Two new hyphomycetes: Codinaea sinensis sp. nov. and Parapleurotheciopsis quercicola sp. nov., and two new records from Quercus phillyraeoides leaf litter De-Wei Li, Bryce Kendrick & Jingyuan Chen Mycological Progress ISSN 1617-416X Mycol Progress DOI 10.1007/s11557-011-0805-7 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by German Mycological Society and Springer. This eoffprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author’s version for posting to your own website or your institution’s repository. You may further deposit the accepted author’s version on a funder’s repository at a funder’s request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication. 1 23 Author's personal copy Mycol Progress DOI 10.1007/s11557-011-0805-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Two new hyphomycetes: Codinaea sinensis sp. nov. and Parapleurotheciopsis quercicola sp. nov., and two new records from Quercus phillyraeoides leaf litter De-Wei Li & Bryce Kendrick & Jingyuan Chen Received: 16 November 2011 / Revised: 11 December 2011 / Accepted: 22 December 2011 # German Mycological Society and Springer 2012 Abstract Two new species, Codinaea sinensis and Parapleurotheciopsis quercicola from leaf litter of Quercus phillyraeoides collected from Wudangshan, Hubei, China are described and illustrated. Conidiogenous cells of Codinaea sinensis are phialides, the conidia 1-celled, falcate, smooth, colorless, 9.7– 11×2.0–2.4 μm, with a single, unbranched setula at each end. Conidia of Parapleurotheciopsis quercicola are 3–5-septate, cylindro-ellipsoidal, colorless, smooth, thin-walled, 19–24× 4.4–5.4 μm. A key to the species of Parapleurotheciopsis is provided. Two new records for China, Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus and Taifanglania inflata are also reported. Keywords Anamorphic fungi . Dematiaceous hyphomycete . Setiform . Setulae D.-W. Li (*) The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Valley Laboratory, 153 Cook Hill Road, Windsor, CT 06095, USA e-mail: dewei.li@ct.gov B. Kendrick 8727 Lochside Drive, Sidney, BC V8L 1 M8, Canada J. Chen Institute of Forest Disease and Insect Control, Hubei Academy of Forestry, 1 Lion Peak, Jiufeng, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China Introduction The Wudang Mountains are a small range in Hubei Province, China. Its major part, commonly referred to as Wudangshan, is located in Danjiangkou City, just to the south of the manufacturing city of Shiyan. Tianzhu Peak (Sky Pillar Peak), the highest at 1,612 m, is surrounded by 72 lesser peaks and 24 ravines. A field trip was made to the Wudang Mountains to collect hyphomycetes in July 2010. Two species new to science, Codinaea sinensis and Parapleurotheciopsis quercicola, were discovered on fallen leaves of an evergreen oak tree (Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray, “wu gang li” in Chinese or “ubame-gashi” in Japanese) over 600 years old near the top of Tianzhu Peak at an elevation of ca. 1600 m. The two new species are described and illustrated. Two new records are also reported. Materials and methods Conidiophores and conidia of the fungi were mounted in 85% lactic acid. A staining agent, 0.1% lacto-fuchsin, was used to observe conidiogenous cells, septation of colorless conidia, and setulae. Tape lifts were prepared and microscopic observations made under Nomarski differential interference contrast optics. Photomicrographs were taken with an Olympus Microfire digital camera (Goleta, CA). Herbarium acronyms follow the Index Herbariorum (Holmgren and Holmgren 1998). Measurements of the fungal structures were statistically analyzed with Microsoft Office Excel 2010 with 95% confidence interval of means. The results were presented Author's personal copy Mycol Progress as ranges and mean±standard deviation. Q is length/width ratio and n, the number of fungal structures measured. Results New taxa Codinaea sinensis D.W. Li, W.B. Kendr. & Jingyuan Chen, anam. sp. nov Fig. 1. MycoBank MB 561564. Fig. 1 Codinaea sinensis. a. Conidiophore, phialides, and conidium. b. fertile apex of conidiophores. c. Basal portion of conidiophore with phialides. d–e. Conidia, stained with 0.1% Lacto-fuchsin in e. Scale bars010 μm Conidiophora