Legume Research, 39 (6) 2016 : 1028-1033
Print ISSN:0250-5371 / Online ISSN:0976-0571
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE
www.arccjournals.com/www.legumeresearch.in
Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars to late leaf spot disease
(Passalora personata) under different sowing dates
Utpal Dey1, D.N. Dhutraj1, A.P. Suryawanshi1, Ritika Bhattacharjee1 and Diganggana Talukdar2
Department of Plant Pathology,
Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani-431 402, Maharashtra, India.
Received: 12-01-2016
Accepted: 22-10-2016
DOI: 10.18805/ lr.v39i6.6648
ABSTRACT
Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of date of sowing on groundnut cultivars against late leaf spot disease
severity, defoliation, frequency and size of the leaf spot which revealed that all these aspects were significantly influenced
by the date of sowing and crop varieties which directly affect the pod yield and test weight. The crop sown early on 25th
June exhibited maximum mean late leaf spot disease severity (range 43.63 to 54.05%), defoliation (range, 17.22 to 22.30%),
frequency (range, 1.32 to 1.78 / mm2) and size (range, 1.49 to 1.56 / mm2) and thereby gave reduced pod yield (range, 1225
to 1720 kg/ha) and test weight (28.66 to 32.97 g) followed by 10th July and 25th July. Among the groundnut cultivars,
susceptible cv. JL 24 exhibited maximum mean disease severity (range, 35.94 to 54.05 %), defoliation (range, 11.61 to
22.30 %), frequency (range, 1.23 to 1.78 / mm2) and size (range, 1.26 to 1.56 / mm2), followed by TAG 24 and TG 26.
However, LGN 1 exhibited least mean disease severity, defoliation, frequency and size with the highest pod yield (ranges,
1720 to 2332 kg/ha) and test weight (ranges, 32.97 to 38.59 g).
Key words: Arachis hypogaea, Cultivar, Defoliation, Frequency, Leaf spot, Size, Passalora personata, Severity, Sowing dates.
INTRODUCTION
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important
food and forage crop having high content of protein and oil.
Its seed is used as a source of cooking oil and in confectionary
products for human consumption (Naab et al., 2005).
Groundnut hay (vine) is a nutritious animal feed, particularly
for the subsequent dry season when green forage is not
available. In addition, groundnut seed and hay are often sold
in local markets, providing income to the resource-poor
farmers (Nutsugah et al., 2007). Like any other economically
important crop, groundnut is also susceptible to many
diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes
(Singh et al., 2013). Among these diseases, leaf spots
commonly called as “Tikka” disease caused by two fungal
pathogens (Cercospora arachidicola Hori. and
Passalora personata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S.A. Khan &
M. Kamal along with rust (Puccinia arachidis Spegazinni),
cause very high crop loss under favourable conditions. Singly
or together they can cause losses in pod yield of over 50%;
in areas where rust disease is also present a combined attack
of foliar diseases can cause yield losses in excess of 70%
(McDonald et al., 1985).
Leaf spot symptoms can appear on any above
ground parts of groundnut including leaves, petioles, stipules,
stems and pegs in the later stages of disease (Subrahmanyam
et al., 1982). Spots first develop on the upper surface of
lower leaves as small necrotic pinhead size spots that enlarge
and be-come light to dark brown or black circular spots
ranging from 1 to 10 mm in diameter (Tshilenge, 2010). At
later stages these spots coalesce and result in defoliation,
causing significant losses in biomass and yield. Early leaf
spots are brown to reddish brown in color having yellow
halo. Most of the early leaf spot spores are formed on the
upper leaf surface giving it a slightly raised surface, while
lower leaf surface is usually smooth. Late leaf spots are
characterized by dark brown to black spots and usually
without yellow halo. Most of the late leaf spot spores are
formed on the lower surface giving it a rough and tufted
appearance, where as upper leaf surface is generally smooth.
Late leaf spot caused by P. personata is one of the most
important and destructive diseases causing accountable
qualitative and quantitative losses (Naab et al., 2005). The
causal organism is air borne and soil inhabiting and
responsible for late leaf spot disease of groundnut, thereby
incurring yield losses to the tune of 50-80 per cent (Hegde
et al. 1995; Grichar et al., 1998; Nutsugah et al., 2007). The
main objective of the present study was to investigate the
effect of sowing dates and varieties on disease intensity,
severity, defoliation, spot frequency, size and pod yield.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted on the research farm
of the V.N.M.K.V., Parbhani during Kharif 2013 with three
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: utpaldey86@gmail.com
1
Department of Plant Pathology, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani-431402, Maharashtra.
