of Prespa National Park.
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185
Odr`liv razvoj na ovo{tarstvoto vo Prespa
Bor~e RISTEVSKI1, H. POPOVSKI1, K. DAMOVSKI2 i D. GEORGIEV1
1
Zemjodelski fakultet 1000 Skopje, Republika Makedonija
2
Agencija za unapreduvawe na zemjodelstvoto, 6000 Resen, R. Makedonija
Apstrakt
Prespa e glaven proizvoden reon na jabolka vo R. Makedonija so godi{no proizvodstvo od 50 - 60.000 toni,{to e nad
80 % od vkupnoto proizvodstvo na jabolka vo dr`avava. Okolu 70 - 80 % od jabolkata se izvezuva vo sosednive zemji.
Taa e glaven prihod za egzistencija na naselenieto.
Kako pova`ni merki za odr`liv razvoj na ovo{tarstvoto vo Prespa se predlagaat merki za podigawe na novi
nasadi, pova`ni merki vo rodnite nasadi, revitalizacija na kru{ata vo Prespa.
Voved
Ovo{tarstvoto vo Prespa e vode~ka granka
vo zemjodelstvoto, koja go obezbeduva glavniot
prihod na naselenieto. Zastapeni se desettina
ovo{ni kulturi, no vode~ko e jabolkoto so nad 98
% od proizvodstvoto. Prespa e i najgolem
proizvoden centar na jabolka vo R. Makedonija,
so nad 80 % od vkupnoto proizvodstvo.
Prespa ima idealni prirodni uslovi i dolga tradicija za odgleduvawe na jabolka. Do 60tite
godini preovladuvaa ekstenzivnite nasadi so stari doma{ni i evropski sorti. Potoa se zapo~na
so podigawe na pogusti intenzivni nasadi so primena na visoka tehnologija - upotreba na golemi
koli~ini mineralni |ubriva, pesticidi i dr.
Intenzivnata hemiska za{tita dovede do
naru{uvawe na biocenozata, se pojavija "nivi"
rezistenti soevi na {tetnici i bolesti koi
te{ko se suzbivaat i so mnogu intenzivna za{tita, nad ekonomskiot prag. Golemata upotreba na
agrohemikaliite ja namaluva otpornosta na
ovo{kite, se zgolemuvaat tro{ocite, se namaluva zdravstvenata ispravnost na ovo{jeto, se vlo{uva eko-sredinata (Fedorenko 1989; Hudska
1988).
Poslednive desettina godini zapo~naa da
se primenuvaat nekoi principi od integralnoto
proizvodstvo na ovo{je (IPO) so namalena upotreba na agrohemikalii i nivna zamena so drugi
alternativni re{enija. Celta na ovoj napis e da
dademe izvesen pridones vo taa nasoka.
186
Proizvodni kapaciteti - Zemjodelskite
povr{ini vo Prespa zafa}aat 20.148 ha, od koi
obrabotlivi se 11.715 ha. Oranici i bav~i ima
7.373 ha od koi vo 1998 godina bile poseani samo
2.957 ha, ili 40 % (Tab. 1).
Ovo{tarnicite vo 1998 godina zafa}aat
2.771 ha ili 23,7 % od obrabotlivite povr{ini.
Od ovaa povr{ina mladi nasadi se 360 ha (13,2%).
Vo op{testveniot sektor sega ima samo 122 ha
(4,5 %). Vkupniot broj na ovo{ni stebla iznesuva
1.642.800 od koi jabolka se 1.611.000 ili 98,1 %.
Proizvodstvo na ovo{je - vo 1998 godina
registrirano e vkupno proizvodstvo 48.775 toni
ovo{je, od koe jabolka se 48.000 toni ili 98,4 %.
Proizvodstvoto na jabolka pred vojnata iznesuvalo samo 1.200 toni godi{no, za da vo poslednive
tri godini dostigne 50 - 60 iljadi toni, ili nad
80 % od vkupnoto proizvodstvo na jabolka vo R.
Makedonija (Tab. 2). Prespa se pojavuva skoro kako edinstveno podra~je za proizvodstvo na jabolko vo dr`avava, blagodarenie na idealnite prirodni uslovi i sovladanata tehnologija na
odgleduvawe.
Kvalitet na jabolkata vo Prespa mo`e da
se re~e zadovoluva (Tab. 3) iako ima rezervi za
podobruvawe. Kvalitetot e rezultat na pogodnite klimatski uslovi i tehnologijata na odgleduvawe i ~uvawe. Berbata se vr{i vo oktomvri noemvri koga jabolkoto i vo obi~ni magacini
odli~no dozreva i dolgo se ~uva do prolet.
Fruit production in a fuction of sustainable development of Prespa Region
Borche RISTEVSKI 1, H. POPOVSKI 1, K. DAMEVSKI2 & D. GEORGIEVSKI1
1
2
Faculty of Agriculture, 91000 Skopje, Macedonia
Agency for Improvement of Agriculture, 96000 Resen, Macedonia
Abstract
Prespa is the main region in the R. Macedonia for apple production with 50-60000 t or over 80 % of the total apple production in our
country. About 70-80 % are exported in other countries. It represents the main income of the inhabitants. In this paper measures
during the planting of new orchards, some important measures in the existing orchards and revitalisation of the pear in Prespa are
proposed.
Introduction
Fruit growing in Prespa is leading activity in agriculture,
providing the main source of income of the population.
Different types of fruit orchards could be met, but the
favourable (up to 98%) is apple growing. 80% of apple
growing in Macedonia is produced in Prespa.
Favourable natural conditions and long tradition has established apple growing as prime culture. Orchards with
old domestic and europian sorts of apples were present up
to sixties. Later, extensive apple growing was accepted,
using contemporary technolohy- the use of large quantities of mineral fertilizers, pesticides and other.
Extensive chemical protection debalanced the biocenosys, leading to the appearance of new types resistent pests
and diseases which are very difficult to suppress. Ex-
tremly extensive protection is necessary to fight them
which is beyond the economic level. Uncontroled use of
agrochemicals decreases the fruit tree resistence, increases the cost, lessen the health rightness of the fruit, worssen the ecoenvironment (Fedorenko 1989; Hudska 1988).
In the last decade, some principles of integrated production (IPO) in the fruit growing were applyed (lower use
of agrochemicals and their replacement with alternative
solutions). The study is a contribution in that direction.
Production capacity
Agricultural areas in Prespa cover 20.148 ha, 11.715 being cultivated. 7373 ha belong to the arable land and gardens, but in 1998 only 40% (2957 ha) of them were cultivated (Tab. 1).
Tab. 1 Struktura na zemjodelskite povr{ini vo Prespa vo 1998 godina
Tab. 1 Structure of the agricultural land in Prespa 1998
Kategorija na koristewe
Category for use
Zemjodelski povr{ini:
Agricultural land
Pasi{ta
Pastures
Obrabotlivi povr{ini:
Arable land
Oranici i bav~i
Plough-fields and gardens
Ovo{tarnici
Orcharcds
Lozja
Vineyards
Livadi
Meadows
ha
% od zemjodelskite
povr{ini
% of the agicultural land
% od obrabotlivite
povr{ini
% of the arable land
20.148
100
-
8.433
41,9
-
11.715
58,1
100
7.373
-
62,9
2.771
-
23,7
262
-
2,2
1.309
-
11,2
187
Tab. 2. Proizvodstvo na jabolka vo R. Makedonija
i vo Prespa, vo 1000 t
Tab. 2 Apple production in the Republic of Macedonia
and in Prespa in 1000 t.
Godina
(Year)
1930 - 39
1949 - 51
1959 - 61
1969 - 71
1971 - 75
1976 - 80
1981 - 85
1986 - 90
1991 - 95
1996
1997
1998
1999
R. Makedonija
(R. Macedonia)
4,4
11
23
57
62
73
89
83
69
65
77
62
64
Prespa
(Prespa)
1,2
3
7
18
20
24
28
29
31
34
60
48
55
%
28
26
29
31
32
33
32
35
45
52
78
77
86
Pogolemiot % na III klasa vo 1999 godina e
posledica na gradot, koj o{teti zna~itelni povr{ini jabolkovi nasadi.
Plasman - okolu 20 % od jabolkata se plasira na doma{niot pazar, a ostanatata koli~ina
se izvezuva glavno vo sosednite zemji - Albanija,
Bugarija, Jugoslavija i dr.
Nekoi pova`ni merki pri podigaweto na novi
nasadi:
1. Izbor na pokvalitetni, porodni i otporni sorti i podlogi - Vo sega{nive nasadi vode~ka
sorta e ajdared 65 %, potoa zlaten deli{es 20 %,
crven deli{es 10 % i drugi sorti 5 %.
Vo idnite nasadi treba pove}e da se zastapat novite visokokvalitetni sorti: fuxi, breburn, pink ledi i nivnite oboeni mutanti. So pogolem procent treba da se zastapat i otpornite
sorti: boskop, renetite, florina, delbard jubile,
{ampion, premiera, goldru{, remo, revena, SK10 i dr. (Ristevski i dr. 1996).
Vo ponovite nasadi slabobujnite podlogi
M 9 i M 26 se zastapeni okolu 10 %, srednobujnite podlogi glavno MM 106 70 % i divoto jabolko
okolu 20 %. Treba pove}e da se koristat pootpornite podlogi M 26, MM 111, Budaglavski 9 i dr.
2. Obvrzna agrohemiska analiza na po~vata za
da mo`e da se izvr{i pravilna priprema;
3. Pri podigawe nasad na povr{ina koja bila
pod nasad neophodna e primena na merki za otstranuvawe i testirawe na zamorenosta na po~vata (Ristevski 1995).
4. Dlaboka priprema na po~vata so polurigolovawe, riperirawe ili biolo{ka priprema po
sistemot "suva ledina" (Killed sod system). Za ovaa
cel povr{inata se see so treva koja ima dlaboki
korewe na pr. Festuca arundinacea. Idnata godina
se sadat sadnicite vo dupki, a trevata pokraj
ovo{kite se uni{tuva. Na ovoj na~in se dobiva
mnogu pogolem porast i prinos na ovo{je vo odnos na klasi~nata agrotehnika (Welker & Gleen
1988). Sli~ni primeri so prirodno zatrevuvawe
ima i vo Prespa (Ristevski 1995).
5. Upotreba na potpolno zdravi, dobro razvieni, razgranati ednogodi{ni sadnici, a u{te podobro dvogodi{ni sadnici. Razvienite sadnici
pobrzo rastat, porano proroduvaat i davaat pogolemi prinosi vo prvite desettina godini, pa i
pokasno.
6. Da ne se preteruva so gustinata na sadeweto.
Za gusti nasadi na slabobujni podlogi 3,5-4h1,52,5 m, za polugusti nasadi na srednobujni podlogi
4-5h2,5-4 m vo zavisnost od bujnosta na sortite i
podlogite.
7. \ubrewe pri sadeweto. Sadeweto e moment
koga mo`e |ubrivata da se vnesat na onaa dlabo~ina kade }e se razvie najgolemata masa na apsorpcionite koren~iwa (Kole}evski i dr. 1988).
Vlijanieto na |ubreweto pri sadeweto na jabolkata }e go ilustrirame so rezultatite od opitot
na Savicki vo Moldavija (Tab. 4).
8. Odr`uvawe na povr{inata vo mladi nasadi
- Ovo{kite do IV godina treba da bidat potpolno slobodni od pleveli i potkulturi vo zona na
korenoviot sistem. Slobodniot me|ureden prostor najdobro e da se koristi so gradinarski i
okopni me|ukulturi. Tie baraat |ubrewe so arsko
|ubre i ~esto navodnuvawe, koe odli~no vlijae na
porastot na ovo{kite. Za{titnata lenta pokraj
ovo{kite se odr`uva so obrabotka ili mul~irawe.
9. Rezidbata na mladite ovo{ki treba da bide
blaga, dopolnuvana so drugi pomotehni~ki merki
- oronuvawe na pupkite, filizewe, pinsirawe,
vitkawe, rova{ewe i dr. Pregledi i intervencii
vo tekot na vegetacijata treba da se vr{at edna{
mese~no, za da mo`e blagovremeno da se ograni~i
porastot na nepotrebnite letorasti, a hranlivite materii i asimilatite da se naso~at vo brzo
formirawe na skeletnite i rodnite granki.
Pova`ni merki vo rodnite nasadi
Odr`uvawe na povr{inata vo nasadite
1. Ugarta e naj~est na~in na odr`uvawe na
povr{inata vo ovo{nite nasadi kaj nas. Vaka se
akumulira pove}e vlaga vo po~vata i se suzbivaat
plevelite. So dolgogodi{no ugarewe se namaluva
sodr`inata na humus, se vlo{uva strukturata, se
nabiva podorani~niot sloj.
Tab. 3. Kvalitet na jabolkata vo Prespa, vo %
Tab. 3 Apples' quality in Prespa in %
Klasa (Class)
I i ekstra
I and extra
II klasa
II class
III klasa (industrisko)
III class (industrial)
1998
1999
57
52
31
30
12
18
10%, other 5%. In the future, the new sorts with high
quality as fudji, breburn, pink lady and their coloured
mutant shoul be accustomed. The higly resistant sorts
as boskop, renetite, florina, delbadr yubile, champion, premiera, goldrush, remo, revena, SK-10 shoud
be accustomed with higher percentage as well
(Ristevski et al. 1996)
Orchards in 1998 cover 2771 ha which is 23.7 % of the
cultivated land. 13.2 % (360 ha) belong to the undeveloped orchards. Only 4.5% (122 ha) are communal orchards. The total number of fruit trees is 1.642.800, of
which 1.611.000 (98.1%) belong to the apple trees.
Fruit production
The total of 48.775 tons of fruit were harvested in 1998.
98.4% (48.000 tons) were apples.Before the World War
II, the apple production accounted 1200 tons per year,
compared to the 50-60.000 tons in the last tre years which
represent 80% of the apple production n Macedonia (Tab.
2). Ideal natural conditions and experienced technology
of apple growing favour this region in Macedonia in apple production.
Apple quality in Prespa is qualified as satisfying (Tab. 3)
although could be improved. The quality is a result of
adequate climate conditions and appropriate technology
in growing and storage. The gathering is in october-november, followed by the apple reaping in the ordinary
warehouses and longlasting (till spring).
The larger portion of class III in 1999 is a result of the
hail that caused serious damage to the orchards.
Marketing 20% of the apples are sold on the domestic
market, the rest is exported, mainly in the neighbouring
countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia.
Important measurements in starting new orchards
In new orchards, most existing bases are mediumgrowing, MM106 (70%), feeble growing M9 and M26
10%, wild apple tree 20%. An efford should be made in
larger use of resistent M26, MM111, Budaglavski 9.
Mandatory agrochemical soil analysis, in order to
perform proper preparation of the soil.
Test for the weariness of the soir and it’s removal in
cases when nnew orchards are planted on the soil already
used for orchards before (Ristevksi,1995)
Deep preparation of the soil with the “kill sod
system”. The area is seeded with grasses that have reep
roots (Festuca arundinacea). The next yearthe trees are
planted in the holes, while the grass by the fruit trees is
extincted. This approach privides better growth and fruit
crop compared to the clasical agrotechnical approach
(Welker & Green, 1988). Simmilar examples using natural grassing coudbe met in Prespa too (Ristevski, 1995).
The use of completely healthy, well developed,
branched one year old seedling. Two years old seedlings
are even better. Well developed seedlings grow faster,
became fertile sooner and the crop is bigger in the first 10
years, sometimes even longer.
The plantation dencity should be controled. For
plantation dencity on a feeble growing bases 3.5-4 x 1.52.5 m, for medium dence ones on a mediumgrowing
bases 4-5 x 2.5-4 m, depending on a sort and bases.
Fertilizing while planting. Planting is the time when
fertilizers could be brought to the right depth of the soil
where the most of the apsorptic rootlets will be developed
(Kole}evski i dr. 1988). The fertilizing effect is
ilustrated by the results of the Savitcki experiment in
Moldavia (Tab. 4)
The choise of good quality, fertile and resistent sorts of
apple trees and bases. The most common sort is
idaret, 65%, golden delishes –20%, red delishes
Tab. 4 \ubrewe pri sadeweto na jabolka
Tab. 4 Application of fertilizators during the planting of apple trees
Varijanta
Combination
1
2
3
4
5
6
Arsko |ubre
kg/steblo
(Manure - kg/tree)
10
10
10
-
NPK a.m. g/steblo
NPK a.m. (g/tree)
Prinos kg/steblo od 7-16 god.
Production (kg/tree) of 7-16 yr age
%
40
40
120
160
75,7
84,8
86,2
88,0
100,6
98,0
100
112
114
116
133
129
Neophodno e vnesuvawe na organski |ubriva i
podrivawe na dlabo~ina od 35 - 60 cm. Podrivaweto se vr{i na sekoe vtoro me|uredie, naizmeni~no na tri godini. So podrivawe na 60 cm kaj
jabolkata, vo narednite dve godini postignavme
povisok prinos 38,5 % (Ristevski i Popovski
1987). So razrivawe na dlabo~ina od 35 - 40 cm kaj
kru{ite vo narednite tri godini dobivme
povisok prinos 12 - 28 %. Ovaa merka mo`e da se
izvede i so obi~en plug so vadewe na {ticata.
Tab. 5 Prinos na kru{ata viqamovka so razli~ni na~ini na odr`uvawe na povr{inata
Table 5. The pear William production dependent on
different types of soil maintenance
Varijanta
Combination
% na u~estvo
participation %
Ugar (Ugar)
Medicado sativa
Medicado sativa
Festuca pratensis
100
50
50
Prose~en prinos
od 7 - 11 g.
Average production
of 7-11 yr
t·ha-1
%
32,2
100
31,0
96,3
34,2
106,2
2. Zatrevuvaweto na nasadite e sovremen
na~in na odr`uvawe na povr{inata vo nasadite,
koe kaj nas zapo~nuva da se primenuva. Se
zatrevuva lenta od 2 - 2,5 m, koja redovno se kosi
so mul~eri. Za{titnata lenta pod ovo{kite vo
{iro~ina od 1,5 - 2 m se tretira so herbicidi, a
vo posledno vreme se obrabotuva ili mul~ira. Vo
Zapadna Evropa zatrevuvaweto se vr{i vedna{
po sadeweto, a vo na{i uslovi podobro e posle IV
godina. Zatrevuvaweto ima brojni prednosti - se
zgolemuva sodr`inata na humus, se podobruva
strukturata, vodopropustlivosta i plodnosta na
po~vata, se podobruva kvalitetot na plodovite,
otpornosta na ovo{kite, mo`e da se raboti vo
nasadot i pri ponekvalitetni vremenski uslovi.
Trevata tro{i pove}e voda i hrana 30 - 35 % vo
odnos na ugarta, no toa se dopolnuva pri
navodnuvaweto i |ubreweto. So po~esto kosewe
trevata razviva poplitki korewe i se namaluva
konkurencijata na hrana i voda.
3. Spored na{i ispituvawa (Ristevski i Fidanovski 1981 - Tab. 5) mnogu dobra varijanta e okosenata treba da se koristi za mul~irawe na za{titnata lenta. Mul~ata onevozmo`uva pojava na
pleveli, ja konzervira vlagata pod ovo{kite. So
raspa|awe na mul~ata se podobruva ishranata na
ovo{kite, se razviva silna mikrobiolo{ka aktivnost, se sozdavaat odli~ni uslovi za razmno`uvawe na do`dovite glisti, padnatite plodovi
ne se o{tetuvaat i mo`at da se koristat.
Vo istiot nasad izvedovme i opit so odr`u-
vawe na povr{inata vo redot (Tab. 6). Najvisok
prinos 40,9 t·ha-1 dobivme pri mul~iraweto so slama, {to e 17,2 % pove}e vo odnos na kontrolata.
Pri mul~iraweto so slama Kenel (1991)
na{ol 7 - 12 pati pove}e do`dovni glisti vo
odnos na kontrolata bez mul~a (Tab. 7).
4. Odr`uvawe na plodnosta na po~vata - Od
agrohemisko - pedolo{ki aspekt plodna po~va se
smeta onaa koja ima visoka sodr`ina na lesnodostapni hranlivi materii, makro i mikro elementi. Spored principite na biolo{kata agrokultura plodnosta na po~vata se ocenuva spored
sodr`inata na humus, mikrobiolo{kata aktivnost i prisustvoto na po~vena fauna (do`dovni
glisti i dr.). Pri povisoka sodr`ina na humus na
korenoviot sistem na ovo{kite se razviva bogata
mikoriza, koja i do 10 pati ja zgolemuva apsorpcionata povr{ina i ishranata na ovo{kite
(Kri{kovi} 1989). Golem broj vidovi od po~venata mikroflora fiksiraat atmosverski azot i
gi snabduvaat ovo{kite. Mnogu avtori plodonosta na po~vata ja ocenuvaat spored prisastvoto na
do`dovnite glisti. Tie navleguvaat vo po~vata i
do 8 - 8,5 m, ja podobruvaat aeracijata i vodopropustlivosta na po~vata. Bezuverov i dr. (po Ristevski 1995) pi{uvaat deka do`dovnite glisti
bez upotreba na mehanizacija i |ubre ja podobruvaat strukturata i plodonista na po~vata.
- Rezidbata e va`en faktor za regulirawe na
svetlosniot re`im vo krunata, aeracijata, vodniot re`im, ishranata, potencijalot na bolestite i {tetnicite, porastot,prinosot, kvalitetot
na plodovite i dr. So sanitarna rezidba i mehani~ko ~istewe se namaluva potencijalot na
bolestite i {tetnicite.
- Proreduvawe na plodovite e mnogu va`na merka
za regulirawe na rodnosta i podobruvawe na kvalitetot na plodovite. Ova e redovna merka vo
razvienite zemji, a kaj nas u{te ne se primenuva.
- Vnesuvawe najmalku 2 - 3 silni p~elni dru{tva
po hektar za opra{uvawe. Treba da se raboti na
voveduvawe i na drugi opra{uva~i (Osmia cornuta,
Eristoli ceralis i dr.) koi letaa i pri nepovolni
uslovi. Ladnoto i vrne`livo vreme vo tekot na
cuteweto na jabolkata vo Prespa vo 1991 godina
go namali prinosot pove}e od polovina.
- Vo konceptot za odr`livo ovo{tarsko proizvodstvo treba da najde primena i zdru`enoto lento~no odgleduvawe na ovo{kite so drugi zemjodelski kulturi - gradinarski, okopni, fura`ni i
dr. Ovo{kite se sadat vo dvoredni lenti na voobi~aeno rastojanie, a rastojanieto me|u lentite
e dvojno pogolemo. Vo ovaa {tiroka lenta se
odgleduvaat zemjodelskite kulturi.
Tab. 6 Prinos na kru{ata viqamovka pri razli~ni na~ini na odr`uvawe na povr{inata vo redot
Tab. 6 The pear productiion dependent on different
types of soil manitenance in the line
Varijanta
Prinos vo 710 god. t·ha-1
Production in 710 yr (kg·ha-1)
%
36,0
103,1
38,1
109,2
37,2
106,6
40,9
117,2
34,9
100
Caragard (Caragard)
12 kg·ha-1
Kasaran G (Kasaran G)
100 kg·ha-1
Kopawe 3 pati
Ploughing 3-times
Mul~irawe so slama
Mulching with straw
Kontrola
Control
Tab. 7 Vlijanie na mul~iraweto so slama vrz
brojot na do`dovnite glisti vo po~vata
(Kanel 1991, Germanija)
Tab. 7 The straw mulching impact on the number of
rain worms in the soil (Kanel 1991, Germany)
Slama (Straw)
kg·m-2
Bez slama
Without straw
1 kg
2 kg
Broj glisti na m2
(Number of worms
per m2)
Odnos
(Relation)
3,4
1
24,6
40,8
7,2
12,0
Maintaining the surfice of the soil in young orchars.
The first four years, weeds and subcultures should be
expelled from the root system zone of the fruit trees. The
free interrow space could be used for garden and
plaughing intercultures. These cultures aquire organic
fertilizers and frequent watering which improves the fruit
tree growing. Protecting line by the trees is maintained
with mulching.
The triming of the young trees should be mild, followed
by other other pomotechnical measures. Checking and
interventions during the vegetation period shoud be performed once a month, in order to control and limit the
growth of unneccessary branches and to transfer the
nourishing matter and assymilates into the fast sceletal
and fertile branches,
Important measurements in the fertile orchards
Maintainng the surface area of the orchards
Ugar is the most common way of maintaining the
surfice in the orchards. This way provides more humidity
in the soil, suppresing weeds. Longlasting ugar decreases
the humus content, the structure is worssen, subplaught
layer is beaten. Manuring is necessary as well as digging
to 35-60 cm. Digging should be performed on every second raw on three years, alternatively. Digging at 60 cm
provides in apple orchards bigger production – 38.5 %
(Ristevski & Popovski 1987) and 12-28 5 in pear orchards with digging at 35-40 cm depth. This measure
may be performed by primitive plough by taking out the
woody part.
The grassing of the orchards is a modern way for
surface maintenance, and it has been apllied in the last
period. A stripe of 2 – 2.5m is seeded with grass and than
is regularly mowed.The protectional stripe under the fruit
trees, 1.5 – 2m wide, is treated with herbicidess, and
since recently it is . In the western Europe the grassing is
apllied after the planting, but in our conditions it gives
better results if it seed after the fourth year.The grassing
has numerous advantages _ the content of the humus is
increased, the structure is improved, the watertranspiracy
and the the fertility of the soil are improved, the quality
of the products is also improved, the resistance to diseases, and the orchard could be maintained during relatively bad weather conditions. The grass uses 30 – 35 %
more water and food compared to the ugar, but it is compensated through waetring and fertilizing. If the grass is
frequently mowed its roots are shalow and the competition for food and water decreases.
According to our research (Ristevski & Fidanovski
1981 – tab. 5), the best option is to use the swath to
mulch the protectional stripe. The mulching disables the
appearance of weeds, conserves the humidity under the
fruit teres. With the disintegration of the mulch the food
for the fruit trees improves, a strong micro-biological
activity emerges, excelent conditions for the reproduction
of the rain worms, and the fallen producs are not
damaged and can be used.
We experimented with the maintenance of the surface in
the line in the same orchard (table 6). We gor highest
production from the area that was mulched with straw
(40.9 t/ha, 17.2% more than the control).
When mulching with straw, Kenel (1991) found 7-12
times more rain worms compared to the control without
mulching (Tab. 7).
4. Sustaining of the soil fertility – From agrochemical-pedological point of view, fertile soil is soil that has
high cocentration of available nutrients, macro and micro
elements. According to the principles of the biological
agroculture, the fertility is estimated by its humus concentration, the microbiological activity and the condition
of the soil fauna (rain worms etc). On the root sistem of
the fruit trees a rich mycorrhiza develops if the humus
concentration is high, that increases the apsorbtion area
and the nourishment of the trees up to 10 times
(Krishkovich 1989).
Na ovoj na~in ovo{kite se podobro osvetleni,
davaat povisoki i pokvalitetni prinosi,
pojavata na bolesti i {tetnici e pomala,
proizvodnite tro{oci se namaleni. Vkupniot i
~istiot prihod od dvete kulturi e 2 - 2,5 pati
pogolem
vo
odnos
na
monokulturnoto
ovo{tarewe (Ristevski, Kole}evski, 1994). Ispituvawata se vr{eni kaj kru{ite, no mo`e da se
primeni i kaj drugi ovo{ni vidovi.
Revitalizacija na kru{ata vo Prespa
Kru{ata vo Prespa porano be{e zastapena
15 - 20 % vo odnos na jabolkoto. So primena na
intenzivnata hemiska za{tita se sozdadoa tolku
rezistentni soevi kru{kina bolva so koi borbata be{e ekonomski neopravdana. Na ova se nadovrzuva i bakterijalnata plamenica koja u{te pote{ko se suzbiva.
Vrz osnova na dolgogodi{noto ispituvawe
i pratewe na sostojbata so kru{ata kaj nas i vo
Referenci (References)
Gleen, D. & Walker, W. (1990). Use sod mulch for floor
management. American Fruit Grower, Nr. 3.
Kenel, W. (1991). The role of the eartworm Lumbricus
terrrstris in integrated fruit production. Chronica
horticulturae, Vol. 31. Nr. 4. Wageningen.
Kole}evski, P., Ristevski, B. i Popovski, H. (1988).
Struktura i raspored korenovog sistema jabuka
svetot, smetame deka kru{ata mo`e da se vrati vo
Prespa kako rentabilna ovo{na kultura, so
primena na slednive merki:
- Voveduvawe na sorti otporni na ervinijata koi
se otporni i na psilata. Imame vneseno i ispituvame desettina stranski i doma{ni otporni
sorti (Ristevski i dr. 1997). ]e se odi na docni
esenski i zimski sorti koga cenata na kru{ite e
mnogu povisoka od jabolkata. Imame vneseno i
otporni podlogi na ervinijata.
- Odgleduvawe samo po principite na integralno
i organsko proizvodstvo so minimalna upotreba
do potpolna zamena na agrohemiskite so drugi
provereni alternativni merki.
- Podigawe na polugisti ( 4 h 3 - 3,5 m), retki (5 h
3 - 5 m) i lento~ni nasadi (8 + 4 h 3 - 3,5 m).
- Zatrevuvawe na rodnite nasadi i mul~iraweto
vo redot treba da njdat pogolema primena.
- Blaga rezidba na maldite i sanitarna rezidba
na rodnite nasadi.
na podlogama M 9, M 26 i MM 106. Jug. vo}.
84/85 ^a~ak.
Kri{kovi}, P. (1989). Bioagricultura. Mladina, Zagreb.
Ristevski, B. i Fidanovski, F. (1981). Zatrevuvawe na kru{ite so smeski od lucerka i
graminei. Soc. zemjod. br. 7 - 9. Skopje.
Ristevski, B. i Popovski, H. (1987). Podrivawe
na ovo{nite nasadi. God. zbornik na Zemjod.
fak. br. XXXIII, Skopje.
Great number of species of the soil microflora fix the
atmospheric nitrogen i provide it to the fruit trees. Many
authors value the fertility of the soil according to the
number of rain worms. The worms can dig to 8 – 8.5 m in
depth, improve the aeration and the water transparency of
the soil. Bezuverov and co. (according to Ristevski, 1995)
wrote that the rain worms, without use of any kind of
machanisation and fertilizers, improve the fertility and
the structure of the soil.
Trimming is very important factor for the regulation
of the light regime in the corona, the aeration, the water
regime, the nourishment, the disease and pest potential,
the yield, the product quality etc. The combination of
preventive trimming and mechanical cleaning decreases
the pest and desease potential.
The rarefying of the products is very important
measure for the regulation and the improvement of the
product quality. This is regular practise in the developed
countries, but it is not yet applied in our country.
Having at least 2 or 3 developed bee colonies per
hectar for pollenation. Work should be done in order to
bring other pollenators (Osmia cornuta, Eristoli ceralis)
that fly even during bad weather conditions.The cold and
rainy weather in the blooming time of the apple decreased
the crop for more than half.
The concept for sustinable fruit production should
incorporate combined growing of fruits with other cultures. The fruit trees are planted in two line stripes at the
usual distance, but the distance between the stripes is
twice longer. In this wide lane are planted other cultures.
This way the fruit trees are better lighted, give bigger and
better yields, the pests and the deceases sre kept under
control and the production cost is decreased. The total
and the net income from both ccultures is 2 to 2.5 times
Ristevski, B. & Kole}evski, P. (1994). Strip pear
orchard designe. Sixth Internat. Sympos. on Pear
Growing. Nedford, Oregon, USA. Acta
horticulturae Nr. 367.
Ristevski, B. (1995). Podigawe i odgleduvawe na
ovo{nite nasadi. "BIGOSS", Skopje.
Ristevski, B. i dr. (1996). Dinamika i nasoki na
sortimentot na jabolkata vo R. Makedonija.
Makedonska zemjodelska revija br. 1-2,
Skopje.
bigger than the monocultural fruit production (Ristevski,
Koleshevski, 1994). These results regard the pear productin, but this method could be applied to other fruits as
well.
Revitalisation of the pear in Prespa
The pear in Prespa used to takke about 15-20%
compared to the apple. The extensive chemical protection
helped in the creation of new resistent pear flee, making
the protection economcly unjustified. This was followed
by other types of resistent deceases that can be suppressed even harder.
Based on the longterm research and the pear condition here and abroad, our opinion is that the pear could
be revitalised in Prespa as profitable culture. The application of the following measures will appropriate:
Introducing of resistent sorts towards both ervinia and
psila. We have imported and tested several foreign and
domestic sorts (Ristevski et al, 1997). Late fall and winter
sorts are favorable when the price is higher compared to
the price of the apples. Ervinia resisten bases are available too.
Fruit growing based on the principles of the integral and
organic production with minimal use of agrochemical
methods, aiming to their complete supstitution with alternative measurements
Planting of semidence (4 x 3-3.5m), sparce (5 x 3–5m)
and linear orchards (8 + 4 x 3-3.5m).
Grassing of the fertile orchards and mulching in the line
should find greater application
Mild trimming of young and sanitary trimming of the
fertile orchards.
Ristevski, B. i dr. (1997). Sostojba i perspektiva
na kru{ata vo R. Makedonija. Zbornik od
sredbata "Fakultet - stopanstvo ,97", Skopje.
Fedorenko, V. (1989). Bezvrednìe metodì zaÈitì uro`a®. Sadovodstvo Moldavii, No 6.
Ki{inev.
Hudska, D. (1988). Conclusion from research on replant
problems with apple and possibilities of its control.
Acta Hort. Nr. 233.
193
Rezultati od istra`uvawa na nekoi svojstva na po~vite, aplikacija na
mineralni |ubriva vo prespanskiot region i merki za za{tita na
`ivotnata sredina
Vidoja TRPESKI1, Jovan SPIROVSKI1, Marina STOJANOVA1, Kico DAMEVSKI2 i
Vasil KOCEVSKI3
1
2
Zemjodelski fakultet, Skopje
Agencija za pottiknuvawe na zemjodelstvoto, Resen
3
Institut za zemjodelstvo, Strumica
Apstrakt
Od orginalnite rezultati na istra`uvawata za nekoi svojstva na po~vata vo regionot na Prespa na nekolku
lokaliteta na povr{ina od okolu 150-200 ha utvrdivme nekolku po~veni tipovi. Ispitavme pove}e agrohemiski
svojstva na po~vata, mehani~kiot sostav i drugi parametri. Celta be{e da predvidime meliorativno i tekovno
|ubrewe na ovo{nite nasadi so jabolka, tehnologija na |ubrewe i mo`nosti za za{tita na `ivotnata sredina. Od
brojnite hemiski analizi konstatiravme deka rN reakcija na po~vata e mo{ne niska naj~esto 4 do 5, otsustvo na
kalcium odnosno karbonati, mo{ne nizok procent na humus, naj~esto pod 1,5, mo{ne lesen mehani~ki sostav na
po~vata i mo`nosti za ispirawa na hemiski elementi. Plodnosta so hemiskite elementi N, P i K e mo{ne
razli~na zavisno od lokalitetite. Ima ekstremno visoki sodr`ini i ekstremno niski.
Voved
Regionot na Prespa e poznat vo R. Makedonija i po{iroko kako ovo{tarsko podra~je. Agroekolo{kite uslovi za ovo{tarstvo se glavno
povolni. Glavna ovo{na kultura e jabolkata, pod
ovaa kultura ima okolu 2700 ha od koja na individualniot sektor pripa|a okolku 2600 ha, a vo Agroplod a.d. 120 ha. Povr{inite so jabolka se nao|aat na razni po~veni tipovi. Vo trudov }e izneseme i rezultati od istra`uvawa za svojstvata na
~etiri po~veni tipovi {to se nao|aat vo neposredna blizina na Prespanskoto Ezero. ]e se osvrneme za praktikata na |ubreweto na jabolkata
vo Prespa i nekoi sostojbi so plodnosta na po~vata. Posebno }e se osvrneme i na predlog merkite za odr`liv razvoj vo regionot i mo`nosti za
za{tita na Ezeroto od agrohemikalii.
Objekt i parametri na istra`uvawe
Na{ite ispituvawa za svojstvata na po~vite bea locirani na potegot Resen-Ote{evo vo
mesnostite Padarnica i Mioica vo neposredna
blizina na seloto Volkoderi, potoa vo neposredna blizina na A.D. Agroplod-Resen ovo{en nasad
194
so jabolka i ovo{ni nasadi so jabolka vo mesnosta Krani, Carev Dvor i Drmeni. Bea iskopani sedum po~veni profili, morfolo{ki opi{ani i
zemeni po~veni probi. Od sekoj profil bea zemeni po 2-3 probi vo prirodna sostojba so pomo{ na
metalni cilindri i vo razru{ena sostojba, samo
na nekoi mesta ne e zemeno 3 probi poradi grubiot mehani~ki sostav na po~vata ili pojavena visoka podpo~vena voda. Na zemenite probi bea
analizirani nekolku zna~ajni hemiski i fizi~ki
svojstva i toa: rN reakcija, N, P, K, humus, karbonati, higroskopna voda, kapilarna vodoizdr`livost, volumna spec. masa, fakti~na specifi~na
masa, poroznost i mehani~ki sostav. Navedenite
analizi gi odredivme po poznati i priznati metodi. Lokalitetot na ispituvawata se nao|a na
nadmorska visina od 890 metri, ekspozicija na
terenot-isto~na so slab naklon, godi{ni vrne`i
752 mm, sredna godi{na temperatura 9,9°S . Klimata e planinska so suvi leta i mali amplitudi.
Vo letniot period vo juni, juli i avgust dostignuva do 38°C. Spored toa agrotehni~kata merka
navodnuvawe na kulturite e mo{ne obilna vo
navedenite meseci kade ima intenzivna transpiracija e evaporacija.
Results from researches of some soil characteristics, application of mineral
fertilizations in Prespa region and steps for protection of life environment
Vidoja TRPESKI1, Jovan SPIROVSKI1, Marina STOJANOVA1,
Kico DAMEVSKI2 & Vasil KOCEVSKI3
1
Agriculture faculty, Skopje
Agency for stimulating agriculture, Skopje
3
Institute of Agriculture, Strumica
2
Abstract
Researches has been taken on several places in Prespa region (150-200 ha) and we have established a fact that there are several soil
types. We have examined many agrochemical characteristics of the soil, mechanical content and some other parameters. Main purpose was to predict meliorative and ongoing fertilizing of apple plantations, technology of fertilizing and possibilities of land protection. Chemical researches resulted with these facts: pH reaction of soil is very low (4-5), absence of calcium, small percentage of
humus approximately under 1.5, mechanical structure is very light and lots of possibilities for irrigation of chemical elements. Presence of chemical elements: N, P or K is very different depending from location that is taken. There are extremely high and low contents.
Introduction
Region of Prespa is known in Republic of Macedonia as
fruit region. Agroecological conditions are very favorable. Main fruit culture is apple. 2700 ha are property of
individual sector and 120 ha is property of A.D Agroplod. These apples are raised on different soil types. In
this effort we will give you results of researches made on
four types of soil which are located near lake of Prespa.
Also we will present you the technique of fertilizing apples in Prespa region and some conditions connected with
fertile of land. Special treatment will be given on suggested steps for continues development in region and
possibilities of Lake’s protection from agrochemical elements.
Object and parameters of researches
Our researches of soil’s characteristics have been located
on region Resen-Otesevo in locations Padarnica and
Mioica near the village Volkoderi, also in locations near
A.D Agroplod-Resen and locations: Krani, Carev Dvor
and Drmeni. Seven soil profiles have been examined,
morphological descriptions have been made and also
some soil tests have made. From every profile 2-3 tests
have been made but in natural condition with metal cylinders or in demolished condition. Some exceptions has
been made with the tests (some profiles are not tested 3
times). Main reason was rough structure of the land or
appearance of underground water. Characteristics of these
tests that has been analyzed are: pH reaction, N, P, Ca, K,
humus, carbonates, higroskopic water, capillary water
resistant, specific volume mass, fact. Specific mass, erosive and mechanical content. These analyzes have been
made with well know methods. Locations of researches
were on 890 m altitude, exposition of the locations-east
with low angle, annual rainfalls 752 mm, average year
temperature 9,9 °C. Climate is characterized as highland
with dry summers and small amplitudes. As a result of
high temperatures in summer period: June, July and
August when temperature is reaching 38 °C watering of
these cultures are abundant.
Soil types
According to these researches, morphological description
of profiles and analyzes made on tests in laboratories, it is
concluded that there are four soil types, four systematic
soil units: non carbonated deluvial soil, washed cinnamon
forest soil, deluvial meadow soil and light brown acid
forest soil.
We will present now some characteristics of these systematic soil units from agrochemical, pedologistic and
ecological aspect.
Non carbonated deluvial soil: These soils are located
in mountain Galicica. Their existence was forced by
Suvodolica, which was coming down from Galicica
carrying erosion sludge from high places and sedimenting
in low regions. It is made off milled metamorphic rocks.
Soils are strong skeletal to skeletal, fraction of grit 80 %,
and fraction of clay 5-30 %. Mechanical content of the
soil is not influencing good on some chemical characteristics like washed carbonates, acid pH, ablution of nutritive chemical elements, strong erosive. Soils always have
small capacity of absorbing which is influencing on low
fertility, strong evaporation and need for often watering
and appropriate system of fertilizing which we will present later.
Po~veni tipovi
Spored terenskite ispituvawa, morfolo{kiot opis na profilite i laboratoriskite analizi na probite konstatirani se 4 po~veni tipovi odnosno sistematski po~veni edinici i toa:
bezkarbonatni deluvijalni po~vi, isprani cimetni gorski po~vi, deluvijalno livadski po~vi
i svetlokafeavi kiseli gorski po~vi.
]e izneseme pova`ni karakteristiki na
navedenite po~veni tipovi od agrohemiski,
pedolo{ki i ekolo{ki aspekt.
Bezkarbonatni deluvijalni po~vi: ovie po~vi
poteknuvaat od planinata Gali~ica. Za nivno
sozdavawe pridonesla suvodolica koja se spu{ta
od Gali~ica i nosela erodiran nanos od visoki
mesta na planinata i gi natalo`uvala vo
ramni~arskiot del. Toa se drobini od metamorfni karpi pred se {krilci i sl. Po~vite se silno
skeletni do skeletni, frakcija siten pesok zazema do 80%, frakcija glina 5-30%. mehani~kiot
sostav na po~vata pridonesuva negativno na nekoi hemiski svojstva me|u koi isprani karbonati, kisela rN, ispirawe na hranlivi hemiski
elementi, silna poroznost. Po~vite imat mo{ne
mal kapacitet za adsorbcija {to se odrazuva negativno na niska plodnost, silna evaporacija i
potreba od ~esto navodnuvawe i adekvaten sistem
na |ubrewe za {to }e stane zbor pokasno.
Deluvijalno livadska po~va: ovie po~vi
nastanale isto kako i prethodnite {to zna~i
nastanale od deluvijalen nanos, no vo podolnite
lokaliteti od nanosot. Kaj ovie po~vi podpo~venata voda e mo{ne visoka vo odreden period od
godinata duri se iska~uva na povr{inata. Vo
na{ite ispituvawa vodata be{e visoko iska~ena
{to pridonesla i za hidrofilna vegetacija na
lokacijata na ovoj po~ven tip i akumulacija na
humusen horizont. Po mehani~ki sostav po~vata e
sredno pesokliva do glinesto pesokliva. Dominira frakcijata na siten pesok. Po~vata e izrazito
porozna, umereno kisela so humus sredno bogata,
so vkupen azot isto taka dobro obezbedena. Na
ovoj po~ven tip ima potreba od odvodnuvawe na
podzemnata voda.
Isprani cimetni gorski ({umski) po~vi: ovie
po~vi se nastanati od faktorot kserofitna
rastitelnost i so elementi na vlijanie na sredozemno morska klima. rastitelnite ostatoci zaedno so primesi od rezidium se natalo`uvale, bidej}i primesite od rezidium bile od varovnici
po~vata ima crvenikava boja. Ovie po~vi naj~esto se locirani po vozvi{enijata na lokalitetite. Od mehani~ki sostav dominira frakcijata
siten pesok so malku skelet. Karakteristi~no e
{to vo horizont (B) zna~itelno e zgolemena
frakcijata glina za da pod nego se namali. rN
reakcija e ekstremno kisela vo KCl rastvor, a vo
voden silno kisela. Fosforot i humusot se mo{ne malku zastapeni, a kaliumot sredno zastapen.
Svetklokafeavi, kiselokafeavi {umski po~vi:
ovie po~vi bile pod {uma od dab ploska~. Uslovite od klimatski aspekt se pogodni za
sozdavawe, pred se vrne`ite kako faktor. Mehani~kiot sostav na po~vata e razli~en {to doa|a
od mehani~kiot sostav na mati~niot supstrakt.
Po~vata e sredno pesoklivo glinesta, a namesta i
te{ko glinesta. Skelet i krupen pesok ima
sosema malku. Ima varieteti kade e najzastapena
frakcija siten pesok i so skelet od nad 50%. Vo
odnos na rN reakcija ovoj po~ven tip spa|a vo
najkiselite, rN e silno kisela vo rastvor na
KCl e duri ekstremno kisela. Ova pridonesuva
da vo ovie po~vi zasitenosta so bazi e mo{ne
niska. Toa zna~i mora da se prevzemat merki vo
sistemot na |ubrewe kako meliorativno taka i
tekovno. Osven izborot na |ubriva va`na e i
intput na organska materija za podobruvawe na
sostojbata so humus i plodnosta na po~vata.
Pova`ni zaedni~ki karakteristiki na
po~venite tipovi od aspekt na proizvodstvo
na jabolka i za{tita na `ivotnata sredina
Iako sekoj po~ven tip poseduva svoi specifiki, sepak ima ne{to zaedni~ko me|u niv. Pova`ni zaedni~ki svojstva se: mehan~kiot sostav
kaj site po~vi naj~esto se pesoklivi so dominacija na frakcija siten pesok {to zna~i lesno
propustlivi za voda i mineralni materii. Toa
zna~i deka atmosferskite vrne`i i navodnuvaweto mo`at silno da vlijaat vrz ispirawa na hemiski elementi od |ubrivata i drugi materii i
so ote~uvawe na povr{inskite i podzemnite vodi
da dostignat do vodniot bazen na ezeroto. rN na
po~vata glavno e kisela do ekstremno kisela {to
pridonesuva za aktivizacija na te{kite metali.
Plodnosta so hranlivi elementi N, P i K i
zastapenosta na humusot e nepovolna osven kaliumot koj e sredno zastapen. Toa se najzna~ajnite
zaedni~ki svojstva na po~venite tipovi za {to }e
treba da se ima vo predvid vo agrotehnikata na
podra~jeto i ekologizacija na |ubreweto.
Na navedenite lokaliteti i se razbira na
drugi lokaliteti vo prespanskiot region so dolga tradicija se odgleduvaat ekstenzivni i intenzivni ovo{ni nasadi. Nepovolnite svojstva na
definiranite po~veni tipovi mora da se saniraat so adekvatni meliorativni i agrotehni~ki
merki so cel da imame pouspe{no ovo{tarsko
proizvodstvo i za{tita na `ivotnata sredina.
Tab. 3 Hemiski svojstva na po~vite
Tab. 3 Chemical characteristics of the soils
Profil
br.
Sample No
1.
5.
6.
3.
2.
4,
dostapni formi
vkupen
humusavailable forms
azot – total
humus
pH- KCl
(mg/100 g po~va-soil)
nitrogen
%
%
P2O5
H 2O
Bezkarbonatni deluvijalni po~vi (Non-calcareous deluvial soils)
0-39
5,3
0,36
3,4
20,0
2,72
0,27
1,0
8,2
2,16
39-71
5,8
71-111
5,7
0,27
1,0
12,8
2,42
0-38
4,6
0,32
1,2
9,0
0,50
38-68
4,2
0,22
1,0
5,6
1,10
68-107
4,6
0,19
1,2
5,6
1,18
0-24
4,8
0,30
1,0
16,6
2,21
24-51
4,9
0,20
1,0
12,8
1,13
51-73
4,7
0,21
1,0
9,6
0,68
5,0
0,15
1,0
7,0
0,69
73-108
Deluvijalno livadski po~vi (Delluvial meadow soils)
0-25
5,7
0,34
1,0
7,4
3,17
25-58
5,9
0,30
<1
8,6
2,28
Isprani cimetni {umski po~vi (Washed cinnamon forest soil)
0-21
4,1
0,27
<1
22,5
1,56
21-61
3,9
0,20
1,2
18,0
0,92
61-103
3,8
0,14
<1
10,2
0,81
Svetlo kafeavi {umski po~vi (Light brown forest soils)
23,0
1,98
0-46
3,8
0,24
2,60
46-74
3,8
0,26
<1
6,0
0,96
0,54
74-107
3,7
0,22
<1
3,8
dlabo~ina-depth
(sm)
Deluvial meadow soil: These soils have same genesis
as previous one, which means that they are made of
deluvial sludge, but in the lower parts of the sludge.
Underground water is extremely high in certain part of
the year, sometimes water flows on the surfaces. In our
researches water was high above the surface. Result was
hydrophilic vegetation and accumulation of humus horizon. Mechanical content of these soils is variation between sand and clay. Dominant fraction is grit. Soil is
significantly erosive, medium acid with humus not too
rich, with total azote well supplied. This type of soil has a
need of abduction of underground water.
Washed cinnamon forest soil: These soils originate
from factor xerophyte vegetation with elements of
influence of Mediterranean sea climate. Vegetative disintegration elements together with admixtures of residuum precipitation made these soils to have red color.
These soils very often are located on hills. Mechanical
content of these soils is grit with small percentage of
skelet. In the horizon (B) fraction of clay is increased and
in the level under it these fraction is decreased. pH reaction is extremely acid in KCI solution ,in water solution
is strong acid. P and humus are present in small amount,
K is present in medium amount.
Light brown acid forest soil: These soils were under
a wood of oak. Conditions are very suitable for their
appearance, especially water from rains as a factor.
C2COC3
%
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Mechanical content of these soils is different from the
mechanical content of the main subtract. Soil is variety of
sand and clay, but on some places clay is dominant.
Skelet and gravel, but there are places where dominant
presence of grit and skelet is above 50%. These soils are
very acid compared with others, pH is strong acid on KCI
solution and extremely acid in water solution. As a result
of that presence of bases is very low. That means those
efforts of meliorative and current fertilizing must be
taken. Besides choosing fertilizations, other important
purpose is implanting an organic material for improving
condition with humus and fertility of the land.
Other important common characteristics of soil types
from aspect of manufacturing apples and protection
of life environment
Although every soil type has its own characteristics, there is something common for all of them. Other
important common characteristics are: mechanical content of all types with high percentage is sandy with domination of fraction of grit that means that they are permeable for the water and mineral substances. So atmospheric
rains and irritations can strongly influence on ablution of
chemical elements of the fertilizations and other materials
and permeability of surface waters and underground waters, which will reach, water basin of the lake.
Nedovolno obrateno vnimanie na sostojbite na po~vata pred da se podigne nov ovo{en nasad kako i vo tek na odgleduvaweto, }e se odrazi
negativno ne samo na prinostite na jabolka i
nivniot kvalitet tuku i na nekoi ekolo{ki
sostojbi na lokalitetot i po{iroko vo regionot
opfa}aj}i go i Prespanskoto ezero.
Negativnite implikacii kako rezultat na
neprevzemeni adekvatni meliorativni i agrotehni~ki merki se odazuva kako sinxir negativno na
niza svojstva. Na primer: nepovolnata rN reakcija na po~vata ima refleksija na pojava na hemiski adsorbcii vo po~vata i negativen pravec
me|u koi na primer fosforot so `elezni i aluminiumovi joni formira adrkvatni fosfati i
po~vata mo`e da ima niska zastapenost na dostapen fosfor, a visoka vkupen. Kako rezultat na
niska plodnost so dostapen fosfor se forsira
fosforno |ubrewe koe implicira golemi sodr`ini fosfor vo ovo{nite nasadi i drugi kulturi. Visokite koli~ini na fosfor so pomo{ na
irigaciona erozija se nosat od zemjodelskite povr{ini vo ezeroto. Od tamu doa|a edna od pri~inite za trendot na poka~uvawe na P vo ezeroto.
Niskiot kapacitet na adsorbcija na navedenite po~veni tipovi, golemata poroznost i
niskiot procent na humus se u{te eden prilog za
negativnite implikacii na `ivotnata sredina i
vo ispiraweto na agrohemikalii i nivna mo`na
koncentracija vo povr{inskite ili podpo~venite vodi i nivno ote~uvawe vo vodnite akumulacii
na Prespanskoto ezero.
Problemot so eutrofikacija na prirodnite vodi so hemiski elementi posebno so fosforot ima golemo zna~ewe vo za{tita na `ivotnata
sredina zatoa e potrebno kompleksno ispituvawe
za da se utvrdi kolkavo e vlijanieto na agrostopanstvoto. Vo svetot ima niza istra`uvawa i podatoci. Na primer: vo Severna Evropa i vo Severna Amerika zabele`ano e poka~uvawe na fosforot i nitratite vo nekoi ezera. Vo ezeroto
Konstanc koli~inata na vkupen fosfor e poka~ena od 4-5 mg·m-3 vo 1935 god. na 90 mg·m-3 vo 1975
god. (za 20 godini 85 mg·m-3: Mineev 1974).
Vo ezeroto Va{ington sodr`inata na fosfor od 8 mg·m-3 vo 1933 god. e zgolemeno na 40
mg·m-3 vo 1963 god. (za 30 godini 32 mg·m-3) Ovie
koli~estva fosfor eden del doa|aat od gradskite
komunalni vodi, a drugiot del od zemjodelskite
povr{ini, odnosot e pribli`no 70:30. Na Baltikot zabele`ano e brzo rastewe na sodr`inata na
biogeni elementi . Fosforot za 15 godini (19541968) se zgolemil za 2,5 pati, a amonija~niot azot
za 30 godini za 10 pati. Osobeno golema eutrofikacija e zabele`ana na krajbre`nite vodi kade se
vlivaat golemi reki, toa doa|a od povr{inite
kade ima intenzivno meliorativno |ubrewe (ÂrvskÓl√ 1977). Ovaa sostojba bara kolektivni usilbi na site strani na basenot na Balti~ko more za
da ima pozitivni rezultati, naporite treba da se
naso~at na usovr{uvawe na sistemite na |ubrewe,
plodnosta na po~vata i kvalitetot na |ubrivata.
Vo Kanada od zemjodelskite povr{ini godi{no se gubat 15 kg·ha-1 N, a vo Francija 30-182
kg·ha-1 N zavisno od svojstvata na po~vata i |ubreweto (Mineev 1984)
So lizimetri vo Rotamstet vo eksperimentalna stanica zabele`ano e vo drena`na voda na
zemjodelski povr{ini bez posev i bez |ubrewe za
period od 1887-1905 vo prosek gubewe na azot za
35 kg·ha-1 godi{no. Registrirani se golemi gubitoci na hemiski elementi od zemjodelski povr{ini kako posledica na site vidovi na erozii, no
posebno mora da se istakne deka irigacionata
erozija ima silno vlijanie vrz prenosot na hemiski elementi od agroeko sistemite vo vodnite
sistemi. Takov proces e mo`en i vo prespanskiot
region. Za godi{nite koli~ini potrebni se ispituvawa imaj}i gi predvid site svojstva na
po~vat aprethodno utvrdeni.
Ovo{tarite vo prespanskiot region glavno se educirani vo odgleduvaweto na ovo{ni nasadi posebno vo delot na pomotehni~ni merki,
rezidba, oformuvawe na koroni, balansirawe i
sortiment. No vo delot za primena na agrohemikalii posebno primena na mineralni i organski
|ubriva za `al seu{te ne se na potrebno nivo
kako farmeri ovo{tari i vo toj del mora da se
napravat napori vo sodejstvo pome|u naukata,
farmerite i faktorite koi se nadle`ni za za{tita na `ivotnata sredina.
Sega{na praktika vo |ubreweto na
ovo{nite nasadi vo prespanskiot region
Vo sistemot na merkite vo odgleduvaweto
na ovo{nite kulturi vo praktikata me|u drugite
agrotehni~ki merki spa|aat i aplikacija na |ubrivata. Vo ovo{tarstvoto ovaa merka e obvrzna
bidej}i vleguva vo vrvnite faktori za optimalni
prinosi, kvalitet i nealternativno proizvodstvo, se razbira pri povolni drugi uslovi. Toa
ovo{tarite farmeri go znaat i |ubreweto ne go
izostavaat, no seu{te toa ne e na potrebna visina
od aspekt na izbor na vidovi |ubriva, dozi i sistemi na |ubrewe. Ottamu doa|a do mo`ni negativni posledici: nerentabilni prinosi spored o~ekuvawata, negativni simptomi na lisjata i plodovite, na primer predvremeno opa|awe na lisjata, gorki damki na plodovite, nekroti~ni tkiva
na lisjata, potoa kalirawe na plodovite vo
skladi{ta i naru{uvawe na `ivotnata sredina.
pH of the soil is above-all variety of acid and extremely
acid which allows activation of heavy metals. Fertility
with nutritive elements N, P, K and presence of humus is
not favorable except K which is sometimes present in
good amounts. These are the most important common
characteristics of soil types that must be taken in consideration when we are dealing with agrotechnique of the
location and ecology of fertilization.
These locations we have mentioned before are places
with old tradition of planting extensive and intensive fruit
plants. Non favorable conditions of these soil types must
be recovered with appropriate meliorative and
agrotechnical efforts, which will result more successful
fruit planting and protection of, live environment. Paying
attention on these conditions before starting a new fruit
plantation sometimes could be crucial and it is always
bad factor for the yield of planting apples and their
quality and also for the ecological condition of the
locality, region of Prespa.
Negative implications as a result of indelicate appropriate
meliorative and agrotechnical efforts are resulting as
whole chain of bad characteristics. Example: nonfavorable pH reaction of the soil is reflecting on appearance of chemical absorbations of the soil. Also P
with metal and aluminum Joni is forming appropriate
phosphates and soil could have low percentage of
available phosphor. As a result of low fertility with
available phosphor we must force phosphor fertilizing
which implicates new contents of P in fruit plants and
other cultures. High percentages of P are taken from the
agricultural areas to the lake because of the irritation’s
erosion. That is the main reason for increased level of P
in the lake.
Low capacity of adsorption of mentioned soil types, high
profanity and low percentage of humus are also bad
indicators for live environment and ablution of
agrochemical and potential concentration in surface and
underground waters and their leakage in water accumulations of Lake of Prespa.
The problem of eutrofication of natural waters with
chemical elements especially with P has big importance
in protection of live environment that implicates complex
research of the area to find out what is the influence of
the agriculture. If we take look at world researches we
can conclude sever important things. Example: In north
Europe and North America it is registered high
percentage of P and nitrates in several lakes. In Lake
Konstanc the amount of P has increased from level 4-5
mg·m-3 in year 1935 to 90mg/g3 in year 1975. (20 years85 mg·m-3: Mineev 1974).
In lake Washington in year 1933 percentage of P was 8
mg·m-3, but in year 1963 it was increased to 40 mg·m-3
(30 years- 32 mg·m-3). These amounts of P come from
municipal waters and also from agricultural surfaces (rate
is 70:30). In Baltic it is registered high percentage of
biogenical elements. P for 15 years (1954-1968) has
increased 2.5 times and ammonium nitrite for 30 years 10
times. Enormous eutrofication is registered in coast
waters. In these parts they’re a lots river, which are
flowing into the lake and they are carrying elements from
the intensive meliorative fertilizing. These conditions
require collective efforts which must be taken from all
sides of the lake which if we like to have positive results
must be directed for upgrading systems for fertilizing,
fertility of the land and quality of the fertilizations.
Canada is loosing 15 kg·ha-1 N per year, France 30-182
kg·ha-1 N depending from characteristics of fertilizing
and soil structure. (Mineev 1984).
In Rotamstet it is registered with lyzimeters that drainage
water in agricultural areas without crop and with out
fertilizing in period 1887-1905, lost amount of N is 35
kg·ha-1 per year. Also it is registered huge losses of
chemical elements of areas as a result of all kinds of
erosion, especially irrigation erosion which has strong
influence on transfer of chemical elements from agroecosystems to water systems. This could happen also in
region of Prespa. To avoid this proper effort must be
taken including characteristics of the soil.
Fruit planters in region of Prespa are competent in raising
fruit plants especially in pomotechnical measures,
cutting, forming a wraps, balancing and sorting. They are
not very competent in field of using agrochemical
especially usage of mineral and organic fertilizations.
Proper efforts must be taken to maintain a balance
between science, farmers and factors that are important
for protection of live environment.
Usage of fertilizations in region of Prespa
System of usage of fertilizations in region of Prespa
includes application of fertilizations. In fruit planting this
step must be taken because it is amongst top factors of
optimal yield, quality and non-alternative manufacture
<favorable conditions performed>. These things are
known among fruit planters but not on the required level
when we speak about choice, dosage and systems of
fertilizing. These will reflect as non-rental yields,
negative symptoms of leaf and fruits, example premature
falling of leafs, bitter spots on fruits, loosing fruits'
weight in storehouse and damaging live environment.
Fertilizing of fruits today in region of Prespa among the
individual-planters it is performed in 3 phases:
1.Autumnbasic fertilizing with complex NPK fertilizations, most common combination is 4:7:28 in amount
500-700 kg·ha-1, 2. Early spring fertilizing with complex
NPK 15:15:15 in amount 500-600 kg·ha-1, 3. Late spring
fertilizing with usage of nitrate fertilizations such as
ammonium nitrate or urea in amount 300-400 kg·ha-1.
Usage of organic fertizators is very rare (25% of the
plants).
\ubreweto na ovo{nite denes vo regionot
na Prespa kaj individualnite ovo{tari se
izveduva vo tri etapi i toa: 1. esensko osnovno
|ubrewe so kompleksni NPK |ubriva, naj~esta
kombinacija 4:7:28 vo koli~ina od 500-700 kg·ha-1,
2. rano proletno so kompleksno NPK 15:15:15 vo
koli~ina od 500-600 kg·ha-1, 3. kasno proletnoso
primena na nekoi azotni |ubrewa naj~esto
amonium nitrat ili urea vo koli~ina od 300-400
kg·ha-1. Isto taka samo na mal del od ovo{nite
nasadi se praktikuva primena na organski
|ubriva naj~esto opfatenosta e 25% od nasadite.
Tab. 2 Praktika na |ubrewe vo privatni ovo{ni nasadi vo rod vo region na Prespa
Tab. 2 Pravctice of fertilizing in private orchards in the Prespa region
Sistem na |ubrewe i vreme
System of fertilizing and period
aktivna materija (kg·ha-1)
N
P2O5
K2O
Vid |ubrivo
Fertilizator type
kg·ha-1
Osnovno esensko |ubrewe
Main autumn fertilizator application
NPK
4:7:28
700
28
49
196
Rano proletno |ubrewe
Early spring fertilizator application
NPK
15:15:15
500
75
75
75
Kasno proletno |ubrewe
Late spring fertilizator application
Vkupno
Total
NH4NO3
34%
400
136
0,0
0,0
---
1600
239
124
271
Od podatocite vo tabelata mo`e da se presmeta vkupnata aplikacija na |ubriva vo ovo{tarstvoto, bi iznesuvala 4 320 t za 2600 ha. Ovaa masa
prevedena vo aktivna materija NPK vkupno
iznesuva 1.721 t. Za drugite kulturi nemame obrabotka na podatoci.
Se postavuva pra{aweto dali navedenite
dozi na azot, fosfor i kalium se optimalni,
visoki ili niski i dali ovie dozi pridonesuvaat
za odr`liv razvoj na proizvodstvoto i ekolo{kite aspekti vo agroekosistemot i vodniot ekosistem na Prespanskoto ezero.
Vistinski odgovor baziran na nau~nostru~ni postavki }e go dobieme ako imame podatoci za plodnosta na po~vata so hemiskite
elementi vo regionot odnosno ako imame agrohemiska karta za regionot i ako raspolagame so
drugi podatoci koi se relevantni za ova pra{awe. Za `al dosega nemame izraboteno kompletno
agrohemisko testirawe na po~vata vo prespanskiot region osven na izvesni mali lokaliteti,
toa e rezultat na zainteresirani zemjodelski organizacii, agencijata ili individualni zemjodelski proizvoditeli. Od postojnite podatoci {to
raspolagame mo`eme da istakneme deka hemiskite elementi razli~no se zastapeni od pregolema
koli~ina pa do mo{ne mali. Toa mo`e da se vidi
i od najnovite podatoci od ovaa godina kaj tri
farmeri od lokalitet Prespa.
Od navedenite podatoci od Tab. 3 jasno
mo`at da se vidat golemi razliki vo zastapenosta na hemiskite elementi posebno P i K, isto
taka razliki na rN od ekstremno kiseli do
umereno kiseli. Toa uka`uva na potreba od detalna agrohemiska analiza na ovo{tarskite povr{ini koja }e poslu`i kako dobra orientacija
za izbor na vidovi i dozi na |ubriva. Na primer
podatocite od Tab. 3 jasno ka`uvaat deka ovo{niot nasad vo Drmeni sodr`i visoki koncentracii na fosfor i kalium {to negativno }e se odrazi na ekolo{kite sostojbi vo regionot.
Predlog merki za odr`liv razvoj od aspekt
na aplikacija na mineralni i organski
|ubriva
Predlozite za odr`liv razvoj vo Prespanskiot region imaat za cel da ne se naru{i biolo{kata ramnote`a odnosno postojniot agroekolo{ki sistem i vodniot ekolo{ki sistem. Za taa
cel potrebni se inegralni merki odnosno aplikacija na postulatite na integralno ovo{tarsko
proizvodstvo. Vo ramkite na tie merki e i aplikacija na |ubrivata. Pozna~ajni predlog merki
od aspekt na aplikacija na |ubrivata se:
[iroka edukacija na individualnite zemjodelski proizvoditeli za zna~eweto i potrebata
od |ubrewe, vremeto na |ubrewe, dozite na |ubriva zavisno od svojstvata na po~vata i drugi
parametri.
Edukacijata da ja izveduvana od prethodno
educirani lica, odnosno stru~waci so "osve`eni" znaewa na specijalni seminari. Taa uloga
treba da mu se prepu{ti na agenciite za pottiknuvawe na razvoj na zemjodelstvoto vo sorabotka
so Zemjodelskiot fakultet.
Data from the this scheme can provide total application of
fertizators in fruit planting which is 4320 tones for 2600
ha. This mass transform into active material NPK is 1721
tones. For the others cultures we don’t information.
Question that it is demanded here: are these doses of N, P
and K optimal, high or low, are these doses appropriate
for development of whole process and ecological aspects
of agro-eco system and water system of Prespa Lake.
True answer based on scientific bases, we can get if we
have information about fertility of the soil with chemical
elements in region or if we have agrochemical map of the
region and information connected with this question. Unfortunately complete agrochemical testing of the soil has
never been finished except on smaller regions. That is
result interested agriculture organizations, agency or individual agricultural manufactures. From the available
information we can realize that the amount of chemical
elements is different from place to place. That can be
realized from the latest information performed this year
in region of Prespa.
Tab. 3 Agrohemiski svojstva na po~vata vo ovo{ni nasadi vo prespanski region (kaj 3 farmeri)
Tab. 3 Agrochemical features of the soil in orchards in the Prespa region (3 farms)
Lokalitet
Locality
Krani
Krani
Carev Dvor
Carev Dvor
Drmeni
Drmeni
pH - KCl
vkupen
azot (total
nitrogen)
%
Dostapen
(available)
P2O5 mg/100 g
Dostapen available
K2O mg/100 g
humus - humus
%
CaCO3
5,96
0,07
3,6
39,62
1,20
0,64
5,11
0,06
6,2
25,57
1,39
0,63
4,72
0,06
34,4
80,17
1,90
0,49
Data from this scheme can provide information about
differences of amount of chemical elements especially P
and K. Also differences of pH from extremely acid to
medium acid. That signify need of detail- agrochemical
analyzes fruit plant areas which will give as good direction for choosing types and doses of fertilizations. Example, information from scheme 3 clearly present that fruit
plant in Drmeni contains high percentage of P and K
which reflects negatively on ecological conditions in this
region.
Suggested steps for continues development from aspect of application of mineral and organic fertilizations
Suggested steps for continues development in region of
Prespa are aimed to keep biological balance (permanent
agroecological system and water ecological system). That
can be realized if proper steps (applications of postulates
of integrated fruit manufactures) is performed. These
include application of fertilizations. Suggested steps from
aspect of application of fertilizations are:
Wide education of individual agricultural manufactures
for (importance and need of fertilizations, timing of
fertilizing, doses of fertilizations depending from parameters of the soil.
- Previous educated persons or competent persons
must perform education with “fresh” knowledge
gained on special seminars. That main part of this
-
-
%
process must be realized by Agency for development
of agriculture in corporation with agricultural faculty.
Realization of project titled “control system of fertility of the soil in Prespa region and usage of fertilizations”. This project will administer scientific benefaction for successful education of farmers and correct aspect of usage of agrochemical materials. In
this project farmers can be supplied with mineral
fertilizations thereat to receive a document from
Agency for development of agriculture. For that purpose project must have a book for registering of fertilizations input.
In some regions it is needed realization of systems of
phytomeliorative steps (introducing “cultural grassplanting “) of fruit plants which will provide accumulating of organic materials in the land and better
conditions with humus.
Conclusions
Conclusions that we must realize from the text above are:
In Prespa region there are several soil types with common
characteristics (mechanical structure is light with
dominant fraction of grid and skelet. Soils can be easily
permeable for chemical elements
Soils are non-carbonate with low pH (4,7-5,7) but there
are soils with pH < 4,with low percentage of humus
(0,9-1,5%).
Obvrzna izrabotka i realizacija na proekt
pod naslov "Sistem na kontrola na plodnosta na
po~vata vo prespanskiot region i primena na
|ubriva". Ovoj proekt }e dade nau~en prilog kako
za uspe{na edukacija na farmerite taka i
pravilen priod za upotreba na agrohemikalii.
So ovoj proekt }e mo`at farmerite pred da se
snabduvaat so mineralni |ubriva da dobijat
pismeno upatstvo od Agencijata za pottiknuvawe
na razvojot na zemjodelstvoto. Za taa cel
potrebno e vo proektot vodewe na kniga za
evidencija na input na |ubriva.
Vo nekoi lokaliteti }e bide potrebno
voveduvawe na sistemi na fitomeliorativni
merki odnosno voveduvawe na "kulturno
zatrevuvawe" vo ovo{nite nasadi koe }e slu`i za
deponirawe na organska materija vo po~vata i
podobruvawe na sostojbata so humus.
Zaklu~oci
Od napred iznesenoto mo`eme da izvle~eme
pove}e zaklu~oci me|u koi pova`ni se:
Vo Prespanskiot region ima pove}e po~veni
tipovi so zaedni~ki svojstva me|u koj lesen
mehani~ki sostav so dominacija na frakcija
siten pesok i skelet. Po~vite se lesno
propustlivi i ovozmo`uvaat lesno izmivawe
na hemiski elementi.
Referenci (References)
Mineev, V. G. (1984). AgrohemijÔ i biosfera.
Izdatel√stvo "Kolos"-Moskva.
Šari}, T. (1977). Ekološki aspekti primene \ubriva i
pesticida. "Agrohemija 5-6". Beograd.
Po~vite se bezkarbonatni so nisko rN me|u 4,7 i
5,7 a ima i po~vi so rN pod 4, bezkarbonatni
so nizok procent na humus od 0,9-1,5%
Plodnosta na po~vata so e NPK razli~na od
slabo plodna do ekstremno plodna zavisno od
sistemite na |ubrewe
Postojat osnovani pretpostavki za mo`nost za
kontaminacija na vodite vo Prespansko ezero
so fosfor, azot, kalium, nitrati i drugi
hemiski elementi. Kako rezultat na
ispiraweto i povr{inskata erozija odnosno
irigacionata erozija na po~vata materijalot
so povr{inskite vodi se nosi vo ezeroto.
Neophodna e redica na merki za za{tita na
regionot
od
pregolema
upotreba
na
mineralni |ubriva. Vo merkite spored na{e
viduvawe spa|aat: osoznavawe na sostojbata
so plodnosta na po~vata so hemiskite
elementi
fosfor,
kalium,
nitrati,
amonija~en azot i nekoi te{ki metali
kadmium, olovo i sl.
Edukacija na farmerite za sistemite na |ubrewe,
vreme, dozi, na~ini i dlabo~ina
Za realizacija na prednoto }e treba da se
izraboti studija za agrohemiskite sostojbi
na po~vata vo Prespa koja }e dade odgovor na
mnogu pra{awa od dva aspekta: odr`uvawe na
plodnosta na po~vata i odr`uvawe na
ekolo{kata ramnote`a vo regionot.
Spirovski, J. i Trpeski, V. (1982). Po~vite vo
mesnostite "Miojca" i " Padarnica" vo
atarot na s. Volkoderi, sopstvenost na ZIK
Prespansko
jabolko-Resen.
Rakopis.
Zemjodelski fakultet. Skopje.
Fertility with NPG is different from place to place (from
poor fertility to extreme fertility depending from the
systems for fertilizing.
There are several basic presumes of possibility of
contamination of waters of Prespa Lake with P, N, K,
nitrates and other chemical elements. As a result of
irrigation and surface erosion, material with surface
waters is brought in to the lake.
It is necessary to provide steps for protection of region
from overdose usage of mineral fertilizations. This
steps include: determination of condition of fertility
of the soil with chemical elements P, K, nitrates and
some other heavy metals such as Kd, Pb etc.
Education of farmers about systems of fertilizing, timing,
dosing, ways and depth.
Realization can be accomplished with appropriate study
for agrochemical conditions of soil in Prespa region
which will give as answer for many questions from
two aspects: maintaining the fertility of the soil and
ecological balance of the region.
Trpeski, V. i Spasovski, K. (1987). Ishrana
"kapka po kapka" vo za{titeni i otvoreni
prostori na nekoi gradinarski i ovo{ni
kulturi. Zavr{en iszve{taj na proekt,
rakopis. Zemjodelski fakultet - Skopje.
Trpeski, V. i dr. (1995). Koristewe i upravuvawe
na zemjodelskite povr{ini. Sektorska
studija za izrabotka na Nacionalen
ekolo{ki akcionen plan za R. Makedonija.
Skopje.
203
@ivinarska farma kako izvor na fosfor vo prespanskiot region
Qup~o GRUP^E
Makedonsko ekolo{ko dru{tvo,Skopje
Apstrakt
Se analizira `ivinarskata farma vo Resen i nejnoto potencijalno vlijanie vo polneweto na Prespanskoto ezero
so fosfor. Vrz baza na vnesot na koncentrati i iznesot na jajca i sodr`inata na neiskoristeniot fosfor vo
organskiot otpadok, opredeleni se vkupnite koli~ini koi potencijalno mo`at da bidat vneseni vo ezeroto, ako
nivnoto iskoristuvawe vo zemjodelieto ne se osnova vrz dobra ekolo{ka programa.
Voved
Sovremenite problemi {to gi sozdava
antropogeniot pritisok vrz kvalitetot na
`ivotnata sredina, postojano se javuvaat kako
faktori, {to go pritiskaat ~ovekot da prezema
merki za namaluvawe na negativnite dejstvija, za
da se za~uva kvalitetot na `ivotnata sredina i
za idnite pokolenija.
Prespanskiot region, osobeno Prespanskoto Golemo i Malo Ezero, bea predmet na dosta
podrobni razgleduvawa na simpoziumot odr`an
vo Kor~a vo oktomvri 1997 god. so cel, kako
prirodnite resursi vo regionot racionalno da se
koristat i sozdadat uslovi za odr`liv razvoj. Na
simpoziumot be{e konstatirano deka namaluvaweto na nivoto na ezeroto vo poslednata dekada
na HH vek e rezultat i na antropogenoto koristewe na negovite vodi za polivawe vo zemjodelieto (^avkalovski 1997), dodeka zgolemuvaweto na
trofijata na vodite vo ezeroto e rezultat na
polneweto na ezeroto so P pod vlijanie na antropogenite aktivnesti vo regionot. Be{e utvrdeno
deka antropogenoto polnewe so P kvantitativno
e pogolemo od polneweto so R so ispirawata od
prirodnite ekosistemi vo slivot na ezeroto. Tie
ispirawa na R so vrne`ite obezbeduvaat, oligotrofnost na ezerskite vodi (Grupche 1997). Isto
taka be{e istaknato deka treba da se prezemat
soodvetni aktivnesti za proglasuvawe na ovoj
region za za{titen kako prirodno nasledstvo
pred Unesko vo Pariz. I januarskata sredba 2000
godina vo Prespa me|u trite premieri na
dr`avite i potpi{aniot memorandum, uka`uvaat
204
deka sme na prav pat ovoj transgrani~en region
me|u trite dr`avi da se proglasi za za{titen.
Ovoj simpozium koj e tematski opredelen
kako "Odr`liv razvoj na prespanskiot region"
treba da napravi obid so prodlabo~ena analiza
realno da se opredelat na~inite na koristeweto
na prirodnite resursi vo regionot vo site tri
dr`avi i obezbedi takov na~in na upravuvawe na
regionot, koj }e ovozmo`i odr`liv razvoj na
regionot, a so toa i za{tita na Prespanskoto
Golemo i Malo Ezero. Namerite da se za{titi
celiot region kako prirodna retkost od
ekolo{ka gledna to~ka gi obvrzuva site sosedi
na Prespanskiot region da ne se tretira kako
sklad na raznovidni prehrambeni proizvodi
bidej}i istovremeno prestavuva i dom vo koj
naselenieto treba da `ivee. Ovoj pristap gi
opredeluva prakti~ki ekolo{kite osnovi na
odr`liviot razvoj, koj ja zgolemuva na{ata
odgovornost, kako kon na~inite na koristeweto
na prirodnite resursi i prostorot, taka i kon
kvalitetot na `ivotnata sredina. Ekonomskiot
razvoj na regionot neophodno treba holisti~ki
da se razgleduva, vo koj i tro{ocite na rabotata
na prirodata, koja e naso~ena kon podr`uvawe na
kvalitetot na prirodnite resursi, }e se vklu~at
vo tro{ocite na stopanskiot razvoj na regionot.
Vo sprotivno, sekoga{ }e bideme vo sostojba,
post faktum, da reagirame, koga negativnite
manifestacii vo vodeniot ekosistem, predizvikani od zagaduvawata, se silno naprednati.
Ottamu, ekolo{kite merki na preventivata vo
`ivotnata sredina da ne dojde do nesakani
posledici, sekoga{ se poefikasni i poeftini.
Poultry farm as a source of phosphorus in the Prespa region
Ljupcho GRUPCHE
Macedonian Ecological Society, Skopje
Abstract
The phosphorus leaching in the Prespa lake from the poultry farm is considered. According to the daily input of concentrate food, the
daily egg output and the content of the unused phosphorus in the organic waste, the quantities of phosphorus that could leach in the
lake are determined, if its exploitation in the agriculture is not based on efficint ecological program.
Introduction
The antropogenic pressure on the quality of life and the
environment, are factors urging the mankind to take action in decreasing the negative impact on the nature, in
order to preserve the quality of the environment for the
next generations.
The Prespa region, especially the Macro and Micro Prespa lakes, was object of detailed studies on the symposium held in Korca in October 1997. The aim of the symposium was to find a way for rational exploiting of the
natural resources in the region and to create condition for
sustainable development. It was concluded that the constant decrease of the water level of the lake in the last
decade is in direct connection with the exploiting of the
water for irrigation in the agriculture, Cavkalovski
(1997), while the main reason for the eutrophication of
the lake is the constant influx of phosphorus. It was found
that the amount of P originating from antropogenic activities is larger than the amount of P originating from
natural the natural ecosystems in the lake watershed. The
input of P by the precipitation enables oligotrophicy of
the water in the lake (Grupche 1997). Also, it was
emphasized that appropriate activities need to be taken in
order to proclaim this region as protected as a natural
heritage by UNESCO in Paris. The January meeting
among the three prime ministers of the surrounding
countries and the signed memorandum shows that we are
off to a good start to proclaim this region protected.
This symposium, named “Sustainable development of the
Prespa region” should define a realistic management for
the natural resoirces in the region that will enable sustainable development, along with environmental protection of
the both Prespa Lakes. An in-depth analysis of the ways
and the means for exploiting of the natural resources in
this region is needed. First of all, the surrounding coun-
tries should find a way to protect the region as a natural
rarity and as a home for the local population and not to
consider the region only as a suitable food-growing area.
This approach deteremines the ecological base for sustainable development, increasing our responsibility in
choosing appropriate way of exploiting natural resources
and the space as well as for the quality of the environment. The plan for economic development need to be
holistically designed, and that includes the price we need
to pay to preserve our environment. If the economic development is not carefully planned, we’ll put ourselves in
position where we could only react when the negative
trends in the water eco-system are already very advanced.
Having this in mind, it becomes obvious that the appropriate environmental prevention measures are both
cheaper and more efficient.
This approach creates a condition for sustainable development of the region, because it includes greater involvement and understanding of the local population for the
protection of the natural processes and functions of the
landshaft which will help to preserve the natural resources for the next generations (Grant et al. 1996 in:
Steiner 1999).
The Prespa lake is one of the most important resources
for this region, but its waters are constantly eutrophicating because of the increasing influx of phosphorus. This
is threat for the Ohrid Lake as well, due to mutual hydrologic system two lakes are forming. The annual net
influx of phosphorus is 84,52 t The natural processes input 41,02 t and the other 43,5 t originate from the antropogenic activities in the region (Grupche 1997).
The antropogenic sources of phosphorus includes: washout from agricultural areas, communal wastewater,
tourism and industry, but the contribution of the cattle
farms is not accounted.
Vakov priod sozdava uslovi za odr`liv
razvoj na regionot, bidej}i toj bara prilagoduvawe i podobruvawe na odnosot na ~ovekot kon
za{titata na prirodnite procesi i funkcii na
predelot (land{aftot) za da se za{titat resursite i za idnite generacii (Grant at al. 1996 in:
Steiner 1999).
Vo regionot, eden od najzna~ajnite resursi
e Prespanskoto Ezero, ~ii vodi pod vlijanieto
na polneweto so R intenzivno se eutrofiziraat
so {to potencijalno se zagrozuvaat i vodite na
Ohridskoto Ezero, bidej}i dvete predstavuvaat
ednistven hidrolo{ki sistem. Polneweto na ezeroto so R godi{no iznesuva 84,52 t od koi 41,02 t
poteknuvaat od prirodnite procesi na ispirawe
i 43,5 t od antropogenite aktivnesti vo regionot
(Grupche 1997).
Antropogenite izvori na R vo prespanskiot region se determinirani kako ispirawa od
zemjodelski povr{ini, komunalni otpadni vodi,
turizam, industrija, no vo niv ne se vneseni i
izvorite R od sto~arski farmi. So ovoj prilog
sakam realno da go opredelam vlijanieto na `ivinarskata farma, kako golem izvor na R vo regionot, koj{to vo otsustvo na efikasna ekolo{ka
utilizacija, }e stane faktor za zgolemuvawe na
trofijata na vodite od Prespanskoto Ezero. Ekolo{kiot pristap vo iskoristuvaweto na organskiot otpad od `ivinarskata farma mo`e da
ovozmo`i taa da stane i proizveduva~ na neophodni koli~ini organsko |ubrivo so {to }e se zameni upotrebata na mineralnite |ubriva, ako so
soodvetna programa se obezbedi efikasno upravuvawe so prometot na hranlivite materii vo
regionot.
@ivinarska farma kako izvor na fosfor
Severoisto~no od Resen, blizu najgolemiot
vodotek vo kotlinata, locirana e `ivinarska
farma so kapacitet od 220000 nosilki na jajca.
Sega kapacitetot iznesuva 117000 nosilki so dnevna potro{uva~ka od 13 t koncentrirana hrana.
@ivinarskata farma pretstavuva heterotrofen biotehnolo{ki sistem za proizvodstvo
na jajca i meso.Taa spored Odum (1986) mo`e da se
sporedi so mlad ekosistem vo koj energijata se
naso~uva kon rast i produkcija, so malo energetsko podr`uvawe. Najgolemiot del od energijata e
naso~eno na proizvodstvoto na jajca i biomasa.
Ovoj sistem postojano kako vnes tro{i sekoj den
13 t hrana, a kako iznos od sistemot se javuvaat
jajca za ~ija biomasa se tro{i del od vnesenata
hrana i organski otpadok obogaten so metaboliti. Ovoj dneven otpadok koj po koli~ina e blizok
do koli~inite na vnesot vo sistemot, vo odsustvo
na efikasno ekolo{ko iskoristuvawe se javuva
silen ekolo{ki faktor koj gi zagrozuva site
sferi: vodata, po~vata i vozduhot, a osobeno
vodite na Prespanskoto Ezero.
@ivinarskata farma e organizirana kako
linearen biotehnolo{ki sistem vo koj nema efikasna utilizacija na organskiot otpad. Otsustvoto na ekolo{ka programa za utilizacija, onevozmo`uva lesno kru`ewe na materiite vo sistemot,
zaradi {to doa|a do akumulacija na otpadot koi
na godi{no nivo dostignuvaat 5252 t. Toa zna~i
deka dnevnoto proizvodstvo na organski otpad
iznesuva 14,38 t/den (Jeki} i Lozanovski 1995).
Kaj nas `ivinarskite farmi se planirani samo
za proizvodstvo na jajca i meso koga nosilkite se
zamenuvaat. Drugi proizvodi ne proizveduvaat,
kako {to e biogas i alternativna energija ili
proizvodstvo na kompost so {to tie stanuvaat
zaokru`eni biotehnolo{ki sistemi. Nemaweto
programa za efikasna ekolo{ka utilizacija na
organskiot otpad, ovozmo`uva negovo stihijno
zagaduvawe na okolinata.
[to prerstavuva `ivinarskata farma kako
antropogenen sistem vo regionot ? Ako kapacitetot na `ivinarskata farma go prevedeme
vo ekvivalenten broj na sviwi od po 50 kg, toga{
bi se dobil broj na sviwi pretstaven na Tab. 1.
Ovoj osvrt go pravam za da se sfati goleminata na koncentracijata na `ivi organizmi na
mal prostor, a so toa i pritisokot {to go vr{at
sto~arskite farmi vrz `ivotnata sredina. Toa se
vsu{nost gradovi so visoka koncentracija na `ivi organizmi na mal prostor, koi kako heterotrofni sistem sekoga{ na vlezot na sistemot
imaat visok vnes na energija. Ako `ivinarskata
farma raboti so poln kapacitet dnevnata potro{uva~ka }e iznesuva 26 t koncentrati mesto sega{nite 13 t/den .
Ekolo{kiot pritisok pretstaven preku
koli~estvata R koi kako neiskoristeni se isfrlaat so organskiot otpadok vo nadvore{nata sredina, mo`at realno da se ocenat i kvantificiraat, ako se poznavaat prose~nite koli~ini R vo
koncentratite i procentot na nivnoto iskoristuvawe vo proizvodstvoto na jajca i vkupnata potro{uva~ka na koncentrati. Spored Jordanovski
koncentratite prose~no vo `ivinarskite farmi
sodr`at 0,71% od koi 60 % se iskoristuvaat za
proizvodstvo na jajca i biomasa (Tab. 2).
Od Tab. 2 se gleda deka u~estvoto na R vo
koncentratite e zna~ajno. Toj dostignuva vrednost od 33,68 t od koi 20,20 t se iskoristuvat vo
proizvodstvoto na jajca i meso, a 13,47 t ostanuvaat vo organskiot otpadok.
This study will try to realisticly determine the poultryfarm as a source of phosphorus in the region. The phosphorus originating from this farm could become a major
environmental threat for eutrophication of the Prespa
lake. The ecological approach in the exploitation of the
organic waste may enable the farm to become a producer
of necessary amounts of organic fertilizers. These
amounts of organic fertilizers could substitute the mineral
ones.
Poultry farm as a source of phosphorus
A poultry farm with capacity of 220000 hens is located
northeast of Resen, near the main waterflow. The poultry
farm represents a heterotrofic bio-technological system
for production of eggs and meat. According to Odum
(1996), it could be compared with a young eco-system
where the energy is used for growth and productions with
little energy support. Largest amount of energy is used
for production of eggs and biomass. There are 117000
hens at this moment, with daily needs of 13 t. of concentrated food. The system input is 13 t. of concentrated
food, while the output consists of eggs and organic waste
enriched with metabolites. The quantity of the daily waste
is near the quantity of the daily input in the system.
Without adequate ecological exploiting of the waste, it
becomes a major ecological threat for the water, the soil,
the air, and especially the Prespa lake.
Tab. 1 Kapacitet na `ivinarska farma
Tab. 1 Capacity of the poultry farm
Vid `ivotno
Type of organism
Koko{ki
(Hens)
Sviwi od 50 kg
50 kg pigs
Kapacitet
Capacity
Momentalen broj
Current number
220000
117000
8800
4680
The poultry farm is organized as a linear bio-technological system without adequate utilization of the organic
waste. The lack of environmental program for utilization
disables the matter circulation leading to accumulation of
the waste, which reach 5252t. annually. In another words
the daily production of organic waste is about 14 t. JekicLozanovski (1995). The poultry farms are planned only
for production of eggs and meat when the hens are replaced. The production of bio-gas as alternative energy,
or compost production and etc. is not included in the
farm production. The lack of adequate program for efficient ecological exploitation of the organic waste leads to
its occasional accidental utilization or environment pollution. If circulation of the waste was included, together
with the production of biogas and compost the farms
would become complete bio-technological systems with
no threat for the environment. If the poultry farm is presented as a pig farm with 50kg pigs, we would have the
situation presented in Tab. 1.
I'm comparing the two farms to emphasize the concentration of live organisms on such small area, and the pressure the cattle farms do on the environment. This could
be compared to cities with high density of population on
small space that, as a heterotrofic systems, always have
high energy input. If the poultry farm operates with full
capacity the daily need for concentrates will be 26 t. instead of 13 t.
The unused amount of phosphorus that is disposed with
the organic waste has negative impact on the environment. If we know the average amounts of phosphorus in
the concentrate and its utilisation in the production processes, we could calculate the amount of phosphorus that
is being released. According to Jovanovski, the concentrates contain 0,71 % phosphorus, and 60% of it is used
up for production of eggs and biomass.
As it can be seen, the amount of phosphorus in the concentrates is significant reaching 33,68 t. Only 20,20t are
used in the production, while 13,47 t., are left over in the
organic waste. These quantities of phosphorus are larger
than those that enter in the lake with the communal
wastewater, Grupche (1997) and become important part
in the eutrophication of the water in the lake. This
amounts of phosphorus show that the poultry farm is a
significant factor in the production of phosphorus compared to other sources like the industry, communal
wastewater, and etc. The lack of an adequate program for
efficient ecological phosphorus exploitation made this
farm from the start (with its opening in 1973) to have a
significant part in the phosphorus leaching. in the lake.
To avoid that, there are several way for ecological exploitation of the organic waste from the farm:
The farm production should include more than just eggs,
like production of biogas as an alternative energy,
along with the building of an anaerobic system for
purifying of the wastewater.
The organic waste should be transformed into organic
fertilizers by an adequate program, and then applied
in the orchards and in other agricultural activities
where it will be used in the primary production. This
would enable easier circulation of phosphorus in the
region.
Production of compost, which would be used for primary
production in the agriculture.
If these three ways are implement in a program for management with the matter circulation in the Prespa valley,
it will enabled to decrease phosphorus leaching in the
lake. The use of the phosphorous rich organic fertilizers
in the agriculture will include the phosphorus in the
produced biomass of the food. On the other hand, it will
lead to a substitution of the mineral fertilizers, that are
used nowadays in the agriculture, and especially in the
fruit production.
Ovie koli~estva po se pogolemi od tie koi
se vnesuvaat vo ezeroto so komunalnite otpadni
vodi (Grupche 1997) i pretstavuvaat potencijalna
opasnost za zgolemuvawe na trofijata na ezerskite vodi, ako otpadokot ekolo{ki ne se iskoristuva. Ovie koli~ini R, pokraj tie od ispiraweto na
zemjodelskite povr{ini, detergentite, turizmot
i industrijata, se faktor {to vlijae na polneweto na ezerskite vodi so R. Toa zna~i deka `ivinarskata farma od nejzinoto funkcionirawe vo
1973 godina do denes ima zna~ajno u~estvo vo polneweto na ezeroto so R, bidej}i otsustvuva programa za negovoto ekolo{ko iskoristuvawe i
programa za upravuvawe so kru`eweto na materiite vo regionot.
Spored dosega{nite iskustva, postojat pove}e na~ini za ekolo{ko iskoristuvawe na organskiot otpadok:
1.Farmata pokraj jajca da proizveduva i biogas
kako alternativna energija, so izgradba na anaeroben sistem za pro~istuvawe na otpadni vodi.
2.So razrabotena programa organskiot otpadok
da se iskoristuva kako |ubrivo vo ovo{tarstvoto
i drugite zemjodelski aktivnesti kade R bi se
koristel vo primarnata produkcja i na toj na~in
ovozmo`i lesno kru`ewe na R vo regionot.
3.Proizvodstvo na kompost koj bi se koristel za
primarno proizvodstvo vo zemjodelieto.
Ovie tri na~ina vgradeni vo edna golema
programa za upravuvawe so kru`eweto na materiite vo prespanskiot region ovozmo`uva prakti~ki lesno da se upravuva so kru`eweto na hranlivite materii vo kotlinata. Toa }e vlijae na namaluvawe na polneweto na ezerskite vodi. So koristeweto na organskoto |ubrivo vo zemjodelieto, R {to se nao|a vo nego }e se vklu~uva vo biomasata na proizvedenata hrana, a od druga strana
}e vlijae i na namaluvawe na koli~inite na
mineralnite hraniva, koi sega se koristat vo
zemjodelieto, osobeno vo ovo{tarstvoto .
Diskusija
Pod poimot odr`liv razvoj na prespanskiot region treba da se podrazbira prilagoduvawe na stopanskiot razvoj vo regionot za da se
za{titat prirodnite procesi i funkcii na
resursite vo regionot (land{aftot) za da tie ostanat nepromeneti i za idnite generacii. Ekolo{kite zakonitosti na predelot (land{aftot)
usloveni so klimatskite i pedogeolo{kite uslovi ne obvrzuvaat sekoga{ kon dlaboka analiza vrzana za ekolo{kite karakteristiki na regionot,
a ne kon globalizacija vrz osnova na teritori-
208
jata na Zemjata. Sekoj predel ima svoja ekologija
i svoi zakonitosti koi ja opredeluvaat specifi~nosta na regionot. Vo slu~ajov, zatvorenata
prespanskata kotlina dava izvonredni uslovi so
tripartitno u~estvo, vrz jasno sogledani kriteriumi, efikasno da se upravuva so procesite na
kru`ewe na mineralnite materii vo regionot.
Smetam deka so takva programa }e mo`e da se
obezbedat vistinski uslovi za odr`liv razvoj na
reginot, koj istovremeno }e gi zadovoluva i
obvrskite {to proizleguvaat od negovata za{tita kako prirodno nasledstvo.
Vo na{ava Republika se odr`ani brojni
diskusii, osobeno na Zemjodelskiot fakultet,
kade e istaknato deka za vodewe na organsko zemjodelie kaj nas nedostasuva arsko |ubrivo (Jeki}
i Lozanovski 1995). Me|utoa, koga toa se odnesuva
za zatvoreni kotlini, koi se odlikuvaat so svoj
re~en sliv, nastojuvaweto da se namali koristeweto na mineralni |ubriva za smetka na koristeweto na organski |ubriva, treba da bide osnova
vo strategijata za razvoj na regionot vo koja e
vkalkulirano proizvodstvoto na organskite |ubriva. Vo takov slu~aj, proizveduva~ite i na organsko |ubrivo, mo`at da bidat i baza za stopanski razvoj na regionot. Vsu{nost, so negovo ekolo{ki pravilno koristewe }e se namali vnesot
na R vo kotlinata, a so toa i vo ezerskite vodi.
Pri toa upotrebata na mineralnite |ubriva isklu~ivo treba da bide spored svojstvata na po~vata i potrebite na kulturite,{to isto taka }e
vlijae na namaluvawe na polneweto na ezerskite
vodi so R. So drugi zborovi, vo stopanskiot razvoj na regionot vo ramkite na odr`liviot razvoj
}e treba da se predvidat i subjekti koi }e proizveduvaat organsko |ubre, bidejki so sega{niot
kapacitet na `ivinarskata farma, proizvedenoto organsko |ubre mo`e da zadovoli blizu 50 %
od povr{inite pod ovo{ni kulturi (Jeki} i
Lozanovski 1995).
Vakviot pristap vo razvojot na zemjodelieto vo regionot treba da se osnova glavno na taka
nare~enoto organsko proizvodstvo, koe ne upatuva kon izrabotka na jasni upatstva za unapreduvawe na metodite na upravuvaweto so kru`eweto
na mineralnite materii vo regionot koi{to
treba da bidat preto~eni vo programa so koja,
spored dozvoleniot bilans na kru`ewe mineralnite materii vo site granki na zemjodelskoto
proizvodstvo, }e ovozmo`i to~no da se nabele`at koli~inite na organskite |ubriva {to }e se
vklu~uvaat vo zemjodelskata aktivnost.
Discussion
The term “Sustainable development of the Prespa
region” means the accommodation of the economic
development in the region with the protection of the
environment and the natural resources for the next
generations. The environment of each region
characterized by its climate and pedogeological
conditions.
Tab. 2 Godi{na potro{uva~ka na koncentrati i koli~ini na R
Tab. 2 Annual consumption of concentrates and amounts of phosphorus.
Hrana
(Food)
Vkupno koli~estvo (t)
Total amount (t)
Prose~na sodr`ina
fosfor (%)
Average Amount of
Phosphorous (%)
Iskoristen
fosfor (%)
Used
Phosphorous (%)
Neiskoristen
fosfor (%)
Unused Phosphorous
(%)
Koncentrati
Concentrates
4745
0.71
60
40
33,68
20,20
13,47
Vkupno P/t
Total P/t
The Prespa valley is characterized by its isolation and the
lake. In this case, the efficient management of the processes of matter circulation in the region could be reached
only with the participation of the all surrounding counties. In my opinion that kind of program will provide favorable conditions for the sustainable development of the
Prespa region, along with the fulfilling of the responsibilities that come from its preservation as natural heritage.
Numerous discussions were held in our country, especially on the Faculty of Agriculture, and they pointed out
that the current production of organic fertilizers is not
sufficient to organize an organic agriculture (Jeki} i
Lozanovski 1995). But, when it comes for isolated valleys, characterized by its own watershed, the insisting on
replacing the mineral fertilizers with organic should become a foundation in the strategy for development of the
region. In that case, the producers of organic fertilizers
could become basis for the economic development. With
the proper exploitation of the organic fertilizers the influx
of phosphorus in the valley will be decreased, and of
course, the amount of phosphorus in the lake. The use of
mineral fertilizers should be in accordance with the properties of the soil and the needs of the agricultural culture,
and this would decrease even more the influx of the
phosphorus in the valley. In other words, the plan for the
economic development of the region will have to foresee
subjects that will produce organic fertilizers because the
poultry farm could supply only 50 % of the orchards,
(Jeki} i Lozanovski 1995).
This approach to the development of the agriculture in the Prespa region should be based on the so called
organic production. In order to achieve that, a clear
guidelines are necessary for the improvement of the
methods in management with the matter circulation in the
region. The quantity of organic fertilizers needed in the
agriculture must be known. This will help in the
designing of a program for sustanaible development. This
program will have several main goals: limitation of the
usage of the lake water for irrigation, the usage of
phosphate based detergents, straitening of the safety
regulations for purifying of the communal and industrial
wastewater, as well as limitation of the usage of mineral
fertilizers to decrease the influx of phosphorus in the
region to acceptable, non dangerous levels. This is the
only way to create favorable conditions for sustainable
development in the region, and that includes
accommodation of the local population to the local
environmental conditions and respect for the natural
processes in the region. We need to set strict criteria for
the management for matter circulation in the region, that
should be foundation for the economic development of
the region, and at the same time, to provide sustainable
development and protection of the natural resources for
the next generations.
209
So taa programa }e se ograni~i ne samo
upotrebata na ezerskite vodi za polivawe, koristeweto na fosfatni detergenti, zaostruvaweto
na kriteriumite za pro~istuvaweto na komunalnite i industriskite vodi, tuku i upotrebata na
mineralnite |ubriva za da se postigne vrednost
na vnes na R vo regionot, koja nema da vlijae vrz
zgolemuvaweto na trofijata na ezerskite vodi.
Samo so takov pristap vo prespanskiot region }e
se sozdadat uslovi za odr`liv razvoj na regionot
vo koj ~ovekot svesno se prilagoduva kon mesnite
ekolo{ki uslovi so po~ituvawe na prirodnite
procesi i funkcii vo land{aftot. Toa upatuva
kon donesuvawe na strogi kriteriumi vo upravuvaweto so kru`eweto na materiite vo regionot,
koi treba da stanat trajna osnova za ureduvawe na
ekonomskiot razvitok za da mo`e da se obezbedi
odr`liv razvoj na regionot i za{tita na prirodnite resursi i za idnite pokolenija.
Zaklu~oci
1. Sto~arskite farmi, a vo toj sklop i `ivinarskite
kako
linearni
heterotrofni
ve{ta~ki biotehni~ki sistemi se javuvaat
kako golemi proizveduva~i na organski otpad
koj{to sodr`i zna~ajni koli~estva R.
Otsustvo na ekolo{ka programa za negovoto
koristewe vlijae na zgolemuvaweto na
trofijata na slatkite vodi.
2. So izrabotkata na programa za ekolo{ko iskoristuvawe na organskiot otpad ili iskoristuvawe na organskiot otpad za proizvodstvo
na biogas, ovie sistemi stanuvaat zaokru`eni,
i se ovozmo`uva lesno kru`ewe na materiite.
3. Vo zatvoreni predeli kakva e prespanskata
kolina neophodno se javuva potreba za
izrabotka na programa za upravuvawe so
kru`eweto na materiite vo regionot bidej}i
taa }e ovozmo`i farmite da stanat ne samo
faktori za ekonomski razvoj na regionot, tuku
i osnova za odr`liv razvoj.
4. Sto~arskite, a vo tie ramki i `ivinarskite
farmi, treba da nastojuvaat organskiot otpad
da go iskoristat i za drugi proizvodi koi }e
imaat ekonomska vrednost so {to od linearni
preminuvaat vo zaokru`eni biotehnolo{ki
sistemi.
Referenci (References)
Grupche, Lj. (1997). Autochtonous and allochtonous
quantities of phosphorus in Prespa Lake waters.International Symposium Towards Intergrated
Conservation and Sustainable Development of
Transboundary Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes.2426 oktober,Korcha,Albania.
Jeki}, M..i Lozanovski, R. (1995). Mo`en stepen
na substitucija na mineralnite |ubriwa so organski vo Republika Makedonija.Zbornik na
trudovi na Zemjodelski fakultet, sredba fakultet - stopanstvo 95,god. 3,Skopje.
Conclusions
Cattle farms, and poultry farms as a part of them, are
linear heterotrofic artificial biotechnological systems
that produce large amounts of organic waste with
high concentration of phosphorus. The lack of
adequate ecological program for exploiting the
organic waste is in direct connection with the
eutrophication of the river and lake waters.
Proper program for ecological usage of the organic waste,
or it’s use for biogas production, makes these
systems complete and eases the matter circulation.
Odum, E. (1986). Ekologija. (Prevod na ruski),
Mir, Moskva.
Steiner, F. (1999). The Nature of Communities @ivotna sredina, 8, 2; 9, 1 str. 181 (1998/99). Sojuz
za `ivotna sredina na Makedonija,Skopje.
In isolated region, such is the Prespa Valley, it is
necessary to design a program for management for
mater circulation in the region. This will enable the
farms to become not only factors for economic development, but also factors for sustainable development.
The cattle farms, and the poultry farms as a part of them,
should strive to use the organic waste for other
purposes that will have economic values that will
turn them from linear into cyclic bio-tehnological
systems.
Cavkalovski, I. (1997). Hydrology of Prespa Lake. International Symposium Towards Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development of Transboundary Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes.24-26
October, Korcha, Albania.
211
Klimatski i agroklimatski karakteristiki vo slivot
na Prespanskoto Ezero
Pece RISTEVSKI
Apstrakt
Vo trudot e izvr{eno klimatsko i agroklimatsko reonirawe, so valorizacija na agroklimatskite resursi. Vo
trudot e izvr{ena procenka na klimatskite i agroklimatskite uslovi na teritorijata na slivot na Prespanskoto
Ezero preku soodvetna metodologija za ovoj vid na istra`uvawa, vrz osnova na postojnite rezultati od
meteorolo{kata stanica Resen, meteorolo{kata stanica Pretor, sporedeni so rezultatite od okolnite
meteorolo{ki stanici, kako i vrz osnova na do`domernite stanici vo slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero.
Voved
Za istra`uvaweto na prirodnite uslovi
(klimatskite, hidrolo{kite, po~vite, vodniot
bilans i sl.) na slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero,
poznati se pove}e trudovi (Todorovski i
Kirovski 1974; Milevski i dr. 1977, ^avkalovski
1996; Anovski i dr. 1980; Ristevski i dr. 1997
god.) Vo trudot e izvr{eno klimatsko i agroklimatsko reonirawe, so valorizacija na agroklimatskite resursi. Do sega agroklimatskite karakteristiki za ovoj sliv ne se istra`uvani.
Vo trudot e izvr{ena procenka na klimatskite i agroklimatskite uslovi na teritorijata
na slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero preku soodvetna metodologija za ovoj vid na istra`uvawa,
vrz osnova na postojnite rezultati od meteorolo{kata stanica Resen, meteorolo{kata stanica
Pretor, sporedeni so rezultatite od okolnite
meteorolo{ki stanici, kako i vrz osnova na
do`domernite stanici vo slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero.
Klimatskite i agroklimatskite resursi
koi se analizirani vo trudot se:
- Termi~ki resursi na vozduhot, po~vata i
vodata vo Prespanskoto Ezero
- Solarni i svetlosni resursi
- Resursi na vla`nosta na vozduhot, vrne`ite i
po~vata
1. Klimatski karakteristiki na slivot na
Prespanskoto Ezero
Poradi specifi~nite orografski uslovi
koi vlijaat vrz dimnami~kite faktori na klima-
212
ta (transport na vozdu{nite masi i nivnata
modifikacija), kako i pod vlijanieto na geografskite i lokalnite faktori ( vlijanieto na
vodenata masa na ezeroto, kako i drugite karakteristiki na slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero) se
javuvaat razli~ni vidovi na klima (Ristevski i
dr.1997 god ), koi se prika`ani na (Sl. 1).
Vo slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero se
javuvaat slednite vidovi na klima, koi se pod
vlijanieto na nadmorskata viso~ina, vlijanieto
na vodenata masa na ezeroto i drugite fizi~kogeografski faktori (po{umenosta, vlijanieto
na obrabotlivite povr{ini na zemji{teto,
urbanizacija na zemji{teto i sl.) kako i drugite
dinami~ki faktori (transportot na vozdu{nite
masi i sl, kako i solarnite faktori (intenzitetot na globalnoto zra~ewe, oson~uvaweto, obla~nosta i dr.):
- Toplo i ladno submediteransko klimatsko
podra~je od 600 do 900 m, i od 900 do 1100 m.
- Podgorsko
i
gorsko
submediteransko
klimatsko podra~je od 1100 do 1300 m, i od 1300 do
1650 m, kako i
- Subalpsko i alpsko podra~je od 1650 m, do
2250 m i nad 2250 m.
Granicite na vertikalnata promena na
klimatskite tipovi e svrzana so vegetacionoto i
po~venoto zamirawe, kako i so termi~kite
uslovi vo zavisnost od nadmorskata viso~ina
(Filipovski i dr. 1996), kako i preku karakteristi~nite granici od termi~kiot i pluviometriskiot re`im, spored kepenovata klasifikacija primeneta za uslovite na teritorijata
na Republika Makedonija (Ristevski 1982).
Climatic and agroclimatic characteristics in the Prespa Lake basin
Pece RISTEVSKI
Introduction
There are number of papers (Todorovski and Kirovski,
1974; Milevski et al. 1977; Chavkalovski, 1996; Anovski
and co. 1980, P. Ristevski and co. 1997) that researched
the natural conditions (the climatic, hydrological, soil,
water regime etc) of the Prespa Lake. This paper deals
with the climatic and agroclimatic zones, valorizing the
agroclimatic resources. So far, the agroclimatic
characteristics were not researched.
The valuation of the climatic and agroclimatic conditions
in the Prespa Lake basin is made. A suitable methodology
for this kind of research has been used, based on the
actual results from the meteorological station in Resen
and Pretor, compared with the results from the
surrounding meteorological stations, as well as the rain
stations in the Prespa Lake basin.
Climatic and agroclimatic resources analyzed in the
paper:
•
•
•
Thermal resources of the air, the soil and
the water in the Prespa Lake
Solar and light resources
Resources of the humidity of the air, the
rainfall and the soil
Climatic characteristics of the Prespa
Lake basin
The specific orographic conditions that have impact on
the dynamic factors of the climate (the transport of the air
masses and their modification), as well as the impact of
the geographical and the local factors (the impact of the
lake water, as well as the other characteristics of the
Prespa Lake basin) create different types of climate
(Ristevski and co. 1997) that are shown on the map (Fig.
1)
The following types of climate appear in the Prespa Lake
Basin, impacted by the altitude, lake water and the other
physico-geographical factors (the forests, the impact of
the cultivated areas, the urbanization etc) as well as the
-
other dynamic factors (the transport of the air masses etc)
and the solar factors (the intensity of the global radiation,
insolation, the clouds etc):
• Warm and cold submediteranian climatic area, from
600 to 900m and from 900 to 1100m altitude,
respectively.
• Submountaineous and mountainous submediteranian
climatic area, from 1100 to 1300m, and from 1300 to
1650m altitude, respectively.
• Subalpine and alpine climatic area from 1650 to
2250m, and above 2250m altitude, respectively.
The borderline of the vertical climatic change is in direct
connection with the vegetational and soil extinction, as
well as with the thermal conditions (dependence on the
altitude) (Filipovski, 1996), as well as the characteristic
borders from the thermal and pluviometric regime,
according to the Kepen’s classification applied to the
conditions in the Republic of Macedonia (Ristevski,
1982).
The characteristics of the agroclimatic
conditions
The term agroclimatic resource defines the impact of the
thermal conditions of the air and the soil, the solar factors
and the resources of the humidity and the rainfall that
represent optimal conditions for development of the
agriculture and other economic activities.
The thermal
resources that have impact on the
development of the agriculture and the other economic
activities are:
- the average and the extreme (highs and lows) values
of the thermal regime of the air, as well as the
average values,
- mid-day characteristic limits in the vegetational
period of the year at 5, 10, 15 oC
- the thermal conditions for wintering of the
agricultural crops
- interactive functional dependence based on the
temperature factor
213
Sl. 1. Termi~ki klimatski tipovi vo slivot na Prepanskoto Ezero
Pic. 1 Thermal climatic types in the Prespa Lake basin
214
Tab. 1 Sredni mese~ni i godi{na temperaturi na vozduhot vo slivot na Prespansko Ezero
Tab. 1 Annual monthly and annual air temperatures in the Prespa Lake basin
Meteorolo{ka stanica – Resen za period 1961 – 1990 godina
Resen Meteorological station, 1960-1990
Meseci
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Tsr
0.1
1.3
4.2
8.8
13.4
16.8
18.9
Tmax.
4.5
5.7
9.4
14.4
19.5
23.3
26.0
Tmin.
-4.5
-2.8
-0.5
3.0
6.4
9.3
11.0
Taps.max.
18.8
20.0
22.8
26.2
30.5
35.4
37.0
Taps.min. -26.5 -21.0 -22.0 -8.5
-1.7
0.0
3.2
VIII
18.3
26.0
10.6
34.0
3.0
IX
14.9
22.4
8.0
31.4
-5.6
X
9.9
16.6
4.2
27.5
-8.0
XI
5.6
11.3
0.6
22.5
-15.5
XII
1.9
6.4
-2.4
17.5
-21.5
God
9.5
15.4
3.5
37.0
-26.5
Meteorolo{ka stanica – Pretor za period 1991 – 1995 godina
Pretor Meteorological station, 1960-1990
Meseci
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Tsr
1.3
2.3
5.6
8.9
13.4
17.4
20.4
Tmax.
