Mycologia, 95(2), 2003, pp. 360–367.
q 2003 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897
Microfungi on the Pandanaceae: Linocarpon lammiae sp. nov., L. siamensis
sp. nov. and L. suthepensis sp. nov. are described with a key to
Linocarpon species from the Pandanaceae
S. Thongkantha
S. Lumyong1
spores are typically filiform or cylindrical, elongate,
hyaline, smooth and arranged in a single overlapping
fascicle. In addition, the ascospores typically have numerous refringent septum-like bands; these are
caused by a single row of closely packed guttules. Appendages of varying morphologies often occur at one
or both ends of the ascospores. The asci are cylindrical to clavate, truncate or rounded at the apex,
and have a small, often refractive, J-apical ring (Hyde
1992).
Species of Linocarpon are distinguished among
each other primarily through ascospore morphology
and ascospore dimensions. Ascospore shape, the
presence or absence of a gelatinous appendage and
the morphology of appendages are of primary importance (Hyde 1992, 1997, Dulymamode et al 1998,
Poonyth et al 2000). Linocarpon ascospores are aseptate, and might lack appendages, have a single appendage or have bipolar appendages.
In a review of scolecosporous genera of ascomycetes, Walker (1980) discussed the current taxonomic status of species referred to Linocarpon and accepted five species, while L. appendiculatum K.D.
Hyde, L. nipae (Henn.) K.D. Hyde and L. pandani
were recorded from mangrove palm Nypa fruticans
by Hyde (1988). Hyde (1992) revised Linocarpon, accepting 10 species, and introduced L. bipolaris K.D.
Hyde as well as L. longisporum K.D. Hyde. After this
revision, other species were added; L. hamasporum
(Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr (Barr 1993); 11 new species and one new combination and key to all 23 accepted species (Hyde 1997); four new species (Dulymamode et al 1998); L. angustatum K.D. Hyde &
Alias (Hyde and Alias 1999); and four new species
(Fröhlich and Hyde 2000).
Nine species of Linocarpon have been described
from pandanaceous substrates: L. appendisporum
K.D. Hyde; L. breve K.D. Hyde; L. falciformisporum
K.D. Hyde; L. fasciatum Dulymamode; P.F. Cannon
& Peerally; L. pandani, L. pandanicola K.D. Hyde; L.
spathulatum Dulymamode; P.F. Cannon & Peerally; L.
sulcatum Dulymamode, P.F. Cannon & Peerally from
Pandanus spp.; and L. freycinetiae (Rehm) K.D. Hyde
from Freycinetia sp. (Hyde 1992, 1997, Dulymamode
et al 1998). Two other species, L. livistonae (Henn.)
K.D. Hyde and L. elaeidis Petr., previously known
from palms, also have been reported from Pandanus
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
P. Lumyong
Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
S. R. Whitton
E. H. C. McKenzie
Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland,
New Zealand
K. D. Hyde
Centre for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department of
Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong,
Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
Abstract: Linocarpon species are reported from Pandanaceae in Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Nepal,
New Zealand, Philippines, Seychelles, Thailand and
Vanuatu. Linocarpon lammiae sp. nov. were collected
on decaying leaves of Pandanus tectorius in Hong
Kong. Linocarpon siamensis sp. nov. and L. suthepensis
sp. nov. were collected from decaying leaves of P. penetrans in Thailand. These taxa are described, illustrated and compared with Linocarpon species with
similar ascospore morphology and dimensions. Included are a synoptic table, which compares the new
species to similar known species, and a dichotomous
key to species of Linocarpon known from members of
the Pandanaceae.
Key words: new species, Pandanus, saprophytic
fungi, systematics
INTRODUCTION
Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd. was introduced with the
single species L. pandani (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd. & P.
Syd. and is characterized by solitary ascomata beneath a circular, raised, typically black, shiny, domeshaped clypeus and having a central, raised, black,
often shiny ostiolar papilla. Ascomata sometimes are
gregarious, with overlapping clypeal stromata. AscoAccepted for publication August 31, 2002.
