The word agriculture is more related to natural activity and to nature like plant life cycle, ecosystem, green earth, vegetables, fruits, soil, water & natural environment. Plants have a number of relationships with fungi, bacteria, and algae. These are known to deliver a number of benefits including plant nutrition, disease resistance, tolerance to adverse soil and climatic conditions. These techniques have proved to be successful biofertilizers that form a healthy relationship with the roots. Biofertilizers provide eco-friendly organic agro-input and are more cost-effective than chemical fertilizers. In the present studies various soil samples were collected from actively cultivated lands after a thorough survey of the areas. The places from where these soil samples were collected include Gandipet, Shamirpet areas in Hyderabad, Chevella on the outskirts of Hyderabad and Adilabad district of Telangana State and Kurnool, Kadapa, Gudipadu areas of Andhra Pradesh State. Most of the soils thus obtained were seem to be supporting agriculture actively. These soil samples thus collected were packeted and brought to the laboratory for further microbiological testing. Characterization and microscopic observation of the culture was done and the bacteria identified were Streptomyces sp., Staphylococcus sp., Azotobacter sp., Leptothrix sp., Derxia sp., Bacillus sp., and Sphaerotilus sp. Of the above isolated organisms Azotobacter sp. Streptomyces sp. and Bacillus sp. are familiar to be used as biofertilizers in various crop fields. Derxia sp. is a Gram negative, nitrogen fixing bacteria but not much known as a biofertilizer, which seems to be very interesting to scientist to work on it. Hence it is important to study its role in agriculture.

Bacteria are single celled, ancient life form, omnipresent and living in all conditions. Its isolation and identification from different resources is very much important for its classification and knowledge of its pathogenicity. In soils the bacteria and fungi dominated by its presences and account for almost all the biological and chemical changes in environments. In this study, bacteria from Amjhupi and Ishurdi, Bangladesh soil series were isolated and characterized. Well-isolated colonies of bacteria were evaluated in size, pigmentation, form, margin and elevation. It has been observed that Ishurdi soil was found to have more bacterial population than that of Amjhupi soil. From simple and negative staining, shape and arrangement were determined. The ratio of Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated for both soils. Majority of the bacteria were spore and capsule former. The bacteria were nonacid fast and were arranged in chain form in both soils. The presence of rod shaped bacteria (bacillus) compared to round shaped (coccus) in soils is conspicuous.

A total of 65 nasal swab samples from Infectious coryza suspected poultry birds were collected from different geographical locations of India during 2013 to 2015 and subjected to isolation of organism, biochemical and serological characterization of isolates by Page scheme along with confirmation by PCR. Biochemically, the isolates demonstrated abilities to utilize four sugars i.e. Glucose, Mannitol, Sorbitol and Sucrose, whereas two sugars Galactose and Trehalose were not fermented by them. All isolates were able to convert nitrate to nitrite. The isolates were negative for catalase, H2S production and Indole test and showed absence of oxidase activity. Among 17 field isolates of Avibacterium paragallinarum, along with serovar A and serovar C, there is presence of serovar B. Out of 17 isolates, the serovar C was prevalent with 47% and serovar A was 27%, whereas serovar B was found to be only 11% and 2 strains were non-typable. This is the first confirmed report of presence of serovar B in Indian poultry isolates.

Introduction: Keratitis caused by saprophytic fungi is on the rise in rural areas, often caused by ocular trauma with wooden objects. Early detection of causative organisms and sustained, supervised management can prevent visual disabilities. Case presentation: A middle-aged patient from a rural, semi-arid region who presented with pain, redness, and a foreign-body sensation in his left eye resulting from a corneal ulcer induced by trauma from a wooden stick. Due to a history of uncontrolled diabetes and progression of his corneal lesions, he was admitted to our institution for treatment of infectious keratitis. Microbiological examination of corneal scrapings revealed thin, septate hyaline hyphae without conidia or conidiophores, and the patient was diagnosed with a fungal keratitis caused by a Malbranchea species. Though the patient initially responded to treatment with topical natamycin, his condition worsened. He was subsequently successfully treated with topical amphotericin B (1 mg/mL) twice hourly and systemic antifungals. Four months after discharge, the patient returned with symptom recurrence. Conclusion: We report the case of a patient with a Malbranchea species causing a rare and recurrent fungal keratitis with corneal infiltrates, subsequently cured by medical management with salvaging of his vision. In patients with a suspected fungal keratitis, early treatment is crucial and should be combined with tight glycemic control for as long as 6 months after presentation to avoid recurrence.

Apple (Malus pumila L) of the family Rosaceae, most cultivated fruit in temperate regions of the world and is used fresh or processed. The apple production is affected by several pathogens including fungi. The present study was designed to identify disease-causing agents that reduce fruit production in the district Qilla Abdullah of Balochistan, Pakistan, which is the main apple production area of the province. Three varieties of apple: ‘Tur-Kulu’ (‘Red Delicious’), ‘Shin-Kulu’ (‘Golden Delicious’), and ‘Kaja’ were selected. Infected leaf samples were collected from eight different sites of tehsil Gulistan, district Qilla Abdullah. The cultures of fungal micro-flora were grown on two media, potato dextrose agar (PDA), and malt extract agar (MEA) followed by incubation for one week. The resulting colonies were observed under a microscope and identified based on morphological characters. Predominant fungal species was identified through ITS marker and PCR amplification. The isolated ...