5.2
6.1
10.8
13.8
18.7
24.6
26.7
Tmin.
-1.9
-1.9
1.4
4.5
8.2
12.1
14.3
Taps.max.
13.7
16.5
20.8
22.5
29.5
31.2
33.8
Taps.min. -11.4 -16.0 -8.5
-3.8
1.0
4.6
6.0
VIII
21.0
27.6
14.8
35.4
7.8
IX
17.3
23.7
11.7
32.2
5.0
X
13.0
18.2
8.6
28.4
0.0
XI
6.4
10.6
3.0
20.9
-7.2
XII
2.7
6.4
-0.7
15.0
-12.1
God
10.8
16.0
6.2
35.4
-16.0
Tab. 2 Prv, sreden posleden den so mraz, i traewe na mrazniot period za period 1961 – 1990 godina vo
Resen
Tab. 2 First, middle and last day with ice and duration of the frost period in the period of 1960-1990 in Resen
Prose~en
posleden mraz
18.04.
Apsoluten
posleden datum
24.05.1987
Prose~en
ekstremen mraz
22.10
Apsoluten
ekstremen mraz
09.09.1976
Mrazen period
(den.)
178 dena
Tab. 3 Prose~en datum na po~etokot, krajot , i dol`ina na traeweto na periodot za period 1961 – 1990
godina vo Resen, so T >5.00 S, T>10.00 S i T>15.00
Tab. 3 Average date of begining and the end and duration of the period between 1961-1990 in Resen with T >5.00 S,
T>10.00 S i T>15.00
Po~etok na
periodot so
T > 5.0 0 S
20.03.
Po~etok na
periodot so
T > 15.0 0 S
19.05.
Kraj na periodot
so
T > 5.0 0 S
18.11.
Kraj na periodot
so
T > 15.0 0 S
13.09.
Dol`ina na
traewe na
periodot
243 dena
Dol`ina na
traewe na
periodot
117 dena
Po~etok na
periodot so
T > 10.0 0 S
23.04.
Kraj na
periodot so
T > 10.0 0 S
14.10.
Dol`ina na
traewe na
periodot
174 dena
Tab. 4 Sredna mese~na i godi{na temperatura na vodata vo Prespanskoto Ezero – meren punkt Stewe
Tab. 4 Average mnthly and annual temperature of water of Prespa Lake - Stenje
Meseci
1961-1990
I
5.1
II
4.0
III
5.3
IV
9.4
V
14.2
VI
18.4
VII
21.0
VIII
21.6
IX
19.4
X
15.9
XI
11.6
XII
7.6
Sr.
12.9
Karakteristikite na agroklimatskite
uslovi
Pod agroklimatski resursi go podrazbirame vlijanieto na termi~kite uslovi na
vozduhot i po~vata, solarnite faktori i
resursite na vla`nosta na vozduhot, i vrne`ite
koi pretstavuvaat optimalni uslovi za razvoj na
zemjodelieto i drugite stopanski aktivnosti.
Termi~kite resursi koi vlijaat vrz
razvojot na zemjodelieto i drugite stopanski
aktivnosti, se prose~nite i ekstremnite (minimalni i maksimalni) vrednosti na termi~kiot
re`im na vozduhot, kako i prose~nite vrednosti,
srednodnevnite karakteristi~ni granici vo
vegetacioniot period od godinata so 50 S, 100 S i
150 S, kako i termi~kite uslovi za prezimuvawe
na zemjodelskite kulturi, i interaktivnite
funkcionalni zavisnosti so temperaturite na
po~vata i nivnoto vlijanie vrz porastot,
razvojot i prinosite na zemjodelskite kulturi.
Termi~ki resursi na vozduhot, po~vata i
vodata vo Prespanskoto Ezero
Temperaturata
na
vozduhot
kako
komponenta na termi~kiot re`im, kako i
temperaturata na po~vata se glavni faktori za
porast i razvoj na zemjodelskite kulturi. Isto
taka zna~ajna za hidrolo{kiot ciklus kako
komponenta za potrebite na zemjodelieto, e i
temperaturata na vodata vo ezeroto.
Vo prodol`enie }e bidat prika`ani
termi~kite resursi na vozduhot i po~vata od
meteorolo{kata
stanica
Resen
i
meteorolo{kata stanica Pretor, kako i
rezultatite od temperaturata na vodata vo
Prespanskoto Ezero od merniot punkt Stewe.
Temperatura na vozduhot
Prose~nite mese~ni i godi{na temperatura na vozduhot vo Resen, kako i ekstremnite
vrednosti (minimalna i maksimalna) za periodot
od 1961 do 1990 godina se prika`ani na tablica 1.
Isto taka se prika`ani i podatocite od meteorolo{kata stanica Pretor za period od 1991 do
1995 godina.
Kako ilustracija za karakteristi~nite
to~ki zna~ajni za klimatsko i agroklimatsko
reonirawe, na tablicite 2 i 3 se prika`ani
slednite podatoci: prv sreden i posleden den so
mraz i traewe na mrazniot period, kako i
prose~nite datumi na po~etokot, krajot i
dol`inata na traeweto na periodot so
temperaturi na vozduhot pogolemi od 50 S, 100 S i
150 S, koi se zna~ajni za porast, razvoj i
produktivnosta na zemjodelskite kulturi.
Se zabele`uva deka prose~niot mrazen
period vo najniskite delovi vo slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero iznesuva 178 dena. Dol`inata na
traeweto na periodot so srednodnevna temperatura T > 5.0 0 S ( traewe na vegetacionata sezona)
iznesuva 243 dena. Traeweto na periodot so
aktivni temperaturi T > 10.0 0 S iznesuva 174 dena, dodeka periodot so sredna temperatura na vozduhot pogolema od T > 15.0 0 S iznesuva 117 dena.
Termi~kata vegetaciona sezona (T > 5.0 0S )
e agroklimatski parametar koj ja opredeluva
dol`inata na periodot, vo koj mo`e obrabotlivite povr{ini da se koristat za posev, odnosno
koga fotosinteti~kata aktivna radijacija mo`e
da se transformira vo hemiska energija, odnosno
vo bioklasa.
Prose~na sezona so aktivni temperaturi
(T > 10.0 0S) e period koga kaj rastenijata
po~nuva zabrzan rast i razvoj, i formirawe na
bioklasa. Ako vo tekot na najtopliot mesec od
godinata srednata temperatura na vozduhot e
pomala od 10.0 0 S, toga{ nepostojat uslovi za
bilo kakva vegetacija( toa e granicata pome|u D
i E klimata spored Kepen ), a taa vo na{ite
klimatski uslovi se nao|a na viso~ina od okolu
2250 m (Ristevski 1982).
Ako e temperaturata vo najstudeniot mesec
pod – 3.0 0 S, toga{ se javuva D – tip na klima koja
e posurova od umerenata S – tip na klima spored
Kepenovata klasifikacija, i vo na{ite
klimatski uslovi e na viso~ina od okolu 1650 m.
Karakteristikite na temperaturata na
vodata vo Prespanskoto Ezero (meren punkt
Stewe ), }e ja prika`eme vrz osnova na
prose~nite mese~ni i godi{nite vrednosti za
periodot od 1961 do 1990 godina (Tab. 4).
Srednata pove}egodi{na temperatura na
vozduhot iznesuva 12.90 S. Najniska srednomese~na temperatura na vozduhot e vo mesec
januari i iznesuva 5.10 S, dodeka najgolema
srednomese~na temperatura na vozduhot e vo
mesec
avgust
koja
iznesuva
21.60
S.
Tab. 5 Resursi na son~evoto zra~ewe i
oson~uvaweto vo
prespanskiot region i i
Pretor
Tab.5 Resources of sun rays and insolation in the Prespa
region and Pretor
Tab. 5.1 Prose~ni mese~ni sumi na oson~uvaweto vo ~asovi, vo Pretor
Tab 5.1 Average monthly sums of insolation in days, Pretor
Meseci
1992-1996
I
110.
1
II
121.
9
III
177.
9
IV
190.
7
V
223.6
VI
262.6
VII
324.0
VIII
306.0
IX
238.4
X
170.7
XI
124.
4
XII
83.7
Sr.
233.
4
Tablica 5.2 Sredna mese~na i godi{na obla~nost vo 1/10, vo Pretor
Tab. 5.2. Average monthly and annualcloudity in 1/10, Pretor
Meseci
1991-1995
I
4.8
II
5.2
III
4.8
IV
5.6
V
5.1
VI
3.4
VII
3.2
VIII
4.5
IX
2.9
X
4.5
XI
5.7
XII
5.8
Sr.
4.4
Tab. 5.3 Prose~ni mese~ni i godi{na suma na globalno son~evo zra~ewe vo Pretor
Tab. 5.3 Average month and annual sum of the global insolation in Pretor
Meseci
G
(MJ/m2den)
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
God
6.0
8.6
12.6
17.0
20.7
23.3
24.9
22.3
17.0
11.4
7.1
5.4
14.7
Tab. 6 Sredna mese~na i godi{na relativna vla`nost na vozduhot, vo (%)
Tab. 6 Average monthly and annual relative air humidity (%)
Meseci
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
71
68
62
63
63
60
57
55
59
66
70
70
II
III
IV
IX
X
Sr.
God
64
o
C
1991-1995
I
25
20
15
10
5
0
I
V
VI
VII VIII
XI
XII
Graf. 1 Temperatura na po~vata po dekadi na dlabo~ina od 2, 5, 10 i 20 cm vo Resen (Hs = 881; Φ = 410 05
‘; Λ = 210 21‘ )
Graf. 1 Soil temperature by decades in 2, 5,10, 20 cm depth in Resen Resen (Hs = 881; Φ = 410 05 ‘; Λ = 210 21‘ )
Temperaturite na po~vata vo Resen se
prika`ani na grafikonot 1 so pomo{ na
termogeoizopleti. Se zabele`uva deka najvisoka
temperatura na po~vata se javuva na tretata
dekada na mesec juli so temperatura na vozduhot
od 22.50 S na dlabo~ina od 2 sm, dodeka najniskata
vrednost se javuva vo tretata dekada na mesec
januari na dlabo~ina od 5 sm, so temperatura na
po~vata od 0.00 S.
Resursi na son~evoto zra~ewe i oson~uvaweto
Resursite na son~evoto zra~ewe i oson~uvaweto se zna~aen faktor za razvoj na agroklimatskite karakteristiki, pri {to son~evata
zra~na energija se koristi vo procesto na
fotosintezata i proizvodstvoto na biomasa, kako
faktor na prirodnite uslovi. Vo procesite na
fotosintezata ne se koristi celokupnata
son~eva energija. Son~evata zra~na energija vo
granicite pome|u 0.38 do 0.71µµ i se narekuva
fotosinteti~ka aktivna radijacija (FAR), i
vlijae vrz produkcijata na biomasata kaj
rastenijata.
Niv }e gi prika`eme preku prose~nite i
presmetanite vrednosti od meteorolo{kata
stanica Resen, sporedeni so drugite meteorolo{ki stanici od drugite klimatski oblasti za
periodot od 1961 do 1990 godina, kako i vrz osnova na izmerenite vrednosti na oson~uvaweto od
meteorolo{kata stnica Pretor, za periodot od
1992 do 1996 godina, i obla~nosta za periodot od
1991 do 1995 godina.
Vrne`ite i obezbedenost so vrne`i
Vrne`ite kako eden od glavnite faktori
na klimata, i komponenta na hidrolo{kiot
ciklus,
pretstavuva
osnoven
faktor
za
obezbeduvawe na vla`nost vo po~vata, i vlijae
vrz porastot i razvojot na zemjodelskite kulturi,
kako i vrz oscilaciite na nivoto na ezeroto.
Za ilustracija od raspolo`ivite vrne`i
vo slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero, napraveni se
slednite izohietski karti:
izohietska
karta
na
prose~na
godi{na suma na vrne`ite
izohietska karta za su{na, i
izohietska karta za vla`na godina
Izohietskite karti se napraveni vrz
osnova na rezultatite od 8 do`domerni stanici
vo slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero vo Republika
Makedonija (Ristevski i dr, 1997 godina), kako i
218
vrz osnova na rezultatite od 5 do`domerni
stanici od Republika Grcija (Hollis i
Stevenson, 1997 god.), za periodot od 1961 do 1990
godina.
Prostornata raspredelba i promenata na
vrne`ite vo slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero, e
prika`ana na izohietskata karta na slivot na
Prespanskoto Ezero za prose~nata godina za
period od 1961 do 1990 godina, i na izohietskite
karti na najsu{nata i najvla`nata godina.
Vo periodot od 1961 do 1990 godina (Sl.
2), najsu{na godina bila 1960/61, a najvla`na
bila 1961/62 godina. (Sl. 3 i 4).
Spored prose~nata godi{na izohietska
karta, nad najgolemata teritorija na povr{inata
na slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero, prose~nata
godi{na suma na vrne`ite e okolu 600 mm, dodeka
pogolemiot del od niskite delovi od
Prespanskata Kotlina ima vrne`i pome|u 600 i
700 mm. Na povisokite delovi od slivot na
Prespanskoto Ezero vrne`ite se vo granicite
pome|u 800 do 900 mm, odnosno okolu 1000 mm (na
nacionalnite parkovi Gali~ica i Pelister).
Spored izohietskata karta na vrne`ite
vo najsu{nata godina 1960/61 godina, najgolema
teritorija na slivot na Prespanskoto Ezero ima
prose~no koli~estvo na vrne`i pome|u 421 mm vo
Carev Dvor do 609 mm vo Izbi{te, i 630 mm vo
Braj~ino.
Vo najvrne`livata godina 1961/62 godina
koja e pojavena neposredno posle najsu{nata
godina, sumata na vrne`i iznesuvaat pome|u 1184
mm vo Nakolec do 1762 mm vo Izbi{te. Vo istiot
vremenski period od oktomvri 1961 do septemvri
1962 godina vo Ohridskiot region se zabele`ani
zna~itelno pogolemi vrednosti na vrne`ite,
pome|u 1403 mm vo Ohrid do 1747 mm vo
Me{ei{ta, i 1791 vo Bel~i{te.
Relativna vla`nost na vozduhot
Srednata relativna vla`nost na vozduhot
}e ja analizirame vrz osnova na prose~niet
mese~ni i godi{ni vrednosti za periodot od 1991
do 1995 godina, merena na meteorolo{kata
stanica Pretor.
Prose~nata godi{na relativna vla`nost
na vozduhot iznesuva 64%. Najniska vrednost na
relativnata vla`nost na vozduhot e zabele`ana
vo mesec avgust, i iznesuva 55%, dodeka
najvisokata e zabele`ana vo mesec januari 71%
Thermal resources of the air, soil and water in the
Prespa Lake
The air temperature as a component of the thermal regime
as well the soil temperature are the main factors for the
development of the agricultural crops. The water
temperature in the Lake is important for the hydrological
cycle as a component of the agricultural needs.
The thermal resources of the air and the soil, based on the
measurements of the Meteorological Stations in Resen
and Pretor as well as the temperature results of the Lake,
measured at the Stenje Station are given bellow.
Air temperature
The average monthly and annual air temperature in Resen
as well as the extreme values (minimal and maximal) for
the 1961 to 1990 period are shown in the Table. The data
from the Meteorological Station in Pretor for 1991 to
1995 period are also shown.
Characteristic points for the climate and agroclimate
zoning as first, middle and last frost day, the frost period,
average data of the beginning, ending and lasting of the
period with temperature higher than 5,10 and 15 oC that
affect the development and productivity of the agriculture
are given in Tab. 2 and 3.
As can be seen, the average frost period in the lowest
parts of the Prespa Lake area is 178 days. The length of
the period with midday temperature higher than 5.0 oC
(the vegetation season durance) is 243 days where period
with temperatures higher than 10 oC is 174 days and 117
day have midday temperature higher than 15 oC.
Thermal vegetation season (T >5 oC) is agroclimate
parameter for characterizing the length period for
agricultural use of the arable land, that is photosynthetic
active radiation is transformed into chemical energy, as
biomass.
Average season with active temperature of 10 oC is
period when plant undergo excelerated growth and
development, forming biomass. When the hottest month
of the year, encounter the average temperature below 10
o
C, conditions for any vegetation are not fulfilled
(according to Kepen, the limit between D and E climate)
which, in our conditions is at around 2250 m
altitude(Ristevski, 1982).
When the temperature in the coldest month is below –3.0
o
C, it classifies the climate as D type, more severe than
the mild C type, according toKepen”s classification
which is at 1650 m altitude in our conditions.
Temperature characteristics of the Prespa Lake waters are
shown based on the average, monthly and annual values
in the 1961-1990 period (Table 3). The average
multiannual air temperature is 12.9 oC. The lowest
monthly average of 5.1 oC is in January, while the highest
monthly average of 21.6 oC is in august.
The soil temperatures in Resen are shown on the Graph 1
using geoisopleta. It could be seen that the highest soil
temperature appears in the third decade of June with 22.5
o
C at 2 cm depth, while the lowest temperature values
appear in the third decade of January with 0.0 oC at 5 cm
depth.
Resources of sun rays and insolation
Sun rays and insolation resources are important factor in
the agroclimatic characteristics, leading to the use of the
sun ray energy into the photosynthetic processes and
biomass production. Photosynthetic processes don’t use
the total of the sun energy. The energy between 0.38 and
0.71 µm is called photosynthetic active radiation (FAR),
affecting the biomass production in plants. The insolation
values are shown using average and calculated values
from the Meteorological Station in Resen, compared with
the other meteorological stations in different climate
zones in the 1961-1990 period. The insolation
measurements, for the 1992-1996 period as well as the
cloudiness measurements for the 1991-1995, from the
Meteorological Station in Pretor, are also used.
Rainfalls
Rainfalls are one of the main factors of the climate and
component of the hydrological cycles. It provides
humidity f the soil, affecting the crop production and
development. It also affects the level oscillations of the
Lake.
The following isohyetic maps based on the rainfalls in the
Prespa Lake region:
-the average annual rainfall
-the droughty year compared to the rainy year
Isohyenic maps are based on the results from the 8
Rainfall Stations in the Prespa Lake region in Macedonia
(Ristevski et al. 1997) and 5 from Greece (Holms and
Stivenson,1997) in the 1961-1990 period.
Area distribution and changes of the rainfalls in the
Prespa Lake region are shown on the isohyetic map for
the average year in the 1961-1990 period. Isohyetic map
for the most droughty and wettest year are shown too.
In the 1991-1990 period, (Fig. 2), the most droughty year
was 1960/1961, while the wettest one is 1961/1961 (Fig.
3,4)
According to the average annual isohyetic maps, the
largest part of the Prespa Lace accepts 600 mm rainfalls.
For the lowest parts of the area the value reaches 600-700
mm, at the upper parts it amounts 800-900mm, up to1000
mm in the national parks of Galicica and Pelister.
Sl. 2 Izohietska karta na prose~na godina so vrne`i, vo slivot na
Prespanskoto Ezero za period 1961-1990 godina
Fig. 2 Isohyetic map of average year with rainfalls in the Prespa Lake basin, 1961-1990
220
Sl. 3 Izohietska karta na najsu{na godina so vrne`i, vo slivot na
Prespanskoto Ezero za period 1961-1990 godina
Fig. 3 Isohyetic map of the most dry year the Prespa Lake basin, 1961-1990
221
Sl. 4 Izohietska karta na najvla`na godina so vrne`i, vo slivot na
Prespanskoto Ezero za period 1961-1990 godina
Fig. 4 Isohyetic map of the riches year with rainfalls in the Prespa Lake basin, 1961-1990
222
Zaklu~ok
Spored termi~kite uslovi i pluviometriskiot re`im vo slivot na Prespanskoto
Ezero, postojat slednite vidovi na klimatski
podra~ja:
Toplo submediteransko klimatsko podra~je
(600m - 900m)
Ladno submediteransko klimatsko podra~je
(900m – 1100m )
Podgorsko
submediteransko
klimatsko
podra~je ( 1100m – 1300m )
Gorsko submediteransko klimatsko podra~je
( 1300m – 1650m )
Subalpsko klimatsko podra~je na viso~ina
pome|u ( 1650m – 2250m )
Alpsko klimatsko podra~je na viso~ina od
nad 2250m.
According to the isohyetic map of rains, in the most
draughty year (1960/61) the value of rainfalls in the
Prespa Lake area reaches from 421 mm in Carev Dvor up
to 609 in Izbiste and 630 in Braicino.
In the rainiest year (1961/1961) the values are from 1184
mm in Nakolec to1762 mm in Izbista. During the same
period of time in Ohrid region, the rainfall values are
considerably higher, starting from 1403 mm in Ohrid to
1747 mm in Meseista and 1791 in Belcista.
2.4. Relative humidity of the air
Average relative humidity of the air is analyzed based on
the average monthly and annual values in the 1991-1995
period, measured in the Meteorological Station in Pretor.
Average annual relative humidity is 64%. The lowest
value is observed in august with 55%, while the highest is
in January with 71%.
Conclusion
According to the thermal and pluviometric regime in the
Prespa Lake region, following climate zones exist:
- Hot submediteranian climate zone (600 –900 m)
- Cold submediteranian climate zone (900 – 1100 m)
Referenci (References)
I.^avkalovski 1997, Prespansko Ezero –
oscilaciite na nivoto na vodata, NIP
“Globus”, Skopje 171 strana .
G.Filipovski i sor. 1996 god, Karakteristiki na
klimatsko-vegetacisko
po~venite
zoni
(regioni) vo Republika Makedonija, Skopje.
P.Ristevski i sor. 1997 godina, Karakteristiki
na temperaturniot, pluviometriskiot i
evaporaciskiot re`im vo slivot na
Spored
agroklimatskite
uslovi
gi
razlikuvame slednite vidovi na resursi:
Termi~ki resursi na vozduhot, po~vata i
vozduhot prika`an preku prose~nite, ekstremnite (minimalni i maksimalni) sumi na aktivni
temperaturi i sl.
Svetlosnite resursi i resursite na son~evo
zra~ewe, prika`ani preku globalnata son~eva
radijacija, oson~uvaweto i fotosintetskata
son~eva radijacija.
Resursite na obezbedenost so vla`nost na
vozduhot, i vrne`ite koi vlijaat vrz vla`nosta
na po~vata.
Spored gorenavedenite optimalni uslovi, postojat mo`nosti za rast i razvoj na razli~ni vidovi (zemjodelsko-gradinarsko proizvodstvo, oran`erisko proizvodstvo i dr), za {to
treba da se napravat poopstojni istra`uvawa.
-
Submountain climate zone (1100 – 1300 m)
Mountain submediteranian climate zone (1300 –
1650 m)
Subalpic climate zone (1650 – 2250 m)
Alpic climate zone, above 2250 m
According to the agroclimatic conditions, following
resources could be distinguished:
-
Thermal resources of the air, soil and water
illustrated by the average, extreme (minimum and
maximum) sums of active temperatures
Light resources and those of sun rays, illustrated by
the global sun irradiation, insolation and
photosynthetic radiation
Resources of humidity of air and rainfalls that affect
the humidity of the soil.
Having in mind the already states resources,
conditions for development of different
types of agricultural crops are met. For, that,
more profound research should be done.
Prespanskoto Ezero, od 101 do 110 str.
P.Ristevski i sor. 1998 godina, Klimata vo
Republika Makedonija, ekspertski elaborat,
JP za prostorni i urbanisti~ki planovi,
RHMZ – Skopje.
P.Ristevski 1982 godina, Klimata na Republika
makedonija spored Kepen, HM Glasnik.
Hollis E.G. and Stevenson C.A 1997, The plysical basis
of the lake Mikri Prespa sistems, geology climale,
hydrology and water quality, Kluwer Academic
Publishpres primed in Belgium.
223
Geolo{ki i hidrogeolo{ki karakteristiki na
ohridsko-prespanskiot region
Eftim MICEVSKI
“Geohidroproekt” – Skopje
Apstrakt
Vo ovoj trud e prezentiran kratok prikaz na prethodnite istra`uvawa za geolo{kite i hidrogeolo{kite karakteristiki na ohridsko-prespanskiot region. Diskutirani se geolo{kiot sostav i tektonskata struktura preku
paleozojskite, trijaskite, krednite i paleogenite kompleksi. Osobeno vnimanie e posveteno na hidrogeolo{kite
karakteristiki na ohridsko-prespanskiot region vklu~uvaj}i gi karpite so karstna poroznost (karsten tip
izdani).
Voved
Republika Makedonija e smestena vo centralniot del na Balkanskiot Poluostrov i pokriva povr{ina od 25713 km2. Teritorijata na R.
Makedonija se odlikuva so mo{ne slo`ena geolo{ko-tektonska gradba. Vo nejzinoto podra~je
se zastapeni razli~ni tipovi karpi, od najstari
do najmladi geolo{ki formacii, po~nuvaj}i od
prekambriskite metamorfni karpi so visok
kristalinitet, pa do najmladite neogeni i kvartarni sedimentni kompleksi.
Spored geolo{kiot sostav, tektonskiot
sklop na terenot i negovata evolucija, teritorijata na R. Makedonija se deli na razli~ni tektonski edinici, {to se karakteristi~ni za ovoj
del na Balkanskiot region. Zapadniot del na R.
Makedonija, vklu~uvaj}i go i Ohridsko-Prespanskiot region, pripa|a kon Dinaridite (Helenidite), dodeka isto~no makedonskite planinski
tereni i kotlinski depresii se segmenti od
Srpsko-Makedonskiot masiv. Ohridsko-Prespanskiot region e smesten vo Zapadno-Makedonskata
tektonska zona poznata kako [arsko-Pelisterska zona (Sl. 1).
1. Kratok osvrt na dosega{nite istra`uvawa
Ohridsko-Prespanskiot region so svoite
prirodni ubavini go privlekuval vnimanieto na
mnogubrojni istra`uva~i od prirodnite nauki i
zaradi negovata specifi~na gradba, ovoj teren e
predmet na prou~uvawe vo tekot na celoto stoletie na 20-ot vek i sigurno }e pretstavuva predizvik na novi istra`uvawa vo noviot milenium.
Eden od prvite istra`uva~i koj dava op{iren materijal za geolo{kite i geomorfolo{kite karakteristiki na ohridsko-prespanskiot
region e J. Cviji}. Vo svojata monografija “Osnove za geografiju i geologiju Mekedonije i Stare Srbije (1906-1911)”, uka`uva deka ezerskata
oblast na Ju`na Makedonija i Tesalija e povrzana so oblasta na mnogu tektonski dvi`ewa i deka ezerskite bazeni pretstavuvaat “mladi tektonski vdlabnatini” (str. 690). Spored Cviji},
Ohridskoto, Prespanskoto i Mali~koto Ezero
vleguvaat vo grupata na desaretskite ezera, koi
pretstavuvale, kako i denes, samostojni ezerski
baseni. Ovaa grupa i porano i denes pripa|a kon
slivot na Jadranskoto More, dodeka drugite bile
povrzani so slivot na Egejskoto Ezero. Izu~uvaj}i gi geomorfolo{kite svojstva na Ohridskoto i
Prespanskoto Ezero, J. Cviji}, prv ja prou~il i
utvrdil geotektonskata gradba i genetika na ovie
ezerski prostori vo ovoj del na Balkanot.
[to se odnesuva na hidrogeologijata na
ovoj region, i vo toj odnos prvite podatoci
datiraat od J. Cviji} (1911). Spored nego, site
izvori po ju`niot rab na Ohridskoto Ezero, kako
i izvorite {to se javuvaat vo samoto ezero se
podzemni otoki na Zavir i drugi ponori od
Prespanskoto Ezero.
Geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the
Ohrid – Prespa region
Eftim Micevski
“Geohydroproject” – Skopje
Abstract
This paper presents short review of the previous investigation about the geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the Ohrid –
Prespa region. Geological content and tectonic structure is discussed through the Paleozoic, Triassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene
complexes. Special attention is dedicated to hydrogeological characteristics of the terrain in the Ohrid-Prespa region and rocks with
karst porosity (karst type of aquifers).
Introduction
The Republic of Macedonia is situated in the central part
of the Balkan Peninsula and covers a surface of 25.713
km2. The territory of this Republic has fairly complex
geological-tectonic structure. Different types of rocks
have been represented, from the oldest to the youngest
geological formations, starting from the Precambrian
metamorphic rocks with high crystallinity to the youngest
Neogene and Quaternary sedimentary complexes.
According to the geological structure, the tectonic
structure of the terrain and its evolution, the territory of
Macedonia has been divided into different tectonic units
which are characteristic for this part of the Balkan region.
The west part of Macedonia, including the Ohrid-Prespa
region belongs to the Dinarides (Helinides), while the
East Macedonian mountain terrain and valley
depressions, are segments of the Serbo-Macedonian
massif. The Ohrid-Prespa region is situated in the WestMacedonian tectonic zone. It is known as Sara-Pelister
zone (fig. 1).
A short review of the previous explorations
The Ohrid-Prespa region with its natural beauty attracted
the attention of many explorers of the natural sciences.
Concerning its specific structure, this terrain has been a
subject of interest (study) during the whole century, the
20th century and it will be a challenge of new explorations
in the new millennium.
One of the first explorers who gave a detailed material for
the geological and geomorphological characteristics of
the Ohrid-Prespa region is J. Cvijic. In his monograph,
“A base for the geography and geology of Macedonia and
old Serbia (1906-1911) points that the lacustrine area of
South Macedonia and Tesalija” has been associated with
the area of many tectonic movements and that the
lacustrine basins are “young tectonic fractures” (page
690). According to this author, the Ohrid, Prespa and
Malicko lake are included in the group of Desaret lakes
that were as well as are independent lake basins. The
group, earlier as well as today, belongs to the lake basin
of the Adriatic Sea, while the others were associated with
the lake basin of the Aegean Lake. Studding the
geomorphological characteristics of the Ohrid and Prespa
Lake, J. Cvijic was the first man who studied the
geotectonic structure and the genesis of these lake areas
in this part of the Balkan Peninsula.
Concerning the hydrogeology of this terrain the first data
were presented by J. Cviji} (1911). According to him, all
the springs along the south peripheral part of the Ohrid
Lake are the ground outflows of Zavir and the other
sinkholes from the Prespa Lake.
For the first time, the basic hydrogeological characteristics of the Ohrid-Prespa region have been studied and
processed by the Geological Institute – Skopje within the
regional making of the basic hydrogeological map of the
Republic of Macedonia to scale 1:200.000. However, the
latest hydrogeological and engineering-geological
explorations of this terrain have been made within the
basic hydrogeological map of Macedonia 1:100.000
which is in a phase of printing and its basic field
explorations and examinations have been made by
“Geohydroproject” – Skopje to scale 1:25.000 as a
specialized institution for hydrogeological and
engineering-geological explorations.
Za prv pat, osnovnite hidrogeolo{ki karakteristiki na Ohridsko-Prespanskiot region
se prou~eni i obraboteni od strana na Geolo{kiot zavod – Skopje vo tekot na regionalnite istra`uvawa za izrabotkata na osnovnata hidrogeolo{ka karta na Makedonija vo razmer 1:200 000.
Me|utoa, najnovite hidrogeolo{ki i in`enersko-geolo{ki istra`uvawa na ovoj region se izvr{eni vo ramkite na izrabotkata na osnovnata
hidrogeolo{ka karta na Makedonija vo razmer
1:100 000, koja e vo faza na podgotovka za pe~atewe, ~ii osnovni terenski ispituvawa i istra`uvawa se izraboteni vo merka 1:25 000, od strana na “Geohidroproekt” – Skopje, kako specijalizirana institucija za istra`uvawa od takov vid.
Geolo{ki sostav i tektonska gradba
Od prilo`enata hidrogeolo{ka karta (Sl.
2) se gleda deka vo po{irokiot region na Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero, konstatirani se paleozojski, trijaski, kredni, a isto taka i paleogeni kompleksi. Pokraj niv, kako najmladi tvorbi
se izdvoeni neogeni i kvartarni naslagi. Od magmatskite karpi vo zapadniot del se prisutni golemi masi ultrabazi~ni karpi, dodeka vo severoisto~niot del ima intruzivni tela od granitoiden sostav.
Paleozojskite kompleksi imaat {iroka
rasprostranetost vo severo-isto~nite delovi na
podra~jata pome|u Resen i Ohrid, nezna~itelno
se zastapeni po isto~nata periferija na Ohridskoto Ezero, severno od s. Pe{tani. Vo ovoj kompleks, vo zavisnost od litolo{kiot sostav, se izdvojuvaat filiti, kvarciti i mermerizirani varovnici. Ovie karpi se mnogu {krilesti i mnogu
lesno se raspa|aat na povr{inata vo dopir so
atmosferskite agensi.
Jadroto na horstot na Gali~ica e izgradeno
od paleozojski filiti~ni {krilci, opredeleni
kako devonska serija. Na prespanskata strana na
Gali~ica, filiti~nite {krilci se vo vid na
{iroka izdol`ena masa so promenliva debelina,
vovle~ena vo krajbre`ieto do selo Stewe.
Trijaskite sedimenti, {to gi izgraduvaat
planinite Jablanica vo zapadniot del na Ohridskoto Ezero, Gali~ica-Petrina me|u Prespanskoto i Ohridskoto Ezero, kako i Suva Gora se
pretstaveni so sivo-beli varovnici, dolomiti i
mermeri, glinoviti i grafiti~ni {krilci so
konglomerati na nekoi mesta. Karakteristi~no
za ovie sedimenti e izrazenata intenzivna karstifikacija. Vo plo~estite, a osobeno vo masivnite varovnici e otkrien i determiniran bogat
fosilen materijal, karakteristi~en za marinskiot razvitok na trijas vo dinarskiot pojasen
sistem. Vo krajniot severen del na Prespanskata
kotlina (ju`ni padini na Plakenska Planina),
trijaskiot kompleks e pretstaven so bazalni konglomerati i masivni varovnici.
So dosega{nite obemni regionalni i detalni geolo{ki ispituvawa, pliocenskite sedimenti se mo{ne rasprostraneti, kako vo Prespanskata, taka i vo Ohridskata kotlina, pri {to
nivnata starost i razvoj se povrzani so sozdavaweto i razvojot na samite kotlini. Pliocenskite sedimenti se {iroko razvieni vo dvete kotlini i spored nadmorskata viso~ina na koja{to se
nao|aat vo pogolemi masi na potegot Resen – Ohrid, so sigurnost mo`e da se tvrdi deka i dvata
basena preku preslapot Bukovo bile povrzani i
najverojatno vrskata ve}e postoela vo po~etokot
na nivnoto formirawe.
Litolo{kiot sostav na pliocenskite sedimenti, uka`uva na postoewe na sli~ni sedimentni uslovi vo dvata basena. So desega{nite istra`uvawa e potvrdeno deka maksimalnata debelina na ovie sedimenti e okolu 150 – 200 m, izgradeni od konglomerati, slabo vrzani pesoci i glini. Gornopliocenskite ezerski sedimenti vo
Prespansko, se sretnuvaat severno od s. Ote{evo
i vo zapadniot del od kotlinata.
Kako najmladi tvorbi zastapeni se kvarternite aluvijalno-proluvijalni i barski sedimenti, pretstaveni so ~akali, peso~nici i pra{inesti glini. Nivnata debelina na oddelni
mesta iznesuva i pove}e od 30 m. Pokraj ezerskobarskite sedimenti, zastapeni se morenski i
fluvioglacijalni sedimenti, crvenica, bigrovi,
padinski bre~i, sipari i aluvijalni naslagi.
3. Hidrogeolo{ki karakteristiki na terenot vo ohridsko-prespanskiot region
Poradi golemata facijalna promena na
karpestite masi, po vertikalna i horizontalna
nasoka, hidrogeolo{kite karakteristiki na terenot vo ohridsko-prespanskiot region se dosta
slo`eni i raznovidni. Vo ovoj prostor, zastapeni
se site tipovi poroznost na karpite, a od posebno
zna~ewe se karpite so karstna poroznost po
padinite na planinata Gali~ica. Vo zavisnost od
stratigrafskata polo`ba, stepenot na poroznosta, hidrauli~kiot karakter i nivoto na vodata vo
vodonosniot horizont, zastapeni se slednite
tipovi izdani: zbien tip na izdani, zastapen vo
nevrzanite sedimenti so intergranularna poroznost {to se javuvaat vo aluvijalnite terasni sedimenti, kako i vo kvartarnite i neogeni sedimenti vo Ohridskata i Prespanskata kotlina;
razbien tip na izdani, zastapen vo karpite so
puknatinska poroznost i izdani so podzemni vodi
vo karpi so karstna poroznost ili karstna izdan.
2. Geological content and tectonic structure
As we can see from the presented hydrogeological map
(Fig. 2) in the widespread area of the Ohrid and Prespa
lake, Paleozoic, Triassic, Cretaceous as well as Paleogene
complexes have been determined. Beside this, the
Neogene and Quaternary deposits have been
distinguished as the youngest formations. Concerning the
magmatic rocks, in the west part, large masses of
ultrabasic rocks are present while in the north east part,
there are intrusive bodies of granitoide structure.
The Paleozoic complexes have a wide representativeness
in the north-east parts of the areas between Resen and
Ohrid but are poorly represented along the east peripheral
parts of the Ohrid lake, north of the Pestani village.
In this complex, depending on the lithological structure,
phyllite, quartzite and marbleized limestone occur. These
rocks are rather schistosed and can be easily weathered at
the surface when they come in touch with the
atmospheric agens.
The horst of the Gali~ica mountain has been composed of
a core of Paleozoic phyllitic schists, defined as Devonian
series. At the Prespa side on the Gali~ica mountain, the
phyllitic schists have been found out in a form of wide,
long mass with changeable thickness pulled in the bank
to the Stenje village.
The Triassic sediments are composed of grey-white
limestone, dolomite and marble as well as clayey and
graphitic schists with scattered conglomerate. These
sediments are mainly found in the mountains Jablanica in
the west part of the Ohrid lake and Gali~ica – between the
Prespa and Ohrid lake as well as the mountain Suva Gora.
What is characteristic about these sediments is intensive
carstification. In the plate and especially in the massive
limestone, abundant fossil material was discovered which
is characteristic for the marine development of the
Triassic in the Dinarides belt system.
In the farthest north part of the Prespa valley, in the south
slopes of the Plakenska Mountain, the Triassic complex
has been presented by basalt conglomerate and massive
limestone. The previous detailed and regional geological
explorations indicated that the Pliocene sediments are
rather represented in the Prespa as well as in the Ohrid
valley, their age and development have been associated
with the formation and the development of the very
valleys.
The Pliocene sediments have been widely developed in
both valleys and concerning the height above sea level at
which they have been found in large masses from Resen
to Ohrid, we may confirm that both basins have been
connected through the Bukovo saddle and their
connection probably existed in the beginning of their
formation. The lithological structure of the Pliocene
sediments points to the existing of similar sedimentary
conditions in both basins. The previous explorations
confirmed that the maximal thickness of these sediments
is about 150 – 200 m. and they have been composed of
conglomerate, poorly coherent sand and clay. The upper
Pliocene lacustrine sediments in the Prespa area have
been found north from the Ote{evo village and in the
west part of the valley.
The youngest formations that have been widely
represented are the Quaternary Alluvial-Proluvial and
marsh sediments presented by gravel, sandstone and
sandy clay. At some places their thickness exceeds 30 m.
Besides the lacustrine-marsh sediments, terra-rosa,
tufaceous substratum breccia, talus and alluvial deposits
occur.
3. Hydrogeological characteristics of the terrain
in the Ohrid-Prespa region
Because of the great facial change of the rock masses, in
horizontal direction, the hydrogeological characteristics
of the terrain in the Ohrid-Prespa region are fairly
complex and various (Fig. 2). In this area all the types of
porosity have been represented on the slopes of the
Gali~ica mountain. Depending on the stratigraphy
position, the degree of porosity, the hydraulic character of
the water level in the waterbearing horizon, the following
types of this aquifer have been represented: confined type
of aquifers represented in the incoherent sediments with
intergranular porosity which occur in the Alluvial terrace
sediments as well as in the Quaternary and Neogene
sediments in the Ohrid and the Prespa valley; scattered
type of aquifers represented in the rocks with fracture
porosity and aquifers with groundwater in rocks with
karst porosity of karst aquifer.
The groundwater that occur in the Neogene lacustrine
sediments in both valleys, have been represented by clay,
sand and gravel with different relation and different
stratigraphy. The thickness of these deposits is from 150200 m. which was confirmed by the previous
hydrogeological drilling in both valleys when searching
for groundwater for the watersupply of the inhabited
places in both regions.
Confined waterbearing layers with groundwater were
confirmed. Their discharge ranges from 0,1-2,0 l·s-1.
through a waterflow at the surface of the terrain. The
groundwater in these sediments in both valleys is feeding
from the precipitation largely from the groundwater of
the peripheral karst of the Gali~ica mountain. Taking into
account the understanding obtained from the
hydrogeological explorations while making the basic
hydrogeological map of Macedonia of the list Ohrid
(1:100.000), these sediments have been classified into the
category of fairly good terrain with a discharge to 10 l·s-1.
227
Sl.1 Karta na tektonska reonizacija na R. Makedonija
Fig. 1 Map of regional tectonic setting of R. Macedonia
228
Sl. 2 Karstifikacija i frakturi vo ist razmer
Fig. 2 Karstification and fractures in the core of the borehole, presented to the same scale
229
Sl. 3 Karta na vreloto na Crn Drim (“Ostrovo”) kaj Sv. Naum. 1. Izvori nad nivoto na vreloto, 2.
Sublakustri~ni izvori, 3. Kota na nivoto na vreloto, 4. Povr{insko struewe, 5. Izohipsi od 1
m, 6. Izohipsi od 2 m, 7. Izohipsi od 3 m.
Fig. 3 A map of the spring of Crn Drim ("Ostrovo") at St. Naum. 1. Springs above the spring level, 2. Sublacustrine
springs, 3. Peak elevartion of the spring, 4. Surface circulation, 5. Contour lines of 1 m, 6. Contour lines of 2 m,
Contour lines of 3 m.
230
Sl. 5 Geolo{ka karta na terenot pome|u Ohridsko i Prespansko Ezero
Fig. 5 Geological map of the terrain between Ohrid and Prespa Lake
231
Podzemnite vodi koi se javuvaat vo neogenite ezerski sedimenti vo dvete kotlini (ohridskata i prespanskata), pretstaveni se so glini,
pesoci i ~akali vo razli~en soodnos i razli~na
stratifikacija. Debelinata na ovie naslagi dostignuva 150-200 m doka`ano so dosega{nite hidrogeolo{ki dup~ewa vo kotlinite vo potraga za
podzemni vodi za vodosnabduvawe na naselenite
mesta vo dvata regioni. Konstatirani se
vodonosni sloevi so podzemni vodi pod pritisok,
~ija izda{nost se dvi`i 0,1-2,0 l·s-1, preku samoizliv na povr{inata na terenot. Podzemnite vodi vo ovie sedimenti vo dvete kotlini se hranat
pred se od neposerednite vrne`i, a vo zna~itelna
merka i od podzemnite vodi od periferniot
karst na Gali~ica. Sumiraj}i gi dosega{nite
soznanija dobieni od hidrogeolo{kite istra`uvawa pri izrabotkata na osnovnata hidrogeolo{ka karta (1:100 000) na Makedonija na listot
Ohrid, ovie sedimenti se staveni vo kategorija
na dobro izda{ni tereni so izda{nost do 10 l·s-1.
Razbieniot tip na izdani so podzemna
voda koi{to se javuvaat vo karpi so puknatinska
poroznost se javuvaat vo puknatini i prslini so
razli~ni dimenzii i pravci na protegawe. Ovoj
tip na izdani e zastapen vo gliniviti i grafiti~ni {krilci so mestimi~ni konglomerati i
dijabazi. Istite nastanale kako rezultat na tektonskite i nadvore{nite faktori. Nivnite
puknatini i prslini se javuvaat vo povr{inskite
sloevi, a so dlabina se namaluvaat ili is~eznuvaat i kako takvi se mo{ne oskudni so podzemni
vodi. Inaku, vo hidrogeolo{ki pogled, ovie karpi pretstavuvaat vodonepropusna podina na trijaskite varovnici kako intenzivna karstifikuvana sredina nad koi{to e formirana karsnata
izdan i pretstavuvaat hidrogeolo{ka bariera.
3.1 Karpi so karstna poroznost (karsten
tip izdani)
Vo Ohridsko-Prespanskiot region, odnosno vo slivnoto podra~je na ovoj prostor, istaknato mesto vo hidrogeolo{kata gradba na terenot zazemaat karbonatnite karpesti masi {to
go formiraat karsniot tip na izdani so zna~itelni koli~ini na podzemni vodi. Vo ovoj tip na
izdani glavno vleguvaat karstnite nao|ali{ta na
podzemna voda vo planinite Gali~ica, Jablanica
i Ilinska Planina, koi{to gi opkru`uvaat Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero.
Planinata Gali~ica, kako tektonska
forma, pretstavuva horst-sinklinala izgradena
od trijaski karstificirani varovnici {to le`at vrz paleozojskite metamorfiti kako vodonepropusna srerdina. Procesite na karstifikacijata vo masivot na Gali~ica intenzivno se razvi-
232
eni niz celiot masiv i kako posledica na toa se
formira bogata karsna izdan. Povr{inata na gali~kiot karst iznesuva 258 km2, a povr{inskata
rasprostranetost e ograni~ena na prostorot {to
go zazemaat trijaskite varovnici ssa 200 km2.
Za formirawe na karsten tip na poroznost na karpite na Gali~ica, pokraj geolo{kite,
geomorfolo{kite i hidrolo{kite faktori, posebno zna~ewe imaat litogenetskite osobenosti
na karbonatnite karpi, potoa razvojot na tektonikata, goleminata na rasprostranuvaweto na
samata karstna masa i nejzinata hipsometriska
polo`ba vo reqefot. Starosta na geolo{kata
formacija i stepenot na nejzinata rastvorlivost
od dejstvoto na povr{inskite i podzemnite vodi,
osobeno se va`ni za razvojot na karstifikacijata. Vo varovnicite na Gali~ica, karsnata izdan
vo prv red se formira od povr{inskite vodi {to
se dreniraat preku puknatinite, kavernite, vrta~ite i drugite vidovi {uplini do dlabina {to e
uslovena od mo}nosta na karbonatnite karpi (vo
konkrektniot slu~aj trijaskite varovnici) i
dlabo~inata na karstifikacijata.
Vrz osnova na dosega{nite hidrogeolo{ki istra`uvawa pri izrabotkata na Osnovnata
hidrogelo{ka karta na R. Makedonija (list Ohrid), preku istra`nite dupnatini e ispitana i
poroznosta na varovnicite od Gali~ica. Prose~nata poroznost vo trijaskite varovnici iznesuva
15-20% (Sl. 3). Na ovoj prilog konkretno e prika`ana karstifikacijata na izvadenoto jadro od
istra`nata dupnatina vo prirodna golemina i
iznesuva 17%. Spored dosega{nite hidrogeolo{ki istra`uvawa, karstnata izdan formirana vo
varovnicite na planinata Gali~ica, pripa|a na
tip na izdani so dlaboko razviena karstifikacija, vo koja zonata na istekuvawe se nao|a vo reonot na isto~nata i ju`nata obala na Ohridsko
Ezero, kade se registrirani mnogu golemi karstni vrela, kako neposredno vo krajbre`nata zona
na ezeroto, taka i vo samoto ezero i vo povisokite delovi na terenot. Vo neposredna blizina
na Ohrid se nao|aat dva izvora, poznati kako
Studen~i{te (Biljanini Izvori) i Bej Bunar.
Izda{nosta na karsnoto vrelo Studeni{te e
mnogu pogolema i iznesuva nekolku m3·s-1.
Pomali izvori ima na pove}e mesta dol`
isto~nata periferija. Na ovoj del od terenot na
pove}e mesta se javuvaat mnogubrojni izvori, no
me|u niv e najpoznat izvor kaj Sv. Naum. Tuka
vodata izbiva od pove}e mesta od varovnici, se
sobira vo edno `ivopisno ezerce i potoa, kako
edna kusa reka koja se vliva vo ezeroto (Sl. 4).
Koli~inata na vodata {to se vliva vo ezeroto
iznesuva od 4,6 – 11,24 m3·s-1 so srednata
vodoizda{nost od 7,4 m3·s-1.
The scattered type of aquifers with groundwater which
occurs in rocks with fracture porosity, occur in fracture
and fissures with different dimensions and strike directions. This type of aquifers has been represented in clay
and graphitic schists with scattered conglomerate and
diabase. They have been formed as a result of the tectonic
and outside factors. Their fractures and fissures occur in
the surface layers and they decrease in depth or
dissappear and as such in the Ohrid-Prespa region they
are very poor with groundwater. From hydrogeological
aspect, these rocks are waterimpermeable substratum of
Triassic limestone as intensive karstificated environment
above which, the karst aquifer has been formed, and in
the boundary parts towards the surface, hydrogeological
barrier.
3.1. Rocks with karst porosity (karst type of aquifers)
In the Ohrid-Prespa region, i.e. in the catchment area of
this area, the carbonate rock masses that form the karst
type of aquifers with significant quantities of groundwater take an important part in the hydrogeological
structure of the terrain. This type of aquifers mainly
includes the rocks groundwater occurrences in the
mountains Gali~ica, Jablanica and the Ilinska mountain
which surround the Ohrid and the Prespa lake.
The Gali~ica mountain, as a tectonic form is a horstsyncline composed of Triassic karstificated limestone,
that lie above the Paleozoic metamorphite as waterimpermeable environment. The processes of karstification in
the massif of the mountain Gali~ica have been intensively
developed through all the massif and as a result of it,.
very abundant karst aquifer was formed. The surface of
the Gali~ica karst is 268 km2,, while the surface
representativeness has been limited to the area that is
occupied by the Triassic limestone, cca 200 km2.
For the formation of the karst type of porosity of the
rocks in the mountain Gali~ica, beside the geological
geomorphological and hydrogeological factors, the
lithogenetic features of the karbonate rocks have a special
importance, then the development of the tectonics, the
size of the representativeness of the very karst mass and
its hypometric situation in the relief. The age of the
geological formation and the degree of its dissolution by
the action of the surface and groundwater are very
important for the development of the karstification. In the
limestone of the Gali~ica mountain, the karst aquifer has
been formed from the surface water that is being drained
through the fractures caverns, sinkholes and other types
of porosity down to a depth that was influenced by the
thickness of the carbonate rocks (in this case the Triassic
limestone) and the depth of the karkstification. Because
of such intensively developed processes of karstification,
the surface waterflow is unusual towards the Ohrid valley
and at the places where they occur, by the limestone
crystalline schists and other rocks of silicate structure
must be represented as waterimpermeable or poorly
waterpermeable environment.
According to the previous hydrogeological explorations
of sites for the watersupply of the Ohrid village and while
making the basic hydrogeological map of the Republic of
Macedonia (list Ohrid), the porosity of the limestone of
the Gali~ica mountain has been examined. The average
porosity in the Triassic limestone is from 15-20% (Fig.
3). This appendix actually presents the karstification of
the extracted core from the exploration boreholes in its
natural size and is 17%.
According to the previous hydrogeological explorations,
the rock aquifer that was formed in the limestone of the
Gali~ica mountain belongs to the type aquifers with
highly developed karstification in which the zone of
water flowing is found in the region of east and south
bank of the Ohrid lake where great karst springs have
been registered, immediately in the bank zone of the lake
as well as in the very lake and in the high parts of the
terrain. In the immediate vicinity of the Ohrid lake, two
springs are found known as Studen~i{te (the Biljana
springs) and Bej-Bunar. The discharge of the karst spring
Studen~i{te is fairly high and it amounts several m3/sec.
There are large springs at several places along the east
peripheral parts. In this part of the terrain, at several
places, many springs occur. The most famous is the
spring at St. Naum. Here the water rises from several
places of limestone, gathers into a picturesque lake and
then as a short river it flows into the lake (Fig.4). The
water quantity that flows into the lake is from 4,60 –
11,24 m3·s-1.
Contrary to the Ohrid lake where the karst type
of aquifers is in its dominant form, there are no underground karst springs in the Prespa lake. If there are some,
they are poor and that’s why they have no importance for
the flow of water. At the west side, there are no springs
even above the level of the spring. At the west and south
side of its river basin in the Gali~nik karst terrain, very
small number of springs occurs.They almost all are
situated very high and far from the coast of the lake and
their discharge is relatively small Contrary to this, the
east side of the river basin has different hydrographic
regime and other hydrogeological characteristics. Here,
the evaporation of the water is a surface one which comes
from the old crystalline mass in the mountains Baba and
Pelister.The previous geological and hydrogeological
explorations in the Prespa region revealed that the old
Paleozoic rocks form the Gali~ica mountain and Triassic
limestone lie above them. These limestone form the rock
aquifer of the mountains Gali~ica and Suva Gora. The old
Paleozoic rocks are found deep inside. The Paleozoic
schists occur high only on the peninsula Vakuf~e which
strikes between the Stenski Zaton and the Zavir bay.
Za razlika od Ohridskoto Ezero, kade karstniot tip na izdani e dominantna forma, podvodni karstni izvori vo Prespanskoto Ezero nema. Dokolku nekade gi ima, tie se slabi i ne se
~uvstvuvaat, pa poradi toa i ne se od zna~ewe za
prilivot na vodata. Ovde nema izvori ni nad
nivoto na ezeroto. Na zapadnata i ju`nata strana
od negoviot sliv vo gali~kiot karsten teren izbivaat mo{ne mal broj izvori. Tie, skoro site se
nao|aat visoko i daleku od bregot na ezeroto, a
nivnata izda{nost e relativno mala. Sprotivno
na ova, isto~nata strana na slivot ima poinakov
hidrografski re`im i drugi hidrogeolo{ki karakteristiki. Ovde istekuvaweto na vodite e povr{insko, a doa|aat od starata kristalesta masa
na planinata Baba i Pelister. So dosega{nite
geolo{ki i hidrogeolo{ki istra`uvawa vo Prespanskiot region, se konstatira deka starite paleozojski karpi koi ja izgraduvaat Gali~ica
pretstavuvaat vodonepropusna podloga vrz koi
le`at trijaskite varovnici, ja gradat karstnata
izdan na Gali~ica i Suva Gora, a se nao|aat dlaboko vo vnatre{nosta. Paleozojskite {krilci
se pojavuvaat visoko samo na poluostrovot Vakuf~e i se prostiraat me|u Stewski Zatan i zalivot Zavir. Spu{taweto na starata kristalesta
masa, koja{to na ovaa strana od ezeroto vo ovoj
zaliv e mnogu visoko, prodol`uva na jug od poluostrovot Vakuf~e, a na sever pod ‘rtot Rot. Ovie
trijaski varovni~ki karpi {to na sever prodol`uvaat vo Petrinska Planina, a na jugoistok vo
Ivan i Gorbec, se zafateni so karstifikacija,
poradi {to povr{inski pretstavuvaat bezvoden
teren, a vo vnatre{nosta do svoeto dno se ispolneti so podzemni tokovi, {to gravitiraat kon
poniskoto Ohridsko Ezero (Sl. 5). Ottamu na
isto~nata strana na Ohridskoto Ezero, od s. Tu{emi{te, preku Sv. Naum i s. Pe{tani, Trpejca
i manastirot Sv. Zaum, r. ^erava, pa se do Biljanini Izvori (Studen~i{te) do Ohrid, ima mnogu
izvori {to mu ja predavaat vodata od ovoj
karsten sliv.
Na osnova geolo{kite i hidrogeolo{kite
karakteristiki na terenot i zastapenite karpi
vo Ohridsko-Prespanskiot region i nau~nata
pretpostavka za gubeweto na vodite od Prespanskoto Ezero i nivno pojavuvawe vo ju`nata periferija na Ohridskoto Ezero, neophodno e da se
izvr{at specijalni hidrogeolo{ki raboti za da
se utvrdi pravecot na dvi`eweto na podzemnata
voda, apsolutnata kota na bazisot na karstot,
kako i negovite padni elementi, odnosno prostranstvenata polo`ba vo celokupniot geolo{ki
tektonski sklop na ovoj region.
Analiziraj}i gi site relevantni faktori,
dobieni od desega{nite geolo{ki, hidrogeo-
lo{ki, in`enersko-geoo{ki i geomorfolo{ki
istra`uvawa i ispituvawa, po~nuvaj}i od pretpostavkite na J. Cviji} koi{to imaat nau~na osnova, kako i sprotivnite pokazateli {to ja doveduvaat pod somnenie cviji}evata pretpostavka,
uka`uvaat na potrebata od detalni hidrogeolo{ki prou~uvawa, so primena na sovremeni metodi preku primena na prirodni traseri (H, D, T,
0-18, 0-16, N-15, N-14, C14 itn..) i ve{ta~ki traseri i drugi analiti~ki i tehni~ki opremi, ,
vkupnata α i β, α i γ spektrometri i drugi ultrasoni~ni merewa i fizi~ko-hemiski metodi i dr.
Zaklu~oci
Ohridsko-Prespanskiot region, koj go zazema najjugozapadniot del na R. Makedonija, smesten pome|u R. Albanija i Grcija, se odlikuva so
mo{ne slo`ena geolo{ko-tektonska gradba i se
zastapeni karpi od najstarite paleozojski formacii do najmladite neogeni i kvartarni sedimentni karpi vo dvete kotlini. Terenite {to go
gradat ovoj region, tektonski mu pripa|aat na
Zapadno-Makedonskata tektonska zona vo ramkite na Dinaridite (Helenidi), formirana vo
vremeto na hercinskata i alpskata orogeneza.
Od hidrogeolo{ki aspekt, zastapeni se
site tipovi na izdani (zbien, razbien i karsten
tip), no najzna~aen sekako e karstniot tip na
izdani od koja e izgradena planinata Gali~ica,
kako horst-antiklinorum izme|u Prespanskoto i
Ohridskoto Ezero so mnogubrojni zastapeni
karstni oblici kako {to se karstnite poliwa,
vrta~i, i podzemnite kanali i ponori zna~ajni za
genezata na Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero.
Vodosobirnata povr{ina, t.e. zonata na
hranewe na karstniot tip izdani, formirana vo
trijaskite varovnici pretstavuvaat otkrienite
povr{ini na Gali~ica i Suva Gora, {to se nao|aat me|u Prespanskoto i Ohridskoto Ezero, Vo
ovie karbonatni sredini, razviena e dlaboka
karstifikacija so site vidovi karstni formi vo
~ija dlabo~ina postojat golemi koli~ini podzemni vodi so izvonredni dobri kvalitetni fizi~ko-hemiski karakteristiki od aspekt za vodosnabduvawe na urbanite sredini vo ovoj region
i za razvojot na rekreativen ezerski turizam.
Zonite na istekuvawe na podzemnite vodi
od karstot na okolnite planini se nao|aat vo
reonot na isto~nata i ju`nata krajbre`na zona
na Ohridskoto Ezero, kako i vo samoto ezero vo
vid na sublakustriski izvori i vrela. Najpoznati se izvorite vo neposredna blizina na Ohrid,
Studeni{te i Bej Bunar, Trpejca, Pe{tani, Sv.
Naum, izvorite vo okolinata na s. Tu{emi{te i
drugi izvori vo ju`niot del na Ohridsko Ezero.
The lowering of the old crystalline mass, which at this
side of the lake, in this bay, is very high, continues to
the south from the peninsula Vakuf~e and in the north,
under the cape Rot. These Triassic limestone rocks
which in the north continue in the mountain Petrina and
in the south east in the mountains Ivan and Gorbec
were under the influence of karkstification and that’s
why they are waterless terrain at the surface. In the
inside part, down to its bottom, they have been filled
with ground flows that gravitate towards the lower
Ohrid like (Fig.5). At the east side of the Ohrid lake,
from the Du{ei{te village, through St. Naum and the
villages Pe{tani, Trpeica and the monastery St. Naum,
the Cerava river to the Biljanini izvori (Studen~i{te) to
Ohrid, there are many springs which yield the water
from this karst river basin.
According to the geological and hydrogeological
characteristics of the terrain and the represented rocks
in the Ohrid-Prespa lake and their occurrence in the
south peripheral parts of the Ohrid lake, it is necessary
to make special hydrogeological works in order to
determine the direction of the groundwater migration,
the absolute peak elevation of the basis of the karst, as
well as itsdip elements, i.e. the area of striking in the
overall geological tectonic structure of this region.
Analysing all these relevant factors obtained from the
previous geological, hydrogeological, engineering-geological and geomorphological explorations and
examinations starting from the assumptions of J. Cviji}
that have a scientific base as well as the oppositive
indicators which doubt about the Cviji} assumption,
point out the need of detailed hydrogeological study
with the application of contemporary methods by the
use of natural tracers (H, D, T, 0-18, 0-16, N-15, N-14,
C14 etc.) and the artificial tracers and other analytical
technics and devices such as: AAC, HPLC, the total α
and β, α and γ spectrometers and other ultrasonic
measurements and physical-chemical methods etc.
This points to the mutual cooperation of the expert
teams of all the three countries: Macedonia, Albania
and Greece, because this region is situated on the area
of these three countries.
Conclusion
- The Ohrid-Prespa region, which occupies the
southwest part of the Republic of Macedonia and is
situated between the Republic of Macedonia and
Greece is characterized by fairly complex geologicaltectonic structure where rocks from the oldest
Paleozoic formations to the youngest Neogene and
Quaternary, sedimentary rocks have been represented
by the two lakes – the Prespa lake and the Ohrid one.
The terrains which make this region, tectonically
belong to the west Macedonian tectonic zone within the
Dinarides (Helinides) formed in the period of the
Hercinian and the Alpine orogenezis.
- From hydrogeological aspect, all types of aquifers
have been represented (confined, scattered and karst
type), but the most significant is the karkst type of
aquifers of which the mountain Gali~ica has been
formed as horst-anticlinorium between the Prespa and
the Ohrid lake with numerous represented karst forms
such as the karst fields, sinks and sinkholesholes as
well as the underground channels and sinks and
sinkholes significant for the genesis of the Ohrid and
Prespa lake.
- The watergathering surface, i.e. the recharge area of
the karst type of aquifers formed in the Triassic
limestone are discovered surfaces of the mountains
Gali~ica and Suva Gora which are situated in the
immediate vicinity between the Prespa and the Ohrid
lake as well as in the widespread region of the
mountains Jablanica in the west and the Ilina in the
north east.. In these carbonate environments, deep
karstification has been developed with all kinds of karst
forms in whose depth, there are great quantities of
ground water with excellent and good qualitative
physical-chemical characteristics from the aspect of
watersupply of the urban environments of this region
and for the development of the recreation lake tourism.
- The zone of groundwater flowing out from the karst
of the surrounding mountains is situated in the region
of the east and south coastal zone of the Ohrid lake as
well as in the lake as sublacustric springs.
- The most famous are the springs in the immediate vicinity of Ohrid, Studen~ica and Bej Bunar, Trojaci,
Pe{tani, St. Naum, the springs in the surrounding of the
Tu{evi{te village and other springs in the south part of
the Ohrid lake.
- All the indicators are in favour of the fact that the
Prespa lake flows underground and that water comes
into the Ohrid lake through the ground channels and
karst formations beneath the mountains Gali~ica and
Suva Gora, but it is necessary to make special
hydrogeological exploration works in order to
determine the direction of the groundwater movement
and the basis of the karst and its representativeness with
an application of the contemporary radioisotopes by the
application of natural tracers and other ultrasonic
measurements and defining the physical-chemical
characteristics of the water from the Prespa and Ohrid
lake and tourism and the surface springs of this region.
All these suggested explorations should be realized in a
close connection with the experts of Albania and
Greece.
Site pokazateli odat vo prilog na toa deka Prespanskoto Ezero istekuva podzemno i tie
vodi doa|aat vo Ohridskoto Ezero preku podzemnite kanali i karstni formi pod planinata
Gali~ica i Suva Gora. Me|utoa, neophodno e da
se izvr{at specijalni hidrogeolo{ki istra`ni raboti, da se utvrdi pravecot na dvi`eweto
na podzemnata voda i bazisot na karstot i negovoto rasprostranuvawe so primena na sovreme-
236
ni hidrogeolo{ki metodi i radioizotopi preku primena na prirodni traseri i drugi
ultrasoni~ni merewa i odreduvawe na fizi~ko-hemiskite karakteristiki na vodite od
Prespansko i Ohridsko Ezero preku podzemnite i povr{inskite izvori i vrela vo ovoj region. Site ovie predlo`eni istra`uvawa treba
da se realiziraat zaedno vo tesna sorabotka so
eksperti od Albanija i Grcija.
Referenci (References)
Cviji}, J. (1960-1911). A base for the geography and
geology of Macedonia and old Serbia, Beograd.
Ivanovski, T. (1958). Izve{taj za geolo{kite
kartirawa na zapadnite padini na planina
Gali~ica. Stru~en fond na Geolo{ki zavod
– Skopje.
Nestorovski, I. (1956). A report of the geological mapping of the west slopes of the mountains Karaorman-Stogovo and the east onees of Jablanica.
Technical fund of the Geological Institute of the
Republic of Macedonia, Skopje.
Ivanovski, T. (1958). A report of the geological mapping
of the west slopes of the Gali~ica mountain
Technical fund of Geological Institute – Skopje.
Ivanov, G. (1976). The problem of the origin of the
spring St. Naum of the Ohrid lake. A book of the
works of the V Jugoslav symposium of Hydrogeology and engineering geology, Skopje.
Arsovski, M. (1974). Some aspects of the Ohrid lake,
MANU – Skopje.
Keki}, A. (1978). A report of the results from the hydrogeological exploration for the watersupply of Ohrid
through the karst of the Gali~ica mountain
Technical fund of the Geological Institute – Skopje.
Dumurxanov, N. (1972). Tolkuva~ na osnovnata
geolo{ka karta vo razmera
Ivanovski, T. (1972). An explanation book of the basic
geological map, to Scale 1:100.000 of the list OhridPodgradec Geological Institute – Skopje.
Sibinovi}, M. (1987). Lakes, Prespa and Ohrid. Institute
for watereconomy of SR Macedonia, Skopje.
237
Reakciite na prirodata kon koristeweto na
Prespanskoto Ezero za navodnuvawe
Farudin KRUTAJ
Apstrakt
Vo ovoj trud se obraboteni reakciite na prirodata sprema koristeweto na Prespanskoto Ezero za navodnuvawe
zatoa {to toe e sprotivno na prirodnata evolucija i specifikite na karsteniot teren. Ova se dol`i na faktot
{to Prespanskoto Ezero i oblasta na sistemot za navodnuvawe gi opfa}aat pove}eto prirodni resursi (bioklimatski, vodni, zemjodelsko-sto~arski), kako i mo`nosti za `ivot i turizam. Postojat mnogu fakti koi gi
poka`uvaat pogre{nite potezi na ~ovekot vo prou~uvaniot region, pa zatoa i reakciite na prirodata ne se malku
na broj. Tie se momentalni ili se javuvaat so zakasnuvawe, direktni ili skrieni, popravlivi ili ne. Treba da se
spomenat: zagaduvaweto na zemjata i na vozduhot, urbanoto i industrisko zagaduvawe, ve{ta~kite pomestuvawa na
re~nite tokovi, zloupotrebata na zemjodelskoto zemji{te i pasi{tata i sl. Kako zaklu~okot }e napomnam deka
pri vakvi fizi~ki iskoristuvawa na terenot treba da se koristi pametna i efikasna upravuva~ka politika, kako
i toa deka sekoe me{awe vo prirodata e korisno samo ako ne ja naru{uva nejzinata ramnote`a.
Voved
Basenot na Prespanskoto Ezero e prepoznatliv na celiot Balkan zaradi negoviot biodiverzitet i mnogute ekolo{ki koridori, kako i po
negoviot specifi~en karsten izgled. Karstot e
eden od najva`nite faktori na reljefot, koj
zaedno so strukturnata i tektonskata postavenost na oblasta, im prethodi i gi orientira
geomorfolo{kite promeni.
Morfostrukturnata postavenost e od
horst/greben tip, otse~en od normalnite rasedi
za vreme na pliocenot (Krutaj 1999). Grebenot vo
Prespa (istok) e oddelen od toj vo Oher-Kor~aBili{ta (zapad) so Mali i Thate-Galici horst. Kaj
posledniov, razli~nite formi na grebenski
bazeni pretrpuvale postojani izdignuvawa, osobeno za vreme na neotektonskiot stadium.
Tloto se izdignuvalo, prosledeno so `iva
karstna aktivnost, pro{iruvaj}i gi i vdlabnuvaj}i gi podzemnite pati{ta na cirkulacija.
Bazenot na Prespanskoto ezero e so kompleksno i raznorodno poteklo (erozija, tektonski i karstni vlijanija). Pred da postoelo ezeroto, toa bilo pred-grebenska kotlina, so
dol`ina od 25-30 km i meridijanska orientacija,
{to mo`e da se zabele`i od ostatocite na ovaa
palo-dolina na makedonska teritorija kaj \avato
i Bokovski, kako i na Albanskata strana kaj
Gruka i Ujkut. Prisustvoto na podezerskiot
kawon (Grio) pome|u Mala i Golema Prespa odi
vo prilog na ovaa ideja.
Za vreme na strukturnite promeni od
horst/greben tip (za koi stanuva{e zbor pogore)
kako rezultat na vertikalnite dvi`ewa dolinata
se transformirala vo ezero (vo pliokvarterot).
238
Promeni se slu~uvaat i vo dene{no vreme kako
na primer pomestuvaweto na ezerskiot breg koj
postojano se povlekuva. Na po~etokot toj bil
50km pogore otkolku deneska, {to e doka`ano so
postoeweto na ostatoci od stariot ezerski breg,
pretstaveni kako terasi vo nekolku nivoa. Tie se
najdeni vo Makedonija (4,5 m) i Albanija (4-6 m,
18-20 m, 35-40 m). Vo morfolo{kata evolucija na
ovoj kraj karstot imal golemo vlijanie, osobeno
na Makedonskata i Albanskata strana (sever,
severozapad, zapad), kade {to na povr{inata se
sretnuva varovnik od jura periodot.
Bazenot na Prespanskoto ezero e so povr{ina od 1350 km2, a samoto ezero e so povr{ina
od 317km2, na 850 m.n.v. [to se odnesuva do
posledniot parametar, podatocite od Gr~kata,
Albanskata i Makedonskata strana se razlikuvaat. Bi trebalo da se unificiraat vo idnina.
Vodniot talog vo Prespanskiot basen prose~no
iznesuva 760 mm godi{no, koj e koncentriran vo
15-120 dena godi{no, od koi 30 se sne`ni. Isparuvaweto na vodata od ezeroto iznesuva 663 mm
godi{no (M. Pano).
Vo poslednite 50 godini vkupniot voden
talog godi{no se dvi`el od 350 mm do 1350 mm.
Vo poslednata dekada se zabele`uva progresivno
opa|awe na vodeniot talog od okolu 2% godi{no
i zgolemuvawe na vozdu{nata temperatura.
Gubitokot na ezerska voda niz podzemnite ponori
se dvi`i od 12 do 15 m3/s (izvori vo Tu{emi{ta,
Sveti Naum, Ventroku, Mancuri{ti, Golo Brdo i
dr). I na Makedonskata i na Albanskata strana
na dnoto od ezeroto kako i na ezerskiot breg
zabele`ani se ponori i mesta na koi vodata
is~eznuva, {to zboruva za aktiven karst duri i
vo dene{no vreme.
Reaction of nature against human activity in the irrigation reservoir basin of
Prespa Lake
Fahrudin KRUTAJ
Abstract
In this article are addressed the reactions of nature in the reservoir basin of Prespa Lake towards human interference when the latter
go contrary to the specific and natural evolution laws of such karstic terrain. This is due to the fact that Prespa Lake and its irrigation
reservoir basin have got a lot of natural resources (bio - climatic, watery, agro - pasturage), as well as offer good conditions for
habitation and tourism. There is lot of facts showing wrong intrusions on the part of people in the region studied, thus the reactions of
nature have not been lacking. They have been immediate or delayed, direct or hidden, repairable or not. It is worth mentioning here:
land and water pollution, urban and industrial pollution, artificial deviations of water flows, abuses on agricultural land and pasture
areas, etc. As a conclusion we stress that in front of such physical consumption of terrains, it should be used a wise and efficient
managing policy and that every intrusion in nature is useful when it does not damage its equilibrium.
Introduction
The irrigation reservoir basin of Prespa Lake is
distinguished in the entire Balkan region for its
biodiversity and a lot of ecological corridors, as well as
for its karstic specific landscape. The last one is one of
the most essential factors of relief model that, on close
connection with the structural and tectonic organisation
of the area, have preceded and oriented in the
morphogenesis.
Morphostructural organisation is of horst/graben type, cut
from normal breaks during Pliocene kuarternar (2).
Graben of Prespa (in east) is divided from that of Oher Korce - Bilisht (in west) by Mali i Thate - Galici horst.
The latter, different form Graben pools has suffered
constant rises, especially during neotectonic stage.
Territory rises, which are continuing actually are
accompanied by vivid karst activity through the extension
and deepening of underground circulation ways.
The basin of Prespa Lake itself has a complex and
polygenesis origin (erosion, tectonic and karstic). Before
turning into a lake, represented by pre - Graben valley,
having a length of 25 - 30 km and a nearly meridian
orientation, which is seen in the marks of this palovalley
in the Macedonian territory (Gjovato locality, Bokovski),
as well as in the Albanian one (Gryka e Ujkut). The
presence of the under lake canyon (Grio) between Prespa
e Madhe and Prespa e Vogel, stressed the abovementioned idea.
During the structural organisation of horst/graben type
(mentioned above), as a result of vertical differentiating
movements, the valley changed into a lake (in pliokuarternar) which continues even nowadays. The line of
the lake coast has continued to withdraw.
Initially it was 50 km higher than now, that is verified by
the existence of marks of the past lake line, represented
by 2 - 3 level terraces found in Macedonia (4, 5) and
Albania (4 - 6 m, 18 - 20 m, 35 - 40 m).
In the morphological evolution of this region has also
influenced the karst, especially of the Macedonian and
Albanian basin (in north, north - west and west) where on
the surface are seen Jurassic limestone.
Actually Prespa Lake has a basin of 1350 km2, with the
surface of 317 km2, while the water surface is 850 m a.s.l.
For the latter, there are often various data (from
Macedonian, Greek and Albanian sources) which do not
fit together, so they should be corrected and precise
definitely in the future. In Prespa basin the precipitation
of rain is on average 760 m/m per year, concentrated on
15 - 120 days, from which 30 days snow.
The water vapor from the surface of lake water is 663
m/m per year (M. Pano).
During the last 50 years the yearly total of precipitation
has fluctuated from 350 m/m to 1350 m/m per year. In
the last decade (1990 - 2000) is seen a progressive
decrease of the precipitation of rain per year (rain or
snow) of about 2% and an increase of air temperature.
While the losses of the lake water through underground
infiltration fluctuate from 12 - 15 m3/sec. (Tushemishti,
Shen Naumi, Ventroku, Mancurishti, Golloborda sources,
etc).
In the Macedonian and Albanian territory as well, at the
bottom of the lake or in the lake coast are seen absorbing
abysses or marks of water disappearance, which speak of
an active karst, even in the current stage.
Okolu 50 milioni m3 godi{no se
ispumpuvaat od Prespanskoto ezero i se koristat
za navodnuvawe na zemjodelskite povr{ini
(april do oktomvri). Od ova 15 milioni m3 se
koristat za navodnuvawe na Makedonskata
teritorija, a ostatokot se koristi na Albanskata
strana (3,4). Se u{te ne e poznata koli~inata na
voda {to se koristi za navodnuvawe na Gr~kata
strana.
Materijal i metodi
Informaciite vo ovoj trud poteknuvaat od
arhivski izvori (bilteni) na istra`uva~ki
centri na specijalizirani institucii, kako na
primer: Hidrometeorolo{kiot institut (za
klima i hidrologija), institutot za nuklearna
fizika, centarot za seizmolo{ki studii i
podatoci
za
geomorfologijata
i
hidrogeologijata na regionot. Dragocena pomo{
e dobiena od Makedonskite specijalisti {to go
prou~uvaat Prespanskoto Ezero, a osobeno
materijalite od internacionalniot simpozium
odr`an vo Kor~a 1997.
Mora da se napomene deka nekoi od
informaciite ne se seopfatni i ponekojpat se
kontradiktorni. Taka na primer nema precizni
podatoci za vodniot balans na ezeroto (odnosot
na polnewe i praznewe) ili koli~estvoto na
izgubena voda so ponirawe ili so isparuvawe,
podatoci za fiziko-hemiska sostav na vodnite
resursi i sl. Isto taka seu{te ne se znae to~nata
nadmorska viso~ina na ezeroto.
Nedostatokot na kvalitativni podatoci do
nekade se ubla`uva so prou~uvaweto na terenot,
popolnuvaweto na pra{alnici od strana na
mesnoto naselenie i koristewe na stranska
literatura.
^ovekovoto
morfologija
vlijanie
na
karstnata
Specifikite na karstniot teren se
zagrozeni so ekonomskoto restruktuirawe na
oblasta,
razvojot
na
turisti~kata
infrastruktura, voglavno pati{ta, razli~ni
hidrotehni~ki
i
geolo{ko
in`enerski
aktivnosti.
Taka na karstnite platoa vo ovaa oblast za
vreme na letoto prestojuvaat stada ovci. Trlata
se postaveni na dnoto na suvodolicite ili drugi
karstni oblici koi nudat podobra za{tita od
veterot. Akumuliraweto na |ubriva ili drugo
|ubre pretstavuva opasnost za zagaduvawe na
vodata od karstnite resursi. Ov~arite ~esto gi
frlaat mrtvite `ivotni ili drugi predmeti vo
vrta~ite i uvalite pri {to postoi opasnost od
zagaduvawe na vodata koja se koristi od
naselenieto. ^ovekovoto vlijanie na karstnata
morfogeneze mo`e da e vidlivo ili skrieno,
direktno ili indirektno, no vo sekoj slu~aj
o~ekuvano. Tie imaat ista va`nost i dejstvo kako
i
prirodnite
faktori
pri
karstnoto
formirawe, no so tekot na vremeto tie
po~nuvaat da se sprotivstavuvaat edni na drugi.
Nesvesnoto zagaduvawe seriozno gi o{tetuva
karstnite pe{teri.
Ima pove}e slu~ai koga posetitelite na
pe{terite gi zagaduvaat frlaj}i razli~ni
otpadoci (hrana, plastika i otrovni te~nosti).
Voznemiruva~ka e modata vo ukrasuvawe na
barovite
so
stalaktiti
i
stalagmiti.
Uni{tuvaj}i gi pe{terite go uni{tuvame
karakteristi~niot habitat na edna okolina, se
zagaduvaat vodnite resursi i se uni{tuva
nau~nata i turisti~kata vrednost {to tie ja
imaat.
Deformacijata
vo
evolucijata
na
prirodniot karst i deregulacijata na fizikohemiskiot sostav vo vodite (od resursite i
samoto ezero) se predizvikani od hemikaliite i
herbicidite, osobeno tie so azotno poteklo, {to
se koristat vo zemjodelieto. Poznato e deka
rastenijata iskoristuvaat samo polovina od
upotrebenoto hemisko |ubrivo dodeka ostatokot
zavr{uva vo ezeroto preku proto~nite vodi. Na
ovoj na~in seriozno se o{tetuva `iviot svet vo
ezeroto, a preku nego i `ivotot na mesnoto
naselenie koe go koristi ezeroto kako izvor na
hrana.
Spored Makedonski podatoci (5), sekoja
godina vo Prespanskoto Ezero se sobira 50% od
upotrebeniot fosfat za |ubrewe na nivite.
Sli~no e zabele`ano i na Albanska i na Gr~ka
strana. Spored Albanskki podatoci, sekoj den se
isfrla preku 4 tona komunalno |ubre, od koe 1/3
ne e procesirano, dodeka na Makedonskata strana
2000 toni hemiski |ubriva godi{no se koristat
za |ubrewe.
Vakvite vlijanija go o{tetuvaat ezeroto,
go zadu{uva `iviot svet i go doveduva vo
opasnost i Ohridskoto ezero preku podzemnite
vrski. Reakciite na Golemoto Prspansko ezero
kon ~ove~koto vlijanie se vidlivi, golemi i
realni. Zboruvame za premestuvaweto na re~niot
tek na rekata Devoli (1974). Lokalnata uprava vo
Kor~a se odlu~i za ovoj ~ekor za da ja koristi
vodata od ezeroto za navodnuvawe na poliwata na
Kor~a i Bili{ta (22500 ha)(3).
About 50 million m3 per year are taken from Prespa Lake,
through moto - pumps and are used for irrigation of agricultural products (during April - October). From the
above figure about 15 million m3 water per year are used
for irrigation in Macedonian territory and the rest in the
Albanian one (3,4).
We still don't know the volume of water used for irrigation (from the lake) in the Greek territory, but it is true
that they get water from Prespa Lake.
Material and method
To write this article has been used information and a lot
of archival sources (bulletins) drawn from the research
centers of specialised institutions.
It is worth mentioning here the data published by the Hydrometeorological Institute (for the climate and hydrology), by the nuclear physics Institution, seismic study
centre and data for geomorphology and hydrogeology of
the region. A precious help has been given by the studies
performed by Macedonian specialists regarding Prespa
Lake, and especially materials presented in the International symposium held in Korca in1997.
It should be said that the information used has not be sufficient and in some cases contradictory. So, there are no
exact data on the balance of the lake water (proportion
between feeding and removal), or the quantity of removed water through underground ways, from water vapor, data on the physical - chemical content of resource
water, etc. All these would help in achieving concrete and
true endings. We still don't have a clear figure on the high
over the sea level of the surface of lake water.
The lack of qualitative data has been compensated to a
certain degree by expeditions on the terrain, questionnaires completed by the inhabitants or consultation with
foreign literature.
Human impacts in karstic morphology
Economic restructuring of the region, development of
tourist infrastructure, mainly of roads, construction of
hydrotechnical works and geological – engineering ones,
ask for keeping in mind the specifics of karstic terrains.
So in karstic plateaus of Mali i Thatë of Pusi Platean, of
Galice etc., during summer, there is lot of sheep. Sheep
folds are settled in the bottom of funnels or karstic dohnave as places more protected by wind. Collection of big
quantities of fertilizers for other garbage risks to pollute
waters of karstic resources, which have the area of supply
in such heights. Shepherd usually prefer to through dead
animals or other objects in wells or underground, not to
allow their consumption from dogs or wild animals, but
the forget that the risk to pollute the waters of resources
used by population. Human impacts in the karstic morphogenesis are visible or hidden, direct or delayed but
expectable. They have the same weight and influence as
the natural karst formation factors, but that time after
time strengthen or contradict each other. Damiging, the
unconscious and with consequences have been the cases
of pollution of karstic caves or their physical repulsiveness.
There is lot of cases when various visitors after entering
the cave, pollute them with garbage (food, plastic things
or poisonous liquids). Very troublesome has become in
the last ten years the use of stalagmites and stalactites for
decorating bars and restaurants. By damaging the caves,
we damage their characteristic habitat that live in such
environment, pollute water resources and destroy scientific and touristic values that they bear.
The formation of natural karst evolution and deregulations in the physical-chemical composition of waters (of
resources and Prespa Lake itself), are caused by the use
of chemicals and herbicides in agriculture, especially
those with nitrogenous origin. It is known that the plant
consumes same quantity of chemical fertilizers as the one
inflowing the waters of the lake, thus damaging seriously
its living creatures and through them the life of inhabitants that eat infected fish.
Thus, according to Macedonian data (Cavkalovski 1997),
every year at Prespa lake is collected about 50 % of
phosphate used to fertilize the land. The same situation
and trouble is seen in the Greek and Albanian territory.
According to Albanian data every day over 4 t of communal garbage are thrown where 1/3 is unprocessable
while in the Macedonian part of basin 2000 t·yr-1 of
chemical fertilizers on average are applied.
All these things cause stresses to Prespa Lake suffocate
vivid creatures and seriously risk Ohrid Lake with which
has underground links.
Reactions of Prespa e Vogel Lake versus human intrusions are visible, big and fact. We speak of artificial deviation of Devolli River (in 1974). The local government
of Korca district made this decision, aiming the surplus
water could be used during summer to irrigate Korca and
Bilishti fields (in total 22500 ha land – Kanari & Bregu
1997).
According to the project it is foreseen to remain unchangeable the level of lake waters as the quantity of
waters taken for irrigation (35-40 million m3 water),
would be compensated with those brought by Devolli
River.
But, in fact what happened? It was forgotten that the
Devolli river brought to the lake, together with water
considerable quantities alluvium (about 40000 t·yr-1),
which during the period of 20 years (1976-96) filled the
bottom of Prespa e Vogel Lake with insoluble materials,
unpermitted by water in a surface of 1.5 km long (starting
from Gryka e Ujkut) and 1 m thick (Kanari & Bregu
1997). With the artificial growth of the bottom of the
lake, the free flow of waters through Ventroku channel
(discharging channel) became difficult and was blocked.
Spored proektot be{e predvideno ova da
nema vlijanie vrz nivoto na ezerskite vodi,
bidej}i vodata zemena za navodnuvawe (35-40
milioni m3) }e bide kompenzirana od rekata
Devoli. Be{e zaboraveno deka ovaa reka zaedno
so vodata }e vnesuva vo ezeroto i zna~itelni
koli~estva aluvium (40000 toni godi{no), {to vo
period od 20 godini (1976-96) go napolni dnoto na
Maloto Prespansko Ezero so nerastvorliv,
nepropustliv materijal vo dol`ina od 1.5km
po~nuvaj}i od Gryka e Ujkut i debelina od eden
metar (3). So ve{ta~koto polnewe na dnoto na
ezeroto, slobodniot protok na voda niz kanalot
Ventroki stana te`ok i blokiran. Taka ezeroto
stana poplitko, za potpolno da se isu{i vo
dol`ina od 1.5 kilometri. Fiziko-hemiskiot
sostav na vodite na Maloto Ezero se promeni i se
zgolemi zamatenosta so {to se zagrozeni
razli~ni vidovo {to `iveat vo bistri vodi, a se
zgolemi i prisustvoto na trskata. Ponorite i
podzemnite vodni pati{ta se blokirani {to gi
deformira karstnite procesi i otvori novi
pati{ta na ponirawe dol` obalata, osobeno vo
jugozapadniot del. Snabduvaweto so voda na
razli~ni karstni resursi e delumno od Maloto
Prespansko Ezero koe so ova e onevozmo`eno.
Fiziko-hemiskiot sostav na vodata isto taka se
promeni
(izvorite
Progri,
Ventroku,
Man~uri{ta, Golo Brdo). Osven namaluvaweto
na voda vo nekoi resursi vo isto~nite poliwa na
Kor~a zabele`ano e i naglo namaluvawe na nekoi
resursi ili pomestuvawe na nivnite izvori{ta.
@itelite se `alat deka ima promeni vo
kvantitetot i kvalitetot na vodata.
Brzoto povlekuvawe na ezeroto vo
poslednite 50-60 godini (8 m) i osobeno vo
poslednava dekada (1.3 m) pretstavuva seriozen
problem {to zaslu`uva golemo vnimanie i
vnimatelna analiza. Pri~inite za ova se
mnogubrojni
i
kompleksni,
prirodni
i
antropogeni). Vo grupata na prirodni pri~ini
treba da se spomene razru{uvaweto na
ramnote`ata pome|u polneweto i prazneweto na
ezeroto (isparuvawe i ponirawe). Taka, pokraj
opa|aweto na godi{niot voden talog, se pojavi i
karstnata aktivnost, osobeno vo ponorniot
sistem.
Vo grupata na antropogeni pri~ini mo`e
da se spomenat nekontroliranoto iskoristuvawe
na ezerskite vodi bez prethodni studii za
mo`nite posledici od trite sosedni zemji
(Albanija, Grcija i Makedonija), aktivnostite vo
basenot na ezeroto, prenaso~uvaweto na re~nite
tekovi kon ezeroto i sl.
Referenci (References)
Krutaj, F. (1999). Some aspects of morphology and
karstic hydrology in Ohrid-Prespa area. Geographical
Studies Nr. 12.
Kristo, V., Krutaj, F. et al. (1987). Karst in Albania and
practice. Geographical Studies Nr. 2.
So, the lake became shallower, until it was dried
completely for about 1.5 km length. The physicalchemical composition of the waters of Prespa e Vogel
changed and the turbidity increased, thus risking many
species accustomed in the clear water of the lake and also
the reeds increased. Absorptive abysses and underground
ways of water flows were blocked which deformed the
karstic processes and opened new ways of infiltration
along the cost, especially in its south-west part. The
supply with water of many karstic resources feeding
partially from Prespa e Vogel and emerged in Bilishti and
Korca fields was deregulated.
The physical-chemical composition of water also
changed (sources of Progri, Ventroku, Mancurishti,
Golloborda etc.).
Beside the decrease of water in some resources of eastern
field of Korca, it is noticed a sudden increase of debit of
special resources or shift of their emerging place.
Farmers complain, beside changed in the quantity of
water, in special sources has also changed the quality of
water.
A troubling problem for Prespa lake that needs attention
and carefully analysis is the quick decrease of water level
the last 50-60 years (about 8 m), and especially during the
last decade (1.3 m). Reasons that have caused this are
many and complex, natural and anthropogenic. In the
group of natural causes is worth mentioning the
destruction of balance between feeding and removal
(from vaporisation or through underground ways).
So, beside the decrease of annual precipitation (mostly
those of snow), karst has been enliven and especially the
underground circulation system.
In the anthropogenic causes are worth mentioning
abusive exploitation and without basis in the preliminary
studies of the lake water from the three countries
(Albania, Greece, Macedonia), interferences in the basin
of the lake, artificial deviations of flows for separate
rivers etc.
Kanari, K. & Bregu, V. (1997). Problems of Micro
Prespa lake caused by Devolli river. Inter. Symp., Korca.
Klincarov, S. (1997). Geohydrological characteristics of
Prespa basin and their influence of hydrological
conditions of the lake. Inter. Symp., Korca.
Cavkalovski, I. (1997). Hydrology of Prespa lake. Inter.
Symp., Korca.
Nicod, J. (1991). Les nouveaux recherches
geomorphologique sur le karst nechteraneè. C.N.R.S 4,
Paris.
243
Antropogeno vlijanie na namaluvaweto na nivoto na vodata vo
Prespanskoto (Golemo i Malo) Ezero
Ilija ^AVKALOVSKI
MO na R.Makedonija
Apstrakt
Antropogenoto vlijanie ve}e napravilo {teta na vodnata koli~ina vo Prespanskoto Ezero. Te{ko e vo dogledno
vreme taa gre{ka da se popravi. Mo`e da se spre~i ponatamo{noto degradirawe na prirodnata akumulacija. Kako
posledica na antropogenite dejstvija nivoto e namaleno za -3,29 m ili 42,23%. Najgolem udel ima koristeweto na
vodata od ezeroto za navodnuvawe i toa 97,15%, potoa koristeweto na vodite od slivot za sanitarni potrebi 2,14%
i za industriski potrebi 0,17%.
Katastar na potro{uva~ite na voda vo
Kotlinata
Vo Prespanskata Kotlina vodata se koristi za: sanitarni potrebi, za industriskite kapaciteti i za navodnuvawe na kulturite. Kako
izvori{te na voda se: izvorite, rekite, podzemjeto (freatska i arteska-subarteska izdan) i prirodnata akumulacija, Prespanskoto Ezero.
Sistemi za navodnuvawe
1. Sistemot za navodnuvawe na zemjodelskite
kulturi vo Resenskoto Pole, vo R.Makedonija a
izvori{te go koristi Golemoto Prespansko
Ezero. Raboti sezonski od 15.06 - 15.09. Kapacitetot na sistemot e 1,8 m3·s-1 ili sezonski:
1,8 h 60 h 60 h 60 h 24 =15.552.000,00 m3.
2. Sistemot za navodnuvawe na zemjodelskite
kulturi vo Dolna Prespa vo R. Grcija od s. R'bi German do s. L'k - Bukovik koristi: ezerska voda
od Maloto Prespansko Ezero so ~etiri vodocrpni pumpi od po 250 l·s-1. za navodnuvawe na
niskata zona od 15.05.-15.08., so sezonski
kapacitet od 6.235.000,00 m3 i so zafa}awe na
vodata od Stara (Germanska) Reka, nad(isto~no)
od S. German za navodnuvawe na visokata zona so
sezonski kapacitet 3.440.000,00 m3 ili vkupno
sezonski 9.675.000,00 m3 voda.
3. Sistemot za navodnuvawe na kulturite vo Bili{tansko-Kor~ansko Pole vo R. Albanija, niz
ve{ta~ki prokopaniot kanal niz klisurata "Grlo", koristi voda od Maloto Prespansko Ezero
so prose~en sezonski kapacitet 35000000,00 m3.
Prezentiranite podatoci se: proektiran kapacitet: 90.000.000,00; realiziran sezonski kapacitet:
244
65.000.000,00; 35.000.000,00; 18.000.000,00;
12.000.000,00 m3.
Sistemot e tehni~ki re{en i izgraden da
vra}a voda vo ezeroto vo neve|etativniot period
od r.Devol i suvodolicite.Koli~inata na
vratenata voda, logi~no zavisna e od toa kolku
voda nosat r.Devol i suvodolicite.
4. Navodnuvawe so cevkasti - "Nortonovi"
bunari so motorni pumpi od freotskata izdan vo
Resenskoto Pole - R.Makedonija so sezonski
kapacitet od:
0,0045 h 2 h 60 h 60 h 10000 = 1.296.000,00 m3
Sistemi za sanitarna voda - vodovodi
1. Sistemi za koi izvori{te e Golemoto Prespansko Ezero: s. Stewe, letuvali{te "Carina",
"Ote{evo" so godi{no iscrpena koli~ina od
756.870,00 m3 voda.
2. Sistemi za koi se koristi izvorska voda : toa
se selskite vodovodi za selata koi ne se opfateni so regionalniot vodovod "Kru{je - Resen - Sir
Han". Godi{nata koli~ina zafatena voda iznesuva: 883.000,00 m3.
3. Sistemi za koi izvori{te e podzemjeto: regionalen vodovod, industriski kapaciteti, selski
vodovodi, turisti~ki naselbi. Godi{noto koli~estvo na iscrpena voda iznesuva: 6.972.420,00 m3.
4. Sistemi za selskite naselbi, 18 sela, vo
Prespanskiot prostor vo R. Grcija: godi{na
koli~ina zafatena voda od 300.000,00 m3.
5. Selski naselbi, 12 sela, vo Prespanskiot
prostor vo R.Albanija: nema vodovodni sistemi,
potro{uva~kata e minimalna i vo slu~ajov ne e
zemena vo obrabotka.
Antropogenic influence on the denivelation of Lake Makro and Mikro Prespa
Ilija CAVKALOVSKI
MO of the Republic of Macedonia
Abstract
Antropogenic usage of waters from Prespa Lake’s basin has great influence over water level oscillations. Results of a harmful
antropogenic influence will not be easily removed. This influences have contributed to denivelation of 3, 29 m. This value is 42,23%
of total denivelation. Greatest influence over denivelation of both lakes has the usage of the water for agricultural purposes (irrigation
of cultivated soil). These waters contribute with 97. 15%, then comes the drinking water with 2,14% and industrial water with 0.17%.
In the period from 1963 to 1995 denivelation of Macro
Prespa Lake reached value of 7.29 m. Natural as well as
antropogenic cause this oscillation factors. According to
the measurements, natural influences caused denivelation
of 4.50m and antropogenic influences cause 3.29m
(Cavkalovski, 1997). This report includes the fact that
this data are not confirmed by R Greece and R. Albania.
At the symposium that took place in Korca 1997 data for
usage of Micro Prespa Lake waters for irrigation of Billis–Korca valley, were presented. Study of A.J.Crivelli
and G.Catsadorakis, 1997 Lake Prespa, Northwestern
Greece: A unique Balkan wetland filled the lack of official data. I made full analyses based on them. With this
study the antropogenic influence of the increased
denivelation of Prespa lakes was confirmed. In this paper
the antropogenic influence on the waters as resources in
the Prespa valley, is presented.
of 250 l·s-1 with capacity of 6,235,000 m3/season (from
15.05-15.08). With the water the region from v. Rabi –
German to v. Laki- Bukovik, is supplied. The water for
the high regions comes from Stara Reka, east of v.
German with seasonal capacity of 3,440,000 m3. Total
system takes 9,675,000 of water during irrigation period.
Irrigation system for agricultural area in Billis-Corca
valley, R. Albania through artificial channel of Canyon
Grlo, uses water from Micro Prespa Lake with average
seasonal capacity of 35,000,000 m3. Presented data for
the system capacity are 90,000,000 m3, whereas
65,000,000, 35,000,000, 18,000,000 and 12,000,000 m3
are realized seasonally. Water from the Devil River and
dry-valleys is drained in winter and spring period.
Amount of retrieved water depends on hydrological status
of the current year.
Norton wells with motor pumps are used for watering
Resensko Pole from frenetic fountains and their seasonal
capacity is 1,296,000 m3.
List of water users in Prespa valley
Water supplying systems
The water resources in the Prespa valley are used for different purposes: water supply for populated regions in the
valley, water for industrial capacities and irrigation of
agricultural regions in all three countries. Water needs are
covered by three sources: fountains, rivers, artesian basins and water from two Prespa lakes.
Water supplying systems, whose fountains are waters
from Macro Prespa Lake, are built in v. Stenje, summercamps Carina and Otesevo, with annual amount of
756,870 m3 of water.
Water supplying systems which use fountain water is
village pluming, that are not attached to the regional
pluming Krushija-Resen-Sirhan. Used annual amount of
water is 883,000 m3.
Water supply systems, which use underground frenetic waters, are regional pluming, tourist centers etc.
Annual capacity of used water is 6,972,420 m3.
Water supplying systems of 18 villages in R. Greece
annually use 300,000 m3 of water.
Water supply systems of 12 villages in Albania are
not taken into account because of lack of data.
Introduction
Irrigation system in Prespa region
Irrigation system for agricultural areas in Macedonia
uses water from Macro Prespa Lake. The system works
seasonally (from June, 15-September, 15) with capacity
of 1.8 m3·s-1 or 15,552,000 m3·yr-1.
(1.8*60*60*60*24*100)
Irrigation system for agricultural areas in R. Greece
uses water from Micro Prespa Lake. It has 4 pumps each
Za sistemite za navodnuvawe presmetana e
potro{uva~ka na voda od: isparuva-we od
kanalite i po~vata, upotreba od rastenijata i
isparuvawe od rastenijata vo koli~ina od 2/3 ili
66,6 procenti. Taa voda e "izlezena" od slivot izgubena. Delot od 1/3 ili 33,3 procenti, e
koli~ina koja ostanuva vo slivot, ponira vo
podzemjeto.
Za sistemite za snabduvawe so voda za piewe i sanitarna voda, vodovodite, presmetano e
deka 1/5 ili 20 % od vodata se upotrebuva - gubi za
slivot, a 4/5 ili 80 % kako otpadna voda ostanuva
vo podzemjeto na slivot (septi~ki jami, popivatelni bunari, ~e{mi so otvoren istek, pro~istitelni stanici i dr.).
Od podatocite zaklu~uvame deka:
1. Vkupno godi{no se crpi koli~ina na voda od
69.107.300,00 m3.
1.1 Od taa koli~ina, e potro{ena ili izgubena
koli~ina od 53.579.140,00 m3, ili 77,53%. Golemiot procent na izgubena voda e rezultat na neprirodnoto prefrluvawe na vodata od prespanskiot - drimskiot sliv vo devolskiot sliv. Tamu
se prefrla koli~ina, prose~no, od 35.000.000,00
m3 ili 50,64%.
1.2. Vo Prespanskiot sliv ostanuva koli~ina na
voda od 15.528.110,00 m3, ili 22,47%, od vkupno
iscrpenata voda.
2. Spored namenata na iscrpenata voda konstatirame:
2.1. Za navodnuvawe se crpi koli~ina od
61.491.000,00 m3 voda, ili 88,98%, od koja
52.054.680,00 m3 voda,ili 84,66% e izgubena za
slivot,a 9.435.100,00 m3 ili 15,34% ostanuva vo
slivot.
2.2. Za sanitarni potrebi (piewe, gotvewe,
miewe) se koristi koli~ina na voda od
5.730.140,00 m3, ili 8,29% . Od taa koli~ina
1.146.030,00 ili 20% e izgubena za slivot, a
4.584.100,00 m3 ili 80% ostanuva vo slivot.
2.3. Za industriskite objekti se koristi
koli~ina na voda od 1.892.160,00 m3 ili 2,73%.
Od nea 378.430,00 m3 ili 20% e izgubena za
slivot, a 1.513.730,00 m3, ili 80% ostanuva vo
slivot.
Navodnuvaweto, odnosno prefrluvaweto na
vodata vo sosedniot sliv, ima najgolemo vlijanie,
kako antropogen faktor na gubeweto na vodata od
Prespanskiot sliv.
Konstatirame deka najgolema koli~ina
voda 57.511.870,00 m3, ili 83,22% se crpi od
Prespanskoto (Golemo i Malo) Ezero, potoa od
podzemjeto 6.972.420,00 m3, ili 10,9%, potoa re~na
voda 3.440.000,00 m3, ili 4,98 % i izvorska voda
1.183.01,00 m3. ili 1,71% .
Logi~no e bidejki ezeroto e otvoren, vid-
liv, dostapen i najsiguren po koli~i-na, izvor na
voda. Morame da se pra{ame do koga?
100%
83.22%
80%
60%
40%
20%
10.09%
4.98%
1.71%
River
Springs
0%
Lake
Underground
Sl. 1 Pregled na iscrpenata voda spored izvorot
Fig. 1 Overview of the used water according its source
Od Sl. 2 konstatirame deka najgolema koli~ina izgubena voda ima ezeroto i toa
49.870.070,00 m3, ili 93,0%, potoa rekite
2.078.000,00 m3, ili 3,88 %, potoa podzemjeto
1.394.270,00 m3, ili 2,26 % i izvorite 236.600,00
m3, ili 0,44% .
Konstatirame deka neposredno, povratno,
podzemjeto dobiva 12.475.420,00 m3 voda ili 80,35
% , a ezeroto dobiva 3.052.690,00 m3,ili 19,65 % .
Logi~no e, bidejki site aktivnosti na ~ovekot se naso~eni kon zadovoluvawe na potrebite
na kopnoto so neophodnite koli~ini na voda.
Seta iscrpena koli~ina na voda, i od ezeroto i
od podzemjeto, se ispu{ta (tro{i) na kopnoto,
kade {to ponira, go ispolnuva podzemjeto i patuva gravita~no kon poniskite delovi na kopnoto,
kon ezeroto. I vo ovoj slu~aj ezeroto e najgolemiot "zagubar". Za `al taa voda {to ja dobiva e nesoodvetno pre~istena i so nesotveten kvalitet za
ispu{tawe vo ezerskata voda.
Na Sl. 4 prika`ani se koli~inite na
iscrpena voda po meseci vo tekot na godinata.
Voo~livo e deka od 15-ti septemvri do 15-ti maj
(periodi: esen, zima, prolet) imame vo
kontinuitet voedna~ena potro{uva~ka na voda.
Taa koli~ina e vodata nameneta za piewe,
gotvewe, sanitarni potrebi i industijata. Vo
letnite meseci ima i izvesno nagolemuvawe na
potro{uva~kata na ovaa voda.
Od 15-ti maj do 15-ti septemvri imame za
28,7 pati pogolema potro{uva~ka na voda. Ovoj
period e period na rabota na hidomeliorativnite sistemi za navodnuvawe na zemjodelskite
kulturi i vo trite sosedni dr`avi. Vo ovoj
period od prirodnite vlijanija imame visoki i
maksimalni temperaturi, maksimalno isparuvawe, mali i minimalni koli~ini na vrne`i.
Estimation of used waters for irrigation purposes takes
into account water from: evaporation in channels and soil,
plant usage and transpiration with 2/3 or 66.6%. This is
so-called “lost” water. The rest of 1/3 or 33.3% stays in
the basins because it plunges underground. With water
supplying systems 20% of water is lost and 80 % stays as
a wastewater.
Based on the above-mentioned indicators for water supply in all three neighboring countries, estimated drain
water is annually 69,107,300 m3.
77.53% or 53,579,140 m3 is lost water for basin of Prespa
valley. This percent of lost water is a result of unnatural
transfer of water out of Prespa-Crnodrimski basin into the
basin of Devol River. Annual transfer amount is 50.64%
or 35,000,000 m3. In the Prespa basin remain 15,528,110
m3 or 22.47% of total drained water.
100%
93.08%
all antropogenic influences. That’s why we ask: how long
will lakes will be treated like this?
The “lost” water is illustrated on Fig. 2. We can understand that the greatest amount of water (49.870.070 m3 or
93%) are lost out of both lakes, then out of the rivers
(2.078.000 m3 or 3.88%), underground waters (1,394.270
m3 or 2.26%) and fountain water (236,600 m3 or 0.44%)
Retrieving the water through underground waters or lakes
is shown on Fig. 3. We can see that total amount is
15,528,110 m3 (underground-12,475,420 m3 or 80.35%,
lakes 3,052,690 m3 or 19.65%)
It is clear that all of the water is mainly used for satisfying human needs for fresh water and agriculture. That is
why the waters that plunge, travel to the lower parts of
valley and lakes. Losses of water are due not only to climate conditions (evaporation), but also to additional antropogenic usage. This usage increases the oscillation of
the water level (example 1963-1995).
Monthly usage of waters
80%
60%
40%
20%
3.88%
0.44%
2.60%
River
Springs
Underground
0%
Lake
Sl. 2 Pregled na izgubenata voda za slivot spored izvorot
Fig . 2 Overview of the lost water for the watershed according the source
Usage of drained water
Watering the Prespa valley in all neighboring countries
takes 61,491,000 m3 or 88.98% of total used waters. Out
of this amount 52,054,680 m3 or 84.66% is water lost in
the basin, and 9,435,105 m3 are amount of water that remains.
Water supply for populated places takes 5,530,140 m3 of
water or 8.29% of which 1,146,030 m3 is lost in the basin
and 4,584,100 m3 stays in the basin as wastewater (sanitary).
Industrial region uses 1,892,160 m3 or 2.73% of which
378,430 m3 or 20% is lost in the basin and 1,513,730 m3
or 8% stays as used industrial water.
We can see from Fig. 1 that the greatest amount of water
is used for irrigation of agricultural areas, whereas the
other resources smaller part: lake waters (83.22%), underground waters (10.9%), river waters (4.98%) and
fountain waters (1.71%).
Considering that fact that the lakes are open and easily
reached sources of water, man does not take care very
much for this aqua ecosystems which is very sensitive to
We can see from Fig. 4 that in the period from autumn to
spring (15 September – 15 May) there is a constant use of
water for sanitary and industrial needs. During the summer usage increases enormously, and in the period from
15 May to 15 September it is 28.7 times bigger. It is obvious that during this period hydromeliorative systems
are working in all three neighboring countries (for agricultural needs). To other factors that contribute to decreased water level are: minimal rainfalls and high temperatures, which lead to activation of hydromeliorative
systems.
In the period from 20 May until 20 June (mostly between
10 – 20 June) Prespa Lake reaches it’s maximum water
level. After June 20th, decrease of the level starts. Between 1-20 December water reaches its minimum. Than,
due to intensive rainfalls the level starts to increase again.
Increased oscillation of the water level is due to
combination of natural decrease and antropogenic factor,
and drained water is unretriveable lost.
Discussion of the levelgrams measured in
Macedonia and Greece.
In the study Lake Prespa, Northwestern Greece: A unique
Balkan Werland, A.J.Crivelli and G. Catsadorakis, 1997,
the levelgrams for Micro and Macro Prespa lake
(separately and together) were presented. Measurements
were made at Kulata (Perovo), Greece stations in the
period from 1954 until 1992.
Based on above mentioned levelgrams I have prepared a
collective one, by including the levelgram of Macro
Prespa lake done according to the measurement stations
Stenje, Asamati and Pretor. As a start point the water
level of June 1963, was taken.
Od 20-ti maj do 20-ti juni, na~esto pome|u
10-ti i 20-ti juni, ezeroto go dostignuva godi{niot maksimum na nivoto na vodata. Posle 20-ti
juni,sekoja godina,zapo~nuva namaluvaweto na
nivoto na vodata. Godi{niot minimum na nivoto
se javuva od 1-vi do 20-ti dekemvri. Posle 20-ti
dekemvri, sledstveno na vrne`ite, zapo~nuva nagolemuvaweto na nivoto na vodata.
Vo periodot na prirodnoto namaluvawe na
nivoto na vodata vo ezeroto,~ovekot go vgradil i
iznudenoto namaluvawe na nivoto. Toa e
kontinuirano za podolg period, a odzemenata
voda e zasekoga{ izgubena i nepovratna.
Nivogrami - komentar za promenite na
nivoto sprema nivogramite R. Makedonija,
R. Grcija
Vo studijata na A. X. Kriveli i G.
Kacadorakis prilo`eni se nivogrami poodelno
za Maloto i za Golemoto Prespansko Ezero i
zaedni~ki prikaz na nivogramite na dvete ezera.
Merewata se izvr{eni vo nivomernite stanici
vo Kulata(Perovo) vo Grcija od 1954-1992 god.
100%
80.34%
80%
60%
40%
19.66%
20%
0%
Lake
Underground
Sl. 3 Pregled na vratenata voda neposredno vo
podzemjeto ili vo ezeroto
Fig. 3 Overview of the returned water into the underground or into the lake
Izgotviv zaedni~ki prikaz-nivogram, dodavaj}i go nivogramot na Golemoto Prespansko Ezero sprema merewata vo nivomernite stanici
Stewe, Asamati i Pretor vo R. Makedonija. Pri
toa kako reper, pojdovna i identi~na to~ka, go zedov nivoto na vodata vo ezeroto vo juni 1963 god.
Analizata na nivogramite poka`uva deka:
1. Postoi razlika vo nadmorskata viso~ina. Vo R.
Grcija maksimalnoto nivo se prika`uva na
855,70mnv. Vo R.Makedonija maksimalnoto nivo
se prika`uva na 851,83mnv.Zna~i postoi razlika
vo prika`uvaweto na nadmorskata viso~ina od
855,70- 851,83 = 3,87 m. Toa e gre{ka vo generalniot nivelman i topografskite karti. Taa gre{ka
vo R.Makedonija e konstatirana vo osumdesetite
godini od ovoj vek i koregirana. Potrebno e
zaedni~ko trilateralno (trojno) me|udr`avno (R.
Makedonija, R. Grcija i R. Albanija) utvrduvawe
i primena na stvarna i zaedni~ka kota.
2. Nivogramot na Golemoto Prespansko Ezero od
1952-1985 god. sprema mereweto vo R. Makedonija
R. Grcija e identi~en, so minimalni razliki.
3. Nivoto na Maloto Prespansko Ezero poka`uva
deka promenite na nivoto na vodata vo Maloto
Prespansko Ezero gi sledat promenite na nivoto
na vodata vo Golemoto Prespansko Ezero.
4. Vo Juni 1963 god., koga ezeroto ima{e maksimalno nivo, ima{e izedna~uvawe na vodata vo
dvete ezera. Identi~en na slu~ajot vo 1948 god.,
1941 god. i 1917 godina.
5. Od 1967-1985 godina konstatirame identi~na
dinamika vo promenata na nivoto na Golemoto
Prespansko Ezero so izvesni visinski razliki
(vo ~itaweto).
6. Vo ovoj period 1976-1987 god. nivoto na vodata
vo Maloto Prespansko Ezero zna~itelno se zgolemuva, dodeka vo Golemoto Prespansko Ezero se
namaluva. Vo 1978 i 1979 god. razlikata e 1.50 m.
Zaklu~ok e deka ~ovekot vlijael so primena na
tehni~ki sredstva: go namalil ili spre~il prirodniot istek na Maloto vo Golemoto Prespansko Ezero.