1 Corresponding author, E-mail: scboi009@chiangmai.ac.th
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361
Synopsis of ascospore and appendages of Linocarpon spp. for comparison with new taxa
spp. (Hyde 1997, Dulymamode et al 1998). This research reports on seven species of Linocarpon, all on
Pandanaceae, three of which are introduced as new
to science.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Specimens of Pandanaceae were collected in Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Nepal, New Zealand, Philippines, Seychelles, Thailand and Vanuatu. Samples were cut into short
lengths and put in snap-lock plastic bags or plastic airtight
boxes with wet tissue and incubated at room temperature
(;25 C) to induce ascomata development. Care was taken
not to put too many leaves in each container. All material
was examined within a day and up to a month of collection.
Material from fresh specimens were mounted in water, as
in previous studies, and observed under differential interference microscopy. Measurements were made from discharged ascospores.
TAXONOMY
Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 15: 210. 1917.
Type species: Linocarpon pandani (Syd. & P. Syd.)
Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 15: 210. 1917.
[ Linospora pandani Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 11: 60.
1913.
Linocarpon falciformisporum K.D. Hyde, Bot. J. Linn.
Soc. 123: 123. 1997.
Asci 79–105 mm long, 9–11 mm wide at the widest
point. Ascospores 27.5–36 3 3–5 mm.
Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying
leaves of Pandanus sp. and P. nepalensis. Indonesia
(Hyde 1997), Nepal (current specimen).
Specimen examined. NEPAL, Pokhara, in forest around
Lake Phewa, on decaying leaves of Pandanus nepalensis, 1
Oct 1997, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 12710.
Notes. Linocarpon falciformisporum is unique, being
easily recognized by its short, cylindrical ascospores
and a veil-like appendage at one end of the ascospore
(Hyde 1997, figure in TABLE I). The current specimen has ascospores that are slightly shorter than
those reported by Hyde (1997) for L. falciformisporum (33–42 3 2.5–4.5 mm), but this variation is small
and is not thought to be of taxonomic significance.
Linocarpon freycinetiae (Rehm) K.D. Hyde, Bot. J.
Linn. Soc. 123: 126. 1997.
Asci 72–101 mm long, 7.5–10.5 mm wide at the widest point. Ascospores 32–40 3 2–2.8 mm.
Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying
leaves of Freycinetia sp. Philippines (Hyde 1997, current specimen).
Specimen examined. PHILIPPINES, Luzon Island, Quezon
Region, Los Baňos, Mount Makiling, Baranggay Bagang Silang, on decaying leaves of Freycinetia sp., 22 Oct 1996, S.R.
Whitton HKU(M) 4983.
Notes. Linocarpon freycinetiae, described from Freycinetia from the Philippines, is characterized by short
acicular ascospores. The current specimen differs
from the holotype (Hyde 1997) in having slightly longer ascospores (32–40 3 2–2.8 mm vs. 28–32 3 2.5–
362
MYCOLOGIA
3 mm) and a distinct mucilaginous pad at the base of
the ascospore. The mucilaginous appendage might
not have preserved well in the old material. These
differences are not significant enough to warrant specific recognition. Linocarpon freycinetiae is similar to
L. falciformisporum in respect to ascospore size but
differs in having slightly smaller ascospores (28–32 3
2.5–3 mm vs. 33–42 3 2.5–4.5 mm) and lacks the distinctive veil-like appendage found in freshly examined material of L. falciformisporum (Hyde 1997).
Linocarpon lammiae Whitton, K.D. Hyde et McKenzie, sp. nov.
FIGS. 1–11
Ascomata tholiformia, 400–675 mm diam, lenticularia. Paraphyses 3–7 mm diam. latae, cylindricae, hyalinae, septatae.
Asci 97–133 mm longi, 13.5–26 mm lati, octospori, clavati,
apicibus rotundatibus vel truncati. Ascosporae 53–76 3 4.5–
7 mm, hyalinae, aseptatae, appendicibus destituti.
Etymology. Lammiae, referring to the type locality,
Lamma Island, Hong Kong.