2
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya.
Volume 39 Issue 6 (2016)
sowing dates (25th June, 10th July and 25th July) and four
groundnut varieties viz. JL-24, LGN-1, TAG-24 and TG26. The experiment was planned applying Split Plot Design
with three replications. The gross plot size was 4.0 X 1.8
m2. Recommended agronomical practices were followed. The
protective irrigations were given especially at the time of
sowing and whenever stress conditions prevailed during the
cropping period. To maintain the crop free from rust
(P. arachidis), three blanket sprays of the fungicides
Tridemorph (@ 0.2%) were given, beginning first spray at
30 days after sowing of each crop and subsequent sprays at
15 days interval.
For recording observations, five groundnut plants
/ treatments / replications were randomly selected and tagged
in the crops sown at different dates. Three quadruplet leaves
(bottom, middle and top) on main branch of each plant under
observation was selected for recording the observations on
late leaf spot. A total of four observations i.e. at first
appearance and subsequent three observations at 10 days
interval were recorded applying 0-9 point modified disease
rating scale (Subba Rao et al, 1990).
Per cent disease index (PDI) was calculated by
applying the formula (Mc Kinney, 1923) as given below.
Summation of numerical ratings
PDI = ———————————————————— X 100
No of leaves / plants observed X maximum rating
Observations on defoliation were recorded on five
randomly selected plants at 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing
of the crop at various dates and percentage defoliation was
worked out (Naab et al., 2005) using the following formula:
1029
Number of Leaves fallen
Defoliation (%) = ————————————— X 100
Total number of leaves formed
The crop was harvested at its physiological maturity
and treatment-wise dry pod yield, test weight (100 kernels)
was recorded and yield data was presented on hectare basis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Date of sowing and severity: The results (Table 1) indicated
that per cent of late leaf spot severity (PDI) was significantly
influenced by the time of sowing in all groundnut cultivars.
However maximum mean late leaf spot disease severity
(range 42.83 to 54.05%) was observed in the crop sown 25th
June followed by crop sown on 10th July (range, 35.70 to
39.86 %) and 25th July (ranges 26.97 to 35.94%). Late leaf
spot disease severity was found to be increased steadily from
its first appearance (50 DAS) to the harvest of the crop sown
at various dates.
In the crop sown on 25th June, the late leaf spot
disease severity irrespective of varieties observed at 50 DAS
(first appearance) was ranged from 17.86 to 22.30 per cent
(Av. 20.17%) and it was increased with the age of the crop.
The disease severity observed at 60, 70 and 80 days after
sowing were ranged from 37.47 to 46.87 (Av. 42.85), 45.88
to 59.67 (Av. 54.03) and 73.33 to 87.35 (Av. 80.96),
respectively. Thus, the crop sown early (25 th June)
experienced highest average disease severity (range, 20.17
to 80.96 %) compared to the crops sown later on 10th July,
25th July, which exhibited moderate average disease severity
(range, 18.49 to 58.68 %) and least average disease severity
(range, 16.73 to 50.33%), respectively.
