Syntaxonomy and ecology of plant communities of the Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii in the western carpathians

I. Jarolímek; Jozef  Sibik; Milan Valachovič

We present a syntaxonomic account of the communities of the alliances of Oxytropido-Elynion Br.-Bl. 1949 and Festucion versicoloris Krajina 1933 from Western Carpathians. Both alliances comprise naked-rush, cushion form and dwarf-shrub heath communities typical of wind-exposed habitats occurring at the highest altitudes of the Tatra Mts. They represent a relic vegetation of the cold stages of the Pleistocene (probably Late Glacial Maximum) and they can be classified within the class of Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii Ohba 1974. A set of relevés was subject to numerical-classification analysis. Floristics and ecology of the communities were characterised and the relationships to similar syntaxa were discussed. The Oxytropido-Elynion is restricted to the extreme ridge positions in the highest altitudes of the Belianske Tatry Mts. Five associations were distinguished, such as the Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum reticulatae, the Festuco versicoloris-Oreochloetum distichae, the Festucetum versicoloris, the Oxytropido carpaticae-Elynetum myosuroides and the Drabo siliquosae-Festucetum versicoloris. The Festucion versicoloris is limited to the mylonite zone of the alpine and subnival belt of the Vysoké Tatry and Západné Tatry Mts (and found as rare in the Nízke Tatry Mts). The stands of these communities prefer terraces of steep rocky faces and cliffs and stabilised small-grained screes below the cliffs. Within this alliance, three associations were described, including the Agrostio alpinae-Festucetum versicoloris, the Silenetum acaulis and the Salicetum kitaibelianae.

Biologia, Bratislava, 61/4: 393—412, 2006 393 Syntaxonomy and ecology of plant communities of the Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii in the Western Carpathians Anton Petrík1, Zuzana Dúbravcová2, Ivan Jarolímek3, Ján Kliment4, Jozef Šibík3 & Milan Valachovič3 1 Botanical Garden, Comenius University, Botanická 3, SK-841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; e-mail: petrika@rec.uniba.sk Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Révová 39, SK-811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia; e-mail: dubravcova@fns.uniba.sk 3 Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia; e-mail: ivan.jarolimek@savba.sk, jozef.sibik@savba.sk, milan.valachovic@savba.sk 4 Botanical Garden, Comenius University, SK-038 15 Blatnica, Slovakia, e-mail: kliment@rec.uniba.sk 2 Abstract: We present a syntaxonomic account of the communities of the alliances of Oxytropido-Elynion BR.-BL. 1949 and Festucion versicoloris KRAJINA 1933 from Western Carpathians. Both alliances comprise naked-rush, cushion form and dwarf-shrub heath communities typical of wind-exposed habitats occurring at the highest altitudes of the Tatra Mts. They represent a relic vegetation of the cold stages of the Pleistocene (probably Late Glacial Maximum) and they can be classified within the class of Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii OHBA 1974. A set of relevés was subject to numericalclassification analysis. Floristics and ecology of the communities were characterised and the relationships to similar syntaxa were discussed. The Oxytropido-Elynion is restricted to the extreme ridge positions in the highest altitudes of the Belianske Tatry Mts. Five associations were distinguished, such as the Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum reticulatae, the Festuco versicolorisOreochloetum distichae, the Festucetum versicoloris, the Oxytropido carpaticae-Elynetum myosuroides and the Drabo siliquosae-Festucetum versicoloris. The Festucion versicoloris is limited to the mylonite zone of the alpine and subnival belt of the Vysoké Tatry and Západné Tatry Mts (and found as rare in the Nízke Tatry Mts). The stands of these communities prefer terraces of steep rocky faces and cliﬀs and stabilised small-grained screes below the cliﬀs. Within this alliance, three associations were described, including the Agrostio alpinae-Festucetum versicoloris, the Silenetum acaulis and the Salicetum kitaibelianae. Key words: Carici rupestris-Kobresietea, Pleistocene, relic stands, syntaxonomy, Tatra Mts Introduction In the Western Carpathians the class Carici rupestrisKobresietea Ohba 1974 has been distinguished only recently. Petrík et al. (2005) included into this class relic stands dominated by Elyna myosuroides from the ridges of the Belianske Tatry Mts (Oxytropido carpaticae-Elynetum myosuroides). The key character for classification of these stands to the CariciKobriesetea was the presence of numerous species considered relic from the past glacial periods. The communities of this class often occupy habitats representing suitable stands, which might have served as refuge during extremely cold periods of the Pleistocene. Comparative study of the West Carpathian highaltitude communities (Dúbravcová et al., 2005) supported the ideas of recognizing the Carici-Kobresietea in this region. The idea by Ohba (1974) and later by Petrík et al. (2005) suggesting the inclusion of the Festucion versicoloris Krajina 1933 into this class was also sustained. Detailed study of the alpine and subnival vegetation from twenties of the last century until today yielded substantial knowledge of these communities. In this paper we want to clarify the extent and content of the low-rank syntaxa of the class Carici-Kobresietea. The main aims are: 1) to find diﬀerences between individual communities and to determine their diagnostic (character and diﬀerential) species; 2) to clarify the distinction of the Festucion versicoloris and the Oxytropido-Elynion in the Western Carpathians, and finally 3) to investigate the nature of floristic diﬀerences between stands dominated by Festuca versicolor on base-rich bedrocks such as limestone and marly limestone and stands found on bedrock moderately acid to neutral (Allgäu-Schiefer shale, hornstone, mylonite, quartzite, and sandstone). A. Petrík et al. 394 Material and methods We collected 443 phytocoenological relevés of the communities typical of high-altitude, wind-exposed habitats and dominated by cushion and dwarf-shrub heath communities of the central (the highest) part of the Western Carpathians (mostly in Tatra Mts). Based on previous studies (PETRÍK et al., 2005; DÚBRAVCOVÁ et al., 2005) we selected a dataset of phytocoenological relevés typical for the Carici rupestris-Kobresietea. They were combined with further relevés from similar communities with uncertain delimitation and classification into a high-rank syntaxon. These communities include the Saxifrago-Festucetum versicoloris SILLINGER 1933, the Saxifrago paniculatae-Festucetum versicoloris (WALAS 1933) PAWL OWSKI 1935, the Seslerio tatrae-Festucetum versicoloris PAWL OWSKI et STECKI 1927 corr. KLIMENT et al. 2005. The latter community is usually classified within the Elyno-Seslerietea; we used this one as a reference group for this class. All relevés were sampled using standard procedures of the Zürich-Montpellier School (BRAUN-BLANQUET, 1964), mostly using the modified 9-degree Braun-Blanquet’s sampling scale (BARKMAN et al., 1964). The nomenclature of the taxa generally follows the Checklist by MARHOLD & HINDÁK (1998), with notable exceptions of those taxa, where the author’s citation has been also included. The subspecies (given without the species name) in the tables are marked with asterisks (*). Original cover-abundance categories of the sampling scales used were transformed using the ordinal scale of VAN DEN MAAREL (1979). The taxa determined only at the level of genus were masked-out (except the genera Alchemilla, Sphagnum and Taraxacum). Some taxa were included within more broadly-defined units: Agrostis rupestris (A. pyrenaica), Alchemilla sp. (incl. A. aculeata, A. colorata, A. erythropoda, A. fissa GÜNTHER et SCHUMMEL, A. flabellata, A. glabra, A. incisa, A. monticola, A. palmata, A. rhodocycla, A. straminea), Anthoxanthum alpinum (A. odoratum), Cardaminopsis arenosa (C. borbasii), Carex atrata (C. aterrima), C. sempervirens [subsp. silicicola, subsp. tatrorum (ZAPAL .) PAWL .], Cladonia arbuscula (subsp. mitis), C. pyxidata (subsp. pocillum, subsp. chlorophaea), Empetrum nigrum (E. hermaphroditum), Gentianella lutescens (subsp. carpatica, subsp. tatrae), Salix retusa (S. kitaibeliana), Schistidium apocarpum agg. (S. atrofuscum, S. boreale, S. trichodon), Sphagnum sp. (S. capillifolium, S. compactum, S. girgensoghnii, S. quinquefarium), Taraxacum sp. (sect. Alpestria, sect. Alpina), Thamnolia vermicularis (subsp. subuliformis), Trifolium repens (T. orbelicum). Numerical classification was performed using the program HIERCLUS from the SYN-TAX 2000 package (PODANI 2001). The Ward’s and β-flexible method (β = −0.25) with Euclidean Distance and Wishart’s similarity coeﬃcients were used. The dendrograms obtained were evaluated by comparative analyses of phytocoenological tables. In the clustering using ß-flexible method (Wishart’s coeﬃcient) the relevés were classified into clusters representing floristically, physiognomically and ecologically well-diﬀerentiated communities. In the second step using of Ward’s method and Euclidean Distance helps with classification of communities at the higher units. Results of numerical classification were used for rough orientation in analysed data. They were interpreted with consideration to supplementary information on ecology, phytogeography of individual taxa (e.g. arcticalpine elements, endemic taxa) and relicness of habitats. In the article only the associations with new relevant actualities are described in more detail. Each taxon in synoptic table is characterised by the frequency (in %) and the mean value of abundance (upper index) calculated with the FYTOPACK program (JAROLÍMEK & SCHLOSSER, 1997). The individual columns contain also brief bibliographic references (for unpublished data only the names of authors are given), the number of relevés and their position in orographical units according to the map from the Database of Fauna of Slovakia, scale 1: 500 000. Diagnostically important taxa of individual syntaxa are given in bold. Geological types of bedrock of the relevés localities were identified according to SEKYRA (1954) and SVOBODA et al. (1983). The recognition of the diagnostic taxa of the highranked syntaxa follows the recent syntaxonomical revisions of Slovak high-mountains vegetations (KLIMENT et al., 2004, 2005; DÚBRAVCOVÁ et al., 2005; PETRÍK et al., 2005; ŠIBÍK et al., 2006). The meaning of abbreviations: art. = article according to the International Code of Phytocoenological Nomenclature [ICPN; WEBER et al. 2000), reg. = regional diagnostic taxon, transgr. = transgressive taxon (sensu WESTHOFF & VAN DER MAAREL, 1978). Results Class: Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii OHBA 1974 Order: Oxytropido-Elynetalia OBERDORFER ex ALBRECHT 1969 Alliance: Oxytropido-Elynion BR.-BL. 1949 Relic species-rich naked-rush swards of wind-exposed ridges and ledges of the highest altitudes of the Alps, Apennines, Carpathians, Pyrenees and the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. Associations: Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum reticulatae Petrík in Petrík et al. 2006 Festuco versicoloris-Oreochloetum distichae Pawlowski et Stecki 1927 corr. Petrík et al. 2006 nom. invers. propos. Festucetum versicoloris Domin 1929 Oxytropido carpaticae-Elynetum myosuroides (Puşcaru et al. 1956) Coldea 1991 Drabo siliquosae-Festucetum versicoloris Petrík in Petrík et al. 2006 Alliance: Festucion versicoloris KRAJINA 1933 Phytocoenoses bound to the mylonite (granite enriched by oligoclase) zone of the upper alpine and subnival belt of the Tatra Mts; mostly developed on terraces of steep rocky cliﬀs and on stabilised small-grained screes located below these cliﬀs. Associations: Silenetum acaulis Krajina 1933 Syntaxonomy and ecology of plant communities Agrostio alpinae-Festucetum versicoloris Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al. 1928 nom. invers. propos. Salicetum kitaibelianae Krajina 1933 Descriptions of selected syntaxa Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum reticulatae PETRÍK ass. nov. hoc loco Tab. 1, column 1; Tab. 2 Nomenclatural type: Tab. 2, r. 34 hoc loco, holotypus Synonyms: Dryadeto-Salicetum reticulatae Domin 1925 (art. 2b), Dryadeto-Salicetum reticulatae Domin 1927 (art. 3f, 7), Dryadeto-Salicetum reticulatae Domin 1929 (art. 3f) Non: Salicetum retuso-reticulatae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926, As. Salix reticulata-Dryas octopetala Beldie 1967, Salico reticulatae-Dryadetum (Mc Vean et Ratcliffe 1962) Shimwell 1969 Characteristic taxa: Arctous alpina (reg.), Carex atrofusca (reg.), Pyrola carpatica (transgr.), Tofieldia pusilla (reg.) Differential taxa: Biscutella laevigata, Coeloglossum viride, Pinguicula alpina, Pritzelago alpina, Ranunculus thora, Saxifraga wahlenbergii, Selaginella selaginoides, Swertia perennis subsp. alpestris, Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Dicranum spadiceum, Isopterygiopsis pulchella, Meesia uliginosa, Polytrichum formosum, Sanionia uncinata Šibík et al. (2004) suggested that communities dominated by the creeping and prostrate dwarf shrubs Dryas octopetala and Salix reticulata, which Domin (1925, 1927, 1929) invalidly described as Dryadeto-Salicetum reticulatae, are a well-diﬀerentiated unit. The most similar communities were described from the Ukraine (Malynovski & Kricsfalusy, 2002) and from the Romanian Carpathians (Coldea, 1984, 1997) under the name Achilleo schurii-Dryadetum (Beldie 1967) Coldea 1984. These East Carpathian phytocoenoses diﬀer from the West Carpathian ones by numerous taxa typical for specific geographical units and reflect specific and diﬀerent development of vegetation in past (see also Petrík et al., 2005, Tab. 2). We propose a name – the Pyrolo carpaticaeSalicetum reticulatae – for this unit, using Pyrola carpatica (a Carpathian endemic) as one of the aponymous species. Saxifraga wahlenbergii, a West Carpathian paleoendemic, is still another phytogeographically important species with high constancy found in this community. The association is characterised by the co-dominance of Dryas octopetala, Silene acaulis and of arcticalpine willow Salix reticulata. The presence of a group of arctic-alpine species, such as Bistorta vivipara, Cerastium eriophorum, Minuartia sedoides, Pedicularis oederi (see Tabs 1, 2) confirms the link to the arctic- 395 alpine class of Carici rupestris-Kobresietea. In the welldeveloped moss layer (with average cover 55 %) Hylocomium splendens and Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus are the most abundant species. The community occupies north-west- to northeast-facing windward slopes on marly limestone, less on limestone or dolomite with shallow to medium deep soils with high content of humus in upper horizon. The association shows some syngenetic relationships to the Arenario tenellae-Caricetum firmae (the Caricion firmae Gams 1936), above all on substrata with higher content of calcium and in habitats with thinner soil layer. Numerous arctic-alpine elements suggest classification of the Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum to the Carici rupestris-Kobresietea, supporting the conclusions made by Šibík et al. (2004). Opposite side of variability reflects relation to the association Festuco versicoloris-Oreochloetum. Based on floristic diﬀerences we distinguish two subassociations: 1) Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum reticulatae biscutelletosum laevigatae subass. nov. hoc loco (Tab. 2, rels 1–12; nomenclatural type: Tab. 2, r. 5, holotypus hoc loco) is typical of relatively shallow and more skeleton-rich soils. Higher number of calciphilous species, such as Bellidiastrum michelii, Biscutella laevigata, Pinguicula alpina and Tofieldia calyculata indicates relationships to the communities of the ElynoSeslerietea or to the Caricion firmae. These species are also considered as diﬀerential of this subassociation, similarly as well as Ranunculus thora. Of the mosses, Campylium chrysophyllum is a good diﬀerential taxon. 2) Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum reticulatae saxifragetosum moschatae subass. nov. hoc loco (Tab. 2, rels 13–35; the nomenclatural type of this subassociation is identical with that of the association) represents typical stands of the association. They are supported by deeper soils than in the former subassociation, where the influence of the baserich bedrock is partially bufered. Antennaria *carpatica and Saxifraga moschata and also neutrophilous to acidophilous Festuca supina, Luzula *mutabilis and Saussurea alpina are the diﬀerential taxa of this subassociaton (see Tab. 2). The latter three of the species indicate a syntaxonomic link to the Festuco versicolorisOreochloetum distichae. Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Campylium stellatum, Isopterygiopsis pulchella, Polytrichum formosum, Rhytidium rugosum, Timmia austriaca and Tritomaria quinquedentata are the diﬀerential moss species of this subassociation. The Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum is diﬀered from the following association (Festuco versicoloris-Oreochloetum distichae) beside the above mentioned diﬀerential taxa also by presence or higher constancy of following species: Bartsia alpina, Carex firma, Pedicularis verticillata, Ranunculus alpestris, Saxifraga aizoides, Campylium chrysophyllum, C. stellatum, Distichium capillaceum, Ditrichum flexicaule, Entodon concin- A. Petrík et al. 396 Table 1. Comparison of associations from the alliance Oxytropido-Elynion (1–5) with other relevant alliances from the high mountains of the Western Carpathians (a brief synoptic table). 1: Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum reticulatae; 2: Festuco versicoloris-Oreochloetum distichae; 3: Festucetum versicoloris; 4: Oxytropido carpaticae-Elynetum; 5: Drabo siliquosae-Festucetum versicoloris; 6: Oxytropido-Elynion; 7: Festucion versicoloris; 8: Caricion firmae; 9: Seslerion tatrae. 1 – 7: Carici rupestris-Kobresietea; 8 – 9: Elyno-Seslerietea Number of column Number of crelevés Average number of taxa Diagnostic taxa of the associations Pyrola carpatica ca Tofieldia pusilla (reg.) ca Carex atrofusca (reg.) Arctous alpina (reg.) ac Saxifraga wahlenbergii Swertia *alpestris Selaginella selaginoides Sanionia uncinata (E0 ) Dicranum spadiceum (E0 ) Blepharostoma trichophyllum (E0 ) Coeloglossum viride cf Pinguicula alpina Ranunculus thora Isopterygiopsis pulchella (E0 ) Meesia uliginosa (E0 ) ES Biscutella laevigata Polytrichum formosum (E0 ) Oe Dianthus glacialis CC Festuca supina CC Oreochloa disticha Bistorta major SH Luzula *obscura Cetraria cucullata (E0 ) Cladonia rangiferina (E0 ) Pleurozium schreberi (E0 ) CK Potentilla crantzii jt Senecio *carpathicus NS Potentilla aurea CC Avenula versicolor Cladonia gracilis (E0 ) jt Hieracium alpinum CC Pulsatilla scherfelii Salix hastata pc Crepis jacquinii pt Delphinium oxysepalum Hypnum bambergeri (E0 ) Didymodon asperifolius (E0 ) CK Elyna myosuroides Cladonia pyxidata (E0 ) Physconia muscigena (E0 ) pc Primula *hungarica Toninia lobulata (E0 ) Fulgensia bracteata (E0 ) Draba siliquosa Anthoxanthum alpinum Parnassia palustris ES Astragalus australis ES Helianthemum grandiflorum Cv Linum extraaxillare Plagiothecium laetum (E0 ) st Tephroseris capitata Poa nemoralis Plagiobryum demissum (E0 ) Campylopus schimperi (E0 ) Plagiopus oederi (E0 ) ES Carduus glaucinus Saxifraga adscendens T1 C1 C1 C1 D1,6 D1,6 D1 D1 D1 D1 D1 D1 D1 D1 D1 D1 D1 T2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2,7 D2 D3,6 D3 D3 D3 C4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 C5 D5 D5 D5,6 D5 D5 D5 D5,6 D5 D5 D5 D5 D5 D5 1 35 62 2 20 55 3 39 64 4 10 53 5 10 63 803 113 92 65 912 913 832 803 543 512 432 342 293 262 262 232 234 232 433 233 292 232 . . 263 62 33 62 92 62 62 . . 112 32 93 . . 92 . . . . . 32 292 92 . 32 . 61 . 62 . 62 . . 453 . . . 352 303 202 152 153 . 152 . . . . . . 752 1006 1003 1004 902 753 753 754 703 703 653 553 552 452 402 253 . 152 . . 103 202 . . . . . 152 152 . 102 . . . . . . . . . 52 . . . 382 282 132 263 . . . 33 31 . . . . 212 562 233 82 132 232 32 52 152 . . 152 102 32 . . 413 412 363 283 32 153 182 132 182 . 102 102 442 152 262 . . 133 132 132 102 83 . . . . . . 102 . 101 . . . . . . . . . . . 403 202 . . 202 . . . . . 102 102 . . . . 102 . . 1006 1003 802 503 502 402 203 102 . 303 . . . 202 102 102 . . . . . . . . . 503 . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 402 502 . . . . 404 . . . 102 . . . 102 103 . . . 202 . . 102 . 1003 1002 1003 903 904 904 802 802 703 702 502 503 303 302 6 114 61 343 43 32 25 482 473 342 363 193 162 162 112 103 82 82 72 74 272 574 384 333 272 232 143 233 233 133 133 183 172 112 72 43 183 192 153 103 115 223 132 92 112 42 143 172 352 183 183 94 72 152 113 132 82 93 33 32 7 248 40 12 . . . 52 192 122 483 13 82 101 32 +2 11 22 . 11 102 843 763 192 542 282 242 223 162 62 162 362 362 252 453 . . 22 . . 14 282 +2 . +3 . . 272 62 . 12 33 +2 . 12 . 32 . . +2 8 304 37 123 . . . 182 362 462 132 42 52 21 432 32 . 62 332 . 12 53 13 13 . 52 13 72 32 . 12 . 62 +2 +2 . 693 22 273 13 . 92 22 452 42 62 +2 +2 182 22 122 11 +2 +1 +2 +2 . 33 12 . 9 123 44 12 . . . 22 273 352 92 . 12 102 62 83 . 32 372 . 22 72 62 213 22 32 52 34 253 12 593 183 22 52 72 . 72 . . . . 132 . 72 . . . 503 532 214 694 373 . 282 13 13 . . 