Ascomata forming beneath black (sometimes nonpigmented), raised, circular, shiny, dome-shaped areas (pseudostromata) on the host surface, 400–675
mm diam, with a central, raised, black, shiny papilla,
solitary or gregarious; pseudostromata pigmentation
variable, sometimes black and shiny, sometimes nonpigmented; in some pseudostromata, the pigmentation is well defined with distinct edges, in others pigmentation is variable or indistinct. Ascomata 420–485
mm wide, 190–202 mm high, lenticular, immersed beneath pseudostromata. Ostiole central, surrounded
by a dense area of black, stromatized tissue, which is
surrounded by short, hyaline, thin-walled, septate,
obtuse periphysoids. Peridium 4–14 mm thick, comprising 2–4 layers of thin-walled, brown to pale
brown, flattened, elongate cells. Paraphyses 3–7 mm
diam., irregularly cylindrical, flexuous, hyaline,
smooth, septate, with a broadly rounded apex. Asci
97–133 mm long, 13.5–26 mm wide, 8-spored, clavate,
tapering to a rounded or truncate apex, tapering below to a narrow, obtuse base, thin-walled, with a refractive, J-cylindrical apical ring. Ascospores 53–76
mm long, 4.5–7 mm wide, arranged in a single, overlapping fascicle, acicular, with a broadly rounded
apex, tapering to an acute base, smooth, hyaline,
aseptate, typically slightly curved, without visible gelatinous appendages.
Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying
leaves of Pandanus tectorius. Australia, Hong Kong.
Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, QUEENSLAND, Brisbane, on decaying leaves of Pandanus tectorius, 5 Jan 1997,
J.G. Wright HOLOTY PE: HKU(M) 12707. HONG KONG,
Lamma Island, Hung Shing Yhe Beach, on decaying leaves
of P. tectorius, 24 July 1997, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 12706.
Notes. Linocarpon lammiae is characterized by relatively short, acicular ascospores that have a broadly
rounded apex, taper to an acute base, and have no
gelatinous appendages (in fresh material). Other species of Linocarpon with short spores are L. freycinetiae,
L. clavatum K.D. Hyde, L. falciformisporum, L. breve,
L. palmetto (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr and L. spathulatum. Linocarpon palmetto has filiform ascospores
(50–56 3 2.5–3.5 mm) and is a pathogen causing necrotic regions on leaves of Sabal palmetto. The ascospores of L. breve (34–45 3 2.2–2.6 mm), L. falciformisporum (33–42 3 2.5–4.5 mm) and L. freycinetiae
(28–32 3 2.5–3 mm) are filiform/cylindrical and
shorter than those of L. lammiae (Hyde 1997). In
addition, L. falciformisporum has a veil-like appendage at one end of the ascospore. In L. clavatum the
ascospores are widest at the center, rounded at the
apex, truncate and appendaged at the base, and
shorter (41–51 3 4–5.5 mm) than those of L. lammiae. Linocarpon spathulatum has similarly shaped ascospores to those of L. lammiae, but they typically are
slightly longer (66–89 3 4–6 mm versus 53–76 3 4.5–
7 mm) and the base has a distinct gelatinous cap (Dulymamode et al 1998). Based on ascospore morphology and dimensions, these specimens require specific
recognition (see key).
Linocarpon pandani (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd. & P. Syd.,
Ann. Mycol. 15: 210. 1917.
5 Linospora pandani Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 11: 60.
1913.
Asci 85–150 mm long, 7–13 mm wide at the widest
point. Ascospores 57–96 3 2–4 mm.
Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying
leaves of Freycinetia banksii, Miscanthus sp., Pandanus
sp., P. copelandii, P. furcatus, P. laevis, P. monticola, P.
seychellarum, P. simplex, P. tectorius. Australia (current
specimens), Brunei (current specimen), Hong Kong
(current specimens), New Zealand (current specimen), Philippines (Hyde 1992, current specimens),
Seychelles (current specimen), Taiwan (Hyde 1992),
Vanuatu (current specimen).
Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, NORTH QUEENSLAND, next to the road to Branston Beach from Cairns, on
decaying leaves of Pandanus tectorius, 16 June 1996, S.R.