7. Od 1988-1992 god. i ponatamu vo 1995 god. imame
enormno i dotoga{ ne zabele`ano namaluvawe
nivoto na vodata vo Golemoto Prespansko Ezero .
Vo ovoj period nivoto na vodata vo Maloto
Prespansko Ezero minimalno se namaluva, a vo
1991god. se nagolemuva za + 2.64 m, {to e
sprotivno na slu~uvaweto. Zna~i od 1976-1992
god. imame dirigirano nivo na vodata vo Maloto
Prespansko Ezero od strana na ^ovekot.
Studijata na A.X. Kriveli i G. Kacadorakis, ka`uva deka koritoto na Perovska Reka e regulirano-izgraden e betonski kanal so zatvora~
za spre~uvawe na istekot. Hidrotehni~koto re{enie dopu{ta godi{en istek od Maloto vo Golemoto Prespansko Ezero od 10.000 000,00 m3 voda, {to e devet pati pomal od prirodniot godi{en istek (90.000 000.00 m3).
Vo ovoj period na najju`nata to~ka na
Maloto Prespansko Ezero vo Klisurata "Grlo"ima neprirodno, iznudeno istekuvawe, odnosno prefrluvawe na vodata vo Devolskiot Sliv.
Studijata ne go razgleduva ovoj slu~aj, tuku samo
konstatira postoewe na iste~en kanal.
Gi prezentiravme sostojbite, faktite, slu~uvawata, dokumentite i analizite koi se osnova
za doka`uvawe na antropogenoto vlijanie na promenite na nivoto na vodata vo Prespanskoto
Ezero. Vrz osnova na niv mo`eme da zaklu~ime:
19,200.00
18,203.53
16,800.00
Za sanitarni potrebi i
industrija
15,600.00
Za navodnuvawe
18,000.00
14,400.00
18,203.53
18,203.53
13,398.95
13,200.00
m 3 x 103
12,000.00
10,800.00
9,600.00
8,400.00
7,200.00
6,000.00
5,439.20
4,800.00
3,600.00
2,400.00
1,200.00
634.67
634.67
634.67
634.67
III
IV
634.67
634.67
634.67
634.67
V
VI
VII
VIII
634.67
634.67
634.67
634.67
0.00
I
II
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci (months)
Sl. 4 Mese~ni koli~estva iscrpena voda vo Prespa
Fig. 4 Monthly quantities of used water in Prespa region
Analyses of the levelgrams (1,2) show the following:
There is difference in altitude. In R. Greece maximum
level is shown as 855.70 m, whereas in R. Macedonia is
851.83m. Difference in presentation is 3.78m. This
difference is a mistake due to general nivelation and
topographic charts. In R. Macedonia this mistake is
concluded in the 80’ and it was corrected. It is imperative
that the neighboring countries coordinate and implement
same point of measurement stations.
The levelgram of Macro Prespa Lake in the period
from 1952 to 1985 according to the measurements in R.
Macedonia and R. Greece is almost identical. The
differences are minimal.
Changes of water level in Micro Prespa Lake follow
the changes of water level in Macro Prespa Lake.
In June 1963 when level of Micro Prespa Lake
reached it’s maximum, the levels of water in two Prespa
lakes were same. Identical is the case in 1917, 1941, and
1948.
Since 1967 to 1975 we can see identical dynamics of
the changes of water level of Macro Prespa Lake with
some differences in readings.
In the period of 1976 until 1987, while the level of
Micro Prespa Lake rapidly increases the level of Macro
Prespa Lake decreases. In 1978 and 1979 the difference is
1.5m. It is obvious that the antropogenic factor influenced
with technical measures on closing or decreasing natural
water drainage from Micro Prespa Lake into Macro
Prespa Lake.
From 1988 – 1992 and on, until 1995 level of Macro Prespa lake is enormously decreased, unnoticed. Micro Pre-
spa lake in this period is minimally decreased, while in
1991 it increases for 2.64m that is opposite of the level of
the Macro Prespa lake. This differences show that man
controls the water level. We find confirmation of this
conclusion in the study Crivelli & Catsadorakis (1997).
They write that river basin of Perovska Reka is regulated.
Concrete channel is build and it regulates drainage of the
water. Hydrotechnical solution allows leakage from Micro Prespa lake into the Macro Prespa Lake in annual
amounts of 10,000,000 m3 of water. This leakage is 9
times smaller than natural one, which is 90,000,000 m3.
Currently there are activities for transfer of water on the
south side of Micro Prespa Lake into the basin of Devol
River. Unfortunately the study of Crivelli and
Catsadorakis (1997), does not analyze this conclusion,
but just mention presence of the channel. With this
example we wanted to present conditions, facts on which
bases this analyses are done. They show that enormous
denivelation of Macro Prespa lake in this period isn’t
exclusively result of climate changes, but are also due to
antropogenic influences as we can see from the
following:
According to data from expert institution in R.
Macedonia and R. Greece (shown on the Graphs) changes
of the water level in longer time period are presented.
Macedonian data are concerning the period of 1935-1999,
and Greek’s are for the period of 1954-1992. The biggest
denivelation compared with maximum level is measured
in 1963 (7.79m). Such great denivelation of the lakes
water volume has never been measured before. The spit
of denivelation is also worth worrying about.
1. Podatocite od merewata {to gi vr{at
ovlastenite stru~ni institucii vo R Makedonija
i R Grcija, preto~eni vo grafi~ki prikaz gi
davaat promenite na nivoto na vodata vo
Prespanskoto Ezero za podolg period: makedonskite od 1935 god. do 1999 god., gr~kite od 1954
god. do 1992 god. Najgolemo e namaluvaweto na
nivoto (denivelacijata) na vodata, vo odnos na
maksimalnoto nivo, toa vo 1995 god. (15.11. i
01.12). Vo odnos na maksimalnoto nivo vo 1963
god. iznesuva -7,79 m. Do sega ne e registrirano
tolkavo namaluvawe. Zagri`uva~ko e.
2. Bilansot na vodite za periodot 1961 god.1995 god. poka`a deka toa namaluvawe na nivoto
na vodata e realno i sootvetstvuva na site slu~uvawa vo ovoj period. Poka`a deka e posledica od
dve pri~ini : prirodni vlijanija i antropogeni
vlijanija. Namaluvaweto na nivoto od prirodnite vlijanija iznesuva - 4,50 m., a od antropogenite - 3,29 m.
3. Prirodniot podzemen istek od prespanskiot sliv vo ohridskiot sliv, odnosno od Prespanskoto Ezero vo Ohridskoto Ezero: "Zavir" Sv. Naum, Tu{emi{te, Zagori-~ani i drugite
podvodni isteci vo Ohridskoto Ezero e element
na bilansot na vodite, presmetan e i nau~no
doka`an. Podzemno prose~no godi{no (hirolo{ki period od 30 god.) od prespanskiot sliv vo ohridskiot sliv istekuva koli~ina na voda od
514.000.000,00 m3. Toj istek e od redot na prirodnite faktori i ne e predmet na elaboracijata na
antropogenite vlijanija.
4. Katastarot na poro{uva~ite na voda vo
Prespanskata Kotlina, presmetkite, analizite i
sporedbite poka`uvaat deka:
4.1 Vkupno, vo tekot na edna godina vo Prespanskata Kotlina se iscrpuva voda vo koli~ina
od 61.491.000,00 m3. Od taa iscrpena koli~ina del
od 9.435.100,00 m3 se vra}a vo slivot. Ostanatiot
del so koli~ina od 53.579.140,00 m3 e upotrebena
voda, potro{ena i izgubena za slivot. Toj
gubitok e nepriroden, e antropogen predizvikan
od ~ovekot.
4.2. Ako ja sporedime koli~inata na izgubenata voda, 53.579.140,00 m3 so presmetkovnata povr{ina na Prespanskoto Ezero 300,00 km2, ili
300.000.000,00 m2 (povr{inata na ezeroto pri
maksimalno nivo iznesuva 325,90 km2) dobivame:
53.579.140 : 300.000.333 = 0,178 m, ili 17,8 cm.
voden stolb. Zna~i taa koli~ina pravi godi{no
namaluvawe na nivoto za - 17,8 cm.
4.3. Za periodot 1976 god.- 1995 god., koga site
vodocrpni sistemi rabotaat so poln kapacitet,
period od 19 god., dobivame: 0,178 m × 19 godini =
3,38 m.
4.4. So bilansot na vodite konstatiravme an-
tropogena denivelacija od - 3,29 m. Razlikata e 9
cm ili 2,8% , {to mo`e da bide posledica na nekoi nepreciznosti vo podatocite, ama e
dopu{teno i zadovolitelno.
4.5. Zna~i, zaklu~uvame, deka vo vkupnata denivelacija na Prespanskoto Ezero vo periodot
1963 god.(maksimalno nivo, kota 851,83) i 1995
god.(minimalno nivo, kota 844,04) od - 7,79 m, prirodnoto vlijanie u~estvuva so - 4,50 m, ili
57,77%, a antropogenoto so - 3,29 m ili 42,23 % .
4.6. Vo antropogenoto vlijanie:
- navodnuvaweto u~estvuva so 97,15 %, a samo
prefrluvaweto na vodata vo drug sliv so 65,32 %.
- industrijata u~estvuva so 0,71 % .
- sanitarnite porebi ( vodovodite) so 2,14 % .
5. Vodata kako priroden dar i neodminliva
potreba za `ivata priroda, osobeno me|unarodnata voda, kakov {to e prespanskiov slu~aj, podle`i na prirodni nepi{ani zakoni, od ~ovekot
nenapi{ani i napi{ani i potpi{ani dogovori,
pravila normi, zakoni za koristewe na istata.
Takvite normi za prespanskite vodi se po~ituvani do 1962 god. Posle taa godina se slu~eni
site navedeni poznati, a mo`ebi i drugi nepoznati aktivnosti na ~ovekot, koi {to predizvikale
seriozna i zagri`uva`ka sostojba so brojni negativni posledici. Sebi~niot odnos na ~ovekot
kon podale~niot i "tu|iot" ~ovek, " mo`ebi" ne
mo`e da se spre~i, ama toj iska`an kon bliskiot,
kon svojot i svoite pokolenija, mora da se svede
na najmalka vozmo`na merka.Vodata ne e potreba
i pravo na koristewe samo na dene{niov ~ovek.
6. Prespanskoto Ezero (Golemo i Malo) pri
kota na maksimalno nivo na vodata 851,83 m.n.v.
ima vkupna povr{ina: 275,2+ 50,70 = 325,90 km2:
- R Makedonija ima 191,40 km2 ili 58.73 % .
- R Grcija ima: 37.60 + 45,90=83,50 km2 ili 25,62 %.
- R Albanija ima: 46,20+4,80=51,00 km2 ili 15,65 %
7. Godi{no iscrpenata koli~ina voda od
61.491.000,00 m3 spored korisnicite iznesuva:
- R Makedonija: 16.816.000,00 m3 ili 27,35 % .
- R Grcija: 9.675.000,00 m3 ili 15,73 %.
- R Albanija: 35.000.000,00 m3 ili 56,92 %.
8. Sporedeno so pripadno akumuliranata voda vo
ezerskiot prostor, se crpi vo: R. Makedonija 0,49 %, R. Grcija - 1,12 % i R. Albanija - 4,17 %.
Lu|eto vo svojata "ku}a" i so kom{iite
moraat da sednat na masa i o~i vo o~i da
razgovarat, da gi iska`at svoite potrebi i da se
dogovorat kako da go re{at najsu{testvenoto
pra{awe, odnosno koristeweto na vodata.Mojata
misla i `elba e trite dr`avi na dr`avnosoodvetno nivo zaedni~ki da gi razre{at
koliziite vo Prespanskite vodi, zatoa {to se
tie prirodno povrzani so Ohridskoto Ezero i
rekata Crn Drim-Drim do Jadranskoto More.
Water balance in time period 1961-1995 shows that
denivelation of the water is real and it is in correlation
with all that goes on; here including natural and antropogenic factors. Denivelation of lakes water is a) Natural causes –4.50m; b) antropogenic –3.29m.
Natural underground drainage from Prespa basin into
Ohrid basin at Zavir towards St. Naum, Tushemiste,
Zagoricani and others sublacustric fountains of Ohrid
lake, is as well an element of water balance of lake Prespa. Leakage is calculated and scientifically proved. Annual underground leakage is 514,000,000m3 of water into
the lake Ohrid. This leakage is one of the natural causes
of denivelation and it is not subject of our elaboration.
If we compare the amount of “lost” water
(53,579,140m3) out of Lake Prespa basin with it’s 300
km2 surface, we are getting 53,579,240 / 300,000,000=
0.178 or 17.8 cm water column. This amount of water
makes annual denivelation of 17.8cm. With calculation
for period 1976-1995 (with all drainage capacities working), the number of 3.38m is reached for this 19 year period.
Since 1963 when maximum level of Lake Prespa is
reached until 1995 with it’s minimal level (altitude
844.04m) denivelation was 7.79cm. This is result of a)
natural causes-55.77%; b) antropogenic-42.23%.
Antropogenic influences in denivelation of lake’s
water by structure are: irrigation for agricultural region
with 97.15% of which 65.32% is transfer of water in
other river basins, industrial waters with 0.71%, water
supply of populated places for sanitary purposes with
2,14%.
Participation in usage of water for each country
(61,491,000m3 from the Prespa lake basin):
- R. Macedonia: 16,816,000 or 27.35%
- R. Greece: 9,675,000 or 15.73%
- R. Albania: 35,000,000 or 56.92%
If we compare these values with accumulated water into
the lake space, participation of each country in usage of
water resources is:
R. Macedonia………………………...0.49%
R. Greece……………………………..1.12%
R. Albania…………………………….4.17%
Referenci (References)
Zbornik na trudovi od Simpoziumot vo Kor~a R. Albanija 1997 godina.
Kriveli, A. X. i Georgios Kacarakis (1997).
Ezero Prespa, Severna Grcija: Unikatno
Balkansko Blato", Belgija.
^avkalovski, I. (1997). "Prepansko Ezero-oscilaciite na nivoto na vodata".Skopje.
It is obvious that the denivelation of the Prespa Lake
in the period of 1976 – 1995 is result of unrespectable
behavior towards agreed lost. That type of agreements is
respected until 1962. After this period there are serious
water disorders, a misbalance that leads to enormous
denivelation in very short time. Causes are natural and
antropogenic. Consequences are not yet completely in
sight. This calls for threelateral agreement that should be
made on bases of management for natural recourses in the
region, so the same can fulfill the conditions for proclamation of transboundary protected region.
Conclusions
The following conclusions can be made:
Prespa lake like aqua ecosystem reacts very sensitively to
the antropogenic factors especially to decrease
of water volume.
Maximum denivelation, measured 1995 in the macro
Prespa Lake was 7.79m. Antropogenic influence
takes part in this denivelation with 3.29m.
Due to nivelation in measurement of oscillations of Lakes
level, it is necessary exact points of
measurement highs to be marked. That is the
only way that the measurement values can be
used in efficient management of water recourses.
The threelateral agreement is needed so that rational use
of water recourses in Prespa valley can be done.
With this agreement the same can be proclaimed
for protected transboundary natural value.
251
Oscilacii na nivoto na vodata vo prespanskoto ezero
Bo`o [ERDENKOVSKI
Grade`en fakultet - Skopje
Apstrakt
Nivoto na vodata vo Prespanskoto Ezero, vo izminatiov period od 100 i pove}e godini oscilira{e vo {iroki razmeri 6,0 do 8,0 m. Posmatrano vo podolg period 10 i pove}e vekovi, oscilaciite se pretpostavuva deka iznesuvaat
17,0 m. Spored merewata na RHMZ Skopje, za poslednite 50 godini nivoto na Prespanskoto Ezero imalo maksimalno nivo od 851,83 m.n.v. vo juni 1963 god. i minimalno nivo od 844,04 m.n.v. vo noemvri 1995 god ili za 7,59 m ponisko.
Pri~inite za oscilaciite na vodata vo ezeroto se pove}estrani: 1) prilivot na voda vo ezeroto, 2) podzemno
ottekuvawe na voda od ezeroto vo drugi slivni podra~ja i 3) isparuvawe i koristewe na voda od ezeroto. Potrebni
se ponatamo{ni podetalni prou~uvawa, kako za prilivot na voda vo ezeroto, taka i za podzemnoto ottekuvawe,
isparuvawe i koristewe na voda od ezeroto, izrabotka na karta so izobari na ezeroto, so koi }e mo`e da se dade
poprecizen odgovor na pra{aweto za oscilacijata na nivoto, a vo toj sklop i za bilansot na vodite na ezeroto.
Posakuvanoto optimalno nivo na voda vo ezeroto se dvi`i od kota 849,0 do 850,0 m.n.v. Dali ova nivo mo`eme da go
postigneme i odr`uvame, ostanuva da se odgovori so ponatamo{nite istra`ni raboti. So ogled na toa {to
Prespanskoto Ezero (Golemo i Malo) pripa|a na trite sosedni zemji R. Makedonija R.Albanija i R.Grcija vo ponatamo{nite istra`ni raboti i drugi merki {to }e se prevzemaat e potrebna soglasnost i me\usebno razbirawe
pome\u trite dr`avi.
1. Op{to
Povr{inata na vodnoto ogledalo na Prespanskoto Ezero, Golemo i Malo iznesuva 273,20 +
43,70 = 316,90 km2, pri kota na nivo na vodata od
851,83 m.n.v. Nivoto na vodata vo Prespanskoto
Ezero vo izminatiot period od 100 i pove}e godini oscilira{e vo {iroki razmeri-od 6,0 do 8,0 m.
Spored redovnite merewa na Republi~kiot hidrometeorolo{ki zavod (RHMZ), Skopje, vo poslednite 50 godini (Sl. 1), povremenite merewa
pred toa od 1935- 1949 godina, so prekin od 19401946 godina, potoa so prika`uvawe na postarite
lica od s. Stewe, s. Nakolec, s. Kowsko i drugi,
kako i belezite na teren detalno opi{ani vo hidrotehni~kata studija za Prespanskoto i Ohridskoto Ezero (Sibinovi} 1987) gi potvrduvaat oscilaciite na nivoto vo navedenite razmeri.
Ako se posmatra nivoto na vodata vo ezeroto na u{te podolg period (10 i pove}e vekovi),
nanazad, se konstatira deka toa bilo zna~itelno
ponisko od sega{noto minimalno nivo, za okolu
10 m, odnosno na kota okolu 835 m.n.v. Na toa uka`uvaat pove}e stari naselbi i objekti, koi se nao|aat na kota od okolu 840 m n.v. koi se zabele`ani vo godinite na niskiot vodostoj (1992, 1993),
od mesnoto naselenie na s.Nakolec i s.D. Dupeni
252
(Ristevski i dr. 1997). Se pretpostavuva deka vo
X vek, za vreme na vladeeweto na car Samoil nivoto na vodata vo ezeroto bilo na navedenata kota od okolu 835 m.n.v. Isto taka podatocite
izneseni vo Arheolo{kata karta na R. Makedonija - tom II, koi se odnesuvaat za podra~jeto na
Prespa, (Milevski i dr. ) uka`uvaat na navedenata pretpostavka za zna~itelno poniskoto nivo na
ezeroto od sega{noto. Toa zna~i deka nivoto na
vodata vo ezeroto posmatrano vo eden dolg period osciliralo okolu 17 m.
Spored merewata na RHMZ Skopje, nivoto
na vodata vo ezeroto kako maksimalno se javilo
vo juni 1963 god. so kota 851,83 m.n.v. za da vo noemvri 1995 god. padne 844,04 m.n.v. ili ponisko za
7,59 m. Vo ovoj period, godi{nite oscilacii na
nivoto na vodata vo ezeroto se dvi`at od 1,45 m
kako najgolem porast na srednoogdi{noto nivo,
koe se javuva vo 1962/1963 god. vo odnos na
1961/1962 god., a najgolem pad od 0,94 m vo 1988/89
vo odnos na predhodnata god. Prose~niot godi{en pad na vodata vo ezeroto od juni 1963 god.
(maksimalno nivo) do noemvri 1995 god (minimalno nivo) iznesuva 24,3 cm.
Water level oscillation of Lake Prespa
Bozo SHERDENKOVSKI
Faculty of Civil Engineering - Skopje
Abstract
The water level of Lake Prespa in the past 100 years oscillated considerably - from 6,0 m to 8,0 m. Observed for a period of more than
10 centuries, the oscillations are precast to be 17,0 m. According to the measurements made by RHMZ, the maximum water level of
the Lake in the last 50 years was 851,83 m height above the see level (June 1963) and the minimum water level of 844,04 m height
above the see level (November 1995) or lower for 7,59 m. The reasons for such oscillations of the water level are many: 1) water
inflow 2) underground water outflow in other watershed areas and 3) evaporation and usage of water from the Lake. Some more
detailed investigations should be made which will contain data about inflow of water in the Lake, the underground outflow,
evaporation and usage of Lake water and making of an isobaric map of the lake. All these will contribute to finding a more accurate
answer to the question for water level oscillations and thus to the water balance of the Lake.The wanted optimal water level is from
elevation 849,0 m to 850,0 m height above see level. Whether this water level could be achieved, is a metter to be answered by more
detailed investigations.Taking into consideration the fact that the Lake Prespa (Big and Small) belongs to the three neighboring
countries, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Albania and Republic of Grece, mutual understanding and consent are necessary in
future investigation on this issue.
1. General
The water surface of Lake Prespa, The Big and the Small
one, is 273,20 + 43,70 = 316,90 km², when the elevation
of the water is 851,83 m height above sea level. The water level of Lake Prespa in the past 100 years varied
widely - from 6,0 to 8,0 m. The regular measurements of
the Republicki hidrometeoroloski zavod (RHMZ) from
Skopje, in the last 50 years confirm the variation of the
water level stated above (Fig. 1). The data gathered from
1935 - 1949, than there was a gap from 1940 to 1946, the
narration of the elder people from the villages Stenje,
Nakolec, Konjsko etc., as well as the marks on the terrain
described in details in the hydrotechnical Study for Lake
Prespa and Lake Ohrid made by Sibinovic (1987) confirm these level oscillations of the Lake as well.
The investigation made concerning water level in the
Lake for even longer period of time in the past (10 or
more centuries), lead to a conclusion that it has been 10
m lower than the present minimum level, that is at elevation of 835 m height above the sea level. The existence
of ancient settlements and objects at elevation of 840 m
above the sea level, that could be noticed in the years of
low water level (1992,1993) by the local inhabitants of
the villages Nakolec, D.Dupeni lead to the same conclusion (3). It is presumed that in the X century, during the
reigning of tzar Samoil, the water level of the lake was at
the same elevation of 835 m height above the sea level.
The data given in the Archeological map of Republic of
Macedonia - II volume, which refers to the region of Prespa, (2) points out to the already stated presumption of
lower water level of the Lake than it is nowadays. That
means that the water level of the Lake, observed for a
longer period of time, has oscillated around 17 m.
According to the measurements performed by RHMZ
Skopje, the maximum water level of the Lake was in June
1963 at the elevation of 851,83 m height above see level.
But in November 1995 it was 844,04 m height above see
level or lower for 7,59 m. At this period the annual water
Laval of the Lake varies from 1,45 m, as the increase of
the average annual level noticed in 1962/1963 in correlation with 1961/1962, to the decrease of 0,94 m in 1988/89
in correlation to the previous year. The average annual
drop of the water Laval of the Lake from June 1963
(maximum) to November 1995 (minimum) is 24,3 cm
(Milevski et al. 1997).
The data presented above show the need of elaboration of
a Study for water level oscillations of Lake Prespa. This
Study should encompass the period of the last 10 centuries and its recommendations and conclusions should be
supported by archeological inventions, written testimony,
various marks on the terrain and so on.
The reasons for water level oscillation are many: 1) water
inflow in the lake; 2) underground water flow in other
watershed areas, 3) evaporation and usage of the water.
INFLOW OF WATER
The inflow of water in the Lake depends on:
rainfall in the watershed area and in the Lake itself,
surface water inflow,
underground water inflow.
253
Iznesenite podatoci uka`uvaat na potrebata za izgotvuvawe na studija za oscilaciite na
nivoto na vodata vo Prespanskoto Ezero Ovaa
studija treba da go opfati periodot od poslednite 10 veka i so arheolo{ki naodi, pi{ani iska`uvawa, tragi na terenot i sl., gi potkrepi svoite preporaki i zaklu~oci.
Pri~inite za oscilacii na nivoto na vodata vo
ezeroto se pove}estrani: 1) prilivot na vodata vo
ezeroto; 2) podzemno ottekuvawe na vodata od
ezeroto vo drugi slivni podra~ja i 3) isparuvawe
i koristewe na voda od ezeroto.
1. Priliv na voda vo ezeroto
Prilivot na voda vo ezeroto zavisi od: 1)
vrne`ite vo slivnoto podra~je i na samoto ezero;
2) povr{inskoto dotekuvawe vo ezeroto i 3) podzemno dotekuvawe vo ezeroto.
Vrne`ite vo slivnoto podra~je na ezeroto ,
na teritorijata na R. Makedonija se obraboteni
od RHMZ Skopje, za periodot 1960/61 do 1989/90 i
tie iznesuvaat prose~no godi{no N = 711 mm ili
N = 461 mm, kako najmali vrne`i i toa vo 1989/90
god. i N=1380 mm vo 1962/63, kako najgolemi
vrne`i vo posmatraniot period.(3) Se postavuvaat pra{awata: 1) obrabotka na vrne`ite od 1948
god do 1999/2000 god. za pove}e od 50 godi{en period, {to }e pretstavuva sigurno porealna procenka na dotekot na voda vo ezeroto i 2) vrne`ite vo slivot za istiot period na teritorijata
na R. Albanija i R. Grcija. Za taa cel e potrebno
me|udr`avni komisiii od trite zemji da gi
razmenat mislewata i podatocite za ovaa namena.
Povr{inskiot dotek vo ezeroto e isto
taka izraboten od RHMZ Skopje, za teritorijata
na slivnoto podra~je na R. Makedonija za periodot 1960/61 do 1989/90 i tie izrazeni kako moduli
na ottekuvawe iznesuvaat od q min = 6,7 l·s-1·km-2 vo
1987/88 god. do q max = 33,8 l·s-1·km-2 vo 1962/63 god.
ili prose~en modul na ottekuvawe za celiot
period q 0 = 15,2 l·s-1·km-2.
I vo ovoj slu~aj se postavuva pra{aweto
za prodol`uvawe na posmatraniot period od
1948/49 do 1999/2000 god. i dobivawe na porealni
podatoci za dotocite na voda vo ezeroto i za
dobivawe na soodvetni podatoci za slivot na
ezeroto na teritorijata vo R.Albanija i R.Grcija.
Podzemnoto dotekuvawe na voda vo
ezeroto dosega ne e istra`uvano na teritorijata
na R.Makedonija. Se pretpostavuva deka na isto~nata obala na ezeroto ima izvorski i podzemni
vodi (izvorot i re~i{teto vo s. Nakolec, pomali
izvor~iwa i podzemni vodi vo mesnosta Meti-
laec i dr.). Isto taka i na severnata obala na
ezeroto ima podzemni vodi, koi ne se registrirani a na zapadnata zaradi strmite kosini i varovni~kiot sostav na terenot, ne mo`at da se
zabele`at podzemni vodi.
Se prepora~uva, na isto~nata i severnata
obala na ezeroto, da se izvr{at istra`uvawa za
prilivot na podzemni vodi vo ezeroto,so {to }e
se dopolnat merewata na dotekuvaweto na
povr{inski vodi (modulot na dotekuvaweto) na
reka Braj~inska, Golema Reka i dr.
2. Ottekuvawe na vodata od Prespanskoto Ezero
Poznato e deka povr{inski istek na voda
od Prespanskoto Ezero nema. Zatoa se postavi
pra{aweto odamna (pred 100 i pove}e god.) kade
se odliva vodata od ezeroto. Ve}e e poznato i
utvrdeno, deka vodata od Prespanskoto Ezero,
preku varovni~kiot sostav na planinata Gali~ica i Suva Gora i preku podzemni ponori (poznat e
ponorot Zavir), istekuva vo sosednite poniski
podra~ja Ohridskoto i Kor~anskoto. Izvorite na
Crn Drim, kaj mesnosta Sv.Naum vo Ohridsko
pretstavuva ubav primer za potvrda, deka se toa
vodi (vo pogolem del) od Prespanskoto Ezero.
Ovaa konstatacija e osoznaena u{te pred 100 i
pove}e godini, i toa prvo od J. Cviji} vo 1898
god., a potoa i od drugi patepisci i istra`uva~i.
Vo ovoj smisol golem doprinos ima dadeno Sibinovic (1987) so svojata hidrotehni~ka studija za
Prespanskoto i Ohridskoto Ezero, koj vo tekot
na 50tite godini ima izveduvano istra`uvawa i
konstatiral deka vodata vo izvori{teto na Crn
Drim se po poteklo od Prespanskoto Ezero i toa
okolu 56 % od svojata izda{nost.
Poslednite godini se vr{at istra`uvawa
so radioizotopi od strana na Centarot za primena na radioizotopi vo naukata i stopanstvoto,
Skopje, za istekot na vodite od Prespanskoto
Ezero. So ovie istra`uvawa se konstatira (Anovski et al. 1997) deka: *Dreniranata voda od ezeroto
Prespa e povisoka vo sporedba so godi{noto
praznewe na izvorot Sv.Naum (1,76·108 m3/god).
Ako dodademe deka ovoj izvor povtorno se polni
od lokalnite vrne`i, toga{ e jasno deka dreniranata voda od Prespanskoto Ezero so golem del
u~estvuva vo polnewe na drugi izvori, isto taka,
{to }e bide potvrdeno so natamo{ni istra`uvawa. Ne se poznati rezultatite od istra`uvawata vo poslednite 2-3 god. i dali so ovie
istra`uvawa se dobieni pokonkretni rezultati.
RHMZ Skopje processed the data concerning rainfall in
the watershed area on the territory of Republic of
Macedonia for the period from 1960/61 to 1989/90. The
average annual value is H=711 mm or H=461 mm as the
lowest annual values for rainfall in 1989/90 and H=1380
mm in 1962/63 as the heights annual values in the period
considered (3). It is obvious that some data is missing: 1)
estimation of inflow of water derived from the records
obtained by monitoring the rainfall from 1948 to
1999/2000, that is for a period of time of more than 50
years and 2) rainfall in the watershed area for the same
period of time on the territory of Republic of Albania and
Greece.
For this purpose, an international commission from the
countries involved should be formed. Its goal will be to
exchange different knowledge and data for this issue.
RHMZ Skopje processed the data concerning the surface
inflow of water. It encompasses the period from 1960/61
to 1989/90 and is expressed through modulus of inflow
where qmin = 6,7 l·s-1·km-2 in 1987/88 to qmax = 33,8
l/sec/km² in 1962/63 or the average modulus of outflow
for the whole period of time is q° = 15,2 l·s-1·km-2.
In this case the question of missing
monitoring data from 1948/49 to 1989/2000 is
also actual and that it should be obtained from
the watershed area on the territory of Republic
of Albania and Greece.
The underground flow of water into the Lake has not
been investigated till now on the territory of Republic of
Macedonia. It is presumed that there are springs and
underground water in the eastern part of the Lake (the
spring and the river in the village Nakolec, smaller
springs and underground water in the region of Metilec
and other).There are underground water at the northern
part also for which there is no record. At the western part,
due to the steep slopes and the limestone composition of
the terrain, underground water could not be noticed. It is
recommended to investigate the eastern and northern part
of the Lake and to determinate whether there is
underground water inflow in the Lake. This data will
complete the measurements of inflow of surface water
(modulus of inflow) of River Projcinska, River Golema
and others.
first by J.Cvijic (in Sibinovi 1987) in 1898 and then by
other authors which wrote about their travels and some
researchers. A great contribution to this issue has been
given Prof. M.Sibinovic with his Hydrotechnical Study of
the Lake Prespa and Lake Ohrid. He came to the
conclusion that the water from the spring of the River
Crni Drim originates from the Lake Prespa. Or in other
words, 56% of the water comes from the Lake.
The last few years the Center for primena na radioizotopi
vo naukata i stopanstvoto, Skopje investigated this
outflow of the water from Lake Prespa. The investigation
shows (5) that the drainage water from Lake Prespa is
higher compared to the annual outflow of the spring
St.Naum (1.76*108 m³/yr). If we add that the spring is
refilled by local rainfall then it is clear that the water
outflow from Lake Prespa takes a great part in filling
with water of the other springs. This will be confirmed by
the investigation in progress. The results from the
investigation made in the last 2-3 years are not known,
nor whether any concrete results have been obtained by
this investigation.
In any case, in order to get more accurate answer to the
question what is the quantity of water that outflows from
the Lake Prespa, there is a need of more thorough
investigations. It means that besides the investigation
made with radioisotope, a hydrogeological map should be
made as well as hudrogeological borehole at the section
Sv. Naum - Biljanini Izvori in Ohrid. It should be
determined whether there is a loss of water at this section
also.
The investigations made with radioisotope on the territory
of our state should continue on the territory of Republic
of Albania. The hydrogeological map for the mountain
Galicica up to the border with Republic of Albania should
be prolonged on Albanian territory.
The investigation with radioisotope and hydrogeological
investigation complement each other and they should
give the answer to the following:
quantity of water outflow
variation of outflow water quantity (if any) annually and
for a longer period of time
whether the quantity of outflow is connected to the level
of the water in the Lake.
2. Water outflow
4. Evaporation and use of water
There is no surface water outflow from Lake Prespa. One
can ask himself where the water from the Lake goes.
Nowadays, it is known that the water from Lake Prespa
through the limestone composition of the mountains
Galicica and Suva Gora and through underground abysses
( well known is abyss called "Throat"), outflow to the
lower region of Ohrid and Kocani. The spring of the
River Crni Drim located at St. Naum in Ohrid is an
example that confirms that this water mainly comes from
Lake Prespa. This fact has been known for 100 years, at
The evaporation of the free water surface of the Lake was
estimated for the period from 1961/1990 and it annually
has value of 757,1 mm·yr- which is for 49,5 mm bigger
than the rainfall for the same period (707,6 mm). The loss
of water from evaporation of the Big Lake Prespa is
273,2 km² · 0.0495 m = 13 523 400 m³ approximately per
year. In order to get more accurate data for water evaporation; the following should be done:
Vo sekoj slu~aj, za da se dobie poto~en (da
ne re~eme sega to~en), odgovor na pra{aweto
kolkava koli~ina na voda ottekuva od Prespanskoto Ezero, potrebni se seopfatni istra`ni raboti. Vo toj smisol treba, pokraj istra`uvawata
so radioizotopi, da se zavr{at hidrogeolo{kata
karta i hidrogeolo{ki dupnatini na potegot Sv.
Naum (izvorot) do Biqaninite izvori vo Ohrid.
Treba da se utvrdi dali i na ovoj poteg, istekuva
voda od Prespanskoto Ezero.
Istra`uvawata izvr{eni na terenot na R
Makedonija treba da prodol`at i da se izvr{at
na terenot na R. Albanija. Istra`uvawata {to se
vr{at so radioizotopi na teritorijata na R. Makedonija treba da prodol`at na terenot na R. Albanija, sekade kade {to se o~ekuvaat provirni
vodi od Prespanskoto Ezero. Isto taka e potrebno hidrogeolo{kata karta, izrabotena za planinskiot masiv na Gali~ica, do granicata so R. Albanija, da prodol`i na nivna teritorija.
Istra`uvawata so radioizotopi i hidrogeolo{kite istra`ni raboti se dopolnuvaat me|usebno i treba da dadat odgovor za:
-
koli~inata na voda {to istekuva od Prespanskoto Ezero
promenite na koli~inata na iste~na voda
(ako gi ima), vo tekot na godinata i vo tekot
na godinite
dali koli~inata na iste~na voda e povrzana
za nivoto na vodata vo ezeroto
4. Isparuvawe i koristewe na voda od ezeroto
Isparuvaweto od slobodnata vodena povr{ina na ezeroto e presmetana za period 1961/1990
godina i taa godi{no iznesuva 757,1 mm/god.
(Ristevski et al. 1997) {to e za 49,5 mm pogolemo od
vrne`ite vo istiot period (707,6 mm). Toa zna~i
deka vo posmatraniot period na vreme imame
gubitok na voda od isparuvawe na Golemoto
Prespansko Ezero za 273,2 km2 * 0,0495 m = 13 523
400 m3 prose~no godi{no. Za poto~ni podatoci za
isparuvaweto na vodata od ezeroto e potrebno:
-
-
256
da se zgolemi periodot na posmatraweto na
klimatskite karakteristiki vo podra~jeto
od 1949 do 1999 god t.e. za 20 godini podolog
period i
da se postavat barem tri ispariteli (vo s.
Stewe, s.Asamati i s.Nakolec) i da se dobijat
komparativni pokazateli, primenlivi na
celiot period na nabquduvawe.
Vo izminatiot period na posmatrawe (od
1960 god. pa navamu) voda od ezeroto se koristela
za navodnuvawe i za vodosnabduvawe. Pri toa za
vodosnabduvawe se koristela relativno mala
koli~ina na voda od okolu 11 l·s-1 {to
maksimalno godi{no iznesuva 346 500 m3.
Za navodnuvawe na povr{inite so koristewe
na voda od golemoto Prespansko Ezero se,
navodnuvani povr{ini vo Prespanskoto Pole so
dve pumpni stanici (vo s.Asamati i s.Sirhan), so
kapacitet od 1,5 +1,6 = 3,1 m3·s-1. Rabotata na
pumpnite stanici godi{no iznesuva najmnogu tri
meseci, a se navodnuvaat okolu 3200 ha. Prose~no
godi{no se crpi voda od ezeroto 3200 ha · 4300
m3·ha-1 = 13 760 000 m3/god, {to zaedno so vodata za
vodosnabduvawe iznesuva 14 106 500 m3/god ili
toa e crpewe na voda vo visina od 0,0516 m
odnosno 5,16 cm.
Od Maloto Prespansko Ezero se pretpostavuva deka se crpi voda za navodnuvawe na poleto
okolu ova ezero na teritorijata na R.Grcija i se
ispumpuva voda preku klisurata Grlo na teritorijata na R.Albanija vo iznos od 35 000 000 m3/god.
Site ovie podatoci za crpeweto na vodata od
Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko Ezero, treba vo
idnina da se prou~at (istra`at) i da se dobijat
verodostojni podatoci, koi treba da podle`at na
usoglasuvawe pome|u trite dr`avi.
5. Izrabotka na karta so izobari na ezeroto
Povr{inata na vodenoto ogledalo na
ezeroto e razli~na pri razli~nite vodostoi na
nivoto. Zatoa i koli~inata na isparena voda od
ezerskata povr{ina, kako i ostanatite golemini
izrazeni vo viso~ina na voden stolb od ezerskata
povr{ina (dotek i istek od ezeroto, koristewe
na voda od ezeroto i sl.) se razli~ni i zavisat od
nivoto na vodata izrazeno vo metri nadmorska
viso~ina (m.n.v.).
Dosega{nite golemini za povr{inata na
vodenoto ogledalo, se pretpostavuva deka se odnesuvaat za kota od 851,83 m.n.v. So ogled na golemite oscilacii na nivoto na vodata vo Prespanskoto Ezero izneseno vo poglavjeto 1., promenite
vo povr{inata na vodenoto ogledalo se znatno
golemi. Ovie promeni se odnesuvaat isto taka i
na volumenot na voda vo ezeroto, odnosno na
izgubeniot volumen na voda od istoto.
Sl. 1 Nivogrami na karakteristi~ni vodi na Prespanskoto Ezero – Stewe, za periodot 1951/52-1997/98 godina
Fig. 1 Characteristic water levels of Lake Prespa – Stenje, for the period 1951/52-1997/98
H (cm)
to
847,68
prolong the monitoring period for the climate
characteristics in this region starting from 1949 to 1999
to place at least three vaporizers (in villages of Stenje,
Asamati and Nikolec) in order to obtain comparative
indicators which can be applied to the whole monitoring
period
In the past (since 1960) the water from the Big Lake was used for watering and water supply. Relatively small quantities
of water were used for water supply - about 11 l·s-1 which
annually totals 346 500 m³. Two pumping stations, one in
the village Asamati and the other in the village Sirhan, were
used to water Prespa field. The capacity of the pumps was
1.5+1.6=3,1 m³·s-1. The pumping stations work at least 3
months/yr and they water about 3 200 ha. The average
pumping of water from the lake is 3 200 ha · 4 300 m³·ha-1 =
1 3760 000 m³·yr-1 which together with the water for water
supplying is 14 106 500 m³·yr-1 or the water was pumped at
height of 0,0516 m or 5,16 in cm.
257
Dosega{nite snimawa za dnoto na ezeroto, od ekipata na *Korali* kako i od RHMZ
Skopje, se odnesuvaat na poodelni profili vo
ezeroto i imaat poinakva namena, odnosno ne
mo`at da se koristatza iscrtuvawa na izobari na
ezeroto.
Za ovaa cel e potrebno da se pripremi
programa spored koja }e se izvr{uvaat rabotite.
Bidej}i povr{inata i dnoto na Golemoto
Prespansko Ezero pripa|a na trite dr`avi (R.
Makedonija, R. Albanija i R. Grcija), potrebno e
usoglasuvawe na programata i zaedni~ko finansirawe na rabotite. Isto taka treba da se izraboti programa i izvr{i snimawe na Maloto
Prespansko Ezero.
Natamo{nite istra`uvawa za oscilaciite na ezeroto i bilansot na vodite vo nego,
treba da se baziraat na izrabotenata karta na
izobari na celoto Prespansko Ezero.
6. Bilans na vodite na Prespanskoto Ezero
So prodlabo~eno prou~uvawe na: vrne`ite,
povr{inskoto i podzemno dotekuvawe na vodi vo
ezeroto, podzemnoto ottekuvawe, isparuvawe i
koristewe na voda od ezeroto, }e se dobijat
poto~ni podatoci za nabroenite parametri. So
toa }e se sozdadat uslovi za izrabotuvawe na
bilans na vodite na Prespanskoto Ezero i
odgovor na pra{aweto za oscilaciite na nivoto
na vodite vo nego - godi{ni i mnogugodi{ni.
Dosega{nite prezentacii za bilansot na
vodite vo Prespanskoto Ezero (Lalkovska & Panov
1997; Cavkalovski 1997), baziraat na podatoci so
koi se raspolagalo i za odredenoto nivo na
vodata vo nego.
Za da se napravi bilans na vodite vo
Prespanskoto Ezero, za podolg period na vreme
(na pr. za 50 godini nanazad), potrebno e da se
izvr{at prodlabo~enite prou~uvawa za prethodno nabroenite parametri, za istiot period.
Vo uslovi na nedovolna izu~enost na
re`imot i bilansot na vodite vo Prespanskoto
Ezero se nametnuvaat dve bitni pra{awa: 1) Koi
se glavnite faktori, koi predizvikuvaat tolku
golemi oscilacii na nivoto na ezeroto i 2) Dali
se toa samo isklu~ivo klimatskite faktori ili
se vo pra{awe i nekoi tektonski poremetuvawa
vo podzemnite otvori na planinata Gali~ica i
Suva Gora, po koi istekuvaat vodite od ezeroto?
Ostanuva kako zada~a na RHMZ Skopje da
sostavi programa za klimatskite karakteristiki
na podra~jeto, povr{inskiot i podzemniot dotek
vo ezeroto i da se izbori za dobivawe na sredstva
za finansirawe na rabotite po taa programa vo
naredniot period od barem 5 godini. Isto taka
ovaa programa treba da se predlo`i i na drugite
dve sosedni dr`avi R.Albanija R.Grcija i da se
nastojuva za nivna realizacija. Samo taka }e
mo`e da se dobie poprecizen odgovor na
postavenite pra{awa.
7. Posakuvano optimalno nivo na voda vo
ezeroto
Sega{noto nivo na voda vo ezeroto e na
kota od 845,33 m.n.v. (18.02.2000 god.). Ova nivo,
kako i nivoite na vodata vo ezeroto od 1987/88
god., dosega (Sl. 1), se niski i kako rezultat na
toa obalata na ezeroto na {iro~ina od okolu
100.tina metri pa se do 1500 i 2000 metri e
obrasnata so niski vrbi, trstika i drugi
rastenija, koi i davaat lo{ izgled na okolinata.
Toa posebno se odnesuva na isto~nata i severnata
strana na ezeroto, a `itelite na bliskite
naselbi ne projavuvaat `elba za poseta na
ezeroto i bawawe vo nego. Na turisti~kite
lokaliteti, Krani, Pretor, i dr. imame namalen
broj na turisti, iako pla`ite na ovie lokaliteti
se podgotvuvaat i ~istat.
Treba da se istakne deka nivoto na vodata
vo ezeroto vo periodot 1951 do 1962 god. i od 1970
do 1986 god. (Sl. 1), kako i nivoto na vodata pred
toa ( so isklu~ok na periodot 1941 - 1948 god.) se
dvi`elo okolu kota 849, 0 do 850,0 m.n.v. Ova nivo
na vodata vo ezeroto opstojuvalo podolg niz na
godini i sozdavalo ubav izgled na bregot na
obalata na ezeroto i okolinata, so peso~ni i
ubavi pla`i, privle~ni kako za okolnoto naselenie, taka i za turistite.
Se postavuva pra{aweto, kako da se postigne toa posakuvano nivo na voda vo ezeroto ? Od
dosega{nite istra`uvawa na pove}e avtori
(Sibinovic 1997; Milevski et al. 1997; Ristevski et al.
1997) najgolemo vlijanie vrz nivoto na vodata vo
ezeroto imaat klimatskite karakteristiki na
podra~jeto: vrne`ite, povr{inskiot i podzemen
dotek. Isto taka treba da se odgovori na pra{aweto kolkav e podzemniot istek na vodata od ezeroto i dali toj se menuva so tekot na vremeto i vo
zavisnost od nivoto na vodata.
I na krajot se postavuva pra{aweto, mo`eme li nie sega da vlijaeme na podzemniot istek
na vodata od ezeroto i dali (so ogled na postojnite sostojbi vo nizvodniot del) mo`e, odnosno
smeat li da se prevzemat merki, za da go odr`uvame posakuvanoto nivo.
From the Small Lake it is presumed that the water is
pumped for watering of the field placed around the Lake
on the territory of Greece. The water is pumped through
the canyon called "Grlo" (Troth) on the territory of R.
Albania with approximately 35000000 m³·yr-1.
All these records for water pumping from the Big and
from the Small Lake should be investigated in the future
in order to obtain accurate data that should be coordinated
between the tree states.
5. Isobaric Mapping
The surface of the Lake varies in accordance with
different water levels. That is the reason why the quantity
of evaporated water as well as other parameters expressed
through the water column from the Lake surface (inflow
and outflow, use of water from the Lake etc.) are
different and depend upon the water lavel expressed in
meters above see level.
It was presumed up to now that the water surface is at
elevation of 851,83 m above see level. As a result of great
variations of the water level of the Lake given in chapter
1, the changes in water level are considerably increased.
These oscillations refer to the volume of the water in the
Lake also.
The underground shooting made by a team of divers
from a group called "Korali" as well as that made from
RHMZ Skopje, refers to the separate profiles of the Lake
and have different use, that is they can not be used for
making isobaric map of the Lake.
For this purpose a Program should be elaborated. The
surface and the bottom of the Lake belong to three states
(R. Macedonia, R. Albania and R. Greece), so it is
necessary to cooperate on the Program elaboration as
well as to its financing. Elaboration of a Program and
shooting of the Lake Mala Prespa is also needed.
The further investigation of the oscillation of the Lake
and the water quantity should be based on a map of
isobars of the whole Lake Prespa.
6. Water balance
By thorough investigation of the rainfall, surface and
underground inflow of water, the underground outflow,
evaporation and usage of water, more accurate data for
the above mentioned parameters would be obtained.
These are preconditions for elaboration of a water
balance of the Lake Prespa and answer to the question for
oscillation of the water level in it - for a year as well as
for many years.
The presentations of the water balance of the Lake
Prespa (Lalkovska & Panov 1997; Cavkalovski 1997) up
to now were based on available data and refers to certain
water level.
In order to make water balance of Lake Prespa for a
longer period of time (for example: 50 years backwards)
more thorough investigation of the above parameters has
to be made.
In a position when there is not enough data about the
regime and water balances of the Lake Prespa, two very
important questions have raised: 1) What causes such
great oscillation of the water level? and 2) Are the
climate characteristics the only factor or there are some
other tectonic movements in the underground openings of
the mountains Galicica and Suva Gora through which the
water discharges?
It will be the task for RHMZ Skopje to make a Program
for climate characteristics of the region, the surface and
under ground inflow of water and to look for financial
means for accomplishing the Program in future, at least in
the next 5 years. This Program should involve Republic
of Albania and Republic of Greece also. That is the only
way to find a more precise answer to the above questions.
7. The optimal water level wanted
Nowadays the water level of the Lake is at peak
elevation of 845,33 m above the sea level (18.02.2000).
As a result of the low water level since 1987/88 willow
trees, reed and other plants, surround the Lake. The
surface they occupy is from 100 m to 1500 m and even
2000 m in some places. This gives the Lake and its
surrounding an image of neglect. It specially refers to the
eastern and northern part of the Lake. The inhabitants
living nearby and the visitors express no wish in walking
around or swimming in the Lake. There is diminished
number of tourists in the tourists resorts Krani and Pretor
although the beach area is kept clean and maintained.
It should be underlined that for a long period of time the
water level was on peak elevation of 849,0 m to 850,0 m
above the sea level. This period starts from 1951 to 1962
and then from 1970 to 1986 (Fig. 1). An exception is the
period between 1941 and 1948. Thanks to the constant
water level the coast and the surrounding were beautiful
with attractive sandy beaches.
And finally, can men influence the underground outflow
of water from the Lake and may they undertake measures
to maintain the wanted water level?
Zaklu~oci
Od iznesenoto vo prethodnite poglavja za oscilaciite na nivoto na vodata vo Prespanskoto
Ezero, mo`at da se izvedat slednite zaklu~oci:
Da se podgotvi studija za oscilaciite na nivoto
na vodata vo Prespanskoto Ezero, vo koja treba
da se opfati periodot od 10-tiot vek pa se do
denes. Vo studijata da se vnesat pi{anite iska`uvawa, arheolo{kite naodi, tragi na terenot i
sli~no.
Da se podgotvi hidrolo{ka studija za Prespanskiot Region i toa:
so prodol`eno vreme na posmatrawe, odnosno za
periodot 1949 do 1999 god. i so zgolemen broj
na do`domerni i vodomerni stanici za
period od najmalku 5 god.
vo koordinacija so sosednite zemji R. Albanija i
R.Grcija, po ista programa da se izrabotat
hidrolo{ki studii za nivnite delovi od
regionot
so hidrolo{kata studija treba da se dobie to~en
odgovor za prilivot na voda vo ezeroto i
nejzinoto vlijanie vrz nivoto na vodata vo
nego
Studija za istra`uvawata so radioizotopi i
hidrogeolo{kite istra`ni raboti, so koja treba
da se dade odgovor za:
koli~inata na voda {to istekuva od Prespanskoto Ezero
promenite na koli~inata na iste~na voda, ako gi
ima vo tekot na godinata i vo tekot na
godinite i
dali koli~inata na iste~na voda e povrzana so
nivoto na vodata o ezeroto
Studija za isparuvaweto i koristeweto na voda
od Prespanskoto Ezero vo izminatiot period i
nivno vlijanie vrz nivoto na vodata vo nego.
Istra`uvawata treba da gi opfatat Golemoto i
Maloto Prespansko Ezero i so usoglasuvaweto
na trite dr`avi.
Izrabotka na karta so izobari na Golemoto i
Maloto Prespansko Ezero, spored programa
usoglasena pome\u trite dr`avi i
Studija za bilansot na vodite na Prespanskoto
Ezero za period od 50 godini nanazad, odnosno za
periodot od 1950 do 2000 godina. Programata za
ovaa studija treba, isto taka, da bide usoglaena
pome\u trite dr`avi.
Referenci (References)
Sibinovic, M. (1987). Lakes - Lake Prespa and Lake
Ohrid, Skopje.
Archeological map of Republic of Macedonia - vol. II,
MANU, Museum of Macedonia - archeological
division, Skopje, 1996
Milevski, J., Ristevski, P., Tanushevski, D. (1997). The
influence of rainfall on the oscillations of Lake
Prespa, International Symposium, Korca, Albania.
If the wanted water level is up to 850 m height above the
sea level, one asks oneself how is that possible to reach
this water level? From the investigation made by various
authors (1), (3). (4)) most influential to the water level are
climate characteristics of this region: rainfall, surface and
underground inflow. Another question that should also be
answered is defining the underground outflow of water
from the Lake and whether it changes, that is its
dependence on the water level.
8. Conclusions
From the matter presented herein, the following
conclusion could be derived:
To prepare a Study for the oscillation of the water level of
the Lake Prespa. The Study should encompass the
period from the 10th century up to now. It should
contain the written records, archeological
discoveries, and various marks on the terrain and so
on.
2) To prepare a Hydrological Study for Prespa Region:
to prolong the monitoring period (from 1949 to
1999); to increase the number of rainfall and
water measuring stations for a period of at least
5 years
in cooperation with the neighboring countries Republic of Albania and Republic of Greece to
make Hydrological Studies for their part
Ristevski, P., Monevska, S., Popovski, B. (1997). Characteristics of pluvometic and evaporating regime at
the watershed of Lake Prespa, International Symposium, Korca, Albania.
Anovski, T., Jovanovski, N., Arsov, Lj. (1997). Determination of outflow water quality of Lake Prespa,
according to the same Program.
the Hydrological Study should give an accurate
answer for the inflow of water in the Lake and
its influence on the water level.
3) To prepare a Study for radioisotopes and hydrological
investigation which should contain the answers to the
following questions:
water outflow
variations in the quantity of outflow water (if any)
during one and many years
is there a connection between the water outflow
and water level in the Lake.
To prepare a Study for water evaporation and water usage
in the past and and their influence on the level of the
water in the Lake. The investigation should
encompass the Big and the Small Lake Prespa and
should be made by cooperation between the three
states.
To make an isobaric map of the Big and the Small Lake
Prespa according to the mutually approved Program
of the three neighboring states.
To make a Study for water balance for a period of 50
years backwards, starting from 1950 to 2000. The
Program for this Study should be approved by the
three neighboring states.
International Symposium, Korca, Albania.
Lalkovska, F., Panov, I. (1997). The balance of available
water from Lake Prespa, International Symposium,
Korca, Albania.
Chavkovski, I. (1997) Hydrology of Lake Prespa, International Symposium, Korca, Albania.
261
Nelinearen kalmanov filter vo simulaciono modelirawe na
hidrolo{ki ciklus vo basenot na Prespansko Ezero
Tawa D. KOLEMI[EVSKA-GUGULOVSKA 1, G. M. DIMIROVSKI 1 ,
M. J. STANKOVSKI1 i C. POPOVSKA2
1 Institut za ACE, Elektrotehni~ki fakultet, p.fah 574, 1000 Skopje
R. Makedonija; faks: ++ 389 91 112-163; E-mail: dimir@cerera.etf.ukim.edu.mk
2
Institut za HHE, Grade`en fakultet, 1000 Skopje
Apstrakt
Grankata od teorijata na sistemite za prostorot na sostojbi, nameneta za teorijata na estimaciono modelirawe na
procesni sostojbi, se pojavuva da odigra klu~na uloga i dade pottik za nejzino ispituvawe vo aplikacii na
razli~ni problemi od okolinata. Ovaa statija pretstavuva simulacionen model za sredno- i dolgo-vremenska
dinamika na vodnoto nivo na Prespansko ezero od talozite do isparuvaweto vo hidrolo{kiot ciklus. Za da se
izrazi mese~niot voden balans vo basenot, predlo`en e matemati~ki model, koj se sostoi od diskretno-vremenska
sostojbena ravenka, izvedena vrz osnovite na konceptualen model na me|upovrzani pove}e rezervoari, i diskretnovremenska ravenka na voden balans kako opservaciona (izlezna) ravenka. Na modelot e primenet sistem-teoriski
metod za sostojbena estimacija upotrebuvaj}i ja teorijata na Kalmanovi filtri, bazirano vrz opservacioni
podatoci,.
Voved
Osnovi za razvitok na modelot
Vodnite resursi se edno od najsu{testvenite dobra na ~ove~kiot `ivot. Specijalno vo
poslednive godini nivnoto zna~ewe narasnuva
paralelno so ekonomskiot rast i brziot napredok na `ivotniot standard. Poradi nedostatokot
od bilo kakvi pogolemi izvori vodnata akumulacija na Prespanskoto ezero e zavisna od
atmosferskite talozi i topeweto na snegot vo
basenot. Sekoj proces od hidrolo{kiot ciklus
(do`dovnite talozi, te~eweto na vodite - povr{insko i podzemno i evapotranspiracijata) e pooddelno prou~uvan od mnogu avtori. Me|utoa,
procesite od ciklusot se tesno povrzani eden so
drug, i spored toa, neophodno e ciklusot da se
opi{e kako sestran sistem.
Sega{nava statija go prou~uva hidrolo{kiot ciklus od sistem-teoriska gledna to~ka od
atmosferskite talozi do isparuvaweto i evapotranspiracijata vo basenot na Prespansko ezero.
Celta na ovoj doprinos e da gi izlo`i na{ite
soznanija za celite na modelirawe, preku sostojbena ravenka, na prirodni ezera, i posebno na
Prespanskoto ezero, koj primenuva sostojbena
estimacija preku pro{irenata teorija na kalmanovi filtri.
Prespanskoto ezero silno zavisi od godi{nite do`dovni talozi i sne`no otopuvawe vo
basenot. Poznato e (Lettenmaier 1987) deka
procesot do`dovni talozi-istekuvawe vo daden
basen, koj e hidrolo{ki dominanten vo
Prespanskiot basen, e direktno zavisen
od
vkupnite talozi vo taa oblast. Taka, procesot
do`dovni talozi-istekuvawe e najzna~ajniot
proces vo dizajnot na konceptualniot model i
negoviot detalen razvitok za Prespanskoto
Ezero.
Spored toa, takov model, baziran vrz procesot na transformacija na do`dovnite talozi vo
istekuvawe kako prirodno dominanten fenomen,
treba da ja opi{e na prediktiven na~in dinamikata na vodniot tek vrz osnova na podatocite za
raspredelbata na do`dovnite talozi i istekuvawata vo tek na daden vremenski segment i dadeni geofizi~ki i drugi specifi~ni svojstva na
basenot (takvi kako, opfatenata povr{ina, kanalskata konfiguracija, nagibot na zemji{teto,
vla`nosta na po~vata i podzemni tekovi, tipot
na po~vata, vodni akumulacii vo ve{ta~ki i
prirodni povr{inski vdlabnatini).
Fizi~kata transformacija na do`dovnite
talozi vo istekuvawe e navistina kompliciran
proces, no mo`e da bide idealiziran za mal nagib
kako na Sl. 1 (a).
262
Non-linear Kalman filter in simulation modelling of hydrologic cycle in the basin
of Lake Prespa
Tanja D. KOLEMISHEVSKA-GUGULOVSKA1, G. M. DIMIROVSKI1,
M. J. STANKOVSKI1 & C. POPOVSKA2
1
Institute of ASE at Faculty of Electrotechnical Engineering, P.O.Box 574, 1000 Skopje, Republic of
Macedonia; Fax:# ++ 389-91-112-163; E-mail: dimir@cerera.etf.ukim.edu.mk
2
Institute of HHE at Faculty of Civil Engineering, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
Abstract
The branch of systems theory in the state space aimed at the theory of process state estimation modelling appeared to play a key-role
and has given incentives to be explored in applications to a variety of environmental problems. This paper present a simulation model
for medium and longer-term dynamics of water level of Prespanean Lake from precipitation to evaporation in a hydrologic cycle. To
express monthly water balances in the basin, a mathematical model is proposed, which consists of discrete-time state equation,
derived on the grounds of the conceptual model of interconnected multiple tanks, and of discrete-time water balance equation as an
observation (output) equation. Based on the observation data, system-theoretic state estimation method is applied to the model using
the theory of Kalman filters.
Introduction
Water resources are one of the most essential assets to
human life. Especially in recent years, its importance has
increased along with economic growth and rapid
advancement of the standard of life. Because of lack of
any larger sources the water storage in Prespanean Lake
is dpendent of precipitation and snowmelt in the basin.
Each process of the hydrologic cycle, for example,
rainfall, runoff and evapotranspiration, has been
separately investigated by many researchers. However,
processes of the cycle are closely related with each other,
and it is therefore necessary to describe the cycle as a
comprehensive system.
The present paper studies from the system-theoretic
viewpoint the hydrologic cycle from precipitation to
evaporation and evapotranspiration in the basin of
Prespanean Lake.
This contribution is aimed at reporting our findings for
the purpose of state equation modelling of natural lakes
and of Prespa Lake, in particular, which employs state
estimation via the extended theory of Kalman filtering.
Background of the model development
Prespa Lake depend on annual rainfall and snowmelt
processes so heavily.
It is well-known (Lettenmaier 1987) that the rainfallrunoff process in a given basin, which is hydrological
dominant in Prespa basin, is directly dependent on the
total precipitation in that area. Thus the rainfall-runoff
process is the most significant one in the conceptual
model design and its detailed development for Prespa
Lake. Therefore such a model, based on the rainfallrunoff process as naturally dominant phenomenon,
should describe in predictive way the water flow
dynamics on the grounds of the distribution data for
rainfalls and runoffs during a given segment of time and
the given geophysical and other specific properties of the
basin (such as area, channel configuration, surface slopes,
soil types, soil moisture and groundwater levels, and
storage in artificial and natural surface impoundments).
The physical transformation of rainfall to runoff indeed is
a complicated process, but it can be idealized for a small
hill-slope as shown in Fig.1(a).
The water infiltrating in the soil is distributed in soil
layers in different rates. Water does not instantaneously
reappear at the bottom of the catchment. Each soil layer is
characterized by its inertia (delay between the entrance
and the beginning of the flow) and the amount of water
storage. Therefore, it will be different the coefficients of
water distribution in soil layers. Consequently, it seems
that, the most natural way is to analyze the basin as a
vertical stack of several horizontal soil layers, each being
represented by a tank that contains a certain amount of
water.
263
Spored toa, takov model, baziran vrz procesot na transformacija na do`dovnite talozi
vo istekuvawe kako prirodno dominanten fenomen, treba da ja opi{e na prediktiven na~in dinamikata na vodniot tek vrz osnova na podatocite za raspredelbata na do`dovnite talozi i istekuvawata vo tek na daden vremenski segment i
dadeni geofizi~ki i drugi specifi~ni svojstva
na basenot (takvi kako, opfatenata povr{ina,
kanalskata konfiguracija, nagibot na zemji{teto, vla`nosta na po~vata i podzemni tekovi, tipot na po~vata, vodni akumulacii vo ve{ta~ki i
prirodni povr{inski vdlabnatini). Fizi~kata
transformacija na do`dovnite talozi vo istekuvawe e navistina kompliciran proces, no mo`e
da se idealizira za mal nagib kako na Sl. 1 (a).
Vodata {to se infiltrira vo po~vata se
raspredeluva vo po~venite sloevi vo razli~ni
odnosi. Vodata momentalno ne se pojavuva na dnoto od opfatenata oblast.
Sekoj po~ven sloj se karakterizira so svoja
inertnost (docnewe pome|u vleguvaweto i zapo~nuvaweto na tekot) i koli~estvo na vodna akumulacija. Spored toa, }e bidat razli~ni koeficientite na raspredelba na vodata vo po~venite
sloevi. Soodvetno, se ~ini deka, najprirodniot
na~in e da se analizira basenot kako vertikalen
stolb od nekolku horizontalni po~veni sloevi,
sekoj od koj e pretstaven so rezervoar koj sodr`i
nekoe koli~estvo voda. Modelot na rezervoari ja
simulira realnata fizi~ka struktura na istekuvaweto na takov na~in {to procesot na transformirawe na do`dovni talozi vo istekuvawe
(Shimizu & Arimoto 1981; Lettenmaier 1987) e razdelen vo brojni sukcesivni elementarni operacii.
Vo slu~ajot na prou~uvawe na Prespanskoto ezero, koe e ovde od interes, (no isto taka i za
Ohridskoto ezero), blagodarenie na hidrolo{kite i hidrouli~kite soznanija vo prethodnite
raboti (Sibinovic 1987; Anovski 1988), no isto
taka i od informaciite sobrani od izvori od
hidrometeorolo{ki
avtoriteti,
na{iot
konceptualen model e konstruiran od tri
rezervoara kako na sl.1 (b). Nivoata na
akumuliranata voda xi(k) (i=1,2,3) gi definiraat
vnatre{nite
sostojbeni
veli~ini
i
pretstavuvaat intermedijalni veli~ini koi
igraat mnogu zna~ajna uloga vo presmetuvaweto
na individualnite delovi od hidrolo{kiot
ciklus i negovite sevkupni efekti od tekot.
Analiti~ki sostojben model preku
vremensko-diskretni ravenki
Neka go razgledame delot od ciklusot od
talozite do istekuvaweto. Go adaptirame mode-
264
lot od tri rezervoara, i razli~no od drugite matemati~ki modeli kako {to se linearen regresionen model, stohasti~ki model, rezervoar-modelot ja simulira realnata fizi~ka struktura na
istekuvaweto. Vo modelot se zemeni vo predvid
infiltriraweto, evapotranspiracijata, i povr{inskoto i podzemnoto istekuvawe. Nivoata na
vodnite akumulacii ozna~eni so xi(k) se zna~ajni
veli~ini, koi eventualno igraat su{testvena
uloga vo presmetuvaweto na istekuvaweto i evapotranspiracijata. Gledaj}i gi xi(k) kako sostojbeni veli~ini, ja dobivame slednava sostojbena
ravenka za rezervoar-modelot (Kolemishevska-Gugulovska 1988):
x (k) = Fx(k-1) - G{fn[x(k-1)]-u(k)+w(k)}
(1)
kade (where)
xT(k)=[x1(k) x2(k) x3(k)] , uT(k)=[u1(k) 0 0] ,
wT(k)=[w1(k) w2(k) w3(k)] , i (and)
fnT[x(k)]=[ α 1I{x1(k)-h1}+ α 12I{x1(k)-h12} α 2I{x2(k)h2} 0] , I[x]= x if x > 0
0 if x < 0
0
0
1- β 1
F= β 1(1 − β 1)
0
1− β2
β 1β 2 (1 − β 1) β 2 (1 − β 2 ) 1 − α 3
0
0
1
G= β 1
1
0
β 1β 2 β 2
1
(2)
Vo ovaa sostojbena ravenka x(k) ∈Rn e sostojben vektor nx1 (soglasno potrebata od estimirawe na gorniot 3x1 sostojben vektor), i u (k) i w
(k) soodvetno gi ozna~uvaat aktuelniot vlez na
sistemot i stohasti~kiot naru{uva~ki vlez, dodeka fn[x(k)] e matrica na istekuvaweto od koja
mo`e da se presmeta koli~estvoto na istekuvawe:
fi[x(k)]= α 1I[x1(k)-h1]+ α 12I[x1(k)-h12]+ α 2I[x2(k)h2]+ α 3x3(k)
(3)
Aktuelniot vlez na sistemot, toa e promenlivoto koli~estvo na atmosferski talozi, treba
da bide evaluirano vrz osnova na observirani i
zapi{ani hidrometeorolo{ki podatoci. Ona
{to e navistina normalno na raspolagawe se aktuelni zapi{ani ili za taa cel mereni podatoci
za varijaciite na vodnoto nivo vo ezeroto.
Drugata osnovna diskretno-vremenska ravenka mo`e da se izvede sledej}i go vodniot balans na Prespanskoto ezero vo hidrolo{kiot
ciklus od padnatite talozi vrz ezerskata povr{ina do isparuvaweto od istata (sl.1 (a)).
The tank model simulates real physical structures of runoff in such a way that the process of transforming rainfall
into runoff (Shimizu & Arimoto 1981; Lettenmaier 1987)
is subdivided in a number of successive elementary operations. In the case study of Prespa Lake, which is of
concern in here (and for the Ohridean too), due to hydrological and hydraulic findings in previous works
(Sibinovic 1987; Anovski 1988) as well as the information gathered from the sources of hydro-meteorological
authorities, the conceptual model of ours is constituted of
a three-tank stack model as in Fig.1(b). The levels of
accumulated water xi(k) (i=1,2,3) define internal state
variables and represent intermediate variables which play
most important role in computing the individual parts of
the hydrologic cycle and its overall flow effect.
rl
u1
fi
vl
u 1 (k
f0
w1 (k)
α12
x1
h 12 h 1
β1
α1
w2 (k)
α2
x2
h2
β2
x3
w3 (k)
α3
physical structures of runoff. Infiltration, evapotranspiration, and surface and underground funoff generation are
taken into account in the model. The water storage levels
denoted by xi(k) are important variables, which eventually play a essential role in the calculation of the runoff
and evapotranspiration. Regarding xi(k) as state variables,
we obtain the following state equation for the tank model
(Kolemisevska-Gugulovska 1998) – equation (1), (2).
In this state equation (1, 2) x(k) ∈Rn is the state vector
nx1 (according to the needs to estimate the above 3x1
state vector), and u (k) and w (k) denote the actual system input and the stochastic disturbance input, respectively, while fn[x(k)] is the runoff matrix from which it is
possible to calculate the amount of runoff:
The actual system input, that is the variable quantity of
atmospheric precipitation, has to be evaluated on the
grounds of observed and recorded hydro-meteorological
data. What is readily available normally are the actual
recorded or on purpose measured data about the water
level variations in the lake.
The other basic discrete-time equation may be derived
following the water balance of Prespanean lake from precipitation to evaporation in a hydrologic cycle (Fig.1 (a)).
Incoming is composed of the inflow from the basin fi(k),
and of rainfalls on the lake surface rl(k), which may be
estimated according to hydro-meteorological methods.
Outgo is composed of the evaporation from the lake surface vl(k), which may be also estimated according to hydro-meteorological methods, and of the total outflow f0
into Ohridean Lake beneath Galichica Mountain, which is
measurable though approximately.
In the actual situation on site, the water level dynamics of
the lake is a relative-slow varying process. In addition to
the rather limited dynamical influence of irrigation water
usage (if needed, these water quantities also have to be
modelled), one may dispense with the water which remains in various poundings on the surrounding shore
grounds. Then, one can derive the following water balance equation for the lake:
∆ h(k)=afi(k)+bfi(k-1)+rl(k)-vl(k)-f0
(4)
where ∆ h(k)=h(k+1)-h(k) is the increase of the water
surface level of lake during a month, and the incoming
flow is divided into two components in the ratio a to b
(a+b=1, a>0, b>0).
Sl. 1a
Fig. 1a
On analytical state model in terms of discretetime equations
Consider a part of the cycle from precipitation to runoff.
We adopt the three-tank model, and differently from
other mathematical models such as linear regression
model, stochastic model, the tank model simulates real
Therefore the observation equation may be rewritten in
the following form:
y(k)=afi[x(k)]+bfi[x(k-1)]+rl(k)-vl(k)-f0+v(k)
(5)
where v(k) represents the observation noise which accounts for all impreciseness in measurements and associated data pre-processing. In addition, variables w(k) and
v(k) may be assumed to be represented by means of the
class of white noise signals having zero mean-value.
Vlezot se sostoi od pritek od basenot fi(k),
i od do`dovnite talozi vrz ezerskata povr{ina
rl(k), koi mo`e da bidat proceneti soglasno
hidro-meteorolo{ki metodi. Izlezot e sostaven
od isparuvaweto od ezerskata povr{ina vl(k), koe
isto taka mo`e da bide estimirano soglasno
hidro-meteorolo{ki metodi, i od vkupniot istek
f0 vo Ohridsko ezero pod planinata Gali~ica, koe
e merlivo iako aproksimativno.
Vo dadenava situacija, vodno-nivoovskata
dinamika na ezeroto e relativno-bavno promenliv proces. Pokraj toa poradi limitiranoto
dinami~ko vlijanie od upotrebata za irigacioni
celi (ako e potrebno, ovie vodni koli~ini treba
isto taka da bidat modelirani), tie mo`e da
bidat zanemareni zaedno so vodata {to se
zadr`uva vo raznite vdlabnatini i endeci. Taka
mo`e da se izvede ravenka (4) na voden balans za
ezeroto kade ∆ h(k)=h(k+1)-h(k) e narasnuvaweto
na nivoto na vodnata povr{ina na ezeroto vo tek
na eden mesec, a pritekot e razdelen vo dve
komponenti vo odnos a i b (a+b=1, a>0, b>0).
Spored toa, opservacionata ravenka mo`e
da bide zapi{ana vo forma na ravenka (5), kade
v(k) go pretstavuva opservacioniot {um, koj gi
vbrojuva site nepreciznosti vo merewata i
pridru`enoto pre-procesirawe na podatoci.
Pokraj toa, veli~inite w(k) i v(k) mo`e da bidat
pretpostaveni i pretstaveni od klasata na
signali na bel {um so nulta sredna vrednost..
Nelinearna sostojbena estimacija
Vo basenot na Prespansko ezero opservacionite podatoci za nivoto na vodnata povr{ina se
sekoga{ na raspolagawe i se porealisti~ki od
drugite opservacioni podatoci. Nekoi zna~ajni
veli~ini takvi kako {to se nivoata na vodnite
akumulacii, isparuvaweto i evapotranspiracijata se te{ki za opservirawe ili nivnite mereni
podatoci se retki i nedoverlivi. Spored toa, razumno e da se estimiraat sostojbenite veli~ini
na sistemot opi{ani pogore, bazirano vrz poverodostojni i to~ni podatoci od opserviraniot
proces. Ottuka, primenuvame sistemsko-teoriska
tehnika za estimacija na sostojbi, kako {to e
kalmanoviot filter.
Treba da se zabele`i deka dinamikata na
rezervoar-modelot ne e linearna, no po delovi
linearna. Za slu~aj na nelinearna estimaciona
procedura, diskretniot rekurziven Kalmanov
filter e daden so grupa na prediktorski ravenki
x$ k| k = x$ k| k - 1 + Kk{yk-h( x$ k| k - 1 )}
Kk=Pk/k-1HkT(HkPk/k-1HkT+R)-1
x̂k | k - 1 =f( x$ k - 1| k - 1 )
(6)
(7)
(8)
i grupa na kovarijansni ravenki
Pk/k=Pk/k-1 - Kk Hk Pk/k-1
(9)
(10)
Pk+1/k=Dk (I-Kk Hk )Pk/k-1 DkT + GQGT
kade
$ k - 1| k - 1 )=F x$ k - 1| k - 1 -G{fn( x$ k - 1| k - 1 )-uk-1+wk-1}
f( x
$ k| k - 1 )=afi( x$ k| k - 1 )+bfi( x$ k - 1| k - 1 )+rl (k)- vl(k) .
h( x
D i H se, soodvetno, linearni aproksimacii za
procesnata ravenka i opservacionata ravenka
dobieni preku Jacobian matrica na f(.) i h(.).
∂ fi
∂ h
D=
, H=
∂ x j x=x$
∂ x j x=x$
k|k
k+1|k
Pokraj toa, matricite R i Q, soodvetno, gi
ozna~uvaat kovarijansnite matrici na belite
{umovi v(k) i w(k), t.e.:
E{w(t)}= 0, E{v(t)}= 0;
E{w(t), wT(k)} = Q(t)δtk
E{v(t) vT(k)} = R(t)δtk;
cov[w(t), v(k)] = 0.
Rezultati od presmetuvaweto
Pred da se primeni procedura na estimacija na sostojbi vrz modelot, treba da bidat
opredeleni site parametri na rezervoar-modelot. Startuvaj}i od po~etnite vrednosti na parametrite za Ohridsko ezero, gi izbravme pogodnite najdobri vrednosti na parametrite za Prespansko ezero so "probaj-i-zgre{i". Za potrebite
za startuvawe na algoritamskoto presmetuvawe,
be{e neophodno da se specificiraat parametrite na dinami~kiot model (D, G, H) i statistikite
na {umovite (Q, R), a isto taka nekoi a priori
podatoci za po~etnite vrednosti [ x$ 0 , P(0)].
Matricite D i H se matricite od lineariziraniot model i zavisat soodvetno od x$ (k| k)
i x$ (k +1| k) .
Slu~ajnata veli~ina v(k), koja se pojavuva vo
opservacionata ravenka (5) e koli~ina {to gi
vklu~uva site vidovi na gre{ki: gre{kite od merewata na vodnoto nivo i nemerlivite podzemni
proteci pod planinata Gali~ica od Prespansko
vo Ohridsko ezero, i evaluacionite gre{ki na
istekuvaweto i isparuvaweto.
Glaven doprinos vo opservacionata gre{ka
mo`e da bide: (1) merenata gre{ka na nivoto na
vodnata povr{ina koga vremeto e bura; (2) evaluaciona gre{ka od srednite do`dovni talozi vrz
ezeroto koga e vrne`livo; ili (3) isparuvaweto
koga e tivko i ubavo vreme.
x̂(k | k) and x̂(k + 1 | k) , respectively.
Before applying state estimation procedure to the model,
all parameters of the tank-model should be determined.
Starting from the initial values of the parameters for the
Ohridean Lake, we chose appropriate best values of the
parameters for the Prespanean Lake by trial and error.
For the purpose of starting the algorithmic computations,
it was necessary to specify dynamic model parameters
(D, G, H) and noise statistics (Q, R), and also some a
priori data for the initial values [ x̂ 0 , P(0)]. The matrices
D and H are those of linearized model and depend on
1953
I
11
9
1
3
5
7
1953
-10-0
0-10
10
years
7
1
[cm]
1950
years
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-20--10
Fig. 2
10
7
20
10
0
-10
-20
months
Sl. 2
I
40
30
months
D=
Computation results
4
month
D and H are, respectively, the linear approximations to
the process equation and the observation equation obtained in terms of the Jacobian matrix of f(.) and h(.).
1950
years
-40
Pk/k=Pk/k-1 - Kk Hk Pk/k-1
(9)
Pk+1/k=Dk (I-Kk Hk )Pk/k-1 DkT + GQGT
(10)
where
f( x̂k - 1 | k - 1 )=F x̂k - 1 | k - 1 -G{fn( x̂k - 1 | k - 1 )-uk-1+wk-1}
h( x̂k | k - 1 )=afi( x̂k | k - 1 )+bfi( x̂k - 1 | k - 1 )+rl (k)- vl(k) .
In addition, matrices R and Q, respectively, denote the
covariance matrices of white noises v(k) and w(k), that is:
E{w(t)}= 0, E{v(t)}= 0;
E{w(t), wT(k)} = Q(t)δtk
E{v(t) vT(k)} = R(t)δtk;
cov[w(t), v(k)] = 0.
1953
-20
(6)
(7)
(8)
∂ h
∂ fi
, H=
∂ x
∂ x
j
j
x = x̂ k +1|k
x = x̂ k|k
20
4
Kk=Pk/k-1HkT(HkPk/k-1HkT+R)-1
x̂k | k - 1 =f( x̂k - 1 | k - 1 )
and the group of covariance equations
40
0
[cm]
x̂k | k = x̂k | k - 1 + Kk{yk-h( x̂k | k - 1 )}
60
1
In the basin of Prespanean Lake the observation data on
the water surface level is always available and more reliable than other observation data. Some important variables such as water storage levels, evaporation and
evapotranspiration are difficult to observe or their measurement data are scarce and not reliable. It is therefore
reasonable to estimate the state-variables of the system
described above, based on the more reliable and accurate
data of the observation process. Hence we apply systemtheoretic state estimation technique, that is to say the
Kalman filter. It should be noted that the dynamics of the
tank model is not linear but piecewise linear. For the case
of non-linear estimation procedure, the discrete recursive
Kalman filter is given by the group of predictor equations
[cm]
Nonlinear state estimation
10-20
1950
I
20-30
30-40
Izmereni, balisti~ki i estimirani vrednosti za varijaciite na nivoto na ezeroto
Measured, ballistic and estimated values of
variations of lake level
The random variable v(k), which appears in the observation equation (5) is quantity encompassing all kind of
errors: the errors of water level measurements and unmeasurable underground flows beneath the mountain
Galichica from Prespanean Lake to Ohridean Lake, and
the evaluation errors of the runoff and the evaporation.
[cm]
15.000
10.000
5.000
XI
IX
I
VI
-5.000
V
0.000
III
P(0|-1) = cov[ ~
x(0) ] .
x(0), ~
Kone~no, pretpostavuvame za pogodnost deka v(k), w(j) i x(0) se statisti~ki nezavisni. Sega
e mo`no da se primeni nelinearniot pro{iren
Kalmanov filter na sistemot ravenki (1) i (5).
Parcijalni rezultati se dadeni na Sl. 2, 3 i 4.
Sl. 2 gi prika`uva mese~nite varijacii me|u merenite vrednosti y(k), neestimiranite vrednosti y(k) presmetani spored izvornata diferentna ravenka (vo meteorologijata se imenuvaat i
kako balisti~ki vrednosti) i estimiranite vrednosti ŷ(k) za period od sedum godini.
Simulacionite rezultati demonstriraat
dobro sovpa|awe so opservaciite, i potkrepuvaat
deka strukturata i nelinearnostite na prirodniot sistem bea ispravno vgradeni vo simulacioniot model.
Otstapuvawata vo poodelnite to~ki (Sl. 3)
se pri~ineti od nekoi izvori na gre{ki, vklu~uvaj}i gi gre{kite {to poteknuvaat od matemati~kite operacii, relinearizacijata, mo`ebi relativno golem semplira~ki interval za merewata, nedostatok na reprezentabilnost vo merewata
na talozite.
Me|utoa, ona {to e zna~ajno e faktot deka
site izvori na numeri~ki gre{ki ne ja naru{uvaat su{testveno postignatata konvergencija na
Kalmanoviot filter, i konsekventno stabilnosta na simulacioniot model.
Sl. 4 gi prika`uva varijaciite pome|u neestimiranite (balisti~ki) vrednosti x(k) i estimiranite vrednosti x̂(k | k) . Kako {to mo`e da se
vidi najgolemi varijacii se zabele`ani vo dvata
gorni rezervoara, x1(k) i x2(k), za gornite po~veni
sloja, dodeka sostojbata x3(k) na najdolniot
rezervoar ima pone~uvstvitelni varijacii. Ova
be{e o~ekuvano i ne e vo sprotivnost so realnosta, bidej}i realnoto fizi~ko infiltrirawe kon
poniskite po~veni sloevi e so pogolemo vreme na
docnewe (vodata od povr{inata ne mo`e da se
pojavi vedna{ vo dolniot sloj). Isto taka mo`e
da se vidi deka nekoi od estimiranite vrednosti
se negativni. Ova ne e sprotivno na o~ekuvawata,
bidej}i Kalmanoviot filter e rekurziven filter {to ja estimira sega{nata sostojba na sistemot bazirano vrz opservacioni podatoci akumulirani do sega{niot moment. Pojavata na enormni reziduali vo Kalmanoviot filter e sledeno
so narasnuvawe na presmetanata kovarijansna
matrica Q na procesniot {um w(k) i narasnatoto
kalmanovo zasiluvawe K(k). Filterot e "otvoren" za da vovede pogolema korekcija na sostojbenite veli~ini so cel da ja namali razlikata {to
sekoga{ se javuva. Ako prediktuvanite sostojbeni veli~ini imaat mala vrednost (mo`ebi poradi
malite intenziteti na do`dovni talozi vo prethodniot mesec), koregiranite estimirani vrednosti na x1(k) i x2(k) stanuvaat negativni.
I
Taka varijansata R(k), koja varira soglasno
mese~nite do`dovni talozi, treba da bide
opredelena vrz osnova na informacija sodr`ana
vo podatoci za vremenski uslovi. Imaj}i go ova
na um nie se odlu~ivme za opredeluvawe na
varijansata R(k) vrz baza na podatocite za
mese~nite do`dovni talozi vo poslednite pet
meseci.
Slu~ajnata veli~ina w(k) e razgleduvana
kako koli~estvo na evapotranspiracija vo basenot vo tekot na k meseci. Spored toa, kovarijansnata matrica Q(k) isto taka varira zavisno od
vremenskite uslovi. No, bidej}i nemavme adekvatni realni podatoci, se opredelivme za poop{ta alternativa: taa e presmetana na adaptiven na~in vo sekoja iteracija.
Potoa gi razgledavme po~etnite vrednosti
na nivoata na vodnite akumulacii, x(0), koi obi~no te{ko se evaluiraat. Spored toa, gi razgleduvame x(0) kako slu~ajni veli~ini i izbirame, so
pogoduvawe, a priori statisti~ki podatok
x̂(0 | -1) = m0 ∆ E{x(0)},
-10.000
-15.000
-20.000
-25.000
(month)
-30.000
measured
ballistic
estimated
Sl. 3 Izmereni, balisti~ki i estimirani y vrednosti
Fig. 3 Measured, ballistic and estimated values y
Pojavata na do`dovni talozi so golem
intenzitet dejstvuvaat sli~no kako impulsna
akcija: neo~ekuvan silen kvantum na eksitacija
vrz procesnata dinamika na akvati~kiot sistem.
Od gledna to~ka na vlez-izlez, ogromnite magnitudi vlijaat vrz dinamikata na procesot taka da
se po~uvstvuvaat inherentnite nelinearnosti
koi se prisutni vo vnatre{nite geofizi~ki mehanizmi na sistemot; vo takvite slu~ai kalmanoviot filter obi~no prakti~no otka`uva.
XI
IX
I
VI
V
[cm]
III
I
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
-20.000
-40.000
-60.000
-80.000
-100.000
ballistic
estimated
(month)
Ballistic and estimated values x1
100.000
50.000
ballistic
estimated
XI
IX
-50.000
VI
I
V
I
III
0.000
(month)
-100.000
ballistic
estimated
XI
IX
VI
I
V
(month)
III
140.000
120.000
100.000
80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
[cm]
Ballistic and estimated values x2
I
x(0), ~
P(0|-1) = cov[ ~
x(0) ] .
Finally, we assume for convenience that v(k), w(j) and
x(0) are statistically independent. Now it is possible to
apply the non-linear extended Kalman filter to the system
of equations (1) and (5). Partial results are given in Figures 2, 3 and 4.
Figure 2 shows the monthly variation between measured
values y(k), unestimated values y(k) computed by the
source difference equation (in meteorology also termed
ballistic values) and estimated values ŷ(k) for the period
of seven years. The simulation results demonstrated good
coincidence with the observations, and confirms that the
structure and the non-linearity of the natural system has
been properly captured in the simulation model. The deviations in particular points (Fig. 3) are caused by certain
sources of errors, including errors on account of the numerical operations, relinearization, perhaps a relative
long-term sampling interval for measurements, the lack
of representability in the measurement of precipitation.
What is important, however, is the fact that all sources of
numerical errors do not disturb essentially the achieved
convergence of Kalman filter, and consequently the stability of simulation model.
Figure 4 shows the variation between unestimated
(ballistic) values x(k) and estimated values x$ (k| k) . As it
can be seen the largest variations are noticed at the two
top tanks, x1(k) and x2(k), for the top soil layers of the
environs, while the state x3(k) of the lowest tank has more
impassive variations. This was expected and it is not
against the reality, because the real physical infiltration to
the lower soil layers is with larger lag-time (the water
from the surface can not appear immediately in the
bottom layer). Also it can be seen that some of the
estimated values are negative. This is not against the
expectations, because the Kalman filter is a recursive
filter that estimates the present state of the system based
on observation data accumulated up to the present.
Appearance of enormous residual in Kalman filter is
followed by increasing in calculated covariance matrix Q
of process noise w(k) and increased Kalman gain K(k).
The filter is "opened" to introduce bigger correction of
state variables in order to decrease the difference already
appeared. If the predicted state variables have a small
value (perhaps, because of small intensities of rainfalls in
the previous months) the corrected estimated values of
x1(k) and x2(k) become negative.
[cm]
Main contribution to the observation error v(k) may be:
(1) measurement error of the water surface level when the
weather is stormy, (2) evaluation error of the average
rainfall on the lake when it is rainy, or (3) evaporation
when it is calm and fine. So the variance R(k), which
varies accordingly with the monthly rainfall depth, has to
be determined on the basis of information contained in
data on weather conditions. having this in mind we designed the determination of the variance R(k) on the basis
of data for monthly rainfalls in the last five months.
The random variable w(k) is considered to be the amount
of evapotranspiration in the basin during k month. Therefore, the covariance matrix Q(k) also varies depending on
weather conditions. But, because we did not have adequate real-world data, we opted for the more general alternative: it is calculated in adaptive manner at each iteration.
We then considered the initial values of water storage
levels, x(0), which are usually difficult to evaluate.
Therefore, we regarded x(0) as random variables and
chose by guess the a priori statistical data
x̂(0 | -1) = m0 ∆ E{x(0)},
Ballistic and estimated values x3
Sl.4 Balisti~ki i estimirani vrednosti na
sostojbeni veli~ini
Fig. 4 Ballistic and estimated values of state
variables
269
Ovie slu~ki predizvikuvaat vo simulacionite rezultati vid na "efekt na brzo praznewe"
za basenot. Eliminiraj}i gi izvorite na gre{ki,
jazot pome|u estimiranite i balisti~kite vrednosti za gornite dva rezervoara mora da se namali pri operirawe za podolg vremenski period,
dodeka za tretiot rezervoar ovoj period e mnogu
podolg, i mo`e sekoga{ da ostane nekoja razlika.
Zaklu~oci
Vo ovoj prilog be{e prika`ano deka mo`e
da se postigne iscrpno i kvalitetno modelirawe
vrz osnova na sistem-teoriskiot priod. Prime-
Referenci (References)
Anoski, T., Summary Report on SRC Project on
Determining the Origin of Water at Drim Sources
near St.Naum Monastery. Lab. for Aplication of
Radiation Isotopes. Skopje: The SRC of R.
Macedonia, 1988.
Arimoto, S. and H.Shimizu, "A system-theoretic study of
the hydrologic cycle in the basin of LakeBiwa". In
Prep. IFAC Symp. on Environmental Systems,
Kyoto (J), The IFAC and University of Kyoto, pp.
79-86, 1977.
B.Friedland and I.Bernstein, "Estimation of the state of a
nonlinear process in the presence of non-gaussian
noise and disturbances". J. Franklin Inst., 281, pp.
455-480, 1966.
Dimirovski, G.M. and T.D.Kolemishevska, “Systemtheoretic approach to modelling and simulation of
ecological systems" (in Macedonian). In
Dimirovski, G.M., A Preliminary Study on the Modelling
Problem of Ohridean Water Complex as a
Hierarchical Large-Scale System (in Macedonian).
ASE Lab.Rep. MSCWS-01/89. Skopje:The SRC of
R. Macedonia, 1989.
Foo, N.Y., "Homomorhpisms in the theory of modelling".
Int.J.Gen.Syst., 5 (1), 13-16, 1979.
Ivakhnenko,A.G., "Polynomial theory of complex
systems". IEEE Trans. Sys. Man Cybern., 1(4),
270
net e kalmanov filter kako metod za sostojbena
estimacija na dinami~ki sistem sostaven od
model na tri rezervoara i ravenka na voden
balans vo basenot na Prespansko Ezero. Najte{kiot ~ekor e izveduvaweto, a potoa implementacijata na pro{ireniot Kalmanov filter za
nelinearna estimacija {to se dol`i na negovata
inherentna ~uvstvitelnost i numeri~ka nestabilnost vo odnos na site komponenti na modelot,
koi mo`at da se nadminat samo so softverska implementacija i sledej}i makotrpno potro{eno
vreme, no nagradeno istra`uvawe za empiriski
prisposobuvawa.
364-378, 1971.
Kolemisevska-Gugulovska, T.D., Development and
Identification of Simulation Model for Ohridean
Entity of Water Resources as a Complex Dynamic
System (Ph.D. Dissertation). St. Cyril and St.
Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of
Macedonia, 1998.
Kolemishevska-Gugulovska, T., Contributions to
Simulation Modelling of Water Level Dynamics of
Prespa-Ohridean Lakes from Uncertainty Data (in
Macedonian). ASE Lab. Report MSCWS-03/95.
Skopje: Faculty of EE - St.Cyril & St.Methodius
University, 1995.
Kolemishevska-Gugulovska, T.D., G.M.Dimirovski and
N.E.Gough, "Simulation modelling of Prespa-Ohrid
Lakes System for ecological studies". In A.Jones
(Chair) Mission Earth Symp.European Simulation
Symposia Conference (M. DalCin, U.Hercog,
G.Bloch & A.R.Kaylan, Chairmen), Erlangen (D),
Paper MEES.2, 1995.
Kolemishevska-Gugulovska, T.D., G.M.Dimirovski
M.J.Stankovski and N.E.Gough, "Simulation of
fuzzy-relational modelling of Presepa-Ohridean
Lakes System for ecological studies". In
M.H.Hamza (ed.) Modelling, Identification and
Control (Selected Papers), IASTED & Acta Press,
Anaheim-Calgary-Zurich, pp. 5-8, 1996.
The event of rainfalls having high intensity makes an
impact similarly to that of a powerful impulse action: a
sudden strong quantum excitation of process dynamics of
aquatic system. The huge magnitudes influence the process dynamics so that inherent nonlinearities that are present in the internal geophysical mechanisms of the system
are felt from the input-output point of view; in such cases,
often, Kalman filter fails practically. These events cause
in simulation results a kind of "fast emptying effect" for
the basin. By eliminating the error sources, the gap between estimated values and ballistic values for the two
top tanks must decrease in a run for longer time period,
while for the third tank this period is much more longer,
and some difference may remain present always.
Kolemishevska-Gugulovska, TD., "Modelling the level
dynamics of Prespa-Ohridean water resource
system: New results". In G.M.Dimirovski (ed.)
ETAI’93 Preprints of the 1st Balkan IFAC-type
Conference on Applied Automatic Systems. Skopje:
ETAI Society of R. Macedonia, Part. II, pp. 116118, 1993.
Kuzmin, M.I., D.F.Williams, N.A.Logachev, S. Colman,
B.N.Khakhaev, T.Kawai, P.Hearn, Sh. Horie,
L.A.Pevzner, A.A.Bukharov and V.A.Fialkov, “The
Baikal Drilling Project: scientific objectives and
recent results”. Russian Geology & Geophysics, ,
34 (10-11), 3-11, 1995.
Lettenmaier, D.P., "Rainfall-runoff modelling". In
M.G.Singh (Editor-in-Chief) Systems and Control
Encyclopedia: Theory, Technology, Applications.
Oxford: The IFAC & Pergamon Press, vol. 6, pp.
3940-3944, 1987.
M.Tokarev (Chair) Synopsis Prepr. Joint Colloq. on
Ecological Aspects of Ground Space Planning in
R.Macedonia. Skopje: Ministry of Urbanism,
Contruction & Environment Protection, Society of
Ecology and Macedonian Ecological Movement, pp.
Conclusions
It has been shown in this contribution that a rather comprehensive and quality simulation modelling can be
achieved on the grounds of system-theoretic approach.
Kalman filter state-estimation method is applied to dynamic system composed of the three-tank model and the
water balance equation in the basin of Prespanean Lake.
The most difficult step is the derivation and then implementation of the extended Kalman filter for non-linear
estimation due to its inherent sensitivity and numerical
instability with respect to all components of the model,
which may overcome only along with the software implementation and following a tedious, time-consuming
but rewarding investigation for empirical adjustments.
111-112, 1995.
Nakayama, Y., S.Tanaka, K.Endo and Y.Suga, “A change
of Aril See’s water area by satellite data?” In
S.Fujimura (ed.) Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium Better Understanding of Earth
Environment. New York: The IEEE, vol. 1, pp. 194196, 1993.
Shimizu, H. and S.Arimoto, "An application of state
estimation for system of hydrologic cycle in the
basin
of
Lake
Biwa".
In
E.Svaragi
(Chairman)Preprints 8th IFAC World Congress,
Kyoto (J), The IFAC and University of Kyoto, vol.
XXIII, pp. 60-65, 1981.
Sibinovic, M., The Lakes: Prespanean and Ohridean (in
Macedonian). Skopje: The SRC & Agency of Water
Resources of R. of Macedonia, 1987.
Tsanis, I.K. and J.Wu, “LMS - an integrated lake
modelling system”. J. Envron. Software, 9 (2),103113, 1994.
Zadeh, L.A. and E.Polak, System Theory. NewYork:
Academic Press, 1969.
Ziegler, B.P., Theory of Modelling and Simulation. New
York: J.Wiley, 1976.
271
Primena na nuklearni i relevantni tehniki vo prou~uvawe na
Prespanskoto Ezero
Todor ANOVSKI1, Fana BOGDANOVSKA2, Mirjanka MALETI]1 i Q. ARSOV1
1
2
Tehnolo{ko-metalur{ki fakultet, Univ. Sv."Kiril i Metodij" Skopje, R Makedonija
Centar za primena na radioizotopi vo naukata i stopanstvoto, Skopje, R Makedonija
Apstrakt
Vo ramkite na regionalniot proekt pod naslov"Studija za Prespanskoto Ezero primenuvajki nuklearni i relevantni tehniki ", potpomognati od MAAE(Me|unarodnata agencija za atomska energija), inicirani se razli~ni
istra`uvawa povrzani pred se so utvrduvawe na dlabiskiot profil na ezeroto, kvalitetot na vodite i materijalniot bilans, vo koi aktivno u~estvo zemaat nau~ni rabotnici od trite sosedni zemji koi stopanisuvaat so vodite
na ezeroto. Celta na ovoj trud e da se prika`e del od postignatite tekovni istra`uvawa.
Voved
Vo grani~nata zona pome|u Albanija, Grcija i na{ata zemja, locirani se tri ezera: Mala
Prespa, Golema Prespa i Ohridskoto Ezero, razdvoeni so planinite Suva Gora i Gali~ica, glavno karstificirani (Sl. 1).
Soglasno postojnata hipoteza (Cvijic 1906),
vodite od Prespanskoto Ezero, nemaj}i vidliv
povr{inski istek, se dreniraat i pojavuvaat
pokraj obodot na Ohridskoto Ezero i neposrednata okolina. Teoretski i eksperimentalno, ovaa
hipoteza be{e delumno potvrdena so izvedenite
izotopski istra`uvawa vo osumdesetite godini
(Anovski et al. 1991). Iako e potvrdena hidrolo{kata vrska na izvorite kaj Sv. Naum so vodite od
Prespanskoto Ezero, mnogu pra{awa, povrzani
so prou~uvaweto na hidrogeolo{kite karakteristiki na ohridsko-prespanskiot region a so
toa i utvrduvaweto na intenzitetot na tie vrski
kako i tranzitnite vremiwa na podzemnite vodi,
zna~ajni za celosnata za{tita na Prespanskoto
t.e. Ohridskoto Ezero (ova osobeno zaradi faktot {to slivnoto podra~je na Prespanskoto ezero pretstavuva del i od slivnoto podra~je na
Ohridskoto Ezero), ostanuvaat da se razjasnat.
Opis na proektot, celi i aktivnosti
Periodi~nite oscilacii na vodite vo
Prespanskoto Ezero od edna strana i se pogolemiot pritisok na stopanskite aktivnosti, vklu~uvaj}i go zemjodelieto so soodvetnite agroteh-
272
ni~ki merki i letniot turizam, od druga, kako
imperativ se nalaga potrebata od sistematska
gri`a za kvalitetot na prespanskite t.e. ohridski ezerski vodi kako neprocenlivi rezervoari
na pitka voda.
Ohrid
Lake
Galichica
Mount
Prespa
Lake
Fig. 1, Geomorphological
Sl. 1 Geomorfolo{ka
karta namape
istra`uvanoto
podra~je
Fig. 1 Geomorphological map of the investigated area
So ogled na toa {to so vodite na ova ezero
stopanisuvaat trite sosedni zemji, problemot na
za{titata na negovite vodi stanuva zaedni~ka
gri`a.
Study of Prespa Lake using nuclear and related techniques/progress report/
Todor ANOVSKI1, Fana BOGDANOVSKA2, Mirjanka MALETIC1 and Lj. ARSOV1
1
2
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, univ. “Sv. Kiril and Methodij”, Skopje,Republic of Macedonia
Center for Application of Radioisotopes in Sc. and Industry, Skopje,Republic of Macedonia
Abstract
Within the Regional Research Project entitled “Study of Prespa Lake using Nuclear and Relevant Techniques”, supported by the
IAEA(International Atomic Energy Agency), various investigations related to the determination of the Bottom profile, Quality and
Water Balance of the Prespa lake, has been initiated in which scientists from the countries sharing the Lake, are taking participance.
The aim of this paper /Progress Report/ is to present some of the preliminary results obtained so far.
Introduction
Three lakes: Ohrid, Big Prespa and Small Prespa are located on the borders between Albania, Macedonia and
Greece, and are separated by the Suva Gora - Mali i Tahate and Galichica MT. (mostly Carstificated) (Fig. 1).
According to the existing hypothesis (Cvijic 1906),
water from the Prespa lake, shared by three neighboring
countries, is drenaging through the Galichica mountain
and appears at our and the Albanian coast of the Ohrid
lake, located cca 100 m below the Prespa lake, at an
elevation of 700 m a.s.l., forming in such a way a
unique hydro system in the world.
Periodical oscillations of the Prespa lake level, which is
more or less a natural phenomenon, in the past was in
the range from 2 to 8 meters, depending on the rainless
or rainy seasons. This outstanding decrease of the water
level disturbed the ecological balance on the lake and in
the valley to a great extent resulting in serious consequences for fishing and tourist industry and other activities of the local population in the transboundary
Prespa region. In addition to this, the industrial activities as well as the overuse of the herbicides in agriculture activities, raised the problem of pollution of the
water masses in the Prespa Lake.
That is why, preservation of the Prespa Lake, shared by
three neighboring countries and of the Prespa-Ohrid
hydro-system is of regional character. The role of Governments to that end is important. However the social
response affecting the preservation of the Prespa Lake
and various measures that can be undertaken by scientific community are extensive and can lead towards
continuous improvement of the process of exploitation
and conservation of the Prespa Lake.
Our preliminary investigations and obtained so far results (Anovski et al. 1991) have confirmed partly the
hypothesis, but, the extent of the communication between Ohrid and Prespa lakes is still undetermined and
needs further investigation in order more accurate predictions of the Prespa lake level to be established. Besides the determination of the intensity of the hydrological connection between the Prespa and Ohrid lakes,
many other questions, such as the determination of the
residence time of the infiltrated Prespa Lake waters,
remain still open.
As the defined problem of the Ohrid-Prespa hydrosystem is of regional character, covering border areas in
three neighboring countries,the application of natural
and artificial water tracers and other relevant analytical
techniques such as AAS, HPLC, Total
α and
β − Activity, α and γ-Spectrometry has to be applied
in the whole catchment area. On the basis of the results
to be obtained so far, it is expecting to be more in deep
understood this important Ohrid-Prespa hydro system
phenomenon (hydrological balance), assuring in the
same time its high water quality as one of the basic
precondition for better quality of life (more intensive
development of fishing and tourist industry) of the local
population gravitating to this transboundary region.
In this sense more intensive collaboration between the
scientists in the sharing trans-border area is necessary
and will be one of the main targets of the project. This
will be achieved through:
- collection of field samples, analysis and exchange
of measurement data;
dissemination of knowledge acquired before and during
the project through professional meetings and contacts.
Ottamu i potrebata od zaedni~ki istra`uvawa
se nametna kako imperativ, ~ij rezultat be{e
aktivirawe na eden regionalen nau~noistra`uva~ki proekt koj pokraj nuklearnite
tehniki (analiza na sodr`inata na stabilnite
izotopi na O-18/O-16, N-2/N-1) koi se poka`aa
kako izvonredni hidrolo{ki orudija }e opfati
primena i na drugi relevantni tehniki (AAS,
HPLC, vkupna alfa, vkupna beta aktivnost, gama
spektrometrija i dr.) istovremeno primeneti
na celoto slivno podra~je na ezeroto.
Vo ovoj smisol, pogolema sorabotka
pome|u nau~nite rabotnici od sosednite zemji
koi rabotat na prou~uvaweto na Prespanskoto
ezero, se o~ekuva da se ostvari, osobeno pri
razmena na podatoci, iskustva vo analiti~ki
tehniki, evaluacija na sobranite podatoci i
{to e najva`no istovremeno se vr{at
uzorkuvawa na primeroci od hidrolo{kiot
ciklus, se pripremaat ednakvo i analiziraat so
isti tehniki. Relevantnosta na dobienite
podatoci vo razli~nite laboratorii ne bi
trebalo da dojde vo pra{awe.
< 2,8 mg·l-1, isklu~ok pravi Resenska reka so
vrednost od 7,5 mg·l-1, na Natriumoviot jon.
- Zgolemenite vrednosti na bikarbonatniot
jon vo ispituvanite izvorski vodi od 107 mg·l-1,
vo sporedba so onie od 14-65 mg·l-1, za povr{inskite vodi, zboruva vo prilog na potrvdenata
vrska na prespanskite vodi so vodite od Izvorite kaj Sv, Naum, osobeno zaradi kontaktot so
karstificiranite masi na planinata Gali~ica,
pobivajki gi konstantaciite na Ivanov (1974).
- Sodr`inata na rastvoreniot -O2, poka`a
vrednosti pome|u 8 i 10,10 mg·l-1, {to e vo dobra
soglasnost so onie od pred desetina godini,
dobieni vo ramkite na nau~noistra`uva~kiot
proekt rakovoden od D-r Ocevski (Ocevski 1990),
{to govori vo prilog na konstatacijata deka,
sepak go nema o~ekuvaniot trend na eutrofikacija. Ova sekako ne ja isklu~uva mo`nosta deka
kvalitetot na vodite nema da bide cikli~no
naru{en vo letnite meseci kako i sekoja godina
{to ni se slu~uva, zaradi pritisokot {to go
pravat mnogubrojnite letnoodmorci.
Radiolo{ki analizi
Rezultati i analiza na podatoci
Hidrolo{ki obzervacii
Soglasno hidrografskite podatoci (Anovski et al. 1991), za razlika od Ohridskoto Ezero, registrirana e mnogu dobra korelacija pome|u promenite na nivoto na Prespanskoto ezero i koli~inite na lokalnite vrne`i. Ova osobeno se povrzuva so faktot {to nivoto na Ohridskoto ezero ve{ta~ki se odr`uva.
Sega{noto nivo na Prespanskoto ezero e
pogolemo za poveke od eden metar vo odnos na
srednoto nivo za 1994/95 godina imaj}i vrednosti od -230 cm.
Kvalitet na vodite
Fizi~ko-hemiski analizi
So fizi~ko-hemijskite analizi bea
opfateni primeroci na voda od:
• Rekite: Braj~inska, Kranska, Isto~ka i
Golema(Resenska)
• Prespansko Ezero
• Izvorite : Sv. Naum i
Gali~ica(Korita)
koi bea kolektirani vo Dekemvri 1999 godina.
Vrz osnova na dobienite podatoci bi
mo`elo da se ka`e slednoto:
- Skoro site analizirani primeroci poka`aa relativno niski koncentracii na Na i K,
Dobienite rezultati od izvr{enite radiolo{ki analizi (vkupna-alfa, vkupna-beta
kako i gama spektrometrija) (Anovski 1984; Nikolovska et al. 1988) pretstaveni se vo Tab.1 i Sl.2.
Evedentno e deka, nivoto na radioaktivnosta e
vo granicite na o~ekuvanite vrednosti za hidrosistemi so cirkulacija na relativno sve`i
vodi. Ova osobeno za radi razvienosta na karstot na Suva Gora i Gali~ica.
Za razlika od vkupnata alfa aktivnost
koja e pod ili na granicata na detekcija i vkupnata beta poka`uvajki vrednosti pod MDK
(maksimalno dozvoleni koncentracii) za vodata od I klasa (voda za piewe), od 1 Bq·l-1, gama
spektrometriskite analizi go poka`aa prisustvoto na radioaktivni izotopi pokraj na onie
od prirodnite radioaktivni nizovi, isto taka i
na fisioniot proizvod Cs-137 vo koncentracii
i do 0,23 ± 0.05 mg·l-1, za vodite od Prespanskoto
Ezero, koi samo za sporedba, pove}e pati se
pogolemi od onie vo rekata Vardar vo 1992 god.
(Anovski et al. 1993). Relativno povisokite koncentracii vo ezerskite vodi od onie kaj rekite
mo`e da se prepi{e na procesite na isparuvaweto. Podatocite za sodr`inata na Cs-137,
pokraj mo`nostite {to gi pru`a za procenka
na radiacionata optovarenost na ~ovekot, dava
mo`nosti za negova upotreba i vo bilansiraweto na vodite kako ve{ta~ki traser.
Project description, goals and activities
Project description and goals
In many parts of the world people are faced with the lack
of potable and technological water resources. Often, the
only available water resource is groundwater. Overuse
usually invites a fast decline in groundwater resources,
which are recharged insufficiently, or not at all by prevailing climatic conditions. In industrialized as well as in
developing countries, groundwater are often polluted,
mainly, due to the uncontrolled waste water releases from
various industrial capacities, the implications of which
are unpredictable for both, present and future generations.
That is why the preservation and sustainable development
of the transbondary Prespa region shared by the three
neighboring countries, gained nowadays in its importance
especially keeping in mind the existence of a huge reserves of pure water not yet significantly contaminated in
both lakes, Prespa and Ohrid, forming a unique hydro
system in the world. In this sense, participants from different institutions involved in research and environmental
activities in the Prespa region) of the two Balkan states,
Republic of Albania and Republic of Macedonia on the
International Symposium on Integrated Preservation and
Sustainable Development of the Transbondary Prespa and
Ohrid region, held from 24-26 October, 1997 in Korca,
Albania, have presented 35 scientific papers on the status
of waters and catchment areas of the big and small Lake
Prespa, confirming that the interest for regional approach
should be founded on principles that constitute the core of
European values.
In the resulting outcome of the presentations and discussions, symposium participants decided that there are certain conclusions that have to be drawn out of this symposium aimed at the preservation and protection of the big
and small Prespa and their usage as a most valuable natural resource.
This and many other problems currently encountered in
hydrology and associated with environmental fields have
shown an increased demand for the application of the
modern isotope techniques primarily based on stable and
radioactive isotopes which are appearing as constituents
of the water molecule (i.e. H,D,T,O-18,O-16 etc.). These
methods were recognized as indispensable for solving various problems, such as the identification of the pollution
sources, study of the interrelationships between surface
and groundwater, dating etc. Moreover, in combination
with other hydrogeological and geochemical methods,
isotope techniques are efficient tool and can provide useful hydrological information about the origin, replenishment and dynamics of groundwater (IAEA 1963-1995).
Faced with apparent and considerable hydrological
changes on the Prespa lake (during 1987-1997) which
have caused the water level at big Prespa lake to reduce
by 7,79 m, referring to the maximum level, within such a
short period of time, the participants of the Korca'97
Symposium proposed application of experimental isotope
and other testing methods in order to determine the water
flow-out of big lake Prespa and quality of the water with
special emphasis on the both organic and inorganic
pollution, providing in the same time the basic
prerequisites for an intensive and rational planning and
land-use in the region.
Through the mutual investigations of the Ohrid - Prespa
hydrosystem a valuable exchange of experience among
the scientists and technical coworkers of the institutions participating in the project is expected to take place.
In this sense, the establishment of an international researcher working team of from the participating neighboring
countries, which would offer possibilities for interdisciplinary study (surface and ground water investigations
modern methodology ) of the Prespa lake phenomenon,
would represent one of the main goals of this project.
Activities
The above mentioned goals of the project would be
achieved through the following activities:
- Reciprocal scientific visits of coworkers of the participating Institutes (4-5 days) which will contribute in better
understanding the region of interest and the problems
from the both side of the border. To discuss the isotope
and other available relevant techniques to be applied;
- Outline of preliminary sampling network, sampling
techniques and frequency of sampling;
Collecting of samples, analysis and exchange of measurement and other relevant data between the participating
laboratories, giving an accurate insight in its hydrological
balance and water quality status which is very important
for the future of the region;
- Determination of the Lake Prespa Depth profile
- More precise verification of the hypothesis for
existing of underground communication between Prespa
and Ohrid lakes (data about the intensity of the
underground hydrological communication between the
above mentioned lakes are foreseen to be received);
- Expert knowledge exchange before and during the
project through professional meetings and contacts;
Planning of the full project in a way that the main
activities (hydrological investigations, water quality
assurance, etc) will continue after the end of this project.