Table 1: Effect of sowing dates and groundnut varieties on late leaf spot severity during kharif, 2013
Sowing dates
25-06-2013
Average
10-07-2013
Average
25-07-2013
Average
SEm(±)
CD(p=0.05)
Varieties
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
D
V
Dx V
D
V
DxV
Av. Disease Severity* at DAS
Mean
50
60
70
80
22.3 (28.19)
17.86 (25.01)
20.21 (26.73)
20.31 (26.80)
20.17 (26.70)
20.47 (26.47)
14.63 (22.50)
19.8 (26.43)
19.04 (25.88)
18.49 (25.48)
18.87 (25.76)
13.91 (21.91)
17.45 (24.70)
16.69 (24.13)
16.73 (24.12)
0.53
0.47
0.89
1.51
1.29
2.57
46.87 (43.23)
37.47 (37.76)
43.69 (41.40)
43.37 (41.21)
42.85 (40.90)
32.95 (34.44)
28.97 (32.58)
32.53 (34.79)
31.45 (34.13)
31.48 (33.99)
29.29 (32.78)
19.49 (26.21)
23.04 (28.70)
22.21 (28.13)
23.50 (28.96)
0.31
0.32
0.61
0.89
0.99
1.78
59.67 (50.60)
45.88 (42.66)
56.26 (48.62)
54.31 (47.50)
54.03 (47.34)
44.72 (41.41)
41.75 (40.27)
44.51 (41.87)
43.35 (41.20)
43.58 (41.18)
41.06 (39.87)
31.12 (33.92)
38.25 (38.22)
35.92 (36.84)
36.58 (37.21)
0.37
0.35
0.65
1.03
1.01
1.89
87.35 (69.20)
73.33 (58.94)
83.45 (66.03)
79.74 (63.28)
80.96 (64.36)
61.30 (51.56)
54.21 (47.44)
60.44 (51.05)
58.76 (50.07)
58.68 (50.03)
54.53 (47.62)
43.34 (41.19)
53.16 (46.84)
50.29 (45.19)
50.33 (45.21)
0.77
0.49
1.05
2.16
1.36
3.08
*, Average of replications, **, Av. – Average,
Figures in parenthesis are angular transformed values, DAS – Days after sowing
54.05 (47.35)
43.63 (41.36)
50.9 (45.53)
49.43 (44.70)
39.86
34.89
39.32
38.15
(38.47)
(36.22)
(38.85)
(37.82)
35.94
26.97
32.98
31.28
(36.85)
(31.30)
(35.07)
(34.02)
-
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LEGUME RESEARCH - An International Journal
The average late leaf spot disease severity observed
in all cultivars / varieties of groundnut irrespective of sowing
dates was found to differ among the cultivars and it was
increased with age of the crop. The mean disease severity
observed in the test varieties irrespective of sowing dates
was ranged from 26.97 to 54.05 per cent. The highest mean
disease severity in the range of 35.94 to 54.05 per cent (Av.
43.28%) was observed in the susceptible cv. JL 24. This was
followed by TAG 24 (range, 32.98 to 50.90% and Av. 41.07%),
cv. TG 26 (range, 31.28 to 49.43% and Av. 39.62%), and
LGN 1 (range, 26.97 to 43.63% and Av. 35.17%).
Thus, the results obtained revealed that the disease
severity was significantly influenced by the time of sowing
and crop varieties. The mean disease severity was found to
be maximum (43.63 to 54.05%) in the crop sown on 25th
June. It was found to be reduced thereafter in the crop sown
on 10th July (34.89 to 39.86%), 25th July (26.97 to 35.94%).
Among the four cultivars of groundnut, cv. JL 24 was found
most susceptible with maximum severity in the range of 35.94
to 54.05 per cent, followed by TAG 24 (mean severity 32.98
to 50.90%), TG 26 (mean severity 31.28 to 49.43) and LGN
1 (mean severity 26.97 to 43.63). The interaction effect of
sowing dates x cultivars in respect of mean severity, pod
yield and test weight were also found significant. Thus late
leaf spot severity was significantly influenced by the time of
sowing and cultivars, which directly affected the pod yield
and test weight in groundnut.
Sowing dates and defoliation: The results (Table 2)
revealed that percentage defoliation by P. personata in
groundnut was directly proportional to the severity of late
leaf spot disease. The process of defoliation caused due to
leaf spot incidence and severity was started approximately
10-12 days after the first appearance of the disease in the
crop sown at different dates. Mean defoliation observed in
the crops sown at various dates was ranged from 8.92 to
22.30 per cent. It was found maximum (range, 17.22 to
22.30%), moderate (range, 11.14 to 14.60%), and least
(range, 8.92 to 11.61%), in the crops sown on 25th June, 10th
July and 25th July, respectively.
Average defoliation irrespective of varieties
observed in the crop sown on 25th June at 60, 75 and 90 days
after sowing were 10.33, 12.64, 34.77 per cent, respectively.
This was followed by the crop sown on 10th July which
recorded average defoliation of 9.85, 12.45 and 15.42 per
cent, respectively at 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing. The
crop sown on 25th July recorded least average defoliation of
8.67, 9.74 and 11.91 per cent, respectively at 60, 75 and 90
days after sowing.