Whitton HKU(M) 4977; HKU(M) 4996; 17 June 1996,
HKU(M) 4978; North Queensland, Lacey Creek State Forest Park, on decaying leaves of P. monticola, 17 June 1996,
S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4979; HKU(M) 4982; North Queensland, in forest next to Lake Barrine, on decaying leaves of
P. monticola, 18 June 1996, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4999.
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, Bandar Seri Begawan, in the mangroves at the mouth of Sungai Brunei, on decaying leaves
of Pandanus sp., 28 Oct 1995, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 12711.
HONG KONG, Hong Kong Island, Mount Austin, on decaying leaves of P. furcatus, 7 June 1995, S.R. Whitton
HKU(M) 4995; Hong Kong Island, The Peak, on decaying
leaves of P. furcatus, 8 Aug 1995, S.R. Whitton HKU(M)
4997; Lamma Island, near Lamma Island Youth Hostel, on
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FIG. 1. Linocarpon lammiae (from holotype). 1. Longitudinal section through an ascoma. 2–5. Ascospores. 6–7. Appearance of pseudostromata in situ. 8–11. Asci. Scale bars: 1 5 100 mm; 2–5 5 10 mm; 6–7 5 500 mm; 8–10 5 20 mm.
decaying leaves of P. tectorius, 28 Jan 1997, S.R. Whitton
HKU(M) 5000; Lamma Island, Hung Shing Yhe Beach, on
decaying leaves of P. tectorius, 24 July 1997, S.R. Whitton
HKU(M) 14118; Hong Kong Island, Pokfulam, off Hatton
Road in bush above Hong Kong University, on decaying
leaves of P. furcatus, 7 Aug 1997, S.R. Whitton HKU(M)
12712. NEW ZEALAND, North Island, northern Hawke Bay,
White Pine Bush, on decaying leaves of Freycinetia banksii,
30 Apr 1997, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 12709. PHILIPPINES,
Luzon Island, Quezon Region, Sinoloan, Baranggay Magsaysay U. P. Site, on decaying leaves of Pandanus sp., 21 Oct
1996, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4990; HKU(M) 4991; HKU(M)
4992; Luzon Island, Quezon Region, Baranggay Papalong
Infanta, on decaying leaves of P. copelandii, 22 Oct 1996,
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MYCOLOGIA
S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4988; HKU(M) 4989; HKU(M) 4993;
Luzon Island, Quezon Region, Laguna, Baranggay Bakas
Luisiana, on decaying leaves of P. simplex, 23 Oct 1996, S.R.
Whitton HKU(M) 4986; HKU(M) 4987; Luzon Island, Quezon Region, Laguna, Baranggay Balaho Cavinti, on decaying leaves of P. simplex, 23 Oct 1996, S.R. Whitton HKU(M)
4994. SEYCHELLES, Mahe Island, La Reserve, on decaying
leaves of P. seychellarum, 31 July 1996, K.D. Hyde HKU(M)
4984. VANUATU, Espiritu Santo Island, South Santo, on
decaying leaves of Pandanus sp., 31 Oct 1996, E.H.C.
McKenzie HKU(M) 4985.
Notes. Linocarpon pandani is characterized by
long, narrow ascospores (62–80 3 2–4 mm) that have
distinctive septum-like bands (closely packed guttules) and no mucilaginous appendages. Linocarpon
pandanicola is similar to L. pandani in morphology
and ascospore dimensions (72–100 3 2.6–3.2 mm).
The major morphological character distinguishing
these two species is the presence of mucilaginous appendages in L. pandanicola (Hyde 1992, 1997). Many
of these specimens have ascospores longer than that
reported by Hyde (1992) for L. pandani, but due to
the lack of mucilaginous appendages it is considered
more appropriate to place them in L. pandani than
L. pandanicola.
Linocarpon pandanicola K.D. Hyde, Bot. J. Linn. Soc.
123: 129. 1997.
Asci 100–136 mm long, 8–9 mm wide at the widest
point. Ascospores 74–90 3 2–3 mm.
Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying
leaves of Pandanus sp., P. furcatus and decaying petioles of Mauritia flexuosa. Brunei Darussalam (current specimen), Ecuador (Fröhlich & Hyde 2000),
Hong Kong (current specimen), Indonesia (Hyde
1997).
dati. Asci 100–156 3 7.7–9.3 mm, octospori, cylindrici, apice
rotundato vel truncato. Ascosporae 59–71 3 3.1–3.3 mm,
fasciculatae, multiseriatae, filiformes, hyalinae, e multis zonis praeditae, appendiculatae.