Results and data analysis
Hydrological observations
According to the hydrological data (Anovski et al.
1999) different than Ohrid Lake, the very close
correlation between the level changes of the Lake Prepa
and the amount of local precipitation is observed.
Tab. 1 Specifi~na i vkupna radioaktivnost na vodeni primeroci od ohridsko-prespanskiot hidrosistem
Tab. 1 Specific and total radioactivity of investigated water sample from th Ohrid-Prespa hydrosystem
Izvor Sv. Naum
(St. Naum Springs)
Reka Braj~inska
(Brajchinska
River)
Prespansko Ezero
(Prespa Lake)
K-40
[Bq·l-1]
Cs-137
[Bq·l-1]
Bi-214
[Bq·l-1]
Ac-228
[Bq·l-1]
Total aactivity
[Bq·l-1]
5,7 ± 0.2
0,05 ± 0,01
0,64 ± 0,05
0,22 ± 0,03
p.g.d.*
5,5 ± 0,3
0,095±
0.014
1,17±0,13
/
p.g.d.*
0,02±
0,01
10,4±0,3
0,23±0,1
2,33 ±0.05
0,84±0,11
p.g.d.*
0,16 ± 0,013
Total bactivity
[Bq·l-1]
0,02±
0,01
Zaklu~ok
Sl. 2 Gama spektar na primerok na voda od izvorot Sv. Naum
Fig. 2 Gamma spectral plot of St. Naum spring water
Dlabiski profil i bilans na vodite
Vo ramkite na interinstitucionalnata sorabotka, vo tek e opredeluvaweto na dlabinskiot
profil na Ezeroto kako i izotopskite analizi
na sodr`inata na stabilnite izotopi na 18O/16O,
2
N/1N vo hidrolo{kiot ciklus na vodata. Istra`uvawata }e pridonesat kon podobro poznavawe
na fenomenot na oscilaciite na nivoto na Ezeroto. Vrz osnova na radiolo{kite i fizi~ko-hemiskite analizi, napravena e pribli`na ocena za
participacijata na prespanskite vodi vo vodite
na izvorite na Sv. Naum, koja e vo prilog na prethodno presmetanata vrednost (Anovski et al. 1980).
Referenci (References)
Cvijic, J. (1906). Fundamentals of geography and geology of
Macedonia and old Serbia,", Sp. Ed. VIII+689, Belgrade.
Anovski, T. et al. (1991). Study of the hydrologic relationship
between Ohrid and Prespa lakes. Proc. IAEA International
Symposium,IAEA-SM-319/62 p., Vienna, March, 1991.
Radioisotopes in Hydrology, IAEA Proceed. of a Symp., Tokyo, 5-9 March 1963
Isotope Hydrology, IAEA Proc. Symp., Wien, 1970, 1978, 1983
Isotope Techniques in Groundwater Hydrology, IAEA Proc.
Symp., Vienna 11-15, March 1974.
Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Devel., Proc., IAEA
Symp.Vienna, 1987,1991,1995
Anovski, T., Risteski, P. & Micevski, E. (1999). Hydrological,
Physico-Chemical and Isotopic Observations (study of the
Analizirajki gi dobienite rezultati kako
od dosega{nite taka i od ovie istra`uvawa koi
se vo tek bi mo`elo da se zaklu~i slednoto:
Sega{noto nivo na Prespanskoto Ezero e
vo postojan porast i e za ssa 1,3 m povisoko od
prose~noto za 1994/95 god. i se nao|a na nivo od 230 cm od referentnata kota.
- Fizi~ko-hemijskite i radiolo{kite analizi
poka`aa deka vodite na Prespanskoto ezero vo
ispituvaniot period se od I klasa. Ova sekako ne
ja isklu~uva mo`nosta deka kvalitetot na vodite
bi mo`el povtorno da bide naru{en vo letnite
meseci kako i sekoja godina {to ni se slu~uva,
zaradi pritisokot {to go pravat mnogubrojnite
letni turisti.
- Prisutniot Cs-137, pokraj mo`nostite {to gi
dava za procenka na radijacionata optovarenost
na ~ovekot, ovozmo`uva negova upotreba i vo
bilansiraweto na vodite kako ve{ta~ki traser.
- Opredeluvaweto na dlabinskiot profil na
Prespanskoto ezero kako i izotopskite analizi
na sodr`inata na stabilnite izotopi na O-18/O16, N-2/N-1 vo hidrolo{kiot ciklus na vodata ke
doprinesat kon podobroto osoznavawe na fenomenot na oscilaciite na nivoto na vodata.
Ohrid-Prespa Hydrosystem). Workshop – IAEA-Project
RER/8/008, 22-24 November, Athens, Greece.
Ivanov, G. (1974). Problem on Determination the Originate of
St Naum Spring. Proc. Symp. on Regulation of Lake Ohrid,
MANU, Skopje.
Ocevski, B. (1990). The Problem related with the Pollution of
Grate Lakes in Macedonia. RFNA, Skopje.
Anovski, T. (1984). Application of Isotope Techniques in Research of Water Flow Pollution. Ph.D. Thesis
Nikolovska, L. et al. (1988). Radioecology of Vardar River.
Fund of the Center for Application of Radioisotopes in Sc.
and Industry (CARSI)
Anovski, T. Et al. (1993). Radioecology of Vardar River. Fund
of the CARSI.
T. Anovski, T. et al. (1980). A Study of the Origin of Water of
St. Naum Springs Lake Ohrid.
Although, there is not an evident surface outflow from
the Lake Prespa, due to its naturally controlled drainage
of the water through Galichica mountain, its level strictly
is following the amount of precipitation, what is not the
case with Ohrid Lake where the level artificially is maintaining through its outlet(Crni Drim River).
The present level of the Lake Prespa is oscillating and
shows the tendency of increasing ( reaching the value of 230 cm. for the period of March, 2000) in comparison
with the value of cca – 330 cm. for the year 1994/95.
Water quality
Physico-chemical analysis
Physico-chemical analysis have been performed on various water samples: Rivers (Brajcinska, Kranska, Istocka
and Golema (Resenska)), Lakes (Prespa) and Springs (St
Naum and Galichica) collected in December 1999, within
the catchment area of Lake Prespa.
On the basis of the obtained results the following
remarks might be outlined:
- Almost all analyzed waters showed very low Na and K
concentrations i.e. <2,8 mg·l-1 with an exception of Resenska River having an amount of 7,5 mg·l-1 of Na+ ion.
- Increased values of 107 mg·l-1 for HCO3- ion in spring
water in comparison with values between 14 and 65
mg·l-1 for Rivers and Lake waters, confirm the underground contact of drained Lake water with the carstificated limestone masses of Galichica mount, before its
appearance in the St . Naum Spring, confuting the statement of Ivanov (1974).
- If we compare the obtained values of 1,86 and 11,09
mg·l-1 in August and April 1987 (Ocevski 1990), respectively, for dissolved Oxygen in Prespa Lake water with
these registered 12 years later, in December, 1999, showing values between 8,0 mg·l-1 and 10,1 mg·l-1 for the rivers and Lake water, it is evident that the organic pollution of the Lake Prespa has not a progress like it has been
expected. However, some decreasing in the quality of the
Lake water might be expected during the summer period
(Touristic season) when along the Lake coast several
thousands of people are temporary located for holiday.
Radiological analysis
The obtained results of the performed radiological
analysis (Total-α, Total −β and γ-spectrometry determinations (Anovski 1984; Nikoloska et al. 1988), are shown
on Tab.1 and Fig. 2. It is evident that the level of radioactivity is within the expected values for the hydrosystems in which relatively fresh water is circulating. These,
especially having in mind the developed carstification of
Galichica mount and Suva Gora.
Different than the values for Total - α activity, being on the background level and Total β , not exceeding the MPL (Maximum Permitted Level) of concentration i.e. 1 Bq·l-1 for water of the first category, γ-spec-
trometric determinations have shown beside the naturally
occurring radioisotopes like, K-40, Pb-214, pb-212, Bi214 etc, a presence of the artificial fission product, Cs137 in concentrations up to 0,23+- 0,05 for Prespa Lake
water samples, which are for an example, several times
higher than these registered in Vardar River water samples, collected in 1992 (Anovski et al. 1993). Relatively
higher concentration of Cs-137 in the Lake Prespa water
samples in comparison with those of river water samples
might be a result of the evaporation processes. However,
the presence of the artificial tracer Cs-137 , beside the
health physics assessment, together with the other
physico – chemical data might be also used for hydrological balancing of the observed Lake Prespa could also
be used as an artificial tracer in balancing the participation of the Prespa Lake water in the St. Naum Spring.
Depth profile and water balance
Within the frame of the interinstitutional cooperation, Determination of the Profile of the Prespa Lake
Bottom as well as the content of environmental occurring
stable isotopes i.e. δ Ο−18 and. δ Η−2 into the Hydrological Water Cycle, are under way. These investigations
have to contribute in better understanding of the karst
development and subbottom stratification, giving a valuable parameters for defining the observed hydrological
system as a whole including of water balancing too.
However, a ruff estimation based on the obtained data
(Physico-chemical and radiological analysis ), which are
of preliminary character, could confirm the previously
performed calculations (Anovski et al. 1980), related to
the determination of the Prespa Lake participation in recharge of the St. Naum Spring.
Conclusion
- On the basis of the performed investigations and obtained so far results, the following conclusions can be drawn.
- The present level of the Lake Prespa is in the state of
increasing, reaching the value of - 230 cm. for the period
of March, 2000 in comparison with the value of cca – 330
cm. for the year 1994/95.
- Physico-chemical and Radiological of the examined
(Surface and underground) waters in December,1999
have shown a water status of the first class. However,
some decreasing in the quality of the Lake water might be
expected during the summer period (Touristic season)
when along the Lake coast several thousands of people
are temporary located for holiday.
- The presence of the artificial tracer Cs-137 , beside the
health physics assessment, together with the other
physico – chemical data might be also used for hydrological balancing of the observed Lake Prespa.
- On the basis of the investigations related with the determination of the Depth Profile of the Prespa Lake,
which are under way, more light will be given on the
bottom and subbottom conditions.
Upravuvaweto so prirodnite resursi i teritorijalen plan se osnovata za
stabilen razvoj na Prespanskata oblast
Mevlan KABO, Skender SALA i Enkela BEGU
Centar za geografski istra`uvawa – Tirana
Izvod
^ovekot od sekoga{ se obiduval da gi zadovoli svoite potrebi baraj}i se pove}e i pove}e od prirodata. Ova
predizvikalo golemo vlijanie na nego, a vo isto vreme sozdalo i antropogeno vlijanie. Ovoj trud dava konkreten
pogled na okolini vo Prespanskata oblast. I pokraj toa {to Prespa nudi golem broj na prirodni resursi za
stabilen razvoj, ~ovekot ne sekoga{ gi koristel na racionalen na~in. Zemjata, florata, faunata i sl. Se u{te se
zloupotrebuvaat. I pokraj se, vo Prespa se u{te postojat mnogu mo`nosti za da se upotrebat na pravilen na~in, i
da se vospostavi nov odnos pome|u ~Ovekot i prirodata. Fokusot treba da bide na stabilniot razvoj.
Voved
Prespanskata oblast mu nudi na ~ovekot
mnogu prirodni resursi. Osnoven uslov za racionalno upravuvawe so niv e celosno zapoznavawe
na geografskata oblast okolu ezeroto. Odnosot
na ~ovekot kon prirodnite resursi od sekoga{
zavisel od pove}e uslovi. Vo oblastite kade {to
~ovekot ne ja po~ituval prirodata i nejzinite
zakoni sekoga{ se sozdavale ekolo{ki i socijalni problemi. Zgolemenoto ~ovekovo vlijanie
vrz zemji{teto, florata, faunata, vodite i sli~no vo direktna ili indirektna forma, imalo
negativno vlijanie vrz kvalitetot na okolinata,
klimata, vodite i kako rezultat na toa - ~ovekovoto zdravje.
Dolgoto pogre{no upravuvawe na ovie
prirodni resursi, gubitokot na {umite i ekstenzivnoto zemjodelie stvorile uslovi za sozdavawe
na pustina vo ovaa oblast.
Materijal i metod
Cel na ovoj trud e analiza na koristeweto
na prirodnite resursi vo Prespa. Geografskata
analiza se bazira na konkretno zapoznavawe i
ocenuvawe na ovie resursi. Nabquduvaj}i ja
momentalnata sostojba na kopnenata i vodenata
oolina, vo blizok odnos so ~ovekovata aktivnost,
}e dademe nau~ni zaklu~oci i predlog-re{enija
za ispravno upravuvawe vo idnina.
Najva`niot zaklu~ok od ovaa analiza e idejata deka i pokraj golemoto ~ovekovo vlijanie,
Prespa se u{te ima neo{teteni vrednosti. Isto
taka, nekoi od niv mo`at da se obnovat. Prirod-
nite resursi {to gi nudi ovaa oblast na ~ovekot
se glavniot faktor za nejzinata “humanizacija”.
Ispravnoto i racionalno upravuvawe se ka~uva
na glavna scena. Ovoj trud, isto taka se bazira na
nekolku postoe~ki resursi za ovaa problematika.
Rezultati i diskusija
Prespa e pome|u onie geografski oblasti
so edinstveni karakteristiki. Nejzinite glavni
elementi kako zemjata, vodata, faunata, klimata
i sl. pru`aat dobri uslovi za nejzin stabilen
razvoj. Op{tite karakteristiki na ovie elementi se usloveni od karstnoto poteklo na ovoj
region, geolo{kiot sostav (varovnik), mediteranska klima, ~ove~koto vlijanie i sl.
Razvojot na odredena oblast e uslovena od
pove}e faktori od prirodno ili socijalno poteklo. Sepak, ne postoi definicija za primarnata uloga na tie faktori. Najva`nata rabota za
razvoj na eden region e celosnoto zapoznavawe na
ovie faktori i sorabotkata so niv. Od ovoj
aspekt treba da se gledaat i prirodnite i ~ovekovite resursi na prespanskata oblast. Vo isto vreme najva`no e pravilnoto upravuvawe so ovie resursi bidej}i tie se mnogu ne`ni. Ako se koristat ispravno tie mo`at da traat mnogu dolgo
vreme.
Site od niv se za podobruvaweto na dobrobitieto
na ~ovekot i za{titata na prirodnata okolina.
So drugi zborovi, najva`no e usoglasuvaweto na
aktivnostite na ~ovekot i prirodata. Rezultatot
od toa bi terbalo da bide visokiot kvalitet na
`ivotot i prirodata.
Natural resources management and territorial plan are the base for a stable
development in Prespa area
Mevlan KABO, Skender SALA & Enkela BEGU
Geographical Study Centar-Tirana
Abstract
The man is always attempt to fulfill his increasing needs, asking for more and more from the nature.This caused a great impact of him
in the natural environment and creation of antropogens one.This article make a concrete outlook to these environments in Prespa area.
Even if Prespa offers a lot of natural resources to the stability, we observe that the man not always has use them in a rational
form.Land, fauna, flora etc are still maltreated in 7-8 last decades. Inspite of these in Prespa area are still a lot of possibilities to
administrate it in a right form, to establish new rapport between man and environment.The focus should be in favor of stable
development.
Entry
Prespa area offers to the man a lot of natural resources.
The fundamental condition for a rational management of
those is a complete acknowledgment in the whole
geographic area around the lake. The rate of man
intervention over natural resources has always been
affected by a lot of elments. In those areas where the man
has not respected the nature and it’s lows, are always
created environmental and social problems. The
increasing impact of the man towards land, fauna, flora,
waters etc, in a direct or indirect form, has negatively
affected the quality of environment, clime, waters and as
a result in the man health.
The long and not correct management of those natural
resources, deforestation and extensive agriculture has
created conditions for the dezertification of this area.
Materials and methods
The object of this article is the analyze of Prespa natural
resources use. This geographical analyze is based on
concrete acquaintance and valuation of these resources.
Observing the actual state of land and water environment,
in a close relationship with the human activity, we give
scientific conclusions and suggest solution for a correct
management in the future.
The most important conclusion that comes out from this
geographical analyze is the idea that even the impact of
the man over Prespa area is great enough, Prespa
environment still conserves undamaged values. Some of
them has also the possibility of rehabilitation. Natural
resources that this geographical are offers to the man are
the main factors of it’s environment humanization. The
correct and rational management takes the apron. This
article is also based in few existing resources for this
problem.
Results and discussions:
Prespa area is among those geographical areas with
original features. It’s main elements like land, water,
fauna, clime etc give good possibilities for it’s stable
development. The general features of these elements are
conditioned from the graben
origin of this area,
geological composed (limestone), Mediterranean clime,
human impact etc.
The development of a specific area is affected by a lot of
factors with natural or social origin. However there is no
definition about the primary role for those factors. For the
development of an area always the most important thing
is the full acknowledgment of these factors and their cooperation. In this point of view should be seen the natural
and human resources of Prespa area. At the same time
the most important thing is the correct management of
these resources because they are very fragile. If they are
well used by the man they can last for a long long time.
All of these in the favor of increasing man well-being and
natural environment protection. In other words, the most
important thing is the harmonization of nature and human
activity. It’s result should be the high quality of life and
nature.
Prespa has a lot of natural resources, which promise for a
good development of this area.
Among the primary one we can mention: sun,
wind, waters, land, flora, fauna etc and as secondary:
limestone and clay rocks, sands etc.
279
Prespa ima golem broj na resursi koi vetuvaat
dobar razvoj na ovaa oblast. Nekoi od pova`nite
se: sonceto, veterot, zemjata, florata, faunata i
sl., a od sekundarnite: varovnikot i glinenite
karpi, pesokot i sl.
@itelite na ovaa oblast go pretstavuvaat
~ove~kiot resurs koj ja ima odlu~uva~kata uloga
za pravilnata administracija na tie prirodni
resursi. Preku ispravni polisi ovie `iteli }e
gi imaat site mo`nosti za da ja za{titat
prirodata, a vo isto vreme da podobrat nekoi od
resursite kako {to se vodata, vozduhot, po~vata,
florata i faunata.
Kako ~ovekot ja koriste{e Prespanskata
okolina?
Vrskata pome|u ~ovekot i okolinata kade
{to `ivee e mnogu slo`ena. Prirodata za ~ovekot pretstavuva neophodna oblast za zadovoluvawe na negovite potrebi. ^ove~koto op{testvo
se razviva i bara se pove}e od okolinata.
Istoriskata evolucija na prespanskata populacija e dobro prika`ana so zgolemeniot pritisok
{to taa go pravi na nekoi od glavnite elementi
na okolinata. Ova naselenie otsekoga{ baralo
od prirodata pove}e hrana, surovini, zabava, uslovi i dr. Zaradi ova, deneska mo`e da se vidat
zabele`itelni {teti vo ovaa oblast. Pome|u
najo{tetenite delovi se: zemji{teto, florata i
faunata. Ovie elementi, ~esto se upotrebuvani i
po celi dekadi bez da semisli za nivnata idnina.
Od ovoj aspekt mo`e da zaklu~ime deka
`ivotnata sredina ne e za{titena i deka
{tetite }e se reflektiraat vrz biolo{koto i
genetskoto nasledstvo.
Za{titata naovie elementi ne se zasnova
na soodvetni zakoni i nedostiga ekolo{ka osnova. Poslednovo bi koristelo na celata za{tita
na prirodata, a posebno na nekoi elementi na koi
im se zakanuva is~eznuvawe. Stanuva zbor za
nekoi specifi~ni vidovi na flora i fauna. Sega
jasno mo`e da go vidimevlijanieto na ~ovekot vrz
okolinatana Prespanskata oblast. Porastot na
naselenieto i tehnikata ja poremetija prirodnata ramnote`a.
Vo ovoj slu~aj treba da se ka`e deka za
ispravno upravuvawe so prirodnite resursi potreba e soodvetna nacionalna politika, koja }e
bide vo sklad so taa na sosednite dr`avi. Za `al
ova se u{te se nema slu~eno. Ovaa politika mora
da ja sfati aktuelnata sostojba na prirodnite
resursi, da napravi to~ni procenki i kontrola
na nivnata upotreba. Od ovoj aspekt mnogu e
va`na sorabotkata me|u sosedite za dobro zapoznavawe na teritorijata bez politi~ki granici.
Ovaa kontrola treba da se gleda od geografski i statisti~ki aspekt.
Upravuvawe so prirodnite resursi bara
vnimanie bidej}i so nego se povrzani mnogu
aktivnosti na ~ovekot: zemjodelie, lovewe, ribarstvo, izgradba isl. So ovie aktivnosti ~ovekot ja podobruva svojata blagosostojaba, no ova
bara i pogolem respekt kon okolinata i mnogu
vnimatelna upotreba na prirodnite resursi.Vo
isto vreme, kvalitetot na `ivot koj mu e potreben na ~ovekot e povrzan so upravuvaweto na
oklinata. Ako ekolo{kite polisi na edna
dr`ava se vo sklad so drugite rezultatite mora
da bidat pozitivni. Za taa cel neophodno e
analiziraweto na raznite kategorii. Ova zna~i
nova klasifikacija na oblasta spored kvaliteot
i formite na upravuvaweto so okolinata.
Upravuvaweto so prirodnite resursi isto
taka zavisi od prirodnoto obrazovanie na mesnoto naselenie. Ova nivo e mnogu nisko vo ruralnite oblasti pa zatoa e neophodno da se raboti na
ovoj problem. Ova bi pomognalo da se privle~e
vnimanieto na ovie lu|e koi bi go sfatile
nivnoto u~estvo vo upravuvaweto so okolinata.
Isto taka bi pomognalo i na okolinata na ovaa
oblast za da si gi povrati svoite stvarni vrednosti so cel mnogu podobro da im slu`i na lu|eto. Od ovaa gledna to~ka mora da se prika`at
vrednostite na potro{uva~kata, proizvodstvoto,
izborot, koristeweto i za{titata na prirodnite
resursi isl. Samo na ovoj na~in okolinata vo oblasta nema da se gleda kako li~na korist tuku
kako korist za Prespanskata oblast.
[to se slu~uva deneska?
Za{titata na Prespanskiot region e se
u{te vo racete na dr`avata. Zakonot }e se donese, no glavnata uloga ja imaat NVO-ii poddr`ani od stranski donatori. Mo`e da se zabele`i porast na nivoto na obrazovanie mesnoto
naselenie. Vo isto vreme se zapo~na so npvi
aktivnosti kako {to e turizmot. Sega e momentot
za dobra sorabotka pome|u dr`avite, NVO,
zaednicata i drugi me|unarodni organizacii so
cel da se za{titat vrednostite na Prspa.
Upravuvaweto vo idnina treba da se
fokusira na koristeweto na zemji{teto, vodata,
vegetacijata, izgradbata i sl.; na distribucijata
na naselenieto vo funkcija od prirodnite resursi. Od ovoj aspekt Prespanskata oblast treba da
se gleda kako ekosistem i kako socijalen sistem.
Inhabitants of this area represent the human resource that
has the decisive role for the correct administration of
these natural resources. Through correct policies these
inhabitants have all the possibilities to protect the environment and at the same time to improve some of area
resources like water, air, land, flora and fauna.
How the man has used Prespa environment?
The relationship between the man and the environment
where he lives and has his activity is very complex and
laid in time. To the man the environment represents a
necessary area to fulfill his increasing needs. The human
society is developed asking more and more by the
environment. The historical evolution of Prespa
population is well expressed in the increasing pressure
that it has made to the main environmental elements. This
population has always asked from the environment much
more food, raw materials, entertainment conditions etc.
Due to these requests towards the environment,
unfortunately today we can clearly see considerable
damages in this area. Among them the most damaged
elements are land, flora and fauna. These elements often
are used for entire decades, without thinking for their
future. In this point of view we can conclude that the
environment is not protected and the damages are
reflected in biological and genetically heredity.
The protection of these elements is not based on proper
lows and also lacked the ecological protection base. The
last one would serve to the entire environmental
protection and especially to some elements or ecosystems
that are in danger to disappear. This would be concrete
for some specific species of flora and fauna. Now we can
clearly observe the impacts of the man on the natural environment of Prespa area. The growth of population and
its technology has touched the natural balance.
In this case we should say that in correct management of
natural resources is very important a national policy, also
well connected with that of neighbor states. Unfortunately this has not occur before. This policy must realize
the knowledge of actual state of natural resources, to
make the correct estimate and the control of their use. In
this point of view is very important the neighbor co-operation for a good knowledge of territorial area without
political boundaries.
This control should be seen in geographical and statistical
aspect.
The management of natural resources needs attention,
because with it are connected a lot of important activities
of the man like like agriculture, hunting, fishing, construction etc. Across these activities the man increase his
well being, but this ask for more respect towards the environment and a very careful use of natural resources.
At the same time the quality of life that man needs all the
time is close connected with the management of the environment. If the environment policies of one state or
neighbor states are related to each other the results will
surely be positive. For that purpose the first step should
be the analyze of different area categories. This means a
new classification of the area according to the quality and
forms of environment management.
The management of natural resources depends also by the
natural environment education level of the population on
this area. This level is really low in rural areas, sow is
necessary to work hard in this direction. This would help
to attract the attention of these people and would realize
their direct participation in environment management.
This would also help that the environment of this area to
win it’s real values in aim to serve much better to the
people. In this point of view must be shown the values of
consume, production, choose, use and protection of
natural resources etc. Only in this way the environment of
this area wouldn’t be seen as a personal benefit but as a
benefit of Prespa zone.
What about today?!
The protection of environment in Prespa area is still in
the hands of the state. The low is going to be completed,
but the main role is playing by NGO-s supported by foreign donators. We can observe an increase in education
level of the population of the area. At the same time has
begun some new activities like tourism. Now has come
the moment for a good co-operation between state, NGO,
community and other international organizations in order
to protect the values those Prespa offers.
The management in the future should be focused on land
use, water, vegetation, constructions etc; on population
distribution in function of natural resources. In this point
of view Prespa area should be seen as an ecosystem and
social production.
There are two indicators for the crisis on Prespa area:
damages on natural vegetation and land. This must be
adding also human pollution, especially to the water environment. In this pollution a great role have played agricultural land degradation,solid pollution by construction
and streams. The problem of solid pollution by streams is
more evident in Prespa e Vogel area. In this case also affect the use of lake's water for Devoll field irrigation.
The albanian part of Prespa is seriously threatened as
result of bad management, especially on land and vegetation. These damages are caused by over grazing, afforestation, wood cutting etc.
The further development of Prespa area needs an ecological plan.
Ima dva pokazateli za krizata na prespanskata oblast: {tetite na prirodnata vegetacija i
zemji{te. Na ova se nadovrzuva ~ovekovoto zagaduvawe, posebno na vodnata sredina. Za ova zagaduvawe golem pridones ima zemjodelieto i cvrstite otpadoci od gradeweto i potocite. Problemot so cvrstiot otpad vo potocite e poo~Igleden
vo Mala Prespa. Vo ovoj slu~aj, upotrebata na
ezerskite vodi za navodnuvawena poliwata na
Devoli ima isto taka zna~ajna uloga. Albanskiot
del od Prespa e seriozno zagrozen kako rezultat
na lo{oto upravuvawe, posebno na kopno i so
vegetacijata. Ovie {teti se napraveni so
prekumerno pasewe, ras~istuvawe na {umite,
drvose~ata i dr. Za ponatamo{niot razvoj na
Prespa e potreben ekolo{ki plan.
Zaklu~oci
• Nekoi od glavnite resursi na Prespa se:
sonceto, vodata, weterot, zemji{etto, florata i
Referenci (References)
Chavkalovski, J. (1997). Hydrology of Prespa Lake.
International Symposium, Korçe.
Gazes, G. (1990). L`amenagement touristique, Paris.
Gurigo, M. (1991). Gestion d`environment et etudes
faunata. Ako tie se upravuvaat na racionalen
na~in, ovaa oblast nudi golemi mo`nosti za
stabilen razvoj.
• Varovni~kite karpi, glinata, pesokot se sekundarni resursi koi go poddr`uvaat ovoj razvoj.
• Mo`e da se zabele`i deka ~ovekot pogre{no
upravuval so okolinata. Ova predizvikuvalo
ekolo{ki i socijalni problemi.
• Ponatamo{nata za{tita na prirodnite
resursi bara soodvetni zakoni i podignuvawe na
ekolo{kata svest kaj lu|eto
• Zemjodelieto, lovot, ribarstvoto, ekolo{kiot turizam se samo nekoi od glavnite aktivnosti
koi dr`avata i zaednicata mora da gi razvijat so
nau~ni studii.
• I pokraj toa {to vo ovaa obpastse zbele`ani
prvite tragi od ekolo{ka kriza se u{te postojat
mo`nosti za rehabilitacija.
• Stabilniot razvoj na oblasta bara ekolo{ki
plan, koj sekoga{ mora da ima pozitivni odzivi.
d`impact, Paris.
Kayser, B. (1989). Les sciences social face du monde
rurale. Le mirail.
Krutaj, F. (1997). Morphology and specific karstic
ecosystem in the area of Ohri and Prespa lakes.
International Symposium, Korce.
Conclusions
• Among the main resources on Prespa area we can
mention: sun, water, wind, land, flora and fauna. If they
will be managed in a rational way this area offers great
possibilities for stable development.
• Limestone rocks, clay, sands etc are secondary
resources that support this development.
• We can observe that very often the man has managed
the environment in a wrong way. This has caused
environment and social problems.
•
The further protection of natural resources needs
proper lows and the increase of ecological level of
people.
• Agriculture, hunting, fishing, ecological tourism etc are
some of the main activities that the state and the
community must develop with scientific studies.
• Even if in this area are shown the first trails of
environment crisis still exist the possibilities for
rehabilitation.
• Stable development of the area needs an ecological
plan, which always must create positive reflection.
Nicod, J. & Chardon, M. (1983). Note sur la morphotectonique l`evolution des reliefes calcaies et des
milieux naturels de la Macedonia, Mediterrannee,
nr. 3.
Qiriazi, P. (1991). Gropat Juglindore. Gjeografia fizike e
Shqiperise, vellimi 2, Tirane.
Selenica A. & Kolaneci M. (1997). On the catastrophic
falling of the water level in Prespa lake.
International Symposium, Korce.
Veyret Y. & Pech P. (1993). L`homme et l`environment,
Paris.
Vukelich, Z. & Vukelich, M. (1997). Interaction between
Prespa Lake and groundwater: their ecological
significance. International Symposium, Korce.
283
Sistemi na odr`livi naselbi
Melanija [ERDENKOVSKA i Penka ZAFIROVSKA-TRAJKOVSKA
Arhitektonski fakultet, Skopje
Apstrakt
So ovoj prilog sakame da ja naglasime neophodnata potreba, vo pripremata na planovite i proektite za razvojot na
Prespanskata kotlina, da se postavat kako osnoven konstruktiven element, principite na odr`liva arhitektura.
Za taa cel, kako esencijalni elementi za razvojot na odr`livoto planirawe, gi istaknuvame i potencirame kako
neophodni platformite na Organizacijata za prostoren razvoj (E.S.D.P.) i konferencijata na OON HABITAT,
kako i slikata so koja go defenira odr`liviot grad, koj ja postavuva arhitekt Ri~ard Roxers ( Richard Rogers).
Postavuvaweto na ovie principi vo procesot na planirawe na novite naselbi }e zna~i i mo`nost prirodnata
okolina da ja za~uvame najblisku do sostojbata vo koja ja nao|ame, vo momentite pred izgradbata, no i da dobieme
novi naselbi, ~ij `ivot e kompakten i svrten kon samiot sebe, vo odnos na vleznite i izleznite elementi. Za da
dokraj dosledno se realiziraat principite na odr`liva arhitektura vo tekstot se potencirani sovremenite
principi na proektirawe na objektite, vo koi se koristat principite na pasivna i aktivna son~eva energija,
upotrebata na materijali i sistemi na gradba, so koi se dobiva objekt, koj {tedi energija, kako i na~inite na
proektirawe na objekti, kaj koi se primenuvaat formi i oblici koi dokraj gi koristat prirodnite klimatski
uslovi za odr`uvawe na mikroklimata vo objektot, dominantno na priroden na~in.
1. Voved
Celta na ova izlagawe, e da se istaknat najvrednite elementi na sistemite na odr`livo
planirawe i proektirawe od arhitektonski aspekt, koi bi trebalo da se vgradat vo osnovite na
regionalniot prostoren plan, no i da se istra`at mo`nostite za nivna primena vo sega{niot razvoj na na{eto op{testvo i zastapenosta
na materijalite i tehnologiite na na{iot pazar
vo sega{niot moment.
Na{ata uloga kako graditeli, t.e. onie koi
go sozdavaat prostorot vo koj op{testvoto i site
negovi poedinci domuvaat e izvonredno kompleksna i odgovorna. Osobeno e odgovorno na{eto po~ituvawe na idejata na onoj za kogo se sozdava prostorot, no i merkata do koja se intervenira
vo smisol na razvoj na negovata ideja za domuvawe. Prostorot {to go sozdavame so svoite vrednosti i kvaliteti e sposoben da educira i da kultivira. Sozdavame ku}a, sozdavame del po del eden grad, go sozdavame prostorot za poedinecot,
no i prostorot vo koj `ivee i se razviva celoto
op{testvo i go unapreduvame ili go unazaduvame.
Trkaloto na istorijata go nosime dva ~ekori napred ili go vra}ame nazad, vo zavisnost od kvalitetot na ona {to go gradime.
Poimot domuvawe vo sebe gi nosi site
kvaliteti {to gi nosi eden objekt, koj stanuva
dom. Kategorizacijata na ovoj poim, najseopfatno ja obrabotil Kristijan Norberg [ulc vo kni-
284
gata "domuvawe", vo koja postavuva tri osnovni
oblici: zaedni~ko, javno i privatno domuvawe.
Ovoj zbor gi podrazbira i mestata koi ~ovekot gi
sozdava, za da gi ostvari ovie tri oblici na
domuvawe. Gradot i negoviot urban prosotor sekoga{ bile forum na zaedni~koto domuvawe. Javnata zgrada pretstavuva platforma na javnoto domuvawe, a ku}ata e ona privatno uto~i{te, vo koe
individualnosta mo`e da uspeva.
Opredelbata za evolutivnost, nasproti revolucionernosta na odredeni poznati stilovi, gi
nosi vistinskite kvaliteti vo postepeniot razvoj na domot i idejata za domuvawe, koj treba da
go gradime potpiraj}i se na izvonredno bogatata
i kvalitetna graditelska tradicija, koja kontinuirano egzistira na na{iot prosotor od praistorijata do denes. Imeno istra`uvaj}i gi nejzinite su{tinski vrednosti, koi sekoga{ se razvivale na principot na evolutivnosta i nadgradbata na ona {to prethodniot period go dostignal
kako su{tinska vrednost vo graditelstvoto, doa|ame do vrednostite koi se protkajuvaat vo na{iot sistem na gradewe i odnos kon gradbata, vo
site nejzini segmenti.
Gradej}i go domot, trgnuvame od premisata
deka prostorot koj go sozdavame treba da gi nosi
site barani kvaliteti za da stane ne~ij dom.
Osnoven preduslov za domuvaweto zna~i da se
vospostavi kvaliteten odnos pome|u edno ~ove~ko su{testvo i odredeniot ambient.
Systems of sustainable settlements
Melanija SHERDENKOVSKA & Penka ZAFIROVSKA-TRAJKOVSKA
Faculty of Architecture, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Abstract
With this application we want to accent the vital necessity for including the principals for the sustainble planning and projecting, like
an basic constructive elements in the proces of preparing plans and projects for the Prespa valley. For that purpose, like an essential
elements for the development of sustainble planning we emphasized and accentuate as an indispensable platforms of the Organisation
for Space Development in Europe (E. S. D. P) and the conference of the OUN, HABITAT, and the same a picture for a definition of
sustainable city made by Richard Rogers.
Nomination of these principles in the proces of planning new settlements will proceed an oportunity keeping in the same condition the
natural surrounding, but to get a new settlements, which will have a life reversed in itself, in a meter of inputs and outputs. For the
reasons of consequently prosecution principals of sustainble architecture, an our apliccation is accented recent principles of passiv and
activ solar energy using, and the ussage of the materials and the sistems of a constractions and building, which results with an energy
saving objects. In the vary same moment this means ussage of forms and moulds for objects throughout which we could use the
natural climate conditions for kepting the optimal micro climate coditions in the buildings entire in natural manner.
Introduction
Principles of sustainable planning
The aim of our presentation is to emphasise the most
valuable elements for architectural planning that should
be integrated in the basis in the regional area planning
and to show the possibilities for their use at this moment,
with materials and ethnologies that are currently already
available on the domestic market.
We were working having in mind the ideas of Chistian
Norberg Schulz about the three main areas of Housingcommon, public and private. The town and its urban area
were always a forum for the common housing. Public
buildings are platforms for public housing, and houses
are private sanctuaries in which individuality functions.
This region has always had a very rich building tradition,
which has existed in Macedonia for centuries. Researching the basic values of this building tradition we can
see that the principle of evolution was followed, making
use of what has already been achieved in the previous
period and building upon that.
If we look at how Skopje was constructed, but also other
towns such as Ohrid, Bitola we can see that they followed
a same development process as Resen. The necessity for
limiting the area development of the towns is obvious, as
is the limitation of the number of inhabitants in the
towns. The solutions brought with the planning of the
space are looking for new areas for development on new
quality basis.
If we look at the Prespa Valley we can see that it is necessary to have a new qualitative platform which will embrace the latest European achievements from an aspect of
development of an urban area. We have emphasised the
Organisation for space development and the UN
conference HABITAT as panels for discussion including
elements on which we base fisible planning. Briefly,
these platforms are:
1. The Organisation for Space Development in Europe
(E.S. D. P) emphasised the following basic aims.
- Economic and Social cohesion
- Fisible development
- Balanced competition on the territory of Europe
Further on, three areas of action were looked into:
a) Balanced and polycentric urban system
b) Equal access to infrastructure and information
c) Advancement of the natural and cultural heritage
In the second part SPACE PROBLEMS - EUROPEAN
DIMENSION topics such as agricultural policy and
structural funds of the Community are looked at. The
authors conclude that it is necessary to:
- Have balanced geographical distribution of
production activities
- Fisible usage of the land (basic infrastructure)
- Higher responsibility for specific space needs
Domot e prostor, vo koj edinkata ja osloboduva, no i generira svojata energija, toa e prostor vo koj gi zadovoluva svoite osnovni potrebi,
no i drugi, toj sozdava, u~i, se razviva, tuka se
sredbite so drugi edinki, zaradi razmena na idei,
~uvstva ili proizvodi, t.e. za da se po~uvstvuva
`ivotot kako mno{tvo na mo`nosti.
Razgleduvaj}i ja izgradbata vo Skopje, no i
na ostanatite gradovi, kako {to se Ohrid, Bitola, a toa e i nasokata vo koja bi se razvival Resen, dokolku ne se postavi su{tinski nova platforma na razvojot, o~igledna e potrebata za limitirawe na povr{inskiot razvoj na gradot, no i
za limitirawe na mo`noto zgolemuvawe na brojot na `iteli vo gradot, a re{enijata koi se odnesuvaat na planiraweto i proektiraweto na
prostorot, kako i mo`nite nasoki na razvoj, da
se baraat na kvalitativno novi osnovi.
2. Principi na sistemot na odr`livo
planirawe
Oformuvaj}i ja slikata na mo`nostite vo
pogled na odr`liviot razvoj na Prespanskata
kotlina, neophodno e da se postavi kvalitativno
nova platforma, koja vo sebe }e gi opfati
najnovite dostignuvawata na evropsko i svetsko
nivo od aspekt na odr`liv razvoj na naseleno
mesto. Kako esencijalni elementi za razvojot na
odr`livoto planirawe, gi istaknuvame Organizacijata za prostoren razvoj (E.S.D.P.) i konferencijata na OON HABITAT, ~ii platformi vo
kratki crti se slednite:
Organizacijata za prostoren razvoj na Evropa (E.S.D.P.), vo juni 1997 godina vo Nordvijk
predlo`i Nacrt plan na neformalnata konferencija na ministrite za prostorno planirawe.
Ovoj nacrt plan e podelen vo tri glavni podra~ja
od koi I del sodr`i prostoren pristap na evropsko nivo, odnosno:
• ekonomska i socijalna kohezija
• odr`liv razvoj
• uramnote`ena kompetetivnost na evropskata
teritorija,
kako osnovni celi. Od celiot ovoj dijapazon na
problemi, posebno se izdvoeni i istaknati tri
oblasti za deluvawe:
• uramnote`en i policentri~en urban sistem
• ednakov pristap do infrastrukturata i informaciite
• unapreduvawe na prirodnoto i kulturno
nasledstvo.
Vo delot II "Prostorna problematika - evropska dimenzija", vrz osnova na novite istra`uvawa vo vrska so prostornite konflikti vo politikite na Zednicata (kako {to se zemjodelska-
ta politika, strukturalniot fond), avtorite zaklu~uvaat deka e neophodna:
• uramnote`ena geografska distribucija na
proizvodnite aktivnosti
• odr`livo koristewe na zemji{teto (osnovnata infrastruktura)
• pogolemata odgovornost za specifi~nite
prostorni potrebi ima imperativen karakter.
Tretiot del koj se odnesuva na celite na
politikata i opciite za teritorijata na
evropa, navedeni se principielnite elementi za
idnata prostorna organizacija na Evropa:
• podobra prostorna ravnote`a i socioekonomska kohezija
• uramnote`ena urbana i regionalna kompetetivnost
• podobra pristapnost
Vtorata konferencija na OON za naselbite Habitat 2 (Istanbul 1996), naglaseno go
istakna nezapirliviot globalen proces na urbanizacija. Na ovaa konferencija, zemjite se
obvrzuvaat za vospostavuvawe na odr`livi naselbi. Pod ova se podrazbira unapreduvawe na razvojot na naselbite i efikasno koristewe na dobrata, zavisno od mo`nostite na ekosistemite.
Celite na habitatot se slednite:
− pottiknuvawe i unapreduvawe na socijalniot integritet na naselbite;
− iznao|awe i vklu~uvawe na neformalnite
potencijali za obezbeduvawe domuvawe i komunalni uslugi za siroma{nata populacija;
− primena i unapreduvawe na podobni primeri na uspe{no koristewe i za{tita na prirodnite resursi vo naselbite, a posebno na vodata, vozduhot, energijata i zemji{teto, neopodni za zdrava `ivotna sredina;
− unapreduvawe na primeri na organizacija
na prostorot koj gi namaluva potrebite na transportot, go pravi efikasen i usoglasen so `ivotnata sredina, a obezbeduva pogolema dostapnost
na rabotnite mesta, resursite i bogatstvata;
− za~uvuvawe na produktivnoto zemji{te vo
urbani i ruralni podra~ja, kako i za{tita na
~uvstvitelnite ekosistemi od negativnite vlijanija na naselbite;
− za{tita i unapreduvawe na istoriskoto i
kulturnoto nasledstvo, kade {to e mo`no poracionalno domuvawe i naselbi, kako i obezbeduvawe pejsa`i i gradska flora i fauna;
− obezbeduvawe na uspe{en razvoj atraktiven
za vrabotuvawe, a dohodoven za naselbite;
− ubla`uvawe na vlijanijata na prirodnite i
antropogenite katastrofi vrz naselbite, podobruvawe na ekolo{kite i socijalnite faktori
na kvalitetot na `iveewe
The third part is concentrated on the AIMS OF
POLITICS AND OPTIONS FOR THE TERRITORY OF
EUROPE. There we have the main elements for organisation of the space in Europe.
- Better balance of space and socio-economic cohesion
- Balanced urban and regional competitiveness
- Better access
- Strengthening of European border regions and their
towns
- Development of Euro-corridors
- Keeping and developing the European biodiversity
The second conference of the OUN, HABITAT 2 in Istanbul in 1996 emphasised the process of urbanisation.
The aims of Habitat are following.
- Encouraging and developing the social integrity of the
towns and villages
- Finding and including informal potentials for housing
an communal services for the poor population
- Usage and advancement of good examples for protection of natural resources in the towns and villages, especially usage of water, air, energy and land necessary for
healthy living conditions:
- Advancing examples for decreasing the need of transport, making transport efficient
- Keeping the productive land in urban areas and protection of Eco-systems from negative influences
- Protection and advancement of the natural and historic
heritage, making more rational housing and making scenery of city flora and fauna
- Achieving successful development that would attract
investment and employment and would bring resources to
the towns and villages
- Aiming to lower the influence of natural catastrophes on
towns and villages
- Urban areas have to keep productivity and at the same
time to improve ecological and social factors for quality
of living
- Big towns should have pogrammes for fisible development with participation of local communities
- The traffic system should be directed to usage of ecologically acceptable vehicles (public transport, bicycles)
and the development of ecologically acceptable building
technologies should be stimulated.
Sl. 1 Konvencionalen i kompakten model na naselba i izvor na energija
Fig. 1 A conventionally and a compact model for a settlement and a energy sources
− da se stimulira razvojot na naselbite do
sredna golemina;
− golemite gradovi da donesat soodvetni programi za odr`liv razvoj vo {to, od osobeno zna~ewe e participacijata na lokalnite zaednici;
− soobra}ajniot sistem treba da se naso~i kon
koristewe na ekolo{ki prifatlivi sredstva (javen prevoz, nemotorizirani formi na promet i
dr.)
− da se stimulira razvojot na ekolo{ki odr`livite gradovi i tehnologii;
Eden od svetski najglasnite zagovara~i na
sistemi na odr`livi gradovi Ri~ard Roxers,
postavuva interesna slika so koja go definira
odr`liviot grad:
- Praveden grad, kade {to pravoto, hranata,
za{titata, obrazovanieto, zdravjeto i nade`ta se
fer distribuirani i kade {to lu|eto participiraat vo vlasta
- Prekrasen grad, kade {to umetnosta, arhitekturata i pejsa`ot i se dodvoruvaat na imaginacijata i go dvi`at duhot
- Kreativen grad, kade {to postojanoto vnimanie i eksperimentot go mobiliziraat celiot
potencijal na ~ove~kite rezervi i ovozmo`uvaat
brz odgovor na promenite
- Ekolo{ki grad, koj gi minimalizira ekolo{kite sudiri, kade {to pejsa`ot i izgradenata
forma se izbalansirani i kade {to objektite i
infrastrukturata se bezbedni i uspe{ni izvori
na energija
- Grad so lesni kontakti, kade {to javnata
realnost ja ohrabruva zaednicata i ja mobilizira
i kade {to razmenata na informacii se odviva
zaedno i elektronski i neposredno
- Kompakten i policentri~en grad, koj go za{tituva seloto, gi fokusira i integrira zaednicite vo sosedstvo i go maksimalizira sosedstvoto
- Razli~en grad, kade {to jasni i {iroki
prostori so preklopeni aktivnosti ja kreiraat
animacijata, inspiracijata i forsiraat vitalen
javen `ivot
Site ovie elementi se ovdeka potencirani
i imaat za cel da go definiraat na{iot odnos
kon ponatamo{niot razvoj na Prespanskata Kotlina. Vozmo`no e rabotnoto telo da oformi
platforma koja }e gi postavi osnovnite nasoki
za razvoj, vo koi kako bazi~en i su{tinski element, vgraden vo osnovite na programata e na~inot na odr`livo planirawe i proektirawe.
Mo`na primena na principite na odr`livo
planirawe
Ona {to od aspekt na arhitektonskata
problematika mo`e da bide potencirano kako
vozmo`no planirawe i proektirawe i sosema
realno izvodlivo vo na{i uslovi se odnesuva na
objektot kako celina vo koj e vozmo`no da se
postigne vnatre{na kompaktnost i so eden sosema mal del da e zavisen od nadvore{nite izvori
na energija, kako i kompaktnosta na naselbata,
koja treba da pretstavuva celina, {to ne zavisi
direktno od drugi sistemi na naselbi ili energetski postrojki, a vo koja se vgradeni site neophodni elementi vo vzaemno edinstvo za zadovoluvawe na interesite na ~lenovite na taa zaednica.
Vo pogled na razvojot na gradovite, vo ovoj
moment samo nakratko bi se zadr`ale na edna sugestija, kako verojatno edinstven kvaliteten na~in na re{avawe na ova pra{awe a toa se sistemite na satelitski naselbi, odnosno najnovite
re{enija vo svetski arhitektonski ramki na sistemi na odr`livi eko naselbi, vo koi ne e zastapeno samo domuvaweto, tuku naprotiv site
funkcii {to edno naseleno mesto gi sodr`i proizvodstvo, rekreacija sport, zabava i kultura,
a istite so brzi soobra}ajnici se povrzani so
svojot glaven centar. Na toj na~in go izbegnuvame
prekumernoto {irewe na gradovite, koi ve}e gi
imaat site vozmo`ni problemi na prenaseleni
centri, no vo isto vreme se izbegnuva nivnoto
{irewe na tereni koi imaat kvalitetni uslovi
ili ve}e bile koristeni za zemjodelie. Naprotiv
postavkata na ovie naselbi bi bila na zemji{te
od 5 i 6 kategorija, {to naj~esto zna~i i nekakva
padina, so {to se dobiva primarniot kvalitet vo
domuvaweto, koj so vekovi nanazad go plasirale
generaciite na na{ite graditeli.
Sistemot na ovie naselbi treba da se dooformi so proizvodstvo od tipot na lesna industrija - mali pogoni, za koi bi bile zainteresirani samite `iteli, no i farmi, koi so pravilno re{avawe na site segmenti na otpadnite materii, miris - preku sistem na filtri i |ubrivo so skladirawe na te~no |ubrivo ne pretstavuvaat
zagaduva~ na sredinata, a isto taka i zamjodelie
vo eden organiziran vid, a ona {to e mo`ebi i
najinteresno za prespanskata kotlina - toa e razvojot na turizmot vo eden organiziran vid.
Osven kompaktnosta na naselbata vo odnos
na osnovnite funkcii, potrebno e pri planiraweto da se zeme predvid i izvorot na energija, koj
treba da bide vo neposredna blizina na naselbata, so {to }e bidat drasti~no namaleni zagubite
na energija {to se javuvaat zaradi golemite dale~ini na koi istata se transpotira, no i koristewe na mo`nosta za upotreba na izgubenata toplina pri poizvodstvoto na elektri~na energija,
koj se pojavuva kaj konvencionalnite sistemi.
One of the world soundest representatives of system of
towns, Richard Rogers, put an interesting framework by
which he defines the system of town:
- Law Town, where the Law, the food, protection,
education, health and hope are equally distributed and
where the people participate in the Municipality.
- Beautiful Town, where the art, architecture and
the panorama are fuelling the imagination and the spirit
of the town.
- Creative Town, where the attention and experiment mobilise the whole potential of the human resources
and allow quick response to the changes.
- Ecological Town, which minimises the ecological
conflicts, where the panorama and the build form, is balanced and where the objects and the infrastructure are
safe and sound resources of energy.
- Town with easy contacts, where the public reality
is encouraged by the community and mobilises, and
where the exchange of info is done in electronic way.
- Compact and Polycentric Town, which is protecting the village and integrates the communities from
the neighbourhood and maximises the neighbourhood.
- Different Town, where wide spaces with overlapping activities are creating the animation, and inspiration
and create flexible public life.
All these elements are here emphasised and have as target
to define our development of the Prespa valley. Probably
is possible that the working body can create base which
will put the basic ways for development in which as a
basic and essential element, build in the bases of the program is the way of good planning and constructing.
1. Possible practicing of the principles of
sustainable planning
Talking about the development of the cities, at the moment we are System of Satellite Areas, that is the current
solutions in the world of system of Eco Areas in which
we also talk about all the functions that on area has in
itself (manufacturing, recreation, sport, and cultural activities, and the same with fast lanes are connected with
the center. In this way we avoid too much expansion of
the towns, which already has all possible problems of
overcrowded centers, but at the same time we avoid their
further expansion on areas which have quality conditions
or already were used for agriculture.The system of these
areas should be finished with the following production
types: light industry, agriculture and tourism – which are
maybe, most interesting for the Prespa valley.
Beside the compact form of this settlements in the relationship of the basic functions, the plans should take consider for the energy production. It must be in the nearest
parts of the settlement so we could use the heat energy,
which is produced as a secondary product.
The same, in building the settlements should be applied
all the possibilities for the circular metabolism of the
town, apropos applying all the well known methods for
recycling the outputs, for minimising the inputs, as show
Fig. 2.
2. Possible practising of the principles of sustainable
projecting
The thing that makes these areas especially interesting,
and it is connected with the current architecture is the
issue of saving energy which may be up to 1/10 of the
current demand of energy and also usage of all systems
for passive sun energy. In this way, we have an area,
which needs a little extra energy so that it can function
independently.
The features of the object in respect to saving of energy
should be such that with very few extra investments for
maintaining the microclimate in the object, the small oscillations in the parameters of the microclimate at the 24hour period, there is big saving of energy. For the already
build objects, it is necessary to put extra 5-10 cm isolation from outside; where the new objects need thermo
isolation from outside or inside the wall but to avoid a
creation of thermal bridges.
The best results are shown by the systems of “dry building “ because they beside, the outside and the inside
plaque, have other thermo isolation materials thick from
10 to 25 cm. The features of the elements of the object
made in that way result in more space (proportion brut –
net area) and the isolation from stone wool gives coefficient of thermal protection of the wall from 0.16 to 0.24
W/m2K depending of the thickness used which few times
smaller than the one allowed 0.8W/m2K. Again we’ll
emphasise the features of the object in respect to saving
of energy, much less investments for maintaining the
microclimate of the object and saving of energy. Characteristics of the elements of the object give much better
coefficient of thermal protection of the object because
there is not “thermal bridges”. In one of these objects the
extra saving of energy in the winter period is lowered up
to 1/9 of the energy needed in standard object. At the
same time the system of building of these objects allows
easy and fast change of the partition walls, the bedroom
areas, and adjustments to the needs of the family at the
time of the building of the objects, but it is especially
easy to dissemble of the partition walls when we use the
object.
At the end, we want to talk about other principles of
sustainable architecture, which are visually represented in
the Fig. 3 and 4. This building is projected to advantaged
natural recourses and climate conditions of the current
location. Throughout this are assured the optimal
microclimate conditions, without the necessities for
assuring it throughout the classical systems for heating,
funning and ventilation. In that way the neediness for the
electrical energy is extremely reduced.
Isto taka, pri proektiraweto na naselbite treba da se primenuvaat site mo`ni na~ini
koi }e dovedat do cirkularen metabolizam na
gradot, odnosno primena na site metodi za reciklirawe na izleznite materii so {to drasti~no
se namaluva koli~inata na inputot, kako {to go
poka`uva dijagramot na Sl. 2
Ona {to ovie naselbi gi pravi posebno interesni e primenata na site elementi koi gi poznava odr`livata arhitektura, a se odnesuvaat na
za{teda na energija, koja mo`e da bide i do edna
desetina od sega{nata potrebna energija, na koristewe na site vozmo`ni i primenlivi sistemi
na pasivna son~eva energija, do oblikuvaweto na
objektite i na celata naselba vo forma vo koja ne
samo {to se iskoristeni prirodnite klimatski
uslovi, no i se potencirani nivnite vrednosti.
Na toj na~in dobivame naselba na koja i potreben
samo eden mal izvor na dopolnitelna energija za
da mo`e napolno nezavisno da funkcionira.
4. Mo`na primena na principite na
odr`livo proektirawe
Karakteristikite na objektot, vo odnos na
za{teda na energija, treba da se takvi da so mnogu pomali vlo`uvawa za odr`uvawe na mikroklimata vo objektot, malite oscilacii kaj poedine~nite parametri na klimata i vo periodite od denono}ieto, koga ne postoi dodatno zagrevawe ili
ladewe na prostorot, odnosno gledaj}i ja nivnata
primena vo globalni ramki, drasti~no namalena
potro{uva~ka na energija. Za site ve}e izgradeni
objekti, ona {to mo`e sega da se napravi e naknadno da bidat izolirani so minimum 5 cm izolacija od nadvore{nata strana, a optimalno 10 cm,
dodeka kaj novite objekti e neophodna upotrebata
na materijal za termoizolacija, od nadvore{nata
strana ili vo sostavot na zidot, so prepora~anite dimenzii, ili pove}e, so toa {to pri upotrebata na sendvi~ zidovi, neophodno e da se izoliraat i delovite na konstrukcijata, odnosno da se
izbegne sozdavaweto na termi~ki mostovi.
Od ovoj aspekt najdobri rezultati sepak
poka`uvaat sistemite na suva gradba, bidej}i kaj
niv osven vnatre{nata i nadvore{nata plo~a,
sostavot na celiot yid e materijal za termoizolacija, koja se dvi`i vo ramkite na 10 do 25 cm debel sloj. Karakteristikite na elementite na objektot, vaka proektiran i izveden, rezultira, vo
prv red so pogolema iskoristenost na prostorot
(odnos bruto-neto povr{ina), a izolacijata od
kamena volna dava vkupen koeficient na termi~ka za{tita na zidot od 0,16-0,24 W/m2K, vo zavisnost od primenetata debelina, koj e nekolkupati
pomal od dozvoleniot - 0,8 W/m2K, {to obezbeduva izvonredna za{tita na protokot na energijata
od vnatre{niot prostor kon nadvor vo zimskiot
period i odli~en faktor na prigu{uvawe na
oscilaciite na amplitudata na letniot toploten
bran od 45 edinici, koj vo odnos na dozvolenite
15 edinici, obezbeduva sigurna za{tita od protokot na toplinata kon vnatre vo letniot period.
Termi~kata za{tita vo krovniot pokriva~
e mnogu zna~ajna za na{eto podnebje, koe bele`i
temperaturni razliki vo dijapazon od 800 S. Taa
treba da e so debelina od minimum 20 cm i so vkupen koeficient na termi~ka za{tita od 0,18
W/m2K i faktor na prigu{uvawe na oscilaciite
na amplitudata na letniot toploten bran od 47
edinici. Izolacija od kamena volna, so debelina
10 cm, postavena vo podot obezbeduva koeficient
na termi~ka za{tita na podot od 0,35 W/m2K.
U{te edna{ }e gi da se istakneme karakteristikite na objektot, vo odnos na za{teda na
energija, so mo`nostite za mnogu pomali vlo`uvawa za odr`uvawe na mikroklimata vo objektot,
malite oscilacii kaj poedine~nite parametri na
klimata i vo periodite od denono}ieto, koga ne
postoi dodatno zagrevawe ili ladewe na prostorot, odnosno gledaj}i ja nivnata primena vo globalni ramki, drasti~no namalena potro{uva~ka
na energija. Karakteristikite na elementite na
objektot, davaat i mnogu povolen vkupen koeficient na termi~ka za{tita na objektot, bidej}i
vo masata na objektot nema izrazeni toplinski
mostovi. Vo eden ovakov objekt potro{uva~kata
na energija za zatopluvawe na prostorot vo zimskiot period se namaluva do 1/9 od potrebnata
energija vo objekt koj isto gi zadovoluva standardite, no gi ima grani~nite vrednosti na koeficientite, kako {to e na primer yid od {upla tula
so izolacija od stiropor od 5 cm t.e. demit fasada i do 1/10 vo odnos na soodveten stanben objekt
izveden od klasi~na ili {upla tula, {to sekako
deka e zabele`itelna vrednost. Vo isto vreme
sistemot na izvedba na ovie objekti, ovozmo`uva
lesna i brza izmena na re{enieto na pregradnite
yidovi, na spalnite prostorii i prilagoduvawe
na konkretnite potrebi na semejstvoto, vo
momentot na izvedba na objektite, no osobeno e
lesna demonta`ata i monta`ata na pregradnite
zidovi vo tekot na koristewe na objektot.
Na kraj da gi spomneme i ostanatite principi na odr`liva arhitektura, koi vizuelno gi
prezentiraat Sl. 3. i 4, koi gi koristat prirodnite resursi i klimatskite uslovi na dadenata
lokacija, preku koi se obezbeduvaat optimalni
mikroklimatski uslovi vo objektite, bez da ima
potreba tie da se odr`uvaat preku sistemite za
zagrevawe, ladewe ili ventilacija na prostorot,
so {to dopolnitelno, no i drasti~no se namaluva potrebnoto proizvodstvo na elektri~na energija, koja bi ja koristele ovie sistemi.
Fig. 3 is representing one substantive building, in which
are used the natural recourses, apropos the solar energy
throughout the solar collectors and the energy from the
wind. In that way the building function independently. In
the combination of all the available methods of energy
savings, this production of energy could satisfied the
needs of this dwelling unity. The needs for funning and
the ventilation in the summer period are content in this
way, also.
Sl. 2 Lineaen i cirkularen metabolizam na
grad*
Fig. 2 A linear and a circular
metabolism of the town
*Food = hrana; Coal = jaglen; Oil
= nafta; Nuclear = nuklearna;
Energy = energija; Goods =
drugi dobra; Inputs = vlezni
sirovini; City = grad; Outputs =
Organic
izlezni
sirovini;
wastes = organski materii;
Emissions = emisija; Inorganic
wastes = neorganski materii;
Renewable = obnovlivi; recycled
=
reciklirani;
Reduced
Pollution & Wastes = reducirani
otpadni materii.
The usage of these principles of ventilation we want to
accent especially buildings of the Caledonia culture centre, project of the Biro of Renzo Piano. The form of the
building are projected to caught the great deal of the
ocean winds, which are entered in the building, for the
successfully ventilation of the area. Construction of the
objects are made by the arc wood laminate bearers, between are put the planks. Their density in the lowest parts
is the largest, and in the higher parts is lesser. In that way
practically is achieved a circular motion of the wind in
the objects. In the vary same moment is managed, a part
of the wind to proceed in the natural way, for excluding
the possibility of negative consequences with the changes
of the natural climate conditions.
Conclusions
In this very moment, the Prespa valley, is not enough
developed area, Similar situation is registrated in
neighbor countries, in areas around Prespa lake. But this
is a situation which overture a possibilities, because the
valley is still non pollute, and give us an oportunity
acording the most recent concepts of planning and
projecting. It regard, in a great deal, on the limitation of
uncontroled development of the cities and building the
satellite settlements, in which are replaced all the basic
functions of the city. In the same time in this settlements
are builted all the well known principlles of recycling, for
the restoring the part of the outputs, for the further usage,
and in that way the inputs will became lesser.
The buildings should be build according the recent finds
about savings energy, and with principlles of usage the
nature energy. In that way, it is possible to get comletely
independent buildings, or group of buildings, which
could produced energy by themself, using the energy of
the sun, with collective underground accumulators, or the
energy from the wind. Because, for today, we couldn’t
succed in it completly, we should project and build
objects for producing the energy in the classical way, for
the purpose of completing the needs, which should be
built in the neighbourhood of the settlement and we could
use the heat energy, which is the secondary prodact, for
heating the buildings. In this objects it is neccesery to use
the most recent filters, for percolation the waste gases.
291
Sl.3 prestavuva skica za eden avtonomen
objekt, vo koj vo prv red se koristat kako izvor
na energija raspolo`ivite prirodni resursi, odnosno son~evata energija, preku sistemite na
solarni kolektori i energijata na veterot, preku
sistemot na *veternici*. Na toj na~in se proizveduva potrebnata energija za objektot, taka {to
toj mo`e da funkcionira nezavisno. Vo kombinacija so site raspolo`livi metodi na za{teda na
energija, proizvedenata energija, mo`e da gi zadovoli potrebite na ovaa stanbena edinica. Isto
taka se primeneti sistemi so koi objektot se otvora kon dominantnite vetrovi, taka {to ventilacijata i ladeweto na objektot vo letniot period vo golema merka se zadovoluvaat na sosema
priroden na~in.
Za upotrebata na ovie principi na ventilacija na objektite posebno sakame da gi istakneme objektite na Kaledonskiot kulturen centar,
proekt na Biroto na Renzo Piano, ~ija silata e
proektirana taka da zafati golem del od snagata
na okeanskite vetrovi, koi gi vnesuva vo objektot
i taka se vr{i efikasna ventilacija na prostorot. Konstrukcijata na objektite e izvedena od
la~no izvedeni lepeno lamelirani drveni nosa~i, pome|u koi so razli~na gustina, vo zavisnost
od potrebite, se postaveni daski. Taka nivnata
gustina vo najniskite partii e najgolema, a kako
objektot odi vo viso~ina, gustinata se razreduva.
Na toj na~in e postignato kru`no cirkulirawe
na veterot vo objektite, so {to se zgolemuva negovoto dejstvo i se upatuva kon sakanata nasoka.
Vo ist moment e ovozmo`eno del od nego da prodol`i da se dvi`i vo prirodnata nasoka, za da ne
se postignat nesakani posledici, so promenata na
prirodnite klimatski uslovi.
Zaklu~ok
Vo ovoj moment, Prenspanskata Kotlina,
vo onoj del koj se nao\a vo na{ata dr`ava, e
nedovolno razviena op{tina, vo koja selata brzo
gi gubat `itelite, gradot mnogu sporo se razviva,
a aktivni se samo dva turisti~ki centri. Sli~na
sostojba mo`e da se registrira i vo sosednite
dr`avi, koga se raboti za nivnite prostori od
Prenspanskata Kotlina. Toa e edna sostojba koja
naprotiv otvara mo`nosti, bidej}i kotlinata
seu{te ne e zagadena, i ostava prostor za ravoj
spored najsovremenite svetski principi na planirawe i proektirawe. Toa vo najgolema merka se
odnesuva na limitirawe na razvojot na gradovite
i postavuvawe na satelitski naselbi, koi se
kompaktni i vo koi se zastapeni site osnovni
funkcii na gradot, so koi se zadovoluvaat potrebite na naselenieto i koi se preklopuvaat. Vo
292
isto vreme, vo novite naselbi treba se predviduvaat i izveduvaat sistemite za reciklirawe, so
{to del od izleznite produkti, povtorno se vra}aat vo upotreba i na toj na~in se namaluva koli~estvoto na potrebnite vlezni produkti. Objektite treba da se gradat spored najnovite soznanija za za{teda na energija i so upotreba na site
poznati i primenlivi sistemi na koristewe na
prirodnata energija. Na toj na~in skoro e
vozmo`no da se dobijat kompletno nezavisni
objekti ili grupacii na objekti, koi samite gi
produciraat potrebnite koli~ini na energija,
koristej}i ja energijata na sonceto, so predvideni zaedni~ki podzemni akumulatori, ili pak na
veterot. Bidej}i e ova zasega se u{te te{ko kompletno da se postigne, se predviduvaat objekti za
proizvodstvo na energija na klasi~en na~in, za
dopolnuvawe na potrebite na energija, koi se
postaveni vo blizina na naselbata, so {to e vozmo`no da se koristi i toplinata, koja e sporeden
produkt, za zagrevawe na objektite. Ovaa toplina
se javuva vo energetskite postrojki, kako izlezen
produkt, koj dokolku postrojkata e daleku od
naseleneto mesto se isfrla vo atmosferata i ne
postoi mo`nost za nejzina ponatamo{na upotreba. Za ovie postrojki neophodno e da se koristat najsovremenite sistemi za filtrirawe na
otpadnite gasovi.
So dosledna primena na ovie principi, koi
se i osnovnite principi na sistemite na odr`liva arhitektura, se dobivaat objekti vo koi na
sosema priroden na~in vo golema merka se zadovoluvaat potrebite za zagrevawe, ventilacija i
ladewe na prostorot, pa taka se drasti~no
namaleni potrebnite koli~ini na energija. Isto
taka se dobiva proizvodstvoto na energija koe se
odviva koristej}i gi prirodnite izvori na
energija, koi voop{to ne ja zagaduvaat okolinata,
a dokolku e neophoden klasi~en princip na energetska postorojka neophodno e istata da funkcionira so site za{titni filtri.
Taka, so edno racionalno planirawe i
proektirawe na novite naselbi i objekti, kako i
pro{iruvaweto na postojnite naselbi, mo`e da
se postigne razvoj, koj nema da ima povratni
negativni efekti na prirodnite uslovi. Samo na
toj na~in mo`eme da bideme sosema sigurni deka
vo narednite 10 ili 20 godini, }e ja imame
prirodnata okolina, vo ista, a mo`ebi i podobra
sostojba, otkolku {to e deneska.
Isto taka treba da se naglasi potrebata,
site potencirani principi, da se vgradat vo
planovite i proektite za razvoj na ovoj prostor
vo site tri dr`avi, simultano, bidej}i samo na
toj na~in mo`e da bide za~uvano ona {to go
dobivame kako neprocenliv dar od prirodata.
Sl. 3 Rogers patscentre, Skica za
avtonomen objekt koj gi koristi
site raspolo`livi prirodni
resursi kako izvo na potrebnata
enegija
Fig. 3 Rogers patscentre, a sketch for
the substantive building, which uses all
the possible natural recourses, for the
purpose of an energy production
Sl.4 Kaledonski kulturen centar, Proektansko
biro na Renzo Piano, objekt koj e proektiran spored principite na odr`liva arhitektura, koj gi koristi vetrovite za da se
obezbedi povolna temperatura i vla`nost
vo javnite prostori
Fig. 4 Caledonian culture centre, Biro Renzo Piano, the
building in which is used the winds for ventilation
and funning the inside area of the objects
With a consequent usage of this principles, which are the
basic principles of the sustainable architecture, we could
get the buildings with an entirely nature way we could
sutisfied the necessaties for heating, ventilation and
faning the objects. In that way the necessaties for the
energy is extremely reduced. We get a production of
energy on from the natural resources, which not produced
the waste, and if it’s necessary to build the classic power
source, it sould be supply with protective filters.
With this kind of rational planning and projecting the new
buildings, and the reconstruction of the old one, we could
achieve a development with no consequnces on the
natural conditions. The necessaty of incorporating the
sustainble principles in all plans and projects, in all tree
countres, simultaneously, should be accented in this vary
moment.
Referenci (References)
Organizacijata za prostoren razvoj na Evropa (E.S.D.P.), Nordvijk, juni 1997.
Rogers, R. (1997). Cities for a small planet. Faber and
Faber, Ltd, London.
[ulc Kristijan Norberg, Stanovawe, Gra|evinska kwiga, Beograd.
II konferencija na OON (1996). HABITAT 2,
Istanbul.
Nacrt plan na neformalnata konferencija na
ministrite za prostorno planirawe na
Za{titata na istoriskoto nasledstvo vo Prespanskiot region kako
sredstvo za lokalniot odr`liv razvoj
Kaliopi TEOHARIDU
arhitekt-konzervator
1. Voved
2. Bogatstvoto od spomenici vo oblasta
Na Gr~kata strana od granicata, stranata
koja nie ja znaeme podobro, Prespanskata oblast
e poznata kako mesto na izvonredna ubavina i
isto taka kako neo{tetena prirodna oblast, koja
{to ekolozite i site qubiteli na prirodata se
obiduvaat da ja za~uvaat vo ramnote`a.
Vo isto vreme, oblasta obiluva so vekovno
istorisko i kulturno nasledstvo, koe zainteresiranite se stremat da go za{titat.
Qubovta kon prirodata i kon istoriskoto
nasledstvo, dvata aspekti na skapocenoto na ovaa
oblast, mnogu ~esto mo`at da se najdat vo edna
li~nost, isto kako {to i celite i naporite da gi
za{titime i za~uvame niv odat zaedno i se nadopolnuvaat edno so drugo. Bidej}i se odnesuvaat na
unificiran sistem na vrednosti, vrednosti koi
gi po~ituvaat site formi na `ivot na ovaa planeta, i vo toj kontekst razbiraat samo ne-nasilni, dosttoinstveni ~ove~ki intervencii vo prirodata, kako {to vo minatoto bilo slu~aj.
Toa {to treba da go razbereme e deka ovoj
priod ne samo {to ne e vo sudir so podobruvaweto na modernite `ivotni uslovi i so razvojot
i rastot, tuku naprotiv, za konkretnata oblast go
nudi primarnoto, ako ne i edinstvenoto sredstvo
za za`ivuvaweto na ekonomskiot `ivot. Ova
osobeno se odnesuva na kombinacijata na ekoturizmot i kulturniot turizam, koi sega se smetaat
za napredni formi na turizam so odli~ni
izgledi za idninata i bi mo`ele da procvetaat vo
oblasta, a ova go dol`at na nejzinite raznoli~ni
karakteristiki.
Sepak, odredeni uslovi mora da se po~ituvaat. Celta na ovoj trud e precizno da se diskutiraat ovie problemi i da se razgledaat osnovnite
principi.
Oblasta na ezerata e naselena od anti~kite
vremiwa, no pre`iveanite spomenici datiraat
voglavno od Vizantiskiot i post-Vizantiskiot
period, pome|u docniot destti i devetnaesettiot
vek. Kolku {to mo`eme da ka`eme od dosega{nite otkritija, ovde ne se razvile golemi gradovi
vo toj period; i od administrativna i od umetni~ka gledna to~ka, celata oblast bila pod vlijanie
na dva golemi Vizantiski urbani centri, Ohrid
na sever i Kastorija na jug. Razli~nite misti~ni
i metafizi~ki kvaliteti na prespanskata oblast, zaedno so mo`nosta za izolacija ponuden od
otse~eniot basen, imal pogodni uslovi za razvojot na monasticizmot. Postojat nekoi monasti~ni strukturi i kameni sliki na bregovite na Golemoto Prespansko Ezero, kako i na ostrovot
Ayos Ahillios vo Maloto Prespansko Ezero.
Najva`nite istoriski spomenici se ruiniranata bazilika na Sv. Ahili (10-ti vek) na ostrovot so istoto ime, Crkvata na Sv. Jermanos
(ran 11-ti vek) vo seloto so isto ime, Crkvata na
Sv. Nikola (sredina 14 vek), do seloto Pyli, Crkvata na Pretstavuvaweto (Ypapandi) (15-ti vek) vo
seloto Lemos, prestojuvali{teto na Eleusa (1410)
i Maliot Analipsi (15 vek) na bregot na Golemoto Prespansko Ezero, i Manastirot na Panaja
Porfira (1523-1741) na Ayos Ahillios. Se u{te ima
prekrasni freski vo nekoi od ovie.
Ima vkupno 15 Vizantiski i postvizantiski spomenici rastureni vo oblasta, zaedno so
u{te 10 interesni crkvi od 19-tiot vek vo i
okolu nekoi od postarite sela.
Tradicionalni sela koi vredi da se
spomnat se Ayos Jermanos i Psarades, koi se proglaseni za istoriski sela i se za{titeni so Gr~kiot zakon; i Lemos i Oxya, vo koi se za~uvani nekoi grupi od interesni tradicionalni ku}i, koi
sepak ne se na listata na za{titeni gradbi.
The Preservation of Historical Heritage in the Prespa Area
as a Means of Sustainable Local Development
Kalliopi THEOHARIDOU
Architect - Conservator
1. Introduction
On the Greek side of the border, which is the side we
know better, the Prespa area is famed as a place of
exquisite beauty and also as an unscathed natural area,
which environmentalists ― and all nature lovers ― are
trying to maintain in equilibrium.
At the same time, however, it is also steeped in centuries
of history and culture, of which those who uphold
historical and cultural values are striving to preserve the
traces.
Love of nature and of historical heritage, the two aspects
of the precious patrimony of this area, is frequently found
in one and the same person, just as the aims and efforts to
protect and preserve them go harmoniously together and
complement each other. For they relate to a unified
system of values, values which respect all forms of life on
this planet, and in this context conceive of only noninvasive, respectful human intervention in nature, as in
days gone by.
What we need to understand is that not only does this
approach not conflict with the improvement of modern
living conditions and with development and growth, but
on the contrary, in the area in question, it offers the
primary, if not the only, means of invigorating economic
life. We are referring specifically to a combination of
ecotourism and cultural tourism, which are now regarded
as developed forms of tourism with great prospects for
the future and could very well flourish in the area, owing
to its distinctive characteristics.
However, certain terms and conditions have to be
respected. The purpose of this paper is to discuss
precisely these concerns and to consider the basic
principles that must be observed.
2. The monumental wealth of the area
The area of the lakes has been inhabited since ancient
times, but the surviving monuments date mostly to the
Byzantine and post-Byzantine periods, between the late
tenth and the nineteenth century. As far as we can tell
from the finds made so far, no large towns developed
here during that span of time; and from an administrative
and an artistic point of view, the whole area was under
the influence of two major Byzantine urban centres,
Ohrid to the north and Kastoria to the south. The
distinctly mystic and metaphysical quality of the Prespa
area, together with the potential for isolation offered by
the secluded basin, presented suitable conditions for the
development of monasticism. There are some notable
monastic structures and rock-paintings on the shores of
Great Prespa (1), as also on the island of Ayos Ahillios
on Little Prespa.
The most important historical monuments are the ruined
Basilica of St Ahillios (10th cent.) on the island of the
same name, the Church of St Yermanos (early 11th cent.)
in the village of the same name, the Church of St
Nicholas (mid-14th cent.) outside the village of Pyli, the
Church of the Presentation (Ypapandi) (15th cent.) in the
village of Lemos, the hermitages of Eleoussa (1410) and
Mikri Analipsi (15th cent.) on the shore of Great Prespa,
and Panayia Porfyra Monastery (1523–1741) on Ayos
Ahillios. Outstanding frescoes survive in some of these.
There are a total of fifteen Byzantine and post-Byzantine
monuments scattered about the area, together with
another ten interesting nineteenth-century churches in or
near some of the older local villages.
Noteworthy traditional villages include Ayos Yermanos
and Psarades, both of which have been designated as
historical villages and are protected by Greek law; and
Lemos and Oxya, which still preserve some groups of
interesting traditional houses, which are not, however,
listed buildings.
The special traditional character of these villages is
reflected both in the spatial layout of the buildings and
the way they so perfectly blend into the natural
environment and in the architecture of the houses, which
are built of stone or mud bricks, with timber-frames, open
covered verandahs, tiled roofs, and a variety of auxiliary
structures (ovens, stables, storerooms) in the courtyards.
Posebniot tradicioanalen karakter na ovie sela se reflektira i vo prostraniot raspored na gradbite i na na~inot so koj tie idealno se
vklopuvaat vo prirodnata okolina kako i so arhitekturata na ku}ite, koi se izgradeni od kamen
ili od kerpi~, vklopeni vo drveni ramki, so
otkrieni terasi, pokrivi od keramidi, i razli~ni pomo{ni strukturi (pe~ki, {tali, ambari) vo
dvorovite.
Site ovie razli~ni karakteristiki (arheolo{ki nao|ali{ta, spomenici, i sela, i kako
poedine~ni edinici i kako povrzani grupi) mora
da se za{titat, renoviraat i rehabilitiraat
kako bitie na istoriskiot i kulturniot identitet na oblasta. Ova e to~no toa {to posetitelot
na Prespanskata oblast go bara za da u`iva, kako
dodatok na prekrasnata priroda.
3. Problemi vo vrska so za{titata,
restavracijata, razvojot i rehabilitacijata
Najgolemiot problem vo vrska so izoliranite spomenici i istoriskite gradbi e predizvikot od zabot na vremeto, zapu{tenosta i nesoodvetnoto popravawe i upotreba. Nie nema da gi
razgleduvame vizantinskite spomenici, bidej}i
za niv se gri`i dr`avata. Pove}e sme zainteresirani za ponovite istoriski gradbi, crkvi i ku}i,
koi sekojdnevno se o{tetuvaat, uni{tuvaat i zloupotrebuvaat zaradi nesovesnata prenamena i
popravki, {to grubo go naru{uva nivniot izgled.
Ova se slu~uva od neznaewe a vo nekoi slu~ai i
namerno.
Na strana od uni{tuvaweto ili zloupotrebuvaweto na starite gradbi, najseriozniot
problem koj gi pogoduva tradicionalnite sela se
odnesuvaat na uni{tuvaweto na pomo{nite
gradbi
vo
dvorovite,
rasipuvaewto
na
comunalnite povr{ini, novite gradbi koi se
razlikuvaat od starite vo pogled na golemina,
arhitektura, gustina, i se razbira, rasipuvaweto
na odnosot pome|u seloto i prirodnata okolina.
Drug mnogu va`en problem se odnesuva na
novite na~ini na koristewe, i na izolirani
gradbi i na seloto kako celina. Novite na~ini
na upotreba se navistina neophodni za da se
o`iveat zaednicite, no mo`at da napravat
zna~itelna {teta ako ne se ispravno izbrani i
ako brojot na gosti vo daden prostor vo ist
moment ne se kontrolira. Kako i so za{titenite
prirodni parkovi i `iveali{ta, se pojavuva
problemot na koli~inata {to istoriskata
gradba ili istoriskoto selo mo`e da ja tolerira,
{to e osnovna pretpostavka za pravilen razvoj.
4. Metodologija i principi za za~uvuvawe i
rehabilitacija
Osnoven preduslov za ispravna za{tita i
podobruvawe e sistematska anketa koja mora da
sodr`i:
• Spisok na istoriskite gradbi (veli~ina,
gradben materijal, nivo na za~uvanost,
starost, neprifatlivi promeni, upotrebi);
• Spisok i analiza na istoriskoto gradsko
tkivo (forma, plan na ulici, inteersni
pati{ta, materijal za izgradba na pati{ta,
zeleni povr{ini, odnosot pome|u gradbite i
prazniot prostor, gletki);
• Procena na gradbite
• Procena na povr{inite i interesni ruti;
Naredniot ~ekor e da se sostavat pravila
za za~uvuvawe i restorirawe na starite gradbi,
koi mora da vklu~uvaat:
• Specifikacii za materijalite i metodite za
za~uvuvawe i konsolidirawe na starite
gradbi
• Pravila koi }e ja pokrijat morfolo{kata
restoracija i povtornata upotreba na starite
gradbi
• Pravila za integrirawe na novite gradbi vo
tradicionalnite sela
• Pravila za boite na fasadite
• Pravila za upotrebata na gradbite i
zemji{teto
• Pravila za stilot za izgledot na
prodavnicite.
Jasno e deka za~uvuvaweto na istoriskoto
nasledstvo bara integriran priod, koj vklu~uva
finansiski merki (zaemi,donaci i sl), i sodr`i
holisti~ki program za intervencii koj e
me|unarodno prifatliv i definiran kako
integrirano za~uvuvawe.
Zabele{ka
Sli~ni prestojuvali{ta mo`at da se najdat na
Albanskata strana na Mala Prespa, na bregot blizu do
Gorica (12-ti vek), i na ostrovot Mal Grad, kade {to e
Crkvata na Devicata (1345-69). Vidi T. Yohalas & L.
Evert, Στη Γη του Πύρρου, Athens 1995, pp. 202-10.
All these various features ― archaeological sites,
monuments, and villages, both as discrete units and as
interrelated groups ― must be protected, restored, and
rehabilitated as the quintessence of the area’s historical
and cultural identity. It is precisely this that the visitor to
the Prespa area seeks to enjoy, in addition to the
breathtaking scenery.
3. Problems relating to protection, restoration,
development, and rehabilitation
The major problems affecting the isolated monuments
and historical buildings are those caused by the ravages
of time, abandonment, and inappropriate repairs and use.
We shall not consider the Byzantine monuments here, for
they are in the hands of the state. We are more concerned
with the more modern historical buildings, churches and
houses, which are daily subjected to damage, demolition,
and mistreatment owing to unauthorised conversions and
repairs, which crudely distort them, either out of
ignorance or deliberately.
Apart from the destruction or mistreatment of the old
buildings, the most serious problems affecting the
traditional villages relate to the destruction of the
auxiliary structures in the courtyards, the spoiling of the
communal areas, new buildings which differ from the old
structures in terms of size, architecture, and density, and,
of course, the spoiling of the relationship between the
village and the natural environment.
Another major problem relates to new uses, both of
isolated buildings and of villages as a whole. New uses
are, indeed, necessary to revive the communities, but they
can do considerable damage if they are not properly
chosen and if the number of visitors accommodated in a
given space at any one time is not controlled. As with the
protected natural parks
and habitats, we have here the problem of how much a
historical building or a historical village can tolerate,
which is a fundamental consideration for proper growth.
rehabilitation
Fundamental to correct protection and enhancement is a
systematic survey, which must include:
• a record of the historical buildings (size, construction
materials, state of preservation, age, unacceptable
changes, uses);
• a record and an analysis of the historical urban tissue
(form, street plan, interesting routes, road-building
materials, green areas, relationship between
buildings and empty spaces, views);
• evaluation of the buildings;
• evaluation of areas and interesting routes;
The next step is to draw up regulations for
conserving and restoring the old buildings, which must
include:
• specifications for materials and methods of
conserving and consolidating the old buildings;
• rules covering the morphological restoration and reuse of the old buildings;
• regulations for integrating new buildings into the
traditional village
• regulations for the colours of the facades;
• regulations covering the uses of buildings and land;
• regulations for the style of the shop fronts.
Clearly, the preservation of historical heritage
requires an integrated approach, which includes also
financial measures ( loans, grants ect), and presupposes a
holistic programme of interventions that is internationally
acceptable and defined as integrated conservation.
1.
Notes
Similar hermitages are also found on the Albanian
side of Little Prespa, on the shore near Goritsa (12th
cent.), and on the island of Maligrad, where the
Church of the Virgin stands (1345–69). See
T. Yohalas and L. Evert, Στη Γη του Πύρρου, Athens
1995, pp. 202–10.
4. Methodology and principles of conservation and
2.
Bibliography
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των Πρεσπών, Athens 1995
N.Moutsopoulos,
Εκκλησίες του Νοµού Φλωρίνης,
Thessaloniki 1964
N.Moutsopoulos, “Ανασκαφή της Βασιλικής του Αγ.
Αχιλλείου”, ΕΕΠΣ ΑΠΘ ∆΄ (1969-70), 61-192
N.Moutsopoulos, “Ανασκαφή της Βασιλικής του Αγ.
Αχιλλείου”, ΕΕΠΣ ΑΠΘ Ε΄(1971-72), 47- 461
Yohalas and L. Evert, Στη Γη του Πύρρου, Athens 1995.
K.Theocharidou and V. Kolonas, ”Old city of Xanthi: the
traditional building- stock and the problems of its
protection and rehabilitation” , Nέες Πόλεις Πάνω σε παλιές
, Rodos 1993, 171-190. (Proceedings of the Congress:
New towns over Old ones )
Τουρισµός και µνηµεία – Πολιτιστικός τουρισµός, Τεχνικά
Χρονικά,1η 1995. (Proceedings of the Congress, Τourism
and monuments - Cultural tourism)
297
Nekoi problemi na demografskiot razvoj vo prespanskiot kraj
Vasa DASKALOVSKI, Mirjanka MAXEVI] i Biljana A. TO[EVSKA
Institut za geografija, Prirodno-matemati~ki fakultet, Skopje
Apstrakt
Vo trudot predmet na prou~uvawe se demografskite promeni vo prespanskiot kraj vo tekot na poslednite nekolku
decenii. Obraboteni se promenite na brojnoto dvi`ewe na naselenieto koi se pod neposredno vlijanie na
emigracijata vo izminatiot period i komponentite na prirodnoto dvi`ewe na naselenieto, odnosno natalitetot i
smrtnosta na naselenieto. Seto toa neposredno e povrzano so poremetuvawe na starosnata struktura na
naselenieto od ovoj prostor, koe posebno e izrazeno vo ruralnata sredina. Starosnata struktura ponatamu ima
vlijanie vrz idniot demografski i socio-ekonomski razvoj na prespanskiot kraj.
Voved
Prespa se nao|a vo jugozapadniot region na
Republika Makedonija, od okolniot prostor
oddelena so planini koi ja izdvojuvaat kako
prirodno-geografska celina.
Na zapad se
protegaat Petrinska Gora i Gali~ica; na istok
Bigla, Pelister i Baba; na sever Plakenska
Planina, dodeka na jug e granicata so Republika
Grcija i Republika Albanija. Vo ovie granici
zafa}a vkupna povr{ina od 746 km2, od koi na
Prespanskoto Ezero otpa|aat 177 km2.
Vo administartivno-teritorijalen pogled
ova e vsu{nost prostorot {to go zafa}a
op{tinata Resen, koja so 17 681 `itel vo 1994
godina ima prose~na gustina na naselenost od 31
`/km2.
Gledano od geomorfolo{ki aspekt, na ovoj
prostor jasno se izdvojuvaat, dve reljefni celini: ramni~arski prostor i ramka na kotlinata.
Sekoja od niv se odlikuva so svoi specifi~nosti,
{to vo splet so ostanatite karakteristiki , vlijaele vrz razvojot na naselenosta i mre`ata na
naselbite Naselenosta e prisutna do visina od
1100 - 1200 m, pri {to ramni~arskiot del koj ima
prose~na nadmorska viso~ina od 860 m e zna~itelno ponaselen poradi povolnite prirodno-geografski uslovi za razvoj na ovo{tarstvoto.
Prostorot se karakterizira so mnogu nepovolni procesi vo negoviot demogeografski
razvoj vo izminatiot period, koi zaslu`uvaat posebno vnimanie i se predmet na prou~uvawe na
ovoj trud. Seto toa e napraveno so cel da se sogle-
298
da dene{nata sostojba i tendenciite na idniot
demogeografski razvoj.
Metodolo{ki napomeni
Prou~uvaweto na brojnoto dvi`ewe na
naselenieto i negovata polova i starosna struktura e ovozmo`eno so analiza na pogolem broj na
podatoci na vremenski period od 1948 do 1994
godina. Takvite podatoci se baza za dobivawe na
osnovnite indikatori za demografskata sostojba
na naselenieto vo Prespa. Stanuva zbor za
vitalnite komponenti na naselenieto kako {to
se natalitetot, mortalitetot, prirodniot prirast, polovata i starosnata struktura na naselenieto. Vakvite komponenti osven na nivo na
op{tina, poradi karakteristi~nite manifestacii se presmetuvani i razgleduvani posebno za
gradskata i selskata sredina vo prostorot. Vrz
osnova na dobienite indikatori so primena na
komparativniot metod naj~esto na vremenska
relacija 1971- 1994 godina, dobieni se sintezni
soznanija za doti~niot predmet na razrabotka.
Potrebno e da se naglasi deka popisot na
naselenieto od 1994 godina se karakterizira so
odredeni metodolo{ki razliki vo odnos na prethodno sprovedenite popisi, taka {to vo vkupniot
broj na naselenie vo op{tinata ne se vklu~eni
licata koi prestojuvaat nadvor od dr`avata podolgo od edna godina, a ~ij broj ne e za zanemaruvawe.
Some problems of the demographic development in the Prespa region
Vasa DASKALOVSKI, Mirjanka MADJEVICH &
Biljana APOSTOLOVSKA-TOSHEVSKA
Institute of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje
Abstract
The demographic changes in the Prespa region during the few last decades are the subjects of analysis in this work. Also
analyzed are the changes in the demographic population number which are under direct influence of the emigration in
the last period and the components of the natural movement of the population. All of this is in direct line with the
debalance of the aging structure of the population from this place, especially stressed in the rural area. The character of
the aging structure has a influence over the demographic and socio-economical development of Prespa in the future.
Introduction
Prespa is located in the southwestern part of Republic of
Macedonia, separated with mountains from the surrounding area and represents a natural-geographic unit.
Petrinska Gora and Galicica are to the west; Bigla, Pelister and Baba are to the South; Plakenska Planina is to the
North, while to the south is the border with Greece and
Albania. The total area of Prespa coveres 746km2, 177
km2 of which belong to the Prespa Lake. From administrative point of view this is the area of the Municipality of Resen that has population of 17681 with average
density of 31 inh/km2 (1994).
This area is characterized with a number of unfavorable
processes in its demo-geographic development in the
past. This problem need to be addressed properly and is
the subject of analysis in this study. Its goal is to realize
the present condition and the trends for the future demogeographic development.
Methodological notes
The study of the population is enabled by the analysis of
considerable amount of data. The data are the base for the
realizing the basic indicators for the demo-geographic
condition of the population in the Prespa region.
Population and household dynamics
The population dynamics can be followed during long
period of time, but we’ll stress the changes that took
place in the second half of the 20th century. These
changes can be seen in Tab. 1.
During the period 1921-1931, the population increased
for 16.9%. In the period after the World War II, demographic processes took place causing stagnation of the
population. During 1948-1981 the population increased
only 9.6%, whilst during the period 1981-94 population
decreased for 30.3%. This is due to the continuos emigration from this area during long period of time, but is
also due to the mentioned methodological changes in the
1994 census when 6247 inhabitant were not included
because they were out of the country for more than one
year, and with them the Municipality of Resen would
have had 23928 inhabitants.
The migrants were headed towards the other areas in Republic of Macedonia or towards other countries, mainly
overseas. Considering the fact that in the municipality the
emigrants outnumbered immigrants to the city, it could
be concluded that migrations towards other countries are
most frequent. Emigrational wave from the rural area led
to decrease in the rural population for 46.1% in the period
from 1971 to 1994. The increase of the city population
for the same time period was 21.6%. In 1948 20.5% of
the population lived in the city, and 79.5% in the rural
area. In 1994 41.8% of the population lived in the city,
while the rest 58.2% lived in the villages.
The change i n the population is followed with change in
the number of households and the number of members in
the households.
The number of households from 1948 to 1994 increased
for only 545 households, or 11.3% and if we consider the
change of the total population we can see that these numbers have different trend of development. Two main factors influence the small increase in the number of households: on one hand there is decrease in the population
caused by the emigration of the young population, and on
the other hand, the splitting of the large patriarchal
households and their transformation in to small nucleus
units. The average household size was 4.8 in 1961, while
in 1994 drops to 3.6 members.
299
Dinamika na brojno dvi`ewe na naselenieto i
doma}instvata
1961 godina prose~nata golemina na doma}instvata iznesuva 4.8, dodeka vo 1994 godina 3,6 ~lena.
Dinamikata na brojnoto dvi`ewe na
naselenieto od ovoj prostor mo`e da se sledi niz
eden podolg vremenski period, no nie akcentot
}e go stavime na promenite koi se odvivaa vo
tekot na vtorata polovina na dvaesettiot vek.
Istite jasno mo`e da se sogledaat od podatocite
prezentitari vo Tab. 1.
Vo periodot 1921-1931 godina, naselenieto bele`i porast za 16.9%. Vo periodot po Vtorata svetska vojna se odvivaat demografski procesi koi uslovija stagnacija na naselenieto pri
{to vo periodot 1948-1981 godina naselenieto se
zgolemi samo za 9.6%, dodeka vo periodot 1981-94
godina se zabele`uva namaluvawe na populacijata za 30.3%. Ova e rezultat na intenzivnite
iseluvawa na naselenieto od ovoj kraj vo podolg
vremenski period, no i od spomenatite metodolo{kite razliki {to proizleguvaat od popisot
na naselenieto vo 1994 godina koga vo vkupnoto
naselenie ne se vklu~eni 6 247 `iteli koi se nadvor od dr`avata podolgo od edna godina, a so koi
op{tinata Resen bi imala 23 928 `iteli.
Migrantite bea upateni kon drugite
prostori vo Republika Makedonija ili kon
stranstvo i toa voglavno vo prekuokeanskite dr`avi. So ogled na toa {to vo ramkite na op{tinata naselenieto koe emigriralo e pobrojno, vo
odnos na doselenoto vo gradot, se zaklu~uva deka
najbrojni se migraciite kon stranstvo. Emigracioniot bran od ruralnata sredina dovede do
namaluvawe na selskoto naselenie periodot
1971-1994 godina za 46.1%. Porast na gradskoto
naselenie vo spomenatiot periodot iznesuva
21.6%. Vo 1948 godina 20,5 % od naselenieto vo
op{tinata `ivee vo gradot, a 79,5 % vo selata.
Vo 1994 godina 41,8% od naselenieto e urbano,
dodeka 58,2 % e ruralno naselenie.
Promenata na brojot na naselenieto e sledena so promeni vo brojot na doma}instvata i nivnata golemina spored brojot na ~lenovi vo niv.
Brojot na doma}instavata od 1948 do 1994
godina se zgolemi za samo 545 doma}instva odnosno 11.3% i ako se ima vo predvid promenata
na vkupnoto naselenie, se zabele`uva deka tie
imale poinakov trend na razvoj. Maliot porast
na brojot na doma}instva e rezultat na dva faktori: od edna strana e namaluvaweto na naselenieto poradi emigracija koga pogolem broj mlado
naselenie na vozrast koga se formira semejstvoto ja napu{ta Prespa, a od druga strana, raspa|aweto i raslojuvaweto na golemite, po broj na
~lenovi, patrijarhalni doma}instva i nivno transformirawe vo pomali nukleusni edinici. Vo
Polova i starosna struktura na naselenieto
Od demogeografski aspekt, so ogled na specifi~nostite na prespanskiot kraj, posebno
interesni za prou~uvawe se polovata i starosnata struktura na naselenieto i vo ramkite na toa
neminovnite promeni koi se odvivaa vo izminatiot period.
Strukturata po pol go poka`uva brojniot odnos na ma{koto i `enskoto naselenie vo
odnos na vkupnoto. Ako razlikata e pogolema,
mo`e da nastanat zna~ajni kvalitativni promeni
i poremetuvawa vo reprodukcijata na naselenieto {to ponatamu }e se odrazi na starosnata
struktura. Demografskite podatoci poka`uvaat
deka brojot na naselenieto od dvata pola bele`i
kontinuirano opa|awe, pri {to soodnosot pome|u polovite e takov {to vo 1994 godina brojno
pozastapeno e `enskoto naselenie (50.3%) otkolku ma{koto (49.7%), nasproti 1971 godina koga
sostojbata e obratna i ma{koto u~estvuva so
50.7% vo vkupnoto naselenie na op{tinata.
Vo tesna vrska so polovata e starosnata
struktura na naselenieto koja go poka`uva
brojot na naselenieto vo poedini starosni grupi.
]e ja razgledame niz prizmata na trite osnovni
vozrasni grupi. Analizata na vremenskiot period posle Vtorata svetska vojna, kako su{tinska promena na starosnata struktura na naselenieto vo prou~uvaniot prostor go izdvojuva
postojanoto namaluvawe na u~estvoto na mladoto
naselenie (0-19 god.) i istovremeno kontinuirano zgolemuvawe na u~estvoto na postarite vozrasni grupi.
Mladata populacija na nivo na op{tina vo
periodot 1971-1994 godina bele`i namaluvawe za
41%, kontinuirano go namaluva svoeto procentualno u~estvo vo vkupnata populaciska masa i od
34.8% vo 1971 godina, vo 1994 godina ja dostignuva
vredosta od 27.5% {to pretstavuva nisko u~estvo. Pri~inite za vakvata sostojba le`at vo prethodno spomenatite faktori koi imaat vlijanie
na promenite na starosnata struktura, no vo
konkretniov slu~aj bi gi istaknale migracijata
na naselenieto nadvor od op{tinata, namaluvaweto na natalitetot, a analogno na toa i
prirodniot prirast na vkupnata populacija.
Naselenieto na vozrast od 20 - 59 godini,
odnosno zreloto naselenie, za vreme na prou~uvaniot period bele`i namaluvawe za 28.2%, pri
{to istoto pretstavuva okolu 1/2 od vkupnoto
naselenie i vo dvete popisni godini.
Tab. 1 Brojno dvi`ewe na naselenieto vo op{tina Resen
Tab. 1 Population dynamics in the Municipality of Resen
godina na popis
1921 1931 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1994
(Census year)
Naselenie
17128 20021 23137 24400 23730 23840 25360 17681
(Population)
Indeks
100 105 102.5 103 109.6 76.4
(Index)
Izvor na podatoci: SZS (1973); ZSRM (1996) - Data source: SZS (1973); ZSRM (1996)
Sex and age structure of the population
From demo-geographic point of view, considering the
characteristics of the Prespa region, sex and age structure
of the population are especially interesting for studying in
the framework of the inevitable changes that took place in
the past period.
Sex structure shows the rate of the male and female
population compared to the total population. If there is a
big difference, there could be important qualitative
changes and distractions in the reproduction of the
population that will impact the age structure. The
demographic data shows that the number of population
from both sexes records continual decrease. In 1994 the
female population (50.3%) outnumbered male population
(49.7%), compared to 1971 when the condition was
reversed: male population consisted 50.7% of the total
population.
Age structure shows the number of the population in
separate age groups and is in line with the sex structure.
There are three basic age groups. Analysis of the time
period after the WWII shows the continuos decrease of
the young population (0-19) compared to the increase of
the other two age groups.
The young population, on municipal level, in the period
1971-1994 decreased for 41%, continuously decreasing
its share of the total population, from 34.8% in 1971 to
27.5% in 1994 that is very low participation. The reason
for this condition are in the aforementioned factors that
have impact on the age structure, but in this case we
would stress the migration of the population outside of
the municipality, the decrease in the natality, and in line
with it, the natural growth of the total population.
The population in the second age group (20-59), the adult
population, during the studied period decreased for
28.2%, and represents about ½ of the total population in
both census years.
Tab. 2 Starosna struktura na naselenieto vo Op{tina Resen, 1971 godina
Tab. 2 Age structure of the population in the municipality of Resen, 1971
Godini
(Years)
0-19
20-59
> 60
Vkupno
(Total)
Vkupno (Total)
Gradsko (City)
Selsko (Village)
Se
ma{ko `ensko Vkupno ma{ko `ensko Vkupno ma{ko `ensko
(Total) (male) (Female) (Total) (male) (Female) (Total) (male) (Female)
34.8
17.9
16.9
38.2
19.0
19.2
33.4
17.4
16.0
51.6
26.4
25.2
50.8
25.5
25.3
52.0
26.9
25.1
13.6
6.4
7.2
11.0
5.1
5.9
14.6
6.9
7.7
100.0
50.7
49.3
100
49.6
50.4
99.9
51.2
48.8
Tab. 3 Starosna struktura na naselenieto vo Op{tina Resen, 1994 god
Tab. 3 Age structure of the population in the municipality of Resen, 1994
Godini
(Years)
Vkupno (Total)
Se
ma{ko
`ensko
(Female)
(Total) (male)
27.5
14.4
13.1
50.0
24.9
25.1
22.5
10.4
12.1
Gradsko (City)
Selsko (Village)
Vkupno
ma{ko `ensko Vkupno ma{ko `ensko
(Total)
(male) (Female) (Total) (male) (Female)
31.3
16.2
15.1
23.9
12.7
11.2
53.4
26.2
27.2
46.7
23.7
23.0
15.3
7.0
8.3
29.4
13.6
15.8
0-19
20-59
>60
Vkupno
100
49.7
50.3
100.0
49.4
50.6
100.0
49.9
50.1
(Total)
*Podatocite se odnesuvaat na naselenieto vo zemjata ( The data refers to the population in the country)
Na druga strana, naselenieto na vozrast od
60 godini i pove}e vo tekot na analiziraniot
period se zgolemi za 23.0%, a voedno se zgolemi i
negovoto procentualno u~estvo od 13.6% vo 1971
godina na 22.5% vo 1994 godina {to pretstavuva
mnogu visoka vrednost bidej}i {tom }e nadmine
8% uka`uva na toa deka stanuva zbor za populacija zafatena so procesot na demografsko stareewe. Ova se dol`i na preminot na del od zreloto
naselenie vo ovoj kontingent, namaleniot priroden prirast, emigracionite dvi`ewa i sli~no.
Seto ova uka`uva na edna krajno nepovolna
demografska sostojba koja ja potvrduvaat u{te
nekolku pokazateli. Srednata starost na vkupnoto naselenie vo 1994 godina ja nadminuva kriti~nata vrednost od 30 godini i iznesuva 38.9 godini,
na ma{koto naselenie e povisoka i iznesuva 39.9
godini, a na `enskoto 37.7 godini. Voedno, koeficientot na vozrasna zavisnost iznesuva 0.61.
Pri analiza na strukturata na naselenieto
spored vozrasnite grupi treba da istakneme deka
postojat zna~itelni razliki me|u gradskata i
selskata sredina. So ne{to popovolna sostojba
se odlikuva naselenieto koe `ivee vo gradot
Resen. Vo nego mladoto naselenie stagnira i istoto vo 1994 godina u~estvuva so pomalku od 1/3,
zreloto naselenie bele`i porast za 27.6% , a so
toa i negovoto procentualno u~estvo se zgolemi
i vo 1994 godina iznesuva 53.4%. Staroto naselenie koe `ivee vo gradot se zgolemi za 69.1% i
istoto vo 1994 godina ~ini 15.3% od naselenieto vo gradot. Ova vo golema merka se dol`i na
doseluvawe na rabotosposobno naselenie od ruralnata sredina vo gradot pottiknato od pobrziot razvoj na urbanata sredina vo izminatiot
period i so tekot na vremeto preminalo vo povisoka starosna grupa.
Nasproti nego, sostojbata vo ruralnata
sredina e krajno nepovolna. Mladoto naselenie
vo tekot na prou~uvaniot period se namali za
61.4%, a zreloto rabotnosposobno naselenie za
51.6%. Naselenieto na vozrast od 60 godini i
pove}e se zgolemi za 8.2% i istoto vo 1994 godina u~estvuva so 29.4% {to e me|u najnepovolnite
sostojbi vo ramkite na dr`avata.
Deka ovoj kraj se nao|a vo nepovolna
sostojba vo pogled na starosnata struktura na
naselenieto zboruva i vrednosta na indeksot na
starosta (naselenieto na vozrast od 60 godini i
pove}e vo odnos na mladoto naselenie) ~ija
kriti~na vrednost od 0.40 vo 1971 godina ja ima{e nadminato selskoto naselenie i istiot iznesuva{e 0.44 , na vkupnoto naselenie 0.39, a na
gradskoto 0.29. Vo 1994 godina na nivo na op{tina toj e visok i iznesuva 0.82, na gradskoto naselenie 0.49, dodeka na selskoto e mnogu visok -1.23.
So ogled deka Prespa se karakterizira kako prostor koj bil zafaten so intenzivno iseluvawe na naselenieto nadvor od dr`avata i voedno
se vbrojuva vo op{tinite koi se odlikuvaat so
nepovolna polo`ba vo pogled na prirodniot
prirast i negovite komponenti }e se zadr`ime
na ovie pra{awa. Gledano od {eesetite godini
pa navamu op{tinata Resen naj~esto se odlikuva
so niska stapka na natalitet koja od 17 vo
periodot 1962-66 godina, se namali na 11.5 vo
periodot 1992-96 godina i se vbrojuva me|u najniskite vo dr`avata. Nasproti toa, so visoki
vrednosti se odlikuva koga e vo pra{awe
smrtnosta na naselenieto pri {to op{tata stapka na smrtnost se zgolemi od 8.6 vo periodot
1962-66 godina na 12.0 vo 1992-96 godina {to e
mnogu visoka stapka. Toa uslovi op{tinata Resen
vo tekot na prou~uvaniot period da se odlikuva
so nizok priroden prirast ( 1962-66 godina 8.4 )
a vo periodot 1992-96 godina so -0.5 se vbroi vo
podra~jata koi se odlikuvaat so negativen priroden prirast odnosno brojot na umrenite lica e
pogolem od brojot na `ivorodenite i ne se obezbeduva prosta reprodukcija na naselenieto. Vrednosta na bruto reprodukcijata od 0.96 poka`uva
deka vo sega{niot period i vo idnina ne se
obezbeduva `ivorodeno `ensko dete po edna `ena
od fertilna vozrast. Voedno, indeksot na vitalnosta koj iznesuva 0.88 ja poka`uva potencijalnata mo`nost za reprodukcija, odnosno deka
sega{nata demografska kriza vo koja se nao|o
ovoj prostor }e se prodlabo~uva i vo idnina. Ova
posebno e karakteristi~no za ruralnata sredina
koja na primer vo periodot 1992-96 godina se
odlikuva so negativen priroden prirast od -3.3
Istaknatite promeni vo natalitetot, mortalitetot i prirodniot prirast vlijaeja na odnosot
me|u staroto, sredove~noto i mladoto naselenie,
no i na obemot na generaciite koi vleguvaa vo
kontingentite na obrazovno, rabotno ili fertilno naselenie. Neposredna posledica od niskiot priroden prirast e stareewe na naselenieto. Selektivniot karakter na migraciite spored starost doveduva do namaluvawe na mladoto
naselenie. Od pri~insko-posledi~nata povrzanost na starosnata struktura so komponentite na
prirodnoto dvi`ewe na naselenieto, so migraciite i ostanatite strukturi, so ogled deka promenite vo starosnata struktura se dolgoro~ni,
mo`e da se predvidi so golem stepen na verojatnost idniot razvoj na naselenieto. Ako se isklu~i migracionata komponenta, vo idnina mo`eme
da o~ekuvame trend na namaluvawe na vkupnoto
naselenie, na kontingentot mlado naselenie i
porast na staroto.
On the other hand, the population aged 60 + years during
the study period increased for 23%, and its participation
in the total population rose from 13.6% in 1971 to 22.5%
in 1994 that is very high value because when it exceeds
8% shows that the population is in the demographic aging. This is due to the transfer of some of the adult population to the old population, the decreased natural growth,
emigrational trends etc.
All of this points to a extremely adverse demographic
condition that is confirmed by several other indicators.
The average age in 1994 exceeds the critical value of 30
years of age and is 38.9 years, with the male population
being older (39.9) and the female population being
younger (37.7). The index of age dependence is 0.61.
While analyzing the structure of the population we need
to stress that considerable differences exist between the
city and the rural area. The population that lives in Resen
has slightly better condition. The young population in
Resen stagnates and in 1994 it participated with less than
1/3 in the total population, the adult population increased
for 27.6% and its participation increased to 53.4% in
1994. The old population increased for 69.1% and it constitutes 15.3% of the population in the city. This is due to
the emigration of workers from the rural area to the city
initiated by the fastest development of the urban area in
the past period, and with the time it moved to the old age
group.
On the contrary, the condition in the rural area is extremely unfavorable. The young population during the
studied period decreased for 61.4%, and the adult population for 51.6%. The population older than 60 years increased for 8.2% and it constituted 29.4% of the total
population that is one of the worst conditions in the state.
The age index (60+ population compared to the young
population) shows that this area is really in bad condition.
In 1971, the age index for the rural population was o.44
and had exceeded the critical value of the age index of
0.40. The age index for the total population was 0.39, and
for the city population was 0.29. In 1994 the value of the
age index is very high on municipal level and reaches
0.82. The age index of the city population was o.49,
while the index is very big in the rural areas and reaches
1.23.
Considering that Prespa is characterized as an area that
was intensively abandoned, as well as being one of the
municipalities characterized with unfavorable condition
with the natural growth we’ll stick to these problems.
Starting with the 1960-ties Resen is characterized with
low rate of natality, that dropped from 17%0 in 1962-66
to 11.5%0 in 1992-96, that is one of the lowest rates in the
country. On the contrary, it is characterized with high
mortality rate that increased from 8.6%0 in 1962-66 to
12.0%0 in 1992-96 that represents very high rate. This
was the reason that Municipality of Resen was characterized with low natural growth (8.4%0 in 1962-66) and in
1992-96 with growth of –0.5%0 listed in the areas characterized with negative natural growth (the number of the
deceased is bigger than the number of the newborn and
does not provide simple reproduction of the population).
The value of the brute-reproduction of 0.96 shows that in
this period and in the future it is not provided a live born
babygirl per woman in fertile age. The vitality index that
values 0.88 shows the potential for reproduction, or in
other words, the current demographic crises will deepen
in the future. This is especially notable in the rural area
that had natural growth of –3.3%0 in 1992-96. The mentioned changes in the natality, mortality and the natural
growth had impact on the relation between the old, adult
and young population, but also impacted the size of the
generations that were included in the educational, working or fertile population. The direct consequence of the
low natural growth is the aging of the population. The
selective migration character, concerning the age of the
emigrants, led to the declining in the young population.
Having in mind the age composition of the population in
migration processes and the changes in the age structure
the future development of the population could be anticipated. If the migratory component is excluded, it could be
expected in the future further decrease in the total population along with the decrease of the young population
and increase in the old one. By the year 2010 it is expected an average decrease of 0.56% of the population a
year that is 5.6% for the next 10 years. At the same time,
a significant immigrational process is not expected. Even
if it happens, the immigrants would be old people that
would only worsen the age structure of the population.
According to the last three censuses none of the rural
settlements did not experience a increase in the population, which is related to the lack of emmigrational potential.
