OCCURRENCE OF MUSHROOM SPECIES BELONGING TO THE GENUS
AGARICUS (AGARICACEAE, BASIDIOMYCETES) IN SOME REGIONS OF
UZBEKISTAN
Khakimov Albert Akhmedovich1, Gulmurodov Risqiboy Abdievich2 and Zuparov Mirakbar
Abzalovich3
1
Independent researcher, Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Biotechnology (DPPA), Tashkent
State Agrarian University (TSAU), Tashkent-100140, University str., 3, Uzbekistan.
2
Professor, DPPA, TSAU.
3
Senior lecturer, DPPA, TSAU
Abstract
Data on occurrence of mushroom species of the genus Agaricus in regions of Uzbekistan received
by other investigations as well as by the authors are analyzed and systematized. Forty three
Agaricus species have been registered in total in the country. The most number of species (38) has
been found in Jizzakh region, followed by Tashkent (10 spp.), Kashkadarya and Fergana regions
(7 spp. in each). It is stated that 8 and 7 species of this genus have been identified in Tashkent and
Kashkadarya regions, respectively. Till present purposeful investigations of Agaricus spp. have not
been conducted in Kashkadarya region, and we have registered 7 species new for this region.
Ecological and biological groups of these fungi are described here.
Keywords - fungi, edible mushrooms, genus Agaricus, species identification.
I. INTRODUCTION
Species of the genus Agaricus L.:Fr. are best known among mushrooms and they are of great
importance in nature and human’s life. These fungi function as active participants in humus creation
in soils, and by this, they play a significant role in increasing soil fertility. Besides, these mushroom
fungi deserve a big attention because there are some edible species among them, that are produced
commercially and in huge volumes. Noteworthy that only about 40 species are grown commercially
of more than 14 000 species of mushrooms widely distributed in various natural habitats [6].
Till nowadays the value of agaric fungi as a source of nutrition have being determined by
comparing content of protein in these mushrooms with that of a meat or vegetables. However,
investigations carried out during last years have shown that it is necessary to consider not only
amount of proteins available but also their accessibility by human organism, and, as well, by
availability of essential amino-acids [7, 9, 16].
Genus Agaricus belongs to the family Agaricaceae, order Agaricales, class Basidiomycetes
(Agaricomycetes). One of its most important from applied view representatives is Agaricus bisporus.
Some scientists estimated that there are not many representatives in this genus and their
number are just over 200 species. These mushrooms are of big interest related to their morphology
and anatomy, ontogeny, geographical distribution and ecology [10, 14, 20]. At the same time others
have estimated that on a worldwide basis there are more than 300 species of this genus [2, 4, 22].
Genus Agaricus have been divided into several sections that were Agaricus, Arvense,
Сhitonioides, Sanguinoletti, Xanthodermatei, Spissicaules, and Duploannulatae [5, 12].
On the opinion of some other scientists genus Agaricus currently contains more than 90
species, among them A. bitorquis, A. silvaticus, A. subperonatus, A. augustus, A. bernardii, and A.
tabularis can be considered as having the widest occurrence in the nature [15]. Still other
mycologists consider that, in accordance with the modern taxonomic system, genus Agaricus
contains 7 sections, and approximately 200 species [14].
DOI:10.22623/IJAPSA.2017.3132.MOKMM
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International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 03, Issue 12, [December- 2017] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
Both level and depth of investigations that are being conducted differ in various countries and
regions of the Globe. Analysis of literature sources on Agaricus mushrooms has shown that there
were lots of research with these fungi carried out in many countries but purposeful trials have not
been done in the Republic of Uzbekistan. There is only some information about Agaricus spp.
collected in route observations on studying of fungi in the definite regions of Uzbekistan (Table 1).
As there were no research conducted with the express purpose to study Agaricus spp. in
conditions of our country, this situation has been a trigger for realization of investigations aimed to
determine occurrence of these fungi in Uzbekistan, and to isolate their strains, promising for
commercial production of their fruiting bodies locally.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research has been fulfilled in 2008-2012 in mountainous, foothill and plain areas of Tashkent
and Kashkadarya regions (Photo 1). Objects of investigation were all species of Agaricus mushrooms
registered by other scientists and in our own investigations. Field works were realized mainly in the
route observations.
