High spots for diversity of soil and litter microfungi in Italy

ORIANA  MAGGI; D. Lunghini

Soil fungal diversity plays a fundamental role in delivering key ecosystem goods and services. This article assesses diversity of saprobic soil and litter microfungi, as taxonomical and functional components which affect above- and below-ground relationships within Alpine and Mediterranean regions of Italy. We highlighted biodiversity high spots focusing on four research topics that have been developed over time and are currently in progress in Italy. Preliminary quantitative data concerning soil microfungi in the Raethian Alps showed a strong reduction of Colony Forming Unit (CFU)s with altitude. Keratinophilic microfungi in natural and anthropogenic environments were widespread among filamentous fungi and 121 species have been isolated in Italy since 1960. Heat stimulated microfungi in Mediterranean region soils showed high values both in abundance and species density even two years after the experimental fire, with Neosartorya spp. playing a pivotal role. The diversity of microfungi of Quercus ilex (150 species), in the Mediterranean region, higher than that in leaf litter of other species, was explained mainly by different forms of growth and the phytoclimatic characters of the areas under study.

This art icle was downloaded by: [ Universit a St udi la Sapienza] On: 23 Decem ber 2011, At : 06: 58 Publisher: Taylor & Francis I nform a Lt d Regist ered in England and Wales Regist ered Num ber: 1072954 Regist ered office: Mort im er House, 37- 41 Mort im er St reet , London W1T 3JH, UK Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology Publicat ion det ails, including inst ruct ions for aut hors and subscript ion informat ion: ht t p:/ / www.t andfonline.com/ loi/ t plb20 High spots for diversity of soil and litter microfungi in Italy A M. Persiani O Maggi a , S Tosi b b a , G Del Frat e , V M. Granit o , M Guglielminet t i c , B Mulas , M Pasqualet t i S Tempest a a a d b , A M. Picco , A Rambelli d b , D Lunghini , M Rodolfi b a , N Solari d Dipart iment o di Biologia Ambient ale, Sapienza Universit à di Roma, Roma, It aly b Dipart iment o di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambient e, Universit à di Pavia, Pavia, It aly c Dipart iment o di Bot anica, Universit à degli St udi di Cagliari, Cagliari, It aly , b d Dipart iment o di Ecologia e Sviluppo Economico Sost enibile, Universit à degli St udi della Tuscia, Vit erbo, It aly Available online: 20 Dec 2011 To cite this article: A M. Persiani, S Tosi, G Del Frat e, V M. Granit o, M Guglielminet t i, D Lunghini, O Maggi, B Mulas, M Pasqualet t i, A M. Picco, A Rambelli, M Rodolfi, N Solari & S Tempest a (2011): High spot s for diversit y of soil and lit t er microfungi in It aly, Plant Biosyst ems - An Int ernat ional Journal Dealing wit h all Aspect s of Plant Biology, 145:4, 969-977 To link to this article: ht t p:/ / dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/ 11263504.2011.633113 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTI CLE Full t erm s and condit ions of use: ht t p: / / www.t andfonline.com / page/ t erm s- and- condit ions This art icle m ay be used for research, t eaching, and privat e st udy purposes. Any subst ant ial or syst em at ic reproduct ion, redist ribut ion, reselling, loan, sub- licensing, syst em at ic supply, or dist ribut ion in any form t o anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warrant y express or im plied or m ake any represent at ion t hat t he cont ent s will be com plet e or accurat e or up t o dat e. The accuracy of any inst ruct ions, form ulae, and drug doses should be independent ly verified wit h prim ary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, act ions, claim s, proceedings, dem and, or cost s or dam ages what soever or howsoever caused arising direct ly or indirect ly in connect ion wit h or arising out of t he use of t his m at erial. & Plant Biosystems, Vol. 145, No. 4, December 2011, pp. 969–977 THE CURRENT STATUS OF FUNGAL BIODIVERSITY IN ITALY High spots for diversity of soil and litter microfungi in Italy A. M. PERSIANI1, S. TOSI2, G. DEL FRATE2, V. M. GRANITO1, M. GUGLIELMINETTI2, D. LUNGHINI1, O. MAGGI1, B. MULAS3, M. PASQUALETTI4, A. M. PICCO2, A. RAMBELLI4, M. RODOLFI2, N. SOLARI2, & S. TEMPESTA4 Downloaded by [Universita Studi la Sapienza] at 06:59 23 December 2011 1 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy; 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 3Dipartimento di Botanica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy and 4Dipartimento di Ecologia e Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy Abstract Soil fungal diversity plays a fundamental role in delivering key ecosystem goods and services. This article assesses diversity of saprobic soil and litter microfungi, as taxonomical and functional components which affect above- and below-ground relationships within Alpine and Mediterranean regions of Italy. We highlighted biodiversity high spots focusing on four research topics that have been developed over time and are currently in progress in Italy. Preliminary quantitative data concerning soil microfungi in the Raethian Alps showed a strong reduction of Colony Forming Unit (CFU)s with altitude. Keratinophilic microfungi in natural and anthropogenic environments were widespread among filamentous fungi and 121 species have been isolated in Italy since 1960. Heat stimulated microfungi in Mediterranean region soils showed high values both in abundance and species density even two years after the experimental fire, with Neosartorya spp. playing a pivotal role. The diversity of microfungi of Quercus ilex (150 species), in the Mediterranean region, higher than that in leaf litter of other species, was explained mainly by different forms of growth and the phytoclimatic characters of the areas under study. Keywords: Alpine, biodiversity, litter, Mediterranean, saprobic microfungi, soil Introduction In terrestrial ecosystems, saprobic microfungi play a central role in decomposition and nutrient cycling, providing ecosystem goods and services. Such processes are controlled by climatic factors, global warming, environmental conditions, atmospheric pollution, chemical and physical composition of soil and litter and by functional characteristics of soil decomposers organisms (e.g. Dighton 1995; Cadish & Giller 1997; Frankland 1998; Fioretto et al. 2003; Berg & McClaugherty 2003; Bonanomi et al. 2009). The composition of the fungal community reflects the different groups of substrata available in the organic matter. In different soil layers, a succession of changes in composition of microfungi has been observed according to the substratum degradation capabilities of the fungi (e.g. Kjøller & Struwe 2003; Deacon et al. 2006; Persiani et al. 2008). The observation that in many cases several species with the same apparent functional capacity may be present, implies a redundant level of diversity within the functional group and the existence of niche determinants beyond functional variation (Dighton 2003; Swift 2005). The role of fungal species diversity in decomposition processes is still, however, under studied, and not adequately assessed in Mediterranean-type ecosystems which are typically affected by stress and disturbance, including water stress and fire. The aim of this study is to highlight some of the biodiversity hot spots for soil and litter saprobic fungi in Italy, and to emphasize their value as a nature insurance to changing environments. The article particularly refers to the following biodiversity research topics which are currently in progress: (1) soil microfungi in Alpine environments; (2) microfungi associated with keratinous substrata in natural and anthropogenic environments; (3) post-fire microfungi in Mediterranean region soils; (4) leaf litter microfungi in Italy’s Mediterranean region. Correspondence: A. M. Persiani, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy. Tel: þ39 06 49912475. Fax: þ39 06 49912475. Email: annamaria.persiani@uniroma1.it ISSN 1126-3504 print/ISSN 1724-5575 online ª 2011 Società Botanica Italiana http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2011.633113 970 A. M. Persiani et al. Downloaded by [Universita Studi la Sapienza] at 06:59 23 December 2011 Diversity of soil microfungi in Alpine environments There are only a few reports about fungi in soil of Alpine environments in Europe, and North and South America (e.g. Horak 1960; Bisset & Parkinson 1979; Giusiano et al. 2002). Recently, mycological studies on Alpine soil fungal population have been carried out in the context of the huge problems of anthropic impact, mainly climate change. Over the past century, the average annual surface temperature in Europe has increased by 0.88C (Alcamo et al. 2007). The consequence has been an increase in the average length of the plant growing season (Menzel & Fabian 1999), the opening of areas for invading plants from lower elevations (Körner 2003; CelestiGrapow et al. 2010) and impacts on a wide range of organisms (Parolo & Rossi 2006). Information about soil fungi in Alpine environments of Italy is rare and scattered. Mosca (1957, 1960) and Dal Vesco (1974) gave a first picture of the composition of soil microfungi in the northwest Alps. Climate change influence on fungi in these habitats was first investigated in the Rhaetian Alps, northern Apennines and central Italy (Gran Sasso) (Buratti et al. 2001; Tosi et al. 2001a,b; Longa et al. 2005). That research was carried out as part of GLORIA_EUROPE (global observation research initiative in alpine environments), an international long-term observation network in alpine environments to detect impacts of climate change on mountain ecosystems (Grabherr et al. 2000; Pauli et al. 2005). Research on the fungal diversity in cold environments has been recently funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR). As part of that project, a soil fungal analysis in different areas of the Alps and Apennines is in progress; some of these areas are the same as those studied 10 years before. Preliminary results are available for Valtellina (Dosdè Glacier, 2290–2570 m a.s.l. and Passo d’Eira, 2210 m a.s.l.) and the northern Apennines (Alpe di Mommio, 1855 m a.s.l.). Dosdè glacier is particularly interesting as it’s extent and local climate are constantly monitored (Diolaiuti et al. 2011). Mean annual air temperature of Bormio (located at 1225 m a.s.l. and only 15 km from the Dosdè-Piazzi group), increased by almost 28C