The above data shows that this is an area with extreme
unfavorable demographic condition and is one of the few
other areas in Macedonia like Demir Hisar, Kriva Palanka
and Kratovo experiencing a demographic crises. To avoid
the negative impact on the further socio-economic development of the area serious, prompt and efficient actions
in demographic development and the satisfying of the
populational needs should be taken.
Conclusions
Based on the above discussion it could be concluded that
this area has experienced significant demographic
changes. The following conclusion could be made:
a) The decrease in the total population in 1948-94 period is 23.6%. The decrease in the rural population is emphasized. The participation of the rural population
dropped from 75.4% in 1948 to 58.2% in 1994.
b) Extensive emmigration processes are present, mostly
directed outside the country. In 1994, there were 4942
persons from the rural area and 1305 from the urban area
that were outside the country longer than one year which
is 26.1% of the total population in the area.
Taka do 2010 godina brojot na naselenieto
}e opa|a so prose~na godi{na stapka od 0.56%
godi{no, odnosno 5.6% za period od deset godini.
Voedno, ne mo`e da se o~ekuva nekoja pozna~ajna
povratna migracija. Eventualno, toa bi bile
povozrasni lica koi bi dovele do uslo`nuvawe
na starosnata struktura na naselenieto. Voedno,
spored podatocite od trite posledni popisi nitu
edna od selskite naselbi od ovoj kraj ne bele`i
porast na naselenieto {to uka`uva deka e
namalen potencijalot za iseluvawe.
Spomenatite demografski specifi~nosti
na ovoj prostor potvrduvaat deka stanuva zbor za
prostor koj se nao|a vo mo{ne nepovolna
demografska sosotojba i eden od najkarakteristi~nite vo ramkite na dr`avata koj zaedno so
Demir Hisar, Kriva Palanka i Kratovo do`ivuva demografska kriza. Seto toa od svoja strana
ima vlijanie vrz sevkupniot natamo{en op{testveno-ekonomski razvoj na ovoj kraj, poradi {to
bara brzi i efikasni reagirawa vo pogled
planirawe na demografskiot razvoj, zadovoluvawe na razli~nite potrebi na naselenieto od
razli~nite vozrasni grupi i sli~no.
Zaklu~ok
Vrz osnova na seto izneseno o~igledno e
deka prespanskiot kraj se izdvojuva kako prostor
koj vo izminatiot period pretrpel zna~ajni
demografski promeni. Pri toa se nametnuvaat
nekolku zadlu~oci:
a). Karakteristi~no e namaluvawe na vkupnoto naselenie koe vo periodot 1948-94 godina
iznesuva 23.6%. Vo ramkite na toa, posebno e
naglaseno namaluvaweto na selskoto naselenie
~ie procentualno u~estvo vo vkupnoto naselenie
vo op{tinata se namali od 79.5% vo 1948 godina,
na 58.2% vo 1994 godina;
b). Se zabele`ani intenzivni emigracioni
dvi`ewa koi vo najgolem del bile naso~eni
nadvor od dr`avata. Vo 1994 godina od ruralnata
sredina na op{tinata Resen se evidentirani 4942
lica i od gradot 1305 lica koi se otsutni nadvor
od zemjata podolgo od edna godina {to
pretstavuva 26.1% od naselenieto na op{tinata;
v). Emigriraweto na naselenieto, vo prv
red mlado i rabotosposobno, uslovi promeni vo
starosnata struktura na naselenieto odnosno se
odviva{e intenziven proces na stareewe na
naselenieto. Vo 1994 godina u~estvoto na
mladoto naselenie se namali na 27.5% {to
pretstavuva nisko u~estvo, dodeka u~estvoto na
staroto naselenie iznesuva 22.5% {to e mnogu
visoka vrednost. Toa uslovi vo 1994 godina
indeksot na starosta na nivo na op{tina da
iznesuva 0.82, na gradskoto naselenie 0.49, dodeka
na selskoto e mnogu visok i iznesuva 1.23.
Srednata starost na vkupnoto naselenie iznesuva
38.9 godini, na ma{koto 39.9 godini, a na
`enskoto 37.7 godini.
g). Op{tinata Resen poradi niskata stapka
na natalitet i negativen priroden prirast od 0.5 vo periodot 1992-96 godina predstavuva
vitalno biolo{ka depresija i bruto reprodukcijata od 0.96 sega i vo idniot period ne obezbeduva
`ivorodeno `ensko dete na 1 `ena vo fertilen
period. Voedno, indeksot na vitalnosta od 0.88
koj ja poka`uva potencijalnata mo`nost za
reprodukcija uka`uva na sega{nata demografska
kriza koja }e se prodlabo~uva i vo idnina.
Spomenatite demografski belezi koi ja
otslikuvaat demografskata kriza vo koja se nao|a
ova podra~je se reflektiraat na idniot demografski, socijalen i ekonomski razvoj poradi
{to treba vo planiraweto na idniot razvoj da se
imaat vo predvid demografskite karakteristiki
i specifi~nosti na prostorot.
c)
The emmigration of the young and working population conditioned changes in the age structure, followed by the aging processes of the population. In
1994, the participation of the young population
dropped to 27.5% that is very low percentage, while
the old population increased to 22.5% which is extremely high. The age index on municipal level was
0.82 (0.49 in the urban area, extremely high 1.23 in
the rural areas). The average age of the population is
38.9 (39.9 for male population, 37.7 for female
population).
d) The municipality of Resen is characterized by the
low natality and the negative natural growth (-0.5%
in 1992-96 period) and represents a vital biological
depression. The brute reproduction of 0.96 does not
provide live born babygirl per fertile woman, nowadays or in the future. The present demographic crises
is like to deepen in the future as can be seen by the
low value of the vitality index (0.88).
The demographic crises in this area will be reflected on
the future demographic, social and economic
development. Due to that, demographic characteristics
and specifics of the area should be considered in any
planning of the future development of the area.
Referenci (References)
Daskalovski, V. (1999). Neto migraciskiot bilans na selskoto naselenie vo Republika
Makedonija (1948-1994), Geografski razgledi
kn. 34, str. 183-198, Skopje;
SZS (1973). Pol i starost - I del. Kn. VIII, Popis
1971 god, Beograd;
ZSRM (1996). Popis na naselenieto..1994. Dokumentacija, Kn. I. Skopje;
ZSRM (1997). Popis na naselenieto..1994. Dokumentacija, Kn.V. Skopje.
Gramatnikovski, V. (1975). Prirodno-geografski,
demografski i imotni karakteristiki na
Prespanskata Kotlina, Godi{en zbornik kn.
21, Skopje.
Daskalovski, V. (1998). Procesot na demografskoto stareewe na naselenieto vo Republika
Makedonija, Geografski razgledi kn. 32-33,
str. 83-98, Skopje.
305
Prednosti na kombinirana tehnologija vo odnos na klasi~nite
tehnologii za tretman na otpadnite vodi vo Prespa
Xoko KUNGULOVSKI
Institut za biologija, Prirodno-matemati~ki fakultet, Skopje,
P.Fah 162, 91000 Skopje, Makedonija; E-mail: djokok@iunona.pmf.ukim.edu.mk
Apstrakt
Studijata za za{tita na Prespanskoto Ezero od otpadni vodi izrabotena od strana na Grade`niot fakultet vo
Skopje, vo kone~na verzija predstavena od Zavodot za vodostopanstvo na SR Makedonija od Skopje i Grade`niot
institut Makedonija od Skopje, vo 1988 godina, usvojuva edno od trite ponudeni re{enija za izgradba na edna
centralna pro~istitelna stanica i tri nezavisni granki na kolektorski sitem: gradski kolektor, severen
kolektor, isto~en kolektor i zapaden kolektor. Vrz osnova na spomenata studija, vo 1997 godin izraboten e Ideen
proekt “Bioprespa“, so koj se nudi izmena na generalniot pristap vo re{avaweto na problemot so tretmanot na
otpadnite vdodi. So Proektot se predviduva izgradba na pogolem broj lokalni pro~istitelni stanici.So cel
kvalitetot na pro~istenata voda da bide vo ramkite na novite zakonski normi, pri renoviraweto na postoe~kite
i izgradbana na novite pro~istitelni stanici na obalata Prespanskoto Ezero, potrebno e da se koristat novite
soznanija i tehnologii. Vo ovoj referat opi{ana e kombiniranata tehnologija so primena na bioaugmentacija pri
tretmanot na otpadnite vodi.
1. Voved
Studijata za za{tita na Prespanskoto Ezero od otpadnite vodi predstavuva sovremen priod
kon vospostavuvaweto novi standardi vo za{titata na prirodnite resursi. So studijata planirano e izgradba na centralna stanica za tretman
na otpadnite vodi i tri nezavisni kolektorski
sistemi: severen, isto~en i zapaden kolektor so
12 pumpni stanici.
Gradskiot kolektor e izgraden vo celost vo
faza na distribucija samo na komunalnite vodi, a
ne i na industriskite. Pro~istitelnata stanica
e von funkcija kako rezultat na primenata na
nesoodvetna tehnologija, a voedno i na nestru~niot na~in na odr`uvawe na procesot vo istiot.
Kako rezultat na niza nedostatoci, vo 1997
godina izraboten e Ideen proekt “Bioprespa” za
za{tita na Prespanskoto Ezero. So Proektot se
napu{ta idejata za izgradba na kolektorski sistem i vo zamena se nudi izgradba na mali pro~istitelni stanici do 1000 E@, koi glavno bi
koristele klasi~ni tehnologii za tretman na
otpadnite vodi.
Momentalno kako na svetskiot, taka i na
na{iot pazarot se nudat golem broj na razli~ni
biolo{ki i fizi~ko-hemiski postapki za tretman na otpadnite vodi vo mali naselbi. Iako
fizi~ko-hemiskite postapki na tretman mo`at
306
vo odredeni slu~aevi (na odreden tip otpadni
vodi) da dadat zadovolitelni rezultati, prvenstveno }e dademe akcent na biolo{kite postapki
za tretman na otpadnite vodi, kako celoviti i so
maksimalen u~inok.
Zaradi svojata golemina malite naselbi se
soo~uvaat so golem broj problemi zaradi koi
gradbata i postavuvaweto na sistemite za
tretman mnogu te{ko se realiziraat vo praksa.
Osnovni problemi se:
- zakonskite merki za kvalitet na pro~istenite
vodi;
- visokite tro{oci za tretman na otpadnite vodi
po glava na `itel;
- ograni~eni izvori na finansiski sradstva za
izgradba na sistemi za tretman na otpadnite
vodi;
- ograni~eni izvori na finansiski sredstva za
vodewe i odr`uvawe na sistemite za tretman na
otpadnite vodi.
1.1. Kvalitet na pro~istenite otpadni vodi
Zatoa {to pogolemiot broj na mali naselbi se
nao|aat vo ekolo{ki osetlivi podra~ja,
zakonskite barawa za kvalitet na pro~istenite
otpadni vodi samo se ne{to poniski od onie za
golemite naselbi i gradovi.
Implementation of combined technologies for the wastewater treatment as
function of sustainable development in Prespa region
Djoko KUNGULOVSKI
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
E-mail: djokok@iunona.pmf.edu.mk
Abstract
Wastewater treatment is one of the most important factors for sustainable development of Prespa region. In order to promote this
idea, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Skopje offered “Study for wastewater protection of the Prespa Lake“, its final version presented
by the Water Menagement and Institute of Civil Engineering). In 1988 one of the three offered solutions was accepted suggesting
building of one central purifying station (city collector), as well as three independent branches of a collector system: east, north and
west collector. Project ‘Bioprespa” accepted in 1997 suggested changes in the general approach of the wastewater treatment. The
building of a number of local purification stations, that would contribute to the future strategy of the sustainable development of the
entire region, was suggested. The quality of the purified water has to be in accordance with the new legislative, improving the
sustainable development of the region. That is why new technology and approaches should be applied in building new purifying
stations and renovating the old ones (first phase). This paper describes the combined technology advantages compared to the others
for wastewater treatment as a base for sustainable development of the Prespa region.
1. Introduction
Study for the wastewater protection of the Prespa region
is a new approach in the establishing of the new standards
in the protection of the natural resources and sustainable
development. The building of a central station and three
independent collector systems: north, east and west, with
12 pump stations were planed.
The building of the city collector is completed and is in
the phase of distributing communal waters (the industrial
ones are yet to be included). The purification station is
not in use as a result of inappropriate technology implementation.
As a result of many mistakes, a new “Bioprespa” project
for protection of Prespa Lake was created in 1997. This
project abandoned the ideas of the old one. Instead
building of small purifying stations (up to 1000 EZ) is
suggested. The classical technology for wastewater
treatment is proposed.
Currently, the domestic as well as the world market, offer many different biological and physico–chemical
wastewater technologies for small settlements. Although
some of them can, in certain cases, give satisfying results,
we would like to emphasize the biological treatments as
most complete and with maximal effects.
The purifying systems in small settlements are difficult
to built and implement due to the many different problems, this settlements face. The main problems are:
- The legislative for the quality of the purified water
- Big expenses of wastewater treatment per person
- Limited financial sources for building purifying systems
- Limited financial sources for governing and maintaining
these systems
1.1. Quality of purified wastewater
Because of the fact that most of the small settlements are
in the ecologically sensitive regions, the legislative is
more liberal than in the cities.
1.2. High building expenses per person
Small places have bigger expenses in building those systems, compared with the cities, due to the fewer people
(prices go down with the system size)
1.3. Limited financing for system construction
Speaking in general, small places have difficulties financing the construction of the systems. One of the reasons is lower average income and this doesn’t apply to
those near big cities.
1.4. Limited finances for creating and maintaining of
the treatment systems
Building the wastewater treatment systems will not end
the financial problems. Finances should be planned for
project creation, supervising the building process,
managing the project, monitoring and maintenance etc.
1.2. Visoki tro{oci za izgradba po glava na
`itel
Malite naselbi zaradi maliot broj na `iteli
imaat mnogu pogolemi tro{oci vo izgradbata na
sistemite (cenata opa|a so goleminata na
sistemot) vo sporedba so golemite naselbi i
gradovi.
1.3. Ograni~eni sredstva za izgradba na
sistemi za tretman
Voop{teno zboruvaj}i, malite naselbi imaat
pote{kotii vo finansiraweto na izgradbata na
sistemite za tretman na otpadnite vodi. Edno od
pri~inite se poniskite prihodi na `itelite vo
malite naselbi {to ne va`i za naselbite koi se
vo blizina na golemite gradovi.
1.4. Ograni~eni sredstva za vodewe i
odr`uvawe na sistemite za
tretman
So iznao|aweto na sredstva za izgradba na
sistemi za tretman na otpadnite vodi, ne
zavr{uvaat finansiskite problemi. Pari~ni
sredstva potrebno e da se izdvojat za:
proektirawe, nadzor na izgradbata, vodewe na
proektot, monitoring, odr`uvawe i t.n.
2. Osnovni postapki za otstranuvawe na
organskite materii i nutrienti
Razgraduvaweto na sostojkite vo otpadnite vodi
mo`e da se sproveduva vo aerobni i anaerobni
uslovi.
2.1. Aerobni postapki za tretman
na otpadnite vodi
BIOLO[KI TRETMAN NA NUTRIENTITE
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NUTRIENTS
Suspendirana biomasa
Suspended biomass
Fiksirana biomasa
Fixed biomass
Hibridni reaktori
Hybrid reactors
Nitrifikacija
Nitrification
Nitrifikacija
Nitrification
SBC
Nitri./denitri
Nitrification/denitrifica
tion
Nitri./denitri
Nitrification/denitrifica
tion
RBC
Wuhrman
Aerobni filter
Aerobic filter
SHARON
Ludzack Ettnger
MLE
Prokapnik
ANAMMOX
Fluidizirani sloj
Fluid layer
4.st. Bardenpho
SBR
Sl. 1 Aerobni postapki koi se koristat za otstranuvawe na organskite materii
i nutrienti od otpadnite vodi
Fig. 1 Aerobic methods for organic matter and nutrients extraction from waste water
Kratok opis na
procesot
Osnovna karakteristika na aerobnata postapka za tretman na otpadnite
vodi e razgraduvaweto na rastvorenite organski materii so pomo{ na
aerobni mikroorganizmi vo prisustvo
na kislorod. Kislorodot se doveduva
vo sistemot po pat
na difuzori ili so
mehani~ki aeratori. Kako proizvod
na aerobnata postapka
za tretman
na otpadnite vodi
se dobiva pro~istena otpadna voda i
aktivna tiwa koja
se obrabotuva na eden od postojnite
na~ini za tretman
na tiwata.
2. Basic treatments for organic substances and
nutritient extraction
2.2. Anaerobic treatments of wastewater
Wastewater substances decay can take place in aerobic
and anaerobic conditions.
2.1. Aerobic treatment of wastewater
Short description of the process
Main characteristic of this process is the decay of the
dissolved organic substances, by aerobic microorganism
in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen is brought in by
diffusers or mechanic aerators. Product of this process is
purified wastewater and active mud, which is purified in
one of the routine processes.
R
Short description of the process
Anaerobic treatment of wastewater takes place in the so
called anaerobic conditions (without oxygen). As a result
of this process methan and carbon dioxide are produced.
Usually two types of reactors are used: standard or
reactors on fast digestion of organic substances. The
keeping time in standard procedures is30 – 60 days,
whereas in other reactors this time is under 15 days, and
in some cases only few hours. During this process large
amount of biogas and some microbe biomass is produced.
The produced gas can be used as reactor fuel. It is
important to mention that great part of the produced
biogas is used for heating the anaerobic reactor.
Fig. 1 presents a list of different aerobic procedures for
wastewater treatment
P
F
F-A
R
P
F
F-A
R
OXI
T
P
F
F-A
A
N
O
X
OXI
T
Sl. 2 Prikaz za nadgradba na kombiniraniot sistem (Legenda: R- re{etka; P - peskolovec; T - talo`nik; Ffilter; F-A - fakultativno-anaerobna zona; ANOX – anoksigena zona; OXI - oksigena zona)
Fig. 2 Upgrade model of the combined system
3. Extraction of organic substances and nutritiones by combined system for wastewater treatment
The advantage of the combined treatment system lies on
the low starting expenses for building and minimal
managing and maintaining. Combined system is thought
up to be adaptive to the current legislative for purified
water quality and to the financial possibilities of the
population. Basic functional scheme for this system is
given on Fig. 2.
2.2. Anaerobni postapki
otpadnite vodi
za
tretman
na
2.2.1. Kratok opis na procesot
Anaerobniot tretman na otpadnite vodi se
sproveduva vo t.n. anaerobni uslovi (beskislorodni uslovi na rastvoreniot kislorod) i kako
proizvod na anaerobniot proces se dobivaat
metan i jaglerod dioksid. Za anaeroben tretman
naj~esto se koristat dva tipa na reaktoristandardna izvedba i reaktori na brza digestija
na organskite materii. Vo reaktorite so standardna izvedba vremeto na zadr`uvawe iznesuva
30-60 denovi, dodeka vo reaktorite so brza
izvedba koi se pove}e se upotrebuvaat, vremeto
na zadr`uvawe e pod 15 dena, a vo nekoi slu~ai
mo`e da iznesuva i nekolku ~asovi. Vo procesot
na anaerobno razgraduvawe se sozdava golema
koli~ina na biogas so mal prinos na mikrobna
biomasa. Dobieniot biogas mo`e da se koristi
kako dodatno pogonsko gorivo. Va`no e da se
napomeni deka golem del od proizvedeniot biogas
se koristi za zagrevawe na anaerobniot reaktor.
Na Sl. 1 daden e prikaz na razli~ni
aerobni postapki za tretman na otpadnite vodi.
POSTAPKA SO ODBRANI
MIKROBNI KULTURI
KLASI^NA POSTAPKA
(CLASSICAL METHOD)
Zgolemuvawe
(magnification)
2X
200 %
(METHOD WITH CHOSEN
MICROBIAL CULTURES)
Za{teda vo volumen
odnosno investicii
(Volume saves i.e.
investments)
150 %
Zgolemuvawe
(magnification)
1.5 X
200 %
150 %
Volumen usloven so sredna
brzina
(Volume in the
medium speed
conditions)
100 %
100 %
Zgolemuvawe
(magnification)
1.5 X
Volumen usloven so maks.
brzina
(Volume in the
max. speed
conditions)
Sl. 3 Sporedben prikaz na klasi~nata postapka za tretman na otpadnite vodi i postapkata so primena
na odbrani mikrobni kulturi
Fig. 3 Comparison of classical method for the wastewater treatment and method with selected microbial cultures
Another advantage of combined system is the
implementation of the bioaugumentation. The bioaugumentation (addition of selected and chosen microbe cultures) will give the following improvements of the
system:
- increase the stability
- increase the biological activity of the ordinary bioactive
mud
- sustain the most sensitive biological processes such as
nitrification
- optimization of the system
- lowering of the investments and the expenses for the
wastewater treatments
Lowering of the investment and operative expenses along
with the optimization of the system operation is achieved
in the way presented on Fig. 3.
The selected and dimensioned technology applied in the
classical project, could be greatly optimized by the use of
properly selected microbe biomass which will be
responsible for the biological process. The properly
chosen microbe biomass could optimize each of the
biological treatments, resulting in lower expenses in the
building process.
Sl. 4 [ematski prikaz za primena na bioaugmentacijata vo prakti~ni uslovi
Fig. 4 Schematic view of the bioaugumentation application in practice
3. Otstranuvawe na organskite materii i
nutrienti so kombiniran sistem za tretman
na otpadnite vodi
Prednost na kombiniraniot sistem za
tretman e vo niskite po~etni tro{oci za izgradba na sistemot i minimalno vodewe i odr`uvawe.
Kombiniraniot sistem e zamislen taka da mo`i
da se prilagoduva na momentalnite zakonski
potrebi za kvalitet na pro~istenite vodi, i na
finansiskite mo`nosti na naselenieto. Na Sl. 2
daden e prikaz na osnovna funkcionalna {ema na
kombiniraniot sistem i negova nadgradba.
Kako dodatna prednost na kombiniraniot
sistem e i primenata na metodata bioaugmentacija. Bioaugmentacijata (dodavawe na selekcionirani i odbrani mikrobni kulturi) }e gi dade
slednite podobruvawa na sistemot za tretman:
- }e ja zgolemi stabilnosta na sistemot;
- }e ja zgolemi biolo{kata aktivnost na
klasi~nata bioaktivna tiwa;
- }e gi odr`i najosetlivite biolo{ki procesi,
kako {to e nitrifikacijata;
- }e go optimizira sistemot;
- }e gi namali investiciskite i pogonskite
tro{oci za tretman na otpadnite vodi.
Namaluvawe na investiciskite i pogonskite trio{oci, isto i optimizirawe na rabotata na sistemot, }e se postigne na na~in kako
{to e prika`ano na Sl. 3.
So klasi~niot proekt odbranata i
dimenzionirana tehnologija odnosno postapkata
za tretman, mo`e vo mnogu da se optimizira so
koristewe na pravilno odbrana mikrobna
biomasa koja }e bide odgovorna za biolo{kite
procesi. So pravilno odbrana mikrobna biomasa
prakti~no sekoja klasi~na biolo{ka postapka za
tretman mo`e tolku da se optimizira da vo
golema mera gi namaluva tro{ocite za izgradba
na sistemot.
4. Bioaugmentacija
Zgolemuvaweto na biolo{kata aktivnost
na mikroorganizmite se postignuva so koristewe
na metodata “bioaugmentacija”. Bioaugmentacija e metod na koristewe odbrani mikroorganizmi vo forma na me{oviti kulturi sostaveno od tri ili pove}e razli~ni grupi na
mikroorganizmi dobieni so odbirawe i prilagoduvawe na razli~ni tipovi otpadni vodi.
So dodavawe na vaka pripremenite
me{oviti kulturi od mikroorganizmi (sostaveni od bakterii, kvasci ili bakterii i kvasci)
vo biolo{kite sistemi za tretman na otpadnite
vodi zna~ajno se zabrzuvaat biolo{kite procesi:
biooksidacija, biorazgraduvawe, nitrifikacija
i denitrifikacija, {to se ogleda vo visokiot
kvalitet na pro~istenata voda.
Primenata na metodata bioaugmentacija
posebno e uspe{na vo biolo{koto razgraduvawe
na te{kobiorazgradlivite sostojki- “ksenobiotici” (sosotojki so slo`ena hemiska struktura).
Pokraj navedenite karakteristiki, primenata na
bioaugmentacijata go zabrzuva i sozdavaweto na
flokuli od mikrobna biomasa. Isto taka, se
zgolemuva stabilnosta na biolo{kiot sistem
pri udarni organski optovaruvawa koi se zna~ajno pogolemi od prose~nite, odnosno optovaruvawa koi gi preminuvaat granicite na vrednostite
na koncentracijata na organskite materii od
onie, na koi mikroorganizmite se prilagodeni
vo bioaktivnata tiwa.
Prednost na metodot bioaugmentacija ili
tehnologiite vrz osnova na bioagumentacijata e
toa {to bioaugmentacijata mo`e da se primeni
na ve}e postoe~ki uredi za tretman na otpadnite
vodi ili kaj novite uredi kako postapka za
optimizacija na rabotata na uredite odnosno
klasi~nata tehnologija.
Na Sl. 4 prika`an e po~etokot na procesot vo laboratorija. Izolacijata, odbiraweto i
pripremaweto na mikroorganizmite za procesot
bioaugmentacija po~nuva vo laboratoriski uslovi. Taka pripremenite mikoorganizmi se prenesuvaat na teren vo realni uslovi za da se ispitaat vistinskite procesni parametri, delotvornost i stabilnost na procesot za tretman. Po
zavr{enite terenski- pilot ispituvawa, adaptiranata biomasa od me{oviti kulturi pominuva
u{te niza laboratoriski ispituvawa za da mo`e
uspe{no da se dodade na postoe~kite ili idni
uredi za tretman na industriski ili komunalni
otpadni vodi.
Primenata na bioaugmentacija {ematski e
prika`ana na Sl. 4.
Zaradi specifi~nosta na sekoj postoe~ki
ured ili tehnologija za tretman na otpadnite
vodi, isto i zaradi specifi~nosta na
sostojkite vo otpadnite vodi, bitno e da se
naglasi deka nema univerzalna mikrobna
kultura, tuku mikrobnata kultura treba da se
pripremi za sekoj daden slu~aj. Samo taka
mo`at da se garantiraat nejzinata pozitivna
delotvornost i rezultati.
5. Efekti
So kombiniran sistem mo`at da se postignat
rezultati vo sklad so zakonskite propisi. Vo
Tab. 1 daden e prikaz na izleznite vrednosti koi
mo`at da se postignat so kombiniraniot sistem.
4. Bioaugumentation
Implementation of bioaugumentation is presented on Fig. 4
The increase of the biological activity of microorganisms
is achieved by application of the method “bioaugumentation”. “Bioaugumentation” utilize selected microorganisms in form of mixed cultures consisted of 3 or more
different types of microorganisms chosen by selections
and adaptation to the different types of wastewater.
The addition of mixed cultures (constituted of bacteria,
fungi or both), into the biological treatment systems,
accelerates the biological processes (biooxigenation,
biodegradation, nitrification and denitrification). This
results in high quality of the purified water.
The application of this method is especially successful in
biological degradation of substances that can not be
easily degraded like “xenobiotics”(substances with
complex chemical structures). Additional characteristic of
this method is speeding up the creation of the microbe
biomass floculs. The stability of biological system under
organic overloads, larger than the average values, is
significantly improved, as well.
The advantage of bioaugumentation and technologies is
that the method can be applied in already existing devices
for wastewater treatment or in the new ones to optimize
the classic technology.
On Fig. 4 the beginning of the process in the laboratory is
shown. Isolation, selection and preparation of microorganisms take place in laboratory conditions. Than
microorganisms are transferred into the field, in real
conditions, where true parameters, influences and
stability are researched. After closing the pilot research,
adapted mixed culture biomass goes through a series of
additional laboratory examinations so that finally it could
be successfully added to devices that treat industrial and
communal wastewater.
Tab. 1 Koncentracii na vleznite parametri vo
kombiniraniot sistem i izleznite
vrednosti posle tretmanot
Tab. 1 The input concentration parameters in the
combined system and the output values after the
treatment
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apstrakti,
Ohrid,
Makedonija,
18-21
septemvri, 1996.191.
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prerabotkata na visokooptovareni industriski otpadni vodi. Me|unarodna konferencija. Otpadni vodi i cvrst otpad. Ohrid,
Makedonija, 14-17 Noemvri, 199-211.
Grup~e, Q. i Kungulovski, X. (1997): Organizacija na zaokru`eni sistemi vo za{tita na
vodite kako faktor za visok kvalitet na
`ivotnata sredina. I Kongres Mikrob. Mak.
me|unarodno u~estvo. Zbornik na rezimea.
Ohrid, Makedonija, 14-17 Maj, 1997. 348.
Glancer-Soljan, M. (1993): New Technologies for the
Biological Treatment of municipal and Industrial
Waste Waters by Using Suitable Microorganisms as
Starter Culture, Kem. Ind., 42 (9). 323-330.
Parametri
Parameters
Vlez
Input
Izlez
Output
BPK5 mg/l
216-540
<7
Suspendirani mat. mg/l
Suspended matter
240-600
<1
NH4-N mg/l
7-20
<1
Vkupen azot mg/l
Total nitrogen
31-80
< 10
Vkupen fosfor mg/l
Total phosphorous
6-17
<1
Due to the specifics of every persisting device or
wastewater treatment technology and specifics of the
substances in the wastewater, it is important to emphasize
that there is no universal microbe culture. It has to be
prepared for each case individually. This is the only way
to obtain beneficial efficiency and results.
5. Effects
The combined system results are in correlation with the
legislative. The output results of the combined system
are shown in Tab. 1.
Kontrola na ”kulturnata” eutrofikacija na kopnenite vodeni
ekosistemi so primena na lagunarniot sistem za
tretman na otpadni vodi od sto~arski farmi
Xoko KUNGULOVSKI
Institut za biologija, Prirodno-matemati~ki fakultet, Skopje,
P.Fah 162, 91000 Skopje, Makedonija; E-mail: djokok@iunona.pmf.ukim.edu.mk
Apstrakt
Trofikacijata na prirodnite kopneni ekosistemi se odviva preku vnesuvawe na hranlivi materii od slivot i so
kru`ewe na biogenite materii vo ekosistemot. Zna~itelni koli~ini na hranlivi materii mo`at da bidat vneseni
vo kopnenite vodeni ekosistemi i kako rezultat na antropogeni aktivnosti. Vakvoto zgolemuvawe na
trofikacijata se narekuva ”kulturna” ili ”ve{ta~ka” eutrofikacija. Za razlika od prirodnata eutrofikacija
koja se razviva mnogu sporo, “kulturnata” eutrofikacija mo`e da se slu~i vo kratok vremenski period i so mnogu
nepovolni posledici. Otpadnite vodi od sto~arskite farmi poka`uvaat visoko organsko optovaruvawe, kako
rezultat na {to istite se pri~ina za brzata ”kulturna” eutrofikacija na recipientite. Primenata na lagunarni
sistemi i psihrofilni anaerobni mikrobni procesi davaat mo`nost za kvalitetno pro~istuvawe na otpadnite
vodi od sto~arskoto proizvodstvo a so toa i za za~uvuvawe na prirodnite procesi na trofikacija na kopnenite
vodeni ekosistemi.
Voved
Stepenot na biolo{kata produkcija na
kopnenite vodeni ekosistemi zavisi od trofikacijata odnosno od hranata so koja raspolaga istiot. Vrz osnova na toa, Naumann (1919) so poimot ”oligotrofni” gi ozna~il vodite siroma{ni, a so ”eutrofni” vodite bogati so hranlivi
materii.
Trofikacijata na prirodnite kopneni
ekosistemi se odviva preku vnesuvawe na hranlivi materii od slivot i so kru`ewe na biogenite
materii vo ekosistemot. Prirodnite tekovi na
vnesuvawe na hranlivi materii mo`at da bidat
zabrzani kako posledica na potresi, {umski po`ari i sl. Me|utoa zna~itelni koli~ini na
hranlivi materii mo`at da bidat vneseni vo
kopnenite vodeni ekosistemi i kako rezultat na
antropogenite aktivnosti. Vakvoto zgolemuvawe
na trofikacijata se narekuva ”kulturna” ili
”ve{ta~ka” eutrofikacija. Za razlika od prirodnata eutrofikacija koja se razviva mnogu sporo, “kulturnata” eutrofikacija mo`e da se slu~i
vo kratok vremenski period i so mnogu nepovolni posledici.
Naj~esto so direktno ispu{tawe na
otpadnite vodi od sto~arskoto proizvodstvo vo
recipientot doa|a do brza eutrofikacija na
istiot. Takvata voda ima dovolna koli~ina na
hranlivi materii vo rastvorena sostojba, so {to
mikroorganizmite gi koristat istite za svoja
ishrana i izgradba na sopstvenata biomasa.
Razvojot na mikroorganizmite vo otpadnata voda
e srazmeren na koncentracijata na hranlivi
materii. Koga vo vodata postojat aerobni uslovi,
vo biohemiskite procesi na razgraduvawe na
organskata materija kako elektron-akceptor se
javuva kislorodot. So razgraduvawe na organskata materija doa|a do razmno`uvawe na mikroorganizmite ~ii krajni metaboli~ki produkti se
SO2, voda i nedegradabilen (mineralen) ostatok.
So izumirawe na mikroorganizmite nivnata
biomasa slu`i kako hrana za `ivite i aktivni
mikroorganizmi. Vo otsustvo na dovolna koli~ina na rastvoren kislorod (anaerobni uslovi) kako akceptor na elektroni se javuva jaglerodot.
Pokraj soedinenijata na jaglerodot, vo
otpadnata voda se nao|aat i azotni soedinenija.
Odredeni bakterii kako izvor na energija
koristat razni azotni soedinenija namesto
jaglerod. Oksidacijata na organskiot azot i
amonijakot vo nitriti se ostvaruva so bakterii
koi pripa|aat na rodot Nitrosomonas, dodeka
bakteriite od rodot Nitrobacter nitritite gi
transformiraat vo nitrati. Ovaa postapka se
narekuva nitrifikacija.
Control upon “cultural” eutrofication of the inland water ecosystems as a base
for sustainable development of Prespa region
Djoko KUNGULOVSKI
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
E-mail: djokok@iunona.pmf.edu.mk
Abstract
Sustainable development of Prespa region is in direct co-relation with trofication of inland water ecosystems. In general, this process
is happening with inputting nutritious matter through basin and with circling of the bio-matter in the ecosystem. A great deal of
nutritious materials can be inputted in the inland water ecosystems as a result of antropogenic activities. This type of boost trofication
is called “cultural” or “artificial” eutrofication. Unlike natural eutrofication, “cultural” eutrofication can happen in short period of time
and with very unfavorable effects. Wastewater from ranches shows high organic load. They are reason for the fast “cultural”
eutrofication of the recipients. Appliance of lagoon systems and anaerobe microbe processes gives possibilities of cleaning the
wastewater effectively. That contributes in development of the region because this process participates in preserving natural processes
of trofication of inland water systems, directly.
Introduction
Stage of biological production of inland water systems,
important factor for sustainable development of this region, depends on trofication apropos of the food available
for the system. Based on this, Naumann (1919), has
marked the non-nutritious water with the expression “oligotrofical” and nutritious with the expression “eutrofical”.
Sustainable development of Prespa region will depend on
trofication of natural inland ecosystems. Natural input of
nutritious matter can be speeded as a result of shocks,
forest fire etc. Also, significant quantities of nutritious
matter can be inputted into the inland water systems as a
result of antropogenic activities. Increasing trofication
this way is called “cultural” or “artificial” eutrofication.
Unlike natural eutrofication, that develops very slowly,
“cultural” eutrofication can happen in short period of
time and with very unfavorable effects.
Fast eutrofication of the recipient happens mostly with
direct emission of wastewater into the recipient. This
water has great quantities of nutritious matter as a solution. Microorganisms use them for their feeding and for
creating their own biomass. Development of the microorganisms in the wastewater is proportional with the concentration of the nutritious matter. The biochemical process of dissolving organic matter as electron-acceptor
gives oxygen, in case of aerobic conditions in the water.
Dissolving organic matter force microorganisms to reproduction. Their final metabolic products are CO2, water
and non-dissolvable (mineral) remnant. The dead microorganism creates biomass that is used as a food for the
live and active microorganisms. Carbon is used as acceptor of electrons when there is a lack of solved oxygen
(anaerobe conditions).
Nitrogen compounds can be found in the wastewater beside the carbon compounds. Some bacteria’s as a power
source, instead of carbon compounds use different nitrogen compounds. Oxidation of organic nitrogen and ammonia in nitrites is accomplished with bacteria’s that belongs to spices Nitrosomonas. Bacteria’s that belongs to
the spices Nitrobacter are transforming the nitrites to
nitrates. This process is called nitrification. If in the water, in which the process of nitrification is developing, the
level of the solved oxygen decreases to the nearly anaerobic condition then the process of denitrification
starts. In this case nitrates accept electrons and are becoming nitrites, nitrogen oxides or nitrogen. Denitrification is developing with help of facultative anaerobe bacteria’s. Presence of small quantity of organic carbon is
necessary in order of efficient denitrification.
Eutrofication or huge amount of organic substances in
the water usually leads desaturation with oxygen. In the
beginning, oxygen consumption is so huge that the
concentration of oxygen in the water decreases very fast.
With reoxidation organic substances decrease, as well as
oxygen deficit. With aeration of the water (waterfalls,
photosynthesis, the concentration of solved oxygen
increases and the biological oxygen consumption (BPK5)
decreases.
Koga vo vodata, vo koja se odviva proces na
nitrifikacija, dojde do namaluvawe na
rastvoreniot kislorod do pribli`no anaerobna
sostojba, se slu~uvaat procesi na denitrifikacija. Vo ovoj slu~aj nitratite primaat elektroni
i se reduciraat vo nitriti, azotni oksidi ili
azot. Denitrifikacijata se odviva so pomo{na
fakultativni anaerobni bakterii. Za efikasna
denitrifikacija neophodno e prisustvo na mala
koli~ina na organski jaglerod vo otpadnata voda.
Eutrofikacijata ili golemoto prisustvo
na organski materii vo vodotecite naj~esto
doveduva do namaluvawe na zasitenosta na vodata
so kislorod. Vo po~etokot potro{uva~kata na
kislorod e golema so {to koli~inata na kislorod vo vodata naglo opa|a. So reoksidacija doa|a
do namaluvawe na organskite materii pri {to se
namaluva i deficitot na kislorodot. So aerirawe na vodata (slapovi, fotosinteza) doa|a do zgolemuvawe na koli~inata na rastvoren kislorod i
namaluvawe na biolo{kata potro{uva~ka na
kislorod vo vodata (BPK5).
Pokraj spomenatite formi na fizi~ko-hemisko vlijanie na otpadnite vodi vrz recipientite postojat i drugi vlijanija koi se zavisni od
specifi~nostite na otpadnite vodi. Na primer,
otpadnite vodi od sto~arskoto proizvodstvo naj~esto se zna~ajno zamateni, pokiseli, potopli,
pobogati so hranlivi soli otkolku {to e prirodnata re~na voda. Fizi~ko-hemiskite vlijanija na
otpadnite vodi imaat prvenstveno posledici vrz
`iviot svet koj mora da se prisposobi na novonastanatite uslovi. Tie adaptacii se sogleduvaat
na toj na~in {to i vodenite organizmi deluvaat
na koli~inata i koncentracijata na otpadnite
materii vo vodata. Taka, hemosintetskite bakterii, preku oksidativni procesi, mo`at da gi
otstranuvaat suspendiranite ~esti~ki vo vodata.
Kako najpoznati grupi bakterii se `eleznite i
manganovite bakterii. Tie niz svojata aktivnost
gi oksidiraat `eleznite soedinenija vo vodata i
gi talo`at vo forma na `elezo hidroksid.
Pokraj toa, golem broj na vodni rastenija koi masovno se razvivaat imaat sposobnost da gi zadr`uvaat ~esti~kite na tiwa vo vodata. Isto taka, i
nekoi `ivotni mo`at da u~estvuvaat pri zadr`uvaweto na suspendiranite ~esti~ki. Sepak, najgolemi razgraduva~i, koi deluvaat direktno na
organskite materii, se bakteriite.
Vrz osnova na predhodno iznesenite soznanija kako i karakteristikite na postoe~kiot sistem i re`im na iz|ubruvawe vo sviwarskata farma vo Petrovec, se pokrena postapka za izrabotka na Glavniot proekt za sistem za pro~istuvawe
na otpadnite vodi od sviwarskata farma vo s.
Petrovec. Cel na proektot be{e da se izraboti
kompletno tehni~ko-tehnolo{ko re{enie za pro~istuvawe na otpadnite vodi od sviwarskata
farma so klanica vo s. Petrovec, so minimalna
zastapenost na oprema i personal za negovo vodewe i odr`uvawe, sistem koj {to }e bide efikasen
i ekonomi~en, so eventualno iskoristuvawe na
objektite od postojnite sistemi.
Za kratok vremenski period po izrabotkata na Glavniot proekt i dobienata pozitivna
recenzija se otpo~na so izgradba i realizacija na
proektot. Po zavr{uvaweto na najgolemiot del
od grade`nite raboti, vo maj 1997 godina se otpo~na so polnewe na sistemot so surova otpadna
voda. Polneweto na sistemot trae{e 6 meseci po
{to sistemot se pu{ti vo probna rabota.
Rabotata na sistemot be{e sledena vo tekot na 12
meseci so cel da se dobijat relevantni pokazateli za rabotata na sistemot.
Opis na tehnolo{kata postapka
Sistemot za tretman na otpadni vodi se
sostoi od ~etiri zemjeni laguni: edna dlaboka
t.n. anaerobna, dve plitki fakultativno-anaerobni i edna akumulacija. Pokraj visokiot
stepen na pro~istuvawe, lagunarniot sistem gi
ima i slednite prednosti nad ostanatite sistemi:
- visok stepen na higiensko-sanitarni efekti,
- visok stepen na utilizacija,
- kvaliteten influent,
- eftin i ednostaven sistem za odr`uvawe.
Sistemot ovozmo`uva dobivawe na prerabotena voda so relativno malo organsko optovaruvawe koja mo`e slobodno da se koristi kako
voda za navodnuvawe i prirodna fertilizacija.
Ovoj sistem isto taka ima mo`nost da
postigne visoka produkcija na biogas.
Vo lagunarniot sistem se obrabotuvaat
vodite od klanicata i od farmata. Pred vleguvawe vo sobirniot bazen, vodite se propu{taat
preku za{titni re{etki so ~ija pomo{ se zadr`uvaat krupnite cvrsti ~esti~ki i predmeti od
iz|ubruvaweto na sviwarskata farma. Vodata od
{talite se me{a so vodata od klanicata, pominuva preku edna zaedni~ka re{etka (so otvor d=1
cm) i vleguva vo sobirniot bazen od 30 m3. Od
tuka vodata se ispumpuva vo anaerobnata laguna.
Vo sobirnata jama se vr{i dodavawe na
bakteriska starter kultura vo propi{ani koli~ini, so cel da se podobri anaerobnata fermentacija vo anaerobnata laguna.
Besides this mentioned forms of physic-chemical influences of wastewater over recipients, there are others influences that are dependent on wastewater characteristics.
For example wastewater from farm production are usually muddy, sourer, warmer, richer with nutritious salts
then natural river water. Physic- chemical influences have
most consequences on the living world which have to
adapt to new living conditions. Adaptations can be seen
from the way that the water organisms influence the
amount and concentration of waste substances in the water. In that way chemosyntetic bacteria, through process
of oxidation, can remove suspended particles. Most
known bacteria are Ferro and Mangan. Through their
activity they oxidize Ferro compounds from the water
and they precipitate them in form of ferrohydroxide. Lots
of water plants that grow very fast are capable of keeping
particles of mud. Some animals play role in keeping suspended particles also. However biggest decomposers that
act directly on the organic substances are bacteria.
Based on previous data and characteristic of existing
system and regime of fertilization of pigs on a farm in
Petrovec, procedure has been brought up. Project for
wastewater purifying system from a pig farm in Petrovec
was done. Aim of the project was to make a complete
technique – technological solution for purification of
wastewater from pig farm and slaughterhouse in v. Petovec. There is supposed to be minimum personal and
mechanization for management and maintenance, system
which would be efficient and economic. Existing systems
can be used if necessary.
Shortly after main project was done and the critics were
positive, building and realization of the project began.
After most part of the construction was done, in May
1997 filling of the system with wastewater began. Filling
the system took 6 months, after which period the system
was put on a test work. System was followed for 12
months, and relevant indications were gained.
Description of technological proces
Wastewater treatment system consists of four earth lagoons: one deep (anaerobic), two shallow faculty – anaerobic and one accumulation. Beside high purification
quality lagoon system has more advantages over other
system such as:
- high level of hygienic – sanitary effects
- high level of utilization
- quality influent
- inexpensive and simple maintenance system
The system enables getting purified water with low organic load that further can be used as a irrigation water
and natural fertilization.
This system can also reach high production of biogas.
With the lagoon system, wastewater from slaughter-
houses and farms is purified. Before entering the collective pool waters are poured through protective bars in
what way the bigger and firm particles, as well as fertilization objects are collected. Water from the barns is
mixed with the water from the slaughterhouse This water
goes through a net (net dimensions d=1cm) and enters
into collective pool (30 m long). From here the water is
pumped into the anaerobic lagoon.
In the collective pool bacteria starter is added (strictly
measured quantities). With this anaerobic fermentation is
improved.
Geometry of the primary lagoon secures stabile temperature conditions necessary for anaerobic psichrophylic
fermentation. Time needed for this part is 80 days. Covering the lagoon with PVC foil collection of biogas is
enabled, as well as the stabile conditions anaerobiosis in
the anaerobic lagoon. Out of the anaerobic lagoon (by
gravitation) water is poured in two geometrically equal so
– called stabilizatonal or facultative lagoons which are
connected with each other. In this lagoons water stays for
about 6 days.
Water from lagoons is by gravitation poured into the accumulation. Part of the water is drained at the recipient,
and the other part is recycled for the farm needs.
Results and discusion
System for collection and treatment of wastewater in
“Farmi I klanica”, Petrovec presents biological system
and function like one based on certain biological principles.. Utilization of organic substances, present in the
water, is done under influence of bacterial metabolic
activity which is added (bacterial concentrates), and bacterial microflora which is created during the process.
Regulation of the system includes the following
activities:
1. testing the system and following the process of
purification
2. monthly laboratory analyses
Monitoring program was followed in 14 measuring
places:
• collective pool
• hole in front of the anaerobic lagoon
• primary anaerobic lagoon 1/3
• primary anaerobic lagoon 2/3
• primary anaerobic lagoon 3/3
• effluent of primary lagoon
• first facultative lagoon
• effluent of first facultative lagoon
• second facultative lagoon
• accumulation
• effluent of accumulation
• recycle water
• control piezometer (water well)
Geometrijata na primarnata lagunata obezbeduva stabilni temperaturni uslovi za odvivawe na anaerobna psihrofil fermentacija so
vreme na zadr`uvawe od 80 dena. So pokrivawe na
anaerobnata laguna so PVC folija se obezbeduva
sobirawe na biogasot, a so toa se obezbeduvaat i
postabilni uslovi za anaerobioza vo anaerobnata laguna.
Od anaerobnata laguna, po gravitacionen
pat, vodata se vleva vo dve geometrisko ednakvi
t.n. stabilizacioni ili fakultativni laguni koi
se povrzani me|u sebe. Vo ovie laguni vodata se
zadr`uva po 6 dena.
Vodata od lagunite gravitaciono se vnesuva vo akumulacijata od kade del od vodata se ispu{ta vo recipientot, a del se reciklira za potrebite na farmata.
Rezultati i diskusija
Sistemot za sobirawe i tretman na otpadni vodi vo objektot "Farmi i Klanica-Petrovec" pretstavuva biolo{ki sistem i kako takov
funkcionira vrz baza na odredeni biolo{ki
zakonitosti. Utilizacijata na organskite materii, koi se prisutni vo vodata, se vr{i pod dejstvo na metaboli~kata aktivnost na bakteriskata
mikroflora koja se dodava vo vid na bakteriski
koncentrati i mati~nata bakteriska mikroflora koja se formira vo tekot na samiot proces.
Kontrolata na sistemot gi opfati
slednite aktivnosti:
1. Pu{tawe na sistemot vo probna rabota i sledewe na procesot vo pro~istitelnata stanica,
2. Mese~ni laboratoriski analizi.
Monitoring programata be{e sprovedena
na 14 merni mesta:
• Sobirna jama
• [ahta pred anaerobna laguna
• Primarna anaerobna laguna, 1/3
• Primarna anaerobna laguna, 2/3
• Primarna anaerobna laguna, 3/3
• Efluent od primarna laguna
• Prva fakultativna laguna
• Efluent od prva fakultativna laguna
• Vtora fakultativna laguna
• Efluent od vtora fakultativna laguna
• Akumulacija
• Efluent od akumulacija
• Voda za reciklirawe
• Kontrolen piezometar (Bunar za voda).
Anaerobna laguna
Od sprovedenite analizi vo tekot na
probnata rabota na sistemot se poka`a deka
anaerobnata laguna pretstavuva najfunkcionalniot del od sistemot za tretman na otpadni vodi.
So nejzinite dimenzii i golemata dlabo~ina, taa
ovozmo`uva sproveduvawe na stabilen anaeroben
proces. Pote{kotiite okolu obezbeduvaweto
ramnomerno optovaruvawe na lagunata so suvi
materii be{e pri~ina za neramnomerno vnesuvawe na surova otpadna voda vo lagunata ~ija
HPK vrednost se dvi`e{e od 13000 mg·l-1 02 vo
juli 1998, 12000 mg·l-1 02 vo oktomri 1998 god. i
1563 mg·l-1 02 vo mesec avgust 1998 godina (Sl. 1).
Kako rezultat na burnata anaerobnata
fermentacija koja se sproveduva vo anaerobnata
laguna (jasno vidlivi erupcii na povr{inata na
1/3 od lagunata), efikasnosta vo namaluvaweto na
HPK vrednosta se dvi`i vo granicite od okolu
80-95% (Sl. 2.) Vo tekot na ovoj period od 226 t
vneseni organski materiii proizvedeni se okolu
135.705,00 m3 biogas, koj vo momentot se ispu{ta
vo atmosferata.
Kako rezultat na specifi~nite ekolo{ki
uslovi koi egzistiraat vo anaerobnata laguna,
brojot na vkupnite fekalni koliformni bakterii vo efluentot e reduciran za pove}e od
99,75%. Sala (1999) smeta deka pro~istenata voda
od sistemite za anaeroben tretman na otpadni
vodi bi trebalo da se hlorira so hlorni oksidi
vo koncentracija od 15-25 mg·l-1, so {to brojot na
koliformnite bakterii bi se reduciral na 10
cfu/100 ml.
Vodata od anaerobnata laguna, po gravitacionen pat, se sleva vo prvata plitka t.n.
fakultativna laguna. Efluentot od prvata fakultativna laguna se karakterizira so organsko
optovaruvawe od 700 mg·l-1 (Sl. 2). So mal
procent na iskoristuvawe (samo 14,5%), vodata
od ovaa laguna gravitaciono se sleva vo vtorata
fakultativna laguna. Vo idnina, podobruvaweto
na efikasnosta na fakultativnite laguni bi
mo`elo da se postigne so primena na soodvetna
akvakultura (Taner 1998). Kwaku (1999) smeta deka
podobruvaweto na efikasnosta na procesot vo
dvete laguni mo`e da se postigne, isto taka, i so
primena na soodvetni starter kulturi od
mikroorganizmi.
Vodata, po gravitaceonen pat, od vtorata
fakultativna laguna se sleva vo akumulacionoto
ezero (Sl. 3). Vodata od akumulacijata sodr`i
niski koncentracii na organski materii, amonjak, fosfor i drugi biogeni elementi. Vo tekot
na proletniot period, so zgolemuvaweto na nadvore{nata temperatura, koncentracijata na azotot i fosfatite vo vodata se namaluva za ~ 90%.
Anaerobic lagoon
COD-HPK [mg·l -1]
Analysis made during test work of the system showed
that anaerobic lagoon is most functional part of
wastewater system. It’s dimensions and depth enables
performance of stabile anaerobic process. Some
difficulties were noticed in securing linear load of lagoon
with dry substances and that was the reason for unequal
intake of crude wastewater into the lagoon. Her COD
value was 13 000 mg O2/l in July 1998, 12 000 mg O2/l
in October1998 and 1563mg O2/l in August 1998 (Fig.1).
15000
10000
5000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
meseci (months)
influent
effluent
COD-HPK [mg·l -1]
As a result of tumultuous anaerobic fermentation which
happens in the anaerobic lagoons (very well seen
eruptions on the surface on 1/3 of the lagoon) efficiency in
decrease of COD value is 85 – 95% (Fig.2). During this
period out of 226 t organic substances around 135,705.00
m3 of biogas is produced and freed into the atmosphere.
1500
1000
500
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
meseci (months)
influent
effluent
As a result of specific ecological conditions which are
present in the anaerobic lagoon, number of total fecal
coliform bacteria in the effluent is reduced for more than
99.75%. Sala (1999) thinks that purified water out of the
anaerobic wastewater treatment systems should be chlorided with chloride oxides (15 – 25 mg/ l concentration)
which would reduce colliform bacteria to 10cfu/100ml.
Water from the anaerobic lagoon (by gravitation) leaks to
the first shallow, facultative lagoon. Effluent from the
first lagoon characterizes with load of 700mg O2/l
(Fig.2). Water from this lagoon (with small percent of
usage – 14,5%) goes to second facultative lagoon. In the
future better efficiency can be gained with implementation of appropriate aquaculture (Taner, 1998). Kwaku
(1999) thinks that better efficiency can be achieved by
implementation of appropriate starter microorganism
Sl.1. Promeni na HPK vrednosta vo influentot i
efluentot od anaerobnata laguna za periodot Dekemvri, 1997 (1)
- Noemvri, 1998 g. (12)
Fig. 1 Changes in COD of the
influent and effluent of the
anaerobic lagoon during
the period of December,
1977 (1) – November (12)
Sl.2. Promeni na HPK
vrednosta vo influentot i efluentot vo
prvata fakultativna
laguna za periodot
dekemvri, 1997 (1) noemvri, 1998 g. (12)
Fig. 2 Changes in COD of the
influent and effluent of
the first facultative lagoon during the period of
December, 1977 (1) –
November (12)
cultures.
After this water goes from second facultative lagoon to
accumulation lake (Fig.3). Water in the accumulation has
low concentration of organic substances, ammonium,
phosphorus and other biogene elements. During spring
period with increase of temperature, concentration of
phosphorus and phosphat compounds in the water is decreased for 90%.
Communication of wastewater, which are accumulated
in the lagoon system with underground waters were
followed with microbiological and chemical analyses of
waters from piezometer 50m in depth. We can see from
the results that waters from the station do not
communicate with underground waters (there were no
changes in their composition)
Komunikacijata na otpadnite vodi, koi se
akumulirani vo lagunarniot sistem, so tie od
podzemnite vodi, bea sledeni so soodvetni mikrobiolo{ki i hemiski analizi na vodi od piezometar so dlabo~ina od 50 m. Od dobienite rezultati mo`e da se konstatira deka vodite od stanicata za tretman na otpadni vodi ne komuniciraat
so tie od podzemnite vodi bidej}i vo tekot na
ispituvaniot period ne se zabele`ani promeni
vo hemiskiot i mikrobiolo{kiot sostav na
podzemnite vodi (Tab. 1).
Tab.1 Hemiski sostav na podzemnite vodi
Tab.1 The chemical composition of the underground
water
Komponenti
(Components)
(mg·l-1)
N-NO3
N-NO2
N-NH4
PO4
Dekemvri
(December),
1997
20
0,075
0,06
143
Noemvri,
(November),
1998
16
0,02
0,14
0,34
Vkupni efekti od rabota na pro~istitelnata stanica
Vo tekot na ednogodi{nata probna rabota
na prviot anaeroben lagunaren sistem za tretman
na otpadni vodi od sto~arsko proizvodstvo vo
Republika Makedonija vkupno se obraboteni
okolu 80 000 m3 voda t.e. okolu 390 t suvi materii,
226 t organski materii i 7 t suspendrani mineralni materii. Vo recipientot se ispu{teni okolu
50 000 m3 - 80 000 m3 pro~istena voda koja mo`e da
se koristi za navodnuvawe na okolu 20 ha. Vo
tekot na ovoj vremenski period proizvedeni se
okolu 136 000 m3 biogas.
Vo sistemot se eliminirani pove}e od 85%
od vkupnite organski materii, 84% suspendirani
Referenci (References)
APHA (1971). Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater. 13th ed. Amer. Public Health
Assoc., New York.
Grup~e, Q. i Kungulovski, X. (1997). Organizacija na zaokru`eni sistemi vo za{tita na
vodite kako faktor za visok kvalitet na
`ivotnata sredina. I Kongres na mikrobiolozite na Makedonija so me|unarodno u~estvo. Zbornik na rezimea. Ohrid, Makedonija,
14-17 Maj, 1997. 348.
Glancer-Soljan, M. (1993): New Technologies for the
Biological Treatment of municipal and Industrial
Waste Waters by Using Suitable Microorganisms as
materii, 99,8% patogeni bakterii i sl. (Sl.4).
Zaklu~oci
Od dobienite rezultati na ednogodi{nata
probna rabota na anaerobniot lagunaren sistem
za tretman na otpadni vodi od sviwarskata
farma so klanica-Petrovec mo`e da se zaklu~i
slednoto:
1. Otpadnite vodi od sto~arskoto proizvodstvo
se pri~ina za ”kulturna” eutrofikacija na
kopnenite vodeni ekosistemi;
2. Anaerobniot tretman na otpadnite vodi od
sto~arskoto proizvodstvo so primena na lagunaren sistem predstavuva realna postapka
za kontrola na procesot na ”kulturna”
eutrofikacija na kopnenite vodeni ekosistemi;
3. Efikasnosta na procesot vo anaerobnata laguna od lagunarniot sistem za tretman na
otpadni vodi od sviwarskata farma i klanica-Petrovec, Skopje, za periodot dekemvri,
1997 - noemvri, 1998 god., iznesuva 85%;
4. Od vkupnite suvi materii vo surovata otpadna voda, pove}e od 70% otpa|aat na organski
materii. Najgolemiot del od niv se transformiraat vo biogas, a pomal del vo bakteriska biomasa;
5. Od vkupno 226 t vneseni organski materii, vo
anaerobnata laguna se proizvedeni okolu
135.705,00 m3;
6. Vkupnite fekalni koliformni bakterii vo
lagunarniot sistem se namaleni za pove}e od
99,75%;
7. Vo recipientot se ispu{teni okolu 50 000-80
000 m3 pro~istena voda;
8. Vodata od pro~istitelnata stanica ne
komunicira so podzemnite vodi. Ne se konstatirani promeni vo hemiskiot i mikrobiolo{kiot sostav na podzemnite vodi.
Starter Culture, Kem. Ind., 42 (9). 323-330.
Kungulovski, Dz. & Avramoski, O. (1996): Metanogenesis of the municipal sludge of the Varniste
Wastewater Treatment Plant. I Kongres na biolozite na Makedonija, Zbornik na apstrakti,
Ohrid, Makedonija, 18-21 septemvri,1996.191.
Kungulovski, Dz. and Avramoski, O. (1996). Mesophylic and psyhrophilic anaerobic treatment of the
municipal wastewater and sludge. 8th Int. Cong.
Bacter. App. Myc. Division and 8th Int. Cong. Myc.
division. Abstract book. Jerusalem, Israel, August
18-23, 1996. p 67.
Total efects of purifying station work
During one year test work of first anaerobic lagoon
system for treatment of wastewater from farms in R
Macedonia, 80,000 m3 water was purified (390 t dry
substances, 226t organic substances, 7t suspended
mineral substances. 50,000 – 80,000 m3 purified water is
drained into the recipient. This water can be used for
irrigation of 20ha.During this time period around 136 000
m3 of biogas is produced.
More than 85% of total organic substances, 84%
suspended substances, 99.8% pathogenic bacteria etc., are
eliminated.
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
d
j
f
m
a
m
j
j
a
s
o
meseci (months)
Conclusions
4.
From the results of the one-year probe work on the
anaerobe lagoon system for wastewater treatment, next
can be concluded:
5.
1.
2.
3.
Wastewater of ranch manufacturing is significant
factor for “cultural” eutrofication of inland water
ecosystems and sustainable development
Anaerobic treatment of ranch wastewater, with use of
lagoon system, represents real step for control of
sustainable development through the process of
“cultural” eutrofication of inland water systems.
Efficiency of the process in anaerobic lagoon from
the lagoon system for wastewater treatment at the
Petrovec ranch, for the period December, 1997 –
Kungulovski, Dz., Avramoski, O. (1999). Anaerobic
digestion of manure by a lagoon system. 9th International congress of bacteriology and applied mycrobiology division and 9th International congress of
mycology division. Abstract book. Sydney, Australia, Augusut 16-20, 1999. p 66.
Kwaku, T-D. (1999). An inoculum for the aerobic treatment of wastewaters. WOI. May/June. 63.
RIKOM ( 1994). Glaven Proekt za izgradba na
sistem za pre~istuvawe na otpadnite vodi od
sviwarskata farma s. Petrovec. Kniga 3,
6.
7.
8.
Sl. 4 Redukcija na HPK vrednosta,
izrazena vo %, vo sistemiot za
tretman na otpadni vodi od
objektot "Farma i klanica –
Petrovec", vo periodot Dekemvri, 1997 - Noemvri, 1998 god.
Fig. 4 COD reduction, expressed in %, of
the wastewater treatment plan of the
“Farma i Klanica – Petrovec” during
the period of December,1997 (1) –
November 1998 (12)
November, 1998, is 85%;
More than 70% of all dry substances are in the crude
wastewater are organic. Most of them are
transformed into biogas and smaller part into
bacterial biomass
From total amount of 226 t intaken organic
substances, 135,705.00m3 are produced in the
anaerobic lagoon
Total amount of coliform bacteria in the lagoon
system is reduced for 99.75%
At the recipient 50,000 – 80,000m3 of purified water
are drained.
Water from the purifying station does not
communicate with underground waters.
Changes in the chemical and microbiological
constitution of underground waters are not observed.
Tehnolo{ki del. Skopje. 13-77.
Sala, L. & Serra, M. (1999). Water reseurce management
on the Costa Brava. WOI. May/June. 103
Tanner, Ch. (1998): New Zeland guidelenes for constructed wetland treatment of farm dairy wastewaters released. IAWQ Specialist Group: The Use
Macropfytes in Water Pollution Control. Newsletter
No.17. Januari 1998. 4.
Wellinger, A. and Kauffman, R. (1982): Psichrophilic
Methane Generation from Pig Manure. Process Biochemistry, September/October. 26-33.
Mo`nosti za upravuvawe so otpadot vo prespanskiot region
Zvonimir VUKELI]1, Katerina DONEVSKA1, Marija VUKELI]-[UTOSKA2
i Muzafer MURATI3
1
Grade`en fakultet, Univerzitet "Sv. Kiril i Metodij", Skopje
Zemjodelski fakultet, Univerzitet "Sv. Kiril i Metodij", Skopje,
3
Komunalno pretprijatie "Proleter", Resen
2
Apstrakt
Dve deponii, za opasen i neopasen otpad se izgradeni so cel za da go zadr`at otpadot i da go spre~at negovoto
isfrluvawe vo okolinata. Ovie deponii vo regionot na Al~evski Ko{ari na patot Resen - Zlatari, idealno bi
bile koristeni samo za onie otpadi koi nemaat vrednost za reciklirawe, koi premnogu te{ko se degradiraat i koi
se premnogu zagadeni so te{ki metali i drugi nesogorlivi materii za da se sogorat. Postoi aktivnost za
koristewe na razli~ni tehnolo{ki opcii za rehabilitirawe na napu{tenite lokacii vo prespanskiot region.
Voved
Vo podolgiot period vo Makedonija postoe{e nacionalna zagri`enost dali bezbednosnite
metodi za za{tita na `ivotnata sredina, a vo
vrska so upravuvawe i odlo`uvawe na otpadot se
vo ~ekor so zgolemenata produkcija na otpadot.
Ovaa gri`a be{e registrirana i vo Sobranieto
i na pazarot.
Parlamentot odgovori na problemot so
upravuvaweto so otpadot so sproveduvawe na serija od zakoni kako {to e na primer Zakonot za
za{tita i unapreduvawe na `ivotnata sredina i
prirodata. Postoi isto taka i Zbirka na propisi
od oblasta na komunalnite dejnosti.
Inovaciite vo privatniot sektor i pazarnite uslovi se zgolemuvaat za da gi ispolnat
predizvicite na efektivnoto upravuvawe so
otpadot za da se zadovoli sigurnosta i celite za
za{tita na `ivotnata sredina. Kako {to tro{ocite na proizvodstvoto rastat industrijata bara
da se obezbedi profitabilnosta so namaluvawe
na tie tro{oci. Vo toj pogled izvr{eno e prilagoduvawe so industriskite procesi koi pridonesuvaat za eliminirawe na otpadot, ovozmo`uvaat
reciklirawe na materijalite i proizveduvaat
produkti koi se prifatlivi za op{testvoto
svesno za vlijanieto na `ivotnata sredina.
Dosega{nite razvoi vo recikliraweto na
otpadot i pronao|aweto na novi tehnologii se
ohrabruva~ki. Pritisnati od zgolemenoto koli~estvo na otpad i zgolemenite tro{oci i restrikcii za odlo`uvawe na otpadot vo sanitarni
322
deponii, pove}e lokalni vladini slu`bi po~naa
da razmisluvaat za alternativni metodi za
odlo`uvawe na otpadot. Na primer, otpadot od
naselenite mesta sodr`i mnogu potencijalno
korisni materijali. Vesnicite, aluminiumskite
i ~eli~nite konzervi, staklenite {i{iwa i
gumenite predmeti isto taka mo`e da bidat
reciklirani. Hranlivite otpadoci imaat potencijalna vrednost kako kompost.
Neopasen i opasen otpad
Ulogata na dr`avata vo napomenatite napori za
podobruvawe na otstranuvaweto na neopasniot
otpad e osnovna. Ovaa uloga se sogleduva vo:
• Razvoj i implementacija na obemni planovi
za upravuvaweto so cvrstiot otpad koi se
odnesuvaat na site vidovi na cvrst otpad i
objekti za otstranuvawe na cvrstiot otpad
kako i aktivnostite so koi se vklu~uva
podobruvawe na resursite.
• Da se procenat objektite za otstranuvawe na
otpadot na baza na republi~ki kriteriumi, za
mo`na publikacija vo inventarot na objekti
za odlo`uvawe na otpadot koi ne uspeale da
gi ispolnat tie kriteriumi.
^etiri kriteriumi za identifikacija na
opasniot otpad se zasnovani na merlivite karakteristiki: zapalivost, korozivnost, reaktivnost
i toksi~nost, za koi se raspolo`livi standardizirani testovi.
Possibilities for waste management in the Prespa region
Zvonimir VUKELIC1, Katerina DONEVSKA1,
Marija VUKELIC-SUTOSKA2 & Muzafer MURATI3
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje,
Faculty of Agriculture, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje
3
Communal Enterprise "Proleter", Resen
2
Abstract
Two secure landfills, for nonhazardous and hazardous waste, are built to contain wastes and to prevent their escape into the
environment. These landfills in the region of Alcevski Kosari on the road Resen- Zlatari should be ideally used only for those wastes
which do not have a value for recycling, are too difficult to degrade, and are too contaminated with heavy metals and other nonflammable materials to incinerate. There are actions to use different technological options for rehabilitating abandoned sites around
the Prespa Region.
Introduction
Nonhazardous and hazardous waste
For many years there has existed in Macedonia a national
concern that environmentally safe methods for managing
and disposing of wastes keep pace with the rapid production of those waste. This concern has been registered in
both Parliament and the market place.
Parliament has responded to the waste management
problem by passing a series of laws as for example Act of
Environment and Nature Protection and Promotion. There
is, also, Collection of Legislation Sets in the Field of
Communal (Public) Works.
Private sector innovation as well as market forces are also
rising to meet the challengers of effectively managing
wastes to meet safety and environmental protection goals.
As production costs rise, industry seeks to insure profitability by decreasing unit costs. In part, this is accomplished by adopting industrial processes that help eliminate waste, permit recycling of materials, and produce a
product that is acceptable to an environmentally conscious publics.
Recent developments in waste recycling and recovery are
encouraging. Squeezed by increasing amounts of waste,
and the increasing costs and restrictions of disposing of
those wastes in sanitary landfills, many local government
officials and business have begun to consider alternative
disposal methods. For example, municipal trash contains
many potentially useful items. Newspapers, aluminium
and steel cans, glass bottles, and rubber tires can be reused. Fad wastes have potential value as compost.
The state role in the mentioned efforts to upgrade nonhazardous waste disposal practices is fundamental. This
role is:
• Develop and implement comprehensive solid waste
management plans which address all types of solid
waste and solid waste land disposal facilities and
practices including resource recovery.
• Evaluate disposal facilities on the basis of republic
criteria, for possible publication in the inventory of
disposal facilities which fail to meet those criteria.
The four criteria for identifying a hazardous waste are
based upon measurable characteristics-ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity-for which standardised tests are
available.
Tecnology developments
Wastes can be treated, stored and disposed of by using a
selection of technologies in a variety of environmental
settings to produce minimal risks to public health and the
environment. Ideally, these management schemes should
employ the best currently available technologies. Much
of the technology development in this area has focused on
hazardous wastes. A recent report on a 7-year study prepared by the Committee on the Challengers of Modern
Society listed the following seven options, in order of
priority, for an effective and integrated hazardous waste
management program: waste reduction at the source,
separation and concentration, hazardous waste exchange,
recovery of valuable basic materials, destruction by incineration with energy recovery, detoxification and neutralisation and volume reduction.
323
Razvoj na tehnologii
Otpadot mo`e da bide tretiran i ~uvan so
koristeweto na tehnologii so cel da se produciraat minimalni rizici po zdravjeto na lu|eto i
`ivotnata sredina. Vo idealni slu~ai, ovie {emi za upravuvawe treba da vklu~at najdobri raspolo`livi tehnologii vo momentot. Pogolemiot
del od razvojot na tehnologiite vo ovaa oblast se
fokusira na opasniot otpad. Skore{niot izve{taj za 7-godi{nata studija pripremena od strana
na Committee on the Challengers of Modern Society gi
nabrojuva slednive sedum opcii, naredeni po prioritet, za efektivna i integralna programa za
upravuvawe so opasniot otpad: redukcija na otpadot na mestoto na negovoto izvori{te, separacija i koncentracija, promena na opasniot otpad,
povtorna upotreba na korisnite osnovni materijali, uni{tuvawe so sogoruvawe, detoksifikacija i neutralizacija i redukcija na volumenot.
Redukcija na otpadot- vo pove}e industrii
zagaduvaweto se predizvikuva od neefikasnoto
proizvodstvo i otpadot koj bi mo`el da bide
svrten kon porastot na kompanijata i profitot.
Promena na otpadot- menuva~ite na otpadot glavno rabotat kako menuva~i na materijali
ili brokeri. Ovie menuva~i vo stvarnost go
kupuvaat ili go prifa}aat otpadot, gi analiziraat svojsvata na otpadot, go reprocesiraat
ako e toa potrebno, gi identifikuvaat potencijalnite korisnici i go prodavaat kako profit.
Obnovuvawe na resursite- ~etiri osnovni
proceduri za podobruvawe na materijalite i
energijata od opasniot otpad se: podelba na otpadot za da se otstranat specifi~nite sostavni
delovi, pretvorawe na materijalot za transformirawe na sostavnite delovi, transformirawe
na sostavnite delovi od neprifatlivi za podobruvawe ili povtorna upotreba na delovi koi se
prifatlivi i direktna upotreba na otpadot kako
energetski izvor.
Sogoruvawe- vklu~uva upotreba na kontrolirano sogoruvawe za uni{tuvawe na zna~aen del
od opasnite komponenti na otpadnite materijali.
Preostanatite gasovi i cvrsti ostatoci obi~no
se pomalku {tetni od originalniot otpad ili
pak se potpolno neopasni. Na Sl. 3.1 e prika`an
eden sistem za sogoruvawe.
Hemiski, fizi~ki i biolo{ki tretmanovie procesi se proektirani za detoksifikacija
na opasniot otpad, za promena na sostavot na
otpadot i (ili) za poednostavuvawe na deponiraweto so zna~ajno namaluvawe na volumenot na
otpadot (Tab. 3.1).
Deponii- prika`ani {ematizirano na Sl.
3.2 se planirani za da go zadr`at opasniot otpad
i da go spre~at negovoto izleguvawe vo okolinata. Tie se konstruirani vo forma na }elii koi
gi segregiraat i izoliraat opasnite materijali
eden od drug. Pred sogoruvaweto, pove}eto od
opasniot otpad prethodno e tretiran za da se
osiguri deka toj e vo negovata najstabilna forma.
Za da se spre~i emsijata i kontaktot so
podzemnata ili povr{inskata voda, otpadot e
opkru`en so materijali so mala vodopropusnost
kako {to se sinteti~kite membrani ili specijalni glineni po~vi. Sistem za sobirawe na filtratot i monitoring sistem se instalira za da se
ovozmo`i sobirawe i pumpawe na filtratot
vnatre ili nadvor od zagadenite nivoa i za da se
kontrolira podzemnata voda so cel detekcija na
bilo kakvo provirawe. Nadvore{ni kontrolni
bunari se postavuvaat okolu deponijata za
zemawe rutinski primeroci i analizirawe na
kvalitetot na podzemnata voda.
Sl. 3.1 [ema na sistem za sogoruvawe (Od: Chemical Times and Trends)
Fig. 3.1-Rollings Environmental Services Incineration System Schematic(Source: Chemical Times and Trends)
Fiber packs (fiber pakuvawa), Conveyor (konvejer, prenosna lenta), Solids, Semi solids (cvrsti materii, polucvrsti materii), Liquids,
Gases (te~nosti, gasovi), Ash (to fill) (pepel za ispolna), Primary Combustion Chambers (primarni komori za sogoruvawe), Vortimetric
Burner (Vortimetric sogoruva~), Rotary kiln (rotaciska pe~ka), Afterburner (dopolnitelen sogoruva~), Lime, lime Kiln (pe~ka za
pe~ewe na var), High -energy Venturi Scrubber (visokoenergetski Venturi mija~), Mist Eliminator (otstranuva~ na zamaglenost),
Absorption Trays (re{etki za apsorpcija), Neutralized Water, Captured Particulates (to pond) (neutralizirana voda, zafateni ~esti~ki
(kon odlo`uvawe), Induced Draft Fans (induciran menuva~ za ladewe), Water vapor (vodena parea)
Tab. 3.1 Vidovi na hemiski, fizi~ki i biolo{ki tretman
Tab. 3.1 Types of Chemical, Physical and Biological Treatment
Vid na tretman
Opis na procesot (Description of
(Type of treatment)
Process)
Hemiski tretman (Chemical Treatment)
Neutralizacija
(Neutralization)
Oksidacija
(Oxidation)
Koagulacija
(Coagulation)
Precipitacija
(Precipitation)
Reducikcija
(Reduction)
^esti~ki za neutralizacija se vo reakcija
za se postigne pH vrednost (Neutralizing
agents are reacted with wastes to adjust pH level)
Me{awe na oksidacioni agenti so otpadot
za spojuvawe so drugo soedinenie (Mixing of
an oxidizing agent with waste to combine with
anothe compound)
Destabilizacija i agegacija na pomalite
~estici za da se ovozmo`i polesno
talo`ewe (Destabilization and aggregation of
smaller particles to make settling easier)
Dodavawe na hemikalii za da se predizvika
separacija od rastvor ili suspenzija
(Addition of chemicals to cause separation from a
solution or suspension)
Reducirawe na oksidacionata sostojba na
materijalot (Reduce the oxidation state of a
material)
Primeri na tretitan otpad
(Examples of Wastes Treated)
Kiselini i alkalii od hemiska
industrija, naftena i metalooblo`uva~ka industrija (Acids and
alkalines from chemical, petroleum and
metal plating industries)
Reducirawe na `elezo od ~eli~nata industrija (Reduced ferrous iron
from steel industry)
Te{ki metali (Heavy metals)
Elektro
plato
(Electroplating wastes)
za
otpadot
Soli na heksavalenten
(Hexavalent chromium wastes)
hrom
Fizi~ki tretman (Physical Treatment)
Sedimentacija
(Sedimentation)
Destilacija
(Distillation)
Evaporacija(Evapor
ation)
Flotacija (Flotation)
Otstranuvawe
na
istalo`enite
suspendirani ~esti~ki (Removal of settled
suspended solids)
Vriewe na me{avina od te~nosti za
izvlekuvawe na parea od komponenti so
poniska to~ka na vriewe (Boiling a mixture of
liquids to extract a vapor of the lower boiling
components)
Koncentracija na ~esti~ki so isparuvawe
na rastvora~ot (Concentration of solids by
boiling off the solvent)
Pliva~ki materijali do povr{inata so
nivno zaka~uvawe na vozdu{ni meur~iwa i
potoa otstranuvawe od povr{inata (Floating
materials to the surface by attaching them to air
bubles and then skimming the surface)
Rasvoreni
solids)
~esti~ki
(Dissolved
Halogeni i nehalogeni rastvora~i
and
non-halogenated
(Halogenated
solvents)
Voda
od
plaknewe
pri
metalooblo`uvawe (Rinse water from
metalplating)
Organski (Organics)
Biolo{ki tretman (Biological Treatment)
Aeroben (Aerobic)
Anaeroben
(Anaerobic)
Mikroorganizmi koi baraat kislorod za
nivnoto egzistirawe se upotrebeni za
tretman na otpadot (Microorganisms which
require oxygen for their existence are used to treat
waters)
Mikroorganizmi koi ne baraat kislorod za
nivnoto egzistirawe se upotrebeni za
tretman na otpadot (Microorganisms which do
not require oxygen for their existence are used to
treat wastes
Waste Reduction-in many industries much pollution
steams simply from production inefficiency and waste
that can be turned into company growth and profits.
Waste Exchange-waste exchangers mainly operate as
Mil (Sludges)
Organski otpad (High strength organic
waste)
materials exchangers or brokers. These exchangers
actually buy or accept wastes, analyse waste properties,
reprocess if necessary, identify potential users, and sell at
a profit.
325
Sl. 3.2 [ema na deponija
Fig. 3.2 Scheme of landfill
External Leachate Collection and Withdrawal (nadvore{no sobirawe na procednite vodi i izvlekuvawe), Internal Leachate Collection and
Withdrawal (vnatre{no sobirawe na procednite vodi i izvlekuvawe), Send or Gravel Lens (porozna sredina od pesok ili ~akal),
Water table (nivo na podzemna voda), Zone of Saturation (ground water) (zona na zasituvawe so vodata, podzemna voda), Aquitage (bedrock)
(vodonepropusni sloevi, podina), Grounwater Monitoring (nabquduvawe na podzemnata voda), Impermeable Synthetic Liner
(vodonepropusna sinteti~ka obloga, folija), Compacted clay (zbiena glina)
Dlaboko injektirawe- osnovno, ovoj proces
se sostoi od podzemno injektirawe na filtratot
vo geolo{ki bezbedni podzemni rezervoari. Ovie
rezervoari mora da bidat locirani pod bilo koj
potencijalen rezervoar za pitka voda i mora da
bide izoliran so tenok, vodonepropusen i otporen na kr{ewa sloj kako {to e {kolkata.
Tretman na zemji{teto- se sostoi vo
kontrolirana aplikacija na opasniot otpad na
po~vata ili odlo`uvawe na opasniot otpad vo
po~vata pridru`eno so kontinuiran monitoring
i upravuvawe. Uspe{niot tretman na po~vata gi
pravi otpadite pomalku opasni ili neopasni so
pomo{ na biolo{kata, hemiskata ili fizi~kata
degradacija ili so imobilizirawe na opasnite
sostavni delovi od otpadot. Praktikite za tretman na po~vata koristat zaedni~ki zemjodelski
tehniki kako {to se orawe, ograduvawe i kontrola na erozijata.
Tehnolo{ki opcii za rehabilitacija na
napu{tenite lokacii- nepravilnoto deponirawe
mo`e da rezultira so ispu{tawe na filtratot vo
po~vata, emisija na opasni gasovi vo atmosferata, kontaminirawe na po~vata, kako i kontaminirawe na kanalizacionite ili vodovodnite
cevki. Tab. 3.2.
326
Osnovawe na novi lokacii- selekcijata na
lokacii za novi i podobno planirani objekti za
tretman i deponirawe na opasen otpad e sigurno
edna od najte{kite zada~i od oblasta na `ivotnata sredina so koi se soo~uva ovaa nacija. I pokraj toa {to izgleda deka ima generalna soglasnost za potrebata od takvi lokacii, mal broj na
lu|e se podgotveni da gi prifatat vo neposrednata okolina na mestoto na nivnoto `iveewe.
Deponii vo prespanskiot region
Vo prespanskiot region ima dve deponii:
za opasen i neopasen otpad Sl. (4.1). Tie se
locirani vo regionot na Al~evski Ko{ari na
patot od Resen do Zlatari, pred ridot blizu
Zlatari. Sanitarnata deponija " Al~evski
Ko{ari" e proektirana za 17581 `iteli ili 4949
doma}instva. Koli~estvoto na cvrst otpad za
ovaa deponija iznesuva 1232 m3. Specijalnata
deponija za opasen otpad isto taka " Al~evski
Ko{ari", no ne na istoto mesto kade {to e i
sanitarnata deponija. Taa e vo funkcija od
minatata godina. Ovaa deponija e za industriskiot otpad od prespanskiot region.
Tab. 3.2 Aktivnosti vodeponii se opasni otpadni materii
Tab. 3.2 Remedial Actions for Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites
Resource Recovery-the four basic procedures for
recovering materials and energy from hazardous wastes
are: separating wastes to remove specific constituents,
converting material to transform waste constitutes,
transforming waste constituents from a farm unacceptable
for recovery or reuse to one that is acceptable and direct
utilisation of the waste as an energy source.
Incineration-involves the use of controlled burning to
degrade a significant portion of the hazardous components of waste materials. The gaseous and solid
residues remaining usually are less harmful than the
original waste or completely nonhazardous. In Fig. 3.1 is
shown one incineration system.
Chemical, Physical and Biological Treatment-these
processes are designed to detoxify hazardous wastes, by
altering the composition of the waste and/or to simplify
disposal by significantly reducing the volume of waste
Tab. 3.1.
Secure Landfills-shown schematically in Fig. 3.2 are
designed to contain hazardous wastes and to prevent their
escape into the environment. They are constructed in cell
forms that segregate and isolate hazardous materials from
each other. Before burial, most hazardous waste are pretreated to ensure that they are in their most stable form.
To prevent emissions and contact with groundwater or
surface water, the wastes are enclosed within low
permeability materials such as synthetics membranes or
special clay soils. A leachate collection and monitoring
system is installed to collect and pump leachate material
inside or outside the containment layers and to monitor
ground water to detect any leachage. External monitoring
wells are placed around the landfill for routine sampling
and analysis of ground water quality.
327
Slika 4.1 Lokacija na sanitarnata i industriskata deponija
Fig. 4.1 Locations of sanitary landfill and industry landfill
Zaklu~ok
Gri`ata za cvrstiot otpad vo idnina treba da se
fokusira na dve raboti. Prvo, noviot tretman na
otpadot i lokaciite za deponirawe treba da se
postavat so adekvatni za{titni svojstva na
`ivotnata sredina. Vtoro, pazarnite mehanizmi
koi go reduciraat generiraweto na otpadot so
Referenci (References)
Bunner, W.R.: Disposal Site Safety Programs.- Waste
Age, 1982.
Conway, R.A., Ross, R.D.: Handbook of Industrial Waste
Disposal - New York,80.
Gronow, J.R., Schofield, A.N., Jain, R. K.: Land Disposal
of Hazardous Waste.- New York.,Ellis Horwood
poefikasni tehniki na proizvodstvo ili
dozvoluvaat promena ili proda`ba na otpadot za
povtorno
koristewe,
treba
da
bidat
ohrabruva~ki.
Sega{nite deponii vo prespanskiot regionsanitarnata i industriskata deponija se vo dobra
sostojba i soodvetna tehnologija e prifatena.
Limited Publishers, 1988.
Jahic,M.: Landfills and Protection of Water.- INZA i
Geoinzenering Sarajevo, 1980.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.,
Environmental Quality 1981.
Vukelic, Z.: Final Study for Influence of the Controled
Landfill of Industrial Waste on the Environment.Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 1989.
Deep-Well Injection-basically, this process consists of
underground injection of liquid wasted into geologically
secure underground reservoirs. The reservoirs must be
located below any potential potable water aquifers and
must be isolated by thick, relatively impermeable and
fracture-resident strata such as shale.
Land Treatment-is the controlled application of
hazardous waste on to soil or the incorporation of
hazardous waste into soil, accompanied by continued
monitoring and management. Successful land treatment
renders the wastes less hazardous or nonhazardous
through biological, chemical, or physical degradation or
by immobilising the hazardous constituents of the wastes.
Land treatment practices use common farming techniques
such as tilling, contouring, and erosion control.
Technological Options for Rehabilitating Abandoned
Sites-improper disposal may result in water, leakage of
hazardous gases into the atmosphere, contaminated soil,
and contaminated sewer or water pipelines. Tab. 3.2
provides a summary of the kinds of problems that might
arise and some of the techniques that are available for
dealing with them.
Establishing New Sites-selection of sites for new and
properly designed hazardous waste treatment and
disposal facilities is certainly one of the most difficult
environmental issues this nation faces. Even though there
seems to be general agreement that such sites are both
wanted and needed, few people are willing to have then
located close to where they live.
Prespa landfills
In the Prespa region there are two landfills- for
nonhazardous and hazardous waste (Fig. 4.1). They are
located at Alcevski Kosari on the road from Resen to
Zlatari before the hill near Zlatari.
The Sanitary landfill "Alcevski Kosari" is for 17 581
inhabitants or 4949 households. Quantity of solid waste
for this landfill is 1232 m3.
The special landfill for hazardous waste, also Alcevski
Kosari, but not at the same place where is the sanitary
landfill, is from the last year. This landfill is for the
industry of Prespa Region.
Vukelic, Z.: Main Plan of the Sanitary Landfill in
Slavonski Brod.-Zagreb, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, 1991.
Vukelic, Z., Vukelic, M.: Management of Industrial
Waste with Special Review of Methods for its
Decreasing.- Ohrid, The First International
Conference Drainage and Treatment of Waste
Waters, Hazardous and Solid Waste and Protection
of the Environment, Proceedings 309-324, 1996.
Vukelic, Z.: Sanitary Dispose of Solid Waste.- Ohrid,
Intrnational Conference Waste Water and Solid
Waste, Proceedings 445-452, 1999.
Patrcevic, V., Vukelic-Sutoska, M.: Use of Technologies
for Ecological Balance.-Ohrid, International
Conference Waste Water and Solid Waste,
Proceedings,
463-476,
1999
Conclusion
Future concerns related to solid wastes are likely to be
focused on two issues. First, new waste treatment and
disposal sites will have to be established which
adequately protect surrounding property. Second, market
mechanisms will have to be encouraged which either
reduce waste generation through more efficient
manufacturing techniques or which allow for the
exchange or sale of wastes for reuse.
The present landfills in the Prespa Region - sanitary and
industry landfill are in good condition and the
corresponding technology is accepted.
329
Soobra}ajnata infrastruktura i odr`liviot razvoj vo Prespa
Blagoja MARKOSKI
Institut za geografija, PMF-Skopje, p.fah 162,
1000 Skopje, Makedonija
Apstrakt
Trudot e namenski taka organiziran da gi pretstavi vidovite na soobra}ajot i vidovite na soobra}ajnata
infrastruktura vo Prespa so cel da se sogleda vlijanieto na ovoj segment vrz odr`liviot razvoj na Prespanskiot
region.
Voved
Niz istorijata na ~ove{tvoto se ~ini deka
tokmu vo HH vek se slu~ija najgolemite tehni~ki
i tehnolo{ki dostreli so enormno brzo i kvalitativno i kvantitativno proizvodstvo so silni
negativni reperkusii po prirodnata sredina. Toa
se slu~i i vo sverata na proizvodstvoto na razni
soobra}ajni sredstva za razli~na namena i potreba. Pritoa skoro da nema ostanato prostor vo kogo (osobeno ekumenskiot) ne se ~uvstvuvaat raznite potfati {to gi pravi ~ovekot. Vo ovaa
smisla sekako deka ne e isklu~ok i prespanskiot
region kako posebna prirodna sredina so svoi
specifi~ni prirodno-geografski i sociogeografski i ekonomsko-geografski karakteristiki.
Vo interes na nadminuvawe na problemot zagrozenost na `ivotnata sredina, ~ovekot e toj koj
mora i ve}e seobiduva da ja identifikuva, sledi i
kontrolira sostojbata. Vo toj kontekst e postaven problemot: odr`liv razvoj na prespanskiot
region, a vo ovoj slu~aj problemot na odr`liviot
razvoj i soobra}ajnata infrastruktura.
Neposrednata obrabotka na ovoj segment od
sistemot `ivotna sredina e prosleden preku sogleduvawe na geografskata polo`ba na prostorot,
reljefnite karakteristiki, klimatskite karakteristiki, brojnosta na naselenieto, naselbinskata mre`a, stopanskite odliki i osobeno soobra}ajnata infrastruktura so nejzinite karakteristiki.
Nekoi osnovni geografski odliki na Prespa
Prespanskata Kotlina ili skrateno kako
{to ja narekuvaat Prespa e posebna prostorna
celina koja geografski se prostira okolu prese-
330
kot na 410 S.G.[. i 210 I.G.D, odnosno vo jugozapadniot del od Republika Makedonija. Prespa
e kotlina koja na Balkanskiot Poluostrov se javuva kako karakteristi~no geomorfolo{ki neiste~no podra~je so relativno golema nadmorska
viso~ina ~ie dno zapo~nuva od 853 m apsolutna
nadmorska viso~ina (nivoto na Prespanskoto
Ezero), do 2601 m a.n.v. (vrvot Pelister na Baba
Planina). Kotlinata e ograni~ena so vozvi{enijata na Baba so Pelister na Istok i Gali~ica na
zapad. Na sever e planinata Plakenska i Bigla, a
na jug planinata Gorba~ i ne{to poniskite ogranci od Gali~ica.
Spored geomorfolo{kite prou~uvawa
prespanskata kotlina pretstavuva karstno pole
koe so radijalni i erozivni procesi bilo transformirano vo podrug georografski oblik kon
krajat na miocen i po~etokot na pliocen. Glavno
se izdvojuvaat dva paralelni rasedi so meridijanski pravec na protegawe, koi denes se poistovetuvaat so podno`jata odnosno so ramkite na
planinite Baba so Pelister i Gali~ica.
Dene{niot reljef na Prespa go so~inuvaat
glavno dve morfolo{ki celini i toa ramnicata
i kotlinskiot ram. Ramnicata ja so~inuva dnoto
na kotlinata, koja se preostira najmnogu do 1000m
nadmorska viso~ina, a kotlinskiot ram go
so~inuvaat isto~nata strana na planinata
Gali~ica i zapadnata strana an Baba so Pelister
i Bigla. Za razlika od aluvujalnata ramnina,
kotlinskiot ram e mo{ne slo`en po svojata
geolo{ka i geomorfolo{ka struktura. Toa
sosobeno se odnesuva za isto~niot ramn od
kotlinata. Vaka izdvoenite reljefni celini
imaat zasebni stopanski karakteristiki, {to
uslovuva razli~en stopanski `ivot.
The traffic infrastructure and the sustainable development in Prespa region
Blagoja MARKOSKI
Institute of Geography, PMF-Skopje, P.O.Box 162, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
Abstract
The scope of this paper is to present the types of traffic and traffic infrastructure in the Prespa region in order to realise the impact that
this segment has on the sustanaible development of the Prespa region.
Introduction
Throughout the history, the 20th century brought the
biggest technological and technical breaktroughs, applied
in the enormous and versatile production with strong
negative impact on the natural environment. The
automobile industry is not an exception. The result is that
there is almost no ecumenic place on the Earth that does
not feel the different "feats" that were made by the man.
The Prespa region, a natural environment, with its
specific natural-geographical, social and economic
characteristics, is not excluded. It is in the man's power
to identify, monitor and control the conditions in order to
overcome the problem of environmental protection. In
that context lies the problem of sustainable development
of the Prespa region, and in this particular case, the
problem of the sustaonable development in thr connection
with the traffic infrastructure.
The in-depth analysis of this part of the system is done
through the realisation of the geographic condition of the
area, the georgraphic and climatic characteristics, the
number of the population, the settlements, economic
characteristics of the area and particulary the traffic
infrastructure with its characteristics.
Some basic geographical characetristics of
Prespa
Prespa, or short for the Prespa valley, is distinct area that
is located on the intersection of the 410 N.G. and 210
e.g.l, in the southwestern part of Macedonia. Prespa is a
valley in the Balcan penincula, characteristic
geomorfological area on relatively high altitude, with its
bottom on 853 m altitude (the Prespa lake level), and
reaches 2601 m altitude at the top(the peak Pelister on
Baba Mountain). The valley is bordered by the cliffs of
Baba mountain with Pelister peak on the east, Galicica
mountain on the west. Plakenska and Bigla mountains are
to the North, and Gorbac mountain with the lower parts
of Galicica are to the suoth.
According to the geomorphological researces, the Prespa
valley is a carst field that was transformed to other type
of geographical form by the radial and the erosional
processes that took place at the and of the miocen and the
beginning of the pliocen. There are two main parallel
massives with meridial direction of spreading, that are the
base of todays Baba and Galicica mountains.
Todays Prespa relief consistes of two main morphological
units, the plain and the frame of the valley. The plain
represents the bottom of the valley, that spreads up to
1000 m altitude, while the frame is consisted of the
Galicica mountain on the east side and the Baba mountain
with the peak Pelister and Bigla mountain on the west
side. Unlike the aluvial plain, the the valley frame has
very complex geological and geomorphological structure.
This is especially evident in the east part of the valley.
These separate geographical areas have separate
economic characteristics that initiates different economic
development.
The climate in Prespa is characterised with average
annual temperature of 10.2 0 C. The coldest months are
January with 0.8 0 C and February with 1.3 0 C , and the
hottest are July with temperature of 19.9 0 C and August
with 19.2 0 C. The average seasonal temperatures are: for
winter 1.4 0 C, spring 9.0 0 C, summer 18.8 0 C and fall
11.6 0 C. It can be seen that the temperature amplitudes
are relatively small for this altitude. That could be
accounted to the lake influence. The north wind with
174%0 and the east with 151 %0 are most dominant.
Annual average of cloudy days for Prespa is 103 and 758
mm of rainfall.
Klimata vo Prespa se odlikuva so sredna
godi{na temperatura od 10,2 0C. Najstudeni meseci se januari so 0,8 i fevruari so 1.3 0S, a najmali
se juli od 19,9 i avgust so 19,2 0S. Srednite temperaturi po godi{ni vremiwa iznesuvaat: zima 1.4
prolet 9,0, leto 18,8 i esen 11.6. Kako {to se gleda temperaturnite amlitudi za vaka golemi nadmorski viso~ini se prili~no mali. Toa sekako se
dol`i na vlijanieto na ezeroto. Od vetrovite
preovladuva severniot so 174 ‰ i isto~niot so
151 ‰. Prose~no godi{no Prespa ima 103 obla~ni denovi i 758 mm vrne`i.
Hidrografijata vo Prespa ja so~inuvaat
pred se re~nite tekovi Golema Reka, Bolnska Reka, Isto~ka, Pretorska, [ara i Braj~inska Reka
na teritorijata na Republika Makedonija i Stara Reka (Poliorema) vo R. Grcija. Sepak, najva`en hidrografski objekt e Prespanskoto Ezero
koe e smesteno vo sredi{niot del od kotlinata
so vkupna povr{ina (zaedno so Maloto Prespansko Ezero) od 317 km2, a samo na teritorijata na
R. Makedonija 188,2 km2, R. Grcija zafa}a 78,3 km2
a Albanija 50,5 km2 ezerska povr{ina. Ezeroto se
hrani so podvodni izvori, od oskudnata re~na voda i od atmosferski vodi, {to zna~i vo stopanski pogled najva`en hidrografski objekt e Prespanskoto Ezero vo smisla za navodnuvawe, ribolov i turisti~ki celi.
Prespanskata Kotlina vo Pedolo{ka smisla
raspolaga so pove}e po~veni tipovi, od koi najkarakteristi~ni se blatnite po~vi pokraj severniot del od ezeroto, aluvijalnite pokraj re~nite
tekovi vo ramnicite, deluvijalnite vo podno`jeto na planinskite strani, crvenicite vo ridskite prostori, osobeno vo zapadnite delovi kade
geolo{kiot supstrat e varovnik.
Florata vo Prespa se sostoi od prirodna i
t.n. kulturna vegetacija. Prirodnata e zastapena
po kotlinskiot ram i glavno e pretstavena so
drvenesta i trevna vegetacija. Od drvenestite
preovladuvaat dabot i bukata. Kulturnata vegetacija e prisutna so razli~ni vidovi kulturni rastenija, no zaradi povolnite uslovi tradicionalno naj~esti se ovo{nite vidovi t.e. jabolkoto.
Naselenieto vo Prespanskata Kotlina e razmesteno vo okolu 72 naseleni mesta od koi 44 se
na teritorijata na R. Makedonija so okolu 18000
`iteli vo 1994 godina 9od niv edna e gradska,
odnosno Resen so okolu 9000 `iteli) 15 se na teritorijata na R. Grcija i 13 vo R. Albanija. Vrz
baza na navedenoto vo otsustvo na relevantni podatoci za brojot na naselenieto vo Gr~kiot i Albanskiot del imaj}i predvid deka selskite naselbi prose~no imaat okolu 250-300 `iteli (zaradi
silni migracii vo prekuokeanskite zemji) se
332
doa|a do konstatacija deka vo Prespa `iveat okolu 25-30000 `iteli. Toa zna~i deka vo Prespa mora da egzistira i soodvetna soobra}ajna infrastruktura i odreden broj soobra}ajni sredstva.
Soobra}ajna infrastruktura vo Prespa
Kako zasebno geomorfolo{ki neiste~no
podra~je, Prespanskata Kotlina soobra}ajno so
sosednite oblasti se povrzuva preku prevoite na
planinskite masivi kako {to se: Bukovo 1207 m
kon Ohridskata, \avato 1167 m kon Bitola vo
Pelagonija, Preval 1135 m kon Lerin i Kostur
vo Republika Grcija, preku krajniot ju`en del na
Maloto Prespansko Ezero vo Albanija, prevojot
Prevtis 942 m kaj Stewe za Albanija i prevojot
Livada 1568 m na planinata Gali~ica kon Ohrid.
Kako geografski prostor so nadmorska viso~ina nad 853 m e predisponiran pred se za paten soobra}aj, no zaradi goleminata na ezeroto i
za voden soobra}aj.
Patniot soobra}aj vo Prespanskata Kotlina go ~inat pove}e pati{ta koi prirodno ovozmo`uvaat primarni soobra}ajni funkcionalni
komunikacii vnatre vo kotlinata, no i kon sosednite oblasti.
Vo minatoto glavni patni soobra}ajnici bile
pati{tata Ohrid-Resen-Bitola (kako del od patot Via Egnatia koj go povrzuval Dra~ so Solun i
Carigrad), takanare~eniot Epirski pat koj doa|al od Janina preku Kor~a i preku prevojot Prevtis izleguval kaj Stewe od kade pokraj zapadniot
breg na ezeroto se povrzuval so Via Egnatia. Pokraj isto~niot ezerski breg minuval u{te eden
pat koj vo severniot del od Prespa isto taka se
spojuval so Via Egnatia. me|utoa, vakvata prirodna
soobra}ajna predispozicija koja glavno se odvivala vo pravec sever-jug e naru{ena so podelbite
na Makedonija vo 1913 godina, so {to e onevozmo`en sopstveniot prirodno predisponiran socioekonomski razvoj na kotlinata {to kako problem
se provlekuva i denes.
Ovie i drugi pati{ta i denes se glavni soobra}ajnici na koi se nadovrzuvaat ostanatite
pati{ta od lokalen karakter, taka {to denes vo
Prespanskiot del na teritorijata od R. Makedonija se protegaat nekolku soobra}ajnici i toa
delnicite od magistralniot pat M5 na relacija
Ohrid-Resen-Bitola. Preku ovoj pat Prespa ja
ostvaruva kompletnata razvojna komunikacija so
ostanatite prostori od Republika Makedonija.
So ovaa soobra}ajnica vo severniot del od kotlinata, poto~no kaj mesnosta Makazi se povrzuvaat
u{te dve patni soobra}ajnici so regionalno zna~ewe (spored kategorizacijata vo R. Makedonija).
The hydrography in Prespa is mainly consisted of
Golema, Bolnska, Istochka, Pretorska Shara and
Brajchinska rivers on the teritory of Republic of
Macedonia. And Old river (Poliorema) in Greece. Still,
the most important hydrographical object is the Prespa
Lake that is situated in the middle of the valley and
covers an area of 317km2 (together with the Micro Prespa
Lake), 188.2km2 of which belong to the Republic of
Macedonia, 78.3km2 belong to Greece and 50.5km2
belong to Albania. The lake is maintained by the
underground springs, from the small amount of river
water and by the ranifalls, that means that the Prespa
Lake is the most important economic subject for
watering, fishing and touristic goals.
Several soil types can be found in the Prespa valley, the
most characteristic being the wetlands soils on the
northern part of the lake, the aluvial ones along the rivers
in the plains, deluvial in the bottoom of the mountains,
the red soil in the hilly areas, especially in the limestone
substrate in the western part.
The flora in the Prespa area is consisted of natural and
cultivated vegetation. The natural is found on the valley
frame and is mainly represented by trees and grasses. The
oak and the beech are dominant tree species. The
culltivated vegetation is present with different types of
plants, with most dominant being the fruit trees (mostly
apples) because of the favorable conditions.
The population of the Prespa valley is spreaded in 72
settlement, 44 og which are in Macedonia with 18000
inhabitants (1994)(one of these is urban settlement, Resen
with 9000 inhabitants), 15 are on the Greek teritory and
13 are in Albania. Due to the lack of relevant data for the
Greek and the Albanian part, but considering that the
rural settlement have a population of 250-300, could be
estimated that 25000-30000 people are living in this
area. Such population inevitably includes a suitable
traffic infrastructure and a certain number of vehicles.
Traffic infrastructure in Prespa
As a separate geomorfological area, the Prespa valley
connects with the neighbouring areas through the
isthmuses on the mountains such as: Bukovo (1207 m)
towards the Ohrid valley, Gjavato (1167 m) towarsd
Bitola in the Pelagonian valley, Preval (1135 m) towards
Lerin and Kostur in Geece, through the south part of the
Micro Prespa Lake in Albania, Prevtis (942 m) near
Stenje, and Livada (1568 m) on Galicica mountain
towards Ohrid.
As a geographical space with altitude of more than 853m
road trffic is favorable, but the size of the lake allows
developing of a water traffic, too.
The traffic network in Prespa is consisted of roads that
have primary traffic functional comunication within the
valley, as well as to the neighbouring areas.
In the past two main traffic routes existed. One was
Ohrid-Resen-Bitola road (as a part of via ignatia,
connecting Drach with Thessaloniki and Istanbul).The
other,so called epiric road was from Janina and Korcha
reaching the lake at Stenje through the isthmus Prevtis.
This one connected to the via ignatia down the western
coast. There was another road, along the eastern coast,
that connected to the via ignatia too. But, in 1913 when
Macedonia was divided, the natural north-south route was
disabled, thus disableing the natuarl socio-economic
development of the valley, the problen that exist even
today. These and some other roads are main trafic routes
even today, accompanied by some local roads. Part of the
magistral road M-5 is Ohrid-Resen-Bitola and is the
main road of communication of Prespa with the other
parts of Macedonia. This route connects to two other
regional routes near the area of Makazi. The first one is
the regional road R-503, connecting Makazi with Carina
and Stenje and Albania, with road lenght of 24.4km, 20
of which are asphalted and 6m wide. The regional road
R-504 meets R-503 at Carina. The total lenght is 29km,
(15 of which are in the Prespa valley), connecting Ohrid
and Prespa valley over Galicica. This road has touristic
importance.
The R-505 route follows the eastern coastline of the lake
connecting Makazi with the Greek border and further
down. The asphalted road is 28km long (to the border)
and is 6m wide.
The forementioned roads (M-5, R-503, R-504, R-505)
connect the vast majority of the setlements in the region,
which are situated along the coastline and at the outscirts
of the mountains.The other local roads are of minor
importance, are very short (not longer than 3 km, not
wider than 3-4m) and mainly connect the settlements.
There are other makadam and earth roads as well as a
number of field and forest trucks. The modern
mechanisation has great impact on the modernisation of
the roads that are used for specialised activities (forest
exploitation, access to the orchards).
According to the categorisation of the roads, 24km are
classificated as magistral, 65km are regional and the rest
are minor roads.
Prespa has relatively dense traffic infrastructure, where
the magistral and regional roads take 24km out of every
100 km.
The most frequent road, according to the data from 1998,
is the magistral road M-5 with average number of 25003000 vehicles a day, and then follows the regional roads
P503 and P504 with 1500-2000 and 1000-1500 vehicles a
day, respectively.
The relevant data for the estimation of the traffic impact
on the sustainable development is the density of traffic
vehicles per area, as well as the number of traffic vehicles
compared to the number of inhabitants.
Prviot e regionalniot pat R503 na relacijata od Makazi do Carina i Stewe kon R. Albanija so vkupna dol`ina od 24,4 km od koi 20 km se
so {irina od 6 m so asfaltna podloga. So nego
kaj Carina se povrzuva regionalniot pat R504 so
dol`ina od 29 km od koi 15 se vo Prespanskata
Kotlina) koj preku planinata Gali~ica ja povrzuva Prespanskata so Ohridskata Kotlina i pred
se ima turisti~ko zna~ewe.
Vtoriot pat so regionalno zna~ewe R505 se
protega pokraj isto~niot breg na Prespanskoto
Ezero na relacijata od Makazi kon granicata so
Republika Grcija i ponatamu. Do granicata ovoj
pat se protega na dol`ina od okolu 28 km so
asvalten kolovoz od 6 m.
Protegaweto na navedenite magistralni i
regionalni (M5, R503, R504 i R505) se orientirani taka {to gi povrzuvaat pogolemiot del od
naselbite vo regionot ~ija razmestenost e predisponirana od protegaweto na bregovata linija
na ezerata i podno`jata na planinskite strani.
Poradi toa ostanatite pati{ta od lokalen
karakter (koi glavno gi povrzuvaat naselbite
pome|u sebe i so pati{tata od povisok rang) se
zna~itelno pokratki, bidej}i naselbite ne se
mnogu oddale~eni od magistralnite i regionalnite pati{ta, odnosno nivnata prose~na dol`ina
ne preminuva preku 3 km. Ovie pati{ta prete`no
se so asfaltna podloga so {iro~ina od 3-4 m.
Vo Prespa egzistiraat i drugi pati{ta so
makadamska no pred se so zemjena podloga kako i
golem broj polski i {umski pateki.
Za osovremenuvaweto na pati{tata golema
uloga ima sovremenata grade`na mehanizacija so
koja vakvi sporedni pati{ta so konkretna funkcionalna namena 9primer eksploatacija na {umi,
pristap do ovo{nite parceli i sl.) se izgradeni
niz celiot prostor na kotlinata.
Spored navedenata kategorizacija pati{tata se protegaat vo dol`ina kako {to sleduva:
magistralni 24 km, regionalni 65 km, lokalni
modernizirani, lokalni nemodernizirani, ostanati (kowski, pe{a~ki i kozji pateki).
Toa poka`uva deka vo Prespa e razviena
relativno gusta patna soobra}ajna infrastruktura, pri {to samo magistralnite i regionalnite
pati{ta u~estvuvaat so po 24 km na sekoi 100 km2.
Frekvencijata na pati{tata vo Prespa
spored podatoci od 1998 godina e najgolema na
magistralniot pat M5 so prose~en broj od 25003000 vozila dnevno, potoa na regionalnite pati{ta R503 iznesuva od 1500-2000 vozila, a na
R505 iznesuva od 1000-1500 vozila dnevno.
Mo{ne relevantni podatoci za ocenka na
vlijanieto na soobra}ajot vrz odr`liviot razvoj
na prespa e i gustinata na soobra}ajnite sredstva
334
na edinica povr{ina, kako i brojot na soobra}ajni sredstva vo odnos na brojot na naselenieto.
Vo otsustvo na relevantni podatoci, a
imaj}i ja predvid imotnata struktura na naselenieto (kako tradicionalni golemi proizvoditeli na jabolkoto), potrebite od transport na
proizvodi, brojot na naselenieto i sl. Aproksimativno mo`e da se zaklu~i deka e realno da se
o~ekuva 2500-3000 vozila vo regionot, odnosno na
100 km2 se sre|avaat po okolu 800 vozila. Toa
pretstavuva 6-7 `iteli na edno vozilo ili poinaku edno vozilo na sekoe vtoro semejstvo, {to
e sosema realno za sega{niot stepen na razvoj na
regionot, iako i ovde se sre}avaat golem broj semejstva koi seu{te ne se obezbedeni so soobra}ajni sredstva.
Imaj}i ja predvid goleminata na ezerskata
povr{ina i nejziniot centralitet vo ramkite na
kotlinata (a pod pretpostavka na soodvetna
prekugrani~na komunikacija) postojat mo{ne
solidni uslovi za vospostavuvawe na voden soobra}aj. Me|utoa, vo uslovi na vaka postavenite
granici vodeniot soobra}a e sveden samo na
aktivnostite na ribolovcite i turistite.
Vlijanie na soobra}ajot vrz odr`liviot
razvoj na Prespa
Soobra}ajot kako posebna dejnost, koja
pretpostavuva proizvodstvo na razni soobra}ajni
sredstva so razli~na namena, izgradba na razni
soobra}ajni komunikacii, transport na stoki i
patnici i eksploatacija na sredstvata i komunikaciite e mo{ne slo`ena ~ovekova dejnost koja
vlijae vrz naru{uvaweto na `ivotnata sredina.
Vo toj kontekst vo soobra}ajot vlijae vrz:
- zagaduvaweto na vozduhot koe se sogleduva preku
izduvnite gasovi, isparuvaweto na razni goriva
koi se upotrebuvaat kaj soobra}ajnite sredstva i
sl. a se reflektira vrz celokupniot rastitelen i
`ivotinski svet,
- zagaduvaweto na po~vite preku nekontroliranoto ispu{tawe na razni ma{inski goriva na
zemji{teto, nekontrolirano frlawe na dotraeni
soobra}ajni sredstva kako tvrdi otpadoci, razoruvawe na po~vite i predizvikuvawe erozivni
procesi, nesre}i i havarii pri transport na
{tetni materii i taka sli~no.
-zagaduvaweto na vodite koe se sogleduva
preku ispu{taweto na goriva i razni {tetni
materii koi neposredno i posredno se
infiltriraat vo vodite, primenata na razni
vodnoplovni soobra}ajni sredstva i t.n., a se
reflektiraat nepovolno vrz razvojot na
rastitelniot i `ivotinskiot svet i prakti~nata
upotreba na vodata.
Because of the lack of data, but considering the life standard of the people (great producers of apple), the need for
transport of the production, the number of the popilation
etc, it could be estimated that there are 2500-3000 vehicles in the region, or about 800 vehicles per 100km2. In
other words, 6 or 7 inhabitants own one vehicle, or one
vehicle per two families, a number that sounds realistic if
the present level pf development is considered, although
there are a certain number of families that does not own a
vehicle.
Considering the size of the lake and its central positioning
in the valley ( of adequate transboundary cooperation) ot
could be seen that there are very favorable conditions for
establishing a water traffic. Unfortunately, in the present
conditions, the water traffic is limited to the activities of
the fisherman and the tourists.
