Vibha et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics. 2019; 9(1):331-336 Available online on 15.01.2019 at http://jddtonline.info Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research © 2011-18, publisher and licensee JDDT, This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited Open Access Review Article A comprehensive review on ethnobotanical applications and pharmacological activities of Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann (Orchidaceae) Vibha S.1, Hebbar Sushmitha S.1, Mahalakshmi S.N.2, Prashith Kekuda T.R.1* 1Department of Microbiology, S.R.N.M.N College of Applied Sciences, N.E.S campus, Balraj Urs road, Shivamogga-577202, Karnataka, India 2Department of Zoology, S.R.N.M.N College of Applied Sciences, N.E.S campus, Balraj Urs road, Shivamogga-577202, Karnataka, India ABSTRACT Orchidaceae is one of the two largest families in angiosperms. Orchids are popular owing to the most beautiful flowers they produce and due to their wide spread ethnobotanical importance. In this review, ethnobotanical uses and pharmacological activities of A. praemorsa is discussed by referring flora, journals, and search engines such as Google scholar, ScienceDirect and Pubmed. Ethnobotanical investigations have revealed the potential therapeutic roles of different parts of A. praemorsa. The orchid is used traditionally by for treating ailments such as stomachache, earache, backache, wounds, neuralgia, rheumatism, eye diseases, sciatica, cough and fracture. A. praemorsa is investigated for various pharmacological activities. Studies have revealed the potential of A. praemorsa to exhibit a range of bioactivities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In conclusion, A. praemorsa is an extensively used epiphytic orchid for medicinal purposes in several parts of the India and other countries. Major emphasis has to be given in order to conserve this medicinally important orchid species. A. praemorsa can be a promising candidate in terms of its pharmacological potential. Keywords: Orchids, Orchidaceae, Acampe praemorsa, Ethnobotanical, Pharmacological Article Info: Received 03 Dec 2018; Review Completed 06 Jan 2019; Accepted 09 Jan 2019; Available online 15 Jan 2019 Cite this article as: Vibha S, Hebbar SS., Mahalakshmi SN, Prashith Kekuda TR, A comprehensive review on ethnobotanical applications and pharmacological activities of Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann (Orchidaceae), Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2019; 9(1):331-336 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1.2224 *Address for Correspondence: Dr. Prashith Kekuda T.R, Department of Microbiology, S.R.N.M.N College of Applied Sciences, N.E.S campus, Balraj Urs road, Shivamogga-577202, Karnataka, India INTRODUCTION The family Orchidaceae represents one of the highly evolved and most diverse group of angiosperms with about 29000 species (coming under roughly 880 genera) found distributed in different parts of the world. This is the second largest family next to Asteraceae and comprises approximately 8% of all vascular plants. The abundance as well as distribution of orchids vary from region to region and depends on climatic conditions. Orchids may be epiphytes, lithophytes, terrestrials or saprophytes depending upon the habit in which they are growing. Majority of orchids are epiphytic in nature. Many orchids are common in occurrence while some are rare and critically endangered. A high degree of endemism is also reported in certain species of orchids. Orchids exhibits significant diversity with respect to size, color and shape of the flowers. Orchids produce minute seeds whose germination is aided by fungal symbiosis. The existence and diversity of orchids is threatened by various factors such as over-exploitation, climate change and habitat loss (mainly due to anthropogenic activities, for e.g. deforestation). Orchids have found ethnobotanical significance. Orchids are well known for producing ISSN: 2250-1177 [331] extremely beautiful flowers (with distinct pollination mechanisms) and hence, orchids are grown for ornamental purposes and also for generating income out of that. Besides, many orchid species are widely used traditionally all over the world as food and for treating various human and veterinary ailments. Different parts of the orchids such as roots, leaves and pseudobulbs have found medicinal values. Studies have shown the potential of orchid extracts and purified compounds from orchids to exhibit a myriad of pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities1-26. Orchids are widespread in distribution and are known to occur in tropical and temperate regions. India represents one of the biodiversity hotspots for orchids. Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Himalayas and North-east states of India harbor a variety of plant species including several orchid species, many of which are endemic to particular area. More than 1300 species of orchids belonging to about 180 genera are found in India. Many orchid species are used as food as well as medicinally in India for various treatment purposes. Indigenous medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha make use of several orchid species for remedy CODEN (USA): JDDTAO Vibha et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics. 2019; 9(1):331-336 against certain kinds of ailments or disorders27-39. The monopodial genus Acampe Lindl. consists of around 8 species, majority of which are found in Asia. Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann (Synonym A. papillosa Lindl., A. wightiana Lindl. ex Wight) is an epiphytic orchid, usually found growing on trunks of several tree species. The orchid is widespread in distribution and is known to occur in countries viz. India, Vietnam, Thailand, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Burma and China. The orchid A. praemorsa is distributed in various states viz. Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and many North-east states. A. praemorsa is one of the medicinally important orchids and is reported to be ethnomedicinally useful for treating various illnesses including rheumatism1,24,29,40-44. In Western Ghats, A. praemorsa is used as one of the larval host plants by the butterflies45. In this review, an extensive literature survey was conducted to compile data available on ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of A. praemorsa by referring standard flora, journals and search engines viz. PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct. PLANT DESCRIPTION Acampe praemorsa (Figure 1) is a common, large, robust epiphyte having stout stem up to 30-40cm in length and 11.5cm diameter. Leaves are distichous, thick, up to 10-30x23.5cm, coriaceous, lorate and the apex is unequally 2-lobed. Inflorescence corymbose (several, 3-4cm), much shorter when compared to leaves. Flowers are clustered (8-12), fragrant, long-lasting, are densely arranged and approximately 1.2cm across. Petals and sepals subequal, yellow, barred with red. The lip is white, caruncled, and sparsely speckled with magenta to dark brown. Capsule subsessile, fusiform14,46. Figure 1: Acampe praemorsa47 ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF A. PRAEMORSA Higher plants have been a significant part of traditional medicine. All over the world, orchids have been used for medicinal purposes. Tribal communities extensively utilize several orchid species for treating various ailments in certain formulations. A. praemorsa is one among the several orchid species that find ethnomedicinal significance. Various parts, in particular roots, are used medicinally for treating rheumatism, neuralgia, snake and scorpion bite, stomach disorders, earache, cough, fever, stomach disorders, secondary syphilis, uterine diseases etc. The roots of A. praemorsa are used in the preparation of herbal shampoo18,48-58. The ethnic people of Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India make use of A. praemorsa for managing diabetes 59. The leaf paste of A. praemorsa is used by Arakuvalley tribes of Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India to get relief from chest pain and hyperacidity60. In Nagaland, the root paste is consumed orally in order to get relief from rheumatism61. Table 1: Ethnobotanical uses of A. praemorsa Region Part Form Use Stomachache, ear-ache, reduction of body temperature, antibiotic for wound Arthritis Neuralgia, traumatic pain, arthritis, rheumatism, backache, menstruation pain, sciatica Burning sensation, asthma, bronchitis, secondary syphilis, mild uterine diseases, eye diseases Kerala, India Seed, leaf Juice Tamil Nadu, India Root Sikkim, India Root Paste Paste, decoction Nagaland, India Root Paste Malappuram, Kerala, India Whole plant Extract Rheumatism Feni district, Bangladesh Orissa, India Leaf Root Juice Paste Rheumatism, cough, ear complaint Arthritis Meghalaya, India Root Juice As tonic and for treatment of rheumatic disorders Nepal Madhya Pradesh, India Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India Kerala, India Andhra Pradesh, India Root Root Leaf Leaf Whole plant Powder Decoction Paste - Rheumatism Cough Fracture Shampoo Fracture ISSN: 2250-1177 [332] Reference Shanavaskhan et al.53 Devi et al.67 Panda and Mandal68 Nongdam69 Chithra and Geetha70 Uddin et al.71 Dash et al.72 Singh and Borthakur73 Subedi et al.56 Tiwari et al.74 Mishra et al.75 Kumar et al.76 Reddy et al.77 CODEN (USA): JDDTAO Vibha et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics. 2019; 9(1):331-336 Tribal communities (bagali, chakma and marma communities) in south east Bangladesh uses leaves and whole plants of A. praemorsa for treating fever, ear ache, injury and male and female problems62. The Kokani tribe of Nasik district of Maharashtra, India, uses the plant to treat wound. The pastes made from the roots are applied on the fractured organ of the cattle63. In Kanhepimpali village, Maharashtra, the leaves of A. praemorsa were used in ethnoveterinary practices. The leaves made hot (steam or direct flame), mashed and applied directly on the limb of cattle64. The roots of A. praemorsa are used as a tonic and for treatment of rheumatism in Bangladesh65. The Khasia community of Moulvibazar district, Bangladesh uses root of A. praemorsa for the treatment of rheumatism and sciatica66. More information on ethnomedicinal uses of A. praemorsa is shown in Table 1. PHYTOCHEMICALS IDENTIFIED IN A. PRAEMORSA Orchids are known to produce a myriad of phytochemicals including alkaloids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Incredible advancement in spectral and chromatographic techniques resulted in the recovery and elucidation of structures of many phytochemicals from natural products including orchids6,12,78-82. Studies have been carried out to detect phytochemicals/phytochemical groups in A. praemorsa. A new phenanthropyran named as Praemorsin, was isolated from the whole plant of A. praemorsa83. Anuradha and Rao84 have also isolated and elucidated the structures of two compounds viz. flavidin and flavidinin from A. praemorsa. Maridass et al.85 have identified flavonoids and cardiac glycosides in A. praemorsa. Suja and Williams86 identified alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenol, terpenoids and steroids in the plant. The study by Marjoka et al.82 revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins and steroids it the leaves of A. praemorsa. Akter et al.87 identified the phytochemical groups viz. glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, coumarins, anthraquinones in the leaves of A. praemorsa. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF A. PRAEMORSA Several studies have been carried out to investigate biological activities of A. praemorsa. The plant is reported to exhibit bioactivities viz. antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant activity. A brief description on pharmacological potential of A. praemorsa is discussed. Anti-inflammatory activity Ethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained from whole plant of A. praemorsa were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in rats. Aqueous extract was shown to exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activity when compared to ethanolic extract88. Anticancer activity Soumiya et al.89 evaluated anticancer activity of ethanol extract of A. praemorsa leaves by MTT assay. The extract was shown to exhibit cytotoxic effect against A549 cell line dose dependently with IC50 value of 14.63μg/ml. Jhansi and Khasim90 determined cytotoxic potential of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of A. praemorsa by MTT assay against two cell lines viz. HeLa and MCF-7 cells. Extracts were toxic to both cell lines with marked activity being shown by ethyl acetate extract as indicated by IC50 values. Extracts exhibited potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells when compared to HeLa cells. Antioxidant activity Suja and Williams86 screened antiradical activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of A. praemorsa by hydroxyl and DPPH radical scavenging activity. A dose dependent scavenging of radicals was observed. Antibacterial activity Studies have shown the potential of A. praemorsa to inhibit many bacteria including drug resistant strains of bacteria. Hoque et al.91 evaluated antibacterial activity of A. praemorsa extracts by disk diffusion assay. Among extracts, ethanol extract revealed marked activity as it inhibited three out of five test bacteria while petroleum ether extract did not cause inhibition of any bacteria. All extracts were failed to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. Paul et al.92 showed the potential of leaf extract of A. praemorsa to inhibit kanamycin and ampicillin resistant strains of E. coli. Jhansi and Khasim90 evaluated methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves of A. praemorsa to inhibit gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Overall, ethyl acetate extract was effective in displaying marked antibacterial activity than methanol extract. Table 2 shows more information on antibacterial activity of A. praemorsa. Antifungal activity Aqueous extract prepared from A. praemorsa was effective in causing inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi viz. Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Colletotrihum corchori, Fusarium equiseti, Macrophomina phaseolina and Botryodiplodia theobromae with highest and least inhibitory activity against C. lunata and M. phaseolina, respectively91. Swami et al.93 evaluated antifungal potential of leaf and root of A. praemorsa. Petroleum ether extract of leaf and root and methanol extract of leaf revealed dose dependent inhibition of Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, however, methanol extract of root was ineffective in causing inhibition of both fungi. Akarsh et al.94 revealed the antifungal effect of cow urine extract of A. praemorsa against Colletotrichum capsici and Fusarium oxysporum. Cow urine extract was more effective against C. capsici (50% inhibition) than F. oxysporum (11.90% inhibition). Table 2 shows more information on antifungal activity of A. praemorsa. Table 2: Antibacterial and antifungal activity of A. praemorsa Part Extract Method Whole plant Methanol extract Agar well diffusion Whole plant Methanol extract Butanol, chloroform, diethyl ether and methanol extracts Methanol and petroleum ether extracts Methanol extract Poisoned food technique Leaf and root Leaf and root Whole plant ISSN: 2250-1177 Disk diffusion assay Agar well diffusion assay Poisoned food technique [333] Activity against S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa C. capsici and F. oxysporum Gram positive and gram negative bacteria Gram positive and gram negative bacteria Bipolaris sorokiana Reference Ranjitha et al.95 Akarsh et al.96 Behera et al.54 Swami et al.93 Kekuda et al.20 CODEN (USA): JDDTAO Vibha et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics. 2019; 9(1):331-336 CONCLUSIONS Orchids differ from other groups of plants with respect to distinct floral morphology, association with mycorrhizae, pollination pattern and production of tiny seeds97. Since time immemorial, orchids have aesthetic and medicinal values as well as economic importance. Habitat loss and overexploitation seems to be the important threat for existence and dwelling of orchids in natural habitats. An extensive literature survey carried out in this study revealed the potential medicinal uses of whole plant as well as various parts of A. praemorsa. The plant is widely used for treating several ailments including rheumatism, stomachache, fracture, wounds, bronchitis and cough. The plant is reported to exhibit some bioactivities viz. antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. A. praemorsa seems to be a suitable candidate for development of novel therapeutic agents. More emphasis has to be given for conservation of this medicinal orchid species through in-situ and ex-situ protocols. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors thank Principal, S.R.N.M.N College of Applied Sciences, and N.E.S, Shivamogga for the moral encouragement. 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