from 1950 to 2003. Soil samples investigations have shown that the genus Mortierella is widely represented, including the following species: Mortierella humilis Linnem., Mortierella mutabilis Linnem., Mortierella ramanniana var. angulispora (Naumov) Linnem., Mortierella verticillata Linnem. The genus Penicillium is represented by Penicillium citrinum Sopp, Penicillium dierckxii Biourge, Penicillium janthinellum Biourge, Penicillium melinii Thom and Penicillium thomii Maire. Preliminary quantitative data for the above listed areas clearly show a strong CFU reduction with altitude (Table I, Valle Dosdè/Valtellina). Psychrotrophs were dominant only above 2500 m a.s.l., i.e. from the uppermost sample sites. Geomyces pannorum (Link) Sigler & J.W. Carmich. and M. ramanniana var. angulispora were the most frequently encountered psychrotrophs, whereas P. dierckxii was the most frequently encountered mesophilic fungus. Aspergillus was isolated only once during the present research and, referring to previous analyses since 1957, has been only rarely recorded. It is known that most Aspergillus species are thermotolerant. Increasing temperature in Alpine environments could result in an increase of Aspergillus spp. Diversity of microfungi associated with keratinous substrata in natural and anthropogenic environments Organism colonizing keratinous substrata operate through two processes: keratinolytic (capable of digesting a-keratins, which are very resistant fibrous proteins due to their high cystine content) and keratinophilic (are solely capable of using material naturally associated with keratins or derived from their decomposition) (Garg et al. 1985; Filipello Marchisio 1986, 2000). Fungi on keratinous substrata are one of the most investigated soil fungi groups mainly because of their potential pathogenic role and enzymatic specificity. They are useful as bioindicators of environmental pollution and in bioremediation (Ulfig 2000; Ulfig et al. 2003; Janda-Ulfig et al. 2008). Information about keratinophilic fungi in Italy dates back to the beginning of the 1960s (Ajello et al. 1965, 1966) and relates to scattered natural and anthropogenic sites, from the north to the south. A total of 121 species have been reported from different environments in Italy (Solari 2003; Solari et al. 2004). Environmental records are above all represented by soil isolates. The earliest studies indicated that keratinophilic fungi are more likely to be found in soils in areas densely inhabited by man and Table I. Quantitative data of soil fungi in Valle Dosdè (Valtellina) at three altitudes, at two different incubation temperatures. CFUs/g of soil dry weight Sampling sites (Raethian Alps) Valle Dosdè 2570 m a.s.l. Valle Dosdè 2460 m a.s.l. Valle Dosdè 2290 m a.s.l. 88C 208C 217 + 56 5474 + 367 8657 + 601 55 + 6 3993 + 186 61,589 + 6862 Note: Results are expressed as mean of five repetitions (standard deviation is reported). Downloaded by [Universita Studi la Sapienza] at 06:59 23 December 2011 Diversity of soil and litter saprobic microfungi in Italy animals. Species are listed in the Online Appendix A, with their current taxonomic name and complete bibliographic references; the scientific names cited in the original papers are reported as anamorph or synonym. The earliest studies were made in habitats associated with humans, such as children’s sandpits, city gardens, schools, private veterinary clinics, trains, and boats. In children’s sandpits (Filipello Marchisio 1986) species belonging to Aphanoascus, Chrysosporium, Geomyces, Malbranchea, Microsporum, and Trichophyton were shown to be actively keratinolytic. In city gardens (Caretta et al. 1992; Solari et al. 2005), the dominant species collected were the teleomorphs Aphanoascus fulvescens (Cooke) Apinis, Arthroderma gypseum (Nann.) Weitzman, McGinnis, AA Padhye & Ajello, A. uncinatum C.O. Dawson & Gentles, Ctenomyces serratus Eidam and their anamorphs. In school classrooms (Mercantini et al. 1983), Chrysosporium was dominant and three pathogenic species (Microsporum canis E. Bodin ex Guég., M. gypseum (E. Bodin) Guiart & Grigoraki and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Robin) Blanchard) were also isolated in significant quantities. On the floor of veterinary clinics (Mancianti & Papini 1996) many keratinophilous species pathogenic to humans and animals were isolated: the keratinic material shed by infected pets may contribute to the development and propagation of dermatophytes and related fungi. On dust in trains and boats (Mercantini et al. 1989) many dermatophytes were recorded, including Epidermophyton floccosum (Harz) Langeron & Miloch., Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, with Geomyces pannorum (Link) Sigler & J.W. Carmich. the most frequent among the isolated keratinophiles. Their environmental distribution could be crucial as many of those species were also recorded in Italy from patients as reported by Caretta et al. (1981) in a 12-month study (1244 cases collected in Italy from north to south) and by Di Silverio et al. (1989) (4100 cases collected in 13 years). Research has also been carried out in crop field soils of northern Italy (Montemartini Corte 1972; Caretta et al. 1986, 1987). In wheat fields, the most common keratinophilic species were the Myceliophthora anamorph of C. serratus followed by species of the Microsporum gypseum fulvum complex. Chrysosporium represented the highest percentage of the total isolates with C. merdarium (Ehrenb.) J.W. Carmich and C. keratinophilum D. Frey ex J.W. Carmich dominant. In rice field soil (Caretta et al. 1987) Arthroderma quadrifidum C.O. Dawson & Gentles, and its anamorph Trichophyton terrestre Durie & D. Frey, Chrysosporium pannicola (Corda) Oorschot & Stalpers, C. indicum (H.S. Randhawa & R.S. Sandhu) Garg and Microsporum gypseum were 971 more common before ploughing while C. queenslandicum Apinis & R.G. Rees was only isolated after ploughing. It was from a wheat field in the Lombardy region that the first European isolate of Arthroderma gloriae Ajello was recovered (Caretta et al. 1990) confirming that this species is not ecologically confined to arid habitats. Other specific habitats such as small pools (Mangiarotti & Caretta 1984) and air (Della Franca & Caretta 1984) have also been investigated. C. pannicola (Corda) Oorschot & Stalpers, C. keratinophilum D. Frey ex J.W. Carmich., C. tropicum J.W. Carmich., Microsporum gypseum and T. terrestre were the most frequently isolated species in small pools, and Chrysosporium indicum (H.S. Randhawa & R.S. Sandhu) Garg, Geomyces pannorum var. pannorum, Microsporum gypseum, Myceliophtora vellerea (Sacc. & Speg.) Oorschot and T. terrestre were detected in air samples. Among habitats under human pressure, sandy beaches were also analyzed. Results from a sandy beach in Apulia, with A. fulvescens, A. keratinophilus and Chrysosporium indicum as the prevalent species are reported elsewhere in this issue (Onofri et al. 2011). Information about keratinophilic fungi from natural habitats is also available for some islands and Natural Parks. From the Integral Reserve of Siro Negri, located in the Ticino River Park, 51 taxa were isolated from soil (Solari 2003). Among keratinolytic fungi, the most relevant species were Arthroderma quadrifidum, Chrysosporium indicum, and Myceliophthora vellerea (Sacc. & Speg.) Oorschot. Microsporum cookei Ajello, Trichophyton ajelloi and T. terrestre were the only geophilic dermatophytes isolated. A similar study was carried out by Marsella and Mercantini (1986) in the Abruzzo National Park; the most common species was T. ajelloi followed by C. keratinophilum and M. vellerea. Caretta et al. (1977) reported the first survey on geophilic dermatophites and related keratinophilic fungi from volcanic soils of Mount Etna (Sicily): 166 strains were keratonophilic, accounting for 50% of the total isolates. The genus Chrysosporium was the most frequent (60%). C. pannicola and C. tropicum were reported as dominant keratinophilic fungi from soil of the Integral Reserve of Montecristo Island (Tuscan Archipelago) (Caretta & Del Frate 1976). Preliminary results on keratinophiles are also available from alpine environments (the Raethian Alps and northern Apennines). These were collected as part of research funded by the Italian Ministry MIUR. Both environmental and biotrophic fungi were isolated. They included Absidia spinosa Lendn., Acremonium strictum W. Gams, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., Geomyces pannorum var. pannorum, Gliomastix murorum (Corda) S. Hughes, Lecanicillium psalliotae and Trichocladium asperum Harzand. The results of 972 A. M. Persiani et al. this work suggest that the keratinophilic habit is widespread among common filamentous fungi and could have an important role in keratin decomposition in natural habitats (Marcondes et al. 2008). Downloaded by [Universita Studi la Sapienza] at 06:59 23 December 2011 Diversity of post-fire microfungi in soils of the Mediterranean region In the Mediterranean region, fire is recognized as an important disturbance event and the effects of fire are determined by fire type and its intensity, frequency, season of burning and predictability (e.g. Gill & Groves 1981; Blasi et al. 2004; Bajocco et al. 2009). For soil microfungi, fire, together with the combustion of soil litter, causes a decrease in the heterogeneity of the habitat as well as a decrease in fungal biomass and species number (Zak 1992). The risk of accidental fires and fire severity are destined to increase in Mediterranean European countries as a consequence of expected climatic changes (Williams et al. 2001; Fried et al. 2004). Chemical factors that are consequent on fires can activate and increase germination of spores, and decrease competition from other soil fungi (e.g. Zak & Wicklow 1980, Chandler et al. 1983). Claridge et al. (2009) highlighted the functional role of soil fungi in recovery of forest ecosystems after fire, including nutrient acquisition, leading to the reestablishment of vegetation. Xerotolerant and heat-stimulated soil fungi thus have an important functional role following soil water stress and/or fire disturbance (Cooke & Whipps 1993; Dix & Webster 1995). In Italy some authors report that fire can lead to a modification of the fungal composition of the burnt area and thus to a new situation in the competitive advantages of different components of the community (e.g. Bartoli et al. 1991; Persiani 2004). As part of a National Research Project, the abundance and species density in communities