Traffic impact on the sustainable development of
the Prepa Lake
The traffic, as a separate activity, that assumes production
of different vehicles with different purpose, establishing
of different traffic comunication, transport of goods and
people and exploitation of the means and the comunications is very complex human activity that has negative
impact on the natural environment.
The traffic impacts the following:
• the air poluttioning that accounts to the exost gases,
the evaporation of different fuels used for the vehicles, and is reflected to the all flora and fauna,
• the soil poluttioning, coming from the leakage of
fuels and different polutors that directly and indirectly mixes with the undergrond water, the aplication of different fluctuating, that are negatively reflected to the flora and fauna.
• the erosion of the soil because of the use of heavy
machinery that plows the ground and intensifies the
erosion process. This is evident during the road
building, especially in mountaineous area like the
Galicica and Pelister mountains.
• degrading of the forests when building a forest
trucks, that enable enormous exploitation of the forests and intensify the erosion
•
The forementioned traffic impacts on some well
known polutioning elements shows that a well
thought approch is needed to maintain a sustainable
development. It is necessary in this area to:
• racionalise the transport of goods and people, mean-
ing introduction of mass transit systems
the removal of old and dameged vehicles
prohibit all leakage of different fuels and
,
except on the designated areas
• prohibit uncontroled disipation of damaged vehicles,
and to encourage their collecting and recycling
• prohibit the uncontrolled building of forest trucks
The listed suggestions definitely do not include all
possible measures that can be taken in order to achieve a
sustanaible development, but in the area of the traffic and
the sustainable development they will serve as an initiative for certain measures. This is particularly important
when it considers the specific natural charactristics of the
Prespa valley, that in my opinion is not so endangered.
Yet, the sustainable development does not assumes only protection and rationality in resource use, but
a rationality on the functional development. Considering
the traffic in the Prespa valley, it has to assume open and
free traffic, economic, cultural and other comunication in
order to develop and organise the region in a way that
will maximise its potential for comunications in the
North-South direction, and in lesser extent the East-West
direction. This will enable the three parts to overcome
their peripheral role they have in their countries, and to
become a functional unit with realistic possibilities for
rational use of all natural and human-made resources. It
would be a real contribution towards the efforts for sustaonable development of the Prespa region.
•
•
Conclusion
Based on the presented data, it could be realised
that the Prespa valley along with the Prespa Lake, being
divided in three countries, Republic of Macedonia,
Greece and Albania, does not have suitable functional
traffic infrastructure that would be optomal for the rational organisation and the space use in the valley.
On traffic sence, the Macedonian part of the Prespa Valley is satisfactory developed, both in the traffic
infrastructure and the number of traffic vehicles (the land
trafic), but it can not be said about the water traffic.
The traffic impact on the polutioning of the natural
environment in the Prespa valley is a reality that has to be
dealt with. The best way to decrease the negative impact
is with better organisation and functioning of the traffic
system, with final goal being the sustainable development
of the region.
- intenzitetot na erozijata na zemji{teto koj se
sogleduva preku primenata na razni grade`ni
ma{ini koi za razli~ni potrebi go razoruvaat
zemji{teto i proizveduvaat zasilen proces na
erozija. Ova osobeno se odnesuva vo slu~aite na
probivaweto na pati{tata, posebno onie vo
prostori so postrmni nakloni kako {to vo
slu~ajot na Prespa se planinskite predeli na
Pelister i Gali~ica,
-degradiraweto na {umite koe se sogleduva
preku izgradbata na {umskite pati{ta, so {to se
ovozmo`uva enormna eksploatacija na {umite i
predizvikuvawe erozija na zemji{teto.
Navedenite vlijanija na soobra}ajot vrz
nekoi od op{to poznatite komponenti na zagaduvawe i degradacija uka`uva deka i vo sverata
na soobra}ajot mora maksimalno da se vodi
smetka za principot na odr`liviot razvoj. Vo
taa smisla vo konkretno prou~uvaniot prostor
neminovno e potrebno:
-racionalnost vo transportot na stoki i
patnici, {to zna~i upotreba na soobra}ajni
sredstva za grupen transport,
-isfrlawe od upotreba na zastareni i
delumno havarisani soobra}ajni sredstva,
-zabrana za ispu{tawe na razni goriva i
maziva, osven na mesta opredeleni za takvi raboti,
-zabrana za nekontrolirano rasfrlawe na
havarisani soobra}ajni sredstva, tuku nivno sobirawe i podlo`uvawe na prerabotka kako
surovinski materijal,
-zabrana za nekontrolirano probivawe na
{umski pati{ta i sli~no.
Vaka navedenite preporaki sigurno ne gi
opfa}aat site merki za za{tita i odr`liv
razvoj, me|utoa, vo sverata na zavisnosta na
odr`liviot razvoj od soobra}ajot kako posebna
dejnost }e pretpostavuvaat pottik za prevzemawe
konkretni merki. Ova osobeno koga stanuva zbor
za Prespanskata Kotlina koja kako {to vidovme
e zasebna specifi~na prirodna celina koja
spored slobodna procenka seu{te i nee tolku
zagrozena.
Me|utoa, odr`liviot razvoj ne pretpostavuva samo za{tita i racionalnost vo iskoristuvaweto na resursite tuku i racionalnost vo
funkcionalniot razvoj. Vo taa smisla, a imaj}i
go prdvid soobra}ajot vo Prespanskiot region
odr`liviot razvoj mora da pretpostavuva
otvorena i slobodna soobra}ajna, stopanska,
kulturna i druga komunikacija vo regionot, za da
istiot racionalno se organizira i razviva, kako
{to e prirodno predisponiran za komunikacii
vo pravec sever-jug, a pomalku vo pravec zapadistok. Na toj na~in site tri delovi od Prespa ne
bi imale krajno periferna uloga vo sopstvenite
dr`avi, tuku soobra}ajno funkcionalen centralitet so realni mo`nosti za racionalno iskoristuvawe na site prirodni i antropogeno sozdadeni i organizirani resursi. Toa bi bilo zna~itelen i vistinski pridones kon zalo`bite za
odr`liv razvoj na Prespanskata Kotlina.
Zaklu~ok
Vrz osnova na iznesenite podatoci se
konstatira deka Prespanskata korlina so
Prespanskoto Ezero kako {to se podeleni na tri
dr`avi, Republika Makedonija, Republika Grcija
i Republika Albanija nema soodveten funkcionalen soobra{aen sistem koj bi bil optimalen
za racionalna organizacija i iskoristuvawe na
prostorot na kotlinata.
Vo soobra}ajna smisla delot od Prespanskata Kotlina vo Republika makedonija e relativno dobro razvien i vo smisla na izgradenost
na soobra}ajnata liniska infrastruktura i vo
smisla na prisustvoto na zadovolitelen broj
soobra}ajni sredstva (koga stanuva zbor za
kopneniot soobra}aj) no ne i za vodnoplovnite
soobra}ajni sredstva.
Vlijanieto na soobra}ajot vrz zagaduvaweto na `ivotnata sredina vo Prespa e realnost
koja mora da se otstranuva so poinakva organizacija i funkcionirawe na sistemot soobra}aj, a vo
funkcija na odr`liviot razvoj na regionot.
Referenci (References)
VGI (1988). Topografska karta 1:200000, list Bitola, Beograd.
Gramatnikovski V. Markoski B. Daskalovski V.
(1993). Prespa - nekoi osnovni geografski
odliki i faktori {to vlijaat vrz etnografskite promeni. Etnolog 3, 177-185, Skopje.
Gramatnikoski V. (1976). Razvoj na soobra}ajot i
turizmot vo Prespanskata Kotlina, Godi{en zbornik kn. 22, Institut za geografija,
Skopje.
ZSRM (1997). Vkupno naselenie, doma}instva,
stanovi i zemjodelski stopanstva, Popis na
naselenieto, doma}instvta, stanovite i zemjodelskite stopanstva vo Republika Makedonija, 1994 godina, Skopje.
Markoski B. (1995). Hipsometrija na prostorot i
naselenosta vo Republika Makedonija – kartografski metod. Makedonska riznica Kumanovo.
Markoski B. (1996). Tematska kartografija – os-
noven teoretsko metodolo{ki pristap.
Prirodno-matemati~ki fakultet, Skopje.
Markoski B. (1996). Algoritam za digitalno
kartografski tretman na soobra}ajniot
sistem na Republika Makedonija kako
potsistem na Geografskiot Informativen
Sistem. Zbornik na trudovi od simpoziumot
Makedonskite
soobra}ajni
koridori,
Bitola.
ZSRM (1997). Vkupno naselenie, doma}instva,
stanovi i zemjodelski stopanstva, Popis na
naselenieto, doma}instvta, stanovite i
zemjodelskite stopanstva vo Republika
Makedonija, 1994 godina, Skopje.
Fond za magistralni i regionalni pati{ta Skopje (1999). Paten soobra}aj vo 1998 godina - podatoci od broewe na soobra}ajot na
magistralnite i regionalnite pati{ta vo
Republika Makedonija, Skopje.
337
Ekolo{ki osnovi na strategijata za odr`liv razvoj
na prespanskiot region
Qup~o GRUP^E
Makedonsko ekolo{ko dru{tvo, p. Fah 162, 1000 Skopje
Izvod
Daden e pregled na antropogenite aktivnosti vo regionot, so osvrt na polneweto na Prespanskoto golemo ezero so
fosfor. Vrz baza na ekolo{kite posledici od eutrofizacijata na vodite, se predlaga izrabotka na programa za
upravuvawe so prometot na materiite vo slivot na Prespanskite Ezera. Vrz osnova na programata da se izrabotat
neophodni programi za odr`liv razvoj vo zemjodeliieto, turizmot, industriskiot razvoj, komunalnite aktivnosti
i monitoring.
Voved
Diskusija
Prespanskata kotlina se odlikuva so samostoen hidrolo{ki sliv koj ednovremeno pretstavuva izvori{en del na prirodnoto Prespansko
Ezero. Taa po svoite prirodni karakteristiki,
pretstavuva zatvorena kotlina od planinski masivi so nadmorska viso~ina od 850 - 900 m, koi ja
obikoluvaat i uslovuvaat posebna klima. Se odlikuva so specifi~ni geohemiski procesi na
kru`ewe na biogeni elementi, koi ovozmo`ile,
golemoto i malo Prespansko Ezero da imaat taka
dolg evolutiven razvoj, bez naru{uvawa na negoviot hemizam. Antropogenite aktivnosti po Vtorata svetska vojna, kako kaj nas taka i na gr~kiot
del na ezerata predizvikaa koreniti promeni vo
vzaemnite vlijanija me|u ~ovekot i `ivotnata
sredina (Pirovetsi 1987; Catsadorakis et al. 1996). Antropogeniot pritisok se manifestira so rastot
na koristeweto na bioresursite, razvivaweto i
unapreduvaweto na zemjodelskoto proizvodstvo,
polivaweto na zemjodelskite kulturi so ezerski
vodi, razvoj na ovo{tarstvoto, vodosnabduvawe
na naselenite mesta, razvojot na turizmot i zgolemuvaweto na odpadnite komunalni i industriski vodi {to se vlivaat vo ezeroto. So ovie antropogeni aktivnosti vo regionot, polneweto na
Prespanskoto Ezero so fosfor postojano raste,
zgolemuvaj}i ja trofijata na ezerskite vodi, so
{to se zabrzuvaat geolo{kite procesi na negovoto stareewe.
Trofijata na vodite kako problem e istaknata i vo fizibiliti studija na za{tita na Ohridskoto Ezero (Basler & partners 1995), a isto taka
so hidrohemiskite merewa od strana na Hidrobiolo{kiot zavod vo Ohrid (Naumovski 1997),
spored koi prose~nata sodr`ina na R vo ezerskite vodi iznesuva 17,79 mg·m-3. Ovie koli~estva R
jasno poka`uvaat deka granicata za oligotrofnosta na vodite e nadminata. Fosforot e skoro
dvojno zgolemen. Grupche (1997) se obide da go
kvantificira ne samo prirodnoto ispirawe na R
vo slivot na ezeroto, tuku da go definira i antropogenoto u~estvo vo zgolemuvaweto na koli~estvata P vo ezerskite vodi. Vo trudot se naveduva deka ispiraweto na R so prirodnite procesi
iznesuva 41,02 t/god., a antropogenoto polnewe na
ezeroto so fosfor dostignuva vrednosti od 43,5
t/god. Toa poka`uva deka antropogenite koli~estva R gi nadminuvaat koli~estvata R {to se vnesuvaat so prirodnite procesi vo ezeroto. Vkupniot
vnos iznesuva 84,52 t. Koli~estva R vo ezerskite
vodi se mo{ne bliski do prose~nite vrednosti
{to gi dava Naumovski (1997) i iznesuvaat 18,05
mg·m-3 R. Se postavuva pra{awe vrz osnova na koi
kriteriumi treba da se definira odr`livot
razvoj na Prespanskiot region? Dali pojdoven
kriterium treba da bide fosforot vo vodite na
Prespanskoto Ezero ili nekoj drug, koj treba da
bide osnova za regulirawe na kru`eweto na
mineralnite materii vo prespanskiot region?
338
Ecological bases of the strategy for sustanaible development of the Prespa region
Ljupcho GRUPCE,
Macedonian Ecological Society
Abstract
A review of the antropogenic activities in the region, with analysis of the phosphorus leaching in the Prespa Macro Lake
is presented. A program for managing with the matter circulationing in the Prespa Lake watershed is suggested, based on
the ecological consequences from the eutrofication of the lake waters. This program is proposed as a platform for other
necessary programs for sustainable development in the agriculture, the tourism, the industrial development, the
communal activities and the monitoring.
Introduction
The Prespa valley is characterized by its independent
watershed, that is a source area for the natural Prespa
Lake. The valley is isolated, with height ranging from
850 to 900m., surrounded by high mountains, with it’s
own authentic climate. It is characterized by specific geochemical processes of circulation of biogenic matter, that
enabled the long evolutional development of the Macro
and Micro Prespa Lakes without outside distraction to its
chemism. The antropogenic activities after the WW2 on
our side, as well as on the Greek side of the lakes, created
dramatic changes in the mutual impact between the man
and the environment (Pirovetsi 1987; Catsadorakis at al.
1996). The antropogenic pressure is manifested through
the growth of the natural resources exploitation and the
development and advancing of the agricultural production, the exploitation of the lake water for irrigation, the
development of the fruit production, the water supply to
the neighboring settlements, the development of the
tourism and the increasing amount of industrial and communal waste water that leeks in the lake. These antropogenic activities in the region lead to increased phosphorus leaching in the lake, which is responsible for the
eutrofication of the lake, that accelerates the processes of
its geologic aging.
Discussion
The eutrofication of the lake water as a problem is
stressed in the Fisibility study for the protection of the
Ohrid Lake, Basler & partner(1995), and in the hydrochemical measures taken by the Hydrobiological institute
in Ohrid, Naumovski (1997). He implies that the average
content of phosphorus in the lake waters is 17,79 mg/m3.
These amounts of phosphorus clearly show that the limit
for water oligotrophy is exceeded. The phosphorus is
nearly doubled. Grupce (1997) to determine not only the
natural leaching of phosphorus in the Prespa Lake watershed, but to determine the amount of phosphorus leaching
due to the antropogenic activities. In the same papers it is
presented that the phosphorus leaching due to natural
causes amounts to 41,02 t·yr-1, and the phosphorus
leaching due to antropogenic activities amounts to 42,5
t·yr-1. It can be seen that the antropogenic amounts of
phosphorus exceed the amounts of natural phosphorus
leaching in the lake. The total input of phosphorus is
84,52 t·yr-1. If we convert this amount of phosphorus into
mg·m-3 in the lake, we can see that it is near the average
value given by Naumovski and reaches value of 18,05
mg·m-3. This puts the question for the criteria for defining
of the sustainable development of the Prespa region?
Whether the starting criteria should be the amount of
phosphorus in the lake or something else should to be the
base for regulation of the matter exchange in the Prespa
region.
The correct answer that has ecological justification,
should originate from our understanding of the aging processes of the biggest resource in the region - the Prespa
Lake. Along with it, it needs to be kept in perspective that
the Ohrid and the Prespa lakes form a single hydrological
system, and that the condition of the Prespa Lake is the
regulatory value for the quality of the both lakes. If we
accept this, then we need to accept the phosphorus as a
most important factor, that will be base for managing
with the circulation of the biogenic matter in the region.
Pravilen odgovor, koj ima i ekolo{ko opravduvawe, treba da proizleze od soznanieto, so
koi procesi se zabrzuva stareeweto na najgolemiot resurs vo regionot - Prespanskoto Ezero;
kako i negovoto ekolo{ko vlijanie na ezerskite
vodi, ako ne se ograni~i polneweto so fosfor.
Pri toa treba da se ima vo vid i toa deka Prespanskoto i Ohridskoto Ezero prestavuvaat edinstven hidrolo{ki sistem, za ~ij kvalitet, slu~uvawata vo Prespanskoto ezero stanuvaat upravuva~ka golemina, koja }e vlijae i vrz kvalitetot
na vodite na Ohridskoto Ezero. Ako ja prifatime ovaa realna osnova, toga{ neminovno treba
da se prifati fosforot kako imenitel, koj }e
bide osnova vrz koja }e se upravuva so kru`eweto
na biogenite materii vo regionot.
Op{ta karakteristika na R vo vodenite
ekosistemi e negovoto neramnomerno i nepostojano dvi`ewe od organizmot vo vodenata
sredina i obratno. Spored Pomeroy (1960) vo sekoj
vremenski moment, pogolemiot del od fosforot
vo vodite na ezerata se nao|a vo vrzana sostojba:
bilo vo organizmot, bilo vo neorganskite sedimenti i organskiot detritus. Utvrdeno e deka ne
pove}e od 10% od R, e dostapen vo rastvorena
forma. Brzo dvi`ewe na R vo dvete nasoki postojano se odviva, no vistinska razmena me|u nerastvorlivata forma vo sedimentite i rastvorlivata, ~esto e neregularna i protekuva vo skokovi,
od vreme na vreme, so periodi koga R izleguva od
sedimentite i so periodi koga toj se usvojuva od
organizmite ili vleguva vo sedimentite. Ovie
procesi se usloveni so temperaturnite promeni
i aktivnosta na organizmite vo ezerskiot ekosistem. Kako pravilo za slatkite vodeni ekosistemi
mo`e da se ka`e, deka vrzuvaweto na fosforot
od organizmite odi pobrzo otkolku negovoto
osloboduvawe od sedimentite. Rastenijata brzo
go akumuliraat R na temno i vo drugi uslovi, koga
ne mo`at da go iskoristat. Za vreme na brziot
rast, celiot dostapen R mo`e da se iskoristi od
producentite i konsumentite. Zatoa koncentracijata na R vo daden konkreten moment, malku
mo`e da ka`e za produktivnosta na ekosistemot.
Niskata sodr`ina na R vo ekosistemot mo`e da
zna~i, ili e sistemot istro{ten ili negoviot
metabolizam e mnogu brz (Petrovi} 1956). Spored Pomeroy (1960) samo so poznavaweto na brzinata na protokot na R mo`e da se razbere sostojbata na vodeniot ekosistem. Vsu{nost brziot
protok na R e tipi~en za produktivni eutrofni
vodi, kakvi {to bea vodite na Dojranskoto Ezero
(Petrovi} 1956). Za poddr{kata na visokata
organska produkcija, brzinata na protokot na R e
pova`na, otkolku koncentracijata na elementot
(Pomeroy 1960). Nesporno e deka ovoj optimalen
proces na kru`ewe na R vo ezeroto treba da bide
imenitelot vrz osnova na koj }e se gradi programata za odr`liv razvoj na regionot i programata
za upravuvawe so prometot na materiite vo slivot. Opravduvawe za ovie pojdovni osnovi nao|ame vo merewata na Hidrobiolo{kiot zavod od
Ohrid i vo stavot na fizibiliti studijata za
za{tita na Ohridskoto Ezero, kade se naveduva
podatok deka vo Prespanskoto ezero e najdeno i
koli~estvo R od 65 mg·m-3. Ovaa vrednost ja potvrduva konstatacijata na Pomeroy i uka`uva na
mo`na i dramati~na eutrofizacija na vodite od
Prespanskoto ezero. Takvite procesi mo`at da
stanat seriozna opasnost i za vodite na Ohridskoto ezero. Golem propust e {to za Prespanskoto Ezero nema dolgogodi{ni merewa na sodr`inata na R vo nego. Vakvite promeni na
trofijata na ezerskite vodi mo`at da stanat i
faktor za promeni vo biodiverzitetot na hidrobiontite na ezeroto, bidej}i razli~ni taksoni se
prilagodeni na sootvetni koli~estva R vo vodata. Vo slu~ajov, Prespanskoto ezero treba da se
razgleduva kako del na po{irokiot vodozboren
basen ~ija povrnina iznesuva 1349,20 km2 vo koj na
kopneniot otpa|a 1095,22 km2,a na ezerata 316,87
km2 (^avkalovski 1997). Ottamu, so pravo se istaknuva deka vodozborniot bazen se javuva kako minimalna edinica na vodniot ekosistem, koja ~ovekot, ako saka, mo`e efikasno da ja upravuva. So
drugi zborovi, lokalnata samouprava, vo ramkite
na zakonskite regulativi mo`e uspe{no da go
upravuva protokot na materiite vo slivot ili
u{te podobro, protokot na P vo slivot, so {to se
sozdava postojana kontrola na polneweto na ezeroto so P i uslovi za odr`liv razvoj vo regionot.
Antropogeni aktivnosti vo regionot koi
vlijaat na koli~estvata fosfor vo ezeroto
^ovekovite aktivnosti se definiraat kako
socijalen metabolizam vo regionot, sli~no na
metabolizamot na prirodnite ekosistemi. Toga{
e sosema razbirlivo da se zaklu~i deka se {to
izleguva kako odpadok od antropogenite sistemi,
treba da se stavi pod kontrola i strogo upravuva
so nivnoto iskoristuvawe ili deponirawe. Spored Odum (1986), agroekosistemite se smetaat kako odoma{eni sistemi, koi vo mnogu odnosi zazemaat sredno mesto me|u prirodnite i urbanite
ekosistemi, kakvi {to se gradovite. Iako niv,
kako i prirodnite ekosistemi gi ishranuva
sonceto, tie sepak se mnogu sli~ni po posledicite na kvalitetot na `ivotnata sredina na
urbanite i industriskite sistemi. Tie se zavisni
od nadvore{nite faktori na okolnata sredina,
na vlezot i izlezot na agrosistemot.
The general characteristics of the phosphorus in the lakes
is its unequal and inconsistent movement from the organisms to the water and reverse. According to Pomeroy
(1960), in every moment the larger amount of phosphorus in the lake waters is in bound condition, whether it is
in the organism or in the unorganic sediments and organic
detritus. It was found that not more than 10% of phosphorus is available in dissolved form. Fast movement of
phosphorus in both directions is present all the time, but
the real exchange between the undissolvable form in the
sediments and the dissolvable is often irregular and flows
in leaps, from time to time, with periods when the phosphorus is released from the sediments and periods when it
is adopted by the organisms or it is bound in the sediments. These prosesses are influenced by the temperature
changes and the activity of the organisams in the lake
ecosystem. In the sweet water ecosystems the acceptance
of phosphorus by the organisams is faster than its releasing from the sediments. The plants accumulate phosphorus real fast in dark and in other conditions, when they
can not use it. During the fast groeth the entire quantity of
free phosphorus could be used by the producers and the
consuments. Because of this, the concentration of phosphorus in certain moment can not tell much about the
ecosystem productivity. The low amount of phosphorus
in the ecosystem could mean that the ecosystems has
been used up, or that its metabolism is very fast, Petrovic
(1956). According to Pomeroy (1960), the only way to
determine the condition of the ecosystem is to know the
rate of phosphorus flow. The quick phosphorus circulation is typical for productive eutrophic waters, such as
the Dojran Lake waters, Petrovic (1956). To sustain the
high organic production, the quickness of the phosphorus
flow is more important then the concentration of the element, Pomeroy (1960). It is undisputable that the optimal
process of the phosphorus circulation in the lake should
be the base for the program for sustanaible development
of the region and the program for management with the
matter exchange in this watershed. This is justified by the
measures taken by the Hydrobiological Institute in Ohrid
and in the fisibility study for protection of the Ohrid
Lake. The fisibility study shows that at some point phosphorus concentration in the Prespa lake reached
65mg/m3. This value acknowledges Pomeroy’s constatation, and points to possible dramatic eutrofication of the
Prespa Lake waters. These processes could become a
great danger to the Ohrid Lake, too. It is big mistake that
we don’t have longtime measures for the phosphorus
concentration in the Prespa Lake. The changes in the
eutrophy of the waters could become a factor for changes
in the biodiversity of the hydrobionts of the lake, because
different taksons are acclimatised to diferent levels of
phosphorus concentration in the water. In this case, the
Prespa Lake should be considered as a part of the much
larger waetrshed basin with area of 1349,2 km2.
1095,22km2 of it belongs to land area, and the rest of
316,87km2 to water, Cavkalovski (1997). This is reason
that the lake watershed appeares as the minimal unit of
the lake ecosystem, that could be easily efficiently managed by the man, if he wants to. In other words, the local
government, in accordance with the legal framework,
could succesfully manage the matter exchange in the
watershed, or even better, with the phosphorus circulation. That enables constant control over the phosphorus
leaching in the lake and creates favorable conditions for
sustanaible development in the region.
Antropogenic activities in the region that have
impact on the amounts of phosphorus in the lake
The antropogenic activities are defined as a social metabolism in the region, similar to the metabolism of the
natural ecosystems. It is understandable to put forward
the question concerning the waste from the antropogenic
ecosystems, the control and management with its exploitation or deploying. According to Odum(1986), agroecosystems are the connection between the natural and the
urban ecosystems, such as the cities. Although they are
similar to the natural ecosystems and are nurtured by the
sun, they are very similar to the urban and industrial systems by their impact on the quality of the environment.
They are dependent on the outside factors. It points out
that the foundation of the strategy for sustanaible development should be that factor that can have multiple concequences on the region and outside of it. The selection
of the strategy is very important, because if properly selected, it can enable designing of, not only strategy for
economic and sustanaible development, but designing of
a program for managing with the mineral matter exchange. With this strategy efficient environmental protection of the entire Ohrid-Prespa region is enabled.
Here, I would like to mention the antropogenic
activities in the region that had negative impact on the
condition of the Prespa Lake in the last 50 years.
1. The use of the organochlorid pesticides in the battle
with the malaria and in the fruit production until 1965
had negative impact on the salmon population in the Macedonian part of the Prespa Lake. Significant residues of
organochlorin pesticides were found in the bodies of the
fish. Even now, the lack of efficient removal of the package of the modern pesticides and the means for their application have negative impact on the lake, because the
used water is not properly disposed.
2. As every fruit producer knows, the use of pesticides
endangered the entire living population in the chanels and
rivers. The rinsing of the pesticide from the orchards with
rainfalls has negative impact on the life in the rivers and
chanells. The fish and the insects are extinct. It is evident
that the use of pesticides should be significantly decreased. There are different methods for this, and they
will be adressed on this meeting separately.
Toa uka`uva deka vo strategijata na odr`liviot razvoj, osnoven imenitel treba da bide
onoj faktor koj vo celina mo`e da donese mnogu
opasnosti, ne samo za regionot, tuku i po{iroko.
Fakti~ki izborot na strategijata dobiva na
zna~ewe, bidej}i so pravilen izbor na
zaedni~kiot imenitel vrz osnova na koj }e se
gradi, ne samo strategijata za odr`liv razvoj i
ekonomskiot razvoj, tuku i programata za upravuvawe so prometot na mineralnite materii. So
nea prakti~no se vr{i efikasna ekolo{ka
za{tita na celiot ohridsko-prespanski region.
Na kratko sakam da gi nabele`am antropogenite aktivnosti vo regionot koi za ovoj 50 godi{en period imaa negativno vlijanie vrz
sostojbata na Prespanskoto Ezero, kako voden
ekosistem.
1. Upotrebata na organohlornite pesticidi vo
borbata so malarijata i ovo{tarstvoto do 1965
godina imaa negativno vlijanie vrz populacijata
na krapot na makedonskiot del od Prespanskoto
ezeroto. Zna~ajni rezidui na organohlorni pesticidi (Grup~e 1985) bea registrirani vo telata
na ribite. I sega, otsustvoto na efikasno otstranuvawe na ambala`ata na sovremenite pesticidi
i ~isteweto na sadovite i sredstvata so koi se
tie apliciraat, imaat negativno dejstvo vrz ezeroto, bidej}i upotrebenite vodi ne se izoliraat
adekvatno.
2. Upotrebata na pesticidi, kako e poznato na site ovo{tari go zagrozija celiot `ivot vo kanalite i jazovite. So nivnoto ispirawe so vodite
na vrne`ite od ovo{nite nasadi, negativno se
vlijae vrz `iviot svet vo rekite i kanalite. Vo
niv nema nitu ribi nitu insekti, osven rastenija.
O~evidno e deka i na toj plan treba mnogu da se
stori za da se namali zna~ajno nivnata upotreba.
Za toa postojat metodi i na~ini za koi na ovoj
sobir }e se govori posebno.
3. Upotrebata na detergenti za odr`uvawe na
higiena, osobeno onie {to sodr`at polifosfati, uslovile vo sedimentite da se akumuliraat
zna~ajni koli~estva R. Spored kriteriumite na
{vajcarskiot institut za vodostopanstvo, za
Prespanskoto Ezero se presmetani 21,2 t fosfor
od ovie izvori {to godi{no vleguvaat vo ezeroto. Tuka ne se vneseni koli~estvata detergenti
{to se tro{at na prostorite kaj na{ite dva
sosedi. Vo dene{ni uslovi ovi koli~estva mo`at
silno da se namalat, ako lokalnite vlasti so
pomo{ na dr`avnite organi donesat regulativa
za isklu~ivo koristewe na bezfosfatni detergenti vo trite dela na regionot.
4. Upotrebata na mineralni |ubriva vo regionot
spored na{a presmetka (Grupche 1997) napravena
vrz osnova na sprovedena anketa, iznesuva 4406 t
godi{no. Ot niv vo ovo{tarstvoto se koristat
2277 t. Vkupnoto koli~estvo R {to so niv godi{no se vnesuva vo kotlinata, iznesuva 452,8 t, od
koi, so primarnata produkcija vo zemjodelieto se
iskoristuva 50 %, a ostatokot ostanuva vo po~vata, od kade so do`dovite se ispira vo ezeroto. Po
ovoj osnov ezerskite vodi se polnat so 6,4 t
godi{no. Ako vo strategijata za odr`liv razvoj
se vklu~i organskoto zemjodelie, kako osnova vo
zemjodelskoto proizvodstvo, toga{ del od ovie
mineralni |ubriva mo`at da se substituiraat za
smetka na organskoto |ubrivo. Upotrebata na mineralnite |ubriva vo zemjodelieto toga{ }e se
vr{i isklu~ivo vrz svojstvata na po~vite vo
regionot i potrebata na kulturata. Pri toa vo
zemjodelskite aktivnosti }e treba da se primenat site sovremeni na~ini za namaluvawe na
erozijata na obrabotlivite po~vi. Se toa }e
vlijae vrz namaluvaweto na ispirawe na R od
zemjodelskite povr{ini i namaluvawe na negoviot vnos vo ezeroto.
5. Turizmot isto taka e faktor koj pridonesuva
za polnewe na ezeroto so R. Od nego treba da se
bara isklu~iva upotreba na besfosfatni detergenti. So nivnata dosega{na aktivnost vo ezeroto prose~no od detergenti se vnesuva 1 t godi{no
P i 0,5 t godi{no od metaboliti na turistite. Kako ovaa granka ima perspektiva za razvoj, taa mo`e da go zgolemi u~estvoto vo trofijata na ezerskite vodi, ako ne se vodi stroga kontrola za upotrebata na bezfosfatni detergenti vo turisti~kite aktivnosti i efikasno zgri`uvawe na komunalnite odpadni vodi od turisti~kite objekti..
6. Za zgolemuvaweto na trofijata na ezerskite
vodi sekako ima svoj pridones i koristeweto na
vodite za polivawe vo zemjodelieto. Negativnoto
dejstvo se manifestira indirektno vo sni`uvaweto na nivoto na ezeroto za mnogu kratok
period, poradi {to so sega{noto namaluvawe na
nivoto, pojasot na trskata strada{e i e isklu~en
od metabolizamot na ezeroto za dolg vremenski
period. So toa silno e naru{en mehanizmot na
samopre~istuvawe na ezeroto, bidej}i trskata za
gradba na svojata biomasa, koristi biogeni
elementi od ezerskite vodi i sedimenti, ili pak
od vodite koi minuvaat niz nejnite prostori.
Kolkavi se tie koli~estva bi sakal da gi
ilustriram so istra`uvawata na Hidrobiolo{kiot zavod vo Ohrid, so koi vo biomasata na pojasot na trskata na makedonskiot del od Ohridskoto ezero se naveduva sodr`ina od 67 t mineralni materii, od koi na fosforot otpa|aat 5,8 t
(Talevska 1996). Kolkavi koli~estva biogeni
materii bi se sodr`le vo pojasot na trskata na
Prespanskoto ezero ne mo`e da ka`eme, bidej}i
nema istra`uvawa.
3. The use of detergents, especially those that contain
poliophosphats, enabled the accumulation of large
amounts of phosphorus in the sediments. According to
the criteria of the Swiss Institute for Water Management
21,2 t/year of phosphorus enters the Prespa Lake from
these sources. These amounts do not include the quantities of detergents used on the teritory of our two neighbours, Albania and Greece. With today’s conditions,
these amounts could be significantly decreased, if the
local government bring legislative for exclusive use of
phosphatless detergents in the three parts of the region.
4. The estimate use of mineral fertilizers in the region by
Grupce (1997) based on a survey is 4406 t·yr-1. 2277 t of
it is used in the fruit production. This amount of fertilizers contains 452,8t. phosphorus. 50% of it is used in the
primary production, and the rest stays in the soil, from
where goes to the lake. This inputs 6,4 t·yr-1 phosphorus
in the lake. If the organic agriculture is incorporated in
the strategy for sustanaible development then a part of
this mineral fertilizers could be supstituted with organic
fertilizers. In that case, the use of the mineral fertilizers
will be only in accordance with the soil characteristics in
the region and the needs of the culture. Along with it, we
will need to take measures for minimizing the erosion of
the productional areas. All of this will have impact on the
decreasing of the phosphorus rinsing from the agricultural
areas.
5. The tourism is also a factor that adds to phosphorus
leaching in the lake. All tourist subject should use phosphatless detergents. 1,5t. of phosphorus leach in the lake
as a result of their activity. As one of the perspective
branches of the economy it could increase the phosphorus
input in the lake without proper control of the use of
phosphatless detergents. Along with it, an efficient disposal of the communal solid waste is nessecary.
6. The use of the water for irrigation has its part in the
eutrophication of the lake. The negative impact is manifested indirectly in the decreasing of the water level for
very short period of time. The current decrease of the
water level is responsible for the inflicted damage on the
reed and the reed is exluded from the lake metabolism for
a long period. This is a hard blow to the system for selfcleansing of the lake, because the reed uses biogenic elements from the lake waters and the sediments for its
growth. I would like to ilustrate these amounts with the
investigation by Hydrobiological Institute in Ohrid. According to this investigations, the biomass of the reed in
the Macedonian part of the Ohrid Lake contain 67 tons of
mineral matter, 5,8 t. of which is phosphorus, Talevska
(1996). What amount of mineral matter would contain the
reed in the Prespa Lake we can not tell, because there
aren’t any relevant investigations. The data for the Ohrid
Lake clearly indicates that the lack of the reed in the Prespa Lake is a factor for the water eutrophication. That
points out that the use of the water for irrigation should
be carefully calculated because it could derange the
metabolic processes in the lake ecosystem because every
population of organisms in the has its own role in the
matter circulation.
7. The altering of the of the Devol river bed, so its waters
enter the Micro Prespa Lake practicly increased the watershed of the Prespa Lake, because it now includes the
watershed of the Devol River. The Devol River inputs
additional 90-100·106 m3 of water a year. The negative
impact on the eutrophy of the Micro Lake is evident in
the shallowing cause by suspended particles the river
Devol. The trophy of these waters also has impact on the
waters of the Macro Lake, because it inputs 3 m3·s-1 in the
Macro Prespa Lake (Cavkalovski 1997). These concequences clearly indicate that the altering of the Devol River
bed endanger the Micro Prespa Lake, and there is potential danger for the Macro Prespa Lake. The determination of the amounts of water that should be used for
irrigation need very careful analysis showing the possible
concequences on the ecosystem of the Prespa Lake. The
fact that Prespa Lake has its watershed shows that there
was a balance between the man and the nature. Today,
with all of his activities the man is changing the balance,
creating very dangerous processes of eutrophication.
8. The communal solid waste is also a factor that contributes to the increase of the mineral matter that pours into
the lake,especially without proper landfill. The local government with the help of the NGO-s and with an adequate
program could activate the local population in the processes of eliminating of the communal solid waste. With
their participation, the circulation and the exploitation of
the communal waste could be easily done.
9. The industrial objects need to be put under appropriate
control and monitoring, in order to stop any kind of
negative impact on the lake. This is especially important
for the leaking of the heavy metals and other polutant that
could polute the air. In my oppinion, the strategy for the
economic development of the region should exclude the
so called “dirthy industry”, in order to to provide cheaper
economic development. Every additional preasure over
the allowed limits need far more investment for the protection of the region.
It is obvious that there are numerous antropogenic
activities in this region that contribute to the eutrophication of the lake waters in all surrounding countries, Catsadorakis at all (1996). Because of this, it is important to
design and apply appropriate programs which will result
in decrease of phosphorus leakage in the lake. The programs that will include agriculture, tourism, communal
activities, industrial manufacturing that should be within
the frame program for managing of the mineral matter
circulation in the Prespa lake watershed. Well-organized
monitoring should provide evaluation of the effectiveness
in the applied programs for managing the matter exchange in the watershed and suggestions for their alterations and improvement, when necessary.
Podatocite za Ohridskoto ezero jasno poka`uvaat deka otsustvo na pojasot na trskata vo
Prespanskoto Ezero, vlijae vrz trofijata na
ezerskite vodi. So otsustvoto na pojasot na
trskata, kako na makedonskiot, taka i na albanskiot del e naru{en procesot na samopro~istuvawe na vodeniot ekosistem. Toa uka`uva deka
nastojuvawata za koristewe na ezerskite vodi vo
zemjodelieto za polivawe treba dobro da se
promislat, za da ne se naru{uvaat procesite na
metabolizamot vo ezerskiot ekosistem, bidej}i
sekoja populacija organizmi, ima zna~ajna uloga
vo kru`eweto na materiite vo vodniot ekosistem.
7. Vnesuvaweto na vodite na rekata Devol
vo Maloto Prespansko Ezero, prakti~ki go zgolemi slivot na Prespanskoto ezero, bidej}i vo
nego se vklu~uva i slivot na r. Devol, preku koj
vo Maloto ezero se vnesuva 90-100000000 m3
godi{no. Negativnoto vlijanie vrz trofijata na
maloto ezero e evidentno vo oplitnuvaweto od
vneseniot nanos na suspendirani ~esti~ki vo
albanskiot del. Me|utoa, trofijata na ovie vodi
isto taka vlijae i vrz vodite na golemoto ezero,
bidej}i od nego (^avkalovski 1997) vo golemoto
Prespansko ezero vleguvaat 3 m3·s-1 voda. Ovie
posledici sosema jasno poka`uvaat deka vnesuvaweto na vodite na r. Devol go zagrozuvaat Maloto Prespansko Ezero so {to se javuvaat potencijalni opasnosti i za golemoto Prespanskoto
ezero. Opredeluvaweto na koli~estvata voda {to
treba da se koristat za polivawe, baraat dlaboki
analizi, koi treba da poka`at, kakvi }e bidat
posledicite vrz ekosistemot na Prespanskoto
Ezero. Faktot deka Prespanskata kotlina ima
svoj voden sliv, uka`uva, deka me|u ezeroto i
kopneniot del na slivot postoela ramnote`a,
koja ~ovekot ja naru{uva, otvoraj}i seriozni
procesi na eutrofizacija na ezerskite vodi .
8. Komunalniot smet isto taka e faktor koj
pridonesuva za zgolemuvawe na mineralnite materii {to se vlivaat vo ezeroto, sobeno, ako
nema izgradena sanitarna deponija. Lokalnite
vlasti so pomo{ na nevladinite organizacii so
soodventi programi mo`at da vlijaat, naselenieto vo regionot od pasiven subekt, da stane
aktiven vo negovoto eliminirawe. So aktivnoto
vklu~uvawe se ovozmo`uva, lesno kru`ewe i
iskoristuvawe na cvrstiot komunalen smet.
9. Industriskite proizvodni objekti, bez
somenie, treba da bidat pod stroga kontrola i
monitoring, za da se spre~i sekakvo negativno
vlijanie vrz Prespanskoto Ezero, osobeno ispu{tawe na te{ki metali i drugi zagaduva~ki
materii koi mo`at da go zagaduvaat vozduhot.
Smetam deka so strategijata za ekonomski razvoj
na regionot vo ramkite na odr`liviot razvoj,
treba da bide isklu~ena takanare~enata gnasna
industrija za da se obezbedi so pomali sredstva
stopanski razvoj, vo ramkite na programata za
odr`liv razvoj na regionot. Sekoe zgolemeno opteretuvawe von dozvolenite granici, bara daleku
pogolemi vlo`uvawa za za{tita na regionot.
O~evidno e deka se brojni aktivnostite na
lu|eto vo ovoj region koi pridonesuvaat za zgolemuvawe na trofijata na ezerskite vodi, vo site
delovi na sosednite dr`avi (Catsadorakis et al.
1996). Zatoa e neophodno vo ramkite na site granki na aktivnosti da se izrabotat soodveni programi, koi }e pridonesat za namaluvawe na polneweto na ezeroto so fosfor. Toa zna~i programi
vo zemjodelieto, turizmot, komunalnite slu`bi,
industriskoto proizvodstvo koi treba da soodvetstvuvaat na ramkovnata programa za upravuvawe so prometot na mineralnite materii vo
slivot na prespasnkiot region. Samo na takov na~in mo`e da se obezbedat uslovi za odr`liv razvoj i racionalno koristewe na prirodnite resursi za da mo`at niv da gi koristat i idnite generacii. Osnova za da se sproveduva ramkata za upravuvawe na prometot na materiite vo slivot
treba da bide organiziraniot monitoring, koj }e
dava vistinski ocenki za efikasnosta na primenuvanite programi i predlozi za nivno dopolnuvawe ili menuvawe. Toa poka`uva deka po ovoj
simpozium mnogu rabota }e imaat, ne samo Ministerstvoto za `ivotna sredina, koe na me|udr`aven plan treba da sozade uslovi za transgrani~na
sorabotka na lokalnite vlasti, tuku i intenzivna aktivnost za izrabotka na zaedni~ka programa
za upravuvawe so prometot na materiite vo
prespanskiot region. Vo ramkite na nea, sekoja
lokalna vlast }e izraboti programi za odr`liv
razvoj i za{tita na Prespanskite Ezera. Samo
taka sega{nive generacii }e obezbedat nenaru{eni prirodni resursi i za idnite generacii.
Zaklu~oci
Vrz osnova na izvr{enata analiza na antropogenite pritisoci vo Prespanskiot region i
sozdavawe uslovi za odr`liv razvoj na regionot,
mo`e da se zaklu~i slednoto:
1. Ekolo{kata osnova za obezbeduvawe
odr`liv razvoj, treba da bide programata za
efikasno upravuvawe so prometot na materiite
vo slivot na Prespanskite Ezera: golemo i malo.
2. Zaedni~ki imenitel za upravuvawe so
kvalitetot na ezerskite vodi i za{titata na
golemoto i malo Prespansko Ezero treba da bide
ograni~uvawe na polneweto na ezerskite vodi so
fosfor.
TRILATERALEN DOGOVOR (THREE-LATERAL AGREEMENT)
LOKALNA VLAST (LOCAL GOVERNMENT)
Programa za upravuvawe so prometot na materijata vo regionot
Program for the metabolism management in the region
Programa za organsko zemjodelie: ovo{tarstvo, gradinarstvo i lozarstvo
Program for organic
farming: orchards, vegetables and vineyards
Programa za odr`liv
razvoj vo turizmot
Program for sustainable
development
of
the
tourism
Programa za odr`liv
razvoj vo komunalnata sfera-otpadni vodi i cvrst komunalen
otpad.
Program for sustainable
development in the
communal sphere-waste
waters
and
solid
communal waste
Programa za racionalno koristewe
na vodnite resursi
Program
for
the
rational use of water
resources
Programa za odr`liv
razvoj vo industrisko
proizvodstvo
Program for sustainable
development
of
the
industrial production
The implementation of the programs is based on the
premises that the Ministry of ecology will provide
effective and continuing interstate, interborder
communication and collaboration in programming and
application of appropriate actions of the local
governments in the neighboring countries for matter
Monitoring na polneweto na ezeroto
so fosfor
Monitoring of the
Phosphorous load of
lake
Programa za racionalno koristewe na
ribnata produkcija i
kopnenite ekosistemi
Program for rational use of
the fish production and
terrestriual ecosystems
management in the Prespa region. Within the general
framework, each country can contribute with local plan
for sustainable development and preservation of the
region. This is the only way for sustainable development
and rational exploiting of natural resources, at the same
time preserving them for the next generation.
3. So posebna programa treba da se stimulira
organskoto zemjodelie vo regionot, za da se
namali upotrebata na mineralni |ubriva, kako vo
ovo{tarstvoto, taka i vo drugite granki na
zemjodelieto.
4. Vo ramkite na programata za stopanski
razvoj na regionot, stopanskite subjekti koi }e
proizveduvaat organsko |ubrivo, mo`at da stanat
i faktor za stopanski razvitok.
5. So pomo{ na republi~kite i lokalnite
organi {to poskoro treba da se obezbedi
isklu~ivo koristewe na bezfosfatni detergenti
vo regionot, kako vo domakinstvata, taka i
turisti~kite obekti.
6. Organizirawe na monitoring sistem so
izrabotka na programa za monitoring koja
efikasno }e go prati prometot na materiite vo
slivot i polneweto na ezeroto so fosfor.
7. Stopanskiot razvitok na regionot treba
da se odviva vo ramki na programata za
upravuvawe na prometot na materiite vo
kotlinata.
8. So programata za upravuvawe na
prometot na materiite vo Prespanskiot region,
ednovremeno se sozdavaat uslovi ne samo za
odr`liv razvoj vo regionot, tuku i za{tita na
ohridsko-prespanskiot region.
Referenci (References)
26.10.1997, Korcha, Albania, PPNEA,Tirana.
Grup~e Q. (1985). Rezidui na organohlorni pesticidi vo telata na ribite od Ohridskoto i
Prespanskoto Ezero. Me|unaroden simpozium po proektot 8 od UNESKO prog. MAB,
Blagoevgrad, Bugarija
Naumovski, B. T., Novevska, R. V., Lokovska, S. L.,
Mitich, S. V. (1997). Trophic state of Prespa Lake,
p.132-137. International symposium Towards integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development
of Transboundary Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes.
24-26.10.1997, Korcha, Albania, PPNEA, Tirana.
Catsadorakis, G., Malakou, M. & Crivelli, J. A. (1996).
The Prespa barbel, Barbus prespensis Karaman,
1924 in the Prespa lakes basin, north-western
Greece. Tour du Valat, Arles,79 p.
Bassler, E. and partners Ltd (1995). Fizibiliti studija za proektot za za{tita na Ohridskoto
ezero
Grupche, Lj. (1997). Autochtonous and allochtonous
quantities of phosphorus in Prespa Lake waters. p.
68-78. International symposium Towards integrated
Conservation and Sustainable Development of
Transboundary Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes. 24-
346
Conclusions
From the presented analysis of the antropogenic
pressure in the Prespa region and creating conditions for
sustainable development of the region, the following can
be concluded:
1. The ecological base for providing sustainable
development should be the program for efficient
management with the matter exchange in the Prespa
Lake watershed.
2. Common factor for managing the quality of the lake
waters and the protection of the Macro and Micro
Prespa lakes should be the limitation of the
phosphorus leaching in the lake.
3. The organic agriculture in the region should be
stimulated by a separate program, with intention to
decrease the usage of the mineral fertilizers in all
areas of the agriculture.
4. Within the program for economic development of the
Odum E. P. (1984). Svojstva agroekosistem. p.12-18.
Seljskohozjajstvennie ekosistemi. VO Agropromizdat, 1987, Moskva.
Petrovi},G.(1956)
Pyrovetsi, M. D. & Gerakis, A. P. (1987). Environmental
problems from practicing agriculture in Prespa
National Park, Greece, Environmetalist 7: 35-42.
Pomroy, L. R. (1960). Residence time of disolved phosphate in natural waters. Science, 131, 1731- 1732.
5.
6.
7.
8.
region, the economic subjects that will produce
organic fertilizers could become a factor for
sustanaible development.
The state and local government should help in
creating conditions for exclusive use of
phosphateless detergents in the region, in both
households and tourist object.
Organizing of a monitoring system and elaborating a
project for monitoring, that will efficiently cover the
matter exchange in the watershed and the phosphorus
leaching in the lake.
The economic development of the region should be
maintained within the program for management with
the matter exchange in the valley.
The program for management of the matter exchange
in the Prespa region, creates conditions for
sustainable development as well as protection of the
Ohrid-Prespa region.
Talevska, M. (1996). Biomasa, produkcija i mineralni
materii na trskata Phragmites communis Trin. od
Ohridskoto Ezero. Magisterski trud. Biolo{ki
institut na PMF, Skopje.
^avkalovski, I. (1997). Hydrology of Prespa Lake, p.914. International Symposium: Towards integrated
Conservation and Sustainable Development of
Transboundry Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes. 2426.10. 1997, Korcha, Albania PPNEA, Tirana.
347
Za~uvuvaweto na Ohrid i Prespa vo fokusot na nacionalnata
implementacija na konvencijata za biodiverzitet
Za~uvuvawe na biodiverzitetot vo ezerskite oblasti na Ohrid, Prespa i Mala Prespa
Leke GJIKNURI1, Aleko MIHO1, Wolfgang FREMUTH2, Spase SHUMKA1
1. Za{tita i za~uvuvawe na prirodnata okolina vo Albania (PPNEA)
Rruga “Asim Vokdsli”, Pall. 33 Shk 4, Ap. 7, Tirana, Albania
2. Fond za Evropsko prirodno nasledstvo – EURONATUR,
Grabenst. 23, D-53359 Rheinbach, Deutchland
Apstrakt
Ohridsko/Prespanskite regioni se najpretstavitelnite oblasti {to se odnesuva do za~uvuvaweto na prirodata i
biodiverzitetot. Ovoj voden sistem, formiran pred okolu 2 milioni godini, e najgolem na Balkanskiot
poluostrov i e edinstven po svoeto poteklo, hidrolo{ki re`im i rekreativni vrednosti. Tri ezera (Ohridskoto i
dvete Prespanski) koi pripa|aat na tri sosedni dr`avi se razlikuvaat po habitatite i biodiverzitetot, a
osobeno po endemskite vidovi. Ovie ezera go poseduvaat IBA statusot, so osobena va`nost za Evropa, ne samo
kako zimuvali{te za vodnite ptici, tuku i kako oblasti za gnezdewe i mitarewe na globalno zagrozenite ptici
kako {to se Pelecamus crispus i Phalacrocorax carbo. Tema na ovoj trud se pra{awata povrzani so za~uvuvaweto na
biodiverzitetot. Vo Albanskiot del, posledicite na ~ove~kite aktivnosti po sredinata se mnogu o~igledni i
postojano se zgolemuvaat vo poslednive godini. Ekolo{kata svest na mesnoto naselenie e na tolku nisko nivo {to
ne mo`e da se smeta na usoglasuvawe na potrebite za ekonomski razvoj so potrebite za za~uvuvaweto na prirodata.
Tuka ne postoi tradicija za za{titata na biodiverzitetot, za odr`liviot razvoj na ruralnite oblasti i
zemjodelieto, za{titata na vodnite tokovi idr.
Voved
Prespanskiot region so dvete ezera Golema
i Mala Prespa, zaradi golemiot biodiverzitet
koj e baziran na specifi~nite `iveali{ta, pretstavuva prirodno bogatstvo. Ezerata se karakteriziraat so golemiot broj endemski vidovi vo
`ivotinskiot svet, osobeno od tipot na sun|erite, mekotelite, planktonot, ribite i pticite.
Vo po~etokot na 1999 be{e sozdaden najgolemiot albanski sistem na za{titeni oblasti vo
Ohridsko/Prespanskata oblast, so pove}e od
55000 ha (Miho, 1999). Predelot ja opfa}a za{titenata zona na Ohridskoto ezero, Prespanskiot
nacionalen park i dvete Prespanski Ezera.
Prespanskiot nacionalen park pokriva povr{ina od 27750 ha i vklu~uva {umi, pasi{ta,
prirodni i poluprirodni livadi, vodni oblasti
kako i obraboteni povr{ini i naselbi. Za{titenata oblast na Pogradec vklu~uva u{te 27300
ha od slivot na Ohridskoto Ezero.
Glavnite pravci na idniot razvoj na
regionot ve}e se analizirani (Miho 1999, Fremuth
& Shumka 1999). Sepak vo momentov administracijata ne e dovolno mo}na za da mo`e da gi prime-
348
ni postavenite celi za za~uvuvawe na prirodata.
Vo ovoj region se nao|aat nekolku naseleni
centri koi se vo bliska vrska so ezerata i slivot. Vo ramkite na noviot Prespanski Nacionalen Park postojat devet sela so okolu 4500 `iteli.
Najgolemiot problem za lu|eto koi `iveat
okolu Nacionalniot Park e obezbeduvaweto na
izvor na energija. Vo nedostatokot na drugi
izvori na energija, mesnoto naselenie e prinudeno da gi koristi drvjata od {umite vo za{titenata oblast kako ogrevno sredstvo.
Nekontroliranoto pro{iruvawe na naselbite i turizmot, prepasuvaweto na pasi{tata,
drvose~ata i sl. se golemi zakani po okolinata.
Zatoa itno e potrebana izrabotka na detalen
plan za upravuvawe so oblasta. Dodeka vegetacijata na povisokite delovi od Nacionalniot Park
se u{te e dobro za~uvana, vo podolnite delovi
taa e o{tetena od pregolemata upotreba. Po raspadot na stariot sistem, pogolemiot del od zemjodelskite povr{ini ne se obrabotuva. Namesto
toa se zapo~na so re~isi nekontrolirano pasewe
na goveda, ovci i kozi.
The conservation of Ohrid & Prespa in the focus of the national implementation
of biodiversity convention
Biodiversity Conservation in the Lake District of Ohrid, Prespa and Micro Prespa
1
1
2
1
Leke GJIKNURI , Aleko MIHO , Wolfgang FREMUTH , Spase SHUMKA
1
Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania (PPNEA)
Rruga “Asim Vokshi”, Pall.33, Shk.4, Ap.7, Tirana, Albania
2
European Natural Heritage Fund – EURONATURE, Grabenstr. 23, D-53359 Rheinbach, Deutschland
Abstract
Ohrid and Prespa region is the most representative area as far as nature conservation and biodiversity is concerned. Formed ca. 2
millions years ago, this water complex is the biggest in Balkan peninsula, presenting a distinct individuality in the origin of formation,
hydrologic regime, and its recreative values. Three lakes (Ohrid and two Prespa's lakes) shared by the three countries neightborin
distinguish themselves for their high values in habitat and species diversity, where endemism is of a particular importance. These
lakes have been already identified as IBAs of particular importance for Europe, not only for their waterbirds and waterfowl during
winter time but also as nesting and roosting sites for the globally threatened species, such as Pelecanus crispus and Phalacrocorax
carbo.The biodiversity conservation issues are the subject of this paper. Human activity pressure in Albanian part of this area is very
evident and it is being constantly increased last years. Environmental awareness of local people is so low that can not guarantee that
the nature conservation demands are met with the needs for economic development. Moreover, there is not existing any tradition in
biodiversity protection, sustainable rural development and agriculture, in watershed protection, etc..
Introduction
The Prespa Lakes region with the two lakes Macro and
Micro Prespa is a natural treasure because of the rich
biodiversity based on specific habitates. The lakes are
characterized by a high number endemic species in the
animal kingdom especieally among porifers, gastropods,
planktons,fishes and birds.
In the beginning of 1999 Albania's largest system of protected areas was established in the Ohrid and Prespa region comprising more than 55,000 ha (Miho 1999) and
consisting of the Landscape protected zone at the Ohrid
lake and the Prespa National Park at both of the Prespa
Lakes.
The Prespa National Park covers an area of 27,750 ha
including forests or shrublands, pastures, natural and
seminatural meadows, aquatic areas as well as cultivated
lands and settlements. The protected landscape of Pogradec includes another 27,300 ha within the Ohrid Lake
watershed system.
Guidelines for the future development of the National
Park region have already been elaborated (Miho 1999;
Fremuth & Shumka 1999). However, there is no powerful
administration in task to pursue nature conservation aims.
In this region are situated several inhabitated centres
which are closely related with lakes and watershed. In
nine villages within the boundaries of the the new Prespa
National Parks baout 4.500 inhabitants are recorded.
A mayor problem for the people living within the National Park but also without the National Park is the deep
energy crisis. The lack of any other energy resource
forces local people to use timber from the forests in the
protected area for fuel wood purpose.
Threats are numerous and result from uncontrolled expansion of settlements and tourism, overgrazing with
animals, wood cutting or other sources. A detailed management plan is therefore urgently needed. Whereas the
vegetation at higher altitudes of the Prespa National Park
is still well preserved the lower altitudes suffer from
over-exploitation. After the break down of the old system
large parts of the former agricultural areas were no longer
maintained. Instead, almost uncontrolled grazing of cattle, sheep and goats was started.
349
Ohridsko/Prespanskiot region se karakterizira so interesen sostav na lekovitite bilki
(Fremuth et al. 1999). Zabele`ani se pove}e od 250
vidovi na rastenija. Lekoviti bilki kako `alfiite (Salvia sp.), kamilica (Matricaria recutita) i
nane (Mentha), za~ini kako maj~ina du{i~ka
(Thymus longifolius vo Prespanskiot region) i
origano (Origanum vulgare) ili vidovite koi se
koristat vo golemi koli~ini vo fitomedikamentite kako kantarionot (Hypericum perforatum),
glogot (Crataegus sp.) ili koprivata (Urtica dioica)
se mnogu interesni za Germanskiot pazar. Golemi i postojani koli~ini od ovie rastenija se uvezuvaat vo Germanija sekoja godina. So nekoi od
niv se trguva{e vo mal obem, no interesot za niv
e zgolemen vo posledno vreme, na pr. Hypericum
perforatum za farmacevtski potrebi i planinskiot ~aj (Sideritis rhoeseri).
Glavno vreme za sobiraweto na Sideritis vo
Prespanskiot region e juni.
Prihodot od ovie aktivnosti e zna~itelen,
a pokraj toa vo ramkite na Nacionalniot Park
ovoj resurs bi se koristel na odr`liv na~in.
Planinskiot region e bez industrija i se
karakterizira so neintenzivno, tradicionalno
zemjodelie. ^istiot vozduh obezbeduva mnogu dobar kvalitet na rastenijata. Za{titenata ohridska oblast i Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park zaedno pokrivaat pove}e od 550 km2 vo koj sobiraweto na rastenijata se kontrolira od strana na
Nacionalniot park i {umskite vlasti. Zaradi
toa, odr`livi metodi na sobirawe mo`at lesno
da se primenat. Na toj na~in sobiraweto na lekoviti rastenija }e obezbedi prihod za lokalnoto
naselenie, a pri toa }e se obezbedi za~uvuvawe na
prirodnoto nasledstvo i biodiverzitetot na regionot.
Za proektot: Za~uvuvawe na Ohrid-Prespa
Zapo~nat vo septemvri 1996, proektot e
poddr`an od Germanskoto ministersvo za ekonomska sorabotka (BMZ). Toa e zaedni~ki proekt
za koj e odgovorno Germanskoto dru{tvo za tehni~ka sorabotka. (GTZ), sektor Program za Primena na Konvencijata za biodiverzitet, koj izveduva program za za~uvuvawe na za{titenite oblasti. Proektot }e vospostavi za{titeni prirodni mesta vo Albanskiot del na trite transgrani~ni ezera, pro{iruvaj}i gi ve}e postoe~kite Nacionalni Parkovi i za{titenite mesta
i na Makedonskata i Gr~kata strana na ezerata.
Ovie aktivnosti }e bidat prosledeni so postavuvawe na administrativni edinici, sodavawe na
pravna regulativa i primena na odr`livite
koncepti za koristewe na prirodnite resursi.
Institucii i organizacii za sorabotka
Germanija
Germansko federalno ministerstvo za ekonomska
sorabotka (BMZ)
Germansko Dru{tvo za Tehni~ka Sorabotka
(GTZ), sektorot Program za Primena na
Konvencijata za Biodiverzitet
Fond za Evropsko Prirodno Nasledstvo
(EURONATURE)
DAIMLER BENZ AG
Albanija
Ministerstvo za Javno Zdravstvo i Za{tita na
Prirodata / Komitet za Za{tita na
Prirodata (CEP)
Za~uvuvawe i Za{tita na Prirodnata Okolina
vo Albania (PPNEA)
Akademija na Naukite, Geografski Centar
Univerzitet vo Tirana, Fakultet za Prirodni
Nauki
Op{tina Kor~a
Ministerstvo za Urbanizam i Javni Raboti
Ministerstvo za Zemjodelie
Makedonija
Dru{tvo za Za{tita i Prou~uvawe na Pticite
na Makedonija (BSPSM)
Grcija
Dru{tvo za za{tita na Prespa
Dostignuvawa
Albanskata vlada go odobri proglasuvaweto na za{titenite oblasti vo Ohrid/Prespa region (odluka NR. 80, DT. 18.02.1999). Bazirano na
~lenot 10, od ustavot na Rebuplika Albanija,
~lenot 12 od zakonot br. 7623, 13.10.1992, ~lenot
10 od zakonot br. 7875, data 23.11.1994 “Za za{tita na divata fauna i lovot”, Sovetot na Ministrite odlu~i deka prirodnite teritorii na Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko Ezero, so vkupna
povr{ina od 27500 ha se proglasuvaat za “Nacionalen Park (II kategorija spored IUCN)”, i prirodnata teritorija na slivot na Ohridskoto Ezero
so vkupna povr{ina od 27323 ha se proglasuva za
“Za{titena oblast na Podgradec (V kategorija
spored IUCN)”.
Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park:
Glavno go vklu~uva celiot voden sistem,
kako i Albanskiot sliv na dvete ezera, {to
pretstavuva edinstvena biolo{ka i geolo{ka
edinica so vkupna povr{ina od 277km2 so
geografski koordinati λ = 20o50’ na zapad do
21o3’0’’ na istok i = 40o40’ na jug do 41o56’28’’ na
sever.
Regarding the importance of Ohrid and Prespa region
from the medical plants composition its not difficult to
conclude that here the interest is great (Fremuth et alt,
1999). M than 250 species of flowering plants could be
observed.The medikal plants like Sage species (Salvia
sp.), Camomile (Matricaria recutita) and mint (Mentha),
spice plants like Thymus (in the Prespa region
predominantly Thymus longifolius) and Origanum
(Origanum vulgare) or species used in large amounts for
phytomedicines like St. John’s Worth (Hypericum
perforatum), Hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) or Nettle (Urtica
dioica) are very interesting for the German market. Large
and rather constant amounts of these species are imported
to Germany every year. Some species had been traded in
smaller amounts but have become more fashionable in
recent times, e.g. Hypericum perforatum for pharmaceutical purposes and teas or Mountain Tea (Sideritis
Obrabotlivo zemji{te (Cultivated lands)
[umi (Forest)
Pasi{ta i livadi (Pastures and meadows)
Neproduktivno ili nenaseleno (Non
productive or inhabit)
Vodna povr{ina (Aquatic areas)
Vkupno (Total) - ha
rhoeseri). Main collection time for Sideritis in the Prespa
region is June.
The income generation from this activity as a potential is
very high and in the scope of the National Park this
resource can be used in the sustainable way.
The mountainous region is unindustrialised and
characterized by low-intensity, traditional agriculture.
Clean air can provide a very good quality of the plant
material. The Ohrid Protected Landscape and the Prespa
National Park together cover more than 550 km2 in which
wild collection is controlled by National Park and Forest
Authorities. Sustainable collecting methods can thus be
easily introduced. The wild collection of medicinal plants
shall in this way provide an income for local people,
which enables to preserve the natural heritage and
biodiversity of the region.
NP Prespa NP Prespa
2100
13500
1828
LP/A Pogradec LP/A Pogradec
2500
10248
1367
4950
2068
5372
27750
11140
27323
Running from September 1996, project is supported by
German Federal Ministry of Economic Co-operation
(BMZ). It is a joint project in responsibility of German
Society for Technical Co-operation (GTZ), Sector
Program for Implementation of Biodiversity Convention,
carrying out a program for the preservation of protected
areas. Project will establish nature conservation sites in
Albanian side of the three transboundry lakes, extending
the already existing National
Parks and nature
conservation sites on Macedonian and Greek side of the
lakes. Installation of administration units, creation of
legal framework and implementation of sustainable
concepts for the use of natural resources will be achieved.
Co-operation institutions and organisations
Germany
German Federal Ministry of Economic Co-operation
(BMZ)/German Society for Technical Co-operation
(GTZ), Sector Program for Implementation of
Biodiversity Convention
European Heritage Natural Fund (EURONATURE)
DAIMLER BENZ AG
Albania
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental Protection/Committee of Environmental Protection (CEP)
Preservation and Protection of Natural Environment in
Albania (PPNEA)
Academy of Sciences, Geographical Centre
University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences
Kor‡a Municipal
Ministry of Construction and Public Works
Ministry of Agriculture
Macedonia
Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia
(BSPSM)
Greece
Society for the Protection of Prespa
Achievements
Albanian Government approved the establishment of the
protected areas in the Ohrid/Prespa region (decision NR.
80, DT. 18.02.1999). Based on the article 10, of the
Constitution of the Republic of Albania, the article 12 of
law N. 7623, date 13.10.1992, "For the forest and policy
services", the article 10 of the law N. 7875, date
23.11.1994 "For the protection of wild fauna and
hunting", the Council of Ministers decided that the
natural territory of Macro and Micro Prespa, with the
total surfaces of 27.750 ha, is proclaimed as "National
Park (II category according to IUCN)”, and the natural
territory of the Ohrid Lake watershed with the total
surfaces of 27.323 ha is proclaimed as "Landscape
protected area of Pogradeci (V category according to
IUCN)”.
Za{titenata oblast na Podgradec
Go vklu~uva celiot voden sistem i albanskiot voden sliv na Ohridskoto Ezero, i treba da
se smeta za edinstvena biolo{ka i geolo{ka edinica so vkupna povr{ina od 273 km2 so geografski koordinati λ = 20o30’ na zapad do 20o50’ na
istok i = 40o47’33’’ na jug do 41o5’33’’ na sever.
Vo me|uvreme, vo oblasta na Parkot se
vklu~eni dodatni oblasti koi se vo vrska so
vodniot sistem, a se interesni od ekolo{ka i
prirodna gledna to~ka.
Nacionalniot Park vklu~uva i {umski povr{ini so isklu~itelna va`nost za vodniot balans, a pretstavuvaat `iveali{te za razli~ni
vidovi na `ivotni i rastenija, so povr{ina od
135 km2.
Celata zona ima zna~ajna va`nost za za{titata na migratornite ptici i drugi globalno
zagrozeni vidovi ptici kako {to e Pelecanus
crispus, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus i drugi. Od druga
strana, vodeniot kompleks e bogat so endemi~ni
vidovi pa zaradi toa se smeta za posebno mesto vo
svetski ramki.
So proglasuvaweto na Nacionalniot Park,
Albanija pridonesuva vo primenata na Konvenci-
Referenci (References)
Albanian Gonverment “For the Main Constitutional
Provisions”, 1991: Law no. 7491 dated 29. 04.1991
Albanian Constitution, 1999. Tirana
Biological anf Phisico-Chemical Data of Prespa and
Ohrid Area: Project “Ohrid&Prespa Conservation”
Project, Working group, 1997. Tirana
jata za biodiverzitet (Bernska konvencija), kon
Konvencijata za za{tita na site vidovi migratorni `ivotni (Bonska konvencija) i kon Dogovorot za za{tita na afro-evroaziski vodni
ptici.
Cel na za{titata
Nepre~en razvoj na {umite na najgolemiot
del od oblasta;
1. Nepre~en razvoj na prirodnite `iveali{ta;
2. Obnova na o{tetenite ili degradirani `iveali{ta
3. Za~uvuvawe na mo~uri{nite `iveali{ta
4. Obnova i za~uvuvawe na vodniot `iv svet
5. Za~uvuvawe na diverzitetot na rastenijata i
`ivotnite
6. Za~uvuvawe na zimskite `iveali{ta na migratornite ptici
7. Za~uvuvawe na mikro`iveali{tata (gnezda)
na migratornite i stacionarnite ptici
8. Za~uvuvawe na `iveali{tata na site vidovi
kopneni i vodeni endemi~ni rastenija i
`ivotni.
Crivelli,A. and Catsadorakis,G., 1997: Lake Prespa,
Northwestern Greece. K.A. Publishers.
Fremuth, W., and Miho,A., 1998: The Future of Ohrid
and Prespa Region. Newsletter Nr. 5. Ohrid&Prespa
Conservation, PPNEA-Tirana, p 4-5.
Fremuth, W., Shopp-Guth, A., Hoda, P., Mersinllari, M.
and Dinga L., 1999: Sustainable use of the medical
plants from Ohrid and Prespa area. EURONATUR.
The Prespa National Park:-Includes mainly the whole
water system area including also, the Albanian water
basins of the two Prespa lakes, which have to be
considered as solely one biological and geological unit
with a total surface 277,5 km2 on the geographical coordinates λ =20° 50’ on west to 21°3’37” east and _
=40°40’on south to 41°56’28” north.
The protected Landscape area of Pogradeci:
Includes the whole water system area and the water basin
of the Albanian part of Ohrid lake, and has to be considered as a solely biological and geologhical-geoghraphical
unit, with the total surface 273.23 km2 with geographical
co-ordinate λ=20°35`on the west till 20°50’0” on the east
and _= 40° 47’ 33” on the south till 41°5’33” on the
north.
Meanwhile, on the Park area is included also, the surface
connected with water system which is seen useful from
ecological and environment point of view.
The National Park include forest surfaces with special
importance for, the water balance and as a living area
for various kinds of animals and plants, with surface
135 km2.
The whole zone has a significant importance for the protection of migratory birds and other kinds of birds
threatened in international rank, as Pelecanus
Gjeografia Fizike Shqipërise. Vol 1, 1990 . AA Sciences.
Tirana
Gjeografia Fizike Shqipërise. Vol. 2, 1990. AA Sciences.
Tirana
Miho,A. (1999). There are proclaimed protected areas of
Ohrid and Prespa region. Newsletter Nr. 6. Ohrid &
Prespa Conservation, PPNEA-Tirana, p 1-2.
PPNEA (1998). Towards Integrated Coservation and
cripus, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus etc. In the mean
time the whole lake complex is rich in endemic
kinds so, is seen as world-wide unique place.
With the promulgation of Prespa National
Park, Albania gives a contribution on
enforcement of Biodiversity convention (Bern
Convention), the one on Protection of All
Kinds of Migratory Animals (Bon Convention)
and the Agreement for Protection of AfroEurasian Water Birds.
The goal of protection
The unobstructed development of the forest on the major
part of the zone;
1. Unobstructed development of the natural habitat;
2. The recreation of natural state of damaged and degraded habitats.
3. Preservation of wet habitats.
4. Recreation and preservation of water natural stock.
5. Preservation of plant and animal variety.
6. Preservation of winter migratory birds habitat.
7. Preservation of migratory and stationary birds egg
warming microhabitats.
8. Preservation of the habitat of all kinds of soil and
water endemic plants and animals.
Sustainable Development of Transboundary Macro
and Micro Prespa Lakes, Procceding of Symposium,
Tirana
Selfo.L., 1998: GEF Project - Ohrid Lake, Newsleter 5,
PPNEA- “Ohrid&Prespa Conservation” Project.
Stankovic, S. (1960). The lake Ohrid and it’s Living
World
353
Predizvicite na odr`iviot razvoj na Prespa
Koncept za ekonomski i ekolo{ki razvoj na prespanskiot region vo 11 to~ki
Volfgang FREMUT1, Aleko MIHO2, Spase [UMKA2, Leke \IKNURI2
1
Fond za evropsko prirodno nasledstvo, EURONATURE,
Grabenst. 23, D-53359 Rheinbach, Deutchland
2
Za{tita i za~uvuvawe na prirodnata okolina vo Albania (PPNEA),
Rruga “Asim Vokdsli”, Pall. 33 Shk 4, Ap. 7, Tirana, Albania
Apstrakt
Vo ovoj trud se obraboteni predizvicite na idniot razvoj na Prespanskiot region. Procenet e moderen pristap vo
11 to~ki. Ohridsko/Prespanskiot region zafa}a povr{ina od 550 km2, so naselenie od okolu 55000. Centar na ovoj
region pretstavuvaat trite ezera, Ohridsko, Malo i Golemo Prespansko, zaedno so okolnite planini {to nadvi{uvaat 2200 m. Deneska, mnogu lu|e se selat od periferijata na dr`avata kon Tirana. Vakvite migratorni procesi
bi trebalo da se kontroliraat. Ovoj proces mo`e da se izbegne samo so unapreduvawe na kvalitetot na `ivotot vo
ruralnite oblasti.
Voved
Ohridsko/Prespanskiot region zafa}a povr{ina od 550 km2, so naselenie od okolu 60000.
Centar na ovoj prekrasen region pretstavuvaat
trite ezera, Ohridsko, Malo i Golemo Prespansko, zaedno so okolnite planini {to nadvi{uvaat 2200 m (Gjeografia Fizike Shqipwrise. Vol 1,
1987)
Deneska, mnogu lu|e se selat od periferijata na dr`avata kon Tirana. Vakvite migratorni
procesi bi trebalo da se kontroliraat. Ovoj
proces mo`e da se izbegne samo so unapreduvawe
na kvalitetot na `ivotot vo ruralnite oblasti.
Vo ohridsko-prespanskiot region, vklu~uvaweto na principot na moderen odr`liv razvoj
na regionot e neophoden, prosledeno so unapreduvawe na `ivotniot standard na lokalnoto naselenie. Na ovoj na~in, mo`e da se re{i problemot
so siroma{tijata, da se za~uva biodiverzitetot i
da se obnovi ubavinata na predelot.
Nerasipani prirodni mesta se u{te postojat vo regionot i go pre`iveale se~eweto na {umite, prekumernoto napasuvawe od ovcite i kozite kako i od prekumernoto koristewe na {umite
za ogrev.
Prekumernoto koristewe na {umite vo
minatoto no i denes, dovelo do nepovratno is~eznuvawe na nekoi od vidovite. Vidovite se bogatstvo na sekoja zemja. Na primer, Albanija e poznata po svoite lekoviti rastenija. Zatoa,
354
za{titata na vidovite ima i ekonomsko zna~ewe.
Vo celiot region, osnovno energetsko
gorivo za greewe i gotvewe e drvoto. Primenetiot sisem na zagrevawe e krajno neefikasen, no
poefikasen i soodveten sistem nema po privatnite ku}i.
Dominantni strukturi vo predelot, osven
visokite planini se ezerata (Ohridsko, Malo i
Golemo Prespansko). No ezerata i nivniot sliv
vsu{nost ne se za{titeni so soodveten i efikasen kolektorski sistem za otpadni vodi. Od druga
strana i povr{inskata voda vo oblasta e vo
opasnost od zagaduvawe zaradi postoeweto na
golem broj divi deponii. Treba da se obrne
vnimanie na podignuvawe na op{tata svest za
potrebata od za{tita na okolinata.
Zemjodelski povr{ini ve}e skoro i da
nema. Na pr. po 1991, mnogu ovo{tarnici se
napu{teni i uni{teni. Na neko mesta ve}e se
zabele`ani erozioni procesi.
Sega, razli~no ovo{je se uvezuva od sosednite zemji, {to poka`uva deka postoi pobaruva~ka za ovo{je vo Albanija, duri i toga{ koga e toa
poskapo od ona koga bi bilo proizvedeno vo
zemjata. Vo odsustvo na kontrola, se javuva i
nekontroliran ribolov.
Turizmot, kako ekonomska granka, ne postoi po nemirite vo mart, 1997 godina. Celokupnata turisti~ka infrastruktura od prethodniot
period e uni{tena.
The challenges of sustainable development in Prespa
11-Step concept towards the economic and ecological development of Prespa region
Wolfgang FREMUTH2, ALEKO MIHO1, Spase SHUMKA1 & Leke GJIKNURI1
1
Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania (PPNEA),
Rruga “Asim Vokshi”, Pall.33, Shk.4, Ap.7, Tirana, Albania
2
European Natural Heritage Fund, EURONATURE, Grabenstr. 23, D-53359 Rheinbach, Deutschland
Abstract
In this paper are presented the challengef for the future development of Prespa region. The modern 11-steps concept on sustainable
development is evaluated. The Ohrid and Prespa region comprise an expanse of about 550 km² with an inhabiting population of about
55.000 people.The real capital of the entire region is the natural beauty provided by the three lakes Ohrid, Macro and Micro Prespa
and the surrounding hills with and altitude of about 2.200 m. At present, many people are migrating from the peripheral areas to the
Albanian capital Tirana. Efforts have to be undertaken to stop this migration process. The best access to turn around the migration
movement is the improvement of the living condition in the rural areas.
Introduction
The Ohrid and Prespa region comprise an expanse of
about 550 km² with an inhabiting population of about
60.000 people.
The real capital of the entire region is the natural beauty
provided by the three lakes Ohrid, Macro and Micro Prespa and the surrounding hills with and altitude of about
2.200 m (Gjeografia Fizike Shqipwrise. Vol 1, 1987).
At present, many people are migrating from the peripheral areas to the Albanian capital Tirana. Efforts have to
be undertaken to stop this migration process. The best
access to turn around the migration movement is the improvement of the living condition in the rural areas.
The Ohrid/Prespa region is predestined to implement a
comprehensive sustainable regional development aiming
at the improvement of the living conditions of the local
people. By this poverty can be solved, the biodiversity
can be conserved and the natural beauty of the landscape
can be restored.
Natural sites are still existing in the targeted region.
These sites have still survived even though large expanses of forests have been heavily deteriorated and are
suffering from overgrazing by sheeps and goats but also
by overuse for fuelwood production.
The over exploitation of the forests led in the past and
present to a dramatic loss of species. Species are an important capital of the region. For instance Albania is a
well-known producer of medical plants. Species protection is therefore of high economic interest.
All over the region wood is an important energy carrier
for heating and cooking. The firing systems are very
inefficient since there are no suitable and efficient fire
systems installed in private houses.
The dominant landscape structures apart from the mountains are the lakes (Ohrid, Prespa and lesser Prespa). But
in fact the lakes and the affluating waters are not protected and are suffering from the lack of suitable and
functioning sewage water treatment facilities. Additionally the surface waters in the whole area are endangered
by growing wild waste dump sites. This may refer to little
awareness among the local people concerning the need of
protection of the environment.
Agricultural structures are not existing any more. For
instance, many fruit yards became abandoned after the
year 1991 and have been destroyed. In several places
erosions have taken place already.
At present many fruits are imported from neighbouring
countries, which implies that there is demand for fruit in
Albania even for higher prizes than the production costs
in Albania would be.
Finally overexploitation of the fish resources is occurring
since the are no controls on fishing in the lakes.
The tourism economy is ruined after the riots in march
1997. All before that date existing infrastucture is not
functioning any more.
Furthermore the long period of misuse of the surrounding
landscape and the deterioration of the natural beauty lowered the attractiveness of the Albanian part of the region.
With German financial and technical support the restoration of the area has started already. 0.6 mio DM for the
establishment of a national park and the enhancement of
the administration additionally 15 mio DM have been
allocated to the improvement of the trinking and sewage
water systems in Pogradec and 24 mio DM for the same
in Korca.
Osven toa, dolgogodi{nata eksploatacija
na okolnata oblast i uni{tuvaweto na prirodnite ubavini vo zna~itelna merka ja namalile
privle~nosta na regionot od albanskata strana.
So Germanska finansiska i tehni~ka pomo{,
ve}e zapo~na obnovata na ovaa oblast. 0.6 milioni GM se potro{eni na vospostavuvaweto na
Nacionalniot park i i unapreduvawe na administracijata, a za podobruvawe na vodovodniot i
kanalizacionen sistem vo Podgradec se nameneti
15 milioni GM, dodeka za istoto vo Kor~a 24 milioni GM.
Rabotni hipotezi - re{enija
Vo me|uvreme se prezemaat akcii za za~uvuvawe na preostanatoto prirodno bogatstvo. So
finansiska pomo{ od Germanskata vlada, napraven e prviot ~ekor, proglasuvaj}i ja oblasta
okolu Prespanskoto ezero za Nacionalen park.
za lokalnoto naselenie (Fremuth et al.). Vakviot
na~in na zarabotka bi deluval na namaluvawe na
sto~niot fond vo selata okolu ezerata, a bi gi
zajaknalo
aktivnostite
vo
vrska
so
po{umuvaweto. Lu|eto {to se zainteresirani za
u~estvo vo programot za lekoviti rastenija, bi
trebalo da se obu~at vo kultiviawe na istite i
nivno odr`livo sobirawe. Bi trebalo da se
vovede dobar marketing, so {to }e se garantira
najdobra cena za proizvoditelot. Za da se izbegne
preeksploatacijata na rastenijata, bi trebalo da
se vovede sistem na procenki i licenci .Na
proizvoditelite treba da im se obezbedi
selektiran semenski materijal. Za taa cel
botani~kata gradina od Tirana bi trebela da
vovede i izveduva selekcija na semiwata.
Programa za lekoviti bilki/milioni GM;
vkupen fond 0,2
godina
Supraregionalen biosferen rezervat
Noviot nacionalen park pretstavuva za~etok na odr`liviot razvoj na regionot. Zatoa bi
trebalo da se oformi edna supraregionalnata infrastruktura od tipot na biosferen rezervat,
koja }e gi zafa}a site tri oblasti. Vo granicite
na ovoj, legalno definiran region bi se odvival
odr`liviot razvoj.
Formirawe na biosferen rezervat so neophodnata administracija: 0.8 milioni GM. Ramkovni investicii/vo milioni GM:
godina
1999
0,2
2000
0,2
2001
0,2
2002
0,2
Vo ovoj model, razvojot na regionot se
zasnovuva na odr`liv razvoj na turizmot.
Programa za obnova na {umite:
Za da gi privle~eme turistite, prethodno
nekoi drugi aktivnosti treba da se izvedat.
Ubavinata na predelot treba da se obnovi so
programata za obnova na {umite vo okolinata na
Prespanskoto i Ohridskoto ezero.
Programa za po{umuvawe/ milioni GM: vkupen
fond 1.5
godina
1999
0,5
2000
0,5
2001
0,5
Programa za lekoviti rasytenija
Kultiviraweto i odr`livoto sobirawe na
lekovitite rastenija e zgoden na~in na zarabotka
1999
0,1
2000
0,1
Programa za proizvodstvo na ovo{je
Vo celata oblast na trite ezera, se u{te se
sretnuvaat golem broj ovo{tarnici. Bi trebelo
da se vovede programa za za~uvuvawe na
postoe~kite, kako i za obnova na uni{tenite
ovo{tarnici. Ovie aktivnosti bi trebalo da
bidat pridru`eni so marketing za ovo{jeto.
Mestata na proizvodstvo treba da se ozna~at i
ocenat, so ista oznaka kako i lekovitite
rastenija.
Programa za ovo{ni nasadi/milioni GM:
vkupen fond 1,5
godina
1999
0,5
2000
0,5
2001
0,5
Programa: 10000 pe~ki
Za da se namali potro{va~kata na drva za
ogrev, bi trebalo da se vovede poefikasen goriven sistem. Za taa cel, zamislena e programata
10000 pe~ki, {to }e se sprovede vo selata okolu
ezerata. Cel na programata e da se postavat
pe~ki, so poefikasen goriven sistem, po ku}ite.
Programata mo`e da se podeli na finansira~ki
i krediten del. Malite lokalni pretprijatija bi
trebalo finansiski da se pomognat za da se
zanimavaat so proizvodstvo na pe~ki so visokoekonomi~en sistem na gorewe.
Working hypotheses –solutions Meanwhile, efforts has
been undertaken to conserve the remaining natural sites.
With the financial help of the German Government the
first step has been achieved to establish a Nationalpark at
the Prespa lake.
screened seeds for cultivation. Therefore, a seed
screening programme has to be introduced and carried
out by the botanical garden in Tirana.
Medicinal Herb Programme: 0.2 mio DM
year
Supra regional biosphere reserve
The new nationalpark can be considered as a nucleus for
sustainable development in the region. Therefore, a supra
regional infrastructure like a biosphere reserve covering
all three districts should be created. Within the borders of
this legal defined region the sustainable development will
take places.
Creating a biosphere reserve with the necessary
administration: 0.8 mio DM
Time frame for investments
year
1999 2000 2001 2002
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
In this model region a development will be
implemented aiming at the improvement of the basics
for a sustainable tourism development.
Reforestation programme
But before tourists will find the area attractive some other
features have to be implemented.
First the landscapes beauty has to be restored be an
reforestation programme covering the surroundings of
the Prespa Lake as well as the mountains around the
Ohrid Lake
Reforestation Programme: 1.5 mio DM
year
1999
0.5
2000
0.5
2001
0.5
Medicinal plant programme
Cultivation and sustainable collection of medical plants
could create a suitable income for local farmers (Fremuth
et alt, 1999). It could help to reduce the livestock in the
villages around the lakes and by this, these measurements
will enhance the reforestation activities. People in the
villages, ready to take part in the medical herb
programme will have to be trained in cultivation and
sustainable collection methods. A marketing system have
to be introduced which will guarantee best prizes to the
producer. A system of certification and licence has to be
introduced to monitor the production and to avoid over
exploitation. The producers will have to be provided with
1999
2000
0.1
0.1
Fruit production programme
Fruit yards are still existing in the wider expanse of the
three lakes. A combined conservation programme for
the preservation of the still existing orchards have to
be introduced as well as restoration for former
orchards should take place. These efforts have to be
linked with a special marketing programme for the
fruits. The production sites have to be certified and
licensed with the same label like the medical plants.
100.000 Fruit tree programme: 1.5 mio DM
year 1999 2000 2001
0.5
0.5
0.5
10.000 stoves programme
To reduce the consumption of fuel wood in the region
more efficient firing systems have to be introduced.
For this a 10.000 stoves programme in the villages
around the lakes has to be implemented. The
programme aims at the installation of more efficient
firing systems in local households. The programme
can be devided in a small grant facility and a
revolving credit programme. Additionally local
entrepreneurs should be financed to create a business
for construction of special energy efficient stoves
10.000 stoves programme : 3 mio DM
year
1999
0.6
2000
0.6
2001
0.6
2002
0.6
2003
0.6
Awareness raising among local people
Creating environmental awareness is the most important
precondition to make the foreseen measurements
viable.Therefore, an awareness raising campaign will be
carried out by the Albanian Non-Governmental NGOs.
Included in this programme are international youth
workcamps during the summer months. Two information
centres (one at the Drilon spring and the other one in
Gorica) will play an initial role in awareness raising by
offering workshops, training and seminars. Permanent
exhibitions will demonstrate beauty and biodiversity
riches of the region.
357
Programa 10.000 pe~ki/mil. GM; vkupen fond 3
godina
1999
0,6
2000
0,6
2001
0,6
2002
0,6
2003
0,6
Podignuvawe na ekolo{kata svest kaj
lokalnoto naselenie
Za da mo`at da za`iveat prethodno spomenatite aktivnosti, od isklu~itelna va`nost e
podignuvaweto na ekolo{kata svetst na lokalnoto naselenie. Za taa cel, nevladinite NVOi,
zaedno so internacionalnite mladinski kampovi
bi trebale da povedat kampawa za podignuvawe na
ekolo{kata svest. Dvata informacioni centri
(eden na izvorite na Drilon i vtoriot vo
Gorica), nudej}i programi za obuka, seminari i
rabotilnici }e imaat glavna uloga vo podignuvawe na ekolo{kata svest. Postojanite izlo`bi }e ja poka`uvaat ubavinata i prirodnoto
bogatstvo na ovoj kraj. Namenski ~asovi }e se
odr`uvaat za u~enici. Strancite }e bidat informirani za ubavinite na predelot, za privatnoto smestuvawe, gostilnicite i hotelite, za
mestata za razonoda, no i za ograni~uvawata.
Kampawa za podignuvawe na ekolo{kata
svest/milioni GM; vkupen fond 0,3
godina
kamp
info-centar
1999
0,1
0,3
2000
0,1
0,15
2001
0,1
0,15
Popravka na pati{tata
Patot Kor~a-makedonska granica e vo
mnogu o{teten. Za razvivawe na turizam, potrebna e soobra}ajna infrastruktura. Pri toa treba
da se napravi procenka ne samo na ekonomski
najzgodnite re{enija tuku i za ekolo{ki
najprifatlivite.
Procenka na vlijanie na sredinata/milioni marki; vkupen fond 0,1
Popravka na pati{tata/milioni marki;
vkupen fond 0,3
godina
EIA
popravka
1999
0,1
2000
2001
0,3
Program za |ubreto
Zgolemeniot broj na divi deponii
poka`uva deka problemot so |ubreto se u{te ne e
re{en. Starite koli se ostavaat na soodvetni i
nesoodvetni mesta. Zatoa mora da se iznajde
re{enie. Toa zna~i deka najprvo treba da se
obele`at soodvetnite lokacii za deponiite.
Sobirawe na |ubreto isfrleno na nesoodvetni
mesta. Voveduvawe na kolektorski sistem za
Pogradec i Kor~a. Jaknewe na javnata svest za
izbegnuvawe na |ubreto.
Program za |ubre: ? mil. GM
Program za otpadna voda
Vodata e mnogu va`en resurs vo regionot.
Pro~istuvaweto na kanalizacionata voda direktno go podobruva kvalitetot na vodata vo
ezerata. Otkako }e bide podobren kanalizaciskiot sistem vo Pogradec i Kor~a so Germanska
finansiska pomo{ treba da se zapo~neso
primenata na vtorata faza na postavuvawe na
centri za pro~istuvawe na kanalizacionata voda.
Program za kanalizaciona voda: ? mil. GM
Program za ribarstvo
Ribnite resursi vo ezeroto se preiskoristeni. Duri ima slu~ai i na lovewe ribi so pomo{
na dinamit. Ova mo`e da se kontrolira samo so
strog sistem na dozvoli koj }e treba da bide
kontroliran od ribarskite vlasti. Zatoa, mora
da se izgradi kapacitetot na Ribolovnite
Vlasti. Neophodni se brodovi i vozila, kako i
personal so odli~na obuka so solidna plata. Ribarskiot oddel treba da bide del od administracijata za za{tita na biosferata i bi trebalo da
ima soodvetna oprema za negovata rabota kako
{to se bez`i~nite radio vrski, nao~ari za no}no
gledawe i sl.
Program za unapreduvawe na oddelot za ribarstvo: 2 mil. GM
godina
Program za
ribarstvo
1999
2000
2001
1
0.5
0.5
Razvoj na turizmot
Turizmot e najva`niot ekonomski faktor
za razvoj na regionot. Se u{te ma mo`nosti za
razvoj na turizmot vo regionot. No, posle
nereditevo 1997 najgolem del od infrastrukturata e ruiniran. Isto taka, za vreme na poslednite dekadi so opi{anoto preiskoristuvawe
regionot gi zagubi najgolemiot del od negovite
turisti~ki vrednosti (prirodnite pejsa`i, ~istite, nevoznemireni i bistri vodi, i sl.).
School classes will have special lessons in the
information centres. Foreign visitors will be informed
about the possibilities in the region, the accommodation
in private houses, guest houses and hotels, about leisure
possibilities but also about restrictions.
Awareness raising campaign:
0.3 mio DM
Visitors information centre: 2 facilities
year
Awareness Camp
Visitors info Centre
1999
0.1
0.3
2000
0.1
0.15
0.6 mio DM
2001
0.1
0.15
The fish resources in the lakes are over exploited.
Even dynamite fishing is occurring. This can be
controlled only by a strict licence system which will have
to be controlled by the fishery authority. Therefore, the
Fishery authority’s capacity has to be built. Boats and
vehicles are necessary, excellent trained staff with good
salary. The fishery department should become a part of
the biosphere reserve administration and should have
suitable equipment for their work like wireless radio
communication, night view binoculars, etc.
Programme for enhancement of the fishery department:
2.0 mio DM
year
1999 2000 2001
fishery programme 1.0
0.5
0,5
Road sanitation
The road between Korca and the R. Macedonian border at
Gorica is in a bad condition. Tourism development needs
an also transportation infrastructure. Therefore an
environmental impact assessment on the most ecological
but also best economical sanitation of the road has to be
carried out
Environmental Impact assessment: 0.1 mio DM
Road sanitation:
0.3 mio DM
year
1999 2000 2001
EIA
0.1
Road sanitation
0.3
Waste programme
The increasing numbers of wild waste dump sites are
indicating that the waste problem is not solved. Old cars
are disposed at any suitable or unsuitable place.
Therefore, a solution has to create. That means first
identification of suitable dumpsites. Collection of wild
disposed waste. The introduction of a collection system
for Pogradec and Korca. Awareness building on the
avoidance of waste.
Waste programme:
Fishery programme
? mio DM
Sewage-Water programme
Water is a very important resource in the region. Clearing
the sewage water improves directly the water quality of
the lakes. Since by German financial support the sewage
water- pipe system in Pogradec and Korca will be
improved the second phase of establishment of sewage
water treatment facilities should be implemented
Sewage water programme: ? mio DM
Tourism development
Tourism is the most important economic factor for
development of the region. There is still a potential for
tourism development in the region. But, after the riots of
‘97 most of the infrastructure is ruined. Moreover, during
the last decades by the described over exploitation the
region has lost most part of its former touristic values.
(e.g. Natural landscapes, clear, undisturbed and clean
waters, etc.)
This has to be turned around before any touristic
development with an economic opinion will take place.
The tourism will play an important economic role in the
region in the mid term point of view and especially on
long term development scope. But the fundaments have
to be laid down now. The existing Hotel-infrastructure in
Pogradec has to be renovated. A 10.000 beds programme
in private accommodations will provide local people
especially in
smaller
villages with
suitable
accommodations which fits also the standards of foreign
people. A local tourism agency has to be set up to supply
interested guests with information about accommodation
but also with leisure activities and restaurants, etc. This
local information office should be installed in the
visitors-information centre in the Drilon spring area. A
campaign for improvement of Albania’s image as a target
country for foreign tourists has to be created and started.
Information material like leaflets, exhibitions, CDROMS, Internet homepages have to be produced and in
international events like the ITB fair in Berlin presented.
Hotel renovation in Pogradec
10.000 beds programme
local tourism agency
Image campaign
2.0 mio DM
1.5 mio DM
0.4 mio DM
1.5 mio DM
Ova mora da se promeni pred da se razvie
bilo kakov turizam so ekonomska vrednost.
Turizmot }e igra va`na ekonomska uloga vo
srednoro~nite i dolgoro~nite razvojni planovi.
No sepak mora prvo da se postavat temelite.
Postoe~kata hotelska infrastruktura
vo
Pogradec mora da se renovira. Programata za
10000 kreveti vo privatniot sme{taj }e mu
obezbedi na mesnoto naselenie, osobeno na
lu|eto od pomalite mesta, soodvetni uslovi za
smestuvawe koi }e bidat spored standardite na
stranskite gosti. Mora da se napravi lokalna
turisti~ka agencija za da im obezbedi soodvetni
informacii za smestuvawe na zainteresiranite
gosti kako i so informacii za rekreativni
godina
Ren. na hoteli
Prog. 10000 kr.
Lok. tur. Age.
Reklamna kam.
aktivnosti i restorani, i sl. Ovaa lokalna
kancelarija za vrski bi trebalo da se postavi
turisti~kiot informativen centar vo oblasta
na izvorite Drilon. Bi trebalo da se realizira
kampawa za podobruvawe na turisti~kiot status
na Albanija. Informativen materijal kako {to
se letki, izlo`bi, CD-ROM-ovi, Internet
prezentacii bi trebalo da se napravat i da se
prezentiraat na internacionalni sredbi kako
{to e ITB vo Berlin.
Renovirawe na hoteli vo Pogradec 2.0 mil. GM
Programa za 10000 kreveti
1.5 mil. GM
Agencija za lokalen turizam
0.4 mil. GM
Kampawa za podobruvawe na imixot 1.5 mil. GM
1999
1.0
2000
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.5
2001
2002
2003
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1
Pregled na potencijalnite ceni na konceptot:
Sozdavawe na biosferen rezervat so soodvetna administracija......................................... 0.8 mil. GM
Program za po{umuvawe.................................................................................................................. 1.5 mil. GM
Program za medicinski rastenija................................................................................................. 0.2 mil. GM
Program za ovo{tarnici ................................................................................................................ 1.5 mil. GM
Program za pe~ki .............................................................................................................................. 3.0 mil. GM
Kampawa za podignuvawe na javnata svest .................................................................................. 0.3 mil. GM
Turisti~ki informativen centar: 2 gradbi .............................................................................. 0.6 mil. GM
Procenka na vlijanieto vrz okolinata....................................................................................... 0.1 mil. GM
Popravka na pati{ta ....................................................................................................................... 0.3 mil. GM
Program za |ubre ............................................................................................................................... ? mil. GM
Program za kanalizaciska voda..................................................................................................... ? mil. GM
Program za unapreduvawe na oddelot za ribarstvo ................................................................. 2.0 mil. GM
Renovirawe na hotelite vo Pogradec.......................................................................................... 2.0 mil. GM
Program 10000 kreveti .................................................................................................................... 1.5 mil. GM
Agencija za lokalen turizam.......................................................................................................... 0.4 mil. GM
Reklamna kampawa............................................................................................................................. 1.5 mil. GM
Vkupno bez Programite za |ubre i kanalizaciona voda:
15.2 mil. GM
godina
Biosferen rezervat
Program zapo{umuvawe
Prog. za medicinski rast.
Prog. za ovo{tarstvo
Prog. 10000 pe~ki
Kampawa za pod. jav. Svest
Turisti~ki info-centar
EIA
Popravka na pati{ta
Prog. za |ubre
Prog. za kanaliz. voda
Prog. za ribarstvo
Renovirawe na hoteli vo Prespa
Program 10000 kreveti
Lokalna turisti~ka agencija
Reklamna kampawa
Vkupno
Pregled na izdatocite spored vremenska tabela
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.3
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.2
4.5
0.2
0.5
4.65
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.5
3.75
0.5
0.5
0.2
1.5
0.1
1.2
Vkupno
0.8
1.5
0.2
1.5
3.0
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.3
2.0
2.0
1.5
0.2
1.5
15.2
Year
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Hotel renovation Pogradec 1.0
1.0
10.000 beds programme
0.5
0.5
0.5
local tourism agency
0.2
0.2
Image Campaign
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1
Overview on potential costs of the concept:Creating a biosphere reserve with the necessary administration:
0,8 mio DM
Reforestation Programme: .......................................................................................................1.5 mio DM
Medical Herb Programme:.......................................................................................................0.2 mio DM
Fruit tree programme: ..............................................................................................................1.5 mio DM
Stoves programme:...................................................................................................................3 mio DM
Awareness raising campaign: ..................................................................................................0.3 mio DM
Visitors information centre: 2 facilities ...................................................................................0.6 mio DM
Environmental Impact assessment:..........................................................................................0.1 mio DM
Road sanitation:........................................................................................................................0.3 mio DM
Waste programme: ...................................................................................................................? mio DM
Sewage water programme:.......................................................................................................? mio DM
Programme for enhancement of the fishery department: ........................................................2.0 mio DM
Hotel renovation in Pogradec..................................................................................................2.0 mio DM
10.000 beds programme ...........................................................................................................1.5 mio DM
local tourism agency ................................................................................................................0.4 mio DM
Image campaign .......................................................................................................................1.5 mio DM
Total without Waste and Sewage programme ....................................................................15.2 mio DM
Breakdown of cost according the time table
year
item
biosphere reserve
reforestation programme
medicinal herbs programme
fruit tree programme
10.000 stoves programme
Awareness Campaign
Visitors info Centre
EIA
Road sanitation
Waste programme
Sewage water programme
fishery programme
Hotel renovation Pogradec
10.000 beds programme
local tourism agency
Image Campaign
TOTAL
1999
mio DM
2000
mio DM
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.1
2001
mio DM
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.15
2002
Mio DM
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.15
2003
mio DM
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.3
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.2
4.5
0.2
0.5
4.65
Referenci (References)
Albanian Gonverment (1991). For the Main Constitutional Provisions”, Law no. 7491 dated 29. 04.1991
Albanian Constitution, 1999. Tirana
Biological anf Phisico-Chemical Data of Prespa and
Ohrid Area: Project “Ohrid&Prespa Conservation”
Project, Working group, 1997. Tirana
Crivelli, A. & Catsadorakis, G. (1997). Lake Prespa,
Northwestern Greece. K.A. Publishers.
Fremuth, W., & Miho, A. (1998). The Future of Ohrid
and Prespa Region. Newsletter Nr. 5. Ohrid&Prespa
Conservation, PPNEA-Tirana, p 4-5.
Fremuth, W., Shopp-Guth, A., Hoda, P., Mersinllari, M.
& Dinga L. (1999). Sustainable use of the medical
plants from Ohrid and Prespa area. EURONATUR.
0,5
0.5
0.2
0.5
3.75
0.5
0.5
0.2
1.5
0.1
1.2
TOTAL
0.8
1.5
0.2
1.5
3.0
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.3
2.0
2.0
1.5
0.4
1.5
15.2
Gjeografia Fizike Shqipërise. Vol 1, 1990. AA Sciences.
Tirana
Gjeografia Fizike Shqipërise. Vol. 2, 1990. AA Sciences.
Tirana
Miho, A. (1999). There are proclamed protected areas of
Ohrid and prespa region. Newsletter Nr. 6.
Ohrid&Prespa Conservation, PPNEA-Tirana, p 1-2.
PPNEA (1998). Towards Integrated Coservation and
Sustainable Development of Transboundary Macro
and Micro Prespa Lakes, Procceding of Symposium,
Tirana
Selfo. L. (1998): GEF Project - Ohrid Lake, Newsleter 5,
PPNEA- “Ohrid & Prespa Conservation” Project.
Stankovic, S., 1960: The balkan lake Ohrid and it’s
Living World.
361
Balkanski zelen pojas: ekolo{ka mre`a od za{titeni predeli na
Balkanskiot poluostrov, kako doprinos za panevropskata mre`a na
za{titeni predeli
Wolfgang FREMUTH
Izvadok
Pretstavnici od tri balkanski zemji se sretnaa vo Ote{evo, Prespansko ezero so cel sozdavawe zaedni~ka
programa za za~uvuvawe na prirodata, ozna~ena kako “Balkanski zelen pojas”, a kako doprinos na mre`ata na
za{titeni predeli vo evropskata unija, NATURA 2000. Toa e isto taka i primena na me|unarodnite konvencii za
za~uvuvawe na prirodata, potpi{ani od site zemji, a koja se ogleduva i vo duhot na Mediteranskata strategija za
kopnoto i vodenite prostori. Identificirani se ~etirinaeset me|ugrani~ni regioni vo ju`niot del na Balkanot
pome|u Makedonija, Albanija ,Bugarija i Grcija, koi vo idnina bi trebalo da se pro{irat na severnite delovi na
Balkanot. Regionot na Prespanskoto i Ohridskoto ezero mo`e da se smeta kako jadrena zona na ekolo{kata mre`a
na Balkanot.
Voved
Na Balkanskiot poluostrov postoi bogat
biodiverzitet, vklu~uvaj}i tuka golem broj
retki, zagrozeni i endemski vidovi. Vo site
~etiri zemji postojat razli~ni priodi kon
za~uvuvaweto na prirodata. Zaedni~ki celi i
strategii se u{te nema. Ne postoi soodveten
sistem za za{titeni regioni koj bi gi zadovolil
potrebite na zagrozenite, retkite i endemskite
vidovi. Potrebno e da se popolnat dupkite
pome|u za{titenite regioni, posebno onie koi se
me|u dr`avite, no isto taka i vo samite tri
dr`avi. Postoe~kata opasnost od zloupotreba i
pregolemo iskoristuvawe na prirodnite i
poluprirodnite bogatstva mora da se sopre, a da
se vovedat merewa i {emi za postojano
koristewe na zemji{teto.
Postojana razmena na iskustvata me|u
trite zemji bi bila postavena so sozdavawe na
trilatelaren sovet za za~uvuvawe na prirodata.
Merki za podignuvawe na svesta }e gi
nadopolnat site aktivnosti i toa ne samo za da go
ubedat lokalnoto naselenie, tuku i da go
pottiknat me|unarodnoto vnimanie za ovoj
region. Na ovoj na~in kaj potencijalnite turisti
mo`e da se razvie doverbata, a turizmot e va`en
kako doka`ana forma za razvoj na regionot.
Me|utoa kako posledica na neodamne{nata vojna
vo Kosovo i begalskata kriza, turizmot vo
Albanija i Makedonija re~isi zamre. Samo so
postojan razvoj na turizmot, toj }e ima ekonomska
vrednost za prirodnite elementi kako {to se
362
vidovite i nivnite `iveali{ta. So realna
ekonomska vrednost mo`e da se postigne dobivka
i postoe~kite socioekonomski problemi bi bile
re{eni za eden do lgotraen period.
Postojat brojni faktori koi ja doveduvaat
vo opasnost biorazli~nosta na celiot Balkanski
poluostrov:
Regionot e vo postojana opasnost od politi~ka
nestabilnost,
{to
se
poka`a
so
neodamne{natavojna vo Kosovo i prethodnite
vojni vo regionot. Vojna e sekoga{ golema
opasnost za biorazli~nosta.
Bogatstvoto na vidovite vo trite balkanski
zemji e samo delumno za{titeno so
inkoherenten sistem za za{titeni mesta.
Sistemot na za{titeni regii se sostoi od
nacionalni parkovi , rezervati na biosfera,
strogo za{titeni regioni, zoni na za{titeni
prirodni pejsa`i, kako i prirodnite
spomenici. Ovoj sistem e delumen i ne e
dovolno jasen vo sferata koja se odnesuva na
potrebite na `ivotnite koi `iveat na
specifi~ni mesta i migriraat na prostorot
na Balkanskiot poluostrov.
Se u{te ne e vospostavena programa za
povrzuvawe na biotopite. I pokraj faktot
deka Balkanskiot poluostrov e dom na cica~i
kako {to se me~kite volcite, risovite,
~akalite, srnite, elenite, ko{utite, divite
vepari, jazovcite, vidrite, liljacite, golem
broj na ptici i drugi vidovi, za ~ij opstanok
e neophoden skladen sistem na za{titeni
zoni koi se mnogu dobro povrzani me|u sebe.
Balkan green belt: an ecological network of protected sites on the balkan
peninsula as a contribution to a pan-european network of protected sites
Wolfgang FREMUTH
EECONET Action Fund c/o Euronature, Grabenstr. 23, D- 53359 Rheinbach
Abstract
Representatives of three Balkan countries met in Oteshevo at the Prespa Lake to create a joint nature conservation programme called
Balkan Green Belt as a contribution to the network of protected sites of the European Union called NATURA 2000. It is also the
implementation of international conventions for nature conservation signed by the assembled countries and can also be seen in the
spirit of the Mediterranean wetland strategy. Fourteen transboundary areas between FYROMazedonia, Albania, Bulgaria and Greece
have been identified on the southern Balkan area, which should be extended to the northern parts of the Balkan in the future. The
region of the Ohrid and Prespa lakes can be considered as the core zone of the ecological network on the Balkan.
Introduction
The Balkan peninsula provides a rich biodiversity
including a high number of rare, threatened and endemic
species. Different conservation approaches are existing in
the four countries. Joint objectives and strategies are still
missing. A coherent system of protected areas is not
existing meeting the needs of threatened, rare or endemic
species. Gaps between the protected areas especially
between the countries but also in the three countries have
to be filled in. The existing threat to natural and seminatural sites by mis- and over-using of natural resources
has to be stopped and sustainable land use schemes and
measurement will be introduced.
A steady exchange of experiences among the three
countries will be set-up by creation of a trilateral council
on nature conservation.
Awareness raising measurements will complement all
activities not only to convince local people and
stakeholders on the necessity of nature conservation
measurement but also to raise international awareness to
the area. By this mean confidence among potential
tourists can be created because tourism is in it’s
sustainable form an important development scheme for
the region. But due to the recent war in Kosovo the
refugees coming to the region the tourism sector has
almost ceased down in Macedonia and Albania. But just
by sustainable tourism features an economic value can be
allocated to natural elements like species and their
habitats. And by this real economic value a income
transfer to local people can be achieved and on mid- to
long-term perspective the existing socio-economic
problem be solved.
There are numerous factors threatening biodiversity on
the whole Balkan peninsula:
- The region is generally threatened by political
-
-
-
-
-
instability proven by the recent Kosovo war
and the previous wars in the region. A war is always
a big threat to biodiversity.
The richness of species of the three Balkan countries
is only partly protected by an incoherent system of
protected sites.
The system of protected sites consisting of national
parks, biosphere reserves, strictly protected areas,
landscape protected zones and natural monuments
does reflect only partly and not comprehensive
enough the needs of animals living in specific sites
and migrating along the Balkan peninsula.
No biotope linkage or connection programme is
established so far. In spite of the fact that the Balkan
peninsula is the home of mammals like bears,
wolves, lynx, jackals, dears, roe dears, wild boars,
badgers, otters, bats, a high number of birds and
other species, which need for their survival a
coherent system of protected zones well linked
among each other.
Up to now only a few contacts have been settled
among nature conservationists of the three Balkan
countries. More intensive co-operation is necessary
to set up joint objectives, strategies and actions to
provide favourable conditions for the species unique
to the Balkans and the World.
Infrastructure development is threatening the still
existing habitats and will be an obstacle for all
efforts to link the biotops in order to create a
coherent systems protected sites. (E.g. Via EgnatiaCorridor No 8, highway passing though the Kresna
Gorge )
Intensive agriculture practices are destructive to
certain biotopes and ecosystems like freshwater
lakes, rivers and flood plains and have led already to
a loss of species.
Dosega samo mal broj kontakti se napraveni
pome|u lu|eto koi pravat napori za
za~uvuvawe na prirodata od trite zemji.
Potrebna e pointenzivna sorabotka, so
postavuvawe na zaedni~ki celi strategija i
aktivnosti za da bi se obezbedile povolni
uslovi za vidovite koi se edinstveni na
Balkanot i vo svetot.
Razvojot na infrastrukturata gi zagrozuva
postoe~kite `iveali{ta i e pre~ka za
naporite za povrzuvawe na biotopite so cel
sozdavawe soodveten sistem na za{titeni
predeli (E.g.Via ignatia – Corridor No 8, avtopat
koj pominuva niz tesnecot Kresna).
Intenzivnata obrabotka na zemji{teto e
destruktivna za odredeni biotopi i
ekosistemi, kako {to se ezerata so sve`a
voda, rekite i poplavenite ramnici i ve}e
dovedoa do gubewe na nekoi vidovi.
Intenzivnoto iskoristuvawe na {umskite
bogatstva vo minatoto vode{e do seriozna
opasnost za vidovite koi `iveat vo ovie
specifi~ni `iveali{ta. Uni{tuvaweto na
ovie mesta ima seriozno negativno vlijanie
vrz globalnata klima.
Intenzivniot ribolov i lov ja zagrozuvaat
biorazli~nosta vo site tri balkanski
dr`avi.
Vo minatoto `iveali{tata bile uni{tuvani,
unazaduvani ili iscrpeni od intenzivnoto
eksploatirawe na zemji{teto so razni
aktivnosti, kako {to se miniraweto,
gradeweto zgradi ili industriski objekti.
