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Rockrose-Ecotourism
Like a buried treasure, truffles are hidden under-ground. Broadly speaking, certain fungi which reach fruition underground are known as truffles (also called hypogeous fungi). This is an evolutionary step that has emerged in different groups of fungi, converging into the same type of fruiting bodies. There are both hypogeous Ascomycetes and Basidiomyce-tes. Among the Basidiomycetes, we can find agaricales related with truffles (Hydnangium), boletales (Rhizopogon), and falales (Hysterangium and Pha-llogaster), etc. The intermediate link is known as the semihypogeous fungi, which form a transition between the two states. Examples include the genus Macowanites (rusulales) or the agarical Endopty-chum agaricoides.This process is believed to arise as an adaptation to arid and extreme climates, where the soil attenuates the contrasts that occur above ground. One fac-tor that supports this theory is the lack of truffles in tropical forests. They are especially abundant in midlatitude forests, such as Mediterranean ecosystems or Australian eucalypt forests. Oregon forests are also well known for their truffles.
2014 •
and regeneration of grand old oaks (Quercus) and majestic pines (Pinus) is dependent on the well-being of tiny fungi that associate with the trees’ roots. Such small organisms have a big role to play not only for oaks and pines but also for many other trees that rely on their fungal partners to get them through lean and dry times. An estimated 86% of plant species benefit from (or are even dependent on) fungal root associates that transfer water and nutrients to the plant in exchange for carbohydrates (Brundrett 2009). Carbohydrates from plants are the result of atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) fixation through photosynthesis and subsequent processes, which the fungi are incapable of doing. The fungal root associates are the mycorrhizal (myco=fungus, rhiza=root) fungi. They can be roughly sorted into two types based on how they associate with the roots. One type is mostly invisible to us because their hyphae are inside the root (endomycorrhizae), and the other can be seen as a mantl...
2013 •
Truffle species within the /tarzetta-geopyxis lineage share smooth, globose, hyaline spores, but differ in the amount of convolution of hymenia in ascomata. The relationships among truffle species in this lineage have historically been confused. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA from recently collected members of the /tarzetta-geopyxis lineage from Asia, Austral Asia, North America, and South America prompted a reinvestigation of species and generic limits in the truffle genera Hydnocystis, Paurocotylis, and Stephensia. Our analyses support emendations of Hydnocystis and Paurocotylis, abandonment of Stephensia and the resurrection of the genus Densocarpa. Nomenclatural changes include the transfer of S. bombycina to Hydnocystis, the transfer of Hydnocystis singeri and Stephensia bynumii to Paurocotylis, the resurrection of Densocarpa for Stephensia shanori and transfer of S. crocea to Densocarpa. This is the first detection of the genus Paurocotylis in the Americas. We describe three new species, Hydnocystis transitoria from North America, Paurocotylis patagonica from South America, and Paurocotylis watlingii from Australia. Our work highlights the unexplored diversity, morphological plasticity, and remaining taxonomic problems among truffles in the/tarzetta-geopyxis lineage.
2009 •
Science and market consider fungi called truffles belonging mainly to the Tuber genus; however, there are some symbiotic subterranean mushrooms which also have significant gastronomic value such as Choiromyces meandriformis and Mattirolomyces terfezioides. Previous studies of phytoindication on Mattirolomyces terfezioides revealed some submediterranean climate effect, semi-humid and intermediate moisture conditions and indicated slightly basic soils, disturbed, secondary and artificial Robinietum cultum habitats. Majority of habitats belongs to Bromo sterilis-Robinietum associations. Soil parameters of the habitats can be described as slightly alcalic or neutral with high humus, various phosphorous and medium or high potassium content. Lime can be detected in traces in all samples. Choiromyces meandriformis habitats can be characterized by acidic, mostly lime free, humus rich, heavy soils covered with hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and spruce (Picea abies). It was mainly reported from ...
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Hosts and Distribution of Desert Truffles in Iran, Based on Morphological and Molecular Criteria2012 •
Terfezia, Picoa and Tirmania , so called desert truffles, are mycorrhizal fungi mostly endemic to arid and semi-arid areas of the Mediterranean Region, where they are associated with Helianthemum and Carex species. The aim of this work was to study the identification, molecular analysis, distribution and hosts of these pezizalean hypogeous fungi in Iran. Among the specimens, Terfezia claveryi , Tirmania pinoyi , T. nivea , Picoa lefebvrei and P. juniperi were identified. Field, laboratory and anatomical studies showed that Helianthemum ledifolium , H. salicifolium , H. lippi and Carex stenophylum have ectomycorrhizal associations with five species in the studied areas. The results of molecular analysis showed that C. stenophylum roots form mycorrhizal associations with T. claveryi . Hyphal mantle was absent from sections of the mycorrhizas. The results of physico-chemical analyses on soil samples from different parts of the Fars Province in Iran showed that the genus Tirmania was mo...
2011 •
Belowground ectomycorrhizal communities are often species rich. Characterization of the ectomycorrhizas (ECMs) underneath native truffle areas and/or cultivation sites is particularly relevant to identifying fungal species that might interfere with or promote truffle propagation and fruiting. Fungal identification at the genus/species level can now be achieved by combining detailed morphological and anatomical descriptions with molecular approaches. In a survey of the mycorrhizal biodiversity of Tuber melanosporum orchards and inoculated host plants in nurseries, we repeatedly sampled ECMs with morphological features resembling those of the ECMs widely known as the AD type. Despite the fact that the AD type is regarded as one of the most competitive fungal species towards Tuber spp., its taxonomical rank has yet to be resolved. By analyzing the 28S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA regions, here, we show that AD-type ECMs result from host plant colonization by the pyronemataceous species Trichophaea woolhopeia. Further to this, the 28S and ITS phylogenetic trees built from the AD-type ECMs analyzed sustain the hypothesis that T. woolhopeia is a species complex.
2018 •
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