403 12 Syntaxonomy and ecology of plant communities 397 Table 1. (continued) Number of column Oxytropido-Elynion Androsace chamaejasme Rhodax alpestris Oxytropis halleri Vulpicida tubulosus (E0 ) Comastoma tenellum (reg.) Dactylina madreporiformis (E0 ) Oxytropis carpatica Carex capillaris Astragalus frigidus Erigeron hungaricus Astragalus norvegicus ES Galium anisophyllon ES Ranunculus breyninus Myosotis alpestris Poa alpina ac Salix reticulata st Sesleria tatrae ES Phyteuma orbiculare Ditrichum flexicaule (E0 ) Mnium thomsonii (E0 ) Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (E0 ) Saxifraga aizoides cf Carex firma cf Ranunculus alpestris ns Luzula sudetica ES Euphrasia salisburgensis st Cardaminopsis *tatrica cf Arenaria tenella ES Thymus pulcherrimus pc Draba aizoides asa Bupleurum ranunculoides as Aster alpinus Festucion versicoloris Salix retusa s. l. Gentiana frigida Erigeron uniflorus (reg.) Saxifraga retusa Pulsatilla vernalis fp Doronicum stiriacum Huperzia selago Polytrichum piliferum (E0 ) tf Cardaminopsis neglecta aa Saxifraga bryoides aa Poa laxa SH Leucanthemopsis *tatrae SH Salix herbacea aa Oxyria digyna Callianthemum coriandrifolium Novosieversia reptans Oxytropido-Elynetalia Festuca *versicolor (reg.) Cerastium eriophorum Minuartia sedoides Minuartia pauciflora (reg.) Ligusticum mutellinoides Carex fuliginosa Saxifraga moschata Hedysarum hedysaroides (reg.) Carex atrata Saussurea alpina (reg.) Antennaria *carpatica Saxifraga oppositifolia Agrostis alpina Gentiana nivalis (reg.) Saussurea pygmaea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C C C C C C C C C C C D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 713 633 202 312 262 92 143 92 142 . 92 942 512 892 772 1006 712 572 573 773 974 632 696 832 542 62 512 92 . 112 . . 752 602 102 102 202 . . 202 202 . . 952 703 702 652 753 603 302 . . 653 . 102 52 602 52 452 . . 52 . . 974 793 744 722 442 622 493 363 212 332 133 972 924 772 872 543 592 642 743 442 102 642 493 442 312 642 152 623 513 462 182 183 1003 502 704 502 702 803 502 403 102 102 . 802 1003 302 602 . 102 202 503 302 . 102 202 102 . 402 . 603 102 402 503 404 1004 102 302 . 602 . 132 603 503 702 404 1003 1004 1003 502 . 902 904 403 602 . 202 102 . 502 602 302 202 703 . 903 703 863 622 423 402 382 312 263 273 203 182 113 952 773 772 752 625 612 543 513 462 453 442 424 422 422 332 322 313 253 242 183 163 +2 . . 22 . . . . . +3 . 182 143 132 172 113 12 182 43 52 192 52 +2 153 +2 21 . 22 . 12 . . 392 393 22 282 62 133 113 32 13 12 +2 612 272 92 162 353 302 392 643 162 212 482 977 823 12 312 . 362 92 222 52 83 242 43 15 13 . . 13 22 34 73 33 762 543 282 593 193 996 893 42 13 73 103 152 32 52 312 223 21 393 22 32 12 C C C C C D D D D D D D D D D D 433 112 . . . 94 172 . . 32 . . . . . . 352 . . . . 353 . . . . . . . . . . 152 82 . . . 152 82 . . 103 . . . 32 . . 103 . . . . . . 103 . 103 102 . . . . . . . . . . 102 . . . . . . . . . . 253 62 . . . 153 82 13 . 53 12 . . 12 . . 635 402 192 162 32 602 482 252 252 242 232 212 202 182 152 153 72 . +2 . . . 132 . . . . . . . . . 42 . 21 . . . 22 . . . . . . . 12 . 1005 893 944 973 913 833 693 664 663 262 313 92 . 62 . 854 953 954 552 953 553 903 953 1003 303 102 . . 52 . 1006 973 954 973 743 853 693 513 312 463 462 513 183 262 82 1005 903 803 402 702 603 302 402 102 103 502 403 604 202 101 1008 1005 402 602 202 403 1003 603 503 804 . . 903 302 102 975 943 984 823 783 733 723 633 543 373 322 243 193 162 42 495 302 413 223 452 312 562 33 252 23 232 263 123 +2 172 984 152 332 252 52 82 92 112 62 12 22 52 13 22 . 635 82 72 32 73 . 142 143 112 62 22 12 52 22 . T6 T6 T6 T6 T6 T6 T6 A. Petrík et al. 398 Table 1. (continued) Number of column Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii Silene acaulis Bistorta vivipara Pedicularis oederi Lloydia serotina Dryas octopetala Luzula *mutabilis Carex rupestris Elyno-Seslerietea cf Saxifraga caesia cf Salix alpina cf Chamorchis alpina cf Viola alpina st Gentiana verna st Astragalus alpinus Bellidiastrum michelii Scabiosa lucida Asplenietea trichomanis Pc Saxifraga paniculata pc Trisetum alpestre pc Artemisia eriantha pc Campanula cochleariifolia pc Androsace lactea av Draba fladnizensis pc Leontopodium alpinum pc Draba dubia pc Draba tomentosa pc Draba×sturii Thlaspietea rotundifolii pt Pritzelago alpina pt Cerastium *glandulosum aa Saxifraga hieraciifolia aa Saxifraga androsacea aa Saxifraga carpathica aa Ranunculus glacialis Salicetea herbaceae ac Leontodon pseudotaraxaci fp Festuca picturata ac Sedum atratum Sh Sedum alpestre Caricion atrofusco-saxatilis Kobresia simpliciuscula Juncus triglumis Caricetea curvulae jt Juncus trifidus Campanula alpina Primula minima Agrostis pyrenaica jt Senecio *carniolicus Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea Vaccinium vitis-idaea Vaccinium myrtillus Vaccinium gaultherioides Mulgedio-Aconitetea tf Rhodiola rosea Aconitum firmum Cv Achillea *alpestris Cv Anemone narcissiflora Cv Solidago *minuta Cv Luzula luzuloides Cv Gentiana punctata Others Campanula tatrae Carex sempervirens Viola biflora Bartsia alpina Thymus alpestris 1 2 3 1006 1004 1003 743 915 292 . 905 854 752 603 502 452 . 976 1004 953 953 383 562 . 61 143 172 . 32 33 203 62 . . . 52 . 52 . . 694 . . . . . . . . . 4 5 6 7 8 9 905 1003 402 903 101 402 . 603 1004 1003 903 . 802 . 936 974 893 823 514 462 . 764 702 532 582 64 442 12 443 692 432 182 785 +2 46 182 593 242 22 154 22 . . 84 152 . 102 52 102 232 . . 102 . . 105 . . . . . . . 402 102 502 21 74 112 12 42 83 112 142 . . . . . . 62 22 623 443 212 123 52 +2 403 122 . 213 22 23 312 124 643 783 302 . . . . . . . . . 1005 262 362 212 83 132 32 52 . . 804 604 402 302 202 202 303 202 102 102 1003 202 . . . 202 . . . . 764 163 162 102 42 82 42 41 12 11 453 +2 82 . . . . 12 +2 . 462 413 32 462 292 . 152 . 62 . 333 73 . 22 22 . . . . . 342 173 372 312 . . 52 402 753 102 . . 132 132 151 . 31 . . . . . . . . 203 . . . . 162 182 302 112 11 . +2 122 172 172 82 82 92 42 12 12 . . 12 222 11 22 . . 202 33 . . . 102 . . 442 35 102 . 102 . 102 . 302 402 . . 252 73 42 . 152 173 . 122 72 . 22 . 202 204 32 . . 32 52 . 32 . 202 . . . 42 12 . . 94 +2 . . 233 573 543 . . 954 953 653 352 . 313 312 542 32 . 102 102 703 . . 702 . 102 . . 413 463 543 72 . 512 682 712 262 102 12 42 82 . . 32 62 . 82 . 463 62 62 453 102 . 102 . . . . . . . . 253 42 22 332 212 132 312 102 12 322 273 24 32 62 32 92 31 . . 452 252 52 102 52 52 . 822 31 52 . . . . 802 . . . . . . 1004 102 105 303 102 202 . 532 82 43 72 32 32 . 452 32 12 292 182 62 122 172 12 12 22 . 22 . 242 62 463 353 112 273 22 572 492 263 662 92 852 402 153 . . 902 362 82 382 563 802 202 202 102 602 1003 1005 502 703 503 792 453 193 402 323 582 463 262 492 262 92 142 112 553 42 372 966 213 552 383 Syntaxonomy and ecology of plant communities 399 Table 1. (continued) Number of column Pedicularis verticillata Alchemilla spec. div. Euphrasia tatrae Soldanella carpatica Botrychium lunaria Ligusticum mutellina Trollius altissimus Cardaminopsis arenosa agg. Ranunculus pseudomontanus Gentianella lutescens Tofieldia calyculata Bryophytes & Lichens Cetraria islandica Tortella tortuosa Polytrichum alpinum Rhytidium rugosum Plagiochila porelloides Entodon concinnus Ctenidium molluscum Cladonia sp. Bryum sp. Thamnolia vermicularis Campylium stellatum Cetraria nivalis Alectoria ochroleuca Hypnum cupressiforme Cladonia coccifera Timmia austriaca Hylocomium splendens Dicranum scoparium Ptilidium ciliare Racomitrium lanuginosum Polytrichum strictum Cladonia arbuscula Myurella julacea Distichium capillaceum Schistidium apocarpum agg. Racomitrium canescens Encalypta alpina Caloplaca cinnamomea Didymodon giganteus Megaspora verrucosa Hypnum hamulosum Cirriphyllum cirrosum Solorina bispora Tritomaria quinquedentata Dicranum fuscescens Polytrichum longisetum Ctenidium procerrimum Campylium chrysophyllum Scapania cuspiduligera Pohlia cruda Cladonia uncialis Psora decipiens Squamarina gypsacea Ochrolechia upsaliensis Hypnum vaucheri 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 462 62 32 974 31 33 62 172 . . 