Ova
dovede
do
fragmentacija
na
`iveali{tata i izvesna opasnost za vidovite
na koi im se potrebni golemi prostori koi
ne bi bile voznemiruvani.
Mnogu specifi~na opasnost za re~isi site zemji
od centralna i isto~na Evropa proizleguva
od procesot na privatizacija. Prisutna e
golema opasnost za re~isi sekoj kvadaten
metar ruralno podra~je.
Lo{ite socio – ekonomski uslovi na pogolemiot
del od naselenieto vo ruralnite predeli na
balkanskite zemji, op{to imaat negativno
vlijanie na biorazli~nosta, bidej}i lu|eto
se primorani da gi preiskoristuvaat
prirodnite resursi.
Gorenavedenite problemi }e bidat re{eni so
implementacija na sistemot za za{titeni
regioni povrzani so t.n. zeleni koridori i
postojano upravuvawe so zemjodelskite i
{umskite regioni. Ovie sistemi bi bile
nare~eni Balkanski zelen pojas (BZP).
Konceptot za BZP pridonesuva za
za{titata na mnogu specifi~en opseg na vidovi
na biogeografskiot region na Balkanskiot
poluostrov.
Balkanskiot zelen pojas mora da bide razbran
kako postojan proces me|u zemjite na balkanskiot
poluostrov za da bi se postignale povolni uslovi
za biorazli~nosta. Tie bi trebalo da gi zdru`at
silite pri za{tita na prirodata za da bi se
postignale podobri efekti. BZP treba da se
sfati i kako ,,~ador” za bilateralna,
trilateralna me|ugrani~na ili duri kako
me|unacionalna sorabotka. BZP se gleda i kako
krug koj postepeno
koncentri~no }e se
zgolemuva, a }e zapo~ne so Albanija, Makedonija,
Bugarija i Grcija.
Konceptot za BZP sodr`i direktni merki i
indirektni aktivni elementi.
Najva`nite direktni aktivni merki se
sozdavaweto na koherenten sistem na za{titeni
regioni. Indirektnite merki }e vklu~uvaat:
Konstantni bi- ili trilateralni upravuva~ki
odbori za sozdavawe i primena na zaedni~ka
strategija za podobruvawe na sistemot vo
zasegnatiot region.
Upravuva~kite odbori }e imaat zada~a i da ja
,,harmoniziraat va`e~kite normativi” me|u
sosednite zemji, kako i me|u za{titenite
regii, vklu~uvaj}i ja tuka i programata BZP.
Odborite }e gi elaboriraat i primenuvaat
zaedni~kite planovi za zasegatite predeli.
Monitoring programite treba zaedni~ki da se
pripremaat i izveduvaat.
Aktivnostite za podignuvawe na svesta treba da
gi poddr`uvaat specifi~nite merki za
za~uvuvawe na prirodata za tie da bidat
primenuvani.
Sistemot na za{titeni regioni }e gi sodr`i
slednite(vidi mapa):
Rezultati
Na predlo`enite mesta i regionite me|u niv,
treba da se primenuvaat konstantni metodi za
iskoristuvawe
na
zemji{teto
so
cel
obezbeduvawe “zeleni koridori” koi aktivno }e
gi povrzat gorenavedenite mesta.
Lista na mesta koi }e u~estvuvaat vo BZP
1. Va`no
2. Mnogu va`no
3. Najva`no
Intensive fishing and hunting practices are threatening
the biodiversity in all the three Balkan countries.
Intensive use of forest resources led in the past to a
severe threat of the species living in this specific
habitats. Even the destruction of these sites have a
negative impact on the global climate.
In previous times habitats have been destroyed,
deteriorated
or
depleted
by
intensive
encroachments like mining sites, construction of
buildings, settlement of industry. This led to a
fragmentation of habitats and a certain threat to
species which need large undisturbed areas.
A very specific threat to almost all countries of Central
and Eastern Europe derives from the upcoming
privatization process. It is at present a big danger
threatening almost every square meter of rural
areas.
The bad socio-economic conditions of a majority of
the people in rural areas of the Balkan countries
generally has a negative impact on biodiversity
since local people are forced to over-use the
natural resources.
To solve the above mentioned problems a system of
protected sites linked by so-called green corridors and
sustainable managed agricultural and forested areas will
be implemented. This system will be called as Balkan’s
Green Belt. (BGB)
The concept of BGB contributes to the protection of the
very specific range of species of the biogeographical
region of the Balkan peninsula.
The Balkan Green Belt has to be understood as an
permanent process among the countries of the Balkan
peninsula to achieve favourable conditions of
biodiversity. It should join the efforts on nature
conservation to achieve a better effect. The BGB has also
to be understood as an umbrella for bilateral or trilateral
transboundary and even transnational co-operation. It has
also to be seen as an concentric growing ring of member
states starting with Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria and
Greece.
The concept of a green belt on the Balkan comprises
direct measurements and indirect active elements:
The most important direct active measurement is the
creation of coherent system of protected areas. The
indirect measurements will include
steady bi- or trilateral management boards for the
creation and implementation of joint strategies to improve
the system of the concerned areas.
The management boards will have also the task to
harmonise the relevant legislation among the
neighbouring countries or also among the protected areas
included in the Balkan Green belt programme.
The boards will also elaborate and implement joint
management plans for the concerned areas.
Monitoring programmes have to be set-up and
conjointly carried out.
Furthermore, awareness raising activities have to
flank the specific nature conservation measurements
to make the viable.
The system of protected areas will consist of the
following areas (see map):
Najva`nite me|ugrani~ni aktivnosti se:
soodvetni usoglaseni normativi
zaedni~ki upravuva~ki planovi
monitoring
obrazovanie i praksa
javna svest
Bitni zaednici, op{tini, vladini organizacii, nevladini organizacii i pretstavnici na
privatniot sektor treba da se vklu~eni vo
organizirawe na pristapite. Lokalnite investitori isto taka treba da bidat vklu~eni.
Zaklu~ok
Programata za Balkanskiot zelen pojas
be{e predlo`ena od eksperti, nevladini
organizacii i pretstavnici na programata za
svest NATURA 2000 od evropskata zaednica, kako
i nevladini organizacii na Grcija. Be{e
odobrena od pretstavnici na makedonskoto
ministerstvo
za
ekologija,
bugarskoto
ministerstvo za ekologija i vodostopanstvo i
albanskata nacionalna ekolo{ka agencija koi se
sretnaa vo Ote{evo vo dekemvri 1999 na
Prespanskoto ezero, da ja elaboriraat realnata
mre`a na za{titeni mesta na Balkanskiot
poluostrov.
U~esnici od Grcija gi spomnaa NATURA 2000
mestata od nivnata zemja koi se blisku do
granicata so sosednite zemji.
BZP }e se sostoi od 13 mesta dol` Balkanot do
zeleniot koridor koj se protega od Albanija
re~isi do isto~nite Rodopi.
Izbranite mesta se glavno regioni vdol`
zaedni~kite granici na ~etirite sosedni zemji:
Albanija, Grcija, Makedonija i Bugarija.
Zeleniot pojas na Balkanot }e po~nuva severno
od Ohridskoto ezero vo planinite Jablanica/
Raijca, Makedonska i Albanska me|ugrani~na
oblast. Programata gi vklu~uva Ohridskoto
Ezero i negovata okolina, Golemoto i Malo
Prespansko ezero, planinata Pelister na
makedonska strana i planinata Varnous na gr~ka
strana. Nov nacionalen park e planiran vo
Albanija, koj }e se vika Shelegura i koj }e gi
povrzuva ve}e postoe~kite parkovi Drenova-Fir so
Grcija i so toa bi se ovozmo`ila migracija na
cica~ite kako {to se me~kite, risovite i
volcite.
Makedonskiot i Gr~kiot me|ugrani~en
proekt e Dojranskoto ezero koe go delat i dvete
zemji. Tie isto taka ja delat i oblasta na
planinite Nixe/Voras i Ko`uv/Tzena. Va`en
proekt }e bide i za{titata na re~niot sistem
Vardar/Axios pome|u dvete zemji.
Planinata Belasica/Beles e zaedni~ka
prirodno nasledstvo pome|u Makedonija, Bugarija i Grcija i e va`en kamen agol na mre`ata na
Balkanskiot zelen pojas. Planinite Zapadni
Rodopi gi delat Bugarija i Grcija kako i
Slavijanka/Orvils.
Kone~no
predvidena
e
MakedonskoBugarska akcija za za{tita na Osogovskite i
Male{evskite planini.
Programata BZP ponatamu }e ovozmo`i
aktivnosti za podigawe na svesta na zasegnatoto
lokalno naselenie kako i nivno u~estvo vo
ponatamo{niot razvoj i procesot na primena.
U~esnicite se dogovorija vo tek na sostanokot vo
Ote{evo deka sozdavaweto i zaedni~kata
strategija za za{tita na regionite vlku~eni vo
BZP programata i nivna primena bara i
zaedni~ki napori. Za da se postigne ova predlo`ena e me|ugrani~na komisija pome|u vladite
na sosednite zemji za da se usoglasat normativite
za za~uvuvawe na prirodata i za sorabotka i
olesnuvawe na me|udr`avniot priod. Upravuva~kite programi dodatno }e bidat elaborirani
i primeneti. Monitoring Programite za kontrola na statusot za za{titenite mesta }e bidat
izveduvani.
Pretstavnicite na trite balkanski zemji
se soglasija za u~estvo vo miroqubiva sorabotka
na poleto na za{tita na prirodata so {to ke se
doprinese
za
pogolema
stabilnost
na
balkanskiot poluostrov.
Novodizajniraniot program gi promovira
dogovorite me|u Makedonija, Albanija i Gr~koto
ministersvo za nadvore{ni raboti za sozdavawe
na trilateralen biosferen rezervat na
Prespanskite ezera pome|u trite zemji.
Results
In the proposed sites and in the areas in between them
sustainable land use methods have to be implemented in
order to provide ‘green corridors’ for active linkage of the
above mentioned sites.The most important activities in the
transboundary activities are:
Appropriate harmonised legislation.
joint management plans
monitoring
education and training
public awareness
The relevant communities, municipalities, relevant
Governmental organisations, NGOs and representatives of
the private sector have be involved by participatory planning
approaches. But also local stakeholders will be involved.
Conclusion
The Balkan Green Belt programme was suggested by
experts, NGOs and representatives of the NATURA 2000
awareness programme of the European Union as well as
Non-governmental Organisations of Greece. It was approved
by representatives of the Macedonian Ministry for
Environment, the Bulgarian Ministry for Environment and
Waters and the Albanian National Environmental Agency
which met in Oteshevo in December 1999 at the Prespa
Lake to elaborate a real network of protected sites on the
Balkan peninsula.
The Greek participants mentioned the Natura 2000 sites of
their country near the border to the neighbouring countries.
The Balkan Green Belt will combine 13 sites along the
Balkan to a green corridor stretching from Albania almost to
East Rhodope.
The selected sites are mainly areas along the common
borders of the four neighbouring countries Albania, Greece,
Macedonia and Bulgaria. The green belt on the Balkan will
start north of the Ohrid Lake in the Jablanica/Raijca
mountains, a Macedonian and Albanian transboundary area.
The programme includes the Ohrid Lake and its
surrounding, the Macro and the Micro Prespa Lake, the
Pelister Mountain ranges on the Macedonian side and the
Varnous Mountain on the Greek side. A new national park is
planned in Albania called Shelegura connecting the already
existing park Drenova-Fir with Greece to allow mammals
like bears, lynx and wolves to migrate.
A Macedonian and Greek transboundary project is the
Dojran Lake shared between both countries. Also shared
between them are the mountain ranges of Nidze/Voras and
Kozuv/Tzena. An important project will be the protection of
the Vardar/Axios river system between both countries.
The Belasitsa/Beles Mountain is a common Macedonian,
Bulgarian and Greek natural heritage and an important
corner stone of the Balkan Green Belt network. The Western
Rhodope Mountains are shared between Bulgaria and
Greece and the Slavianka/Orvilos Mountain.
Finally, a Macedonian and Bulgarian joint venture is
foreseen to protect the transboundary Osogovo Mountain as
well as the Maleshevo Mountain.
The Balkan Green Belt programme will furthermore provide
activities for raising the awareness among the concerned
local people as well as their participation in the further
development and implementation process. The participants
agreed during the meeting in Oteshevo that the creation of
joint strategies in the protection of the areas included in the
Balkan Green Belt programme and their implementation also
needs joint efforts. To achieve this, a transboundary
commission is proposed between governments of
neighbouring countries to harmonise the legislation for
nature conservation, to co-ordinate and facilitate the
transboundary approaches. Additionally, management
programmes will be elaborated and implemented.
Monitoring programmes to control the status of the protected
sites will be carried out.
The representatives of the three Balkan countries agreed in
the assessment that this peaceful co-operation in the field of
nature conservation will contribute to larger extend to the
stability on the Balkan Peninsula.
The now designed programme promotes the agreement of
the Macedonian, the Albanian and the Greek Ministers for
Foreign Affairs to create a trilateral Biosphere Reserve at the
Prespa Lakes among the three countries
Lista na lokalitti {to pridonesuvaat vo BZP - List of sites contributing to the Balkan Green Belts
site name
countries
Jablanica/Rajca
Ohrid lake
Prespa lake
Pelister/Baba-Mountain/Vernundas
Shelegura u. Drenova
Doijran lake
Nidze/Voras
Kozuv/Drena
Vardar/Axion River
West Rhodope Mountains
Slavianka
Malesevo
Belasitsa
Osogovo
MKD/AL
MKD/AL
MKD/AL/GR
MKD/GR
AL/GR
MKD/GR
MKD/GR
MKD/GR
MKD/GR
BG/GR
BG/GR
MKD/GR
MKD/BG/GR
MKD
2 AL
3 AL
3 AL,GR
3 GR
3 GR
2 GR
1 GR
2 GR
2 BG
3 BG, GR
BG
3 GR
3 GR
1 MKD
3 MKD,
GR
Countries Priorities
AL
3 MKD
3 MKD
3 MKD,GR
2 GR
-
MKD/BG
GR
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Total Rank
B
A
A
B
C
B
C
D
C
B
B
B
A
-
1....important, 2....very important, 3...most important
367
Za upraven plan na Prespanskiot me|unaroden park
Mirto PIROVECI
Oddelenie po ekologija, Biolo{ki fakultet, Univerzitet "Aristotel", Solun 54006, Grcija
Apstrakt
Ovoj trud ja prika`uva va`nosta za pravilno planirawe, integrirano upravuvawe i monitoring na noviot
Prespanski me|unaroden park vo pogled na kvalitativnite i kvantitativnite analizi na pokrivkata na
zemji{teto i promenite vo nejzinoto koristewe, vo odreden vremenski period. Vakvi promeni {to se slu~uvale
pome|u 1945 i 1984 bile zabele`ani i ekolo{ki proceneti za Prespanskiot nacionalen park vo Grcija.
Procedurata vklu~uva podgotovka na dve mapi (za pokrivkata i za upoterbata na zemji{teto) so objasnuvawe na
fotosite od 1945 i 1984, spored specijalno razvien klasifikaciski sistem. So poklopuvaweto na dvete mapi se
dobiva mapa na promenata na zemji{teto. Site promeni se izmereni i oceneti. Studijata otkri zna~itelni
promeni koi glavno se pripi{uvaat na razli~nite metodi na iskoristuvaweto na resursite na Parkot, nastanati
za poslednite 40 godini. Zemjodelskite povr{ini (navodnuvani i napu{teni) se novi kategorii {to ne postoele
vo 1945. Zna~itelno zgolemuvawe na erodiranoto zemji{te i namaluvaweto na vodnite stani{ta se ekolo{ki
alarmantnite promeni. ^ove~kite vlijanija na oblasta zabrzaa sozdavawe vnatre{no ezero koe e zna~ajno
`iveali{te za razmno`uvawe na zagrozeni vidovi na ptici. Sepak, intenzivnoto zemjodelie vo jadroto na Parkot
dovede do promena na prirodnata sredina, blisku do ezeroto i ima vlijanie vrz `iveali{tata na divite `ivotni i
populacijata na vodnite ptici. Sega{nite na~ini na upotreba na zemji{teto gi zagrozuvaat vrednostite na
Nacionalniot park i zatoa mora da se prezemat itni merki za za~uvuvawe.
Voved
Vo 1984 godina, posledniot pasus od
doktorskata disertacija, pretstavena vo Dr`avniot univerzitet vo Mi~igen, SAD, naslovena
“Ekorazvojot vo Prespanskiot Nacionalen
Park” (Pyrovetsi 1984) zavr{i so:
"Prespanski me|unaroden miroven park:
Za maksimirawe na vrednostite na parkot
potrebna e me|unarodna sorabotka so Albanija i
Jugoslavija. Trite zemji treba da se dogovorat
za primena na principi za za~uvuvawe {to bi
bilo od zaedni~ka korist pri upotrebata na
resursite vo oblasta. Zaedni~koto upravuvawe
na ezerata i nivniot sliv bi bilo korisno za
site tri zemji.
Posveten na mirot i prijatelstvoto,
Prespanskiot me|unaroden miroven park bi mo`el da bide taka organiziran za site vklu~eni
zemji da imaat korist i da bide spomenik na
koegzistiraweto na ~ovekot i prirodata."
Ovie, za toa vreme, nerealisti~ni pogledi,
stanaa mo`ni vo 2000, so proglasuvaweto na
prviot Balkanski me|unaroden park na prespanskite ezera od strana na trite premieri na
sosednite nacii (Makedonija, Albanija i Grcija).
Dol`nosta na nau~nicite e da razvijat
integriran upravuva~ki plan za dvete ezera i
nivnite slivovi kako edna celina, bez da se
368
zemaat predvid nacionalnite ili politi~kite
granici. Integracijata na principite za za~uvuvawe i tie za odr`liv razvoj na resursite vo
oblasta bi trebalo da bidat osnova na ovoj plan.
Celta na vakvoto integrirano upravuvawe treba
da bide dvokratna: 1) regulirawe na site ~ove~ki
aktivnosti, regulirawe na upotrebata na zemji{teto i na lokalnite prirodni resursi i 2)
obnovuvawe na prirodnite i kulturnite o{tetuvawa {to nastanale zaradi minatite na~ini na
upotreba na zemji{teto. Ne treba da zaboravime
deka ova podra~je ima dolga istorija, va`ni
~ovekovi kulturi, i redok priroden i biolo{ki
diverzitet (Pyrovetsi et al. 1984).
Vo ramkite na upravuva~kiot plan, za da se
postignat navedenite celi, neophodni se znaewata za sega{nite na~ini na upotreba na zemji{teto i pokrivkata {to se bazira na kvalitativni
i kvantitativni analizi. Vidot i rasprostranetosta na na~inite na upotreba na zemji{teto vo
ramkite na slivot imaat zna~itelno vlijanie vrz
prirodnite karakteristiki (Pyrovetsi & Karteris
1986) koi drasti~no vlijaat na hidrologijata,
protokot, ispiraweto na hranlivite materii i
preku se toa, na kvalitetot na ezerskata voda.
Towards a management plan for Prespa Transnational Park
Myrto PYROVETSI
Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, 54006, GREECE
Abstract
The paper presents the importance for the proper planning, integrated management and monitoring of the newly established Prespa
Transnational Park of information concerning qualitative and quantitative analysis of land cover /use changes during a certain
period.Such changes which occurred between 1945 and 1984 were detected and evaluated ecologically for Prespa National Park in
Greece. The procedure involved preparation of two land cover-use maps by interpreting 1945 and 1984 aerial photographs, according
to a specially developed classification system. By superimposing the above maps, a land cover/use change map was produced and all
changes were measured and evaluated.The study revealed that considerable changes, mainly due to the different methods of exploiting
the park resources, occurred during the last 40 years. Agricultural lands – irrigated and abandoned – were new land cover/use
categories, not existing in 1945. The considerable increase in the eroded land and decrease of the marshland are ecologically alarming
changes. Man-made alterations in the area enhanced the formation of an inner lake which is a significant breeding habitat for
endangered birds. Nevertheless, concentration of land uses, mainly of agriculture, in the nucleus of the park, modified the natural
environment close to the lake and has had an impact on the wildlife habitats and the waterbird populations. Trends in land use
endanger the values of the national park, and urgent conservation measures should be taken.
Introduction
In early 1984, the last paragraph of a Ph.D Dissertation
presented at Michigan State University, USA, titled
“Ecodevelopment
in
Prespa
National
Park”
(Pyrovetsi,1984) ended:
“A Prespa International Peace Park: International
cooperation with Albania and Yugoslavia is required if
values from the park’s assets are to be maximized.
Agreements should be reached between the three
countries for applying conservation principles toward
attaining mutual benefits from use of the area’s
resources. Integrated management of the lakes and their
watersheds would be useful to all three countries.
Dedicated to peace and friendship, a Prespa International
Peace Park could be organized which would offer
benefits to the nations involved and stand as a monument
to the coexistence of man and nature.”
In early 2000, these unrealistic at that time views became
true at the political level, when the Prime Ministers of the
three neighboring nations (FYROM, Albania and Greece)
announced the establishment of the first Balkan
Transnational Park at Prespa Lakes.
Now, it is the scientists’ duty to develop integrated
management plans for the two lakes and their watershed
areas as one unit, without considering national or political
barriers. Integration of conservation principles and those
of sustainable use of the area’s natural resources should
be the baseline of these plans. The aim of such integrated
management plan should be two-fold: (1) regulation of
all human activities, regulation of the uses of land and of
the local natural resources within the park and (2)
restoration of the natural and cultural damages which
have occurred due to past land uses. We should not forget
that this land treasures a long history, important human
cultures, rare natural and biological diversity (Pyrovetsi
et al. 1984).
In order to achieve these goals, within an integrated
management plan, knowledge of the present land cover
and uses, based on quantitative and qualitative analysis,
of the whole park area is necessary. The type and
distribution of land uses within the watershed of a
protected area have an important influence on its natural
characteristics (Pyrovetsi & Karteris,1986) and they
drastically affect the hydrologic response, changing the
infiltration, the runoff characteristics and, ultimately, the
lake water quality.
Periodic analysis and comparisons of present and past
land cove/uses in protected areas allows us to better
comprehend, interpret and evaluate present ecological
conditions. It also enables the resource manager to make
predictions and evaluations of future patterns and trends
of land cover/uses in order to take the proper
conservation measures and formulate the right land
policies. The goal of this paper is to present the
methodology of such land cover/use analysis and the
application findings of this methodology at Lake Mikri
Prespa National Park in Greece. More particularly, the
objectives of the study are: (1) to detect and measure the
land cover/use changes which occurred in Prespa
National Park between 1945 and 1984; (2) to ecologically
evaluate the environmental impact of these changes; and
(3) to determine present and probable future trends of
land cover/use and, finally to assess conflicts and
designate areas more susceptible to human alteration
which affect park values.
369
Periodi~nite analizi i sporedbi na sega{nata i minatata pokrivka/ upotreba na zemji{teto dozvoluva podobro da gi sfatime, interpretirame i ocenime sega{nite ekolo{ki uslovi. Isto taka ovozmo`uva da gi predvidime idnite trendovi za pokrivkata/upotrebata na zemji{teto za da prezememe pravilni merki za za~uvuvawe i da ja formulirame pravilnata politika na
upravuvawe. Celta na ovoj trud e da ja pretstavi
metodologijata na takvata analiza na pokrivkata/upotrebata na zemji{teto i primenata na ovaa
metodologija na Maloto Prespansko Ezero. Pokonkretno, celite na ovaa studija se: 1) otkrivawe i merewe na promenite vo pokrivkata
/upotrebata na zemji{teto koi nastanale pome|u
1945 i 1984; 2) ekolo{ka procena na vlijanieto
na ovie promeni; 3) odreduvawe na sega{nite i
idnite trendovi na pokrivkata/upotrebata na
zemji{teto i da izdvoi oblasti po~uvstvitelni
na ~ovekovite aktivnosti koi imaat vlijanie vrz
vrednostite na Parkot.
Oblast na prou~uvawe
Prespanskiot nacionalen park se nao|a vo
oblasta Makedonija, vo severozapadniot kraj na
Grcija i se grani~i so Republika Makedonija i
Albanija. Vo toj predel se vklu~eni najgolemiot
del od Maloto Prespansko Ezero, del od Golemoto Ezero i oblasta koja gi opkru`uva. Vkupnata povr{ina na Parkot e 25690 ha, od koi 4235
ha i 3750 ha (voda bez trska) se soodvetno gr~kite
delovi od Maloto i Golemoto Prespansko Ezero.
Ostanatata oblast sodr`i {umi, farmi, livadi i
zemjodelski oblasti vo reonot na 12 mali sela.
Visinata na regionot e od 853 m (ezerskoto nivo)
do 2177 m (alpski oblasti). Pove}e informacii
za prirodnite karakteristiki na Prespanskiot
nacionalen park mo`e da se najdat vo Pyrovetsi et
al. (1983), Pyrovetsi (1984, 1989, 1990), Karteris &
Pyrovetsi (1986), Pyrovetsi & Gerakis (1987), Pyrovetsi
& Crivelli (1988), Dimalexis et al. (1997, 1999),
Pyrovetsi & Economidis (1998); za lokalnoto naselenie vo Pyrovetsi & Daoutopolous (1989,1997,1999),
Daoutopolous i Pyrovetsi (1990); i za razvojnite
proekti vo oblasta Pyrovetsi et al. (1984), Pyrovetsi
(1985).
Metodi
Mapata za pokrivkata/upotrebata na zemji{teto be{e napravena preku interpretacija na
vozdu{ni fotografii. Predlo`eniot i usvoen
priod se sostoe{e od slednive ~ekori:
(1) snabduvawe so vozdu{ni fotografii, i toa
najnoviti i onie od nekoja konkretna godina vo
minatoto, koi se slikani vo isto godi{no vreme.
Snabduvawe so mapi {to sodr`at planimetriski
i topografski detali;
(2) Prvi~na poseta na regionot za zdobivawe
op{ta slika za karakteristikite na pokrivkata/upotrebata na zemji{teto vo oblasta;
(3) Razvivawe na klasifikacionen sistem.
Sistemot specijalno razvien za ovaa studija
sodr`i 10 kategorii na pokrivkata/upotrebata
na zemji{teto. Osnovniot kriterium za sozdavawe na raznite kategorii bea karakteristi~nite
pojavi na pokrivkata/upotrebata na zemji{teto i
posakuvanoto nivo na detalnost na tematskata
mapa. Predlo`enite klasi mo`at da se smestat
vo dve op{ti klasi, vodnata i zemnata klasa.
(4) Interpretacijata na vozdu{nite snimki e
napravena so koristewe na mirror stereoscope. Za
vreme na ovoj proces se odbele`ani granicite na
sekoe homogeno par~e po~va direktno na fotografiite istovremeno so odbele`uvaweto na nekoi vrvovi na reljefot. Opisot na razli~nite delovi na oblasta be{e ograni~en na centralniot
del od fotografijata (efektivnata oblast). So
ova se osigura celosnoto odbele`uvawe na oblasta, dupliraweto be{e izbegnato i efektot na
topografskoto pomestuvawe be{e minimiziran.
Najmalata celini za obele`uvawe be{e 0,25 ha.
(5) Prenesuvawe
na
poedinostite
od
fotografiite na osnovnata karta. Ova be{e
napraveno so sketchmaster. Prenosot na detalite
be{e napraven vo mali delovi, po soodvetno
orientirawe i prilagoduvawe na fotografiite
i mapata so cel da se minimiziraat mo`nite
gre{ki.
(6) Potvrduvawe na novata mapa, napravena vrz
fotointerpretiraweto, na terenot.
(7) Kartografsko kompletirawe na tematskite
mapi i namaluvawe na nivniot razmer do 1:31000
za polesno rakuvawe.
(8) Merewe na oblasta na razli~nite kategorii
na pokrivkata/upotrebata na zenmji{teto, so
pomo{ na transparenten sistem so mre`a od
to~ki, so gustina od 4 to~ki po hektar.
(9) Tabelirawe na statistikata i presmetka na
mo`nite gre{ki.
Pove}e poedinosti za procedurata mo`e da
se najdat vo Karteris & Pyrovetsi (1986) i Pyrovetsi &
Karteris (1986). Sli~na postapka be{e sprovedena
za fotografiite od 1945 i be{e podgotvena
tematska mapa za ovaa oblast.
Za locirawe i odreduvawe na promenite,
podgotvena e mapa za promenite vo upotrebata/
pokrivkata na zemji{teto. Transparentna karta
od 1984 godina be{e stavena preku taa od 1945
godina i site razliki pome|u razli~nite poligoni od dvete mapi se locirani i iscrtani na druga
transparentna mapa.
Study area
Prespa National Park lies in Macedonia, on the northwestern corner of Greece, bordering with FYROM and
Albania. It includes most of Lake Mikri Prespa, part of
Lake Megali Prespa and the land surrounding them. The
total park area is 25690 ha, of which 4235 ha and 3750
ha(water without reedbeds) are the Greek portions of
Lake Mikri Prespa and Megali Prespa, respectively (Pyrovetsi,1984). The remaining area comprises forests,
rangeland, meadows and agricultural land in the vicinity
of twelve small villages.
The altitude of the area ranges between 853 m (lake
level) and the alpine 2177 m. More information about
Prespa National Park natural characteristics can be found
in Pyrovetsi et al.(1983), Pyrovetsi (1984), Karteris &
Pyrovetsi (1986), Pyrovetsi & Karteris (1986), Pyrovetsi
& Gerakis (1987), Pyrovetsi & Crivelli (1988), Pyrovetsi
(1989), Pyrovetsi (1990), Dimalexis et al. (1997), Pyrovetsi & Economidis (1998), Dimalexis et al. (1999);
about the local population in Pyrovetsi & Daoutopoulos
(1989,1997,1999), Daoutopoulos & Pyrovetsi (1990);
and about development projects in the area Pyrovetsi et al
(1984), Pyrovetsi (1985).
Methods
Land cover/use mapping was made through the interpretation of aerial photographs. The approach suggested and
adopted involved the following steps: (1) Acquisition of
aerial photographs, the most recent available and those of
a particular year in the past, taken in the same season.
Acquisition of base-maps having planimetric and topographic details; (2) A preliminary on-site-visit to acquire
general information on the land cover/use characteristics
of the area; (3) Development of a classification system.
The system especially developed for this study included
ten land cover/use categories. The basic criteria for the
creation of the various categories were the special occurrence of some land cover/use types, the common occurrence of others and the desired level of detail of the thematic map. The proposed categories can be grouped into
two general classes, the aquatic and the terrestrial. (4)
Interpretation of aerial photos, using a mirror stereoscope,. During this process, the boundaries of each homogenous land cover/use were traced directly on the
aerial photographs while the location of several peaks of
the relief were also marked. Delineation of the various
subdivisions of the area was restricted within the central
portion (effective area) of each photograph. This ensured
that the entire area was mapped, duplication was avoided
and the effect of topographic tilt displacement on the delineated areas was minimal. The minimum mapping unit
was about 0.25 ha. (5) Transferring of the classification
details from the photographs onto the base-maps. This
was accomplished monoscopically with a vertical, singleprint type of instrument (sketchmaster). To reduce possi-
ble errors due to distortions of the areas inherent in the
aerial photographs, transference of the details was done in
small parts and after proper orientation and continuos
adjustment of the scale between the photos and the maps.
(6) Verification in the field of the prepared recent map
from photointerpretation. (7) Cartographic completion of
the thematic maps and reduction of its scale to about
1:31,000 to ease handling. (8) Measurement of the area of
the various land cover/use categories, using a transparent
dot grid system, with a density of four dots per hectare.
(9) Tabulation of the statistics and calculation of possible
errors. More details on the procedure can be found in
Karteris & Pyrovetsi (1986) and Pyrovetsi & Karteris
(1986).
Similar procedure was followed for the 1945 aerial photographs and a thematic map of this year was also prepared.
In order to locate and specify the changes and to determine their extent, a land cover/use change map was prepared A transparency of the 1984 map was overlaid on
the 1945 map and any discrepancy between the boundaries of the various polygons on the two maps was visually
located and outlined on a second transparency. Each
polygon of change was characterized by designating two
numbers, ranging between 1 and 10, which represented
the ten land cover/use categories. The first number represented the category existing in 1945, while the second
represented 1984 (Fig. 1). The acreage of the polygons of
change was measured in the same way and the results
were tabulated.
The research procedure was complemented by discussions with the oldest people living in the area who proved
to be and excellent source of information about the ways
in which resources were used in the past as compared to
current practices.
Results and Discussion
The comparative study of natural conditions in Prespa
National Park between 1945 and 1984 presented changes
in land cover/use which occurred during this period. Agricultural
lands, irrigated and abandoned, are categories which were
present in 1984 but did not appear in the 1945 aerial
photographs at all. They are entirely new categories.
The changes since 1945 involved decreases in forestland,
rangeland, wet meadows-marshland, non-irrigated agricultural lands, water and urban areas. The categories which
increased were the barren eroded land and the reedbeds
(Tab. 1, Fig. 2). Non-irrigated agricultural land decreased
the most, being transformed into irrigated and abandoned
agricultural land or into rangeland. Abandoned farms were
close to presently abandoned-ruined villages, all near the
Albanian border. Other agricultural land, which has
changed since 1945, included patches on the steeper slopes
of the eastern mountains. Terraces had been built on those
slopes and crops had been cultivated there for many years.
Sekoj poligon na koj ima promena se karakterizira so dva broja od 1 do 10, koi gi pretstavuvaat desette kategorii na upotrebata/
pokrivkata na zemji{teto. Prviot broj ja poka`uva kategorijata koja postoela vo 1945 godina, a
vtoriot onaa vo 1984 (Sl. 1). Povr{inata na poligonite e izmerena na istiot na~in i rezultatite se tabelirani.
Istra`uva~kata procedura e kompletirana
so diskusija so najstarite lu|e koi `iveeja vo
oblasta {to se poka`a kako odli~en izvor na
informacii za na~inite na iskoristuvawe na resursite vo minatoto vo sporedbata so sega{nite
na~ini.
Rezultati i diskusija
Seopfatnata studija na prirodnite uslovi
vo Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park pome|u 1945 i
1984 godina poka`a promeni na upotrebata/
pokrivkata na zemji{teto vo ovoj period. Zemjodelsko zemji{te, navodnuvano pa napu{teno, e
kategorija koja postoela vo 1984 godina no ne se
pojavuva vo fotografiite od 1945 godina. Tie se
celosno novi kategorii.
Od 1945 godina do denes se namaluvaat
{umite, mo~urlivite livadi, nenavodnuvanite
zemjodelski povr{ini, vodenata i urbana povr{ina. Kategoriite koi se zgolemija se neplodnata erodirana po~va i trskata (Tab. 1, Sl. 1). Najmnogu se namalija nenavodnuvanite zemjodelski
povr{ini koi se pretvorija vo navodnuvani i
napu{teni zemjodelski povr{ini ili vo divo
zemji{te. Napu{tenite farmi bea blisku do
sega{nite napu{teni sela, site vo blizina na
granicata so Albanija. Drugite obrabotlivi
povr{ini koi pretrpele promeni od 1945 godina
se par~iwa na postrmnite padini na isto~nite
planini. Na ovie padini se izgradeni terasi i na
niv dolgo vreme se odgleduvale razli~ni kulturi. Tradicionalnoto zemjodelie bilo ekolo{ki podobno, a istovremeno i terasite ja spre~uvale erozijata i pretstavuvale obrabotliva
povr{ina vo blizina na selata. Terasite i
poliwata na padinite bile napu{teni koga so
navodnuvaweto se pojavila poplodna zemja (polesno se obrabotuvala so pomo{ na traktori).
Ovie oblasti sega se klasificirani kako divi
zemji{ta na koi se zabele`uvaat znaci na pasewe,
dodeka drugite se kategoriziraat kako napu{tena zemjodelska povr{ina. Nekoi pomali povr{ini stanale {umi u{te vo prvite naredni fazi
dodeka drugi poka`uvaat znaci na naprednata
erozija i degradacija.
Tab. 1 Povr{ina vo hektari na kategorii na iskoristuvawe/pokrivka na zemji{teto vo 1945 i 1984
godina i promenite vo Prespanskiot nacionalen park.
Tab. 1 Acreage in hectares of land cover/use categories in 1945, 1984 and changes in Prespa National Park
Kategorija
Category
[umi –
Forestland
Divo zemji{te –
Rangeland
Mo~uri{ni livadi
Wet meadows-marshland
Zemjodelski povr{ini,
nenavodnuvani Agricultural land, non-irrigated
Zemjodelski povr{ini, navodnuvani
Agricultural land, irrigated
Zemjodelski povr{ini, napu{teni
Agricultural land, abandoned
Neplodna erodirana povr{ina Barreneroded land
Voda
Water
Trska
Reedbeds
Urbani povr{ini
Urban areas
Vkupna povr{ina na Parkot
Total Park Area
simbol
Symbol
Povr{ina
Area (ha)
1945
1984
Povr{ina
Changes
Ha
%
1
10903.6
10881.8
21.8
-0.2
2
3794.8
2932.7
862.1
-22.7
3
117.3
89.0
28.3
-24.1
4
2171.1
1353.9
817.2
-37.6
5
-
1450.8
1450.8
+
6
-
214.9
214.9
+
7
19.8
86.7
66.9
+337.9
8
8106.0
7985.0
121.0
-1.5
9
495.8
619.8
124.0
+25.0
10
81.5
75.3
6.2
-7.6
25689.9
25689.9
Sl. 1 Del od mapata na promeni vo Prespanskiot nacionalen park
Fig. 1 Portion of the land cover/use change map of Prespa National Park
Sl. 2
Procentualni promeni vo pokrivkata
/iskoristenost, 1945-1984 vo Prespanskiot nacionalen park
Figure 2. Percentage changes in land cover/use, 19451984, in Prespa National Park.
The rangeland which changed to barren-eroded land was
either a result of overgrazing or involved the canals and
other engineering constructions. In 1945, the northern
part of Lake Mikri Prespa had much more open water
than presently, with only small patches of reeds attached
to the mainland. The recent appearance of an inner lake,
Vromolimni, surrounded by a strip of land and extensive
reedbeds, may be a result of the alterations made on the
bed of the stream originating from the alpine northeastern mountains and now flowing into Lake Megali
Prespa. In 1945, this stream was divided into two sections
Traditional farming was ecologically
sound and terracing was successful in
reducing erosion, while providing
farmland close to the villages.
Farmed terraces and farm fields in
the slopes were abandoned when
more fertile agricultural land (easily
handled with tractors) was made
available to the farmers by irrigation.
These areas are now classified as
rangelands, presenting signs of
grazing, while others are categorized
as abandoned agricultural land.
Some smaller areas have become
forests in early successional stages,
while others display signs of advanced soil erosion and degradation.Rangeland also lost considerable
acreage since 1945, been transformed
mainly into irrigated and non-irrigated agricultural lands. Most of
these losses were located on the eastern lowlands.
near Lemos. While a smart part flowed into Megali
prespa, the main tributary emptied into Mikri Prespa, and
a delta was formed between the two stream units. This
stream brought large quantities of water to the area,
particularly during the snow-melt season, causing an
increase in local water volume and in the lake depth at
Mikri Prespa, while prevented the spread of reeds on the
northern shorelines. After the disappearance of the main
tributary, more stagnant conditions prevailed in the area,
sediments enhanced the formation of this inner lake and
local water depth decreased. The present wetland, with its
different morphological structure and vegetation
composition than in the past, may be a result of this depth
decrease and the increased nutrient input.
The wet meadows-marshes have been subjected to
considerable losses, as nearly 87% of them have been
drained and transformed to farmland. All the lost wetland
is within the irrigation/drainage network. Part of the old
wet meadows have been changed to barren-eroded land
which, by definition, includes the canals, dikes, ditches,
roads and other engineering features made after 1945.
The water area of the park has decreased since 1945, with
a comparable increase in the extent of reedbeds. The
earlier absence of reedbeds may be partially a result of
reed use by local people. Discussion with older people
revealed that, in the past, villagers used the reeds and
managed the reed ecosystem, in a way similar to
suggested modern management methods. During early
summer, they cut the new reeds and used them for animal
feed. In early fall, they cut the dry stems for heating,
cooking and construction material.
373
Divite povr{ini isto taka zna~itelno se
namalile od 1945 godina bidej}i bile pretvoreni
vo navodnuvani i nenavodnuvani zemjodelski
povr{ini. Najgolemi gubitoci se zabele`ani na
isto~nite niski delovi. Divoto zemji{te koe se
promenilo vo neplodna i erodirana zemja e
rezultat na intenzivno pasewe ili vklu~uvalo
kanali i drugi in`enerski konstrukcii.
Vo 1945 godina severniot del na Maloto
Prespansko Ezero imal mnogu pogolema otvorena
povr{ina otkolku sega, so samo mali delovi pod
trska blisku do bregot. Skore{noto pojavuvawe
na vnatre{no ezero, Vromolimni, opkru`eno so
pojas na zemja i gusta trska mo`e da e rezultat na
promenite koi se napraveni vrz koritoto na
potokot koj izvira vo alpskite severo-isto~ni
planini, a sega se vliva vo Golemoto Prespansko
Ezero. Vo 1945 ovoj potok be{e podelen na dva
dela vo blizina na Lemos. Eden del se vleva{e vo
Golemoto Prespansko Ezero, a glavnata pritoka
se vleva{e vo Maloto Ezero i pome|u dvata
potoka se formira{e delta. Ovoj potok nosel
golemi koli~ini na voda vo oblasta, osobeno za
vreme na topeweto na snegot i predizvikuval
zgolemuvawe na volumenot na lokalnata voda i na
dlabo~inata na Maloto Ezero. Vo isto vreme, ova
go spre~uvalo razvojot na trskata na severnata
obala. Po is~eznuvaweto na glavnata pritoka vo
oblasta preovladale stagnira~ki uslovi, a
sedimentite go zabrzale sozdavaweto na vnatre{noto ezero i namaluvaweto na dlabo~inata na
lokalnata voda. Postoe~koto blato, so poinakva
morfolo{ka struktura i sostav na vegetacijata
otkolku vo minatoto, mo`e da e rezultat na
namaluvaweto na dlabo~inata i zgolemeniot vnos
na hranlivi materii.
Blatnite livadi bile podlo`eni na zna~ajni zagubi, otkako 87% od niv bile isu{eni i
pretvoreni vo zemjodelski povr{ini. Celoto izgubeno blato e vo mre`ata za navodnuvawe/isu{uvawe. Del od starite blatni livadi e pretvoren
vo neplodno erodirano zemji{te koe, po definicija, gi vklu~uva kanalite, endecite, pati{tata i
drugi in`enerski gradbi napraveni po 1945
godina.
Vodnata oblast vo parkot e namalena od
1945 godina, so soodvetno zgolemuvawe na povr{inite pod trska. Prethodnoto otsustvo na trskata mo`e da se dol`i na nejzinoto koristewe od
strana na lokalnoto naselenie. Razgovorite so
postarite lu|e ni otkrija deka vo minatoto
lu|eto ja koristele i upravuvale so ekosistemot
na trskata, i toa na na~in, sli~en na sega{nite
predlo`eni metodi za upravuvawe. Vo rano leto
tie ja se~ele novata trska i ja koristele za
ishrana na `ivotnite. Vo rana esen gi se~ele
suvite delovi i gi koristele za zagrevawe,
gotvewe i kako grade`en materijal. Ogradite,
pokrivite i yidovite bile napraveni od trska.
Pokasno vo zima ja otsekuvale mrtvata trska i ja
palele spre~uvaj}i gniewe na organskiot materijal, a so toa obezbeduvale popovolni uslovi za
razmno`uvawe na ribite. Metodite koi vklu~uvaat se~ewe i upravuvawe so trskata ne se dozvoleni so proglasuvaweto na Nacionalniot park.
Zgolemuvaweto na neplodni-erodirani povr{ini (338%) vo isto~niot del na parkot od
1945 godina e impresivno i bara posebni ispituvawa. Erodiranata zemja, vo posledno vreme, e
rezultat na intenzivnoto pasewe i porane{nata
zemjodelska praktika. Intenzivnoto pasewe so
stoka na ju`nite strmni padini na isto~nite
planini predizvika zna~itelna erozija, koja e
potvrdena i na terenot. Nepravilnoto zemjodelie na strmite padini, napu{taweto na terasite
i proret~uvaweto na {umite kako i izgradbata
na mre`ata za navodnuvawe/isu{uvawe pridonesuvaat kon zgolemuvaweto na erodiranata po~va.
Promenite {to nastanaa vo urbanite oblasti na Prespa se dol`at na popolnoto napu{tawe na pet sela: Daseri, Agathogo i Pixios na zapadniot del i Krania i Opagia na isto~nata obala kade
zemji{teto se koristi kako divo zemji{te.
Zaklu~oci
Metodot razvien vo ovaa studija ja poka`uva vrednosta i efikasnosta na koristeweto na
posledovatelni vozdu{ni snimki vo upravuvaweto so `ivotnata sredina. Interpretiranite
fotografii so~inuvaat banka na podatoci za
minatite i sega{nite kategorii na iskoristuvawe/pokrivka na zemji{teto. Analizata na ovie
podatoci obezbeduva mo`nost za pregled na
minatoto, negova sporedba so sega{nosta, negovo
ocenuvawe i predlozi za idninata.
Analizata na fotografiite od 1945 godina
na Prespanskiot nacionalen park otkri interesni raboti koi ovozmo`uvaat podobro razbirawe
na sega{nitre ekolo{ki uslovi, nivnite pri~ini i predupreduvaat za vo idnina. ^ove~kite
aktivnosti kako {to se se~eweto, paseweto, obrabotuvaweto na strmnite padini toga{ bile
raspredeleni vrz celiot prespanski region, a
osobeno na visokite delovi, vo, i okolu selata.
Ovie aktivnosti se izveduvale na tradicionalen,
ekolo{ki opravdan na~in. Obemot na ovie
aktivnosti vo toa vreme bil razumen i bil vo
soglasnost so toga{nata populacija, koja
iznesuvala 6000 `iteli.
Fences in the farm plots, thatched roofs and building
walls were made of reeds. Later in the winter, they used
to burn the remaining dead stems and stubble in situ, preventing decomposition of the organic material, thus, creating improved habitat conditions for fish spawning.
Methods involving cutting or management of reeds have
not been allowed to be practiced in Prespa since the national park establishment.
The increase (338%) of barren-eroded land in the eastern
part of the park, since 1945, is quite impressive and merits special examination. The recently eroded land has
mainly resulted from overgrazing, and secondarily, from
past agricultural practices. Overgrazing by livestock on
the southern steep slopes of the eastern mountains has
caused considerable erosion, verified during the field
survey. Adverse agricultural practices on steep slopes,
abandonment of the terraces and uncontrolled clearcutting in the forests have also contributed to the overall
increase of eroded land, as has the construction of the
irrigation/drainage network.
The changes which occurred in the urban areas of Prespa
are due to the complete abandonment of five villages:
Daseri, Agathoto and Pixos on the western section and
Krania and Opagia on the eastern shores. Presently, there
are ruins of the old houses in these villages and the areas
are used as rangeland.
Conclusions
The methods developed in this study show the value and
efficiency of using sequential aerial photographs in environmental management. Interpreted airphotos constitute a
data bank of past and present land cover/uses. Analysis of
these data provide opportunities for reviewing the past,
comparing it with present conditions, evaluating it and
offering suggestions for the future.
Analysis of the 1945 aerial photographs of Prespa National Park revealed interesting findings which allow a
better understanding of the present ecological conditions,
their causes and provide important warning for the future.
Human activities-disturbances such as logging, grazing,
farming on steep slopes and terracing were then distributed over the whole area of Prespa, particularly on the
uplands, around and/or close to the villages. These activities seemed to have been practiced in a traditional
rather sustainable and ecologically-sound manner. The
extent of these activities seems compatible with the
population of the area at that time, which was over 6,000.
As long as terraces were maintained on the slopes, where
farming was practiced, soil erosion was prevented. However, the intensity of some of the land uses resulted in the
general deterioration of forest and other forms of vegetation. Rangeland was not yet overgrazed by livestock, except of sites close to the villages. Areas close to the lake
or within the wetland appeared in more natural condi-
tions, compared to present day. The wet meadows and
rangelands in the lowlands, which are a critical component of the National Park, were far more extensive and
undisturbed in 1945 than in 1984. These areas must have
provided high quality nesting and feeding habitats to the
waterbirds, fish, and other fauna during the breeding season.
Since the irrigation/drainage network was constructed,
there has been a general trend of concentrating land use
in the lowlands, close to the lake. Land which was previously marginal became the focal point of agricultural
activities. In this area, which happens to be in the nucleus
of the National Park, or close to it, land use activities are
continuously becoming more concentrated, mechanized
and more intensive. Modification of the natural environment is quite serious in certain cases, and current land
uses do not seem compatible with the objectives of the
National Park. One quarter of the park’s wet meadows
was transformed to agricultural land. The former ecotone
between reedbeds and cultivated lands disappeared and
farmland reached the edge of the reeds. Concentration of
agricultural activities close to or within the wetland is
eroding the soil and destroying the natural vegetation in
the nucleus of the park. Most important, it deprives the
area of its wildlife habitats, thus affecting negatively the
populations of endangered bird species. Present agricultural methods demand increased inputs of chemicals and
fertilizers which flow into the lake, with a consequent
impact on the water quality and its fisheries. On the other
hand, abandonment of terracing farming on the upland
slopes enhanced soil erosion tremendously, as terraces
were no more maintained and the land remained uncovered or it was grazed in the early successional stages of
its vegetation. This, along with erosion caused in the
lowlands, as a result of the irrigation methods applied, of
other unsustainable farming practices and the intensity of
agriculture, further promoted the problem.
As it presently stands, soil erosion has increased severely
over the whole National Park area, and it is a significant
factor which demands special care, particularly because it
provides an insight into the potential dangers of accelerating eutrophication of the lakes by the transport of sediments, nutrients and organic detritus, while it deprives the
land of its potential productivity. Speaking about the new
Balkan Transnational Park, I have evidence to believe
that soil erosion is the most threatening and alarming
trend that requires urgent soil conservation measures
throughout the spectrum of land uses and activities in the
three nations.
It is not too late for the new Park to save its unique resources. It is not too late to integrate conservation into all
its developing processes. Development in the whole park
area can and should occur in harmony with the environment, so that it conserves resources, respects the diversity
of natural and human cultures and employs technologies
that do not abuse natural systems.
Se dodeka se odr`uvale i se obrabotuvale
terasite na strmnite padini erozijata bila
spre~ena. Sepak, intenzivnoto iskoristuvawe na
nekoi zemji{ta dovelo do op{ta degradacija na
{umite i drugite formi na vegetacijata. Divoto
zemji{te ne bilo prekumerno paseno od stokata,
osven vo blizinata na selata. Oblastite blisku
do ezeroto ili vo vodenite stani{ta bile so
mnogu poprirodni uslovi vo sporedba so dene{nata sostojba. Blatnite livadi i divoto zemji{te
vo nizinite, koi se va`en del od dene{niot
Nacionalen park, bile mnogu pora{ireni i
neo{teteni vo 1945, otkolku vo 1984 godina. Ovie
oblasti obezbeduvale `iveali{ta za gnezdewe i
hranewe na vodnite ptici, ribite, i druga fauna
za vreme na periodot na razmno`uvawe.
Po izgradbata na sistemot za navodnuvawe/
isu{uvawe, iskoristuvaweto na zemji{teto se
premesti vo nizinata, blisku do ezeroto. Zemji{teto koe imalo sporedna uloga, se najde vo centarot na zemjodelskite aktivnosti. Vo ovaa
oblast koja e jadroto na Nacionalniot park, ili
e blisku do nego, aktivnostite za iskoristuvawe
na zemji{teto postojano se zgolemuvaat, mehaniziraat i se pove}e se koncentriraat. Promenite
na prirodnata sredina se mnogu seriozni vo
nekoi slu~ai, a momentalnoto iskoristuvawe na
zemji{teto ne e vo soglasnost so celite na
Parkot. Edna ~etvrtina od vla`nite livadi vo
Parkot se pretvoreni vo obrabotlivo zemji{te.
Postoe~kiot pojas pome|u farmite i trskata e
is~eznat i sega obrabotlivoto zemji{te se
protega se do kraevite na rasprostranuvaweto na
trskata. Koncentriranite zemjodelski aktivnosti vo ili blisku do vodenite stani{ta ja erodira
po~vata i ja uni{tuva prirodnata vegetacija vo
jadroto na Parkot. [to e u{te pova`no, ja
osiroma{uva oblasta so prirodni stani{ta, a so
toa ima negativno vlijanie vrz populaciite na
retkite i zagrozeni vidovi na ptici. Sega{nite
zemjodelski metodi imaat potreba od zgolemen
vnos na hemikalii i |ubriva koi se ispiraat vo
ezerata, i imaat negativno vlijanie vrz kvalitetot na vodata i ribnicite. Na druga strana,
napu{taweto na terasite na padinite ja zgolemi
erozijata. Po~vata ostana ili celosno nepokriena ili vegetacijata koja se pojavi be{e ispasena u{te vo ranite fazi na nejzinoto rastewe.
Ova, zaedno so erozijata vo nizinata i neodr`livite zemjodelski tehniki u{te pove}e go
prodlabo~i problemot.
Kako {to izgledaat rabotite vo momentov,
erozijata se ima pro{ireno niz celiot Nacionalen park, i pretstavuva zna~aen faktor na koj
treba mnogu da se vnimava bidej}i mo`e da gi
zgolemi opasnostite od potencijalnoto eutrofizirawe na ezeroto. Erozijata gi prenesuva
sedimentite, hranlivite materii i organskite
otpadoci vo Ezeroto, a vo isto vreme ja namaluva
potencijalnata produktivnost na po~vata. Zboruvaj}i za noviot balkanski park, spored mojata
evidencija, erozijata e najzagri`uva~kiot i
najalarmantniot trend koj bara itni merki za
za~uvuvawe vo na~inot na upotreba na zemji{teto i aktivnostite vo trite zemji.
Ne e premnogu docna da se spasat resursite
na noviot Park. Ne e predocna da se integrira
za~uvuvaweto vo site razvojni procesi. Razvojot
na celata oblast na Parkot treba i mo`e da bide
vo harmonija so `ivotnata sredina, na na~in koj
go po~ituva diverzitetot na prirodni i ~ove~ki
kulturi i }e koristi tehnologii koi ne gi
zloupotrebuvaat prirodnite sistemi.
“Prespa mo`e da ima mnogu pozna~ajna
uloga otkolku da bide samo Muzej na prirodata.
Taa mo`e da bide osnova na koja lu|eto }e
nau~at kako podobro da ja razbiraat i odr`uvaat biosferata. Mo`e da bide upotrebena
kako primer za obezbeduvawe na pozdrava osnova
za nosewe
odluki koi bi pridonele za
ekorazvojot” (Pyrovetsi 1984).
“Prespa can play a much larger role than just being a
museum of nature. It can provide the basis from which
people can learn to better understand and maintain the
biosphere. It can be used as a pattern for providing a
sounder basis for the decision-making toward
ecodevelopment” (Pyrovetsi 1984).
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(Egretta garzetta) in response to habitat, at two
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Dimalexis, A., Pyrovetsi, M. &. Babalonas, D. (1999).
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Mikri and Megali Prespa. Geotechnical Scientific
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Karteris, M. & Pyrovetsi, M. (1986). Land cover/use
Analysis of Prespa National Park, Greece.
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University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA, VIII +
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Netherlands, ix+241.
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in Macedonia, Greece. Environmental Conservation
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35-42.
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Cover/Use Changes in Prespa National Park,
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173-183.
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A., Kastro, E. P. & Komninos, N. (1984). Integrated
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377
Biolo{ka raznovidnost na ohridsko-prespanskoto podra~je kako osnova
za proglasuvawe na za{titen transgrani~en region
Rade RIZOVSKI1, Qup~o GRUP^E2 i Jasmina RIZOVSKA-ATANASOVSKA1
1
[umarski fakultet, Skopje
Makedonsko ekolo{ko dru{tvo, Skopje
2
Apstrakt
Daden e pregled na osnovnite motivi poradi koi se proglaseni nacionalnite parkovi vo ohridsko-prespanskiot
region Pelister i Gali~ica. Kratok osvrt e daden i za ezeroto i rezervatot Ezerani. Zaklu~eno e deka ovoj region
gi ima site neophodni karakteristiki da stane transgrani~en za{titen region so {to se obezbeduva ne samo
racionalno koristewe na prirodnite resursi, tuku i odr`liv razvoj na regionot.
Voved
Ohridsko-prespanskiot region se odlikuva
so golem broj pretstavnici na reliktna flora i
fauna koi vodat poteklo od tercierniot,
diluvijalniot i postdiluvijalniot period.
Posebno e zna~ajna zastapenosta na golem broj
endemi~ni vidovi, karakteristi~ni za ju`nite i
zapadnite delovi na Balkanskiot Poluostrov.
Spored Matevski i Kostadinovski (1996) svojot
locus classicus go imaat 13 vidovi rastenija na
Pelister i isto tolku na Gali~ica. Sekako, toj
broj bi se zgolemil dokolku se zemat vo predvid
teritoriite na Republika Grcija i Republika
Albanija koi pripa|aat na ovoj region. Pokraj
toa, ovde se sre}avaat vidovi rastenija koi ja
dostignuvaat svojata ju`na granica na arealot, no
i takvi koi ja dostignuvaat svojata severna ili
zapadna granica.
Nesomneno pri~inite za ovie pojavi se
nao|aat vo geografskata polo`ba i golemoto
raznoobrazie na orografskite, klimatskite, hidrolo{kite i po~venite uslovi, kako i dolgotrajniot istoriski razvoj na florata i faunata.
So cel da se so~uvaat florata i faunata kako i
nivnite `iveali{ta, denes vo Republika Makedonija postojat nekolku za{titeni prostori: dva
nacionalni parka, Pelister i Gali~ica, rezervatot Ezerani kraj bregot na Prespanskoto Ezero
vnesen vo Ramsar spisokot, i Ohridskoto Ezero
zaedno so gradot Ohrid, koe se nao|a vo spisokot
na za{titeni prirodni retkosti od strana na
UNESKO vo Pariz. Vo Republika Grcija isto
taka e proglasen eden nacionalen park, Mikra
Prespa, a vo Republika Albanija vo poslednite
godini, so aktivnosti na EURONATUR e formi-
378
ran nacionalniot park Prespa.
Ovoj prostor vo po{irokiot region, okolu
trome|eto pome|u Republikite Makedonija,
Grcija i Albanija, be{e predmet na rasprava na
dva simpoziumi, prviot, Balkanska Konferencija za nacionalni parkovi i nivnata uloga vo
za{titata na biodiverzitetot na Balkanskiot
Poluostrov odr`an vo Ohrid 1996 god. i vtoriot
simpozium″Towards Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development of Transboundary Macro and
Micro Prespa Lakes″, odr`an vo Kor~a Albanija
1997. Na prviot simpozium Q. Grup~e se zalo`i
za transgrani~na za{tita na ovoj region, dodeka
na vtoriot, R. Rizovski i dr. podnesoa fitocenolo{ka karta za makedonskata teritorija na
ovoj region koja treba da poslu`i kako osnova za
kartirawe na vegetacijata i vo sosednite dr`avi
i ponatamu da bide dokument od kogo }e
proizlezat i drugi dokumenti za transgrani~nata
za{tita na regionot. Na ovoj plan na 2.II.2000
godina, premierite na trite Republiki: Makedonija, Grcija i Albanija potpi{aa deklaracija
za proglasuvawe na ovoj region za za{titen. So
toa za na{e golemo zadovolstvo, ve}e ne postojat
pre~ki za organizirawe i realizacija na transgrani~nata za{tita na prespanskiot region. Toa
zna~i i prespanskoto podra~je isto kako i
ohridskoto da se vklu~i vo spisokot na UNESKO
kako za{titena prirodna retkost.
Dozvolete nakratko da se osvrneme na glavnite karakteristiki na regionot i na nacionalnite parkovi vo makedonskiot del na regionot, za
da mo`e da se razvie rasprava za idnoto organizirawe na transgrani~nata za{tita na regionot.
Biodiversity of the district Ohrid-Prespa as a base for recognition of protected
transboundary region
Rade RIZOVSKI1, Ljupcho GRUPCHE2 & JASMINA RIZOVSKA-ATANASOVSKA1
1
2
Faculty of Forestry, Skopje
Macedonian Ecological Society, Skopje
Abstract
A review of the main reasons for proclamation of the national parks in Ohrid-Prespa region (Galichica and Pelister) is given. A short
discussion about the lake and reserve Ezerani is included, as well. Final conclusion is that this region has all the necessary
characteristics to be established and transboundary protected area, thus providing conditions for rational use of natural resources and
sustainable development of the region.
Introduction
Considering it’s historical past as well as the variety of
orographic and ecological conditions, the Balkan region
have rich and various flora, fauna and vegetation. Many
different flora elements crossed here in this region, and
some species reached the border of their spreadness (Micevski 1982). The represents of the relict flora there, led
their origin from the old Tercier, Pliocene and glacial
period.
These varieties were found in the region Ohrid-Prespa,
which is at the border of three countries: Macedonia,
Greece and Albania. In the Republic of Macedonia in this
region, there are two national parks: Pelister and Galicica,
the reservation Ezerani on the Prespa coast, that together
with the city of Ohrid is on the list of protected natural
rarities of UNESCO in Paris. National parks were proclamed at the neighbour countries in this region too, Micra Prespa in Republic of Greece (1974), and Prespa in
Republic of Albania (the last one was proclaimed with
the activities of Euronature). According to Matevski and
Kostadinovski (1996) on this area there are 13 species
whose locus classicus is located in Pelister. In the national park of Galicica there are also 13 taxons lokus
classicus in the park, but there are similar taxons on
Greek and Albanian territory too.
These area (the south-west part of the Balkan) on junction
of three borders between the Republics of Macedonia,
Greece and Albania, was theme of the Balkan conference
for National parks and their part in protection of biodiversity of the Balkan, held in Ohrid 1996. At the symposium
″Towards Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development of Transboundary Macro and Micro Prespa
Lake″ held in Korca 1997 Albania, this problem was emphasized by Grupce (1996) as possible example for
Transboundary protection. With all our respect, we support the initiation for protection of this region signed in a
form of declaration from the Prime ministers of the three
countries, Macedonia, Greece and Albania. Of course, we
have to realize the project for Transboundary protection
on Prespa region. These is a chance that this area together
with already protected Ohrid region, be included on the
list of UNESCO as protected natural rarity.
On symposium held in Korca 1997, we turned on vegetation in Prespa region, but there were no phytocoenology
review cards for Greece and Albania, Rizovski et al.
(1997). The signed declaration will enable the card to be
filled and it will be an argument in preparing documents
for protection of the region. Now we’ll turn on the main
characteristics of the National parks, as a base for their
proclamation for Transboundary region.
Short Physical-Geographical Characteristics of
the Region Ohrid-Prespa
Ohrid-Prespa region has taken wide area around the boundaries of the three Republics: Macedonia, Greece and
Albania. This area is surrounded with the mountains Baba
and Galicica which are separated by the lake Prespa.
The mountain massif Baba is spreading north-south,
between Pelagonia and Prespa basin. South, in Greece, it
starts with 600m. a.s.l., steep to 2000m. and climbs to the
peak Musa (2351m.), Pelister (2601m.) and north it goes
to the peak Vrteska (2010m.).
The mountain massif Galicica has meridian spreading. It
starts in Albania at about 900 m. a.s.l. and climbs over
2000 m. continuing to the peak Magara 2275 m. on the
border between R. Macedonia and R. Albania. From the
peak massif lowers down to 1600 m. into the saddle
Poljce. There is a plateau between 1600-1700 m. on
which karst phenomenons were created: karst fields,
valleys and enormous number of depressions. From this
plateau, towards Prespa and Ohrid ravines, it steep slopes
lower down with wide rocky terrains.
Osnovni fizi~ko-geografski karakteristiki na ohridsko-prespanskiot region
Ohridsko-prespanskiot region se nao|a vo
jugozapadniot del na Balkanskiot Poluostrov, na
po{irokata okolina okolu trome|eto na granicite me|u Republikite Makedonija, Grcija i Albanija. Ovoj prostor gi opfa}a planinskite masivi Baba i Gali~ica, kako i Prespanskoto Ezero {to gi razdeluva niv.
Planinskiot masiv Baba se protega vo
pravec sever-jug me|u pelagoniskata i prespanskata kotlina. Na jug vo Grcija toj po~nuva od 600
m.n.v. i naglo se iska~uva do nad 2000 m.n.v. Po
istata visina potoa prodol`uva kon sever do
najvisokite vrvovi Muza (2351 m) i Pelister
(2601 m), i zavr{uva so vrvot Vrte{ka (2010 m).
Kako isto~nite taka i zapadnite padini mnogu
strmno se spu{taat kon pelagoniskata ramnina
(600 m) i prespanskoto ezero (853 m). Terenot e
silno izbrazden so dlaboki reki i obrasnat so
{umi. Isto~nite padini pod najvisokite vrvovi
go so~inuvaat nacionalniot park Pelister.
Planinskiot masiv Gali~ica isto taka ima
meridijansko protegawe. Na jug zapo~nuva vo Albanija na okolu 900 m.n.v. i nabrzo se iska~uva
nad 2000 m.n.v. Potoa po taa viso~ina grebenot
prodol`uva kon sever do najvisokiot vrv Magara
(2275 m) koj se nao|a na samata granica me|u
Makedonija i Albanija. Od vrvot terenot naglo
se spu{ta na preslapot Poqce (1600 m).
Od ovoj preslap kon sever se {iri edno
prostrano branovidno plato me|u 1600 i 1700 m. n.
v., a samo poedini vrvovi se izdigaat nad 2000 m.
n. v. Ova plato go karakteriziraat golem broj
karstni fenomeni: karstni poliwa, slepi
dolini, ogromen broj vrta~i i dr.
Padinite na Gali~ica kako kon prespanskata, taka i kon ohridskata kotlina mnogu
strmno se spu{taat do 853 m.n.v. do Prespanskoto
Ezero i 695 m do Ohridskoto Ezero. Toa se predeli na prostrani kamewari, obrasnati so retka,
niska {uma. Makedonskiot del od Gali~ica e
proglasen za nacionalen park-Gali~ica.
Prespanskoto Ezero isto kako i Ohridskoto i Mali~koto Ezero, pripa|a na grupata
desaretski ezera koi nastanale po tektonski pat
so spu{tawe na kotlinite kon krajot na pliocenot i po~etokot na pleistocenot.
Socijalno-ekonomski uslovi
Ohridsko-Prespanskiot region se odlikuva so obilno sonce, ~ist vozduh i voda, {umi,
pasi{ta i plodni poliwa. Od nego preku ezerata
se {irat vidici do visokite planinski venci i
izvi{enite vrvovi. Vakvite pogodnosti uslovile
ovie predeli da bidat naseleni u{te od drevnite
narodi. Tuka i podocne`nite civilizacii
ostavile svoi vidlivi tragi: freski, tvrdini,
verski objekti i arhitektura. Vidlivi se i
tragite na pati{tata koi gi povrzuvale ovie
regioni so zapadniot i isto~niot Mediteran,
Mala Azija i Bliskiot Istok. Zatoa ovoj
prostor stanal kulturno sredi{te od kogo
pismenosta i kulturata se {irele daleku vo
Evropa. Sveti Klimentovata {kola vo Ohrid (X
vek) pretstavuva prv slovenski obrazoven centar
na ovie prostori.
Vo vakva konstelacija na socioekonomski
uslovi, nau~nata javnost na Evropa i Balkanskite prostori poka`uva interes za negovo zapoznavawe. Prvite napisi za florata se pojavile vo
sredinata na 19 vek i preku niv se zgolemil
interesot za zapoznavawe na istata, a potoa i se
zgolemil i interesot za faunata, geomorfologijata i tektonikata na ovie prostori.
Po Vtorata Svetska Vojna so razvojot na
stopanstvoto, turizmot i posebno so rastot na
gradovite, nastanuvaat procesi koi go zgolemuvaat prometot na materii vo regionot, kako rezultat na {to se pojavuvaat negativni vlijanija,
osobeno vo prirodnite ezera kako vodeni ekosistemi. Za da se za{titat najsodr`ajnite prostori
i objekti ne samo za rekreativno-turisti~ki celi, tuku i za nau~no-istra`uva~ki dejnosti i vospitno obrazovni potrebi, tie se proglaseni za
nacionalni parkovi i rezervati.
Nacionalen park Pelister
Proglasen e za nacionalen park 1948 god.
na povr{ina 10.400 ha. na severniot del od
masivot Baba okolu najvisokiot vrv Pelister
2601 m.n.v., Muza, 2351 m.n.v. i Vrte{ka 2010 m.n.v.
Nacionalniot park me|u 1000 i 1500 m.n.v. zafa}a
povr{ina od 3500 ha., me|u 1500 i 2000 m.n.v. 4000
ha, me|u 2000 i 2500 m.n.v. 2450 ha., a nad 2500
m.n.v., 50 ha. Srednata viso~ina na planinata vo
granicite na parkot iznesuva 1800 m.n.v. Ottuka
se gleda deka ovaa planina e najvisoka vo Zapadna
Makedonija i spa|a vo visokite planini na
Balkanskiot Poluostrov.
Vo geolo{ki pogled Pelister e posebno
interesen. Ovde najmnogu se rasprostraneti paleozojski steni, gnajsevi i filiti, so intruzii na
graniti. Pomalku se zastapeni zeleni {krilci i
gabro. Nad 2000 m.n.v. po golemite strmnini se
rasprostraneti kamewari so blokovi karpi i
kamewa, koi se ispreturani vo site pravci.
Prespa Lake (big and small) is residue from the old Desaret Lake that with the development of subterranean
flew is divided with sandy isthmus from the little Prespa
Lake. From the three Desaret Lakes, now there are Ohrid
and Prespa Lakes, and the Malicko Lake which doesn’t
exist today. From hydrological aspect, it is a spring of a
big waterrun of Crn Drim. In biodiversity way, two lakes
have endemic species especially Ohrid Lake.
Social Economic Conditions
Ohrid-Prespa region is characterized with lots of sun,
clean air and water, forests, meadows and fertile fields,
and there are nice view over the lakes to the high mountain peaks. Because of that, this region was settled long
time ago by the ancient people, that later with the other
civilization in this region left various frescoes, fortresses,
old churches and architecture. There also can be found
old roads, which connected this region with east and west
Mediteran, Minor Asia and Orient. In that time (X century) Kliment’s school was the first Slovene educational
center in this area. That’s why this region become cultural center for the countries around and for the European
ones too.
In these constellation of socioeconomic conditions, the
scientific public in Europe and Balkan region, showed
interest for it. The first documents for the flora showed up
in the middle of the 19 century and than was the interest
for the fauna, geomorphology and tectonity of the region.
After the Second World War, with the development of
the society, tourism, as well as the spreadness and growth
of the cities, there were processes which made people live
better, but inspite of them, this development showed bad
ones too. This especially considers the lakes as water
ecosystems. To protect them, not only for recreate
tourisme, but also for science and educational needs, they
were declared as national parks and reservations.
National Park Pelister
It was proclaimed for National park in 1948 with 10.400
ha. on the north side of the massif Baba, around the highest peak Pelister (2601m.a.s.l.), Musa (2351m.a.s.l.) and
Vrteska (2010m.a.s.l.). The National park between 1000
and 1500m. a.s.l. is 3500 ha, between 1500m. and
2000m.a.s.l. 4000 ha, between 2000 and 2500m.a.s.l.
2450 ha. and over 2500m.a.s.l., 50ha. The middle high of
the park is 1800m. a.s.l.
Geologically, Pelister is especially interesting. There are
many Paleozoic rocks, gneiss and filits (with granite), and
there are less gabbro and green shales. On big slopes,
over 2000 m.a.s.l. there is rocky terrain with blocks and
rocks, in every way. Over 2200 m.a.s.l. there are 4 cirques created by the little virm glaciation, settled on the
south border. They are on the north exposition; two of
them are blocked with moraine sediments creating two
glacial lakes, the big and the small Pelister lake.
From the vegetation there, it’s slopes in Greece and in
Prespa region, we can say that the climate there is cold
and moist. On the south slopes of Baba, the rain comes
from the Adriatic Sea. That’s why Pelister is rich with
mountain rivers, springs and there is snow even in summer (on higher parts of the mountain).
Many plant species can be found there, because of these
ecological conditions. They took attention of many florists, phytogeographics and phytocoenolosists. First
among all of them was the German phitogeographer
Grisebach who worked there in 1841 and 1844, and who
discovered Pinus peuce, molika. Later E. Formanek, J.
Bornmuller, N. Kosanin and others publicized their
works connected with this region. In recent times there
are the works of I. Hornet, H. Em, K. Micevski and A.
Todorovski.
The main motive for proclamation these area as a National park is the protection of the endemic-relict specie
molika (Pinus peuce) on it’s primary habitats, and then
protection of the endemic and relict plant species. From
the endemic species there are Dainties myrtinervius,
Festuca kaimakcalana, Viola eximia, Crocus pelistericus,
Pedicularis limnogena, etc. Also there are Balkan endems
like: Acer heldreichii, Lonicera formanekiana, Silene
asterias, Digitalis viridiflora, Knautia macedonica, Lilium
albanicum, etc.
The most interesting are glacial relicts which reach their
south border on this massif: Carex curvula, Carex foetida,
Elina bellardii, Trolium europeus, Vaccinium uliginosum,
and some of these are going in Greece: Juncus trifidus,
Gnaphalium supinum, Polygonum bistorta. Also the important thing for Pelister is that there is the last deposit of
the Carpatian specie Bruckentalia spiculifolia, which can
not be found nor east or west.
The vegetation of Pelister was detally investigated by I.
Horvat, H. Em and others. There are 8 forest associations
and 13 grass phytocoenosis. From them you can find only
at Pelister: as. Gentiano luteae-Pinetum peucis Em, as.
Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peucis Em, as. CoccineoAlnetum glutinosae Em, Diantho myrtinervii-Festucetum
Ht. and Knautio-Calamagrostidetum Ht.
As. Gentiano luteae-Pinetum peucis has his primary
habitats in the rocky areas in subalpine region between
1600 and 2100m.a.s.l. and it spreads from there to the
bare mountainous terrain in beech-fir region forming secondary as. Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peucis. Today
molika is expansive specie which conquers the bare terrains in oak region, but on Prespa side it can not be
found, and nor as. Junipero-Bruckenthalietum Ht.
Nad 2200 m.n.v. se nao|aat 4 cirkovi nastanati so slaba virmska glacijacija, koja bila
na ju`nata granica. Tie se so severna ekspozicija, a dvata od niv se pregradeni so morenski
sedimenti i gi formirale dvete glacijalni
ezera, Golemoto i Maloto Pelistersko Ezero.
Vrz osnova na vegetaciskite karakteristiki na nacionalniot park Pelister, mo`e da
se konstatira deka vo parkot vladee studena i
vla`na klima. Do`dovite koi doa|aat od Jadranskoto More najmnogu pa|aat na prostorot na
nacionalniot park, zatoa Pelister e bogat so
planinski reki, potoci i izvori, a vo letniot
period na povisokite mesta se zadr`uva i sneg.
Vo vakvi ekolo{ki uslovi, svoi mestorastewa na ovoj prostor na{le golem broj
vidovi rastenija. Tie go privlekle vnimanieto
na golem broj floristi, fitogeografi i fitocenolozi. Prv me|u niv bil germanskiot fitogeograf A. Grisebach koj so svoite dela od 1841 i
1844 god. go svrtel vnimanieto na nau~nata
javnost. Toj ja otkril molikata Pinus peuce. Podocna, svoi rezultati publicirale E. Formanek
(revidiral C. Vandas 1909), J. Bornmuller, N.
Kosanin i dr., a vo ponovo vreme I. Horvat, H. Em,
K. Micevski, A. Todorovski i dr.
Glavniot motiv za proglasuvawe na ovoj
prostor za nacionalen park pretstavuva za{titata na endemo-reliktniot bor molika (Pinus
peuce) i negovite primarni mestorastewa, a isto taka i za{titata na drugite endemski i reliktni rastitelni vidovi. Od lokalnite endemi treba da gi spomeneme: Dianthus myrtinervius,
Festuca kaimakcalana, Viola eximia, Crocus pelistericus, Pedicularis limnogena. Tuka se sre}avaat i
Balkanskite endemi: Acer heldreichii, Lonicera
formanekiana, Silene asterias, Digitalis viridiflora,
Knautia macedonica, Lilium albanicum.
Sekako najinteresni se glacijalnite relikti, koi na ovoj masiv ja dostignuvaat svojata
ju`na granica na arealot: Carex curvula, Carex
foetida, Elina bellardii, Trolium europeus, Vaccinium
uliginosum, a od tie relikti nekoi prodol`uvaat
i vo Grcija: Juncus trifidus, Gnaphalium supinum,
Polygonum bistorta. Za Pelister e zna~ajno i toa
{to tamu se nao|a poslednoto nao|ali{te na
karpatskiot vid Bruckenthalia spiculifolia koj ne se
sre}ava nitu kon jug nitu kon zapad.
Vegetacijata na Pelister detalno ja
istra`uvale I. Horvat, H. Em, S. Xekov, R. Rizovski i dr. Konstatirani se 8 {umski zaednici
i 13 trevni zaednici. Od niv samo na Pelister
se sre}avaat: as. Gentiano luteae-Pinetum peucis Em,
as. Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peucis Em, as. Coccineo –Alnetum glutinosae Em, Diantho myrtinerviiFestucetum Ht. Knautio-Calamagrostidetum Ht.
382
As. Gentiano luteae-Pinetum peucis ima svoi
primarni stani{ta vo karpestite predeli vo
subalpskiot pojas me|u 1600 i 2100 m.n.v.
Ottamu borot se {iri po golinite vo bukovoeloviot pojas formiraj}i sekundarna asocijacija Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peucis. Denes
molikata e silno ekspanziven vid, koj gi osvojuva i golinite vo daboviot pojas, no na prespanskata strana ne se sre}ava isto kako {to nema
ni Bruckenthalia spiculifolia.
Nacionalen park Gali~ica
Nacionalniot park Gali~ica se nao|a
na planinata Gali~ica koja se izdiga me|u
Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto ezero. Za nacionalen park e proglasen 1958 god. na povr{ina od
22.760 ha. Masivot e podelen na Stara Gali~ica
i Mala Gali~ica. Starata zapo~nuva vo Albanija i doa|a se do prevojot Poqce. Mala
Gali~ica zapo~nuva od Poqce i na sever
prodol`uva do Petrinska Planina.
Geolo{kata podloga na Gali~ica ja
~inat trijaski varovnici, serpentini i paleozojski {krilci i argilo{isti. Najrasprostraneti se trijaskite varovnici koi vlijaat na
fizionomijata na celiot predel. Tie se javuvaat vo tri faciesi. Najmnogu se rasprostraneti bankoviti i masivni varovnici, koi lesno
se rastvoraat od do`dovnata voda, pa se formiraat kra{ki poliwa, slepi dolini i vrta~i, a
na strmnite padini {krapi i kamewari. Preku
niv do`dovite lesno se cedat. Drugiot facies e
pretstaven od konglomerati i peso~nici sostaveni od varovnik, kvarc, filit, argilo{ist,
granit i dr. Tretiot facies e pretstaven od
plo~esti varovnici, koi se istalo`ile nad
serpentinite. Serpentinite zafa}aat pomali
podra~ja, a se nastanati so podvodna erupcija na
ultra bazi~na magma pred sredniot trijas, znatno porano pred talo`eweto na varovnicite. Vo
podno`jeto na Gali~ica nad Prespanskoto
Ezero, se zastapeni paleozojskite {krilci i
argilo{isti. Istite se pojavuvaat i na Mala
Gali~ica (Asan|ura 1600 m.n.v.), pome|u
nepregledno golemite prostranstva na varovnici. Zna~ajna e i pojavata na pliocenski slatkovodni sedimenti, koi na prespanskata strana se
sre}avaat kaj s. Leskoec i s. Stewe i na
Ohridskata strana kaj s. Qubani{ta i Sv.
Naum. Na ovoj masiv se sre}avaat i nevrzani
sedimenti (nad s. Trpejca) koi poteknuvaat od
morenski nanosi kaj prevojot Poqce.
National Park Galicica
This National park is on the mountain Galicica, between
Ohrid and Prespa Lake. It is proclaimed for National Park
in 1958 with 22760 ha. The massif is divided on Stara
Galicica and Mala Galicica. Stara Galicica starts in Albania and come to the bend of Poljce and Mala Galicica
starts with Poljce and goes north to Petrinska Mountain.
Geologically, Galicica is build up of Trias carbonates,
serpentines and Paleozoic shiests and argyloshiests. The
most spread carbonates are from period of Tries, and they
have influenced the physiognomy of the whole region.
They appear in three facieses. In the first facies there are
the most compact and massif calcareus rocks, which
could be dissolved by the rain and that created: karst
fields, valleys, depressions, and rocky terrains on steep
slopes. The second facies is presented by conglomerates
and sandy-soils which are assembled by quartz, filits,
argyloshiests etc. In the third facies there are blocks of
carbonates settled over the serpentines, which take
smaller parts of the region. They are made of underwater
eruption of ultra basic magma before the settling of the
carbonates. In the foothill of Galicica over the Prespa
Lake, there are Paleozoic shales and argyloshiests. They
appear to be in Mala Galicica (Asangura) too, between
the big places of carbonates. The appearance of Pliocene
water sediments, which can be found near the villages of
Leskoec and Stenje, and also at Ohrid’s side near the village of Ljubanista and St. Naum, are important here. On
this massif there are non-allied sediments which take
their places from moraine silts of the saddle Poljce.
We can say something about the origin of the massif
Galicica. It is important that in this region in the middle
Tries there was a sea, and there were settled carbonates.
At the end of the middle Tries with the oldkimerey pleat
was made anticline Crn Drim-Ohrid Lake and at the same
time Galicica upraise as synclinorium. At the end of Pliocene and the begining of Pleistocene, the Ohrid and Prespa ravine and the lakes lower down, which lasts even
today.
At the north slope of Galicica there are two depressions
from the deluvium known as Mal and Golem Kotel. Golem Kotel is between 2000 to 2100m.a.s.l., and Mal Kotel
between 1800-2000m.a.s.l.
The strong erosion of the massif in the Virm glaciation,
provoke the creation of young, undeveloped soils from
the type calcomelanosol, and on the lower flat terrains,
calcocambisol. The developing series of the soils, from
litogen organogens over koluvial organogens and koluvial organomineral stadiums on carbonate dolomite
melanosoles, over the most developed stadium of calcocambisol, have conditioned the development of the various types of vegetation.
According to the vegetation indications, there are many
differences in the climate of Ohrid coast and the one on
higher slopes, and the climate of Gorna and Dolna Pre-
spa. At the Ohrid’s side between village Trpeica and St.
Naum, there are numerous representatives from eumediteranean flora. These are kseroterm relicts that survived because of the warm carbonate base, the breaching
of the Mediterranean warm mass over the valley of river
Scumba and the higher atmosphere moistness.
There is almost no eu-mediteranean flora on Gorna Prespa, which is divided of Precna Mountain, while in Dolna
Prespa like in Mala Prespa, there are eu-mediteranean
species, but in limited number.
Many florists have given their contribution for floristic
knowledge of the massif Galicica, like: Grisebach, Formanek, Vandals, Haiku, Kosanin, Soaks, Cernjevski,
Horvat, Em, Micevski, Todorovski etc.
Here we’ll consider some more important flora elements
that make specific this mountain massif. Local endems
there are: Crocus cvijicii, Helichrisym zivojinii, Centaurea soskae, Astragalus mayeri, Nepeta mayeri, Alyssum
galicicae etc. Greek and greek-littleasian elements:
Rindera graeca, Acantholimon echinus, Prunus
prostrata, Lilium heldreichii, Aesculus hippocastanum,
Celtis glabrata, Prunus webbii, Juniperus excelsa,
Juniperus foetidissima, and Podocytissus caramanicus.
Ilirian flora elements and some species which connected
the flora of the Apennine Peninsula and the Alps are:
Rhombus flax, Rhombus rupestris, Cytisanthus radiatus,
Laburnum
alpinum,
Berberis
croatica,
Pinus
leucodermis, Quercus trojana, Ribes multiflorum, Drypis
spinosa, Lilium carniolicum, Potentila speciosa, Sesleria
automnale, Sesleria tenuifolia, Acer obtusatum etc.
Eu-mediteranean flora elements are: Phyllirea media,
Jasminum fruticans, Ruscus aculeatus, Asparagus acutifolius, Clematis flammula, Clematis viticela, Ephedra
major var. nebrodensis, Ephedra fragilis var. campilopoda, Lilium candidum, Convolvulus elegantissimus,
Corydalis ochroleucus etc. If we ad to this list the species
with wider spreadness, we can say that Galicica is natural
botanical garden in which every specie have found it’s
habitat.
In phytocoenologic way of investigation the vegetation in
Galicica, it can be said that there are big number of phytocoenosis. Till now there were found 19 plant associations, 9 grass associations and 2 phytocoenosis on cracks
of the rocks. This number does not consider the phytocoenosis in lakes and swamp terrains. The biggest number of phytocoenosis is orograph-edaph conditioned.
Some of them are Quercus trojana, Juniperus excelsa,
Juniperus foetidissima, Ostrya carpinifolia and Quercus
cerris. In Ohrid’s side of Galicica, Dolna and Mala Prespa, there are phytocoenosis of Quercus pubescens and
Carpinus orientalis: as. Querco-Carpinetum orientalis.
The association as. Seslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Ht. can be found only at Ohrid’s side of the
massif. Phytocoenosis of the fir (Abies borisii-regis)
comes to the north slopes of Stara Galicica.
Za postanokot na masivot Gali~ica zna~ajno e {to ovoj prostor vo sredniot trijas pretstavuval more vo koe se talo`ele varovnici, a kon
krajot na sredniot trijas so starokimerejskite
nabirawa nastanala antiklinalata Crn DrimOhridsko Ezero, a istovremeno se izdignala Gali~ica kako sinklinorium. Kon krajot na pliocenot i po~etokot na pleistocenot doa|a do
spu{tawe na Ohridskata i Prespanskata kotlina
i pojava na ezerata. Toa spu{tawe trae i denes.
Na severnata padina na stara Gali~ica
konstatirani se dva cirka od diluvijalniot period poznati kako Golem i Mal Kotel. Golemiot
Kotel se nao|a me|u 2000 i 2100 m.n.v., a maliot
kotel me|u 1800 i 2000 m.n.v. Ovie dva gle~era
imaat zaedni~ki valov po koj se natalo`ile
morenski nanosi na prevojot Poqce.
Silnata erozija na ovoj masiv vo tekot na
virmskata glacijacija predizvikalo ogoluvawe
na stenite i uslovile sozdavawe na mladi nerazvieni po~vi od tipot na varovi~no-dolomitni
crnici, a na poniskite zaramneti tereni, kafeavi po~vi na varovnik. Razvojnata serija na po~vite od litogeni organogeni, preku koluvijalno
organogeni i koluvijalno organomineralni stadiumi vrz varovi~no-dolomitni crnici, pa se do
najrazvieniot stadium na kafejavi po~vi vrz varovnik, uslovile razvoj na razni tipovi vegetacija koja i ponatamu se diferencira vo zna~itelna merka vo zavisnost od klimata.
Spored vegetaciskite indikacii vo klimata se zabele`uvaat jasni razliki pome|u klimata
na ohridskoto krajbre`je i klimata na povisokite padini, potoa pome|u klimata na krajbre`jeto
na Gorna Prespa i klimata na Dolna Prespa. Na
Ohridskata strana me|u s. Trpejca i Sv. Naum se
sre}avaat pogolem broj pretstavnici od eu-mediteranskata flora. Toa se kserotermni relikti
koi denes opstanuvaat blagodarenie na toplata
karbonatna podloga, prodiraweto na mediteranski topli strui preku dolinata na rekata [kumba i zgolemenata vozdu{na vlaga.
Gorna Prespa koja e pregradena so Pre~na
Planina skoro i da nema eu-mediteranska flora,
dodeka vo Dolna Prespa kako i vo Mala Prespa
povtorno se javuvaat eu-mediteranski vidovi no
vo pomal broj.
Za floristi~ko poznavawe na masivot Gali~ica svoj pridones dale golem broj floristi:
A. Grisebach, E. Formanek, C. Vandas, A. Hayek, N.
Kosanin, P. Cernjavski, T. Soska, I. Horvat, H. Em, K.
Micevski, A. Todorovski i dr. Ovde }e se osvrneme samo na nekoi pozna~ajni florni elementi
koi ja ~inat specifi~nosta na ovoj planinski
masiv. Lokalni endemi ovde se: Crocus cvijicii,
Helichrysum zivojinii, Centaurea soskae, Astragalus
mayeri, Nepeta mayeri, Alyssum galicicae i dr.
Gr~ko i gr~ko maloaziski elementi: Rindera graeca, Acantholimon echinus, Prunus prostrata,
Lilium heldreichii, Aesculus hippocastanum, Celtis
glabrata, Prunus webbii, Juniperus excelsa, Juniperus
foetidissima, Podocytissus caramanicus.
Ilirski florni elementi kako i
subendemi koi ja povrzuvaat ovaa flora so
Apeninskiot Poluostrov i Alpite: Rhamnus
falax, Rhamnus rupestris, Cytisanthus radiatus, Laburnum alpinum, Berberis croatica, Pinus leucodermis,
Quercus trojana, Ribes multiflorum, Drypis spinosa, Lilium carniolicum, Potentila speciosa, Sesleria automnale,
Sesleria tenuifolia, Acer obtusatum i dr.
Eumediteranski florni elementi: Phillyrea
media, Jasminum fruticans, Ruscus aculeatus, Asparagus
acutifolius, Clematis flammula, Clematis viticela, Ephedra major var. nebrodensis, Ephedra fragilis var. Campilopoda, Lilium candidum, Convolvulus elegantissimus,
Corydalis ochroleucus i dr.
Ako kon ovoj pregled se vklu~at i vidovi
koi imaat po{iroko rasprostranuvawe, so pravo
mo`e da se zaklu~i deka Gali~ica vsu{nost
pretstavuva prirodna botani~ka gradina, vo koja
sekoj vid go na{ol svoeto mestorastewe.
Vo pogled na fitocenolo{kite istra`uvawa na vegetacijata na Gali~ica, mo`e so pravo da
se ka`e, deka tamu isto taka se konstatirani golem broj fitocenozi. Dosega se konstatirani 19
{umski asocijacii, 9 trevni, dve fitocenozi vo
puknatini na steni i 1 fitocenoza na sipari. Vo
ovoj broj ne se vklu~eni fitocenozite na
vodenite stani{ta i ezerata.
Najgolemiot broj {umski fitocenozi se
orografsko-edafski usloveni vo site delovi. Na
masivot Gali~ica se sre}avaat fitocenozi na
Quercus trojana, Juniperus excelsa, Juniperus foetidissima, Ostrya carpinifolia i Quercus cerris. Vo ohridskiot del na Gali~ica, Dolna Prespa i Mala
Prespa, e rasprostraneta fitocenozata na dabot
blagun i beliot gaber (as. Querco-Carpinetum orientalis). Asocijacijata as. Seslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum
carpinifoliae se sre}ava samo na Ohridskiot del na
Gali~ica. Fitocenozata na elata (Abies borisiiregis), doa|a samo na severnite padini na Stara
Gali~ica.
Prirodnite ezera, prespanskoto i ohridskoto, nema posebno da gi obrabotuvame, bidej}i
tie se pove}e ili pomalku poznati. Sepak kako
del od Desaretskite Ezera, nivnata starost i specifi~nata endemska flora i fauna kako i edinstveniot hidrosistem, treba da bidat gri`a na
za{tita na site tri sosedni dr`avi, bidej}i sostojbata na Prespanskoto Ezero kako voden ekosistem }e vlijae na sostojbata na Ohridskoto
Ezero.
The National parks Pelister and Galicica are near the cities of Bitola, Ohrid and Resen and also near the tourist
weekend settlements. Although there is an administration
to take care of the National parks, it is necessary to have a
support from the local administration for strangling the
measurements for protection of this parks as the environment whose ecosystems should be used by the next
generations. There also should include the tourist organizations.
The natural lakes Ohrid and Prespa, are already well
known. As parts of the Desaret lake (their age of creation)
they are characterized with specific endemic flora and
fauna, especially represented in the Ohrid Lake. That’s
why it is necessary these lakes as one hidrosystem to be
protected by the three neighbor countries, because the
condition of the Prespa Lake will affect the condition of
the Ohrid Lake.
Suggestion for Transboundary Protection of the
Region Ohrid-Prespa
The region Ohrid-Prespa is an area where were proclamed national parks and reservations. They are: the two
National parks Pelister and Galicica in Macedonia, and
the ones in Greece, Micra Prespa, and in Albania, Prespa;
then reservations: Ezerani on Macedonian side and the
reservation on Little Prespa Lake in Greece. Ohrid Lake
is included on the list of UNESCO for protected natural
rarities. With this, it can be said that it is the only geographic, cultural-historic, tourist and economy center in
this region, well connected with good communications.
-This region has relatively good preserved land and water
ecosystems, considerable geological and geomorfological
phenomenon, glacial lakes, rare plants and animal endemits. Their taxonomic, biogeographic, florogenetic,
syndinamic and ecosystemic represented objects for scientific investigations, are significant for taking measurements for protection of the region.
-The region is natural healthy and clean environment
which is not yet disturbed and which enables the development of the recreate tourism and fulfills of the sports,
cultural and educational needs.
There should be taken an agreement for rational use and
effective management in this region. It’s necessary the
whole area of the region Ohrid-Prespa to be proclaimed
as protected area or Transboundary National Park with
special administrative offices in the three neighbor countries. The base for the effective management in the region
for agriculture, economy and communal services, should
be brought with consensus, to provide rational benefit of
the natural resources and effective protection of the region.
Signed declaration by the three prime-ministers of Macedonia, Greece and Albania in February 2000 at Prespa
give us the base for a fast and successful realization of
this project.
Predlog za organizirawe transgrani~na
za{tita na ohridsko-prespanskiot region
Ohridsko-prespanskiot
region
kako
celina se odlikuva so ~ist vozduh, voda,
izvonredni prirodni ubavini i golemo bogatstvo
na
kulturno-istoriski
spomenici
so
neprocenliva vrednost. Seto toa ovozmo`uva
intenziven razvoj na rekreativen turizam i
zadovoluvawe
na
balneolo{ki,
sportski,
kulturni, obrazovni i dr. potrebi.
No na ovoj prostor se nao|aat relativno
dobro so~uvani kopneni i vodni ekosistemi,
zna~ajni geolo{ki i geomorfolo{ki fenomeni,
glacijalni ezera, bogatstvo so endemi~ni i
reliktni vidovi rastenija i `ivotni, koi se
u{te se predmet na istra`uvawa vo pogled na
nivnata taksonomija, florogeneza i t.n.
Poradi
zgolemenata
opasnost
od
pregolemo koristewe i zagaduvawe na ovoj
prostor, dosega se prevzemeni merki za za{tita.
Taka vo Makedonija se proglaseni dva
nacionalni parka, Pelister i Gali~ica, eden vo
Grcija Mikra Prespa, i eden vo Albanija,
386
Prespa, na albanskiot del. Osven toa proglaseni
se i rezervati na biotopi za ptici preletnici
eden vo Makedonija i eden vo Grcija, a
Ohridskoto Ezero i gradot Ohrid se vneseni vo
spisokot na prirodni retkosti na UNESKO.
Sepak upravite na nacionalnite parkovi
i lokalnite vlasti ne se vo sostojba da obezbedat
integralna za{tita na celiot prostor. Poradi
toa se otpo~nuva so organizirawe za{tita na
me|udr`avno nivo. Na 2. II. 2000 god. be{e
potpi{ana deklaracija od strana na trojcata
premieri na vladi na Republikite Makedonija,
Grcija i Albanija.
Realizacijata na taa deklaracija i
programite za razvoj i unapreduvawe na
`ivotnata sredina mo`e da se ostvarat samo so
koordinirano sproveduvawe na edinstveni
kriteriumi na za{tita na celiot prostor. Na
takov na~in bi bile programirani aktivnostite
za regulirawe na prometot na materiite vo
regionot,
vlijanieto
na
zemjodelieto,
komunalnite dejnosti i koristeweto na vodnite
resursi.
Referenci (References)
Bornmuller, J. (1925-28). Beitrage zur Flora Macedoniens. Engl.Bot. Jb. Leipzig.
^erwavski, P. (1943). Prilog za floristi~ko
poznavawe {ire okoline Ohridskog Jezera.
SKA. poseb. izd. kn. CXXXVI. Ohrid. Zbor.2.
Beograd.
Em, H. (1962) Sumske zajednice cetinara u NR Makedoniji. Biol. glas. 15. Zagreb.
Em, H. (1964). Zaednicata na evlata Alnus glutinosa
Goertn. Vo Makedonija. God. zbor. Zem-{um.
fak. XVII. Skopje.
Em, H. (1986). Dve zaednici na makedonskiot dab
(Quercus trojanae Webb.) vo Makedonija. God.
zbor. [umar. fak. kn. 31. Skopje.
Em, H. i Xekov, S. (1970). Molikata i molikovite
{umi na Pelister. Zbor. simpoz. Molika 26. IX.1969. Zem.-{um. fak. Univerz. Skopje.
Grup~e, Q. (1996). Ulogata na nacionalnite parkovi vo za{titata na biodiverzitetot na
Balkanskiot Poluostrov. Balkan. konfer.
25-28 juni Ohrid. Mak. ekol. dr. Skopje.
Horvat, I. et al. (1974). Vegetation Sudosteuropas. Geobotanica selecta. IV. Sttutgart.
Ivanovski, T. (1960). Fosilonosen trijas na planinata Gali~ica. Trudovi na geol. zav. NRM.
Sv. 7. Skopje.
Kosanin, N. (1929). Die Koniferen Sudserbiens. Glas.
Bot. zav. Bas. Univ., I-2. Beograd.
Laskarev, V. (1956). Pregled na paleografijata
na Ohridsko Ezero za vreme na neogenot.
Trudovi. Geol. zav. na NRM, sv. 5. Skopje.
Matevski, V. i Kostadinovski, M. (1996). Pregled
na rastitelni vidovi ~ij locus classicus se nao|a vo granicite na trite nacionalni parkovi vo Republika Makedonija. Balkan. konf.
25-28 juni. Ohrid. Mak. ekol. dr. Skopje.
Micevski, K. (1982). Pregled dosada{weg rada na
za{titi flore i vegetacije. MANU. Prilozi. III-1. Skopje.
Micevski, K. (1970). Astragalus sericophyllus Griseb.
emend. K. Micevski i Astragalus mayeri K. Micevski spec. n. vo florata na Makedonija. Fragm.
balc. mus. Maced. VII-17. Skopje.
Quetzel, P. (1964). Vegetation des hautes montagnes de
la Grece meridionale. Vegetatio, 5-6, Haag.
Rizovski, R. et al. (1997). Vegetation and it’s importance
for the protection of Prespa region. Internac. Symp.,
Towards Integreated Conservation and Sustainable
Development of Transboundary Macro and Micro
Prespa Lakes 24-26 oct. Korcha, Albania. PPNEA.
Tirana.
Stojadinovic, C. (1970). Geolosko-geomorfoloska evolucija reljefa Pelistera. Zbor. simpoz. Molika 2-6.
IX. 1969. Bitola. Zem.-{um. fak. Univerz.
Skopje.
Todorovski, A. (1972). Pelister i negoviot rastitelen svet. Nacional. park Pelister.
Bitola.
Vandas, C. (1909). Reliquiae formanekianae. Ennum. critica plant. vascul. Brno.
387
Realnata i funkcionalna organizacija na Prespanskiot Park
kako edinstven na~in {to vodi kon kvaliteten i
odr`liv razvoj na celata oblast
Arkil BERXOLI
Qendra e Studimeve Gjeografike, Tirane
Apstrakt
Ovoj trud ja naglasuva idajata za podreduvawe na idniot razvoj na Prespanskiot region kon odr`livost preku
realnoto funkcionirawe na “Prirodniot Park”. Ova e edinstvena alternativa koja mo`e da gi naglasi
vrednostite koi se o{teteni ili celosno uni{teni. Spored toa {to go nudi ovaa alternativa bi trebalo
"Parkot" da poseduva ispraven stav. Parkot bi mo`el ad obezbedi odr`liv razvoj na prirodnata i socijalnata
okolina i da go spre~i pojavuvaweto na takanare~enata “zaboravena zaednica” psihologija preku iniciraweto na
kvaliteten razvoj. Krajnata cel bi bila postepenoto vklu~uvawe vo eden integriran razvoj na celiot Prespanski
ekosistem.
Voved
Od tesnecot Zvezda (na nadmorska viso~ina
od 1099 m) se prostira pogled na celiot Prespanski ekosistem. Planinite ja obikoluvaat
dolinata kade {to ekosistemot se tazvival milioni godini, bez razlika na granicite postaveni
od ~ove~kata civilizacija. Ovaa okolina stana
dom za fosilni i endemi~ni vidovi i zasolni{te
za ~ovekovata kultura od pred iljadnici godini.
Ovoj ekosistem, tolku specifi~en zaradi
svoite prirodno i socijalno nasledstvo i karakteristi~nata struktura, e hendikepiran bidej}i
negoviot zapaden e potpolno nerazvien. Na ovoj
del nekoi od vrednostite se izgubija, ignorirani
se so godini i se vo seriozna opasnost.
Zaradi ova smetame deka profunkcioniraweto na “Parkot” e najprifatlivo re{enie za
regenerirawe na ovie vrednosti.
Planiraweto na “Parkot” bi trebalo da go
zeme vo predvid odnosot pome|u “Parkot” i odr`liviot razvoj so cel da se zapo~ne napredokot na
~ovekovite zaednici preku za~uvuvaweto na
prirodnite ekosistemi.
Rezultati i diskusija
Studijata koja se odr`a vo ramkite na
proektot “Za{tita na Ohridskiot/Prespanskiot
region” sponzoriran od Federalnoto ministerstvo za ekonomska sorabotka na Germanija e seop-
388
faten izve{taj koj gi vklu~uva site pretpostavki za ponatamo{nite aktivnosti vo ramkite na
Parkot. Za `al ovaa studija ne be{e zemena vo
predvid.
Spored studijata, od birokratska gledna
to~ka, postoeweto na “Parkot” e bazirano na
negovata “vnatre{na energija”.
Glavnata ideja be{e ne da se naglasuva
potrebata za poddr{ka ili itna pomo{ koja ja
navreduva zaednicata, tuku da se naglasat
bogatstvoto i vrednostite koi nudat mo`nosti za
sovremen i odr`liv razvoj.
Vo po~etokot se planira{e Prespanskiot
Park da se protega na zapadniot del na dvete
Prespanski ezera, vklu~uvaj}i ja i okolnata
oblast. Vkupnata povr{ina na ovaa oblast be{e
277,5 km2, od koi 228 km2 bea kopnena povr{ina, a
ostanatite 49.5km2 bea ezerska povr{ina.
Kopnenata povr{ina se sostoi od 135 km2
{uma, 21 km2 obrabotlivo zemji{te, 18.3 km2 i 4,2
km2 bea ostanata neklasificirano zemji{te.
Podocna studijata predlo`i drugo, poprifatlivo re{enie vo sporedba so prvoto. Be{e
naso~eno kon za{titata na Parkot odbiraj}i 5
razli~ni oblasti vo ramkite na prethodno opi{anata zona, koe bi go so~inuvalo jadroto na parkot. Vkupnata povr{ina bi bila 70 km2, neposrednata oblast 100 km2, a ostatokot od zonata bi
se tretiral kako zona vo razvoj.
The real and functional organization of Prespa Park
as the only way leading toward qualitative and
sustainable development of the entire area
Arqile BERXHOLI
Qendra e Studimeve Gjeografike Tirane
Abstract
These article emphases the idea of aligning the future development of Prespa region toward sustainability through the real functioning
of that matter called “the natural park”. This alternative is the only one, which can highlight those values harmed or definitely
canceled until now. According to what this alternative offers it is supposed the matter “Park” to be capable to assume the right
attitudes. Based on this and behaving as a multidimensional device, the Park can ensure sustainable development of the natural and
social environment, can prevent the creation of the psychology of the so-called “forgotten community” through inciting the qualitative
development. The final goal would be the gradual involvement into an integrated development of the whole ecosystem of Prespa.
Introduction
From Zvezda gorge 1099 m above the sea level) the sight
can be dispersed on the entire ecosystem of Prespa. The
mountains encircled the natural depression where the
ecosystem has been evolving for millions of years, without taking into consideration any of the boundaries settled
by human civilization. This environment became the
“sweet home” of fossil and endemic species and shelter
for human cultures since thousand of years ago.
This ecosystem, so specific thanks to its natural or social
wealth and to the individuality of its “architecture” suffer
a grave handicap as the its west part feel quite paralyzed.
On this part of the ecosystem the several types of values
and richness has loosened the legitimacy, they have been
ignored and are living today in serious danger.
For these reasons we consider the real functioning of the
matter, park, as the most acceptable alternative in order to
regenerate the values.
Planning this alternative means taking onto consideration
the mutual relationship between the park and the sustainable development in order to allow and to incite the progress of the human communities through the safeguard of
the natural ecosystems.
Results and discussions
The study carried out in the framework of the project
“protection of Oher-Prespa area” funded by the Federal
Ministry of Economic Cooperation of Germany is a comprehensive report which include all the hypotheses for
further action within the framework of the park. Unfortunately this report lacked consideration.
According to this study the notion of Park has been formulated based on the “internal energy” of the area and by
simply bureaucratic means.
The main idea wasn’t that of assistance or of the emergency aid which offend the community but that of highlighting those richness and value, which offer possibilities and steer the community toward contemporary and
sustainable development.
At the beginning, the natural park of Prespa was planned
to be spread all over the west part of both Prespa lakes,
including the surrounding area. The total surface of this
area was 277.5 km2, 228 km2 2 of which was ground surface and the rest, approximately 49.5 km2 was lake surface.
The ground surface is compounded by 135 km2 of woods,
21 km2 of agricultural land, 18.3 km2 and 4.2 km2
classified as other types of land.
Afterwards, the study suggested another alternative, easier to be applied and more optimistic comparing with the
first one. It aimed the protection of the notion of Park
choosing five different points within the above-described
zone, which would compound the core of the park. The
total surface was of 70 km2, the intermediate area 100
km2, while the rest of the zone has been considered as
developing area.
This organization was supposed to involve the following
problems:
• The organic connection existing within the
ecosystem between the natural aspects and human
activities.
• The evolution of the ecosystem as a living creature in
full accordance with its structure and function.
Ovaa struktura treba{e da gi vklu~i
slednive problemi:
• Postoe~kata organska vrska vo ekosistemot
pome|u prirodata i ~ovekot
• Evolucija na ekositemot kako `ivo bitie vo
celosen sklad so negovata struktura i funkcija
• Evolucijata na Parkot so poseben osvrt na
prirodnite vrednosti i na socijalniot razvoj
• Poddr{ka na integriran razvoj koj bi vklu~il
i drugi oblasti so cel da se sozdade nov
ekosisetm, poseben i zbogaten so novi
karakteristiki.
Po administrativnoto odobruvawe za statusot na Priroden Park studijata predo~i
nekolku zada~i koi treba da se ispolnat od strana na administratorite i tehni~arite. Preku
ispolnuvaweto na ovie zada~i }e se pomogne vo
procenuvaweto i upravuvaweto na avtenti~nite
procesi koi vodat kon odr`liv razvoj. Tie se:
1. Avtohton upraven plan za specifi~niot
ekosistem
2. Avtohton plan za socio-ekonomski razvoj
3. Nadvore{en pridones vo vospostavuvaweto na
“pilot” nasokite za vreme na prvata faza
4. Finansiska avtonomija vo smisol na kru`eweto na prihodot vo ramkite na sisetmot
5. Prifa}awe na postoeweto na Parkot i negovi
sopstveni razvojni planovi kako integrirani
delovi na isti elementi
O~igledno e deka razvojniot proces vo
Prespa }e potrae i zaradi ova soodvetnite re{enija treba da se prosti i efikasni.
Za `al, odnosot kon “Parkot” se dosega
izgleda pesimisti~ki i beznade`en. Ne samo {to
na celata oblast i nedostigaat bilo kakvi
aktivnosti za obnova, tuki i e cel na postojani
zloupotrebi.
Kako primer za ostvarlivosta na ovaa alternativa predlo`ena od studijata, }e go poso~ime primerot na kvalitetniot i odr`liv razvoj
na istite ekosistemi vo sosednite zemji.
Glavnite elementi na ovie ekosistemi se:
• Soodvetna struktu na zemjodelskiot sektor
• Neophodna op{tinska, socijalna i kulturna
infrastruktura
• Spremnosta i mo`nosta na mesnoto naselenie
da go sledi razvojniot proces vo ramkite na
parkot
• Neophodnite uslovi za razvojot na agroturizmot
•
Me|usebnata prisposobenost na agrocenozite i ekosistemot
•
Potrebnata pravna regulativa koja bi gi
postavila pravcite za za{titata na prirodata i
potro{uva~kata vo Prespanskata oblast.
Postoekata politika e fokusirana na za-
po~nuvawe na pove}e aktivnosti (zemjodelie, ribarstvo, agroturizam) preku iskoristuvaweto na
mo`nostite na Parkot. Ovie aktivnosti treba da
se nabquduvaat kako posebni edinici so zaedni~ki elementi.
Stabilna zemjodelska infrastruktura e od
primarna va`nost ako se zeme vo predvid nejzinata uloga vo razvojot na agroturizmot. Od druga
strana, agroturizmot ne bi smeel negativno vlijanie da vrz zemjodelieto, tuku da se smeta kako
alternativa vo ramkite na mo`nite aktivnosti.
Upravnicite na sekoj ekonomski sektor
kako {to se za{titata na prirodata, ribarstvoto, zanaet~istvoto i za{titata na tradicionalnite i kulturnite vrednosti bi trebalo da ja
zemat vo predvit istata vrska.
Bidej}i pove}edimenzionalniot i odr`liv
razvoj bara vreme za da ja poka`e svojata korist,
ponudenite re{enija bi terbalo da imaat i
kreatkoro~ni efekti. Ova e zna~ajno bidej}i bi
ja zgolemila doverbata vo o~ekuvanite rezultati
preku lesno postignati uspesi.
Nekoi od re{enijata bi mo`ele da bidat:
• Vospostavuvawe na probni oblasti kako na
primer Mala Gorica i da se zapo~ne so
neophodniot proces na za{tita i obnova na
prirodata
• Obnova na patnata mre`a i infrastruktura
vo probnata oblast so cel da se proizvede
prvi~na korist od za{titata na ekosistemot
• Organizirawe na tradicionalni pana|uri za
da se podigne javnata svest i ekonomskot prihod
• Sozdavawe na informativna mre`a koja bi
obezbedila informacii za prirodnoto i
socijalnoto bogatstvo
Vo vtorata faza bi moralo da se navedat
pravcite za zemjodelskiot razvoj i za{titata na
okolinata.
Ovie celi bi mo`ele da se postignat
preku:
• Investirawe vo nekoi sela kako {to se Golombo~, Mala Gorica, Kalamas, so cel da se obnovat 10-12 ku}i koi bi obezbedile smestuvawe za
turistite
• Kursevi za zemjodelie, ribarstvo, zanaet~istvo i tur-operateri specijalizirani vo poleto na
tradicionalnite i kulturnite bogatstva na regionot
• Instalacija na me|unarodna telefonska vrska, vodovod i elektri~na mre`a, i deponii za
|ubre i otpadni vodi vo pogore spomnatite sela
• Investicii za reorganizcija na lozjata na
povr{ina od 25 ha vo seloto Kalamas, Mala Gorica, Golema Gorica i zajaknuvawe na ovo{tarstvoto na povr{ina od 100 ha.
• The evolution of the Park with a special regard to the
environmental values and to the social development.
• The support of the integrated development including
in the future other areas in order to create a new ecosystem, specific and enriched with new features.
Following the administrative approval of the status of
“Natural Park” the study pointed out several tasks to be
accomplished by the administrators and technicians.