Etymology. In reference to Siam (Thailand), where
the specimens were collected.
Ascomata forming beneath black, raised, circular,
shiny, dome-shaped areas (pseudostromata) on the
host surface, 575–825 3 650–875 mm, with a minute
central black dot, solitary. Pseudostromata pigmentation variable, sometimes being black and shiny,
sometimes non-pigmented. Ascomata 850–950 mm
wide, 140–240 mm high, hemispherical, with a flattened base. Ostiole central, raised. Peridium thin,
comprising a few layers of brown-walled, compressed
cells. Paraphyses 3–12 mm at the widest point, filamentous, smooth, septate, apex broadly rounded or
obtuse, flexuous, hyaline, tapering toward the apex,
surrounded by a gelatinous matrix. Asci 100–156 3
7.7–9.3 mm, 8-spored, cylindrical, pedicellate, rounded or truncate apex, with a J- ring. Ascospores 59–71
3 3.1–3.3 mm (x̄ 5 67.3 3 3.15 mm, n 5 20), arranged in a single overlapping fascicle, filiform, hyaline, often slightly curved or straight, containing numerous refringent, septum-like bands, gelatinous
cap-like or pad-like appendages at both ends (FIGS.
18–21).
Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying
leaves of Pandanus penetrans, Thailand.
Specimens examined. THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, on decaying leaves of Pandanus penetrans, 21 July 2001, S. Thongkantha PQ 010, HOLOTY PE: PDD 74300; 31 July 2001, S. Thongkantha PQ 010/
1 PDD 74301.
Notes. Linocarpon pandanicola is characterized by
long, narrow ascospores (72–100 3 2.6–3.2 mm) with
small mucilaginous pads at each end (Hyde 1997).
Linocarpon pandani is similar to L. pandanicola but
differs by having slightly shorter ascospores and no
mucilaginous appendages (Hyde 1992, 1997). Both
specimens collected in this study have mucilaginous
appendages and thus are identified as L. pandanicola.
Notes. Linocarpon siamensis is characterized by filiform ascospores, with pad-like appendages at both
ends. A similar species, L. appendisporum, is differentiated from L. siamensis by the morphology of the
mucilaginous appendages and ascospore shape. In L.
appendisporum the spore ends are truncate, while in
L. siamensis they taper to a point (Hyde, 1997). Linocarpon alpiniae K.D. Hyde, L. clavatum K.D. Hyde
and L. falciformisporum have ascospores shaped similarly to those of L. siamensis but are shorter and
slightly wider (L. alpiniae 56–64 3 3.5–4.5 mm, L.
clavatum 33–42 3 2.5–4.5 mm, L. falciformisporum
41–45 3 4–5.5 mm), and the latter two have a minute
mucilaginous appendage, evident at only one end of
the ascospore (TABLE I). Linocapon alpinae, which is
most similar to L. siamensis, was observed as fresh
material by Hyde (1997), and ascospores are narrower and taper to apiculate processes that lack appendages.
Linocarpon siamensis Thongkantha, sp. nov.
FIGS. 12–21
Linocarpon suthepensis Thongkantha, sp. nov.
FIGS. 22–31
Specimens examined. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, Temburong, Batu Apoi Forest Reserve, Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, alongside Esu Stream, on decaying leaves of Pandanus sp., 25 Oct 1995, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4981. HONG
KONG, New Territories, Tai Po Kau Country Park, on decaying leaves of P. furcatus, 1995, S.R. Whitton HKU(M)
4980.