Figure 1. Observation area
Identification of collected samples of the Agaricus mushrooms to the species level has been
done at the Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Biotechnology of the Tashkent State
Agrarian University, using Mikmed-5-2М microscope. Common identification books have been used
for this work [20, 21].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
First data regarding species of Agaricus mushrooms found at the territory of the Republic
Uzbekistan have been published by N.I. Gaponenko (1959, 1965) and G.T. Baymuratova (1963);
some other works contained descriptions only of two (Panfilova, Gaponenko, 1963; Akhmedova,
1966), or 7 to 10 species (Khalikova, 1989; Iminova, 2009). A.A. Petrova (1985) has registered 38
species or varieties of the genus Agaricus in total during her observations. We have registered 11
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International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 03, Issue 12, [December- 2017] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
species of this genus in Tashkent and Kashkadarya regions, including 5 species belonging to the
subgenus Agaricus, and 6 species of the subgenus Flavoagaricus (Table 1).
Table 1. Species of the genus Agaricus registered in Uzbekistan
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
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Iminova, 2009
Khakimov et al.
(=current paper)
Agaricus campestris L.: Fr.
A. altipus (Moell.) Pil.
A. benesii (Pilát) Pilát
A. bernardii Quel. apud Cke. et Quel.
+
A. bisporus (J. Lge.) Imbach
A. bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc.
A. campestris var. floscipus (Moell.) Pil.
A. deulii Pil.
A.gennadii (Chat. et Boud.) P.D.Orton
A. gennadii var. microsporus (Bohus)
Wasser
A. porphyrocephalus (F.H. Møller) F.H.
Møller
A. romagnesii S.Wasser
A. spissicaulis (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller
A. squamulliferus (Moell.) Pil.
A. silvaticus Schaeff. ex Secr.
Agaricus spp.
+*
Subgenus Flavoagaricus
A. aestivalis var. flavotacta (Moell.) Pil.
A. aestivalis Secr.
A. aestivalis var. aestivalis (Moell.)
Moell.
A. amanitaeformis Wasser
A. arvensis Schaeff.
A. augustus Fr.
A. decoratus Lindgr.
A. essettei Bon
A. fissuratus (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller
A. impudicus (Rea) Pilát
A. leucotrichus (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller
A. luteomaculatus (F.H. Møller) F.H.
Møller
A. lutosus (Moell.) Moell.
A. macrocarpus (F.H. Møller) F.H.
Møller
Khalikova, 1989
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
4
Subgenus Agaricus
+
+
Petrova, 1985
2
Akhmedova, 1966
1
Baymuratova, 1963
Species of the genus Agaricus
Panfilova, Gaponenko,
1963
No
.
Gaponenko, 1959, 1965
Source of information (authors)
5
6
7
8
9
10
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 03, Issue 12, [December- 2017] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
A. maskae Pilát
A. niveolutescens Huijsman
A. nivescens (Moell.) Moell.
A. perrarus Schulz.
A. phaeolepidotus (Moell.) Moell.
A. pseudopratensis var. niveus
Bohus,
A. rusiophyllus Lasch
A. semotus Fr.
A. tabularis Pk
A. tenuivolvatus (Moell.) Moell.
A. velenovskyi Pil.
A. wasseri Bon & Courtec.
A. xanthodermus Genevier
Total
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
3
+
2
3
2
+
+
+
+
+
38
+
10
+
+
7
+
11
Analysis of distribution of spp. in regions of Uzbekistan showed that the most number of
species (38) has been found in Jizzakh region, followed by Tashkent (10 spp.), Kashkadarya and
Fergana regions (7 spp. in each). These 7 species have been registered for the first time in
Kashkadarya region (Table 2).
Natural substrates where species of the genus Agaricus grow and levels of adaptation for their
growth on these substrates are considered as one of the most important taxonomic criteria. We have
determined that these mushrooms belonged to the following ecological – biological groups:
saprotrophs that prefer growing on humus, saprotrophs on grass covers, coprophilous species,
bryotrophs, lignicolous species, and carbotrophs [21].
Among registered species of the genus Agaricus the followings preferred to grow on humus:
A. campestris, A. bisporus, A. bitorquis, A. bernardii, A. gennadii var. microsporus, A. tabularis, A.
arvensis. Three species, namely A. bernardii, A. gennadii var. microsporus and A. tabularis, were
growing on open fields where no trees. Agaricus augustus and A. xanthodermus have been growing
on grass covered sites.