of soil microfungi were investigated during the first two years after experimental fires in the Mediterranean maquis at two different intensities of burning (Persiani et al. 2002; D’Ascoli et al. 2005; Capogna et al. 2009). The research was carried out in Castel Volturno Nature Reserve in southern Italy (408570 N; 18330 E). Heat treatments had an effect on soil fungi which reacted to environmental changes in terms of species composition and abundance. In the short term, species density decreased in response to the high-fire treatments. For the same plots (e.g. De Marco et al. 2005) reported an increase in total biomass and activity of fungi and microbes, and a reduction in functional diversity, suggesting a more marked and longer effect of fire on fungi than on bacteria. Varying fire intensity increased competition for water between species, favoring the xerotolerant component of the community, as also observed by other authors (e.g. Bettucci & Alonso 1995). Xerotolerant microfungi increased significantly in abundance 147 and 245 days, respectively after low- and high-level experimental fires, the most important (based on frequency and abundance) being: Absidia spinosa Lendn., Aspergillus flavipes (Bainier & R. Sartory) Thom & Church, A. niger Tieghem, A. ustus (Bainier) Thom & Church, A. versicolor (Vuill.) Tirab., A. wentii Wehmer, Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries, C. cucumerinum Ellis & Arthur, C. herbarum (Pers.) Link, Eurotium sp., Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx, P. canescens Sopp, P. glabrum (Wehmer) Westling, P. janthinellum Biourge, P. jensenii Zalessky, P. restrictum Gilman & Abbott, P. roseopurpureum Dierckx, Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link, and Ulocladium atrum Preuss. Some species of Penicillium and Aspergillus, known principally from the tropics and subtropics and/or for their tolerance of increased soil pH, were part of this favored xerotolerant component. Fire also provided a temporary habitat for heat stimulated microfungi which are otherwise unable to compete in undisturbed soils. They acquired a more relevant role within the community with significant increases over the two years in both abundance and species density in treated plots. Among them, within the Ascomycota, Chaetomium carinthiacum Sörgel, Neosartorya fischeri (Wehmer) Malloch & Cain, N. spinosa (Raper & Fennell) Kozak., Neosartorya sp., Petromyces alliaceus Malloch & Cain, and Talaromyces wortmannii var. wortmannii (Klöcker) C.R. Benj. could be considered as core species of the post-fire soil microfungal community. In particular the genus Neosartorya, represented by three species, plays a pivotal role. N. spinosa was previously reported as a post-fire component of microfungal communities in Italian Mediterranean maquis (Bartoli et al. 1991). Xerotolerant and heat-stimulated soil fungi can, through their functional role within the community, be considered as ‘‘indicators’’ of the state of succession following a disturbance event, such as fire in Mediterranean maquis. Diversity of leaf litter microfungi in the Mediterranean region Mediterranean maquis is characterized by shrubs with evergreen broad and small, stiff and thick (sclerophyllous) leaves (Di Castri 1981). Mediterranean areas are subject to strong prolonged climatic stress, in particular water stress during summer, and this affects the diversity and activity of both soil and litter communities of fungi and microbes (Coûteaux et al. 1995; Fioretto et al. 2003; Torres et al. 2003). Many factors exert a hierarchical influence on litter decomposition rates with three main levels of control that operate in the following order: climate4litter Downloaded by [Universita Studi la Sapienza] at 06:59 23 December 2011 Diversity of soil and litter saprobic microfungi in Italy quality4soil organisms (Aerts 2006; Incerti et al. 2011). In relation to substratum, a degree of specificity or preference for particular associated plants has been supposed for certain groups of decomposer fungi (e.g. Huhndorf & Lodge 1997; Gilbert & Sousa 2002; Zhou & Hyde 2002; Rambelli et al. 2004). Research carried out in the Sardinian Mediterranean maquis (Rambelli 1991) suggested that saprobic specialization probably occurs during periods of stress. Further, studies have examined the importance of fungi in the decomposition of plant organic matter through the determination of ‘‘optimal’’ or ‘‘adaptive’’ colonization (Rambelli et al. 2003). Another study focused on saprobic specialization phenomena on different plant matrices (Mulas et al. 1995) while further work determined the seasonal variation in communities of microfungi (Zucconi & Pasqualetti 2007) and analyzed them on leaf litter from mixed plant species and from a single plant species source (e.g. Lunghini & Quadraccia 1990; Tempesta et al. 2003, 2005; Pasqualetti et al. 2006; Rambelli et al. 2009; Lunghini et al. 2010; Rambelli et al. 2010a,b). After 15 years of taxonomic studies in the Mediterranean area, an analytical key was proposed by Pasqualetti et al. (2005). Relationships between litter diversity, fungal biodiversity, and functional diversity of litter fungi of Mediterranean maquis, were investigated by mean of Biolog (FF microplates analyses) (Di Lonardo et al. 2010). The 213 leaf litter fungi recorded from the four plant species which are most representative of Mediterranean maquis (Quercus ilex L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Phillyrea angustifolia L. and Cistus spp.) are reported in the Online Appendix B; sampling sites, and bibliographic references are also given. To expand biodiversity knowledge and to statistically analyze the litter fungal community of the Mediterranean maquis three plant species out of the four above mentioned were examined and compared. Cistus spp. were scarcely represented as occurring in a low number of stands in the studied areas, so the identified litter microfungi were kept out of the statistical analyses. The three plant species considered originate from different localities: Sardinian sites (SRD); the Island of Elba, Tuscany (ELB, 428450 N, 108140 E); Castel Porziano, Latium (CPR, 418440 N, 128250 E); Macchia Grande Nature Reserve, Latium (MGR, 418520 N, 128170 E); Castel Volturno Nature Reserve, Campania (CVL, 408570 N, 18330 E) and Grosseto Maremman coastline, Tuscany (GRS, 428510 N, 108520 E). These overall studies may promote a better understanding of the influence of different factors controlling litter decomposition of substrata with different resource quality, and the occurrence of anamorphic litter fungi in different geographical areas. All sites are 973 characterized by a typical Mediterranean climate with summer drought and precipitation occurring mostly in autumn and winter. The analyses took into account all data obtained, for each substratum and each sampling site, by the direct observation method after incubation in moist chambers. To assess the relationships between species occurrence and their distribution, a two-way Cluster Analysis was performed with PC-ORD 5 (McCune & Mefford 2006), using the Euclidean distance and the Ward’s group linkage method. Principal component analysis (PCA) was also used to investigate the overall structure of fungal assemblages, the respective presence–absence datasets being considered separately (Q. ilex: six stands; Pistacia lentiscus: five stands; Phillyrea angustifolia: four stands). Results of statistical analyses of published data and/or information resulting from research in progress on anamorphic fungi in leaf litter of some Mediterranean maquis species are shown in Online Appendixes C, D, and E. These deal with anamorphic fungi of Q. ilex, Pistacia lentiscus and Phillyrea angustifolia leaf litter, as these were the species most extensively studied in the various sites along the Tyrrenian coast and in the islands. Referring to these data sets, the highest number of anamorphic fungal species (150) was recorded for Q. ilex with 91 species of Pistacia lentiscus and 67 for Phillyrea angustifolia. The occurrence pattern in the different study areas as shown by the two-way Cluster Analyses reflects species exclusiveness or species related to both the Tyrrenian coastline and the islands, and they are reported for Q. ilex (Figure 1), Phillyrea angustifolia (Online Appendix F), and Pistacia lentiscus leaf litter (Online Appendix G). In respect of Q. ilex leaf litter, the genera more widely represented are Chloridium, Chalara, Gyrothrix, and Dactylaria, each with seven species. Four species each of Chloridium and Dactylaria came just from Macchia Grande, which had the highest number of species recorded only from one site. Species of the genus Chloridium were recorded only on Q. ilex substrata. The distribution in ordination space of the six areas in which anamorphic fungi occurred is shown in Figure 2. The variance for the first axis is 29.86% and 25.14% for the second. The areas were distributed along Axis 1 according to a fungal compositional gradient related to stands: Macchia Grande Reserve area fell alone on the right side while all others are grouped on the left. Such a distribution can be related to the prevailing growth form of Q. ilex in the different studied areas. Quercus ilex is a widely distributed species in the Mediterranean basin and, in Italy, is often found in mixed shrubland stands (where its growth form is as a shrub), but may also be found in tree form within typical Mediterranean 974 A. M. Persiani et al. Downloaded by [Universita Studi la Sapienza] at 06:59 23 December 2011 Figure 1. Two way Cluster Analysis (Euclidean distance and Ward’s Group linkage Method), Quercus ilex 150 species. (CPR: Castel Porziano, Latium; CVL: Castel Volturno, Campania; ELB; Island of Elba, Tuscany; GRS: Grosseto Maremman coastline, Tuscany; MGR: Macchia Grande Nature Reserve, Latium; SRD: Sardinian sites). Figure 2. Principal Components Analysis, Quercus ilex 150 species. (CPR: Castel Porziano, Latium; CVL: Castel Volturno, Campania; ELB; Island of Elba, Tuscany; GRS: Grosseto Maremman coastline, Tuscany; MGR: Macchia Grande Nature Reserve, Latium; SRD: Sardinian sites). sclerophyllous forests, as in the case of Macchia Grande Reserve. That may explain why Q. ilex there is characterized by fungal litter species exclusive to the site and why Dictyosporium toruloides (Corda) Guég. common to all other sites (Figure 1) is absent there. Axis 2 in the extreme upper part segregates Sardinian stands, while all other fall in the middle (CVL site) or lower (GRS, CPR