setiformia, macronemata, mononematica, determinata, erecta, recta vel flexuosa, solitaria, simplicia, laevia, brunnea, 4–10-septata usque ad 185 μm longa; ad apicem fertilia. Cellulae conidiogenae plerumque monophialidicae, discretae, laeviae, pallidae brunneae. Conidia in massa mucosam, falcata, aseptata, hyalina, laevia, (9.5)9.5–11.0(12.5)×2.0–2.5 μm, utrinque setula singula, simplicia, ad 6.5 um longa praedita. Teleomorphosis ignota. Type: China. Hubei: Wudang monses, Tianzhufeng (111.004162 E, 32.400656 N), superficie in folio emortuo Author's personal copy Mycol Progress Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray. Coll. iv-vii-2010, De-Wei Li, Bryce Kendrick, Jingyuan Chen, BPI 882562 (holotype). Etymology : refers to China where the species was discovered. Hyphae septate, branched, smooth, pale brown, 1.2– 1.5 μm wide. Setae absent. Conidiophores setiform, differentiated, determinate, erect, unbranched, straight or slightly flexuous, dark brown, smooth, thick-walled, 4–10-septate, arising from swollen basal cells 9–11.5 μm wide, up to 185 μm long, paler and slightly tapering toward the apex (2–3 μm) which often develops into a monophialidic cell with funnelshaped collarette, developing 3–6 discrete phialides laterally from the lower part. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, discrete, lateral, obclavate or dolabriform, smooth, light brown, straight or slightly curved, often with an enlarged base, developed through pores at septa in the lower part of the conidiophores, (11.5)12–17.5(20)×(3.0)3.5–4 (mean015.0±2.5×3.5 ±0.2, n010) μm with a funnel-shaped collarette 2×0.5 μm. Conidia in slimy masses 14–17 μm in diam., enteroblastic, aseptate, falcate, colorless, smooth, thin-walled, 9.5–11.0 (12.5)×2.0–2.5 (mean010.5±0.7×2.0±0.2, n030) μm, Q0 (3.5)4.5–5.5(6) (mean05.0±0.5, n030), with a single setula at each end, (4.0)5.5–7.5(8.0) (mean06.5±1.0, n030) μm. Teleomorph: unknown. Distribution: Wudangshan, Hubei, China. Habitat: Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray leaf litter. Comments: Maire (1937) erected Codinaea, typified by Codinaea aristata, which develops multiseptate thickwalled setae, 1- or 2-septate thin-walled conidiophores, terminal monophialidic conidiogenous cells, and colorless, falcate, 1-celled conidia, with a setula at each end. Twelve species were treated by Hughes and Kendrick (1968). Gamundi et al. (1977) rediscovered and redescribed Dictyochaeta Speg. (1923) and its type species D. fuegiana, which produced falcate, 1-celled conidia without setulae, and decided that Dictyochaeta had priority over Codinaea and should be revived. Their treatment was accepted by most mycologists in the past two decades (Seifert et al. 2011). To date, 43 new epithets have been described in and 57 taxa have been moved to Dictyochaeta since then (Robert et al. 2005). Réblová and Winka (2000) found that species with or without lateral phialides were phylogenetically grouped into both subgroups 1A and 1B of the same clade (group 1) and conidia with setulae were grouped into subgroup 1A, while conidia without setulae fitted into subgroup 1B according to their molecular study. Réblová (2000) suggested that species with conidial setulae should be placed in Codinaea based on molecular study, and species without conidial setulae in Dictyochaeta. Seifert et al. (2011) agreed with Réblová (2000) on segregation of Codinaea and Dictyochaeta using conidial setulae as the delineating factor and accepted both Codinaea and Dictyochaeta as valid genera. This treatment has not been widely accepted (Whitton et al. 2000, Cruz et al. 2008). Réblová (2000) also suggested Codinaea be treated as a synonym of Menispora, and Dictyochaeta be merged with Chloridium. This opinion has not been widely accepted. Arambarri and Cabello (1990: 12) erected Dictyochaetopsis to segregate species from Dictyochaeta by the presence of lateral phialides on setiform conidiophores and from Codinaeopsis Morgan-Jones (1976: 166) by the absence of encircling hyphae (collar hyphae) of the lateral phialides. Réblová and Winka (2000) found that presence of lateral phialides is polyphyletic according to the results of their phylogenetic study. Thus, Seifert et al. (2011) do not accept Dictyochaetopsis and Codinaeopsis as valid genera. Codinaea sinensis has lateral phialides and conidial setulae which is the reason for placing it in Codinaea. Codinaea sinensis is morphologically similar to species with lateral phialides: Codinaea filamentosa Onofri (≡ Dictyochaetopsis (Ds.) filamentosa (Onofri) Aramb. & Cabello, Codinaea intermedia Rambelli [≡ Ds. intermedia (Rambelli) Aramb. & Cabello], Dictyochaeta menisporoides Hol.