143 102 152 102 903 102 302 301 . 302 . . 462 282 32 182 82 32 32 312 32 182 . . . . . . . . . . 301 . 802 702 402 . . . . 502 . 202 . 392 202 72 523 52 72 82 202 62 112 43 482 182 162 612 . 272 . +2 272 52 12 442 12 +2 442 12 22 . 152 42 302 343 452 473 182 592 232 413 22 192 282 212 53 912 633 434 433 542 432 142 32 262 402 463 33 62 172 32 402 1006 314 512 174 36 32 32 572 92 232 62 32 143 62 202 142 32 372 203 113 32 263 232 542 . . . . . 954 102 553 552 . . . 152 52 402 102 452 152 52 102 53 906 503 603 52 254 253 . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 254 . . . . 302 . . . . 512 873 313 413 332 562 233 362 182 852 262 262 82 152 102 102 213 33 133 52 133 32 442 382 442 102 262 82 263 102 182 212 232 212 . . 412 82 102 . 32 212 132 32 52 202 802 202 303 302 302 102 . . 902 202 103 302 202 202 . . . . . . . 502 . 302 102 502 402 102 202 . . . . . . 402 . . . . 402 304 402 402 202 1003 102 602 402 102 102 502 202 . . . . . 102 102 . . . . . . 602 302 . . 702 . . . 402 102 102 . . . . . . 402 . . . . . 663 673 353 452 342 362 142 192 172 562 263 182 102 122 92 182 546 183 313 83 104 63 252 332 202 112 212 72 143 72 162 122 102 182 123 83 182 112 112 202 62 112 73 42 52 643 362 453 242 +2 12 12 102 22 372 192 312 252 53 162 42 423 173 82 222 52 252 22 122 41 82 42 +2 +2 . 22 62 +2 42 41 . +2 +2 . 232 202 . . . 41 462 794 43 343 92 212 433 102 72 332 332 62 162 203 +3 14 364 103 32 183 13 22 102 292 242 23 173 102 133 132 82 102 122 23 +1 +2 203 72 12 42 12 22 112 12 73 233 494 23 73 12 12 34 32 22 32 43 22 12 13 . . 83 23 . . . 12 33 22 73 72 . . . . . 12 12 . . . . 22 . 32 . . . . . Explanations: aa – Androsacion alpinae, ac – Arabidion coerulae; as – Astero-Seslerion; asa – Astero-Seslerienion; av – Androsacion vandelii; ca – Caricion atrofusco-saxatilis; CC – Caricetea curvulae; cf – Caricion firmae; CK – Carici rupestris-Kobresietea, Cv – Calamagrostietalia villosae; ES – Elyno-Seslerietea; fp – Festucion picturatae; fv – Festucion versicoloris; jt – Juncion trifidi; LV – Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea; NS – Nardetea strictae; ns – Nardion strictae; Oe – Oxytropido-Elynetalia; oe – Oxytropido-Elynion; Pc – Potentilletalia caulescentis; pc – Potentillion caulescentis; pt – Papaverion tatrici; SH – Salicetea herbaceae; Sh – Salicetalia herbaceae; st – Seslerion tatrae; tf – Trisetion fusci. C – characteristic taxon; D – diﬀerential taxon; T – transgressive taxon; reg. – regional diagnostic taxon, in another area it should have a diﬀerent coenological status or it does not occur; + – occurence with frequency lower than 0.5 %. 400 nus, Mnium thomsonii, Plagiochila porelloides, Pohlia cruda, Racomitrium canescens, Scapania cuspiduligera, Timmia austriaca, Tortella tortuosa and Tritomaria quinquedentata. Festuco versicoloris-Oreochloetum distichae PAWlOWSKI et STECKI 1927 nom. corr. et nom. invers. propos. hoc loco Tab. 1, column 2 Original form of the name: Disticheto-Varietum Pawlowski et Stecki 1927 (art. 42, 43) Nomenclatural type: Pawlowski et Stecki (1927, Tab. 6, r. 7), lectotypus Synonyms: Disticheto-Varietum Pawlowski 1928 p. p. (art. 2b, 31), Versicoloretum tatricum Pawlowski 1935 p. p. min. (art. 34a) Non: Seslerio tatrae-Festucetum versicoloris Pawlowski et Stecki 1927 corr. Kliment et al. 2005 Characteristic taxon: Dianthus glacialis (transgr.) Differential taxa: Avenula versicolor, Bistorta major, Festuca supina (dom.), Hieracium alpinum, Luzula alpinopilosa subsp. obscura, Oreochloa disticha (subdom.), Potentilla aurea, P. crantzii, Pulsatilla scherfelii, Salix hastata, Senecio abrotanifolis subsp. carpathicus, Cetraria cucullata, Cladonia gracilis, C. rangiferina, Pleurozium schreberi The Oreochloo-Distichetum is closed, two-layered cushion-sward community rich in species. The stands are typically dominated by species Festuca supina and Silene acaulis; Oreochloa disticha and Minuartia sedoides play role of subdominants. Numerous arctic-alpine and boreal species (e.g. Bistorta major, B. vivipara, Carex atrata, Cerastium eriophorum, Hedysarum hedysaroides, Juncus trifidus, Ligusticum mutellinoides, Pedicularis oederi, Saussurea alpina etc.) occur in this community – all with lower cover but high constancy. In the well-developed cryptogamiclayer, Hylocomium splendens has the highest cover and constancy. Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum alpinum, P. strictum, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Ptilidium ciliare and lichens Cetraria islandica, C. cucullata and Cladonia rangiferina are also frequent. The stands of this association most frequently occur on marl limestone, and only very rarely on limestone and dolomite in the alpine belt. They are found in extremely windy habitats, both on flat ridges or gentle slopes, less frequently in the scarp positions. Soils are medium deep to deep, with layer of raw humus on surface. The community has character of arctic-alpine high-mountain tundra. Presence of acidophilous (sub)species, such as Agrostis pyrenaica, Avenula versicolor, Campanula alpina, Juncus trifidus, Oreochloa disticha, Potentilla aurea, Pulsatilla scherfelii, Senecio *carpathicus and the like, indicates relatively close syngenetical relationships to the acidophilous alpine communities of the Jun- A. Petrík et al. cion trifidi. We propose to correct and to invert the name of the association Disticho-Varietum described by Polish authors Pawlowski & Stecki (1927) to the name Festuco versicoloris-Oreochloetum distichae. The species Festuca varia do not occur in the Western Carpathians. Festucetum versicoloris DOMIN 1929 Tab. 1, column 3; Tab. 3 Nomenclatural type: Domin (1929: 8), lectotypus Synonym: Versicoloretum tatricum Pawlowski 1935 p. p. min. (art. 34a) Non: Festucetum versicoloris Domin 1933, Seslerio tatrae-Festucetum versicoloris Pawlowski et Stecki 1927 corr. Kliment et al. 2005 Differential taxa: Cardaminopsis arenosa agg.1, Crepis jacquinii, Delphinium oxysepalum, Dianthus glacialis1 , Helianthemum grandiflorum1 , Leontodon pseudotaraxaci1 , Luzula sudetica1 , Myosotis alpestris1 , Parnassia palustris1 , Pedicularis verticillata1 , Phyteuma orbiculare1 , Ranunculus alpestris1 , Salix reticulata1 , Saussurea alpina1 , Saxifraga aizoides1 , Scabiosa lucida1 , Sesleria tatrae1 , Swertia perennis subsp. alpestris1 , Thymus pulcherrimus1 , Didymodon asperifolius, Distichium capillaceum1 , Hylocomium splendens1 , Hypnum bambergeri, Sanionia uncinata1 , Solorina bispora1 , Tritomaria quinquedentata1 Festucetum versicoloris is a cushion-sward community with open to nearly close canopy. It is very species-rich (64 taxa per relevé on the average). The dominanting Festuca *versicolor and Silene acaulis determine the physiognomy of the stands. Bistorta vivipara, Minuartia sedoides, Ranunculus breyninus and Saxifraga paniculata regularly attain higher values of cover. Occurrence of species Oxytropis carpatica and O. halleri is symptomatic for stands of this association. Species-rich and well-developed layer of cryptogams is build mainly by lichens such as Dactylina madreporiformis, Thamnolia vermicularis and Vulpicida tubulosus, and also by mosses Entodon concinnus, Hypnum bambergeri, Ctenidium procerrimum and Schistidium apocarpum agg. This community occurs on slight to steep, mainly south- to west-facing, rocky slopes in the alpine belt of the Belianske Tatry Mts. It occupies very shallow to medium deep, humus-rich soils, sometime aﬀected by solifluction, and having lightly alkalic to slightly acidic soil reaction on spotted shale (= Allgäu-Schiefer), marl limestone or rarely on neighbouring quartzite. In habitats with shallow soil, the stands are similar in floristic composition and habitat conditions to the Oxytropido carpaticae-Elynetum and to some rockyfissure communities. On deeper soils on less-inclined 1 Diﬀerential taxa against the association Oxytropido carpaticae-Elynetum Syntaxonomy and ecology of plant communities 401 Table 2. Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum reticulatae PETRÍK ass. nov. subass. biscutelletosum laevigatae subass. nov. (r. 1–12, frequency C1); subass. saxifragetosum moschatae subass. nov. (r. 13–35, frequency C2) Number of relevé 000000000111 123456789012 556445667665 451786043718 11111112222222222333333 34567890123456789012345 76676675656656666566767 00026559343573204863152 C1 % C2 % C % T C C C D D D D D D D ++1+.+1+++++ ........++.. ............ ............ +11+++++a+++ a11+++1+a1rr 1+++++++1+++ +b...+++++1. ba11a.111.1. ++..1...++++ ......+..... a1++11+1..1mm1++....11+ ..........m...........1 ..r............1....+.. ..........31........... +++1+.+r+.r+11.1+11a111 1bbba1b1.a+++b1+..+1++1 ++111+1+.++++1+.....+1+ 1a1m1+1+++.+1111+111..+ b.11.1.......+..+1.m1.m .+.r..++...+.11.......1 ++.++.....+....1...+..1 92 17 0 0 100 100 100 67 75 58 8 74 9 13 9 87 87 74 87 43 35 35 80 11 9 6 91 91 83 80 54 43 26 D D D D D +.++1+..+r++ ..........1+..........1 ...+r+..++++ ...+.........b3........ ...+++.++++++ ....................... 1..++111++.. ....1.................. 1+++a...+... .1..................... a+..1...+r.. ....................... ......++++.. ++a1a11b111+1...+1+a+++ ......++.... +++++++.++1.+.1+...1.++ ............ 1a1m.1+.+...+..m111b1bm ............ +.1.111b+a+11..+++.1... ...+.......+ +.+.1.....+++..b+11+1+. ......1.+... +++++.b++........+.++.1 ............ ++.+..1.1+1..+1....++++ ............ ...+.1.+++aa.......++++ ............ ..+....++.r++...+.++.+. ............ r.+..a.1.+.+1.....++... ............ +++.+++++....+......... ............ ..11..b...m+3........1+ 75 58 67 67 50 42 33 17 0 0 17 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 13 0 4 4 0 87 70 70 65 57 52 57 48 43 39 39 35 34 29 23 26 20 14 69 51 46 43 43 40 37 31 29 26 26 23 T T T T C C C C C C C C C T D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 111+111a1+1+ .1+abb1bb311 +.11++111+++ ..1..++1r.ba 1.+..+++..11 +.++11++.+11 ..........++ ...r...+.+.. ............ ............ +....+...... ............ ............ ..........++ 3aa1ab333baa a1111ama1b11 ++++++++++++ .+++..+++.rr ++++1+++++++ ++.+.++.+.++ 1+a.1+++11+. ++..+1.1++++ 343533ba4433 +++..+1+..++ +1+++++++1.. 1.1.111+..+. ..++.+r+++.. .++.r++.+.++ +...++.+.... .+.......... ............ +..........+ 100 92 92 58 58 83 17 25 0 0 17 0 0 17 100 100 100 67 100 67 83 75 100 67 83 58 58 67 33 8 0 17 96 96 87 96 78 52 39 26 22 22 4 13 13 0 100 96 91 100 74 83 74 70 52 61 43 57 52 43 61 13 13 0 97 94 89 83 71 63 31 26 14 14 9 9 9 6 100 97 94 89 83 77 77 71 69 63 57 57 54 51 51 11 9 6 Number of taxa Diagnostic taxa of the association oe Pyrola carpatica ca Tofieldia pusilla (reg.) ca Carex atrofusca (reg.) Arctous alpina (reg.) ac Saxifraga wahlenbergii Swertia *alpestris Selaginella selaginoides Sanionia uncinata (E0 ) Dicranum spadiceum (E0 ) Coeloglossum viride Meesia uliginosa (E0 ) Differential taxa of the subassociations cf Pinguicula alpina Ranunculus thora ES Biscutella laevigata Campylium chrysophyllum (E0 ) ES Belliadiastrum michelii Tofieldia calyculata Oe Saxifraga moschata Blepharostoma trichophyllum (E0 ) Campylium stellatum (E0 ) CC Festuca supina Rhytidium rugosum (E0 ) Timmia austriaca (E0 ) Tritomaria quinquedentata (E0 ) Oe Antennaria *carpatica CK Luzula *mutabilis Saussurea alpina Isopterygiopsis pulchella (E0 ) Polytrichum formosum (E0 ) Oxytropido-Elynion Minuartia pauciflora (reg.) Minuartia sedoides Cerastium eriophorum Carex fuliginosa Androsace chamaejasme Rhodax alpestris Vulpicida tubulosus (E0 ) Comastoma tenellum (reg.) Astragalus frigidus Oxytropis carpatica Astragalus norvegicus Carex capillaris Dactylina madreporiformis (E0) Gentiana nivalis (reg.) ac Salix reticulata Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (E0 ) ES Galium anisophyllon Myosotis alpestris cf Ranunculus alpestris Poa alpina Mnium thomsonii (E0 ) st Sesleria tatrae cf Carex firma Saxifraga aizoides ES Phyteuma orbiculare Ditrichum flexicaule (E0 ) ns Luzula sudetica st Cardaminopsis *tatrica ES Ranunculus breyninus pc Draba aizoides cf Arenaria tenella ES Euphrasia salisburgensis D 1+aa1a1++11+a+.1aaa1a1a 1.a1ab11a111a1+ba1+abab +1a1aa+b+..+1a+11+111.a 11+1+1++++a+1.1a1++1111 ...+1m+++a111.m+1++.+11 ...++a...++1...+1.+.a+1 ...+......+.+..11++.1+. r.r.1.+......++........ ...+......++........1.1 .....+.........+a...++. ...........+........... ..........1.........+.+ ...............+.+..+.. ....................... 44b43bb33333a13bb33bbb3 3am1b1m+11++11m1++m++b. +11+++b.+++++m+1++++1+. +1++++1+++1++++1+++1+++ +1++++.+..+.+..1++1m1+1 ++++++1+.+.+.+.++++++++ ++1+++m...1+.1+1.+1b1.+ 11+1+11r++.+.11+....1.1 +.rbb1...+...1.1+...bbb ++.+.++......+.1+++++11 +1.1+++......11.....1.+ .1+.1+....+....1m111b11 ++.+++...+...1+....++++ +1.+..1++....++....+..+ +1.+.1a++r.1+a....+.1.+ ....+............++.... ................1+...r. ....................... A. Petrík et al. 402 Table 2. (continued) Number of relevé 000000000111 11111112222222222333333 123456789012 34567890123456789012345 Oxytropido-Elynetalia Festuca *versicolor (reg.) Ligusticum mutellinoides Hedysarum hedysaroides (reg.) Carex atrata fv Salix retusa s.l. Dianthus glacialis Oxytropis halleri fv Gentiana frigida Saxifraga oppositifolia Carici rupestris-Kobresietea Silene acaulis Bistorta vivipara Pedicularis oederi Dryas octopetala Loydia serotina Potentilla crantzii Others Soldanella carpatica Pc Saxifraga paniculata Bartsia alpina CC Campanula alpina Campanula tatrae Primula minima CC Carex *silicicola LV Vaccinium vitis-idaea Pedicularis verticillata aa Saxifraga hieraciifolia pt Pritzelago alpina aa Saxifraga androsacea Bistorta major Parnassia palustris Viola biflora jt Juncus trifidus CC Oreochloa disticha SH Luzula *obscura ac Leontodon pseudotaraxaci cf Chamorchis alpina pt Cerastium *glandulosum Huperzia selago Homogyne alpina Cardaminopsis arenosa agg. cf Salix alpina pc Crepis jacquinii Bryophytes & Lichens Hylocomium splendens Cetraria islandica Tortella tortuosa Distichium capillaceum Pohlia cruda Plagiochila porelloides Ptilidium ciliare Entodon concinnus Polytrichum alpinum Thamnolia vermicularis Dicranum scoparium Philonotis tomentella Thuidium philibertii Pleurozium schreberi Bryum sp. Scapania cuspiduligera Racomitrium canescens Orthothecium rufescens Hypnum hamulosum Dicranum fuscescens Hylocomium pyrenaicum babaa11ba1aa .+++.+++11++ a.1..111.... ..+.r+r1.+11 .11..1+..+++ .......+..rr ............ ............ ............ 111bb3a+111a333ab1babaa +.11aa+a1b11ab1+r++++++ 3aabb3ab.+a3+..+1a..11a +..+11++.b.++aa.+.+.+.+ +1....3.....1a1..b...1. +.r.+...++............. r..........+...+1.+.++. ......+........+...1.r. ................+++.... 100 83 42 67 58 25 0 0 0 100 96 78 65 35 22 30 17 13 100 91 66 66 43 23 20 11 9 3b1ba3b3bb11 111++11+a1ma 111+11111111 1+ab313aa+44 1.