Table 2. Occurrence of Agaricus spp. in regions of Uzbekistan
+
+
+
+
Kashkadarya
+
Tashkent
+
Jizzakh
Species of the genus Agaricus
Fergana Valley
No.
Tashkent
Regions where Agaricus spp. have been
registered
Our
observations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Subgenus Agaricus
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A. campestris L.: Fr
A. altipus (Moell.) Pil.
A. benesii (Pilát) Pilát
A. bernardii Quel.apud Cke et Quel.
A. bisporus (J.Lge) Imbach
A. bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc.
A. campestris var. floscipus (Moell.) Pil.
A. deulii Pil.
A. gennadii (Chat. et Boud.) P.D. Orton
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 03, Issue 12, [December- 2017] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
A. gennadii var. microsporus (Bohus) Wasser
A. porphyrocephalus (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller
A. romagnesii S.Wasser
A. spissicaulis (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller
A. squamulliferus (Moell.) Pil.
A. sulvaticus Schaeff. ex Secr.
+
Agaricus sp.
Subgenus Flavoagaricus
A. aestivalis var. flavotacta (Moell.) Pil.
A. aestivalis Secr.
A. aestivalis var. aestivalis (Moell.) Moell.
A. amanitaeformis Wasser
A. arvensis Schaeff.
+
A. augustus Fr.
A. decoratus Lindgr.
A. essettei Bon.
A. fissuratus (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller
A. impudicus (Rea) Pilát
A. leucotrichus (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller
A. luteomaculatus (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller
A. lutosus (Moell.) Moell
A. macrocarpus (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller
A. maskae Pilát
A. niveolutescens Huijsman
A. nivescens (Moell.) Moell.
+
A. perrarus Schulz.
A. phaeolepidotus (Moell.) Moell.
A. pseudopratensis var. niveus Bohus,
A. rusiophyllus Lasch
A. semotus Fr.
A. tabularis Pk.
+
A. tenuivolvatus (Moell.) Moell.
A. velenovskyi Pil.
A. wasseri Bon & Courtec.
A. xanthodermus Genevier
+
Total
10
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
7
+
+
+
+
38
+
8
7
Species registered on lands under field crops have included Agaricus campestris, A. bisporus,
A. gennadii var. microsporus, A. arvensis and A. xanthodermus. S.P. Wasser (1985) has noted in the
past that one often can find A. xanthodermus on such crop fields.
It has been observed that development of fruiting bodies of these species has been registered
during spring to early summer and fall. These structures usually appear at spring times; they cold be
met at early summer only when there were more rainy days. Scarcity of rains almost throughout in
Uzbekistan, accompanied by high temperatures do not allow these mushrooms to develop their
fruiting bodies at summer seasons. At summer times fruiting bodies have been found only in
mountainous regions at altitudes higher than 1000 to 1500 m above the sea level.
Aforesaid allows to conclude that ecological analysis of representatives of the genus Agaricus
and their trophic groups has showed that substrates used by these mushrooms for growth and
development are highly important for their distribution. Thanking to activities of these trophic groups
humic compounds are created in the fertile layers of soils and this enriches these layers with a
nutrition, and creates grounds for increasing yields of agricultural crops.
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International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 03, Issue 12, [December- 2017] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
So, the main goals of investigation of the occurrence of Agaricus spp. in Uzbekistan were to
isolate pure cultures of representatives of these edible mushrooms, and to select strains among them
well adapted to the local conditions, and to use them in further research.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
1. Literature sources in regard to occurrence of species of the genus Agaricus in the Republic
Uzbekistan have been reviewed, and it has been found that 43 species in total were registered in
the country, the most number of species (38) has being found in Jizzakh region, followed by
Tashkent (10 spp.), Kashkadarya and Fergana regions (7 spp. in each).
2. 11 species of the genus Agaricus in total have been registered in Tashkent and Kashkadarya
regions. Two and seven Agaricus species have been registered for the first time in Tashkent and
Kashkadarya regions, respectively.
3. It has been determined that the registered Agaricus species belonged to the groups of saprotrophs
growing on humus, saprotrophs on grass covers, and those species that grow on croplands and
open areas with no trees.
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Albert Khakimov