All test varieties exhibited variable degree of
defoliation induced by late leaf spot disease and it was found
to be increased with the age of crop (Table 2). Maximum
mean defoliation in the range of 11.61 to 22.30 per cent (Av.
16.17%) was observed in the cv. JL 24. This was followed
by TAG 24 (range, 10.36 to 19.75% and Av. 14.46%), TG
26 (range, 9.53 to 17.72% and Av. 12.84%) and LGN 1
(range, 8.92 to 17.22% and Av. 12.54%).
Thus, results (Table 2) revealed that sowing dates
and crop varieties significantly influenced the percentage
defoliation induced by late leaf spot disease in groundnut.
Further, percentage defoliation was found to increase with
increase in the disease severity as well as age of the crop
and was directly proportional to the disease severity. The
Table 2: Effect of sowing dates and groundnut varieties on per cent defoliation induced by P. personata during kharif, 2013
Sowing dates
Varieties
25-06-2013
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
Average
10-07-2013
Average
25-07-2013
Average
SEm(±)
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
D
V
Dx V
% Defoliation* at DAS
Mean
60
75
90
11.55 (19.88)
09.03 (17.50)
11.00 (19.38)
09.75 (18.20)
10.33 (18.76)
10.95 (19.33)
08.78 (17.24)
10.03 (18.47)
09.65 (18.11)
09.85 (18.30)
09.86 (18.31)
07.98 (16.42)
08.81 (17.28)
08.03 (16.47)
08.67 (17.13)
1.18
0.72
1.67
15.21 (22.97)
10.95 (19.33)
13.07 (21.20)
11.33 (19.68)
12.64 (20.84)
13.65 (21.69)
11.68 (19.99)
14.45 (22.35)
10.05 (18.49)
12.45 (20.67)
11.24 (19.60)
08.86 (17.33)
09.74 (18.19)
09.12 (17.59)
09.74 (18.19)
1.11
0.6
1.48
40.14 (39.33)
31.68 (34.27)
35.18 (36.40)
32.08 (34.52)
34.77 (36.15)
19.22 (26.02)
12.98 (21.12)
15.32 (23.05)
14.16 (22.12)
15.42 (23.13)
13.75 (21.78)
09.92 (18.37)
12.55 (20.76)
11.44 (19.78)
11.91 (20.20)
0.73
0.65
1.29
*, Average of three replications, DAS – Days after sowing
Figures in parenthesis are angular transformed values
22.30
17.22
19.75
17.72
(28.19)
(24.53)
(26.40)
(24.91)
14.60
11.14
13.26
11.28
(22.48)
(19.51)
(21.37)
(19.63)
11.61
08.92
10.36
09.53
(19.93)
(17.39)
(18.79)
(17.99)
-
Volume 39 Issue 6 (2016)
interaction effects of sowing dates X cultivars in respect of
defoliation observed at various intervals were also found
significant.
Sowing dates and late leaf spot frequency and size: The
results (Table 3) indicated that both frequency and size of
the late leaf spot on foliage were significantly influenced by
the time of sowing of the crop. The crop sown on 25th June
exhibited maximum mean frequency in the range of 1.32 to
1.78 / mm2 (Av. 1.53 / mm2) and increased mean size (range,
1.49 to 1.56 / mm2 and Av. 1.52 / mm2) of the late leaf spot.
This was followed by the crop sown on 10th July which
exhibited comparatively minimum frequency (range, 1.22
to 1.56 / mm2 and Av. 1.41 / mm2) and size (range, 1.42 to
1.51 / mm2 and Av. 1.47 / mm2) of the late leaf spot. The
crop sown on 25th July exhibited least mean frequency (range,
1.12 to 1.23 / mm2 and Av. 1.16 / mm2) and size (range, 1.24
to 1.26 / mm2 and Av. 1.24 / mm2) of the late leaf spot.
The results (Table 3) indicated that the frequency
and size of leaf spots were significantly influenced with the
crop varieties. Moderately resistant cultivar LGN 1 exhibited
comparatively reduced leaf spot frequency in the range of
1.12 to 1.32 / mm2 and late leaf spot size 1.24 to 1.49 / mm2.