-Jech. [≡ Ds. menisporoides (Hol.-Jech.) Aramb. & Cabello], and Dictyochaeta pahangensis Kuthub. & Nawawi [≡ Ds. pahangensis (Kuthub. & Nawawi) Whitton et al.], in having 1-celled falcate conidia with a single setula at each end. However, it can be differentiated from the other four species by its much smaller conidia (9.5–11.0×2.0–2.5 μm): C. filamentosa has conidia 14–16×2–2.7 μm, C. intermedia conidia are 16–18×3.5–4.5 μm, D. menisporoides conidia are 13–19×1.8–2.5 μm developed by polyphialidic conidiogenesis, and D. pahangensis conidia are 18–23×2–3 μm (Table 1) (Lunghini et al. 1982; Holubova-Jechova 1984; Kuthubutheen and Nawawi 1990). Since the publication of Whitton et al. (2000) with a mass species transfer, 26 species from Codinaea to Dictyochaeta and four species to Dictyochaetopsis, two more species with lateral phialides were described in the genus Dictyochaetopsis: Ds. brasiliensis M. Calduch et al. with a single long setula at the apex of the conidium (5–6.5×1–2 μm) and polyphialidic conidiogenous cells (Calduch et al. 2002: 1071) and Ds. polysetosa R.F. Castañeda et al. with verticillately branched setiform conidiophores and encircling hyphae underneath the phialides (Castañeda-Ruiz et al. 2008: 2). These characters separate C. sinensis from the other two species. A number of species without lateral phialides are morphologically similar to C. sinensis. Detailed comparisons of C. sinensis with all morphologically related species with or without lateral phialides are made in Table 1. Réblová (2000) recognized that a rather limited range of fungal taxa were employed in their molecular studies. It is necessary to conduct additional studies with much broader representation to verify the results of Réblová and Winka (2000) and test the proposals of Réblová (2000). Seifert et Author's personal copy Mycol Progress Table 1 Comparison of species of Codinaea and Dictyochaeta (including Dictyochaetopsis) morphologically similar to C. sinensis Species Setae Phialide orientation Conidiogenesis Conidia Septa Size (μm) Setula (μm) Ds. antillana* C. aristata C. assamica Ds. brasiliensis D. britannica Present Present Present Absent Present Lateral In group at seta base In group at seta base Lateral In group at seta base mono- or polyphialidic monophialidic polyphialidic polyphialidic mono- or polyphialidic 0 0 0 0 0 11–15×1–1.5 12–14×2 14.6–16.8×2.6–2.8 5–6.5×1–2 12.5–19×1–2.5 Absent 4–6 9.6–12.8 14×0.5 at the apex 7–10.5 C. coffeae C. elegantissima C. fertilis C. filamentosa C. gonytrichodes C. intermedia C. maharashtrensis D. menisporoides Absent Absent Present Present Absent Present Present Abesent Integrated, terminal Lateral Single or in group at seta base Lateral Lateral with encircling hyphae Lateral Lateral Lateral mono- or polyphialidic Mostly monophialidic polyphialidic monophialidic mono- or polyphialidic monophialidic polyphialidic mono- or polyphialidic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.8–18×3.4–5 12.5–14.5×2.7–3.5 9–15.4×2–3 14.5–16.5×2–2.7 10–13×1.2–2.3 16.5–18.0×3.5–4.5 8–12×1.5–2.2 13–19×1.8–2.5 4.5–9 Bifid, up to 7.5 5–10 Up to 11 5.3–13.8 Up to 9 Absent C. novae-guineensis D. pahangensis C. parva Ds. polysetosa C. simplex C. sinensis C. vulgaris Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent In group at seta base Lateral Single or in group Lateral with encircling hyphae Single or in group Lateral Single or in group monophialidic Mostly monophialidic mono- or polyphialidic monophialidic polyphialidic monophialidic polyphialidic 0-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 13–20×2.5–3.5 18–23.5×2–3 11–17×2.5–3.1 12–15×2 14–19×2.1–2.7 9.5–11×2–2.5 17–23×2–2.7 4–9 9–16 8.5–13 2–4 6–11 6–8 5.5–7.5 3–5 *C. – Codinaea, D. – Dictyochaeta, Ds. – Dictyochaetopsis al. (2011) listing all references of Codinaea and Dictyochaeta (including Dictyochaetopsis) under Dictyochaeta suggests