Ascomata tholiformia, 575–825 3 650–875 mm. Paraphyses 3.1–12.3 mm latae, hyalinae, septatae, apicibus rotun-
Ascomata tholiformia, 300–485 mm diam, lenticularia. Paraphyses 4.6–7.7 mm latae, hyalinae, septatae. Asci 77–92.5
THONGKANTHA
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FIGS. 12–21. Linocarpon siamensis (from holotype). 12. Appearance of pseudostromata on host surface. 13. Paraphyses
and asci. 14. Longitudinal section of ascoma. 15–17. Asci. 18–21. Ascospores. Note the bipolar appendages (arrowed). Scale
bars: 12, 14 5 200 mm; 13 5 20 mm; 15–17 5 20 mm; 18–21 5 10 mm.
3 6.1–7.7 mm, octospori, cylindrici, pedicellati, apicibus rotundati. Ascosporae 18.5–30.8 3 2.3–3.1 mm, fasciculatae
multiseriatae, filiformes, hyalinae, rectae vel parvae curvatae, fasciatibus refringentibus, e multis zonis praeditae, appendiculatae.
Etymology. In reference to Doi Suthep Pui National
Park, where the specimens were collected.
Ascomata forming beneath black, slightly raised,
circular, grayish-black areas, 300–485 mm diam (pseudostromata) on the host surface, with pronounced
black papilla, typically gregarious. Ascomata 500–650
mm wide, 162–280 mm high, lenticular, black, developing deep inside leaf tissues. Ostiole central, raised.
Peridium thin, comprising a few layers of brownwalled compressed cells. Paraphyses 4.6–7.7 mm at
the widest point, filamentous, smooth, septate, obtuse, flexuous, hyaline, tapering toward the apex.
Asci 77–92.5 3 6.1–7.7 mm, 8-spored, cylindrical, pedicellate, apex rounded or truncate, with a J- apical
ring. Ascospores 18.5–30.8 3 2.3–3.1 mm (x̄ 5 25.5
3 3 mm, n 5 20), multiseriate, cylindrical, hyaline,
straight or slightly curved, often containing numerous refringent septum-like bands, with a basal, arrowlike appendage.
Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying
leaves of Pandanus penetrans, Thailand.
Specimens examined. THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep Pui National Park, in rainforest, on dead leaves of Pandanus penetrans, 21 July 2001, S. Thongkantha PQ 011, HOLOTY PE: PDD 74602; 31 July 2001, S. Thongkantha PQ
011/1 PDD 74416.
Notes. Linocarpon suthepensis is characterized by
short ascospores that have a rounded apex, with an
arrow-like appendage at the base. Other species of
Linocarpon with short ascospores and an appendage
at only one end are L. clavatum and L. falciformisporum. Linocarpon suthepensis differs in having shorter ascospores (L. clavatum 33–42 3 2.5–4.5 mm, L.
falciformisporum 41–45 3 4–5.5 mm) and for Linocarpon species, a unique appendage morphology. Appendages of L. clavatum and L. falciformisporum are
mucilaginous and veil-like, respectively. Ascospores of
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MYCOLOGIA
FIGS. 22–31. Linocarpon suthepensis (from holotype). 22. Appearance of pseudostromata on host surface. 23. Section of
ascoma. 24. Asci and paraphyses. 25. Asci with J-apical ring. 26–31. Ascospores. Note the apical appendages. Scale bars: 22
5 200 mm; 23 5 100 mm; 24 5 20 mm; 25–31 5 10 mm.
L. suthepensis are shorter than L. appendisporum (60–
76 mm) and L. breve (34–45 mm), which have appendages at both ends of the ascospores (TABLE I).
9.
9.
KEY TO SPECIES OF LINOCARPON KNOWN FROM
THE PANDANACEAE
1. Ascospores swollen toward the apex, tapering to a narrow
base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1. Ascospores cylindrical or filiform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Ascospores 76–107 3 3–4 mm; basal appendage of ascospores 3–4.5 3 1–1.5 mm; asci 92–170 3 12–20 mm,
cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. sulcatum
2. Ascospores wider than 4 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Ascospores 66–89 3 4–6 mm, with short (6 3 2 mm) gelatinous appendage at base; asci 110–170 3 12–16 mm, cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. spathulatum
3. Ascospores 53–76 3 4.5–7 mm, without appendages; asci
97–133 3 13.5–26 mm, clavate . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. lammiae
4. Ascospores ,60 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Ascospores .60 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Appendages absent, ascospores 28–32 3 2.5–3 mm; asci 54–
82 3 7–10 mm, cylindric-clavate . . . . . . . . . . L. freycinetiae
5. Ascospores with appendages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Appendage at each end collar-like, ascospores 34–45 3
2.2–2.6 mm; asci 104–138 3 4.5–6 mm, cylindrical . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. breve
6. Ascospore appendages only at basal end . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Ascospores 33–42 3 2.5–4.5 mm; appendage mucilaginous,
becoming sickle-shaped or veil-like in water; asci 112–140
3 8–10 mm, cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . L. falciformisporum
7. Ascospores 18.5–31 3 2.3–3.1 mm; appendage arrow-like;
asci 77–92.5 3 6.1–7.7 mm, cylindrical . . . . . . L. suthepensis
11.