sites) portions, with Elba island at the bottom. Such a distribution along Axis 2 can be interpreted as driven by a phytoclimatic gradient defined by the distribution of Q. ilex in the different studied areas. This gradient is principally correlated to climatic characteristics and, in particular, to trends in temperature and rainfall. The fact that, in the ordination space, Elba island does not group with Sardinia but falls instead among the coastal Mediterranean areas of Tuscany and Latium, which are characterized by a Mediterranean oceanic transitional bioclimate, supports this hypothesis. Sardinia was characterized by the absence of species such as Ceratosporella deviata Subram., common to all other sites. The high species richness value and the composition of litter fungal assemblages reflect and relate to Q. ilex adaptability, with its higher phenotypic plasticity exhibited at the morphological and phenological level. The two-way Cluster Analyses for Phillyrea angustifolia and Pistacia lentiscus (Online Appendixes F and G) show a similar trend: a clear-cut division of the SRD sampling sites from the others because of the higher number of exclusive fungal species found there. The trend is thus analogous to MGR (Figure 1) but involves Sardinian Pistacia lentiscus and Phillyrea angustifolia as dominated shrubland sites instead of Q. ilex forest. Transformation of dead organic matter by saprobic fungi is subject to the same stress conditions as those experienced by the source plant, particularly during the highest water stress period and at high environmental temperatures. The results, therefore, indicate that decomposition patterns are not always predictable from a single species dynamic. The assessment of microfungal biodiversity in the Mediterranean region as characterized by a changing environment remains a priority in terms already defined by Lodge and Cantrell (1995) ‘‘Understanding variation in fungal populations in time and space is important because of its relevance to questions of biodiversity and the roles fungi play in regulating populations of other organisms and ecosystem processes’’. Acknowledgments These researches were partially supported by MIUR under grants PRIN 2000 (Una rete integrata di banche dati sulla biodiversità delle crittogame terrestri in Italia), PRIN 2005 (Effects of species diversity on litter production and decomposition in Mediterranean maquis: modelling analysis) and PRIN 2008 (Study of fungal communities in the Diversity of soil and litter saprobic microfungi in Italy context of arctic-alpine vegetation threatened by climatic change in northern and central Italy). 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Zucconi L, Pasqualetti M. 2007. Microfungal assemblage on Quercus ilex leaf litter in Tuscany, central Italy. Plant Biosyst 141: 305–313. Appendix A - List of the Italian keratinophilic fungi. The current names are in bold. Species Absidia spinosa Lendn. References Persiani et al. 2011 Acremonium charticola (Lindau) W. Gams Montemartini Corte & Foggi Lepore 1984; Filipello Marchisio 1986 Acremonium strictum W. Gams Persiani et al. 2011 Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl Della Franca & Caretta 1984; Solari et al. 2003 Alternaria triticina Prasada & Prabhu Della Franca & Caretta 1984 Amauroascus mutatus (Quél.) Rammeloo Caretta et al. 1992 Amauroascus verrucosus (Eidam) Schroeter Ajello et al 1966 Aphanoascus clathratus Cano & Guarro Solari et al. 2003 Aphanoascus fulvescens (Cooke) Apinis Filipello Marchisio 1986; Filipello et al., 1992; Caretta et al. 1992; Solari et al. 2003; Onofri et al. 2011 as Anixiopsis fulvescens (Cooke) de Vries Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 1980 as Anixiopsis stercoraria (Hansen) Hansen Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 198; Aphanoascus keratinophilus Punsola & Cano Aphanoascus terreus (H.S.Randhawa & R.S.Sandhu) Apinis Caretta et al. 1992; Onofri et al. 2011 Ajello et al 1966; Caretta & Del Frate 1976; Caretta et al. 1977; Todaro, 1978 a; Todaro 1978 b; Mercantini et al. 1978; Mercantini et al. 1983 Marsella & Mercantini 1986; Mercantini et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1986; Filipello Marchisio 1986; Caretta et al. 1987; Filipello et al., 1992; Mancianti & Papini, 1996; Papini et al. 1998; Solari et al. 2003 Filipello Marchisio 1986; Caretta et al. 1992; Filippello et al. 1992 as Chrysosporium indicum (H.S.Randhawa & R.S.Sandhu) Garg. Della Franca & Caretta 1984; Caretta et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1987; Papini et al. 1998; Solari et al. 2003; Onofri et al. 2011 Aphanoascus verrucosus Cano & Guarro Caretta et al. 1992; Solari et al. 2003 as Chrysosporium keratinophilum (D. Frey) J.W.Carmich.. Apinisia queenslandica Apinis & R.G.Rees as Chrysosporium queenslandicum Apinis & R.G.Rees. Caretta et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1987; ; Filipello Marchisio 1986 Arthroderma benhamiae Ajello & Cheng Todaro, 1978a Arthroderma gloriae Ajello L. & Cheng S.L. Caretta et al. 1990; Solari et al. 2003 as Trichophyton gloriae Ajello Caretta et al. 1986 Arthroderma grubyi (Georg et al.) Ajello L. et al. as Microsporum vanbreuseghemii Georg et al. Caretta & Piontelli 1975; Todaro 1978; Mercantini et al. 1980; Morganti & Tampieri 1984; Mercantini et al. 1986 Arthroderma gypseum (Nann.) Weitzman et al. Arthroderma quadrifidum C.O.Dawson & Gentles Pinetti 1964; Ajello et al. 1966; Pinetti & Lostia 1966; Orrù et al. 1968; Lopez Morales 1974; Caretta & Piontelli 1975; Bertamino & Moretti, 1976 Mercantini et al. 1978; Todaro 1978a, b; Mercantini et al. 1980; Mercantini et al. 1983; Morganti & Tampieri 1984; Della Franca & Caretta 1984; Filipello Marchisio 1986; Mercantini et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1987; Caretta et al. 1990; Mercantini et al. 1991; Caretta et al. 1992; Mancianti & Papini 1996; Papini et al. 1998; Lopez Morales 1974 Caretta et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1987; Solari et al. 2003 Arthroderma uncinatum C.O. Dawson & Gentles Caretta & Piontelli 1975; Mercantini et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1992;Solari et al. 2003 as Trichophyton ajelloi (Vanbreu.) Ajello Bertamino & Moretti 1976; Mercantini et al. 1978; ; Mercantini et al. 1983; Morganti & Tampieri 1984; Filipello Marchisio 1986; Papini et al. 1998 as Keratinomyces ajelloi Vanbreus. Ajello et al. 1966; Pinetti & Lostia 1966; Lopez Morales 1974;Caretta et al. 1987 as Microsporum gypseum (E.Bodin) Guiart & Grigorakis. Auxarthron umbrinum (Boud.) G.F. Orr & Plunkett as Auxarthron thaxter i (Kuehn) G.F.Orr & Kuehn Todaro 1978 b as Auxarthron brunneum (Rostr.) G.F.Orr & Kuehn Ajello et al. 1966; Caretta et al. 1977 Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill. Filipello Marchisio 1986; Solari et al. 2003; Persiani et al. 2011 Botryotrichum piluliferum Saccardo & Marchal Caretta & Del Frate 1976; Caretta et al. 1977; Todaro 1978a; Todaro 1978b; Ceratocystis pilifera (Fr.) C. Moreau Solari et al. 2003 Chaetomium elatum Kunze : Fr. Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 1982 Chaetomium globosum Kunze:Fries Solari et al. 2003 Chrysosporium anamorph of Arthroderma cuniculi C.O.Dawson Filipello Marchisio 1986; Filipello et al. 1992 Chrysosporium anamorph of Arthroderma curreyi Berk. Chrysosporium anamorph of Pectinotrichum llanense Varsavsky & G.F.Orr Filipello Marchisio 1986 Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Chrysosporium anamorph of Renispora flavissima Sigler et al. Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Chrysosporium carmichaelii Oorschot Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Chrysosporium merdarium (Ehrenb.) J.W. Carmich Ajello et al. 1966; Caretta et al. 1986; Riess et al. 1999 Chrysosporium pannicola (Corda) Oorschot & Stalpers Filipello Marchisio 1986; Caretta et al. 1987; Filipello et al. 1992; Caretta et al. 1992 Solari et al. 2003 as Chrysosporium evolceanui (H.S.Randhawa & R.S.Sandhu) Garg Caretta et al. 1976; Caretta & Del Frate 1977; Todaro 1978b; Chrysosporium pseudomerdarium Oorschot Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Chrysosporium sulfureum (Fiedler) Oorschot & Samson Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Chrysosporium tropicum J.W.Carmich. Ajello et al. 1966; Caretta & Piontelli 1975; Caretta & Del Frate 1976; Caretta et al. 1977; Todaro 1978a, b; Mercantini et al. 1978; Mercantini et a 1983; Marsella & Mercantini 1986; Filipello Marchisio 1986; Caretta et al. 1986; Mercantini et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1987; Caretta et al. 1992; Filipello et al. 1992; Mancianti & Papini, 1996; Solari et al. 2003 Chrysosporium xerophilum Pitt Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) de Vries Della Franca & Caretta, 1984; Mulas et al. 1995; Riess et al. 1996; Pasqualetti et al. 1999 Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Arthur Della Franca & Caretta 1984 Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penz Della Franca & Caretta 1984 Clonostachys rosea (Link: Fr) Schroers et al. Solari 2003 as Gliocladium roseum Bainier Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca, 1982; Filipello Marchisio 1986 Coemansia interrupta Linder Solari et al. 2003 Ctenomices serratus Eidam Ajello et al. 1966; Caretta & Piontelli 1975; Mercantini et al. 1978; Caretta et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1992; Solari et al. 2003 Cunningamella elegans Lendn. Solari et al. 2003 Cylindrocarpon didymum (Harting) Wollenw. Filipello Marchisio 1986 Doratomyces purpureofuscus (Schwein.: Fr.) F.J.Morton & G.Sm. Filipello Marchisio 1986 Epicoccum nigrum Link Filipello Marchisio 1982 Epidermophyton floccosum (Harz) Langeron & Miloch. Mercantini et al. 1986 Fonsecaea pedrosoi (Brumpt) Negroni as Rhinocladiella pedrosoi (Brumpt) Schol-Schwarz Filipello Marchisio 1986 Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl : Fries Caretta & Del Frate 1976 Fusarium redolens Wollenw. as Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens (Wollenw.) W.L. Gordon Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 1982 Gibberella pulicaris (Fr.) Sacc., as Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel var. sambucinum Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 1982; Filipello Marchisio 1986 Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch as Fusarium graminearum Schwabe Geomyces asperulatus Sigler & J.W. Carmich., as Geomyces pannorum (Link) Sigler & J.W.Carmich. var. asperulatus (Sigler & J.W.Carmich.) Oorschot Geomyces pannorum (Link) Sigler & J.W. Carmich. as Chrysosporium pannorum (Link) S. Hughes Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 1982 Filipello Marchisio 1986; Filipello et al. 1992; Solari et al. 2003 Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992; Persiani et al. 2011 Caretta et al. 1977; Mercantini et al. 1983; Della Franca & Caretta 1984; Marsella & Mercantini 1986; Filipello Marchisio 1986; Mercantini et al. 1986; Mancianti & Papini 1996 Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman as Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo Filipello Marchisio 1986 Hypocrea sublutea Yoshim. Doi as Gliocladium virens J.H. Mill. et al. Solari et al. 2003 Gliomastix murorum (Corda) S. Hughes Persiani et al. 2011 as Acremonium murorum (Corda) W. Gams Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 1980; Filipello Marchisio 1986; Solari et al. 2003 Gliomastix murorum var. felina (Marchal) S. Hughes Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 1982 Gymnascella citrina (Massee & Salomon) Orr. et al. as Pseudoarachniotus citrinus (Massee & Salomon) Kuehn. Ajello et al. 1966 Gymnascella dankaliensis (Castell.) Currah Caretta et al. 1992 Gymnascella nodulosa (Ghosh et al.) Currah as Petalosporus nodulosus Ghosh et al.. Ajello et al. 1966 Gymnoascus demonbreunii Ajello & Cheng as Gymnoascus reessii Baran. Ajello et al. 1966; Caretta et al. 1992; Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Humicola grisea Traaen var. grisea Solari et al. 2003 Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr. as Paecilomyces farinosus (Holm : Fr.) A.H.S. Brown & G.Sm. Filipello Marchisio 1986 Isaria fumosorosea Wize as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) A.H.S.Br. & G.Sm. Solari et al. 2003 Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & W. Gams Solari et al. 2003 Lecanicillium psalliotae (Treschow) Zare & W. Gams Solari et al. 2003; Persiani et al. 2011 as Verticillium psalliotae Treschow Filipello Marchisio 1986 Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (Fuckel) Saccardo as Coniothyrium fuckelii Saccardo Filipello Marchisio 1986 Khuskia oryzae H.J. Huds., as Nigrospora state of Khuskia oryzae H.J. Huds., Della Franca & Caretta, 1984 Malbranchea anamorph of Uncinocarpus reesii Sigler & G.F.Orr Filipello Marchisio, 1986; Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Malbranchea arcuata Sigler & J.W.Carmich. Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Malbranchea chrysosporioidea Sigler & J.W.Carmich. Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Malbranchea cinnamomea (Libert) van Oorschot & de Hoog as Malbranchea sulfurea (Miehe) Sigler & Carmichael Filipello Marchisio, 1986 Malbranchea flava Sigler & J.W.Carmich. Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Malbranchea flocciformis Sigler & J.W.Carmich. Filipello Marchisio, 1986 Malbranchea fulva Sigler & J.W.Carmich. Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Malbranchea gypsea Sigler & J.W.Carmich. Filipello Marchisio, 1986; Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Malbranchea pulchella Sacc. & Penz. Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Mariannaea elegans (Corda) Samson Metacordyceps chlamydosporia (H.C. Evans) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora as Diheterospora chlamydosporia (Goddard) G.L. Barron & Onions as Pochonia chlamydosporia (Goddard) Zare & W. Gams var. chlamydosporia as Verticillium chlamydosporium Goddard Filipello Marchisio, 1986 Filipello Marchisio 1986; Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin var. anisopliae Solari et al. 2003 Myceliophtora vellerea (Sacc. & Speg.) Oorschot Della Franca & Caretta 1984; Solari et al. 2003 Caretta et al. 1977; Solari et al. 2003; Microascus brevicaulis S.P.Abbott as Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (Sacc.) Bainier: anamorfo Mercantini et al. 1991; Solari et al. 2003 Mucor hiemalis Wehmer Filipello Marchisio 1986 Mucor hiemalis f. silvaticus (Hagem) Schipper as Mucor silvaticus Hagem. Filipello Marchisio 1986 Mucor racemosu s f. sphaerosporus (Hagem) Schipper as Mucor globosus A.Fisch.. Filipello Marchisio 1986 Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma tuberculatum Kuehn Marsella & Mercantini 1986; Mancianti & Papini 1996 Myceliophthora anamorph of Ctenomyces serratus Eidam Mercantini et al. 1978; Marsella & Mercantini 1986; Caretta et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1990 Myceliophthora lutea Costantin Filipello et al. 1992; Papini et al. 1998 Myceliophthora vellerea (Sacc. & Spegazzini) Oorschot Della Franca & Caretta 1984 Filipello et al. 1992; Caretta et al. 1992; Solari et al. 2003 as Chrysosporium asperatum J.W.Carmich.. Caretta et al. 1977; Todaro 1978a, b; Mercantini et al. 1978; Mercantini et al. 1983; Marsella & Mercantini 1986; Mercantini et al. 1986 Myrothecium roridum Tode Filipello Marchisio 1986 Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) Ditmar Filipello Marchisio 1986 Nannizzia cajetana Ajello as Microsporum cookei Ajello Pinetti & Lostia 1966; Mercantini et al. 1980; Caretta et al. 1977; Mercantini et al. 1978; Mercantini et al. 1983; Marsella & Mercantini 1986; Mercantini et al. 1986; Papini et al. 1998; Solari et al. 2003 Nannizzia fulva Stockdale as Microsporum fulvum Uriburu Papini et al. 1998 Nannizzia incurvata Stockdale Pinetti & Lostia 1966; Bertamino & Moretti 1976 Nannizzia otae A. Haseg. & Usui as Microsporum canis E.Bodin. Pinetti 1964; Lostia & Pinetti 1970; Mercantini et al. 1980; Mercantini et al. 1983; Mercantini et al. 1986; Mercantini et al. 1991; Mancianti & Papini 1996 Oidiodendron maius var. citrinum (G.L. Barron) A.V. Rice & Currah as Oidiodendron citrinum G.L. Barron Solari et al. 2003 Oidiodendron truncatum G.L. Barron Solari et al. 2003 Paecilomyces carneus (Duché & Heim) A.H.S. Brown & G. Smith Paecilomyces marquandii (Massee) S.Hughes Solari et al. 2003 Caretta & Del Frate 1976; Caretta et al. 1977; Todaro 1978a, b; Filimpello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 1982; Filipello Marchisio 1986; Solari et al 2003 Solari et al. 2003 Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx Filipello Marchisio 1986 Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson Penicillium dierckxii Biourge as Penicillium fellutanum Biourge Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 1982 Penicillium expansum Link Filipello Marchisio 1986; Penicillium funiculosum Thom Filipello Marchisio 1986 Penicillium purpurogenum Stoll Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 1982; Filipello Marchisio 1986 Penicillium rugulosum Thom Filipello Marchisio & Luppi Mosca 1982 Phanerodontia chrysosporium (Burds.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden as Chrysosporium pruinosum (J.C. Gilman & E.V. Abbott) J.W. Carmich. Caretta et al. 1977 Pseudallescheria boydii (Shear) McGinnis et al. as Allescheria boydii Shear Ajello et al. 1966 Pseudogymnoascus roseus Raillo as Geomyces vinaceus Dal Vesco Dal Vesco 1957 as Geomyces pannorum var. vinaceus Filipello Marchisio 1986 Simplicillium lamellicola (F.E.W. Smith) Zare & W. Gams Solari et al. 2003 Torrubiella confragosa Mains as Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) Zare & W. Gams Solari et al. 2003 as Verticillium lecanii (Zimmermann) A.W. Viégas Filipello Marchisio 1986; Trichocladium asperum Harz Persiani et al. 2011 Trichoderma harzianum Rifai Solari et al. 2003 Trichoderma parceramosum Bissett Solari et al. 2003 Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Robin) R.Blanch. var. mentagrophytes Trichophyton rubrum (Castell.) Sabour. Pinetti 1964; Mercantini et al. 1983; Mercantini et al. 1991; Filippo Marchisio et al. 1992; Mancianti & Papini 1996 Mercantini et al. 1991; Filipello Marchisio et al. 1992 Ajello et al. 1966; Pinetti & Lostia 1966; Orrù et al. 1968; Bertamino & Moretti 1976; Caretta et al. 1977; Todaro 1978b; Mercantini et al. 1978; Mercantini et al. 1980; Mercantini et al. 1983; Della Franca & Caretta 1984; Mercantini et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1986; Caretta et al. 1987; Filipello et al. 1992; Mancianti & Papini 1996; Papini et al. 1998; Solari et al. 2003; Solari et al. 2003 Filipello Marchisio 1986 Trichophyton terrestre Durie & Frey Tritirachium dependens Limber Ulocladium chartarum (Preuss) Simmons Uncinocarpus uncinatus (Eidam) Currah as Gymnoascus uncinatus Eidam. as Chrysosporium merdarium (Link : Grev.) J.W.Carmich.. Ajello et al. 1966 Ajello et al. 1966 APPENDIX B - ITALIAN LEAF LITTER FUNGI RECORDED FROMQUERCUS ILEX, PISTACIA LENTISCUS, PHILLYREA ANGUSTIFOLIA AND CISTUS SPP. Species Acumispora phragmospora Matsush. Synonym ELB° GRS° MGR° CPR° Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. Alternaria longipes (Ellis & Everh.) E.W. Mason Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire Ampullifera foliicola Deighton Anavirga laxa B. Sutton Anungitea caespitosa Crous, W.B. Kendr. & M.J. Wingf. C SRD1 2 BIS A15 PNC 3 A2-A3-A8A9-A16 C D7 D7 D7 C A9-A10 A6-A7-A9A10 A12 D11 D7 Z1 D11 C A9 A4-A9A10 Anungitopsis pantelleriae Rambelli & Ciccarone A12 Anungitea Anungitopsis triseptata (Matsush.) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. triseptata Kendr. Matsush. Arachnophora fagicola Hennebert Z1 D11 D2 C A9 A4 A4-A6-A7A9 A4-A9 Ardhachandra aequilatera Matsush. A12 A13 D2 D9 D9 D9 D9 Beltrania querna Harkn. D7 Z1 D11 D2 C Beltrania rhombica Penz. D7 Z1 D11 D2 C D2 Blastophorum truncatum Matsush. A4-A7-A9A10 A1-A2-A3A4-A5-A7A8-A9A16 D11 Botrytis cinerea Pers. C Brachydesmiella biseptata G. Arnaud ex S. Hughes Calcarisporium acerosum Matsush. A1-A4-A6A8-A9A16 D11 D11 A6-A9A10-A16 A4 A9 Camposporium antennatum Harkn. Camposporium pellucidum (Grove) S. Hughes Ceratocladium microspermum Corda Ceratosporella deviata Subram. Chalara aurea (Corda) S. Hughes Chalara brevipes Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chalara brevispora Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chalara cylindrosperma (Corda) S. Hughes Chalara elegans Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chalara hughesii Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chalara kendrickii Nag Raj apud T.R. Nag Raj & W.B. Kendrick Chalara stipitata Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chalara unicolor S. Hughes Chloridium botryoideum (Corda) S. Hughes Chloridium clavaeforme (Preuss) W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Chloridium cylindrosporum W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Chloridium lignicola (F. Mangenot) W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Chloridium preussii W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. 