Susceptible cv. JL 24, TAG 24 and TG 26 exhibited
comparatively reduced leaf spot frequency in the range of
1.23 to 1.78 / mm2, 1.19 to 1.61 / mm2 and1.13 to 1.42 /
mm2, respectively and late leaf spot size 1.26 to 1.56 / mm2,
1.25 to 1.51 / mm2 and 1.24 to 1.50 / mm2, respectively. The
interaction affects of sowing dates X cultivars in respect to
late leaf spot frequency and size were found significant.
Table 3: Late leaf spot frequency and size as influenced by sowing
dates and varieties of groundnut during kharif, 2013
Sowing dates
Varieties
Mean late leaf spot*
Frequency /
mm2
25-06-2013
Average
10-07-2013
Average
25-07-2013
Average
SEm(±)
CD(p=0.05)
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
D
V
Dx V
D
V
DxV
*- Average of three replications
1.78
1.32
1.61
1.42
1.53
1.56
1.22
1.54
1.34
1.41
1.23
1.12
1.19
1.13
1.16
0.05
0.05
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.34
Diameter
(mm2)
1.56
1.49
1.51
1.50
1.52
1.51
1.42
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.26
1.24
1.25
1.24
1.24
0.05
0.04
0.09
0.18
0.12
0.30
1031
Thus, results of the present studies revealed that
late leaf spot frequency and size were significantly influenced
by the sowing dates and crop varieties. Both were maximum
in the crop sown early (25th June) and minimum in the crop
sown late (25th July). Susceptible cultivar (JL-24) exhibited
high frequency and size of the late leaf spot compared to
moderately resistant cultivars. These results are in
consonance with those who reported that the reduced
frequency and size of leaf spot, longer incubation period
and reduced sporulation as the components of late leaf spot
resistance in groundnut (Mayee and Suryawanshi, 1995;
Chandra et al., 2004).
Pod yield and test weight: The results (Table 4) indicated
that sowing dates and groundnut cultivars significantly
influenced the late leaf spot disease severity and defoliation
both of which directly and significantly affected the pod yield
and test weight. Crop sown on 25st June gave least pod yield
(range, 1225 to 1720 kg/ha) and test weight (28.66 to 32.97
g) with maximum mean severity (range, 43.63 to 54.05%)
and defoliation (range, 17.22 to 22.30%). Significantly
highest pod yield (range, 1698 to 2332 kg/ha) and test weight
(range, 32.89 to 38.59 g) were obtained in the crop sown on
25th July with least mean severity (range, 26.97 to 35.94%)
and defoliation (range, 8.92 to 11.61%). This was followed
by the crop sown on 10th July which gave pod yield range of
1495 to 2119 kg/ha and test weight of 30.22 to 35.79 g with
the moderate mean severity (range, 34.89 to 39.86%) and
defoliation (range, 11.14 to 14.60%).
Among the cultivars, higher pod yield (ranges, 1720
to 2332 kg/ha) and test weight (ranges, 32.97 to 38.59 g)
with minimum mean severity (range, 26.97 to 43.63%) and
defoliation (range, 8.92 to 17.22%) was observed in cv. LGN
1. The second best cultivar was TG 26 which gave pod yield
in range of 1682 to 2167 and test weight in range of 31.10 to
37.23 with moderate mean severity (range, 31.28 to 49.43%)
and defoliation (range, 9.53 to 17.72%). Susceptible cv. JL
24 and TAG 24 gave lowest pod yield (ranges, 1225 to 1698
kg/ha), (ranges, 1447 to 1897 kg/ha), respectively and test
weight (ranges, 28.66 to 32.89), (ranges, 28.82 to 34.28),
respectively with maximum mean severity (range, 35.94 to
54.05%), defoliation (range, 11.61 to 22.30%) and mean
severity (range, 32.98 to 50.90%), defoliation (range, 10.36
to 19.75%), respectively. The interaction effect of sowing
dates x cultivars in respect of mean incidence, severity,
defoliation, pod yield and test weight were also found
significant. Thus, late leaf spot severity was significantly
influenced by the time of sowing and cultivars, which directly
affected the pod yield and test weight in groundnut.