+...++..1+ ............ 3343333b3bba4ab33b33333 aabbabbaa1bbb1mmm11111a 1aaa1111a+1111111111+11 1+1a1a1.+1b3a+.3b3.b13b +11111111.a++..m11111m1 .......r.+............. 100 100 100 100 50 0 100 100 100 87 87 9 100 100 100 91 74 6 111+a111ba++ +..+.+b1.... .+1.a+++1+++ .+...+.11111 .++...+..+.. ..+....+.+11 ....1.++1+.. ..++1.+...++ +++..++.+.++ .....rr+.... r+1..1+.+1.. ..+...+.++.. .r.+...+.... a+++.....+.. +11.r+..1... .......+..++ .........+.. .........+.. .1......1+.. .....+....++ ..+....+.... ..+......+++ .+.......+.. ......+..... +..+.+...... +...+....... mb1ma1bmmb+m1m11.+111++ 1111.++++.1+1..babbaa1b +++++.1...+++++.+.....+ +...1+.++b1+a11.+..+... +.1+++++++..+..+.++.1++ ....++.++.b+m.1++..+++1 ++.++.+.++...11....+++. m..1.....1b1+.1.....++1 ++.++++.......+.....1.. ..1+r..a1+r+1......+... ++..........+.....+1... .+++..m+1.........+.... .....11++1..+.+........ ...+.+.......++.....+.. .........1...b1........ ........1+..a.1....+... .......1bb++1.1........ ......++1r.++1......... .1.+..+......+......... ..........+..........++ ..1..111............... ..........1..+......... ......a.+....am........ ..+.......++......++... .....a.......b......... .............+.......+. 100 42 83 58 33 42 42 50 67 25 58 33 25 42 50 25 8 8 25 25 17 33 17 8 25 17 96 83 57 57 70 61 52 43 35 43 22 30 30 22 13 22 30 30 17 13 17 9 17 22 9 9 97 69 66 57 57 54 49 46 46 37 34 31 29 29 26 23 23 23 20 17 17 17 17 17 14 11 b3baabbba3ba +++++1++++11 +.++++m1.... ++1...+1.++. ..+...1.1.a. 11.++++.+1.. +++.+....+.. 1....+++a... a1+.....1ba. ..+..+.+..1. .......1.a.. ..1...+.11.. 1........... ..........1+ ............ ......+..... .+.......... .......+.... ............ ............ ............ 33bb3b35b313bm3b13mbbb3 +++1+m++1+++..1.1++++++ +++11+...+.+...mmm11b+. +.+++++...+.....++.b++b ++.++.++++++.+1...+..++ ..+++.....+..++++.++..+ ....+.+++++++b.+..++.1. +1+........+...++1+.++. b+...1+.bb....b..+1.... .....+..+.+....1++++++. .1.1+....bm3mm.......+. 1.1+...............1+.1 .1+............+.++.+++ 1.....1+.+.1.b3........ .++++...1..+...+.+.1... 1..++........+.++..1... ...+1+.........+1.+.+.. ..+............1+..1+.+ ........+..+.1.+.+.+.+. .......1..1+..m...1.11. ++.++.+......11........ 100 100 58 58 33 67 42 42 50 33 17 33 8 17 0 8 8 8 0 0 0 100 87 65 57 65 48 57 43 39 43 39 26 35 30 39 30 30 26 30 30 30 100 91 63 57 54 54 51 43 43 40 31 29 26 26 26 23 23 20 20 20 20 Syntaxonomy and ecology of plant communities 403 Table 2. (continued) Number of relevé Scapania sp. Hypnum cupressiforme Racomitrium lanuginosum Lescuraea plicata Cirriphyllum cirrosum Ctenidium molluscum Didymodon giganteus Polytrichum longisetum 000000000111 11111112222222222333333 123456789012 34567890123456789012345 1+1+....+... .+.+.+...1+. ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........+.........+.... ................+...... ..........31m....+...1+ +.+.+.+...........+.... ...1............+++..+. ............+..11.+...+ ...............1+m+...1 .......1.......1...1+.. 42 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 4 26 22 22 22 22 17 20 17 17 14 14 14 14 11 Taxa occurring in 1–3 relevés: E1 : Achillea *alpestris + (19); Aconitum firmum + (19), r (20); Adoxa moschatellina + (19); Alchemilla sp. r (20), + (21); Anemone narcissiflora r (10), + (21, 27); Anthoxanthum alpinum + (19); Asplenium viride r (10); Astragalus alpinus 1 (35); A. australis + (23, 24, 29); Avenula versicolor + (19, 21, 27); Botrychium lunaria r (18); Cortusa matthioli + (19); Cystopteris fragilis r (2); Delphinium oxysepalum + (20); Doronicum stiriacum 1 (21, 32), 2a (25); Euphrasia tatrae + (12); Euphrasia sp. + (11); Festuca picturata 1 (27); Gentiana verna + (27); Hieracium alpinum + (21), 1 (27); Juncus triglumis + (18); Ligusticum mutellina 1 (27); Linum extraaxillare + (26); Phleum hirsutum + (27); Picea abies r (3, 4, 9); Pinus mugo r (9), + (11, 12); Potentilla aurea + (21, 27); Primula elatior r (20); Pseudorchis albida + (35); Rhodiola rosea + (18); Saxifraga bryoides + (31); S. caesia r (11, 12); Scabiosa lucida + (5, 26); Senecio *carpathicus 1 (22); Solidago *minuta r (3); Tephroseris capitata r (26, 31); T. crispa + (19, 20); Thymus alpestris + (21, 26, 31); Trollius altissimus + (19, 22); Vaccinium gaultherioides + (23, 24); V. myrtillus + (9, 27); Veronica alpina + (2). E0 : Alectoria ochroleuca + (11), 1 (12); Aulacomnium palustre 1 (10), + (19); Barbilophozia attenuata + (13, 21); B. barbata + (30); B. kunzeana + (14); B. lycopodioides 1 (19, 27); B. quadriloba + (20); Barbilophozia sp. + (9, 10); Bartramia ithyphylla + (21); Biatorella sp. + (9); Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostre + (30); Bryum capillare + (18, 33, 34); B. capillare 1 (9); B. pallescens + (4, 10); Caloplaca cinnamomea + (5); Catoscopium nigritum + (4); Cephalozia bicuspidata + (23); Cetraria ericetorum + (12); C. nivalis 1 (12); Cladonia arbuscula + (10); C. coccifera + (9); C. furcata + (9); C. gracilis + (8, 9); C. *pocillum + (8, 9), 1 (12); C. squamosa 1 (12); C. symphycarpa + (5); Cladonia sp. + (10); Dicranum acutifolium 1 (17), 2b (19); D. bonjeanii + (35); D. elongatum 2m (21); Distichium inclinatum + (14, 31); Drepanocladus revolvens + (4), 1 (9); Encalypta alpina + (28, 29); Heterocladium dimorphum + (9, 26, 27); Homalothecium philippeanum (8); Hypnum bambergeri + (29), 1 (30, 33); H. lindbergii + (2); H. recurvatum + (3); H. revolutum + (30), 2m (31); Meesia triquetra + (2, 17), 1 (10); Megaspora verrucosa + (5, 8); Micarea sp. + (9); Myurella julacea + (34); M. tenerrima + (29, 31, 35); Orthothecium chryseon 2m (30); Pannaria pezizoides 1 (9); Peltigera aphthosa + (9); P. leucophlebia + (5, 10); Plagiobryum demissum + (31, 32); Plagiomnium ellipticum 1 (26); P. rostratum + (35); Plagiopus oederiana + (16, 35); Pogonatum aloides 2b (25), + (29); Polytrichum strictum 2b (3); Pseudoleskeella catenulata + (9, 31, 33); Pseudostereodon procerrimum + (18); Racomitrium heterostichum + (29); Rhodobryum roseum + (26); Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus + (14, 27), 1 (35); Scapania aspera + (25); S. helvetica + (18); Schistidium atrofuscum + (33); S. boreale + (29); S. trichodon + (30); Solorina bispora + (9); Sphagnum sp. + (25); Tayloria froehlichiana + (8); T. lingulata 1 (9, 32), + (19); Thelopsis melathelia + (8); Thuidium abietinum + (29); Th. erectum + (13, 29). Explanations: see Tab. 1. slopes with places this community shows floristic links to the Festuco versicoloris-Oreochloetum distichae. In the transitional zone between the alpine and subalpine belt on relatively sheltered habitats, stands showing transtitional features to the Seslerio tatrae-Festucetum versicoloris (the Seslerion tatrae) occur. We propose to use the name Festucetum versicoloris Domin 1929 for the community with dominant subspecies Festuca *versicolor and with presence of species of genus Oxytropis. The community represents relic vegetation in alpine belt of the Belianske Tatry Mts. Domin (1933) described similar stands from the Southern Carpathians (Buçegi Mts). Due to diﬀerences in the evolution of the local floras, we prefer to consider the Festuca versicolor communities of the Western and Southern Carpathians as separate units. Based on diﬀerent ecology and floristic composition two subassociations are recognised: 1) Festucetum versicoloris saxifragetosum oppositifoliae subass. nov. hoc loco (Tab. 3, rels 1– 28; nomenclatural type: Tab. 3, r. 