4 C Anungitea uniseptata Matsush. Ardhachandra cristaspora (Matsush.) Subram. & Sudha Bactrodesmium atrum M.B. Ellis Bactrodesmium cubense (R.F. Castañeda & G.R.W. Arnold) Zucconi & Lunghini Bactrodesmium obovatum (Oudem.) M.B. Ellis PNT D7 Anungitea fragilis B. Sutton Anungitea heterospora P.M. Kirk Anungitea longicatenata Matsush. CVL° D11 D7 D7 Z1 D11 D2 C A10 C C D11 A9-A16 D7 C D7 D7 Z1 Z1 A9 D11 C D11 D11 A11 APPENDIX B - ITALIAN LEAF LITTER FUNGI RECORDED FROMQUERCUS ILEX, PISTACIA LENTISCUS, PHILLYREA ANGUSTIFOLIA AND CISTUS SPP. Species Chloridium virescens var. chlamydosporum (J.F.H. Beyma) W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Chloridium virescens var. virescens (Pers.) W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Chromelosporium ochraceum Corda Chuppia sarcinifera Deighton Circinotrichum falcatisporum Piroz. Synonym ELB° GRS° MGR° CPR° CVL° D2 C SRD1 D7 D11 A7-A10 A4 D11 D7 D11 C A1-A2-A3A4-A7-A8A9-A16 A13 Circinotrichum olivaceum (Speg.) Piroz. A3-A7-A8A9 A16 A6-A9A16 Z1 Circinotrichum papakurae S. Hughes & Piroz. Circinotrichum rigidum B. Sutton Cladosporium Cladophialophora bantiana (Sacc.) de Hoog, Kwon-Chung bantianum & McGinnis (Sacc.) Borelli Heteroconium chaetospira Cladophialophora chaetospira (Grove) Crous & Arzanlou (Grove) M.B. Ellis Cladosporium acaciicola M.B. Ellis Cladosporium antillanum R.F. Castañeda Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries A9 D7 D11 A4 D11 D7 Z1 D11 D2 C Cladosporium elegans Penz. Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link Cylindrotrichum oligospermum (Corda) Bonord. Dactylaria acerina Matsush. Dactylaria irregularis de Hoog Dactylaria lepida Minter Dactylaria naviculiformis Matsush. Dactylaria obtriangularia Matsush. 3 D2 Circinotrichum mediterraneum Rambelli & Tempesta Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & M.A. Curtis Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penz. Cochliobolus australiensis (Tsuda & Ueyama) Alcorn Cochliobolus spicifer R.R. Nelson Codinaea state of Chaetosphaeria callimorpha (Mont.) Sacc. Conoplea fusca Pers. Conoplea mangenotii Reisinger Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei Cryptocoryneum condensatum (Wallr.) E.W. Mason & S. Hughes ex S. Hughes Cryptocoryneum rilstonei M.B. Ellis Cylindrotrichum clavatum W. Gams Cylindrotrichum hennebertii W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. PNC D11 Circinotrichum maculiforme Nees Cladosporium macrocarpum Preuss 2 BIS D7 D2 Davidiella macrocarpa Crous, K. Schub. & U. Braun A1-A2-A3A4-A5-A7A8-A9A10-A16 A9 A1-A2-A3A4-A5-A8A9-A10 A9-A16 D2 C D7 Z1 Z1 A4-A7 D7 A4 A9 A3-A7 D11 D11 A4-A6-A9 D7 C D7 D11 D11 D11 D11 Z1 D11 D2 C A3-A7-A9A16 PNT 4 APPENDIX B - ITALIAN LEAF LITTER FUNGI RECORDED FROMQUERCUS ILEX, PISTACIA LENTISCUS, PHILLYREA ANGUSTIFOLIA AND CISTUS SPP. Species Dactylaria parvispora (Preuss) de Hoog & Arx Dactylaria triseptata (Matsush.) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. Desmazierella acicola Lib. Synonym GRS° MGR° CPR° CVL° D11 D7 D11 D7 D11 D11 D11 D2 C D2 D2 C D2 C C D11 D7 Z1 Sporidesmium leptosporum (Sacc. & Roum.) S. Hughes D7 Endophragmiella lignicola S. Hughes Endophragmiella suttonii P.M. Kirk Endophragmiella uniseptata (M.B. Ellis) S. Hughes D7 D7 D7 D11 PNT 4 A9 D2 C A9 A1-A2-A3A4-A7-A8A9-A16 A1-A4A16 Epicoccum nigrum Link Everhartia hymenuloides Sacc. & Ellis Z1 Graphium calicioides (Fr.) Cooke & Massee Gliomastix macrocylindrica K. Matsush. & Matsush. Gonytrichum chlamydosporium var. chlamydosporium G.L. Barron & G.C. Bhatt Gonytrichum chlamydosporium var. simile W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. D11 A6-A7 D7 D11 A4 D11 Cladosporium chlorocephalum (Fresen.) E.W. Mason & M.B. Ellis D2 Gyrothrix circinata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes Z1 Gyrothrix citricola Piroz. Z1 D11 A6-A7A16 A2-A3-A4A7-A8-A9A16 A6-A9 Gyrothrix grisea Piroz. Z1 Gyrothrix microsperma (Höhn.) Piroz. Gyrothrix podosperma (Corda) Rabenh. Gyrothrix ramosa Zucconi & Onofri Gyrothrix verticiclada (Goid.) S. Hughes & Piroz. 3 D2 D11 Gyrothrix macroseta Piroz. Gyrothrix magica Lunghini & Onofri PNC A4-A9 A4 D7 Graphiopsis chlorocephala Trail 2 BIS A4 Endophragmiella boewei (J.L. Crane) S. Hughes Exophiala calicioides (Fr.) G. Okada & Seifert SRD1 A4-A8-A9 A1-A2-A3A4-A8-A9 Verticicladium trifidum Preuss Dictyochaeta assamica (Agnihothr.) Aramb., Cabello & Mengasc. Dictyochaeta fuegiana Speg. Dictyochaeta simplex (S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr.) Hol.Jech. Dictyosporium elegans Corda Dictyosporium heptasporum (Garov.) Damon Dictyosporium oblongum (Fuckel) S. Hughes Dictyosporium toruloides (Corda) Guég. Dicyma ovalispora (S. Hughes) Arx Diplocladiella scalaroides G. Arnaud ex M.B. Ellis Domingoella asterinarum Petr. & Cif. Ellisembia leptospora (Sacc. & Roum.) W.P. Wu ELB° D11 Z1 D11 C D2 C A8 A4-A6-A7A8-A9A16 A7 A9 A11 APPENDIX B - ITALIAN LEAF LITTER FUNGI RECORDED FROMQUERCUS ILEX, PISTACIA LENTISCUS, PHILLYREA ANGUSTIFOLIA AND CISTUS SPP. Species Synonym ELB° GRS° MGR° CPR° Gyrothrix verticillata Piroz. CVL° C Hansfordia pulvinata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes Helicoma fumosum (P. Karst.) G.Z. Zhao, Xing Z. Liu & W.P. Wu Helicosporium griseum Berk. & M.A. Curtis apud P.A. Saccardo D11 Z1 PNT 4 C A4 D2 A4-A9 D2 Torula fasciculata Matsush. Pseudospirope s rousselianus (Mont.) M.B. Ellis Mirandina corticola G. Arnaud ex Matsush. Monodictys levis (Wiltshire) S. Hughes Monodictys putredinis (Wallr.) S. Hughes Nakataea fusispora (Matsush.) Matsush. Pseudospirope Nigrolentilocus lotorum (Morgan-Jones) R.F. Castañeda & s lotorum Heredia Morgan-Jones Oidiodendron setiferum Essl. Oncopodiella trigonella (Sacc.) Rifai Parapleurotheciopsis ilicina P.M. Kirk Parapleurotheciopsis inaequiseptata (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk Paratrichoconis biseptata Matsush. Penzigomyces ilicis Rambelli & Ciccarone Sporidesmium parvum (S. Penzigomyces parvus (S. Hughes) Subram. Hughes) M.B. Ellis Periconia minutissima Corda Periconiella ilicis P.M. Kirk Z1 D7 D11 C A9 D11 C A4-A7A10 A15 D11 D11 A9 D11 A7-A10 D7 D7 A6 D7 Z1 D11 D11 D2 C C A9 A13 A1 A3 D7 A1-A2-A3A4-A7-A8A9-A10A16 A10 A10 A9 A9 A9 Phaeoramularia hachijoensis Matsush. Polyscytalum gracilisporum (Matsush.) B. Sutton & Hodges 3 A4 Menispora ciliata Corda Phaeostalagmus cyclosporus (Grove) W. Gams Phialocephala humicola S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis Phragmocephala elliptica (Berk. & Broome) S. Hughes Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh. Pleurotheciopsis bramleyi B. Sutton Pleurothecium recurvatum (Morgan) Höhn. Polycephalomyces tomentosus (Schrad.) Seifert Polyscytalina iriomoteana Matsush. Polyscytalum fecundissimum Riess PNC D7 Helicosporium vegetum Nees Henicospora minor P.M. Kirk & B. Sutton Kylindria keitae Rambelli & Onofri Leptographium lundbergii Lagerb. & Melin Minimelanolocus rousselianus (Mont.) R.F. Castañeda & Heredia 2 BIS D2 Helicosporium pannosum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) R.T. Moore Matsushimaea fasciculata (Matsush.) Subram. SRD1 A4-A6-A8A15 A7-A8-A9 D11 D7 Z1 D11 Z1 D11 D11 D11 C A9 A7 A12 APPENDIX B - ITALIAN LEAF LITTER FUNGI RECORDED FROMQUERCUS ILEX, PISTACIA LENTISCUS, PHILLYREA ANGUSTIFOLIA AND CISTUS SPP. Species Pseudocochliobolus pallescens Tsuda & Ueyama Synonym Curvularia pallescens Boedijn ELB° GRS° D11 Pseudospiropes obclavatus M.B. Ellis Pyricularia fusispora (Matsush.) Zucconi, Onofri & Persiani Quadracaea mediterranea Lunghini, Pinzari & Zucconi Repetophragma dennisii (M.B. Ellis) Subram. Repetophragma goidanichii (Rambelli) W.P. Wu D7 D8 Rhinocladiella apiculata Matsush. Sporidesmium dennisii (M.B. Ellis) P.M. Kirk Sporidesmium goidanichii (Rambelli) S. Hughes D8 D7 Z1 D11 Z1 D11 3 A4-A6-A9A10-A16 A3-A4-A9 D2 A1-A3-A4A7-A8-A9 D11 D7 D11 A8 A4-A7 A3-A4-A7A8-A10 D11 C D7 A3-A9 A4-A7-A8A9-A10A16 A3-A9 A4-A9 A4-A6 D2 Solosympodiella clavata Matsush. Spegazzinia parkeri Sivasith. Spegazzinia tessarthra (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. Spondylocladiopsis cupulicola M.B. Ellis D11 Endophragmia hyalosperma (Corda) MorganJones & A.L.J. Cole D2 C D11 D2 A3-A9 D7 Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Subulispora procurvata Tubaki PNC A4 Selenosporella curvispora G. Arnaud ex MacGarvie Subulispora britannica B. Sutton C Torula graminis Desm. Scolecobasidium dendroides Piroz. & Hodges Scolecobasidium humicola G.L. Barron & L.V. Busch Scolecobasidium longiphorum Matsush. Scolecobasidium tshawytschae (Doty & D.W. Slater) McGinnis & Ajello Selenodriella fertilis (Piroz. & Hodges) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. Stemphylium botryosum Sacc. Stemphylium sarciniforme (Cavara) Wiltshire Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons Stenella triseptata Matsush. Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk 2 BIS D11 Scolecobasidium constrictum E.V. Abbott Sporidesmiella parva (M.B. Ellis) P.M. Kirk Sporidesmium adscendens Berk. Sporidesmium dioscoreae M.B. Ellis Sporidesmium socium M.B. Ellis SRD1 D11 D11 D8-D11 Scolecobasidiella avellanea (Sappa & Mosca) M.B. Ellis Sporidesmiella hyalosperma (Corda) P.M. Kirk CVL° D2 Rhexoampullifera fagi (M.B. Ellis) P.M. Kirk & C.M. Kirk Rhinocladiella atrovirens Nannf. Rutola graminis (Desm.) J.L. Crane & Schokn. CPR° A9-A16 Pseudodictyosporium wauense Matsush. Ramichloridium apiculatum (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) de Hoog MGR° D2 A4-A9A10 A4-A8-A9 A3-A4-A9 Z1 D7 D7 D2 D7 Z1 D11 D7 Z1 D11 D2 C C A4 A9 A9 A4-A7A10 A9 A13 PNT 4 APPENDIX B - ITALIAN LEAF LITTER FUNGI RECORDED FROMQUERCUS ILEX, PISTACIA LENTISCUS, PHILLYREA ANGUSTIFOLIA AND CISTUS SPP. Species Sympodiella acicola W.B. Kendr. Thozetella cristata Piroz. & Hodges Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link Torula herbarum f. quaternella Sacc. Trichocladium asperum Harz Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link, Trimmatostroma betulinum (Corda) S. Hughes Trimmatostroma salicis Corda Tripospermum myrti (Lind) S. Hughes Triposporium elegans Corda Ulocladium alternariae (Cooke) E.G. Simmons Ulocladium atrum Preuss Synonym ELB° GRS° MGR° CPR° CVL° PNC 3 4 PNT A12 D2 A9-A16 Z1 D7 D11 A9 A3-A4 A8-A4 A9 A7-A10 A4 A9-A16 A8 A14 A9-A16 A9-A16 A9 D2 Z1 Ulocladium botrytis Preuss Z1 D11 A13 C A9 Cylindrotrichum Xenokylindria prolifera (Matsush.) DiCosmo, S.M. Berch & proliferum W.B. Kendr. Matsush. Xylohypha ferruginosa (Corda) S. Hughes Xylohypha nigrescens (Pers.) E.W. Mason Rhinocladiella Zasmidium cellare (Pers.) Fr. ellisii D. Hawksw. Zygosporium echinosporum Bunting & E.W. Mason Zygosporium masonii S. Hughes 1: Sardinia various localities; 2: Bosco Isola, Foggia (Apulia); 3: Circeo 4: Pantelleria Island, Trapani (Sicily); ° see tex t 2 BIS Z1 Ulocladium consortiale (Thüm.) E.G. Simmons Ulocladium oudemansii E.G. Simmons Ulocladium tuberculatum E.G. Simmons Vermiculariopsiella arcicula Pasqual. & Zucconi Volutella ciliata (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. Wiesneriomyces laurinus (Tassi) P.M. Kirk Zygosporium gibbum (Sacc., M. Rousseau & E. Bommer) S. Hughes SRD1 A9 D11 A12 D11 A3-A4-A9A16 Z1 D7 D7 D11 D2 C A4-A9 A1-A2-A3A4-A5-A7A8-A9A16 C References: A1 - Mulas, B. Pasqualetti, M. & Rambelli, A. 1990. Primo contributo alla micoecologia della lettiera di lentisco in alcune isole minori della Sardegna meridionale . Giorn. Bot. Ital. 124: 301307. A2 - Mulas, B. Pasqualetti, M. & Rambelli, A. 1991. La specializzazione saprotrofa in Pistacia lentiscus. Informatore Botanico Italiano 23: 154-156. A3 - Mulas, B. Pasqualetti, M. & Rambelli, A. 1995. Analysis of the litter microfungal communities in a mediterranean maquis ecosystem . Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei, 9 (6): 65-86 A4 - Mulas B. unpublished researches A5 - Pasqualetti, M. Ialongo, M. & Rambelli, A. 1995. Rapporti ospite -saprotrofo. Strutture delle colonie di Beltrania rhombica Penzig su lettiera di Pistacia lentiscus L. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 129: 141-148. A6 - Pelliccia O. 2001-02. Caratterizzazione strutturale della comunità micro fungina associata alla lettiera di Pistacia lentiscus in un ecosistema a macchia mediterranea . Thesis. Facoltà di Scienze MM FF NN; Corso di laurea in Scienze Biologiche. Università degli Studi della Tuscia A7 - Rambelli A., Tempesta S., Mulas B 2003. Fungi on Mediterranean Ecosystems. Fl. Medit. 13: 231-240 A8 - Zucconi L., Mulas B., Berti C, Ripa C. 1996. Litter and soil microflora from an bandoned mining area in S. W. Sardinia, Italy. Fl. Medit. 6: 149-155 A9 - Mulas B., Pasqualetti M., Tempesta S., Rambelli A. unpublished researches A10 - Deplano E. 1990-2000. Analisi spazio -temporale della successione micro fungina in Quercus ilex L . Thesis. Facoltà di Scienze MM FF NN; Corso di laurea in Scienze Biologiche. Università degli Studi di Cagliari. A11 - Rambelli, A., Venturella, G. & Ciccarone, C. 2008. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes from Pantelleria mediterranean maquis litter . Fl.Medit. 18: 441-467. A12 - Rambelli, A., Venturella, G. & Ciccarone, C. 2009. More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes from Pantelleria Mediterranean maquis litter . Fl. Medit. 19: 81-113. A13 - Rambelli, A., Ciccarone, C., Venturella, G. & Tempesta, S. 2009. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes from Circeo Nat. Park mediterranean maquis litters . Fl. Medit. 19: 267-296. A14 -Rambelli, A., Tempesta, S., Venturella, G. & Ciccarone, C. 2010. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes from Pantelleria mediterranean maquis litter. Third contribution . Fl. Medit. 20: 211 233 APPENDIX B - ITALIAN LEAF LITTER FUNGI RECORDED FROMQUERCUS ILEX, PISTACIA LENTISCUS, PHILLYREA ANGUSTIFOLIA AND CISTUS SPP. Species Synonym ELB° GRS° MGR° CPR° CVL° SRD1 2 BIS PNC 3 PNT A15 -Rambelli, A., Ciccarone, C., Tempesta, S. & Venturella, G. 2010. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes from Bosco Isola Mediterranean maquis litter . Fl. Medit. 20: 239-258. A16 - Tempesta S, Pasqualetti M, Fonck M, Mulas B. 2003. Succession of microfungi in Phillyrea angustifolia litter in a Mediterranean maquis in Sardinia . Plant Biosystems 137(2):149154. C - Persiani A.M., Maggi O., Lunghini D., Granito V.M. unpublished personal data D2 - Quadraccia L. e Lunghini D. 1990. Contributo alla conoscenza dei macromiceti della Tenuta Presidenziale di Castelporziano (Micoflora del Lazio II) . Quaderno n. 264, Acc. Naz. dei Lincei: 49-120. D7 - Lunghini D. 1992. Studi sugli ifomiceti mediterranei. II. Ifomiceti demaziacei dell’Isola d’Elba (Livorno). Nota preliminare. Quad. Mus. Stor. Nat. Livorno 13: 37-54. D8 - Lunghini D., Pinzari F. & Zucconi L.1996. Studies on mediterranean hyphomycetes. III. Quadracaea mediterranea anam.-gen. and sp. nov. . Mycotaxon 60: 103-110. D9 - Zucconi L. & Lunghini D. 1997. Studies on mediterranean hyphomycetes. VI. Remarks on Bactrodesmium and B. cubense comb. nov . Mycotaxon 63: 323-327. D11 - Pinzari F. & Lunghini D. 2002. Studi sugli ifomiceti mediterranei. IV. Aspetti micofloristici ed ecologici dell’area protetta “Rifugio di Macchiagrande” di Focene (Roma) . Quad. Mus. Stor. Nat. Livorno 16: 75-134. Z1 - Zucconi L. & Pasqualetti M. 2007. Microfungal assemblage on Quercus ilex leaf litter in Tuscany, central Italy. Plant Biosystems 141(3): 305-313 4 APPENDIX C - ITALIAN ANAMORPHIC LITTER FUNGI OF QUERCUS ILEX Acronym Alt alt Alt ten Amp fol Ana lax Anu cae Anu fra Anu het Anu lon Anu uni Anu tri Ara fag Bac atr Bac cub Bac obo Bel que Bel rho Bla tru Bot cin Cal ace Cam ant Cam pel Cer dev Cha aur Cha cyl Cha ele Cha hug Cha ken Cha sti Cha uni Chl bot Chl cla Chl cyl Chl lig Chl pre Chl virc Chl virv Cir fal Cir mac Cir oli Cir rig Cla cha Cla aca Cla ant Cla cla Cla her Cla oxy Coc aus Coc spic Cod cal Con fus Con man Cor cas Cry ril Cyl cla Cyl hen Cyl oli Dac ace Dac irr Dac lep Dac nav Dac obt Species Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire Ampullifera foliicola Deighton Anavirga laxa B. Sutton Anungitea caespitosa Crous, W.B. Kendr. & M.J. Wingf. Anungitea fragilis B. Sutton Anungitea heterospora P.M. Kirk Anungitea longicatenata Matsush. Anungitea uniseptata Matsush. Anungitopsis triseptata (Matsush.) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. Arachnophora fagicola Hennebert Bactrodesmium atrum M.B. Ellis Bactrodesmium cubense (R.F. Castañeda & G.R.W. Arnold) Zucconi & Lunghini Bactrodesmium obovatum (Oudem.) M.B. Ellis Beltrania querna Harkn. Beltrania rhombica Penz. Blastophorum truncatum Matsush. Botrytis cinerea Pers. Calcarisporium acerosum Matsush. Camposporium antennatum Harkn. Camposporium pellucidum (Grove) S. Hughes Ceratosporella deviata Subram. Chalara aurea (Corda) S. Hughes Chalara cylindrosperma (Corda) S. Hughes Chalara elegans Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chalara hughesii Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chalara kendrickii Nag Raj apud T.R. Nag Raj & W.B. Kendrick Chalara stipitata Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chalara unicolor S. Hughes Chloridium botryoideum (Corda) S. Hughes Chloridium clavaeforme (Preuss) W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Chloridium cylindrosporum W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Chloridium lignicola (F. Mangenot) W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Chloridium preussii W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Chloridium virescens var. chlamydosporum (J.F.H. Beyma) W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Chloridium virescens var. virescens (Pers.) W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Circinotrichum falcatisporum Piroz. Circinotrichum maculiforme Nees Circinotrichum olivaceum (Speg.) Piroz. Circinotrichum rigidum B. Sutton Cladophialophora chaetospira (Grove) Crous & Arzanlou Cladosporium acaciicola M.B. Ellis Cladosporium antillanum R.F. Castañeda Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & M.A. Curtis Cochliobolus australiensis (Tsuda & Ueyama) Alcorn Cochliobolus spicifer R.R. Nelson Codinaea state of Chaetosphaeria callimorpha (Mont.) Sacc. Conoplea fusca Pers. Conoplea mangenotii Reisinger Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei Cryptocoryneum rilstonei M.B. Ellis Cylindrotrichum clavatum W. Gams Cylindrotrichum hennebertii W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Cylindrotrichum oligospermum (Corda) Bonord. Dactylaria acerina Matsush. Dactylaria irregularis de Hoog Dactylaria lepida Minter Dactylaria naviculiformis Matsush. Dactylaria obtriangularia Matsush. Dac par Dac tri Dic ass Dic fue Dic sim Dic ele Dic hep Dic obl Dic tor Ell lep End boe End lig End sut End uni Eve hym Gon chl Gon chl Gyr cir Gyr cit Gyr gri Gyr mag Gyr pod Gyr ver Gyr vert Hel fum Hel gri Hel veg Lep lun Mat fas Men cil Min rous Mir cor Mon put Nak fus Nig lot Oid set Par ili Par ina Par bis Per ili Pha hac Pha cyc Phi hum Phr ell Ple her Ple bra Ple rec Pol tom Pol iri Pol fec Pse wau Pse obc Pyr fus Qua med Rep den Rep goi Rhe fag Sco con Sco den Sco hum Sco lon Sco tsh Sel fer Sel cur Dactylaria parvispora (Preuss) de Hoog & Arx Dactylaria triseptata (Matsush.) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. Dictyochaeta assamica (Agnihothr.) Aramb., Cabello & Mengasc. Dictyochaeta fuegiana Speg. Dictyochaeta simplex (S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr.) Hol.-Jech. Dictyosporium elegans Corda Dictyosporium heptasporum (Garov.) Damon Dictyosporium oblongum (Fuckel) S. Hughes Dictyosporium toruloides (Corda) Guég. Ellisembia leptospora (Sacc. & Roum.) W.P. Wu Endophragmiella boewei (J.L. Crane) S. Hughes Endophragmiella lignicola S. Hughes Endophragmiella suttonii P.M. Kirk Endophragmiella uniseptata (M.B. Ellis) S. Hughes Everhartia hymenuloides Sacc. & Ellis Gonytrichum chlamydosporium var. chlamydosporium G.L. Barron & G.C. Bhatt Gonytrichum chlamydosporium var. simile W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Gyrothrix circinata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes Gyrothrix citricola Piroz. Gyrothrix grisea Piroz. Gyrothrix magica Lunghini & Onofri Gyrothrix podosperma (Corda) Rabenh. Gyrothrix verticiclada (Goid.) S. Hughes & Piroz. Gyrothrix verticillata Piroz. Helicoma fumosum (P. Karst.) G.Z. Zhao, Xing Z. Liu & W.P. Wu Helicosporium griseum Berk. & M.A. Curtis apud P.A. Saccardo Helicosporium vegetum Nees Leptographium lundbergii Lagerb. & Melin Matsushimaea fasciculata (Matsush.) Subram. Menispora ciliata Corda Minimelanolocus rousselianus (Mont.) R.F. Castañeda & Heredia Mirandina corticola G. Arnaud ex Matsush. Monodictys putredinis (Wallr.) S. Hughes Nakataea fusispora (Matsush.) Matsush. Nigrolentilocus lotorum (Morgan-Jones) R.F. Castañeda & Heredia Oidiodendron setiferum Essl. Parapleurotheciopsis ilicina P.M. Kirk Parapleurotheciopsis inaequiseptata (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk Paratrichoconis biseptata Matsush. Periconiella ilicis P.M. Kirk Phaeoramularia hachijoensis Matsush. Phaeostalagmus