Similar effects of sowing dates and crop varieties
on the intensity / severity of late leaf spot and their effect on
pod yield and test weight in groundnut were also reported
earlier by several workers (Dandnaik et al., 1996; Hazarika
et al., 2000; Galgunde and Kurundkar, 2002; Tiwari et al.,
1032
LEGUME RESEARCH - An International Journal
Table 4: Effect of sowing dates and groundnut varieties on per cent disease intensity, severity, defoliation, pod yield and test weight during
Kharif 2013
Sowing dates
Varieties
Mean Severity
Mean % Defoliation
Pod Yield* (kg/ha)
Test Weight (g)
25-06-2013
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
JL-24
LGN-1
TAG-24
TG-26
D
V
Dx V
D
V
DxV
54.05 (47.35)
43.63 (41.36)
50.9 (45.53)
49.43 (44.70)
39.86 (38.47)
34.89 (36.22)
39.32 (38.85)
38.15 (38.16)
35.94 (36.85)
26.97 (31.30)
32.98 (35.07)
31.28 (34.02)
0.17
0.19
0.38
0.52
0.56
1.07
22.30 (28.19)
17.22 (24.53)
19.75 (26.40)
17.72 (24.91)
14.60 (22.48)
11.14 (19.51)
13.26 (21.37)
11.28 (19.63)
11.61 (19.93)
08.92 (17.39)
10.36 (18.79)
09.53 (17.99)
0.25
0.16
0.37
0.77
0.50
1.11
1225
1720
1447
1682
1495
2119
1649
1978
1698
2332
1897
2167
0.65
0.87
1.57
1.96
2.63
4.53
28.66
32.97
28.82
31.10
30.22
35.79
31.68
34.14
32.89
38.59
34.28
37.23
0.38
0.30
0.62
1.14
0.93
1.87
10-07-2013
25-07-2013
SEm(±)
CD(p=0.05)
*, Average of replications, **, Figures in parenthesis are angular transformed values.
2005; Subasinghe et al., 2009; Gadhave et al., 2011; Rashid
et al., 2013). Dandnaik et al. (1996), reported that all the
four cultivars (JL 24, SB XI, LGN 2 and ICGS 44) showed
decreasing trend of leaf spots and rust with successive delay
in the sowing dates. The leaf spots and rust severity was
highest in the crop sown early on the 15th September and
lowest on the crop sown on 15th October. Galgunde and
Kurundkar (2002) studied the effect of two sowing dates
(9th and 24th October, 1998) and nine genotypes of groundnut
on the incidence and intensity of leaf spots and rust diseases.
They reported that incidence and intensity of both the
diseases were steadily increased up to the maturity of the
crop. Least intensity of both the diseases was recorded in
the crop sown on 24th October than the crop sown on 9th
October.
In many countries including India, the use of
fungicidal sprays is not common due to lack of credit, low
yield potential, health hazardous under rainfed conditions,
and difficulty in obtaining fungicides (McDonald et al.,
1985). It has been suggested that the most effective way of
disease management should involve combinations of
agronomic practices such as time of sowing and cultivar
selection because it may save time, effort, and money
(Middleton et al., 1994). The maximum yield and reduced
disease incidence (leaf spots caused by Cercospora
canescens and C. cruenta) was recorded with the late sown
crop (30th June), which was significantly higher than in the
early sown crops (May and July) (Mittal, 1999). Thus
adjustment of planting dates is one of the important cultural
practices followed to minimize the losses due to the disease.
This avoids coincidence with susceptible stage of the crop,
thus, resulting in disease escape. This research shows that
late sowing produced greater yields compared to early
sowing. This might be due to loss of viability and power
of germination of old conidia (Singh and Chand, 1985).
Biere and Antonovics (1996) observed that the crop plants
which differs the time of onset of flowering may have the
probability of escaping the disease in time of late sowing
compared to early sowing. The goal of plant disease
management is to reduce the economic and aesthetic damage
caused by plant diseases. Thus, we can incorporate the
concept of altered date of sowing which is found to be
effective in reducing the loss of groundnut yield, as a part of
integrated disease management strategy (Maloy and Baudoin,
2001).
Research on farmers’ fields is needed to further
understand the yield limiting factors. There appears to be
considerable potential to improve groundnut yield in India
i.e. crop simulation models (Stockle et al., 2003., and
Suriharn et al., 2011) and then efforts in technology transfer
to groundnut farmers is recommended, especially to manage
leaf spot diseases.
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DIGANGGANA TALUKDAR