the uncertainties of taxonomic status of these genera. Thus, no attempt is made to propose new combinations in this paper, although the names of some species discussed in this paper, especially the ones originally described in Dictyochaetopsis, need to be examined and updated. We are using the names accepted by Index Fungorum (Index Fungorum 2011) and MycoBank (Robert et al. 2005) for the species published after 2000. Our opinion is that it is best to leave this task to the authors of a future monographic study on these closely related genera to avoid unnecessary name changes and confusion. Parapleurotheciopsis quercicola D.W. Li, W.B. Kendr. & Jingyuan Chen, anam. sp. nov Fig. 2. MycoBank MB 561565 Coloniae effusae, hypophyllae. Conidiophora macronemata, erecta, simplicia, septata, solitaria vel interdum fasciculata, indeterminata, recta vel leviter flexuosa, laevia, atrobrunea, septata, usque ad 120 μm longa et 3.0–4.5 μm crassa. Cellulae conidiogenae polyblasticae, monoblasticae, determinatae, discretae, laeviae, cylindricae, atrobrunneae, (9)12–21(-28)×(3)3.0–4 μm. Conidia acrogena, catenata, subcylindro-ellipsoidea, 3–5-septata, hyalina et laevia, (16) 19–24(27)×(3.5–)4.5–5.5(6) μm. Teleomorphosis ignota. Type: China. Hubei: Wudang monses, Tianzhufeng (111.004162 E, 32.400656 N), superficie in folio emortuo Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray. Coll. iv-vii-2010, De-Wei Li, Bryce Kendrick, Jingyuan Chen, BPI 882563 (holotype). Etymology: refers to the host on which the holotype was collected. Colonies effuse, hypophyllous, inconspicuous; Mycelia superficial, partially immersed. Hyphae septate, branched, colorless, smooth. Conidiophores differentiated, indeterminate, solitary or in groups, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, unbranched, 4–7-septate, smooth, dark brown, thickwalled, 70–120 μm long, 3.0–4.5 μm wide, apices flat, with 1–3 percurrent extensions at the apex, and forming a radially lobed cell at base, 9.5–12 μm in diam. Conidiogenous cells integrated, holoblastic, monoblastic, terminal, cylindrical, smooth, dark brown, thick-walled, (9)12–21(28)×(3)3–4 μm (mean017±4.5×3.5±0.5 μm, n020). Primary and secondary ramoconidia 0–1-septate, fusiform to subcylindrical, dark brown, thick-walled, smooth-walled, (23)24–28(30)×3.5– 4.5(5.5) μm (mean026±2×4±0.5 μm, n020); tertiary ramoconidia 0–3-septate, smooth, pale brown, slightly thickwalled; the ramoconidia having 1–3 broad, flat denticles at the apex. Conidia acrogenous, dry, forming a chain of 1–5 conidia on each denticle, 3–5-septate (majority 3-septate), cylindro-ellipsoidal, colorless, smooth, thin-walled conidia Author's personal copy Mycol Progress Fig. 2 Parapleurotheciopsis quercicola. a. Conidiophores, primary and secondary ramoconidia, and conidia. b. Dark brown thick-walled primary and secondary ramoconidia(with arrow). c–d. Conidia and tertiary ramoconidium (with arrow). e–f. 3-septate and 5-septate conidia, respectively stained with 0.1% Lacto-fuchsin. g. A radially lobed conidiophore basal cell. Scale bars010 μm (16)19–24(27)×(3.5)4.5–5.5(6) μm (mean021.5±2.5×5± 0.5 μm, n030), ratio of length/width 3.5–6 (mean04.5), with a colorless, protuberant scar at each end. Teleomorph: unknown. Distribution: Known only Wudangshan, Hubei, China. Habitat: Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray leaf litter. Comments: Parapleurotheciopsis was erected by Kirk (1982: 65), typified by P. inaequiseptatum (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk. At the same time Kirk (1982) described a new species P. ilicina P.M. Kirk. Parapleurotheciopsis coccolobae R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. was added in 1990. Thus P. quercicola is the fourth species in the genus. The unicellular conidia of P. coccolobae and unequally 1-septate conidia of P. inaequiseptatum are clearly different from the 3-septate conidia of P. quercicola. The 0–1-septate, dark brown, thick-walled ramoconidia and 3-5-septate conidia of P. quercicola differentiate it from P. ilicina, with its 0–3septate, colorless to pale brown, thin-walled ramoconidia and 0–3-septate conidia (Kirk 1982). Key to species of Parapleurotheciopsis 1. Conidia 0-septate (amerospores), 11–22×2.5–3 μm ...............................................................P. coccolobae Author's personal copy Mycol Progress 1. Conidia 0–5-septate ......................................................2 2. Conidia unequally didymosporous, cylindroellipsoidal, 15–30×3.5–5 μm .......P. inaequiseptata 2. Conidial cells not unequal ......................................3 3. Conidia 3–5-septate, 19–24×4.5–5.5 μm, primary and secondary ramoconidia 0–1 septate, dark brown, thickwalled ..............................................................P. quercicola 3. Conidia 0–3-septate, 16–24×4–5 μm, ramoconidia 0–3septate, colorless to pale brown, thin-walled ..........P. ilicina New records Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78(1): 71 (1982) Distribution: China, Cuba, Ethiopia, India, Japan, Papua New Guinea, United Kingdom, USA, Venezuela, West Indies. Habitat: On decaying leaves and leaf litter. The plants were reported to associate with Castanopsis sp., Chrysophyllum sp., Coffea sp., Diospyros crassinervis, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus sp. (on leaf litter.), Laurus nobilis, Musa×paradisiaca, Myrica nagi, Neolitsea scrobiculata, Pasania sp., Persea mechrantha, Podocarpus sp. (on leaf litter.), Quercus ilex, Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray (leaf litter). Specimens examined: China. Hubei: Wudangshan, Tianzhu Peak (111.004162 E, 32.400656 N), from Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray leaf litter, 4 July 2010, De-Wei Li, Bryce Kendrick, Jingyuan Chen, (BPI 882564). Comments: This is the first report of the genus Subramaniomyces Varghese & V.G. Rao from China. Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus is the dominant species on the leaf litter of Q. phillyraeoides collected at this location. This species was previously reported as Ramularia fusisaprophytica on leaf litter of Quercus phillyraeoides from Japan (Matsushima 1975). Taifanglania inflata (Burnside) Z.Q. Liang, Y.F. Han & H.L. Chu, Fungal Diversity 34: 72 (2009) ≡ Myceliophthora inflata Burnside, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. 8: 82–84 (1928) [1927] ≡ Paecilomyces inflatus (Burnside) J.W. Carmich., Can. J. Bot. 40: 1148 (1962) 0 Paecilomyces flavescens A.H.S. Brown and G. Smith, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 40(1): 56 (1957) Distribution: Canada, China, Japan, UK, USA (Burnside 1928, Brown and Smith 1957, Matsushima 1975). Habitat: Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray leaf litter. Specimens examined: China. Hubei: Wudangshan, Tianzhu Peak (111.004162 E, 32.400656 N), from Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray leaf litter, 4 July 2010, De-Wei Li, Bryce Kendrick, Jingyuan Chen, (BPI 882565). Comments: This species is a new record for China. Liang et al. (2009) erected Taifanglania Z.Q. Liang et al. to segregate monophialidic species from Paecilomyces according to nucleotide sequence data of the SSU nrDNA sequence and provided a key to species of the genus. Acknowledgments The authors express their sincere gratitude to Dr. James A. LaMondia for his pre-submission review. The authors are grateful to The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station for support of the collaboration. The financial support of the Resources Sharing Platform of Natural Sciences and Technology, China (2005DKA2120715) to the JYC and State Administration of Foreign Expert Affairs, China (Y20080327002) are acknowledged. The authors also thank Jingao Yang for his assistance in field. The authors are very appreciative to The Botany/Farlow Library of Harvard University, Dr. Eric H.C. McKenzie, Dr. Lei Cai, and Yixun Wang for kindly providing literature. References Arambarri M, Cabello MN (1990) Considerations about Dictyochaeta, Codinaeopsis and a new genus: Dictyochaetopsis. Mycotaxon 38:11–14 Brown AHS, Smith G (1957) The genus Paecilomyces Bainier and its perfect stage Byssochlamys Westling. Trans Br Mycol Soc 40:17– 89. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(57)80066-7 Burnside CE (1928) Saprophytic fungi associated with the honey bee. Mich Acad Sci 8:59–86 Calduch M, Gene J, Stchigel AM, Guarro J (2002) New species of Dictyochaetopsis and Paraceratocladium from Brazil. 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