cyclosporus (Grove) W. Gams Phialocephala humicola S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis Phragmocephala elliptica (Berk. & Broome) S. Hughes Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh. Pleurotheciopsis bramleyi B. Sutton Pleurothecium recurvatum (Morgan) Höhn. Polycephalomyces tomentosus (Schrad.) Seifert Polyscytalina iriomoteana Matsush. Polyscytalum fecundissimum Riess Pseudodictyosporium wauense Matsush. Pseudospiropes obclavatus M.B. Ellis Pyricularia fusispora (Matsush.) Zucconi, Onofri & Persiani Quadracaea mediterranea Lunghini, Pinzari & Zucconi Repetophragma dennisii (M.B. Ellis) Subram. Repetophragma goidanichii (Rambelli) W.P. Wu Rhexoampullifera fagi (M.B. Ellis) P.M. Kirk & C.M. Kirk Scolecobasidium constrictum E.V. Abbott Scolecobasidium dendroides Piroz. & Hodges Scolecobasidium humicola G.L. Barron & L.V. Busch Scolecobasidium longiphorum Matsush. Scolecobasidium tshawytschae (Doty & D.W. Slater) McGinnis & Ajello Selenodriella fertilis (Piroz. & Hodges) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. Selenosporella curvispora G. Arnaud ex MacGarvie Spo cup Spo hya Spo par Spo ads Spo soc Sta cha Ste sar Ste sol Ste tri Sub fus Sub bri Sub pro Tor her Tri asp Tri ros Tri sal Tri ele Ulo alt Ulo con Ver arc Vol cil Xen pro Xyl nig Zas cel Zyg gib Spondylocladiopsis cupulicola M.B. Ellis Sporidesmiella hyalosperma (Corda) P.M. Kirk Sporidesmiella parva (M.B. Ellis) P.M. Kirk Sporidesmium adscendens Berk. Sporidesmium socium M.B. Ellis Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Stemphylium sarciniforme (Cavara) Wiltshire Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber Stenella triseptata Matsush. Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk Subulispora britannica B. Sutton Subulispora procurvata Tubaki Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link Trichocladium asperum Harz Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link, Trimmatostroma salicis Corda Triposporium elegans Corda Ulocladium alternariae (Cooke) E.G. Simmons Ulocladium consortiale (Thüm.) E.G. Simmons Vermiculariopsiella arcicula Pasqual. & Zucconi Volutella ciliata (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. Xenokylindria prolifera (Matsush.) DiCosmo, S.M. Berch & W.B. Kendr. Xylohypha nigrescens (Pers.) E.W. Mason Zasmidium cellare (Pers.) Fr. Zygosporium gibbum (Sacc., M. Rousseau & E. Bommer) S. Hughes APPENDIX D - ITALIAN ANAMORPHIC LITTER FUNGI OF PISTACIA LENTISCUS Acronym Alt alt Alt lon Amp fol Anu fra Anu lon Anu uni Anu tri Ard equ Ard cri Bel que Bel rho Bot cin Cam ant Cha bre Cha brev Cha hug Chl bot Chr och Chu sar Cir mac Cir oli Cir rig Cla ban Cla cla Cla her Cla oxy Cla sph Cod cal Cry con Cry ril Cyl oli Dac par Des aci Dic tor Dic ova Dip sca Dom ast End boe Epi nig Gli mac Gyr cir Gyr cit Gyr gri Gyr mac Gyr pod Gyr ram Gyr ver Gyr verti Han pul Hen min Kyl kei Mat fas Mon lae Nak fus Onc tri Pen par Pha hac Ple bra Pol fec Pse pal Ram api Rhi atr Species Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. Alternaria longipes (Ellis & Everh.) E.W. Mason Ampullifera foliicola Deighton Anungitea fragilis B. Sutton Anungitea longicatenata Matsush. Anungitea uniseptata Matsush. Anungitopsis triseptata (Matsush.) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. Ardhachandra aequilatera Matsush. Ardhachandra cristaspora (Matsush.) Subram. & Sudha Beltrania querna Harkn. Beltrania rhombica Penz. Botrytis cinerea Pers. Camposporium antennatum Harkn. Chalara brevipes Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chalara brevispora Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chalara hughesii Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chloridium botryoideum (Corda) S. Hughes Chromelosporium ochraceum Corda Chuppia sarcinifera Deighton Circinotrichum maculiforme Nees Circinotrichum olivaceum (Speg.) Piroz. Circinotrichum rigidum B. Sutton Cladophialophora bantiana (Sacc.) de Hoog, Kwon-Chung & McGinnis Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & M.A. Curtis Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penz. Codinaea state of Chaetosphaeria callimorpha (Mont.) Sacc. Cryptocoryneum condensatum (Wallr.) E.W. Mason & S. Hughes ex S. Hughes Cryptocoryneum rilstonei M.B. Ellis Cylindrotrichum oligospermum (Corda) Bonord. Dactylaria parvispora (Preuss) de Hoog & Arx Desmazierella acicola Lib. Dictyosporium toruloides (Corda) Guég. Dicyma ovalispora (S. Hughes) Arx Diplocladiella scalaroides G. Arnaud ex M.B. Ellis Domingoella asterinarum Petr. & Cif. Endophragmiella boewei (J.L. Crane) S. Hughes Epicoccum nigrum Link Gliomastix macrocylindrica K. Matsush. & Matsush. Gyrothrix circinata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes Gyrothrix citricola Piroz. Gyrothrix grisea Piroz. Gyrothrix macroseta Piroz. Gyrothrix podosperma (Corda) Rabenh. Gyrothrix ramosa Zucconi & Onofri Gyrothrix verticiclada (Goid.) S. Hughes & Piroz. Gyrothrix verticillata Piroz. Hansfordia pulvinata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes Henicospora minor P.M. Kirk & B. Sutton Kylindria keitae Rambelli & Onofri Matsushimaea fasciculata (Matsush.) Subram. Monodictys levis (Wiltshire) S. Hughes Nakataea fusispora (Matsush.) Matsush. Oncopodiella trigonella (Sacc.) Rifai Penzigomyces parvus (S. Hughes) Subram. Phaeoramularia hachijoensis Matsush. Pleurotheciopsis bramleyi B. Sutton Polyscytalum fecundissimum Riess Pseudocochliobolus pallescens Tsuda & Ueyama Ramichloridium apiculatum (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) de Hoog Rhinocladiella atrovirens Nannf. Rut gra Sco ave Sco con Sco tsh Sel fer Sel cur Sol cla Spe tes Spo hya Spo dio Spo soc Ste bot Ste sar Ste sol Ste ves Sub fus Sub bri Sub pro Sym aci Tho cri Tri bet Ulo atr Ver arc Wie lau Xyl nig Zas cel Zyg ech Zyg gib Zyg mas Rutola graminis (Desm.) J.L. Crane & Schokn. Scolecobasidiella avellanea (Sappa & Mosca) M.B. Ellis Scolecobasidium constrictum E.V. Abbott Scolecobasidium tshawytschae (Doty & D.W. Slater) McGinnis & Ajello Selenodriella fertilis (Piroz. & Hodges) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. Selenosporella curvispora G. Arnaud ex MacGarvie Solosympodiella clavata Matsush. Spegazzinia tessarthra (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. Sporidesmiella hyalosperma (Corda) P.M. Kirk Sporidesmium dioscoreae M.B. Ellis Sporidesmium socium M.B. Ellis Stemphylium botryosum Sacc. Stemphylium sarciniforme (Cavara) Wiltshire Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk Subulispora britannica B. Sutton Subulispora procurvata Tubaki Sympodiella acicola W.B. Kendr. Thozetella cristata Piroz. & Hodges Trimmatostroma betulinum (Corda) S. Hughes Ulocladium atrum Preuss Vermiculariopsiella arcicula Pasqual. & Zucconi Wiesneriomyces laurinus (Tassi) P.M. Kirk Xylohypha nigrescens (Pers.) E.W. Mason Zasmidium cellare (Pers.) Fr. Zygosporium echinosporum Bunting & E.W. Mason Zygosporium gibbum (Sacc., M. Rousseau & E. Bommer) S. Hughes Zygosporium masonii S. Hughes APPENDIX E - ITALIAN ANAMORPHIC LITTER FUNGI OF PHILLYREA ANGUSTIFOLIA Acronym Alt alt Alt lon Anu fra Anu lon Anu tri Anu uni Bel que Bel rho Bot cin Bra bis Cam ant Cer mic Cha cyl Cha ell Cha hug Chl cyl Cir mac Cir oli Cir pap Cir rig Cla cla Cla ele Cla her Cla mac Cla oxy Cyl oli Dac fra Des aci End boe Epi nig Gra chl Gyr cit Gyr gri Gyr pod Gyr ver Gyr vert Han pul Mat fas Par ili Par ina Pen cor Per min Pha hac Ple her Pol fec Pse pal Pse wau Sco con Sco hum Sel cur Sel fer Spe par Spe tes Spo ads Sta cha Ste bot Sub fus Tor her Tor her Tri bet Tri myr Ulo atr Species Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. Alternaria longipes (Ellis & Everh.) E.W. Mason Anungitea fragilis B. Sutton Anungitea longicatenata Matsush. Anungitopsis triseptata (Matsush.) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. Anungitea uniseptata Matsush. Beltrania querna Harkn. Beltrania rhombica Penz. Botrytis cinerea Pers. Brachydesmiella biseptata G. Arnaud ex S. Hughes Camposporium antennatum Harkn. Ceratocladium microspermum Corda Chalara cylindrosperma (Corda) S. Hughes Chalara ellisii Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chalara hughesii Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Chloridium cylindrosporum W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Circinotrichum maculiforme Nees Circinotrichum olivaceum (Speg.) Piroz. Circinotrichum papakurae S. Hughes & Piroz. Circinotrichum rigidum B. Sutton Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries Cladosporium elegans Penz. Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link Cladosporium macrocarpum Preuss Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & M.A. Curtis Cylindrotrichum oligospermum (Corda) Bonord. Dactylaria fragilis de Hoog Desmazierella acicola Lib. Endophragmiella boewei (J.L. Crane) S. Hughes Epicoccum nigrum Link Graphiopsis chlorocephala Trail Gyrothrix citricola Piroz. Gyrothrix grisea Piroz. Gyrothrix podosperma (Corda) Rabenh. Gyrothrix verticiclada (Goid.) S. Hughes & Piroz. Gyrothrix verticillata Piroz. Hansfordia pulvinata Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes Matsushimaea fasciculata (Matsush.) Subram. Parapleurotheciopsis ilicina P.M. Kirk Parapleurotheciopsis inaequiseptata (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk Penicillium corylophilum Dierckx Periconia minutissima Corda Phaeoramularia hachijoensis Matsush. Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh. Polyscytalum fecundissimum Riess Pseudocochliobolus pallescens Tsuda & Ueyama Pseudodictyosporium wauense Matsush. Scolecobasidium constrictum E.V. Abbott Scolecobasidium humicola G.L. Barron & L.V. Busch Selenosporella curvispora G. Arnaud ex MacGarvie Selenodriella fertilis (Piroz. & Hodges) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. Spegazzinia parkeri Sivasith. Spegazzinia tessarthra (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. Sporidesmium adscendens Berk. Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Stemphylium botryosum Sacc. Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk Torula herbarum f. quaternella Sacc. Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link Trimmatostroma betulinum (Corda) S. Hughes Tripospermum myrti (Lind) S. Hughes Ulocladium atrum Preuss Ulo con Ulo oud Ulo tub Zas cel Zyg gib Ulocladium consortiale (Thüm.) E.G. Simmons Ulocladium oudemansi E.G. Simmons Ulocladium tuberculatum E.G. Simmons Zasmidium cellare (Pers.) Fr. Zygosporium gibbum (Sacc., M. Rousseau & E. Bommer) S. Hughes

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