These tasks help to better evaluate and steer the authentic
processes toward continuance through achieving these
objectives and giving warranties for them:
1. Autochthonous management plan of the specific ecosystem.
2. Autochthonous plan for the social-economic development in order to settle within the park a concentration
point for social-economic activities.
3. External contribution during the first phase of the
“pilot” guidelines establishment.
4. Financial autonomy meaning the circulation of incomes within the system.
5. To accept the existence of the Park and of its own developing plans as integrated parts of the same elements.
It’s obvious that the developing process in the area of
Prespa will last and due to this the solution required
should be simply and efficient.
Unfortunately, the treatment reserved to the matter
“Park” until now looks hopeless and pessimistic. The
entire ecosystem not only lacks any kind of renewing
attempts but has been continuously subject to abuses also.
An example of how realistic the alternative suggested by
this study is , is given by the qualitative and sustainable
development the same ecosystems of the neighbor countries are passing through.
The principal settled elements of these ecosystems are :
• The appropriate structure of the agricultural sector
• The necessary communal, social and cultural infrastructure.
• The availability and the capability of the local inhabitants to follow up the development process
within the framework of the “Park”.
• The necessary houses commodities for agro tourism
development.
• The compatibility between the agrocenozes and the
ecosystem individuality.
• The required legal framework which establish the
guidelines for environment protection and consumption in the area of Prespa.
The acting policy is worthy to focus on planting multiactivities (agriculture, fishing, agrotourism) through exploiting the benefits of the “Park”. These activities have
to be considered as separate units with integrated elements.
A stabilized agricultural structure is of primary importance if considered as supporting base for agrotourism
development. On the other hand, agrotourism shouldn’t
attack and weaken the agricultural sector but at contrary
should considered it as an alternative within the framework of the pluriactivities planting.
The policy makers of each economical sector such as
environment protection, fishing, handcraft, and traditional
and cultural value protection should take the same relationship into consideration.
As the multidimensional and sustainable development
take time to shows its benefits, the policies should offer
short terms solution to the problems. Acting like this will
increase confidence for the expected results using easily
procured contributes.
These solutions may be those here underneath listed:
• To set up the pilot area for example the boundary
zone of small Gorica and to start the necessary process
for environmental protection and regeneration.
• Rehabilitation of road’s network and services infrastructure in the pilot area in order to facilitate the initial
“consumption” of the ecosystem benefits.
• Traditional fairs organizing aiming to rise awareness
and economical incomes.
• Creation of an information network providing data on
the natural and social richness.
At a second phase the guidelines for agricultural development or environmental protection have to be incited.
These goals may be reached through:
• Investments in some villages such as Gollomboc,
Small Gorica, Kallamas, in order to restore approximately
10-12 houses to required commodities for tourist’s accommodation.
• Training courses organizing for agriculture, fishing,
handcraft or tour operators specialized in the field of traditional and cultural richness of the area.
• Installations of international telephone line, electric
and water supply, waste and wastewater disposal in the
above listed villages.
• Investments aiming the reorganization of vineyard’s
activity on a surface of 25 ha in the village of Kallamas,
Small Gorica, Big Gorica and strengthening the sector of
fruit’s tree cultivation on a surface of 100 ha.
• Restructuration of livestock economy in the abovementioned area.
• Technical assistance offered for free and introduction
of new agricultural technologies.
Based on the results obtained during the first two phases
of the development strategy, will be decided how to proceed in the future in order to amplify the activities regarding environmental protection, agriculture, ecosystem’s reorganizing etc.
• Restrukturirawe na sto~arstvoto vo pogore
navedenite oblasti
• Besplatna tehni~ka pomo{ i pretstavuvawe
na novi zemjodelski tehnologii.
Vrz osnova na dobienite rezultati za vreme na prvite dve fazi na razvojnata strategija, }
ebide odlu~eno kako da se prodol`i vo idnina so
cel da se zgolemat aktivnostite vo odnos na
za{titata na prirodata, zemjodelieto, reorganizacijata na ekosistemot i dr.
Odr`liviot razvoj na prespanskiot region
ja isklu~uva mo`nosta za fragmentacija na ekosistemot vo mali individualni imoti i gi otfrla planovite koi ne ja sledat logikata na me|unarodnoto iskoristuvawe na energijata. Duri i idejata na “nadvore{no kolonizirawe” kako po~etna
pobuda za ponatamo{en razvoj treba da se otfrli
kako nekompatibilna so potrebniot odr`liv
razvoj.
Zaklu~oci
1. Prespanskiot ekosistem e mnogu specifi~en
ekosistem koj se odlikuva so posebna arhitektura
na prirodnata i socijalnata okolina.
Referenci (References)
Berxholi, A. (1996). Presioni Human ne Kompleksin
Oher-Prespe, probleme dhe alternativa, Ne Buletinin
“Studime te Popullsise”, botim I Universitetit te
Tiranes, Nr/1996, Tirane.
392
2. Posoodvetna alternativa za odr`liv razvoj,
spored nas, e efikasnosto funkcionirawe na
Parkot.
3. Glavnata ideja na “Nacionalniot Park” e
otkrivawe i obnovuvawe na onie vrednosti koi
bi mo`ele da gi zbogatat ~ove~kite ili
prirodnite zaednici so novi karakteristiki i
koi bi im ovozmo`ile podobro pretstavuvawe.
4. Odobruvaweto na administrativniot status
na “Prirodeniot Park” vo Prespanskata oblast
}e zapo~ne proces na samostoen evolutiven
proces.
5. Patot do odr`liviot razvoj vo oblasta e
mnogu dolg i zatoa se potrebni prosti i
efikasni re{enija.
6. Aktuelnata politika treba da se zasnova na
zapo~nuvawe na pove}e aktibnosti so cel da se
ovozmo`i odr`liv razvoj.
7. Odr`liviot razvoj na Prespa ne e kompatibilen so slednive pojavi:
• Fragmentacija na imotite vo ramkite na
ekosistemot
• Primena na programi koi ne se inspirirani od vnatre{nata energija na ekosistemot
• Primena na masivna nadvore{na kolonizacija kako po~etna pobuda za razvojot.
Berxholi, A. (1998). Presioni Human ne Pellgun
Ekologjik
te
Prespes,
Buletini
“Studime
Gjografike”, botim i Akademise se Shkencave, Nr
11/1998, Tirane.
Prespa, Korce, 1998.
Rruajtja e Prespes, shprese per te ardhmen, Korce, 1998.
The sustainable development of Prespa region exclude
the fragmentary of the ecosystem into small and individual properties and reject those plans that doesn’t follow
the logic of ecosystem internal energies using. Moreover
the idea of using the ‘external colonization” as initial spur
for further development has to be considered as incompatible with the required sustainable development.
Conclusions.
1.
2.
3.
The Prespa region is a very specific ecosystem characterized by individual architecture of natural and
social environment.
The more suitable alternative for sustainable development we consider to be the efficient functioning of
the notion of “Park”.
The main idea of the notion “Natural Park” is the
discovery and the regeneration of those values,
which can enrich the human, or the natural commu•
Ohri muze i Europes, Korce, 1998.
Donors conference on the Conservation of the Lake
Ohrid, Ohrid, 1996.
Europe’s Environement, Copenhagen, 1995
Gjeografia fizike e Shqiperise, vellimi 2, botimi i
4.
5.
6.
7.
nities with new characteristics and which can enable
them to better introduce itself.
Approving the administrative status of “Natural
Park” in the area of Prespa will incite the autonomy
process of evolution.
The way toward sustainable development in the area
will be a very long one and that’s why the submitted
alternatives need efficient and simple solution.
The acting policy is worthy to be based on planting
pluriactivities in order to ensure sustainable development.
The sustainable development of Prespa region is
incompatible with the following phenomenon:
• Properties fragmentation within the ecosystem
• Implementation of programs not inspired by the
internal energies of the ecosystem
• Applying external and massive colonization as
initial spur for development.
Akademise se Shkencave, Tirane, 1991
Rakaj, N. (1995). Iktiofauna ne Shqiperi, Tirane.
Ohridskoto e zero i negovata zashtita, Skopje, 1992.
Risteski, S. (1993). Prespa pod Albanija, Ohrid.
The Prespa barbel, Tour du Valat (France), 1996.
393
394
Economical and Communal Activities in the Prespa
Regionand their Influence on the Sustainable
Development
Stopanski i komunalni aktivnosti i nivnoto
vlijanie vrz odr`liviot
razvoj na Prespanskata Kotlina
395
Ecological Basis of the Sustainable Development
of Prespa Region
Ekolo{ki osnovi na odr`liviot razvoj i
upravuvawe na Prespanskata Kotlina
396
Proektot za za{tita na Ohridskoto ezero model koj {to treba da se
primeni na Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko Ezero
Lirim SELFO
Nacionalna Agencija za Prirodata
Izvod
Ohridskoto ezero e edinstveno ne samo zaradi faktot deka e edno od najstariote ezera vo svetot, tuku i poradi
negovata oligotrofna sostojba koja go pravi eden od najgolemite biolo{ki rezervati vo Evropa i koj poseduva
edinstvena flora i fauna koi se is~eznati vo svetot.
Prespanskoto Ezero le`i okolu 200m povisoko od Ohridskoto i od nego e odvoeno so planinski venec. Ova ezero
obezbeduva 46% od vodata {to se vliva vo Ohridskoto Ezero.
Primarnata cel na Proektot za Za{tita na Ohridskoto Ezero e da se sozdade osnova za zaedni~ko upravuvawe i
za{tituvawe na Ohridskoto Ezero od strana na vladite i na lu|eto od zemjite koi go delat ovat ezero. Proektot
bi go zajaknal ekolo{kiot kapacitet na dr`avite, bi promoviral efektivni re{enija so soodvetna cena za
transgani~noto odr`livo upravuvawe so resursite i problemite so zagaduvaweto.
Zdobienoto iskustvo vo podgotvitelnite fazi na proektot i za vreme na prvata godina na negovata primena bi
trebalo da se iskoristi i za Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko Ezero i nivnite slivovi.
Pozadina
Ohridskoto Ezero e edno najstarite ezera
vo svetot. Edna tretina od negovata povr{ina od
358 km2 pripa|a na Albanija, dodeka ostatokot se
nao|a na teritorijata na Makedonija. Dol`inata
na obalata e 80 km, a najgolemata dlabo~ina e 289
m. Vo esenta 1994 bea odr`ani preliminarni
razgovori pome|u Albanskite i Makedonskkite
vlasti i eksperti na Svetskata Banka okolu
proekt za za~uvuvawe na Ohridskoto Ezero.
Pretstavnicite od dvete zemji se soglasija deka
ezerskiot ekosistem ne znae za granici, i zatoa
za da bide uspe{en proektot mora da se napravi
zaedni~ki. Slivot na oblast zafa}a povr{ina od
1487 kvadratni kilometri. Sepak, efektivnata
golemina na oblasta e zna~itelno pogolema
bidej}i nekolku izvori po dol`inata na bregot
se napojuvaat od Prespanskoto Ezero. Ova ezero,
oddeleno so planinski masiv, obezbeduva 46% od
od vodata koja se vnesuva vo Ohridskoto.
Ohridskoto Ezero e edinstveno, ne smo
zaradi toa {to e najstaro vo Evropa, tuku i
zaradi negovata oligotrofna sostojba koja go
pravi najgolem biolo{ki rezervat vo Evropa. Toj
poseduva edinstvena flora i fauna koja e
is~eznata vo Evropa. Zaradi negovata starost,
mnogu od vodnite vidovi na ezeroto se se
endemi~ni, vklu~uvaj}i 10 od 17-te vidovi riba.
Zaradi negovata bogata istorija i edinstvenata
flora i fauna, Ohridskoteo Ezero be{e
proglaseno za Svetsko Kulturno Nasledstvo
spored UNESCO vo 1980.
Se pogolemata opasnost od akumuliraweto
na zagaduva~ite vo ezeroto bi mo`ela da ja
promeni dolgovremenskata oligotrofna sostojba
na Ohridskoto Ezero, osven ako ako ne se
prezemat aktivnosti za da se podobri i odr`i
upravuvaweto so prirodata na slivnoto podra~je.
Fizibiliti studijata na Proektot za
Za{tita na Ohridskoto Ezero zapo~na vo Juni
1995 a se zavr{i vo Dekemvri istata godina so
bliskata
sorabotka
na
[vajcarskata
konsultativna firma i ekspertite od Albanija i
Makedonija.
Studijata gi proceni sega{nata i idnita
sostojba i bazirano na ovaa procenka razgleda
razli~ni merki nare~eni moduli, koi se
grupirani vo 4 poglavja nare~eni komponenti:
- Upravuvawe so ~ovekovite aktivnosti
- Upravuvawe so vodata i otpadnite vodi
- Zajaknuvawe na instituciite
- Monitoring i kontrola
Vrz osnova na rezultatite od ovaa studija
Svetskata Banka vo 1996 zapo~n so podgotovka na
Proektot za Za~uvuvawe na Ohridskoto Ezero
vogavno na delot za zajaknuvaweto na
instituciite i monitoringot. Podgotovkata na
proekot trae{e 2 godini i be{e dizajniran od
strana na ekspertite od dvete zemji pod kontrola
na Svetskata Banka.
Vo 1996 be{e potpi{an memorandum za
Razbirawe pome|u Albanskata Nacionalna
Ekolo{ka
Agencija
i
Makedonskoto
Ministerstvo za Ekologija i be{e formiran
Odbor za Upravuvawe so Ohridskoto Ezero so
cel da ja odobruva, inicira, promovira,
nabquduva i usoglasuva primenata na proektot.
Primenata na porektot zapo~na do krajot
na 1998.
397
Lake Ohrid Conservation Project:
A model to be applied at the Lakes Macro and Micro Prespa
Lirim SELFO
Natural Environmental Agency
Abstract
Lake Ohrid is unique, not only because it is one of the oldest lakes in the World, but because of its oligotrophic state, which makes it
one of the largest biological reserves in Europe, possessing unique flora and fauna which are extinct elsewhere. The Lake Prespa lies
about 200 m higher than Lake Ohrid and is separated from it by a mountain range. This lake provides 64 % of the inflows to Lake
Ohrid. The primary objective of the Lake Ohrid Conservation Project is to develop the bases for a joint management and protection of
Lake Ohrid by the government and the people of the countries sharing this lake. The Project would strengthen the country's
environmental capacity, would promote cost-effective solutions to transboundary natural resources management and pollution
problems. Experience gained in the preparation phase of the Project and during the first year of its implementation should be extended
to Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes and their watersheds.
Background
Lake Ohrid is one of the World's oldest lakes. One third
of its surface area of 358 km2 belongs to Albania, while
the remainder is in Macedonian territory. It has a shore
line of 88 km and maximum depth of 289 m. In the fall of
1994 initial discussion was held between Albanian and
Macedonian authorities and World Bank experts about
Lake Ohrid conservation project. Officials from both
countries have underscored that the lake's ecosystem
knows no state borders, and a project must be therefore
designed jointly in order to be successful. The catchment
area of lake covers 1487 km2. However effective size of
the catchment area is substantially larger, since several
springs along the shore of the lake Ohrid are supplied
from the Lake Prespa. This lake is separated by a
mountain range and provides approximately 46 % of the
inflow of water to Lake Ohrid. Lake Ohrid is unique, not
only because it is oldest lake in Europe, but because of its
oligotrophic state which makes it the largest biological
reserves in Europe, possessing unique flora and fauna
which are extinct elsewhere. Due to its age, many of
lake's aquatic species are endemic including ten of
seventeen fish species. Because of its rich history and
unique flora and fauna, Lake Ohrid was declared an
UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site in 1980.
A progressive danger from the accumulation of the
pollutants to the lake can compromise the long-term
oligotrophic state of Lake Ohrid, unless intervention are
taken to improve and maintain environmental
management of the watershed area and the shoreline.
The Feasibility Study on the Lake Ohrid Conservation
Project has started in June 1995 and completed in
December same year in close cooperation between Swiss
consulting firm and experts from Albania and Macedonia.
The Study made an assessment of present and future
situation and based on this assessment has developed
different measures called modules grouped in four
headings called components:
- humane activities management
- water and waste water management
- institutional strengthening
- monitoring and controlling
In the base of achievements of this study the World Bank
has started in 1996 the preparation of Lake Ohrid
Conservation Project mainly focused in the institutional
strengthening and monitoring. Project preparation lasted
two years and was designed by the experts of two
countries under the lead of the World Bank.
In 1996 Memorandum of Understanding between
Albanian National Environmental Agency and Ministry
of Environment of the Republic of Macedonia was signed
and Lake Ohrid Management Board has been established
in order to approve, initiate, promote, monitoring and
harmonize the implementation of the regarding the
protection of Lake Ohrid basin. The implementation
phase of the Project started by the end of 1998.
2. Objectives of the Project
The primary objective of the Lake Ohrid Conservation
Project is to develop the basis for joint management and
protection of Lake Ohrid watershed, the project will
promote cost-effective solution to transboundary natural
resources management and pollution problems and
provide a basis for sustainable economical development
of the watershed.
Celi i struktura na Proektot
Primarnata cel na proektot e da se razvie
baza za zaedni~ko upravuvawe i za{tituvawe na
Ohridskoto Ezero od strana na vladite i lu|eto od
dvete zemji koi go delat ova ezero. So vospostavuvawe na bazata za zaedni~koto upravuvawe so
slivot na Ohridskoto Ezero, Proektot }e predlo`i
re{enija za transgrani~noto upravuvawe so
prirodnite resursi i problemite so zagaduvaweto i
za sozdavawe osnova za odr`liv razvoj na slivot.
Vkupnata cena na Proektot e 4.4 mil. US$; 4.1
mil. US$ }e bidat dadeni od strana na Global
Environmental Facility i so niv }e raspolaga Svetskata
Banka, a so 0.3mil. US$ }e u~estvuvaat zemjite –
pomo{nici. Od vkupniot GEF fond, 1.84 mil. US$ i
pripa|aat na Albanija.
Proektot se sostoi od 4 komponenti:
A. Razvoj na Institucionalnata i na pravnata
ramka za Ekolo{ko Upravuvawe so slivot na
Ohridskoto Ezero – 346 000 US$.
Celta na ovaa komponenta na proektot e da se
zajakne kapacitetot na javnite institucii na site
nivoa vo slivot za efikasno sproveduvawe na
ekolo{kite zakoni, pravila, standardi i polisi.
Konkretnata cel na ovaa komponenta e da se
podobri efikasnosta na primenata, inspekcijata i
sproveduvaweto na sega{nite i idnite ekolo{ki
zakoni, pravila, standardi dozvoli i polisi vo site
sektori za da se postignat celite na Proektot
preku razvoj i testirawe na novi merki vklu~uvaj}i
pobudi, procesi i proceduri. Komponentata }e gi
dostigne ovie celi so odr`uvawe na obuka, pilot
proekti, podobruvawe na opremata i personalot, i
prakti~ni iskustva.
B. Monitoring program za Ohridskoto Ezero - 2
mil. US$
Monitoringot na kvalitetot na vodata i
ekositemot na Ohridskoto Ezero i negovite izvori
e neophoden za da se obezbedi dolgoro~en uspeh na
proektot. Sestran, dobro dizajniran, i efikasen
monitoring sisteme potreben za da se ovozmo`i
identifikacija
naproblemite
,
ocena
na
efektivnosta i efikasnosta na upravuva~kite
aktivnosti, i identifikacija na potrebata za
idnite merki. Monitoring sistemot treba da
obezbedi doverliva laboratorija i analiti~ki
slu`bi koi se neophodni za efikasno sproveduvawe
na standardite i pravilata, i ekolo{koot
planirawe na slivot na Ohridskoto Ezero.
Konkretnite celi na monitoring programot se:
Identifikacija, nabquduvawe i zabele`uvawe na
najosetlivite indikatori so cel da se poka`e i
predvidi i najmalata razlika vo kvalitetot na
vodata i soodvetnata reakcija na ekosistemot, i
objasnuvawe na pri~inite za ovie promeni
Identifikuvawe i monitoring na ezeroto i
utokite preku monitoring na mre`ata i
programa za sreduvawe na golemiot broj
raznovidni podatoci, za da se dobie mo`nost za
procena i interpretacija na podatocitevo
celina
Raspredelba na dobienite informacii i podatoci
preku periodi~ni zaedni~ki publikacii na
zaklu~Ocite i interpretacija na monitoring
programite
C. Programa za upravuvawe so Ohridskoto ezero
– 1.2 mil. US$
Cel na ovaa komponenta e da se mobiliziraat
grupi vo ramki na slivot koi }e ja pretvorat
fizibiliti strategiskata programa vo akcionen
plan. Ovoj pristap vklu~uva u~estvo na komitet za
upravuvawe so slivot i pilot proekti za da se
poka`e isplatlivosta na merkite i na~inot na koj
toa }e se napravi. Specifi~nite celi na ovaa
komponenta se:
Da se predo~at opasnostite po Ohridskoto ezero i
posledicite pred lu|eto koi gi so~inuvaat
aktivnite grupi vo ramki na slivot.
Razbirawe na prakti~nite postapki i merki {to
mo`at da gi primenat grupite
Posvetenost na ovie grupi kon vremenski
opredelena i efektivna akcija
Konkretnata namera na Komitetot za Slivot
e da se unapreduva i olesnuva deluvaweto i da se
sozdade pogodna okolina i pobudi za dejstvuvawe.
D. Javna svest i u~estvo vo programot
Celite na proektot se:
Zgolemuvawe na javnata svest za ekolo{kite
pra{awa vo vrska so Ohridskoto Ezero.
Zgolemuvawe na u~estvoto na zaednicata vo
aktivnostite okolu za~uvuvaweto i za{titata
na Ohridskoto Ezero i negoviot sliv.
Generalnata strategija e da se zajaknat i
usoglasat lokalnite NVO-i, da razvivaat i
izveduvaat aktivnosti vo vrska so pogore
spomenatoto.
Postignuvawa vo prvata godina na proektot
Proektot zapo~na vo Dekemvri 1998. Na
po~etokot be{e formiran grupa za zajaknuvawe na
instituciite (ISTF) i celite i programata na
proektot bea dostaveni do lokalnite vlasti. Se
odr`aa pove}e sredbi i bea doneseni izve{tai vo
vrska so okolinata so akcent na legislativata.Za
podobro usoglasuvawe na legislativata vo dvete
zemji, kako i za za{titata i odr`livoto koristewe
na prirodnite resursi vo Ohridskiot sliv, se
organiziraa zaedni~ki aktivnosti na ISTF, a drugi se
planiraat. Podgrupi za soodvetni ekonomski sektori
za identifikacija na pra{awata od legislativata na
lokalno nivo i za prigotvuvawe na raboten plan za
slednite dve godini.
The total cost of the Project is 4.4 Mio$; 4.1 Mio$
granted by Global Environmental Facility and managed
by the World Bank and o.3 Mio$ contribution of
beneficiary countries. From total GEF grant 1.84 Mio$
belongs to Albania.
The project is composed of four components:
A. Development of the institutional, legal and
regulatory framework for environmental management in the Lake Ohrid watershed – 346,000 $.
The aim of this component of the Project is to strengthen
the capacity of public officials at all levels in the
watershed for effective enforcement of each country's
environmental laws, regulations, standards and policies.
The specific objective of this Component is to improve
the effectiveness of implementation, inspection, and
enforcement of present and future environmental laws,
regulations, standards, permits and policies in all sectors
to achieve the goals of the Project through development
and field testing of new measures including incentives,
processes and procedures. The Component will achieve
this objective by carrying out training, pilot projects,
improved facilities and staffing, and practical experience.
B. Lake Ohrid Monitoring Program – 2 Mio $
Monitoring the water quality and ecosystem of Lake
Ohrid and its water sources is essential to ensure the
long-term success of the Project. A comprehensive well
designed and functioning monitoring system is needed to
enable identification of problems, to evaluate the
effectiveness and efficiency of management actions, and
identify the need for the future measures. The monitoring
system should also ensure reliable laboratory and
analytical services that are essential for effective
enforcement of standards and regulations, and
environmental planning in the Lake Ohrid watershed. The
specific objectives of the monitoring program are:
- to identify, observe and record the most sensitive
indicators in order to show and reliably predict the
slightest changes in water quality and corresponding
reaction of the ecosystem, and explain the causes of
these changes
- to identify and monitor the lake and inflows by
means of a monitoring network and sampling
program of sufficient spatial and temporal resolution,
and to develop the capability to evaluate and
interpret the body of available data and
- to disseminate the resulting information and data
through the timely joint publication of summaries
and interpretations of monitoring program.
C. Lake Ohrid Participatory Watershed Management
Program – 1.2 Mio$
The aim of this Component is to mobilise the groups
within the watershed to transform the strategic program
developed in the feasibility study into an action plan. The
approach involves developing a participatory Watershed
Management Committee and using pilot projects to
demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of measures and the
know-how to implement them. The specific objectives of
the Component are to develop:
- a broad understanding among the people who
constitute the group within the watershed of the
threats to Lake Ohrid and their consequences ;
- an understanding of practical measures that can be
taken by all groups and
- a commitment by these groups for timely and
effective action.
D. Public Awareness and Participation Program –
250000 $
The overall objectives of these Components are to:
- increase public awareness of environmental issues
related to Lake Ohrid and
- increase community participation in activities to
conserve and to protect Lake Ohrid and its watershed
3. Achievements of the first year of the Project
The project entered the implementation phase on
December 1998.
In the early stage of the first year the Institutional
Strengthening Task Force (ISTF) was established and the
Project objectives and the content was disseminated to
the local authorities. Many meetings were organised and
sectorial reports on environmental situation with
particular emphasis to legal and institutional issues have
been prepared. For better harmonization of legal acts in
both countries, for protection and wise use of natural
resources in the Lake Ohrid watershed, joint activities of
ISTF-s are organised and other are planned. Subgroups
for respective economic sectors for identification of
issues in legal and institutional aspect at local level and
preparation of work plans for the next two years are
established.
Under the Lake Ohrid Monitoring Program the
Monitoring Task Force (MTF) was established. One of
the main outputs of this component of the Project was the
prearation of Joint Protocol on procedures and
mehodology for sampling and analysing the the frame of
this program. The expedition for sampling in the Lake
Ohrid and its tributaries has started last year.
Vo ramkite na monitoring programata za
Ohridskoto Ezero e sozdaden monitorna akciona
grupa (MTF). Rezultat na ovaa komponenta na
Proektot e prigotvuvawe na zaedni~kiot protokol
za proceduri i metodologija pri zemawe na
primerocite i nivnoto analizirawe vo ramkite na
proektot. So zemaweto na primerocite vo
Ohridskoto Ezero se zapo~na pri krajot na
minatata godina.
Albanskata vlada odobri mesto za gradewe na
nova laboratorija za monitoring i planot za
nejzinata gradba e re~isi zavr{en. Po posetata
~lenovite na MTF na mestoto zapo~na gradbata na
meteorolo{kata stanica. Vo prvata godini
aktivnostite bea naso~eni kon usoglasuvawe na
razli~nite celni grupi, nivno zapoznavawe so
proektot, a osobeno so specifi~nite celi i
aktivnosti na ovaa komponenta. Na ovie sredbi se
istaknati i potencijalnite kandidati za komitetot
za upravuvaweto so slivot.
Rezultat na ednogodi{noto rabotewe vo
ramkite na proektot e prigotvuvaweto na dve
bro{uri za fizibiliti studijata na [vajcarskata
kompanija i za samiot proekt. Ovie bro{uri se
osnovni dokumenti za aktivnostite organizirani od
lokalniot koordinator so zaednicite i celnite
grupi za identifikacija na ekolo{ki pra{awa i
predlo`enite
merki
za
ubla`uvawe
ili
eliminirawe na ovie problemi. Komponenta na
Javnata Svest, {to e rakovodena od regionalniot
ekolo{ki centar (REC) zapo~na rabotilnica so
lokalnite NVO-i zapoznavaj}i gi so proektot i so
negovite celi. Kako najva`ni aktivnosti mo`e da se
istaknat: proekt idei za javno informirawe, svest i
u~estvo na mesnite NVO-i. Desetina vakvi proekti
se odobreni i lokalnite NVO-i rabotat so
zaednicite ili so razli~nite socijalni grupi na
zgolemuvawe na svesta za potrebata od za{tita na
Ohriskoto Ezero. Za ovaa cel se delat razli~ni
bro{uri, posteri, letki i sl. Osven toa podeleni se
stotina pra{alnici za sega{nata situacija so
NVO-ite vo Podgradec. Vrz osnova na toa be{e
prigotven izve{taj za sega{nata situacija i idnite
aktivnosti na NVO-ite vo ramkite na proektot.
Site razli~ni komponenti so logisti~ka
poddr{ka na Edinicata za Primena na Proektot
(PIU) vo Podgradec, organiziraa obuka za personalot od proektot i za lokalnite vlasti. Ova go
zgolemi znaeweto na u~esnicite za edinstvenite
vrednosti na Ohridskoto Ezero, za ekolo{kite
problemi na ezeroto predizvikani od minatite i
sega{ni ekonomski i socijalni aktivnosti i kako
da se za{titi.
Odborot za upravuvawe so Ohridskoto Ezero
periodi~no se sostanuva{e od dvete strni na
ezeroto diskutiraj}i za izvr{enata rabota vo
ramkite na proektot bazirana na rabotniot plan.
Ova telo gi pottiknuva{e zaedni~kite aktivnosti i
u~estvoto na ekserti od dvete zemji.
Pokraj ovoj proekt, se odvivaat i privr{uvaat i dva drugi proekta. Minatata godina zavr{i
ispituvaweto i proektiraweto na deponijata na
Podgradec. Drug proekt se podgotvuva vo vrska so
procesiraweto na kanalizacijata od Podgradec i
sosednite sela blisku do ezeroto.
Vo novite aktivnosti vo regionot se vklu~ija
i masmediumite. Dva privatni TV kanali i
lokalnite vesnici vo Podgradec zaedno so PIU
prezentiraat razli~ni aktivnosti organizirani vo
ramkkite na proektot.
Iskustvo koe treba da se primeni na Golemoto i
Maloto Prespansko Ezero
Kako {to be{e spomnata 46% od vodata {to
se vleva vo Ohridskoto Ezero poteknuva od
Prespanskoto. Toa zna~i deka dvete ezera treba da
se razgleduvaat kako edinstven hidrolo{ki sistem.
Od ovoj aspekt za{titata na Ohridskoto Ezero ne e
celishodna bez soodvetna za{tita na vodata koja
pretstavuva ½ od vodata {to se vleva vo Ohridskoto
Ezero.
Golemoto Prespansko Ezero zafa}a 258km2 i
le`i na nadmorska visina od 853m {to e za 158m
povisoko od Ohridskoto Ezero. Vodata od ova ezero
e ~ista i pripa|a na oligotrofnite ezera. Vo nego
se sretnuvaat zagrozeni ribni vrsti kako i vrsti na
vodni ptici kako {to se Dalmatian i Beliot Pelikan
koi se gnezdat na ezeroto. Ima i mnogu drugi
zagrozeni vidovi ptici koi se gnezdat pokraj
ezeroto.
Nedoprenata i slikovite priroda okolu
ezeroto i slabata naselenost ja pravat ovaa oblast
mnogu privle~na. Minatiot mesec Albanija, Grcija
i Makedonija, trite zemji koi gi delat
Prespanskite ezera se dogovorija da gi proglasat
ovie ezera i nivniot sliv za za{titena oblast.
Odlukata na vladite na trite zemji za
formirawe na Prespanskiot Forum treba da bide
prosledena so potrebni ~ekori za formirawe na
soodvetni strukturi vo institucionalniot i
javniot sektor {to }e ovozmo`i prorabotuvawe na
ovoj Forum. Vo ovoj moment postapkite treba da
bidat sli~ni na onie napraveni vo Ohrid. Vo toj
kontekst prviot ~ekor e celosna fizibiliti
studija za Golemoto i Maloto Prespansko Ezero so
nivniot sliv i strategiski akcionen plan za
za{tita i odr`liv razvoj na regionot. So ogled na
finasiskite izvori za ovaa studija, dvete na{i
zemji mo`at da podnesat zaedni~ki predlog – proekt
do GEF za pogorenavedeniot proekt.
April 2000
Albanian government has approved the place for building
up new Laboratory for Monitoring and designee on this
laboratory is already completed. After the visit on the
spot by members of MTD, the construction of
hydrometric station on tributaries is underway.
Regarding the component on the Watershed
Management, during the first year the work was
concentrated mainly in the meetings with different target
groups to brief them with the Project and in particular
with the specific objectives and activities of this
component. These meetings are used also, for the
identification of potential candidates for set up the
Committee for the Watershed Management.
Among the first year products of this component we
should mention the preparation and publication of two
booklets on feasibility study of the Swiss company and
for Project itself. Both these booklets are basic documents
for activities organised by the local coordinator with
communitiesand target groups, for identification of
environmental issues and proposal measures for
mitigation or elimination of these problems.
The component of Public Awareness and Participation
which is leaded by Regional Environmental Center
(REC) has started by workshop with a local NGOs to
present them the Project as a whole and specific
objectives of this components.
Among the most important activities under this
component it should be pointed out the collection of
Project ideas for public information, sensibilisation,
awareness and participation by local NGOs. More then 10
of these projects were approved and many local NGOs
are working with communities or different social groups
for growing up their awareness for protection of Lake
Ohrid and its watershed.
To this aim many products like booklets, leaflets, posters,
streamers etc. have been developed.
Beside this there are distributed 100 questionnaires on the
actual situation of NGOs in Pogradec. Based on this,
report on the current situation and future activities of
these NGOs in the frame of the Project was prepared.
All components with logistic support of the Project
Implementation Unite (PIU) in Pogradec, has organised
many training activities for Project Implementation Staff,
Task Forces operating under components of the Project
and local authorities. These training activities has
improved the knowledge of participants for the unique
values of Lake Ohrid, environmental problems caused by
actual and past economic and social activities, both in the
lake and the watershed and why and how should protect
it.
Lake Ohrid Management Board met periodically in both
sides of the lake and discussed the work done by
components of the Project in the base of work plans. This
body especially has encouraged joint activities with
involvement of experts from institutions of two countries.
Besides this Project two others environmental projects are
completed or underway. Last year was finished the study
and executive designs for management and final disposal
of urban solid waste for Pogradec. Another project for
sewge water treatment for the city of Pogradec and some
villages near the lake is under preparation.
Mass media have been more active for environmental
issues and protection of lake from new activities in th
region. Two private TV channels and the local newspaper
in Pogradec in collaboration with the PIU has presented
many activities organised in the frame of the Project.
Experience which should be extended to Macro
and Micro Prespa
As was mentioned in the background about 46 % of the
inflows in the Lake Ohrid, come from Lake Prespa. That
means that both lakes can be considered as a unique
hydrological system. At least for thisreason the protection
of Lake Ohrid will be not effective, without protection
the water body which is providing half of the inflows to
lake Ohrid.
Lake Macro Prespa i 258 km2 and lies 853 m a.s.l., 158 m
higher than Ohrid Lake. The water of lake Perespa is
clean and it belongs to oligotrophic lakes. In this lake
there are fish species classified threaten and some
piscivorous bird species, such as Dalmatian and White
Pelican which breed in this lake as well. There are many
other endangered bird species which have breeding site at
this lake.
Untouched and scenic landscape around the lake and very
low rate of inhabitants make this area one of the most
attractive in Europe.
In the last months Albania, Greece and the Republic of
Macedonia, three countries, which share the Lakes Macro
and Micro Presp, have agreed to declare this lakes and
their watershed protected area.
The dicision of the Governments of three countries for
establishment the Prespa Forum, needs to be followed by
necessary steps for set up the respective structures in both
institional and legal aspects which will make work this
Forum.
In this stage we should do something similar we have
done before for Lake Ohrid. In this context the first step
is a comprehensive Feasibility Study for both Macro and
Micro Prespa and their watershed and Strategic Action
Plan for Protection and Sustainable Development of the
lakes' region (Ohrid, Macro and Micro Prespa).
Regarding sources of funds for this study, being both
Prespa's Lakes international waters our countries can
submitt to the GEF a joint project proposal for above
mentioned project.
April, 2000
Zaedni~ki transgrani~ni aktivnosti za za~uvuvawe
na prespanskite ezera
Konstantinos GODES
Arkturos
1. Trilateralnata sredba za za~uvuvaweto na
Prespanskite Ezera
20-22 Juni 1997, Nimfeon, Grcija
a. Voved
Vo ramkite na proektot Balkan Net, Arkturos i Dru{tvoto za Za{tita na Prespa be{e
organizirana sredba so u~estvo na NVO-i od
Albanija, Republika Makedonija i Grcija. prespanskite ezera (Golemoto i Maloto) pripa|aat
na teritoriite na ovie tri dr`avi. Isto taka i
pretstavnik na Germanskata NVO - EURONATUR
be{e prisuten kako nabquduva~.
b. Celi
Celta na ovaa sredba be{e prvi~niot kontakt na NVO-i od trite sosedni dr`avi koi imaat zaedni~ki resurs, se soo~uvaat so sli~ni ekolo{ki i socijalni problemi i treba da prezemat
zaedni~ki dejstva so cel podobro da se spravat so
problemite. Za vreme na sredbata bea prezentirani glavnite ekolo{ki pra{awa, kako prezemenite merki vo sekoja od zemjite za za~uvuvawe i
upravuvawe so prespanskiot region. Nekoi od
pra{awata bea: 1. Statusot na za{titata na regionot, 2. Zaedni~ka politika za upravuvawe so vodata, 3. Zaedni~ka politika za upravuvawe so ribareweto i 4. Za~uvuvaweto na florata i faunata. Na diskusijata na okrugla masa {to slede{e, predlo`enite aktivnosti bea isprateni do
soodvetnite kompetentni organi na vlasta vo obid {to podobro da se koordiniraat za{titnite
merki vo regionot.
v. Rezultati/Zaklu~oci
• Minatite i sega{nite aktivnosti povrzani so
za{titata na Prespanskite Ezera bea prezentirani od strana na ste zemji. Ulogata i naporite
na Dru{tvoto za Za{tita na Prespa (SPP-GR) bea
detalno prika`ani, i pokraj toa {to pretstavnikot na SPP ne be{e vo mo`nost da prisustvuva.
• Bea diskutirani sega{nata situacija i idnite
perspektivi na nekolku konkretni temi: Usoglasuvawe na legislativata vo trite zemji; nab-
quduvawe na koli~inata i kvalitetot na vodata
vo ezerata; ribnicite i potrebata za zaedni~ka
ribolovna sezona; {umarstvoto i pra{awata za
upotrebata na zemji{teto; turizamot i odr`liviot razvooj vo regionot; u~estvoto na lokalnite
`iteli vo pra{awata za za{tita
• Be{e prifateno deka postoi jasna i itna potreba za sorabotka me|u NVO-ii od trite sosedni
dr`avi. Ova bi mo`elo da bide prviot ~ekor kon
neophodnata sorabotka i na vladino nivo. NVOi, kako pofleksibilni i bez politi~ki zadr{ki
koi gi imaat vladinite organizacii, bi mo`ele
da go pripremat patot za trilateralen dogovor.
• Vospostavuvaweto na specijalisti~ki rabotni grupi na prethodno navedenite temi bi mo`ele da dejstvuvaat kako struktura za poddr{ka za
razmena na znaewata i iskustvata pome|u sosednite zemji. Takvite grupi bi se zanimavale so legislativata, ribnicite i upotrebata na zemji{teto i {umite. U~estvoto na istra`uva~i, specijalisti i pretstavnici od institucii vo ovie
grupi, isto kao i od organizacii so golemo iskustvo vo za{titnite napori vo regionot (na
primer SPP-GR) i od nacionalnite i lokalnite
kompetentni vlasti e od golema va`nost za promoviraweto na trilateralnata sorabotka za integrirana i efektivna za{tita na sistemot na
Prespanskite Ezera.
• Be{e prifateno deka postoi potreba za lobirawe vo nacionalnite, regionalnite i lokalnite
vlasti na vklu~enite zemji za prezemawe na
aktivnosti so cel primenuvawe na postoe~kata
nacionalna legislativa za za{titata na ezerskiot ekosistem. Konkretno, be{e odlu~eno da se
pobara od Albanskata Vlada da proglasi specijalen za{titen status za albanskiot del od ezerata
bidej}i taa e edinstvena koja go nema storeno toa
do sega.
• Be{e odlu~eno da se poddr`i kombinacijata
na aktivnosti i zada~i vklu~eni vo postoe~kite
me|unarodni proekti vo regionot, kako {to se zaedni~kiot proekt na EURONATUR-PPNEA-BSPBM
i TEDDY i BALKAN-NET proektite na Arcturos
koi se poddr`ani od Evropskata komisija.
403
Transborder cooperative actions for the conservation of Prespa Lakes
Constantinos GODES
Arcturos
The direct actions for the conservation of Prespa lakes
that were implemented by Arcturos and the Balkan Bear
Conservation Network (BBCN) between 1997-’98 are
presented below.
1.Tri-lateral meeting on the conservation of
Prespa Lakes
20 - 22 June 1997, Nymfaion, Greece.
a. Introduction
In the framework of the Balkan Net project, Arcturos and
the Society for the Protection of Prespa organized a
meeting with participating NGOs from Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and
Greece. The Prespa Lakes (Lesser and Great) fall within
these three countries' national territories. A representative
from the German NGO EURONATUR was also present
as an observer.
b. Objectives
The aim of the meeting was a first contact between
NGOs from three neighboring countries who share a
common resource, face similar environmental and social
problems and need to adopt common actions in order to
better tackle the problems. During the meeting, the main
environmental issues, as well as the conservation and
management (if any) measures for the Prespa Area in
each country were presented. Some of the issues discussed were: 1. The protection status of the area, 2.
Common water management policy, 3. Common fisheries
management policy and 4. Fauna and flora conservation.
In the round table session that followed, the suggested
actions were going to forwarded to the respective competent authorities in an attempt to better coordinate the
conservation efforts in the area.
c. Results/Conclusions
• The past and present activities related to the conservation of the Prespa Lakes system were presented by each
country. The role and efforts of the Society for the
Protection of Prespa (SPP-GR) were presented in detail,
although the representative of SPP was detained and
could not attend.
• The current situation and the future perspectives of
several specific issues were discussed: Harmonization of
legislation in the three countries; monitoring of the
quantity and quality of the water in the lakes; fisheries
and the need of a trilateral agreement for a common
fishing period; forestry and land use issues; tourism and
sustainable development in the area; participation of local
people in the conservation issues.
• It was agreed that there is a clear and urgent need for
cooperation between non-governmental organizations
from the three neighboring countries. This could be the
first step towards the necessary cooperation among
governmental cooperation, as well. The NGOs, being
more flexible and lacking the political constrains present
in governmental organizations, could pave the way to a
trilateral agreement.
• The establishment of specialist thematic working
groups on the aforementioned subjects could act as a
supporting structure to the exchange of knowledge and
experience between the neighbouring countries. Such
groups could be dealing with legislative, fisheries and
water quality and forest/land use issues. The participation
of researchers, specialists and representatives from
institutions in these working groups, as well as from
organisations with great experience on conservation
efforts in the area (e.g. Society for the Protection of
Prespa - Greece) and from the national and the local
competent authorities, is of great importance for the
promotion of the trilateral cooperation for an integrated
and effective conservation of the Prespa Lakes system.
• It was agreed that there is a need to lobby to the national, regional and local governments of the countries
involved, to undertake actions in order to enforce the
application of the existing national legislation for the
protection of the lake system. In particular, it was decided
to ask the Albanian government to declare a special
protection status for the Albanian part of the lakes, since
it is the only country that has not yet granted such a
protection status for the area.
• It was decided to support the combination of activities and tasks included in the currently running international projects in the area, such as the joint
EURONATUR - PPNEA - BSPBM project and the
TEDDY and BALKAN Net projects of ARCTUROS,
supported by the European Commission.
Be{e postignata zaedni~ka spogodba za poddr{ka
i u~estvo na Me|unarodniot Simpozium koj
treba{e da se odr`i vo Kor~a, Albanija vo noemvri 1997 (organiziran od PPNEA). Site NVO-i
se soglasija da gi poddr`at so site sredstva
aktivnostite za podigawe na javnata svest na ovaa
tema predviden vo ramkata na BALKAN Net
proektot koj go ostvaruva Arcturos.
• Posledniot den be{e organizirana poseta za
u~esnicite na Prespanskiot Nacionalen Park.
Posetata Vklu~uva{e i poseta na kancelariite
na SPP vo tipi~na ku}a od ovoj kraj koja {to be{e
prekrasno renovirana. G-|a Myrsini Malakou, nau~en direktor na dru{tvoto ima{e kratko izlagawe koe gi potencira{e problemite vo oblasta i
programite koi gi ostvaruva SPP i mesnoto
naselenie. Slede{e sesija za pra{awa i odgovori. Slede{e poseta na Prespanskiot informativen centar vo Aghios Germanos kade {to program
be{e detalno pretstaven i be{e podelen informativen materijal. Slede{e sesija za nabquduvawe na pelikanite i psetata zvr{i so poseta
na Ribniot informativen centar vo seloto Psarades, na bregot na Golemoto Prespansko Ezero.
2. Sredba za za{titata na ostrovot Golem
Grad, Golemo Prespansko Ezero, Makedonija
8 - 9 Noemvri 1997, Ote{evo, Makedonija
Prifa}ajki ja pokanata na Novinarskiot
ekolo{ki centar vo Skopje, Arcturos u~estvuva{e
vo sredbata odr`ana vo NP "Gali~ica" za za{tita na ostrovot Golem Grad vo Golemoto Prespansko Ezero. Na sredbata prisustvuvaa pretstavnici na dr`avnata i lokalnata vlast od R. Makedonija, kako i pretstavnici na ekolo{ki organizacii od Albanija i Grcija. G-din Lazaros Georgijadis, biolog i g-|a Ksenija Kaimaragi, ekolo{ki
vospituva~, gi pretstavuvaa Grcija i Arcturos.
Prirodnata i ekolo{kata va`nost na ostrovot bea pretstaveni na sredbata. Toa e oaza na
mediteranska klima sred oblast na kontinentalna klima, i kako takov ima edinstveni karakteristika na florata i faunata. Primer e postoeweto na drvata Juniperus sp. i drugi mediteranski
rastenija. Ostrovot ima i arheolo{ka va`nost
bidej}i ima nekolku crkvi na nego, a najva`nata
e Sv. Petar. Ostrovot Mal Grad, na Albanskata
strana na ezeroto isto taka be{e pretstaven.
Be{e istaknata potrebata za trilateralna
sorabotka za integrirana za{tita na oblasta, a
na krajot na prviot den be{e odr`ana trkalezna
masa posvetena na za{titata na prirodata i
odr`liviot razvoj. Vtoriot den bea pretstaveni
zaklu~ocite/rezultatite od sredbata, so naglasok
na uspe{noto u~estvo na sredbata na Albanija i
Grcija. Poseta na Nacionalniot Park Gali~ica
ja zatvori sredbata.
3. Sredba so Dru{tvoto za za{tita na
Prespa (SPP)
20 Februari 1998, Aghios Germanos, Grcija
a. Voved
Sredba za koordinacija be{e odr`ana vo
prostoriite na Dru{tvoto za Za{tita na Prespa
vo Aghios Germanos, Prespansko Ezero. SPP e
aktivno vo oblasta pove}e od 10 godini a
ARCTUROS e ~len na SPP.
b. Celi
• Koordinacija na Balkanskite aktivnosti vo
ramkite na BALKAN Net proektot, no ne
ograni~en na nego.
• Na~ini da se nadmine vetoto nametnato od
strana na eden od ~lenovite na dru{tvoto vo pogled na sorabotkata so NVO-i od R. Makedonija vo
vrska so za{titata na Prespanskoto Ezero.
• Elaborirawe na ponatamo{nata sorabotka so
Albanija.
v. Rezultati/Zaklu~oci
• Odluka za zaedni~ko izdavawe na materijali
za podignuvawe na javnata svest so Albanija. SPP
}e gi obezbedi site neophodni sredstva i materijali za proizvodstvo na dvojazi~na bro{ura i
poster za za~uvuvaweto na Prespanskoto Ezero.
• Zaka`uvawe na poseta na tim od Albanski nau~nici i mesni visoki li~nosti na Gr~kiot del
od ezeroto so cel da se razgovara za zaedni~kite
problemi i re{enija.
• Zaka`uvawe na prezentacija od strana na
~lenovi na SPP vo Albanski sela so cel da se
prika`e potrebata od za{titata na prespanskiot
region i prezemenite merki na Gr~kata strana
(akcijata se otka`a zaradi tehni~ki problemi).
• G-|a Malakou i drugi ~lenovi na SPP }e insistiraat na neophodnosta od sorabotka so R. Makedonija vo odnos na za~uvuvaweto na blatoto i }e
se obidat da najdat na~in da go ubedat nezadovolniot ~len, ili }e se obidat da najdat na~in za
nadminuvawe na negovoto veto.
4. Poseta na albanska delegacija na gr~kite
prespanski ezera
11 - 12 Maj 1998, Aghios Germanos, Grcija
a.
Voved
Albanski tim, sostaven od ~lenovi na [umarskata slu`ba na Kor~a i visoki pretstavnici
od lokalnite sela ja poseti gr~kata strana.
Doma}in be{e dru{tvoto za Za{tita na Prespa,
10 godini aktivno vo za~uvuvaweto na regionot.
405
• A common agreement was reached to support and to
contribute to the forthcoming International Symposium "Towards Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development of Transboundary Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes" that was to be held in Korca, Albania in October 1997 (organised by PPNEA). It was
also agreed by all participating NGOs to support by
any means the awareness raising activities on the
same subject, envisaged in the framework of the
BALKAN Net project which is being implemented by
ARCTUROS.
• A visit of the participants to the Prespa National Park
was organised for the last day. The visit included a
tour at the offices of SPP in a typical house of the area
beautifully renovated. There was a briefing by Ms.
Myrsini Malakou, scientific director of the Society,
who highlighted the problems in the area and the programs being implemented by SPP and the local inhabitants. A question and answer session followed.
Next, there was a visit at the Prespa Information
Center in Agios Germanos where the program was
presented in greater detail and informational material
was distributed. A pelican-watching session followed
and the visit ended with a tour at the Fisheries Information Center in Psarades village, on the shore of
Great Prespa lake.
2. Meeting for the protection of Golem Grad island,
Great Prespa, FYROM
8-9 November 1997, Otesevo, Republic of Macedonia
Accepting an invitation from the Journalists Environmental Centre in Skopje, ARCTUROS participated in a
meeting held at the Gallicica National Park regarding the
protection of Golem Grad island in the Great Prespa
Lake. The meeting was attended by officials from state
and local authorities of FYROM, as well as representatives of environmental organisations from Albania and
Greece. Representing Greece and Arcturos were Mr.
Lazaros Georgiadis, biologist and Ms. Xenia Kaimara,
environmental educator.
The natural and environmental importance of the island
was presented during the meeting. It is a mediterranean
climate oasis in an area of continental climatic conditions
and as such, it has unique for the area fauna and flora
characteristics. An example is the presence of perennial
Juniperus sp. trees and other mediterranean type plants.
The island is also archaeologically important, since there
are several churches on it, the most important being St.
Peter. The island of Mal Grad, on the Albanian side of
Prespa was also presented.
The need for trilateral coopeation for an integrated protection of the area was stressed, and a round table discussion on issues related to the natural protection and sustainable development of the island closed the first day.
On the second day, the conclusions/results of the meeting
were presented, with emphasis on the successful participation of Albania and Greece to the meeting. A tour of
the Galicica National Park concluded the event.
3. Meeting with the Society for the Protection of
Prespa (SPP)
20 February 1998, Agios Germanos, Greece
a. Introduction
A coordination meeting was held at the offices of the
Society for the Protection of Prespa in Agios Germanos,
Prespa Lakes. The SPP has been active in the area for
more than ten years and Arcturos is a member of SPP.
b. Objectives
• Coordination of Balkan activities within the Balkan
Net project, but not confined to it.
• Ways to overcome the veto imposed by one of the
Society's members regarding cooperation with Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) NGOs
on the issue of Lake Prespa conservation.
• Elaboration of further cooperation with Albania.
•
c. Results / Conclusions
• Decision for the common publication of awareness
raising material with Albania. SPP will provide all
necessary means and materials for the production of a
bilingual leaflet and a poster on the conservation of
Lake Prespa.
• Scheduling of a visit to the Greek Prespa Lakes of an
Albanian team of scientists and local dignitaries in order to discuss common problems and solutions.
• Scheduling of presentation, by SPP members, in Albanian villages on the need of conservation in the Prespa area and the measures implemented on the Greek
Prespa. (Action canceled due to technical problems).
• Mrs. Malakou and the other members of SPP will
insist on the necessity to cooperate with FYROM on
matters of wetland conservation and try to either persuade the reluctant member, or try to find ways to
overcome its veto.
4. Visit of Albanian contingency to the Greek
Prespa Lakes
11-12 May 1998, Agios Germanos, Greece
a. Introduction
A visit by a team from Albania consisting of members of
the Korca Forestry Service and local village dignitaries
was made to the Greek Prespa Lakes. Host was the Society for the Protection of Prespa (SPP) an active conservation party in the region for more than ten years.
b. Celi
• Prezentacija od SPP na naporite za za~uvuvawe i rezultatite vo oblasta
• Prezentacija na problemite sretnati vo zaednicite koi se grani~at so ezeroto na albanskata
strana.
• Poseta na dvata informativni centri na
dru{tvoto, na ezeroto i na pelikanite.
• Koordinacija na zaednikite aktivnosti vo
ramkite na proektot
v. Rezultati/Zaklu~oci
• Polo`bata na Albanskite zaednici nalikuva
na tie vo Grcija pred nekolku decenii. Potreba
za golema kampawa za podignuvawe na javnata
svest so cel da se izbegne ista socio-zemjodelska
evolucija.
• Lobirawe kaj Albanskata vlada za odr`livo
koristewe na vodata za navodnuvawe i racionalni ribarski metodi.
• Lobirawe za proglasuvawe na Albanskite delovi na prespanskite ezera za nacionalni parkovi so specijalen status za za{tita.
• Potreba za trilateralen dogovor za upravuvawe so ezerata. Za~uvuvawe i upravuvawe na vidovite i resursite. Iskustvoto na SPP da se implementira vo Albanija (Pr.: ispa{a na vodenite
stani{ta so bivoli). Drugi tehniki treba da se
prifatat za da odgovaraat na socio-ekonomskite
standardi.
• ARCTUROS }e dizajnira zaedni~ki poster, dodeka Transborder Wildlife }e proizvede dvojazi~na
bro{ura za za~uvuvawe na ezerata
• Eko-turizmot i odr`livo organsko zemjodelie
se dve poliwa koi treba da se imaat vo predvid
kako zamena za intenzivnoto zemjodelie.
Zabele{ki
• Na 20 Dekemvri 1997, Generalnoto Sobranie
na Dru{tvoto za za{tita na Prespa koe be{e
odr`ano vo Solun, Grcija, odlu~i deka se dodeka
ne se prifati re{enie na politi~kite problemi
prifatlivo za Grcija i R. Makedonija, SPP nema
da sorabotuva na nikoj na~in so R. Makedonija niti }e zeme u~estvo vo bilo kakvi trilateralni
aktivnosti za za~uvuvawe na prespanskiot region. Arcturos, kako ~len na SPP, i sfa}ajki deka SPP
e specijalizirana organizacija za za~uvuvawe na
vodenite stani{ta, odlu~i da gi odlo`i tie
aktivnosti se dodeka ne dobie definitivni
politi~ki nasoki od strana na nacionalnite
vlasti. Sepak, i SPP i Arcturos, }e ja prodol`at
sorabotkata so albanskite NVO-i i lokalnite,
regionalnite i nacionalnite vlasti po toa
pra{awe.
5. Bro{ura za za{uvuvawe na Prespanskoto
Ezero
Intenzivnoto koristewe na Albanskoto
Malo Prespansko Ezero za navodnuvawe na kor~anskata ramnina kako i ne-odr`livoto prekumerno ribarewe na Golemoto Prespansko Ezero
se nekoi od temite koi se sodr`at vo bro{urata
koja be{e napravena od strana na Transborder
Wildlife. O~evidno e deka za da se za{titi taa oblast so isklu~itelna estetska i biolo{ka vrednost neophodna e me|unarodna sorabotka. Oblasta e proglasena za Nacionalen Park vo Grcija
i R. Makedonija, no ne i vo Albanija. Ispraten e
predlog, no se u{te ne e jasno dali }e bide
prifaten ili ne. Taa pro{ura be{e napravena vo
ramkite na programata za podignuvawe na javnata
svest naso~ena kon lokalnoto naselenie i vlasti,
isto kako i kon kompetentnite dr`avni vlasti.
• Jazik: AL, EN
• Tira`: 2000 kopii
• Distribucija: `itelite na Prespanskiot
region, mesnite u~ili{ta, lokalnite i
regionalnite vlasti, {umarskite stanici,
kompetentnite ministerstva i drugi vladini
organizacii.
6. Poster za za~uvuvawe na Prespanskite Ezera
Vo ramkite na naporite za podignuvawe na
javnata svest za za~uvuvawe na Prespanskite
ezera be{e kreiran poster vo sorabotka so
Arcturos, Dru{tvoto za Za{tita na Prespa i
Transborder Wildlife (Albanija). Posterot }e obezbedi vizuelen stimulans i mnogu podirektno
zna~ewe na podignuvaweto na javnata svest. Se
obidovme da gi dofatime site razli~ni, no me|upovrzani spekti na oblasta: kulturata, ~ove~kite
aktivnosti, diviot svet i prirodnata okolina.
Toa e edna celina, i {to }e se slu~i vo edniot
del se reflektira vo drugite. Porakata e jasna:
za da gi za{titime ezerata mora da za{titime i
se drugo so niv.
• Jazik: AL, EN
• Tira`: 2000 kopii
• Distribucija: Gradovi i sela vo prespanskiot region, u~ili{ta, lokalnite vlasti,
{umarski stanici.
407
b. Objectives
• Presentation by SPP of the conservation efforts and
results in the area.
• Presentation of the problems encountered in the
communities bordering the lake on the Albanian side.
• Tour of the Society's two Information Centers, the
lakes and the pelican colonies.
• Coordination of common actions in the framework of
the project.
c. Results / Conclusions
• The status of the Albanian communities resembles
that in Greece a couple of decades ago. Need for extensive awareness raising campaign in order to avert
the same social - agricultural evolution.
• Lobbying on the Albanian government for the sustainable use of the waters for irrigation and rational
fishing techniques.
• Lobbying for the declaration of the Albanian Prespa
Lakes as a National Park with special protection
status.
• Need for a tri-lateral agreement on the management of
the lakes. Species and resource conservation and
management. SPP know-how readily available to be
adopted in Albania (i.e. buffalo grazing on the wet
pastures). Other techniques need to be adapted to suit
local socio-economic standards.
• Arcturos will design a common poster, while Transborder Wildlife will produce a bilingual leaflet for the
conservation of the lakes.
• Ecotourism and sustainable organic agriculture are
two fields that need to be looked into as alternatives to
intensive agriculture.
Remarks
• On 20 December 1997, the General Assembly Meeting of the Society for the Protection of Prespa, which
was held in Thessaloniki, Greece, decided that until a
commonly acceptable solution is given to the political
problems existing between Greece and FYROM, the
SPP will not cooperate in any way with FYROM nor
will it take part in any tri-lateral co-operation activities for the conservation of the Prespa area.
ARCTUROS, being a member of SPP and realizing
that SPP is the specialist organisation in wetland conservation, decided to postpone those activities until
definite political guidelines have been given by the
national authorities. However, both SPP and
408
ARCTUROS would continue to co-operate with Albanian NGOs and local, regional and national
authorities on that issue.
5. Leaflet for the conservation of Prespa Lake
The intensive use of the Albanian Lesser Prespa lake for
the irrigation of the Korca Plain as well as the non-sustainable overfishing of the Greater Prespa lake are some
of the issues contained in the leaflet which was produced
by the organization Transborder Wildlife. It is quite clear
that in order to protect that area of exceptional esthetic
and biological value, international cooperation is a prerequisite. The area has been declared a National Park in
Greece and in FYROM, but not in Albania. A proposal
has been put forth, but it remains unclear whether it will
be accepted or not. In the framework of an awareness
raising campaign aimed at the local inhabitants and
authorities, as well as competent state authorities, that
leaflet was produced.
• Language : AL, EN
• Circulation : 2,000 copies
• Distribution : Prespa area inhabitants, local schools,
local and regional authorities, forestry stations, competent ministries and other governmental organizations.
6. Prespa Lakes conservation poster
In the framework of the awareness raising efforts for the
conservation of Prespa lakes, a poster was created with
the cooperation of Arcturos, the Society for the Protection
of Prespa and Transborder Wildlife (Albania). The poster
would provide the visual stimulus and a much more direct means of awareness raising. We tried to capture all
the distinct but interrelated aspects of the area: culture,
human activities, wildlife and the natural environment. It
is an entity and what happens to one part, reflects on the
others. The message is clear: in order to protect the lakes,
we have to protect everything else with them.
• Language: AL, GR
• Circulation: 2,500 copies (total)
• Distribution: Towns and villages in the Prespa area,
schools, local authorities, Forestry Service stations
Trilateralna sorabotka vo za~uvuvaweto na prirodata vo Prespa
S. BURDAKIS, D. BUSBURAS, Konstantinos GODES i J. MERYANIS
Arkturos
Apstrakt
Od 1995 godina, Arkturos sorabotuva so ekolo{kite NVO-i od trite sosednite dr`avi za za{titata i
za~uvuvaweto na kafeavata me~ka i nejzinite `iveali{ta vo ju`niot Balkan. Mnogu od tie aktivnosti
go podgotvija terenot za ponatamo{nite direktni aktivnosti za za~uvuvaweto na Prespanskiot
Region. Na kratko, tie aktivnosti - najmnogu od koi bea realizirani vo ramkite na proektite TEDDY i
BALKANNET - vklu~uvaat:
• Sozdavawe na Balkanska mre`a za za~uvuvawe na me~kata (BBCN), so u~estvo na 11 Balkanski NVO-i.
• Istra`uva~ki poseti na Albanija i R. Makedonija (Juni 1995, Juni-Noemvri 1996) i sredbi so
dr`avnite vlasti.
• Sporedbena studija na legislativa koja se odnesuva na za{titata na prirodata vo dvete zemji.
• Pregled na transgrani~nite populacii na me~kata i `iveali{tata, vklu~uvaj}i ja prespanskata
oblast.
Sega{nata situacija i rezultatite se pretstaveni vo dva razli~ni truda ~ii temi se sostojbata na
populacijata na me~kata i aktivnostite za podignuvawe na javnata svest vo konkretnata oblast.
409
Trilateral cooperation on nature conservation in Prespa: awareness, education,
survey on focal species (the brown bear)
S. BOURDAKIS, D. BOUSBOURAS, Constantinos GODES, Y. MERTZANIS
Arcturos
Abstract
Since 1995, Arcturos has been cooperating with environmental NGOs from the neighboring countries (Albania, Bulgaria
and FYROM) for the protection and conservation of the brown bear and its habitats in the south Balkans. Many of those
actions prepared the ground for consequent direct actions for the conservation of the Prespa area. Briefly, those actions –
most of which were realized under the TEDDY and BALKANET Projects - include:
• The creation of the Balkan Bear Conservation Network (BBCN), with the participation of 11 Balkan environmental
NGOs.
• Investigatory visits to Albania and FYROM (Jun. ’95, Jun.-Nov. ’96) and contacts with national authorities.
• A comparative study of the environmental legislation in the above countries.
• A survey of the trans-border bear populations, and habitats including the Prespa area.
Present situation and results are presented in two different papers dealing with bear populations
status and awareness raising actions in the targeted area.
410
Integralna za{tita, odr`livo koristewe i za~uvuvawe na prirodnite
resursi vo prespanskiot region
Aleksandar D. NASTOV
Kancelarija na Nacionalna Agencija “NATUROPA”
Ministerstvo za `ivotna sredina, Skopje, Makedonija
Apstrakt
Vo trudot se prezentirani podatoci i informacii za prirodnite vrednosti i potencijali na Prespanskiot
region. Vo negoviot opfat se zastapeni slednite ekosistemi: Golemo Prespansko Ezero (Macro Prespa), Malo
Prespansko Ezero (Micro Prespa), re~nite ekosistemi i blatata vo Prespanskata Kotlina.Ramkata za istra`uvawe
gi opfa}a: potencijalite na ovoj region po odnos na produkcijata na prirodni resursi, na~inot na nivnoto koristewe, sostojbata so za~uvanosta na prirodnite vrednosti kaj prirodnite ekosistemi, posebno biolo{kata
raznovidnost i merkite koi se prezemaat vo prekugrani~en kontekst.
Voved
Vo poslednava dekada bev preokupiran so
prou~uvawe na prirodnite ekosistemi, posebno
vodnite ekosistemi, od aspekt na promenite so
koi se zagrozuva nivniot opstanok. Tie me pottiknuvaa da se zafatam so prou~uvawe na
pri~inite koi gi produciraat istite.
Imeno, ekolo{kite sostojbi kaj na{ite
tri prirodni tektonski ezera bea elaborirani
vo trudovite prezentirani na nekolku me|unarodni simpooziumi i drugi zna~ajni sobiri
odr`ani vo: Star Dojran (Nastova i Nastov 1990;
Nastov 1994), Ohrid (Nastova, Nastov i Arsovski 1992; Nastov 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999),
Skopje (Nastov 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999), Ote{evo (Nastov 1995, 1999), Kor~a (Nastov 1998),
Zidlohovice (Nastov 1995), Praga (Nastov 1995),
Strazbur (Nastov 1995), Lesidren (Nastov i
Micevski 1995), Lozana (Nastov 1995), Brizbejn
(Nastov i Micevski 1996), Riga (Nastov 1998),
San Hoze (Nastov i Micevski 1999), Kejp Taun
(Nastov i Micevski 1999).
Prespanskiot ekosistem vo trudot e tretiran kako integralna celina. Za{titata i za~uvuvaweto na prirodnite vrednosti kaj Prespanskiot ekosistem baraat primena na me|unarodni
kriteriumi.
Zatoa vo trudot se vklu~eni zna~ajni
informacii i podatoci za koristeweto na
bioresursite, sostojbata so za~uvanosta i razvojot na osnovnte komponenti na biolo{kata raznovidnost kaj ovoj priroden ekosistem.
Na krajot se prezentirani najzna~ajnite
aktivnosti na lokalno, podra~no i dr`avno nivo
za za{tita na `ivotnata sredina i za~uvuvawe na
prirodnite vrednosti i idnite razvojni aktivnosti, vklu~eni vo prekugrani~nata sorabotka na
trite sosedni zemji na ~ii teritorii se protega
prespanskiot ekosistem.
Metodi
Za elaborirawe na aktuelnata sostojba kaj
Prespanskiot ekosistem vo trudot se vklu~eni
podatoci izvle~eni od inventarizirani publikacii (nau~ni i stru~ni materijali), statisti~ki i
arhivski materijali koi gri`livo se sobirani
vo dveipol-deceniskoto prou~uvawe na ekolo{kite sostojbi kaj istiot. Isto taka se vklu~eni
podatoci za implementacija na me|unarodna i
nacionalna regulativa (konvencii, dogovori,
protokoli, zakoni, podzakonski akti) i podatoci
dobieni so sopstveni istra`uvawa na vodnite i
krajbre`nite rastitelni i `ivotinski vidovi
koi `iveat vo prespanskiot ekosistem.
411
Integral protection, sustainable use and natural resources conservation in Prespa
region
Aleksandar D. NASTOV
"NATUROPA" National Agency Office
Ministry of Environment, Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract
This paper contains data and information on natural values and potentials of Prespa Region. It covers the following ecosystems: Big
Prespa Lake (Macro Prespa), Small Prespa Lake (Micro Prespa), river ecosystems and the marshes of Prespa Basin. The framework
of survey includes: potentials of this region related to the production of natural resources, the manner of their usage, the state of
preservation of natural values of natural ecosystems, especially biodiversity and measures undertaken in transboundary context.
Introduction
During the past decade I was preoccupied with studying
the natural ecosystems, especially water ecosystems,
from the aspect of changes that endanger their survival.
They encouraged me to undertake studying the cause of
their occurrence.
Namely, environmental state of our natural tectonic lakes
were elaborated in the work presented at several international symposiums held in: Star Dojran (Nastova and
Nastov 1990; Nastov 1994), Ohrid (Nastova, Nastov and
Arsovski 1992; Nastov 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999),
Skopje (Nastov 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999), Otesevo
(Nastov 1995, 1999), international symposiums and other
significant gatherings held in: Korca (Nastov 1998),
Zidlohovice (Nastov 1995), Prague (Nastov 1995), Strasbourg (Nastov 1995), Lesidren (Nastov and Micevski
1995), Lozana (Nastov 1995), Brisbane (Nastov and Micevski 1996), Riga (Nastov 1998), San Hose (Nastov and
Micevski 1999), Cape Town (Nastov and Micevski
1999).
Prespa ecosystem in this paper is treated as an integral
whole. Natural value protection and conservation of Prespa ecosystem require international criteria.
That is why this work includes important data and information on use of bio-resources, the state of preservation
and the development of the basic components of biodiversity of this natural ecosystem.
At the end, the most important activities are presented
412
undertaken on a local, regional and national level in the
protection of environment and preservation of natural
values, as well as future developmental activities included in transboundary cooperation of the three neighbouring countries at whose territory spreads this ecosystem.
Methods
In order to elaborate the actual state of Prespa ecosystem
in this work data extracted from publications (scientific
and professional materials), statistical and archive materials tenderly collected in the period of two and a half decades of environmental study of it. Also, data on implementation of international and national regulations are
included (conventions, agreements, protocols, laws, sublaw acts) and data obtained by surveys of water and costal flora and fauna species living in Prespa ecosystem.
The analytical method identifies relevant data on: natural
characteristics of Prespa ecosystem (geographical, hydrographical, hydrological, biological and of landscapes),
economic activities of the local population (agriculture,
water economy, hunting, fishing), existing developmental
documents (Spatial Plan, Economic Development Strategy of RM, National Environmental Action Plan and
Programme, Elaboration of integral protection of "Ezerani" strict natural reservation on Prespa Lake, Prespa
Lake Natural Monument Protectiion and Promotion,
studies, projects e.t.c.
So najnovite nau~ni istra`uvawa (so sovremeni detektorski metodi) potvrdena e hipotezata za podzemnata vrska na Prespanskoto so
Ohridskoto Ezero. Imeno vodite od Prespanskoto Ezero kaj ponorot Zavir, podzemno pod
planinskiot masiv Gali~ica poniraat i kaj Biljaninite izvori se vlivaat vo Ohridskoto Ezero
(Ga{evski 1972, Sibinovi} 1987, Anovski, 1997).
Prespanskiot ekosistem se odlikuva so
zonalna razmestenost na rastitelnite i `ivotinskite grupi (Micevski 1987, Stojanovski
1982, Popovska-Stankovi} 1986, [apkarev 1992,
Dimovski 1959, Micevski 1995).
Vo Ezeroto se nao|a edinstveniot ostrov
Golem Grad koj{to se odlikuva so specifi~na avtohtona flora i fauna (Micevski 1992, Melovski 1997, Nastov 1998).
Krajbre`jeto na Ezeroto isto taka e dosta
diferencirano. Negovata zapadna strana, prostorot od mesnosta Sir-han do s. Stewe, e so tesno
krajbre`je koe e peso~no. Ju`niot del, kaj s.
Kowsko, se odlikuva so vertikalni litici i
mali tesni peso~ni prostori. Naj{iroka povr{ina (zona) zafa}a severniot del, od s. Sir-han
do s. Asamati. Taa se odlikuva so ~esti peso~ni
sprudovi koi se zaobikoleni so zablateni tereni
i {irok pojas na trskata (na mesta i nad 1000
metri). Na niv se nadovrzuvaat agrarni povr{ini, pasi{ta, odnosno brdski tereni pokrieni
so {umska vegetacija (Micevski 1995, 1998, Nastov 1996, 1998).
Podatocite za prou~enosta na algenite
vidovi koi go so~inuvaat fitoplanktonot na
Prespanskiot ekosistem se vneseni vo Tab. 1.
Tab. 1 Prou~enost na algenata flora na Prespanskoto Ezero
Tab. 1 Level of investigation of the algal flora of the Prespa Lake
Grupa
(Group)
ALGAE
Broj vidovi
(Number of
species)
39
Poniski taksonomski grupi
(Lower taxonomic
groups)
Cyanophyta
Chlorophyta
Chrysophyta
Diatomeae
Euglenophyta
Pyrrhophyta
Od Tab. 1 se gleda deka fitoplanktonot go
so~inuvaat 39 algeni vidovi grupirani vo 6
sistematski grupi. Od niv najzastapeni se
pretstavnicite od grupata na zelenite algi (11
vidovi), sinozelenite algi i dijatomeite u~estvuvaat so po 9 vidovi, a samo so eden vid e grupata
na euglenofitnite algi. Fitoplanktonot e
zna~aen za biolo{kata produkcija na hrana i
organski materii neophodni za opstanokot na
ostanatite `ivi su{testva vo ezeroto, osobeno
na ribnata populacija.
Vi{ite vodni rastenija se zastapeni vo
krajbre`niot pojas, a poretko vo ostanatite
ekolo{ki ni{i na ezeroto. Vo krajbre`niot
pojas osobeno e zna~ajna zaednicata Scirpetophragmitetum Koch 1926, vo koja dominira trskata
(Phragmites communis).
Vo blatata koi se vo ramkite na rezervatot
Ezerani zastapeni se {amakot, trskata, kako i
drugi livadski rastenija. Na oddelni mesta na
Broj vidovi
(Number of
species)
9
11
5
9
1
4
Institucija/
Organizacija
(Institutions/
organisations)
PMF, Skopje (PMF,
Skopje)
Biolo{ki
Institut
(Bioogical Institute)
Botani~ki Zavod (Botanical Institute)
Hidrobiolo{ki zavod,
Ohrid (Hydrobiological
Institute, Ohrid)
krajbre`jeto i kaj ribnicite se so~uvani sostoini od vrbi, topoli i drugi drvenesti vidovi.
Za sinxirot na ishranata na ribnata
populacija isto taka se va`ni i pretstavnicite
od zooplanktonot.
Od ostanatite bezrbetni vodni `ivotni
kaj ova Ezero zna~ajni se pretstavnicite od grupata na mekotelite (pol`avi, {kolki), crvite
(lumbricidi), pijavici (hirudinei), slatkovodnite rakovi i dr.
'Rbetnite vodni `ivotni isto taka se zna~ajni za razvojot na biolo{kata raznovidnost na
Prespanskoto Ezero.
Podatocite za nivnata prou~enost i
vidova zastapenost se vneseni vo Tab. 2.
Od Tab. 2 se gleda deka najzastapena e grupata na pticite so 105 vidovi, potoa sleduva grupata na ribite so 12 vidovi, a ostanatite grupi se
zastapeni so nekolku vidovi.
Selected data and information are included in the special
algorithm, and applying modern scientific methods user's
attitude towards national resources is assessed; then
negative effects on natural ecosystems, protection status,
endangering, i.e. preservation of natural values of them,
and possibilities of sustainable development of natural
ecosystems, i.e. re-establishment of the disturbed
biological balance.
Tabular, graphical presentation and a map of the results,
and for illustration of certain conditions or phenomena
there are photographs.
Results
Prespa region constitutes a natural whole and includes the
following ecosystems: Prespa Lake (Macro Prespa),
Small Prespa Lake (Micro Prespa) and their
surroundings. Prespa Basin belongs here too, together
with the hydro-basin consisting of the waterways: Stara
Reka, Brajcinska Reka, Kranska Reka, Golema Reka,
Bolnska Reka, Istocna Reka, Perovska Reka and other
smaller waterways. This basin covers about 1350 km2, of
which 317 km2 are wetland and 1033 km2 are land.
Prespa Lakes are situated in the south-west of the
Balkans. The lakes in geographic terms are located
between 40º42' and 41º02' north geographic width and
18º43' east geographic length.
Total water surface is 317 km2, length 28 km and width
17 km. The maximal depth in the Big Prespa Lake is 52
m.
The Big Prespa Lake spreads on the territory of three
neighbouring countries: Macedonia (north-western , north
and eastern part ), Albania (western part) and Greece
(southern part), and the Small Prespa Lake on the
territory of Albania (western part) and Greece (eastern
part).
Prespa Lake covers 274 km2 of which 177 km2 (64,6%)
are on the territory of Macedonia. The Lake belongs to
the Desaret tectonic lakes and is of great historical and
geological importance because its age is estimated to be
about 3 million years (the lake originates from the period
of pliocen).
The latest scientific researches (with modern detecting
methods) confirmed the hypothesis of the underground
link of Prespa Lake with Ohrid Lake. Namely the waters
of Prespa Lake at Zavir abyss plunge under the mountain
massif Galicica and at Biljana's springs flows into Ohrid
Lake (Gasevski, 1972, Sibinovic, 1987, Anovski, 1997).
Prespa ecosystem is characterized with zonal disposal of
floristic and faunal groups (Micevski 1987; Stojanovski
1982; Popovska-Stankovic 1986; Sapkarev 1992;
Dimovski 1959; Micevski 1995).
The data of the study on alga species constituting Prespa
Ecosystem Phythoplancton are included in Tab. 1.
We can see from the phytoplancton is constituted of 39
alga species grouped in 6 systematic groups. Most
414
represented are the green alga (11 species), blue-green
alga and diatomea participate with 9 species, and and
euglenophyta with one species. Phytoplancton is
important for biological production of food and organic
substances essential for the survival of the other living
creatures in the lake, especially of fish population.
High-developed water plants are represented in the costal
area, and rarely in other ecological areas of the Lake. In
the costal area , the Scirpeto-fragmitetum Koch 1926
community is specific, in which Phragmites comunis reed
dominates.
The reed and other meadow plants are found in the
marshes of Ezerani reservation. In the costal area and fish
farms, willow, poplar and other woody plants are
preserved.
The representatives of zooplancton are important for the
feed-chain of fish population.Other water invertebrates in
this lake are mecotels (snails, shells), warms, (lumbricus),
leeches (Hirudinea), clayfish etc.Water vertebrates are
also important for the development of biodiversity of
Prespa Lake.Data of their study and species represented
are contained in Tab. 2.
From the Tab. 2 we can see that the group of the birds is
most represented – 105 species, then follows the group of
fish with 12 species, and the rest with only a few species.
DISCUSSION
Prespa ecosystem characterizes with extremely rich
biological diversity and vitality of the basic componentproducers. This specially refers to Prespa Lake and
waterways of its basin.
For the vitality of this ecosystem no less important are the
other representatives, especially those of macropfyti
vegetation, and the consumers. The feed-chain includes
representatives of invertebrata, vertebrata, and the people.
Anthropogenic factor is dominant in the use of
bioresources of this ecosystem. The most exploited are:
reed and the woody species in the costal area of the Lake
and the marsh of Ezerani, the fish, water birds and hairy
game, which from time to time stay in this area and feeds
with birds.
Specifically endangered species are: the reed, the willow
and the poplar (flooded forest in the locality of Ezerani),
commercial species of fish (carp, trout, sheath-fish,
maple, belvica e.t.c.) and water birds.
Prespa Lake Protection management is competence of the
Government of R. Macedonia. The use of bioresources
from this Lake is regulated with a special agreement
between the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water
Economy, as a government organ, and the Public
Enterprise "Prespa Lake". The concession concerns water
pollution protection and use (catch) of fish fund of the
Lake.
Diskusija
Prespanskiot ekosistem se karakterizira so izvonredno bogata biolo{ka raznovidnost
i so vitalnost na osnovnata komponenta na
istiot- producentite. Toa posebno se odnesuva na
Prespanskoto Ezero i vodotecite vo negovoto
slivno podra~je.
No za vitalnosta na ovoj ekosistem va`ni
se i ostanatite pretstavnici, posebno tie od
makrofitskata vegetacija, kako i konsumentite.
Vo sinxirot na ishranata se vklu~eni pretstavnicite od bez'rbentite i 'rbetnite `ivotni,
kako i lu|eto.
Antropogeniot faktor e dominanten vo iskoristuvaweto na bioresursite od ovoj ekosistem. Pritoa najmnogu se eksploatiraat: trskata,
{amakot i drvenestite vidovi od krajbre`jeto na
Ezeroto i blatoto Ezerani, ribite, vodnite
ptici i vlaknestiot dive~ koj povremeno prestojuva vo ova podra~je kade {to se hrani so pticite.
Kako posebno zagrozeni se smetaat slednite vidovi: pojasot na trskata, vrbite i topolite
(poplavna {uma vo mesnosta Ezerani), komercijalnite vidovi riba (krap, pastrmka, som, klen,
belvica i dr.) i vodnite ptici.
Upravuvaweto so za{titata na Prespanskoto Ezero e vo nadle`nost na Vladata na Republika Makedonija. Koristeweto na bioresursite od ova ezero e regulirano so poseben dogovor pome|u Ministerstvoto za zemjodelstvo, {umarstvo i vodostopanstvo, kako vladin dr`aven
organ, i JP ”Prespansko Ezero”. Koncesijata se
odnesuva na za{tita na vodata od zagaduvawe i
koristewe (ulov) na ribniot fond vo Ezeroto.
Upravuvaweto so za{titata biolo{kata
raznovidnost kaj blatnite tereni (i krajbre`jeto na Ezeroto) vo mesnosta Ezerani, koi so poseben zakon se proglaseni za Strog priroden rezervat Ezerani (vo 1996 god.), Vladata na Republika
Makedonija so posebno re{enie (doneseno vo
1997 god.) go otstapi na Dru{tvoto za prou~uvawe
i za{tita na pticite na Makedonija.
Upravuvaweto so za{titata i koristeweto
(lovot) na dive~ot vo Prespanskiot region e
regulirano so poseben dogovor za koncesija sklu-
~en pome|u Ministerstvoto za zemjodelstvo, {umarstvo i vodostopanstvo i Love~koto Dru{tvo
od Resen.
Upravuvaweto so za{titata, odgleduvaweto i koristeweto (sportski ribolov) na ribniot
fond vo ribnite reviri vo vodotecite od
Prespanskiot sliv e regulirano so poseben
dogovor za koncesija sklu~en pome|u Ministerstvoto za zemjodelstvo, {umarstvo i vodostopanstvo i sportskoto ribolovno dru{tvo od
Resen.
Upravuvaweto so za{titata na vodite vo
vodotecite od Prespanskiot sliv od zagaduvawe i
koristewe za navodnuvawe i dr. nameni, kako i
za{tita na krajbre`jata od erozija i degradacija
e regulirano so poseben dogovor sklu~en pome|u
Ministerstvoto za zemjodelstvo, {umarstvo i
vodostopanstvo i JP ”Vodostopanstvo na Makedonija”, Rabotna edinica za vodostopanstvo od
Resen.
Upravuvaweto
so
za{titata,
odgleduvaweto i koristeweto na {umite vo
Prespanskiot region e regulirano so poseben
dogovor
za
koncesija
sklu~en
pome|u
Ministerstvoto za zemjodelstvo, {umarstvo i
vodostopanstvo i JP ”Makedonski [umi”, R.E.
[umarstvo od Resen.
Upravuvaweto so za{titata, odgleduvaweto i koristeweto na pasi{tata vo Prespanskiot region e regulirano so poseben dogovor za
koncesija sklu~en pome|u Ministerstvoto za zemjodelstvo, {umarstvo i vodostopanstvo, kako
vladin dr`aven organ i JP ”Pasi{ta i utrini na
Makedonija”, Rabotna edinica za koriste na
pasi{ta, od Resen.
Navedenite upravuva~i, odnosno korisnici
na bioresursite kaj Prespanskiot ekosistem
upravuvaweto so za{titata, odnosno koristeweto na bioresursite go vr{at vrz osnova na prethodno izgotveni i odobreni planovi i programi.
No, vo pove}eto od takvite planovi otsustvuva
primenata na me|unarodni standardi i kriteriumi koi se odnesuvaat na obezbeduvawe uslovi za
integralna za{tita i odr`liv razvoj na osnovnite komponenti na biolo{kata raznovidnost.
The Government of R. Macedonia, brought a decision in
1997, with which gave over the management of protection of biodiversity of marshy terrain (and the coastal area
of the Lake) in the locality of Ezerani, which are declared
as a strict reservation with a separate law (in 1996), to the
Birds Study and Protection Society.
The management of protection and use (hunting) of game
in Prespa region is regulated with a separate agreement of
concession concluded between the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy and Hunting Society
from Resen.
The management of protection, farming and use (recreational fishing) of fish fund in the waterways of Prespa
basin is regulated with a special agreement of concession
concluded between the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Water Economy and the Recreational Fishing Society
from Resen.
The management of water protection of Prespa basin
waterways against pollution and usage for irrigation and
alike, as well as protection of costal areas against erosion
and degradation is regulated with a separate agreement
concluded between the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Water Economy and the Public Enterprise "Macedonian Water Economy" Working Water Economy Unit
from Resen.
Management of protection, growing and use of forests in
Prespa region is regulated with a separate agreement of
concession between the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Water Economy and the Public Enterprise "Macedonian Forests", Forestry Working Unit from Resen.
Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Water Economy as a government organ and the Public
Enterprise "Pastures and grasslands of Macedonia",
Working Unit of pasture use, protection, growing and use
of pastures in Prespa region is regulated with a separate
agreement between the from Resen.
Tab. 2 Prou~enost na ‘rbetni `ivotni vo prespanskiot ekosistem
Tab. 2 Vertebrates studied out in Prespa ecosystem.
Grupa
Broj vidovi Poniski taksonomski grupi Broj vidovi
(Group)
(Number of
(Lower taxonomic groups)
(Number of
species)
species)
3
Vertebrata
17
Salmonidae
2
Pisces
Cyprinidae
1
Siluridae
2
Percidae
1
Anguillidae
2
Amfibia
3
Salamandridae
1
Ranidae
1
Reptilia
2
Testudinidae
1
Sauridae
1
Aves
105
Gaviidae
4
Podicepidae
2
Pelecanidae
2
Phalacrocoraidae
3
Botauridae
2
Nycticoraxidae
2
Ciconidae
1
Phoenicopteridae
9
Anatidae
1
Cygnidae
4
Aytidae
2
Mergusidae
3
Aquillidae
3
Rallidae
1
Sternidae
8
Motacilidae
7
Mammalia
2
Mustelidae
1
Canidae
1
institution/organization
PMF, Skopje
Biological Institute
Zoological Institute
Hydrobiolog. Instit. Ohrid
PMF, Biol. Instit. Sk.
Natural science Museum
Hydrobiol. Instit. Ohrid
PMF, Skopje
Biological Institute
Zoological Institute
Natural science Museum
Forestry Faculty, Skopje
PMF, Skopje
Biological Institute
Zoological Institute
Natural Science Museum
Forestry Faculty, Skopje
*Navedenite `ivotinski vidovi se selektirani od aspekt na nivnoto zna~ewe za ekosistemot, kako i
nivntata komercijalna eksploatiranost.
*The quoted animal species are selected from the aspect of their importance for the ecosystem, as well as their
commercial exploitation
Zaklu~oci
1. Integralnata za{tita i odr`livoto koristewe na bioresursite kaj Prespanskiot ekosistem se osnoven preduslov za odr`liv razvoj na
osnovnite komponenti na biolo{kata raznovidnost kaj istiot, a so toa i za prifatliv ekolo{ki i ekonomski razvoj na Prespanskiot region.
2. Neposredna za{tita na kvalitetot na vodite vo Prespanskoto Ezero i re~nite ekosistemi
od Prespanskiot sliv mo`e da se obezbedi so
voveduvawe edinstven monitoring-sistem nad site izvori koi mo`at da gi zadadat istite.
3. Preventivna za{tita od degradirawe na
krajbre`jata i vegetacijata, kako i zagrozuvawe
na opstanokot na oddelni rastitelni i `ivotinski vidovi, kako i nivni zaednici, mo`e da se
obezbedi so izgotvuvawe i donesuvawe planovi za
upravuvawe so za{titenite podra~ja, no i so
ostanatite delovi od Prespanskiot ekosistem.
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dr`avni organi, a da ja sprovedat strukturite
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koncesionerite (korisnicite) na bioresursite
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Conclusions
1. Integral protection and sustainable use of Prespa
ecosystem resources are principal prerequisite for sustainable development of the basic components of biodiversity, and along with it for acceptable environmental
and economic development of Prespa region.
2. Introducing a unique monitoring system over all
springs that may be polluted can provide direct protection
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418
3. Preventive protection against degradation of
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certain floral and faunal species and their communities,
may be provided by developing and adopting plans on
protected areas management, including the remaining
parts of Prespa ecosystem, too.
4. The implementation of international criteria and
standards in protection management i.e. use of bio-resources is essential activity in charge of the competent
state organs, and enforced by the structures managing the
protected areas, i.e. users of bio-resources from Prespa
region.
Priority task for the three neighbouring countries on
whose territories Prespa Lake spreads is to produce a
joint Proposal-Project for developing a Study on Integral
Protection and Conservation of natural Values of the
same, with a special emphasis on its sustainable development. The realization of the Projects to arise from this
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Korca, Abania. Publ. by Euronatur/PPNEA. Bonn,
Germani/Tirana, Albania.
Nastov, A. (1997). Implementation of ecological and
turistic valorisation on protected areas in
Macedonia. Internatioal science symposium. Ohrid.
Publ. by University “Sv. Kliment Ohridski” Bitola,
Faculty of turism, Ohrid.
Nastov, A. (1998). Implementation of international
conventions for Nature Conservation in Macedonia.
31st Annual Meeting of the National Agencies,
Strasbourg,
France.
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NATUROPA, Council of Europe.
Nastov, A. (1998). Implementation of Convention on
Wetland, especialy tranbudery corporation on
wtlands habitats in Macedonia. First National
Report.3th Pan-Euro Conference of Wetlands,Riga,
Latvia. Publ. by IRB, Gland, Switzerland.
Nastov, A. & Micevski B. (1999). Implementation of
Convention on Wetland (Ramsar) in Republic of
Macedonia. Second National Report. Ramsar COP
7, San Jose, Costa Rika. Publ. by IRB, Gland,
Switzerland.
Nastov A. (1999). Implementation of Pan-European
BD&LD Strategy and Strategy Action Plan in
Macedonia. 32nd Annual Meeting of the National
Agencies, Strasbourg, France. Publ. by CENTRE
NATUROPA, Council of Europe.
Nastov, A. & Micevski, B. (1999). Implementation of
Bon Convention on Migratory Species, especialy
Appendics I & II in Republic of Macedonia.
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Sumary. CMS COP6. Cape Town, S.A.R., Publ. by
CMS Secretariat/UNEP.
Nastov, A. & Micevski, B. (1999). Implementation of
AEWA (water birds migratory species, especialy
Appendics I, II & III) in Republic of Macedonia.
Sumary. AEWA MOP1. Cape Town, S.A.R., Publ.
by AEWA, CMS Secretarijat/UNEP.
Nastov, A. (1999). Important transfrontier areas in river
Vardan (Aksios) for Balcan Green Belt and
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and projeks in Macedonia. Regional Workshop for
NATURA 2000 Programe. Oteshevo, Prespa Lake.
Prepar. by Ofice of the National Agency
NATUROPA, Ministry of Environment, Skopje.
Macedonia.
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sredina- NEAP (1996). Ministerstvo za urbanizam, grade`ni{tvo i Za{tita na `ivotnata sredina, Skopje. The World Bank, New
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Nacionalna Strategija za ekonomskiot razvoj na
Republika Makedonija- Razvoj i modernizacija (1997). Del za za{tita na okolinata,
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Delo, Skopje.
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Ezero (1996). Ministerstvo za urbanizam,
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Tirana, E.Basler & Partners Ltd.
Selmani A. (1991). Za{tita i unapreduvawe na
`ivotnata sredina, Univerzitet “Kiril i
Metodij” Skopje.
Osnovi za istra`uva~ko-obrazoven univerzitetski centar za
ezerskiot ekosistem vo Prespa
Joanis GERMANIDIS
Gradona~alnik na Prespa, Lemos, Grcija
Dami i Gospoda,
Jas nema da odr`am nau~na prezentacija.
Jas ne sum ekspert za da mo`e da se povikam na istra`uvawata za florata i faunata vo Prespanskata oblast.
No, kako Gradona~alnik na ovaa oblast, od
gr~ka strana, bi sakal da se zadr`am na direktnite, realnite i dostiglivi celi koi se mo`ni vo
momentov, posebno po posetata na premierite na
trite sosedni zemji na Prespa, so deklariraweto
na principite za za{tita na prirodata i najavite za proglasuvawe na Balkanski Park vo po{irokata oblast na Prespa.
Vo ovoj moment ima aktiven informativen
centar vo oblasta na prespanskata op{tina, koj
se nao|a vo seloto Aghios Germanos. Dve drugi kancelarii, locirani vo vo selata Puli i Vronderon se
vo zavr{na faza i mnogu blisku da nivno aktivirawe.
Prespanskoto i Ohridskoto Ezero se dve
od najstarite ezera vo Evropa i se cel na osoben
nau~en interes i istra`uvawa. I pokraj toa {to
ima mnogu istra`uva~ki i nau~ni trudovi izraboteni od gr~ki i stranski nau~nici, se u{te ima
golem interes ne samo od studentite od na{iot
univerzitet, tuku i od novi stranski istra`uva~i na regionot.
Najva`niot faktor koj go spre~uva prodol`uvaweto i zgolemuvaweto na istra`uva~kite
timovi e nedostatokot na infrastruktura i nau~na oprema.
Dosega{nite istra`uvawa na osnovnite
parametri na kvalitetot i nivoto na vodata,
florata i faunata itn. bea izveduvani povremeno i bez koordinacija. Kako rezultat na ova se
nedostatocite vo donesuvaweto na doverlivi
zaklu~oci (se razbira ne vo site sektori ).
Me|unarodnata va`nost na prespanskiot
ekosistem e na{iroko priznaen, i zaradi toa se
smeta deka e neophodno vospostavuvaweto na
balkanski istra`uva~ki centar.
Predlogot sodr`i:
Organizirawe na infrastruktura za smestuvawe i rabota na centarot so soodvetna oprema.
Aktivirawe na nova infrastruktura (informativen centar-tematski kancelarii) za istra`uvawe i opredeluvawe na neophodnite parametri (kontrola na kvalitetot i kvantitetot na
vodata, temperaturata, pH, zagaduvaweto i sl.).
Nabquduvawe na promenite na site retki
vidovi ptici {to se reproduciraat ili prezimuvaat vo oblasta.
Zabele`uvawe na site meteorolo{ki parametri so instaslirawe na meteorolo{ka stanica.
Nabquduvawe na ribniot fond.
Snimawe i fotografirawe na florata i
faunata vo oblasta.
Studirawe i upravuvawe so vodnata vegetacija.
Kooperacija so drugite istra`uva~ki centri
na Balkanot i Evropa.
Organizirawe i implementirawe na obrazovni programi koi bi se odnesuvale na razli~nite
grupi {to go posetuvaat Nacionalniot park.
Realizacijata na sega{niot predlog bara
poddr{ka od vospostavena istra`uva~ka i obrazovna institucija kako {to e Aristoteloviot
Univerzitet vo Solun koj ima izvedeno brojni
istra`uva~ki aktivnosti vo minatoto. Ovoj
predlog isto taka bi sozdal novi rabotni mesta
vo regionot i }e ja obezbedi mnogu baranata tehni~ka poddr{ka za zemjodelieto i ribarstvoto.
421
Foundation of a research-educational university centre for the
lake ecosystems in Prespa
Ioannis GERMANIDIS
Mayor of Prespes, Lemos, Greece
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I am not going to make a scientific presentation. I am not
an expert such as to refer to research for the fauna and
flora (ecosystems) of the area of Prespes.
But as a Mayor of this area, from the Hellenic part, I
would like to refer to the direct, realistic and attainable
objectives which are in progress, especially following the
visit of the Prime Ministers of the three neighboring
states in Prespa, with the declaration of principles for the
protection of the environment and the announcement for
the establishment of a Balkan Park in the broader area of
Prespes.
At this moment there is an information center in operation in the area in the Municipality of Prespes, located in
the village of Aghios Germanos. Two other thematic offices located in the villages of Pyli and Vronderon are at
the stage of completion and very close to their operation.
The lakes of Prespa and Ochrid are two of the oldest in
Europe and present particular research and scientific interest. There are many research and scientific works,
which have been carried out by Greek and foreign scientists and there is still a greater interest not only from our
University students but also from new foreign researchers
for the area.
The most important suspending factor for the continuation and the increase of the research teams in general, is
the lack of building infrastructures and scientific out-fit.
The up to present research of basic parameters concerning water level and quality, fauna and flora etc was carried out sporadically in a piecemeal way and without any
coordination, having as a result the weakness in drawing
reliable conclusions (of course not in all sectors).
Thus, the international importance of the ecosystem of
Prespes is recognized overwhelmingly, the establishment
422
of a Balkan Research Center for the lake ecosystems is
considered a necessity.
The proposal comprises:
Organization of an infrastructure for housing and
operation of the center with analogous equipment,
Activation of the new infrastructure (information
center-thematic offices) for the research and the measurement of the necessary parameters periodically (water
quality-quantity control, temperature, pH, pollution, etc)
Monitoring of the changes of all rare species of birds
reproducing or wintering in the area,
Recording of all meteorological parameters with the
installation of a meteorological station,
Monitoring of fish stock
Video recording and photographing of the flora and
fauna of the area,
Study and management of the aquatic vegetation,
Co-operation with other research centers in the
Balkans and Europe,
Organization and implementation of educational
programs addressed to various groups visiting the National Park.
The realization of the present proposal requires the support of an established research and educational institution
like the Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki that has
carried numerous research activities in the past. The proposal will also create new jobs in the area and will provide highly needed technical support for agriculture and
fishing.
The Place and Role of the NGO's in Initiative for
Sustainable Development of the Region
Mesto na NVOite vo primenata na odr`liviot
razvoj vo Prespanskata Kotlina
423
Programi, aktivnosti i rezultati na desetgodi{noto prisustvo vo
prespanskiot region
Dru{tvo za za{tita na Prespa
Dru{tvoto za za{tita na Prespa (SPP) e
neprofitna, nevladina organizacija koja be{e
formirana vo 1990 godina. Celite na SPP se za~uvuvawe na prirodnite i kulturnite vrednosti na
Prespa kako i promoviraweto na odr`liviot
razvoj vo regionot.
Vo desette godini na postojano dejstvuvawe, SPP vo sorabotka so lokalnoto naselenie,
dr`avnite vlasti, Fondacijata Tour du Valat i
drugi istra`uva~ki institucii uspea:
• Zna~ajno da ja zgolemi populacijata na retkite vodeni ptici kako {to se pelikanite,
• Da se istra`uva~ki i monitoring programi
na retkite vidovi ptici i ribi
424
Da se zapo~ne so programi za upravuvawe so
~uvstvitelnite `iveali{ta kako {to se
mo~urlivite livadi i trskite
• Da se zapo~ne so razli~ni aktivnosti vo
vrska so odr`liviot razvoj kako {to se
organskoto zemjodelie, obukata za za{tita na
prirodata, ekoturizam i sl.
Kako priznanie na nejzinite napori,
Ramsar Bureau ja nagradi SPP so me|unarodnata
nagrada Ramsar.
Re~isi {est meseci podocna, slede{e
proglasuvaweto na Prespa za prva za{titena
transgrani~na oblast vo Jugoisto~na Evropa,
inicijativa na SPP koja be{e silno poddr`ana od
dr`avnite vlasti na trite okolni dr`avi.
•
Programs, activities and results of a ten year presence in the Prespa area
Society for the Protection of Prespa
The Society for the Protection of Prespa (SPP) is a nonprofit, non-governmental organization which was established in 1990. SPP’s aim is the preservation of the natural and cultural values of Prespa along with the promotion
of the sustainable development of the area.
Within ten years of continuous actions, SPP in collaboration with local people, state authorities, the Foundation of
Tour du Valat and other research institutes have succeeded:
- to increase significantly the population of rare waterbirds such as the pelicans,
- to implement research and monitoring programs on
rare fish and birds species,
-
to start programs on the management of sensitive
habitats such as the wet meadows and the reedbeds,
- to launch numerous activities towards sustainable
development, such as organic agriculture, environmental education, training of local products, ecotourism.
As recognition of its efforts, in 1999, the Ramsar Bureau
awarded SPP with the International Ramsar Award.
Almost six months later, this success was followed by the
Declaration in Prespa of the first transboundary protected
area in Southeastern Europe, an SPP initiative and
strongly supported by the state authorities of the three
countries.
425
Obnovuvawe i upravuvawe so mo~urlivite livadi na Maloto Prespansko
ezero: eksperimentalen priod
Izvod od usna prezentacija (so foto-slajdovi)
I. E. KAZOGLU
Dru{tvo za Za{tita na Prespa, 53077 Aghios Germanos, Grcija
Mo~urlivite livadi se oblasti od krajbre`nata zona na ezeroto so niska vegetacija.
Tie naj~esto se poplaveni od sredinata na zimata
do po~etokot na letoto vo zavisnost od promenlivosta na nivoto na ezeroto, i formiraat eni od
najzna~ajnite `iveali{ta za ribite, vodozemcite, bezrbetnicite i vodnite ptici.
Postoeweto na mo~urlivite livadi e direktno povrzano so kontrolata na trskata {to go
obikoluva ezeroto. Za vreme na minatite desetletija trskata ne be{e kontrolirana, pa se
pro{iri prema kopnoto i vo najgolem del gi
degradira{e prethodno postoe~kite mo~urlivi
livadi. Tradicionalnoto upravuvawe so trskata
vklu~uva{e kosewe, palewe i pasewe na vegetacijata.
426
Vo juni 1997 na zapadniot breg na ezeroto
na lokalitet glavno pokrien so trska se zapo~na
so eksperiment ~ija cel be{e studirawe na
rastitelnite zaednici na krajbre`nata zona
kako i sledewe na efektite vrz vodnoto bufalo
(Bubalus bubalis) koj se napasuva na tie prostori,
sostavot i produktivnosta. Se izvr{i eksperimentalno se~ewe i palewe na trskata na istiot
lokalitet.Vo re~isi tri godini vodnoto bafalo
uspea da ja kontrolira brzo raste~kata vegetacija i sozdade mo~urlivi livadi vo eksperimentalniot lokalitet.
Dobienite rezultati od eksperimentot }e
bidat iskoristeni za kreirawe na upravuva~ki
plan za obnova i za~uvuvawe na mo~urlivite
livadi na Maloto Prespansko Ezero.
Restoration and Management of Wet Meadows of Lake Mikri Prespa: an
Experimental Approach
Abstract of oral presentation (with photo slides)
Y. E. KAZOGLOU
Society for the Protection of Prespa, 53077 Agios Germanos, Greece
The wet meadows are areas of the littoral zone of the lake
with low vegetation. They are usually inundated from
mid winter to early summer depending on the fluctuation
of the lake water level, and constitute one of the most
important habitats for fish, amphibians, invertebrates and
waterbirds.
The existence of wet meadows is directly related to the
control of the reedbeds that surround the lake. During the
last decades reedbeds were not managed at a large scale,
so they expanded towards the land and caused degradation to the greatest part of the formerly existing wet
meadows. Traditional management of the wet meadows
includes mowing, burning and grazing the vegetation.
In June 1997, an experiment was initiated at the west
coast of the lake in a site mainly covered by a reedbed,
aiming at studying the plant communities of the littoral
zone as well as the monitoring of the effects of water
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) grazing on the species composition and productivity. Experimental reed cutting and
burning also took place within the same site. In nearly
three years, the water buffaloes have managed to control
the high emergent vegetation and created wet meadows
within the experimental site.
The results obtained from the experiment will be used
for the production of a management plan for the restoration and conservation of the wet meadows of Lake Mikri
Prespa.
427
Prespani, kade i da ste, Prespa Ve vika
Zdru`enie "Prespa"
Prespanskata kotlina, so svoite prirodni retkosti, a ne pomalku i po svoeto kulturno istorisko minato, pretstavuva makedonski, evropski, pa i svetski raritet.
^uvstvoto da toj priroden dar e ostaven na zabot na vremeto i na o~igled na site od den
na den gubi del po del od svoite milioni godini stari sodr`ini, né natera nas , prespani, koi
`iveeme vo nea i onie koi se so koreni prespanski, i onie vqubeni vo Prespa, da pokreneme
inicijativa i zaedno da i pomogneme na Prespa, da se spasi od propasta otkrivaj}i ja pred
sebe i svetot so siot svoj rasko{.
Na 30.04.1999 god. sobrani prespani od sekade, odr`aa dvodneven sobir vo Ote{evo, koga
be{e iska`ana, za prv pat mo`ebi, realnosta, za sostojbata so Ezeroto i Prespa, za
nepravedno zapostaveniot biser na Balkanot, za mo`nosta za spas na Prespa.
Na 01.05.1999 god. se donese Odluka za formirawe na Zdru`enieto "Prespa", zdru`enie
na prespani kade i da se, koi i da se, koi ja sakaat, ja ~uvstvuvaat i ja nosat vo sebe Prespa.
Osumdesettinata prisutni prespani formiraa: Sobranie, Izvr{en odbor, Nadzoren odbor na
zdru`enieto i ~etiri rabotni komisii od poedini oblasti.
Zdru`enieto e neprofitabilno, nepoliti~ko, nevladino, koe na amaterska osnova
raboti na za~uvuvaweto i razvojot na Prespa.
Osnovnite celi i zada~i na zdru`enieto se:
Ostvaruvawe i za{tita na ekonomskite, nau~nite, kulturnite, istoriskite,
humanitarnite, ekolo{kite, socijalnite i prirodnite retkosti na Prespa.
Ostvaruvawe na potesna sorabotka so srodni organizacii na R. Grcija, R. Albanija,
osobeno so sosednite op{tini, so cel integralen pristap kon za{titata na Prespa.
Ostvaruvawe na potesna sorabotka so srodni zdru`enija, nau~ni institucii od zemjata i
stranstvo.
Ostvaruvawe na sorabotka so na{ite {irum vo dijasporata.
Za prv pretsedatel na zdru`enieto e izbran d-r Arse Go{arevski.
Dru{tvoto e registrirano vo Resen na den 20.09.1999 godina.
428
Prespa people, where ever you are, Prespa is calling
"Prespa" Society
The Prespa valley with its natural values as well as with its cultural and historical past, is Macedonian,
European, even world rarity.
Seeing this gift of nature, eaten by time and loosing every day bit by bit of its ancient natural treasures, forced
us, the Prespa people, people who live here, together with those who come from Prespa, and the ones who
love Prespa, to form an initiative to help and save Prespa from ruination, revealing it to ourselves and to the
world with all its glory.
On 30.04.1999 there was a gathering of Prespa people from everywhere, where the real conditions of
the Lake and the Valley were seen (discussed), the truth was spoken about the neglection of this Balkan pearl,
and the possibilities of its saviour.
On 01.05.1999 the decision was made for forming the "Prespa" Society, the society of Prespa people,
wherever and whoever they are, who love Prespa and carry it in their hearts. Eighty people were present at the
gathering and General Assembly, Executive Board, Supervisor Board of the Society and four working
groups in certain areas were formed.
The society is non-profitable, apolitical, nongovermental, and it works on conservation and development of
Prespa on amateur basis.
The main goals and tasks of the society are:
Achieving protection of the economic, scientific, cultural, historical, humanitarian, ecological, social and
natural rarities of Prespa.
Achieving close cooperation with similar organizations from Greece and Albania, especially with
neighboring communities, in order to obtain an integral approach in conservation of Prespa.
Achieving close cooperation with similar societies and scientific institutions from our country and abroad.
Achieving cooperation with Macedonians living abroad.
The society is registered in Resen on 20.09.1999.
429
Index - Indeks
Aggelopoulos, St..................................................... 6
Aleksandar, D. N. ................................................... 10
Aleksi, P.................................................................. 6
Anovski, T. .............................................................. 8
Antonopoulou, X..................................................... 6
Arsov, Lj. ................................................................ 8
Babalonas, D. ......................................................... 5
Bego, F. .................................................................. 4
Begu, E. .................................................................. 8
Berxholi, A.............................................................. 10
Bino, T. ................................................................... 4
Bogdanovska, F. ..................................................... 8
Bourdakis, S. .......................................................... 5, 10
Bousbouras, D. ....................................................... 4, 5, 10
Buzo, K. .................................................................. 5
Chavkalovski, I. ...................................................... 7
Crutaj, F. ................................................................ 6, 7
Damovski, H. .......................................................... 7
Daoutopoulos, G. A. ............................................... 6
Daskalovski, V. ....................................................... 9
Dimalexis, A. .......................................................... 5
Dimirovski, G. M. ................................................... 8
Dimitroadou, E....................................................... 6
Dimovski, K. ........................................................... 7
Donevska, K. .......................................................... 9
Filiou, D. ................................................................ 6
Frasheri, A. ............................................................ 7
Fremuth, W............................................................. 4,5, 9,10
Georgiev, K... ......................................................... 7
Germanidis, I.......................................................... 10
Gjiknuri, L. ............................................................. 5, 9, 10
Godes, C. ................................................................ 10
Gradoti, N............................................................... 10
Grammatikou, V ..................................................... 6.
Grupche, Lj............................................................. 7, 9, 10
Hristov, I................................................................. 4
Hristovski, N........................................................... 5
Ioannidis, Y............................................................. 4
Jonovski, K. ............................................................ 9
Jorgo, G.................................................................. 4
Jovanchev, P........................................................... 7
Kabo, M.................................................................. 8
Kocevski, V. ............................................................ 7
Kola, H. .................................................................. 8
Kolemishevska-Gugulovska, T. D........................... 8
Kungulovski, Dj. ..................................................... 9
Lazarevska, S.......................................................... 7
Lokoska, L. S. ......................................................... 5
Madzhevik, M. ........................................................ 9
Male, J.................................................................... 8
Malenko, K. ............................................................ 7
430
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Maletik, M. ............................................................. 8
Malltezi, J............................................................... 7
Manasieva, K.......................................................... 5
Markovski, B. ......................................................... 9
Mehmeti, I. ............................................................. 6
Merçaj, N. .............................................................. 7
Mersinllari, M. ....................................................... 4
Mertzanis, Y............................................................ 5, 10
Micevski, B. ............................................................ 4, 5
Micevski, E. ............................................................ 7
Michaloudi, E......................................................... 4
Miho, A................................................................... 4, 9, 10
Mitic, V................................................................... 5
Molla, A.................................................................. 6
Murati, M. .............................................................. 9
Naumoski, T. B. ...................................................... 5
Nedelko, M. ............................................................ 6
Novevska, V. R........................................................ 5
Ocevski, B. T. ......................................................... 5
Pano, N................................................................... 7
Papoutsi-Psychoudaki, S. ....................................... 6
Popovska, C............................................................ 8
Popovski, B............................................................. 7
Postolovski, M. ....................................................... 7
Prculovski, A. ................................................... 11
Psychoudakis, A. .................................................... 6
Pyrovetsi, M. .......................................................... 5,6, 10
Qafko, G. ................................................................ 6
Qiriazi, P................................................................ 5.
Rakaj, N.................................................................. 5
Ristevski, B. ............................................................ 7
Ristevski, P. ............................................................ 7
Rizovska-Anastasovska, J....................................... 10
Rizovski, R. ............................................................. 10
Roganovic-Zafirova, D........................................... 5
Sala, S..................................................................... 8
Schneider-Jacoby, M. ............................................. 4
Selfo, S.................................................................... 10
Sherdenkovska, M................................................... 8
Sherdenkovski, B. ................................................... 7
Shore, K.................................................................. 10
Shumka, S. .............................................................. 4, 9, 10
Society for the protection of Prespa ....................... 11
Spasova, A. ............................................................. 5
Spirovski J. ............................................................. 7
Stankovski, M. J...................................................... 8
Stojanovska, M. ...................................................... 7
Theodosi, N. ........................................................... 8
Theoharidou, K. ..................................................... 8
Toshevska, B. A. ..................................................... 9
Trpeski, V. .............................................................. 7
Tzvetkov, P. ............................................................ 4
Vukelik, Z. .............................................................. 9
Zafirovska-Trajkovska, P. ..................................... 8