11.
13.
13.
8. Ascospore appendages absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. Ascospore appendages present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Ascospores 62–80 3 2–4 mm; asci 100–140 3 8–10 mm,
cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. pandani
Ascospores 84–110 3 2.5–3.5 mm; asci 110–178 3 8–14 mm,
cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. fasciatum
10. Ascospore appendages basal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Ascospore appendages bipolar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Ascospores 70–104 3 1.6–2.3 mm; appendage mucilaginous; asci 100–140 3 6–12 mm, cylindrical . . . . L. livistonae
Ascospores 72–97 3 3–4 mm; appendage mucilaginous; asci
116–148 3 9–13 mm, cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. elaeidis
12. Ascospore 72–100 3 2.6–3.2 mm; appendages pad-like;
asci 160–190 3 8–10 mm, cylindrical . . . L. pandanicola
12. Ascospores typically shorter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ascospores 59–71 3 3.1–3.3 mm; appendages pad-like; asci
100–156 3 7.7–9.3 mm, cylindrical . . . . . . . . . L. siamensis
Ascospores 60–76 3 2.7–4 mm, appendages gelatinous,
spreading in water; asci 100–150 3 8–10 mm, cylindrical
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. appendisporum
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
K.D. Hyde thanks The Institute of Science and Technology
Development of Chiang Mai University for financing his visit to Chiang Mai University. B. Bussaban and I. Promputtha
are thanked for help in collecting samples. S.R. Whitton
thanks the University of Hong Kong for the award of a postgraduate studentship. We thank W.H. Ho, C. Pearce and T.
Umali for organizing collection trips in Brunei, Australia
and the Philippines, respectively. Landcare Research is
THONGKANTHA
ET AL.:
LINOCARPON
thanked for providing research facilities for S.R. Whitton in
May 1996.
LITERATURE CITED
Barr ME. 1993. Redisposition of Ellis taxa: a correction. Mycotaxon 48:537.
Dulymamode R, Cannon PF, Peerally A. 1998. Fungi from
Mauritius: Linocarpon species on Pandanus. Mycol Res
102:1331–1337.
Fröhlich J, Hyde KD. 2000. Palm Microfungi. Fungal Diversity Research Series 3, Fungal Diversity Press, Hong
Kong, 380 p.
Hyde KD. 1988. The genus Linocarpon from the mangrove
palm Nypa fruticans. Trans Mycol Soc Japan 29:339–
350.
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SPECIES FROM THE
PANDANACEAE
367
———. 1992. Fungi from palms. I. The genus Linocarpon,
a revision. Sydowia 44:32–54.
———. 1997. Additions to the genus Linocarpon (Ascomycetes: Hyponectriaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 123:109–131.
———, Alias SA. 1999. Linocarpon angustatum sp. nov., and
Neolinocarpon nypicola sp. nov. from petioles of Nypa
fruticans, and a list of fungi from aerial parts of this
host. Mycoscience 40:145–150.
Poonyth AD, Hyde KD, Wong SW, Peerally A. 2000. Ultrastructure of asci and ascospore appendages in Linocarpon appendiculatum and L. nipae. Bot Mar 43:213–221.
Walker J. 1980. Gaeumannomyces, Linocarpon, Ophiobolus
and several other genera of scolecospored ascomycetes
and Phialiophora conidial states, with a note on hyphopodia. Mycotaxon 11:1–129.