24, holotypus hoc loco) typifies mainly open stands on steep (rarely moderate) slopes with garland soils in ridge positions of the Belianske Tatry Mts. More rocky habi- tats and openness of stands are well-indicated by differential species Arenaria tenella, Artemisia eriantha, Campanula cochlearifolia, Carex capillaris, C. firma, Crepis jacquinii, Draba aizoides, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Saxifraga oppositifolia and Trisetum alpestre. Mosses, such as Ctenidium procerrimum, Distichium capillaceum, Ditrichum flexicaule, Entodon concinnus, Hypnum bambergeri, Mnium thomsonii, Myurella julacea, Plagiochila porelloides, Schistidium apocarpum agg., and lichen Dactylina madreporiformis diﬀerentiate this subassociation in the cryptogamic layer. Stands of the subassociation on sunny rocky ridges with very shallow soil, ecologically and floristically similar to the Oxytropido carpaticae-Elynetum, are singled out as a variant with Aster alpinus (Tab. 3, rels 1–14), characterised by diﬀerential (sub)species Aster alpinus, Bupleurum ranunculoides, Chamorchis alpina, Gentianella lutescens, Primula *hungarica, Sedum atratum and Psora decipiens. The variant with Saxifraga wahlenbergii (Tab. 3, rels 15–28) is positively diﬀerentiated by hygrophilous scree species such as Pritzelago alpina, Ranunculus alpestris, Saxifraga wahlenbergii and moss Campylium stellatum. A. Petrík et al. 404 Table 3. Festucetum versicoloris DOMIN 1929 subass. saxifragetosum oppositifoliae subass. nov. (r. 1–28, frequency C1); subass. caricetosum atratae subass. nov. (r. 29–39, frequency C2) variant with Aster alpinus (r. 1–14); variant with Saxifraga wahlenbergii (r. 15–28) Number of relevé 00000000011111 12345678901234 67567646555566 70983595332945 Number of taxa Differential taxa of the association pt Delphinium oxysepalum Didymodon asperifolium (E0 ) Differential taxa of the subassociations Ditrichum flexicaule (E0 ) oe Dactylina madreporiformis (E0 ) ES Euphrasia salisburgensis cf Arenaria tenella Oe Saxifraga oppositifolia Entodon concinnus (E0 ) cf Carex firma Myurella julacea (E0 ) pc Draba aizoides Schistidium apocarpum (E0 ) Pseudostereodon procerrimum (E0 ) pc Crepis jacquinii Mnium thomsonii (E0 ) Distichium capillaceum (E0 ) pc Artemisia eriantha Plagiochila porelloides (E0 ) oe Carex capillaris Hypnum bambergeri (E0 ) pc Trisetum alpestre pc Campanula cochleariifolia Cetraria islandica (E0 ) Oe Carex atrata CC Campanula alpina ns Luzula sudetica Sanionia uncinata (E0 ) CC Oreochloa disticha Soldanella carpatica Oe Dianthus glacialis CC Avenula versicolor fp Doronicum clusii CK Potentilla crantzii aa Saxifraga hieraciifolia Pogonatum urnigerum (E0 ) Trifolium orbelicum SH Luzula *obscura st Tephroseris capitata Polytrichum strictum (E0 ) Ptilidium ciliare (E0 ) LV Vaccinium vitis-idaea Differential taxa of the variants as Aster alpinus asa Bupleurum ranunculoides Gentianella lutescens Psora decipiens (E0 ) cf Chamorchis alpina pc Primula *hungarica ac Sedum atratum ac Saxifraga wahlenbergii cf Ranunculus alpestris pt Pritzelago alpina Campylium stellatum (E0 ) Oxytropido-Elynion Androsace chamaejasme Rhodax alpestris Oxytropis halleri Vulpicida tubulosus Oxytropis carpatica Comastoma tenellum D D D D C C C C C C 11111222222222 56789012345678 66755665577686 27526669856394 23333333333 90123456789 67655677645 78658760051 C1 % C2 % C % +r.....++.+r.. ..+.+1..+..... .++.+1+.+.. ...a..+1....1+ .......++...1+ ..+.b...... 36 32 55 18 41 28 11.11+++1+++11 .++++++1+11+11 ++++++++++++++ 1+.11a11a1a1++ ........++++++ .+.++.+++...++ ..+...1++1+++3 ++.+++....+.++ ....+++.++.... .+.+.+..++..+1 .+.+1+.+.+..1+ +11..+b+aab1.+ 1+.+........+. .+.1+...+..... .....1..r1+r.+ +++++..+...... 1a++11...+..b. ...+...a.....+ +...+.+..1+++. .....++.++...+ ....+..1..+.++ ......r++...+. .......+...... +++....+...... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. bba1.11a1a1a1+ ++..11+11+++.. +++.....++++.+ .1....++1+11++ +a.a+11++++11+ +++..++.+1+++1 ..+...++.+331+ ..+.++++.+.+++ 11.1+m+1.++++. .++..++++.++.+ 1.....1.+1++1+ .....+.+.1+..1 a+1+.+++.1++1. 1.+++++.+++++. +1..++.1++r... ..+..+++...+++ ..1.+..1+..... .+...+++.11a++ .+......++.... ........1.+1.. ++.+......+... .......+...... +.1++......... .....+........ ..+..1......+. ..1+........+. .............+ +.+.........+. ..+........... ............+. ....+......... r............. .....+........ .....+........ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..+++...... +.......... ...+1.+.... .........+1 .......+... .+..1a..... ........+.a ........... +.........+ ..+........ ........... ........... ++......... ........... ........... ........... ...1.....+. ..++....... ........... ........... +1++++aa+++ +.++...+1+1 ++1+.+1..r. +++.+1++... 1a+.+1a.+.. b+11.+a.... +m..+..+++. m+...+1..+. .+.++++.... +11..++.... +.++...++.. rr...+r+... 1+.1.++.... ++1..++.... .r+..++...1 ..1..b+++.. .1++.+a.... a+..+1a.... ...+...+1.r 93 82 79 79 68 68 61 61 57 57 57 57 54 54 50 46 43 43 36 29 32 18 18 18 11 11 4 11 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 27 9 27 18 9 27 18 0 18 9 0 0 18 0 0 0 18 18 0 0 100 64 64 64 64 55 55 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 36 74 62 64 62 51 56 49 44 46 44 41 41 44 38 36 33 36 36 26 21 51 31 31 31 26 23 18 21 15 15 15 15 15 15 13 13 13 13 10 111..+...1a1.. 1+1++......++. .+.++..+.+++.. +..+++.....+++ ..1r.+...+..+. .+.r.+.r.1.... +..+.....+.+.. .............. .........+...+ .............. ......++...... .............. .............. .............. .+............ ..........r... .............. .............. 1++1.++..++1++ +m+1..++++mm++ .+.+...+..++.. ++1......++1+. ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... +1..r..r... ++......+.. ........... ....+...... 25 25 25 29 21 18 14 39 50 18 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 27 0 9 18 18 18 21 15 13 10 38 44 13 26 mbm1mm+1m.bm1+ .a1+1++111++11 11+1a+....++a1 .++.++.b++1+1+ 1.....+aa11b.1 +++.+.+.....r. m++mmmmam1++m1 ..+.+.++.+11+a 1+a.a1+b.1+.1a +1+.1+1+1+++1+ ......+++r+++1 ..+...++.1..+. b1bmmmm+aa1 .+++b.a++11 b1a13ba+... ++.+.....+. .++....+... .+r+++1.... 96 79 75 86 57 39 100 82 73 36 27 55 97 79 74 72 49 44 Syntaxonomy and ecology of plant communities 405 Table 3. (continued) Number of relevé Erigeron hungaricus Astragalus frigidus Astragalus norvegicus Pyrola carpatica ES Galium anisophyllon ES Ranunculus breyninus Poa alpina Myosotis alpestris ES Phyteuma orbiculare Saxifraga aizoides st Sesleria tatrae ac Salix reticulata ES Thymus pulcherrimus Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (E0 ) Oxytropido-Elynetalia Festuca *versicolor Cerastium eriophorum Minuartia pauciflora (reg.) Minuartia sedoides Carex fuliginosa Ligusticum mutellinoides Saxifraga moschata Hedysarum hedysaroides Saussurea alpina (reg.) Antennaria *carpatica Gentiana nivalis Agrostis alpina fv Salix retusa Saussurea pygmaea fv Gentiana frigida Carici rupestris-Kobresietea Bistorta vivipara Silene acaulis Pedicularis oederi Lloydia serotina Luzula *mutabilis Dryas octopetala Elyna myosuroides Others Pc Saxifraga paniculata Campanula tatrae tf Rhodiola rosea CC Festuca supina Thymus alpestris CC Primula minima Pedicularis verticillata ac Leontodon pseudotaraxaci Parnassia palustris Bartsia alpina jt Juncus trifidus Cardaminopsis arenosa agg. Carex *silicicola Swertia *alpestris ES Helianthemum grandiflorum ES Scabiosa lucida ES Astragalus australis st Cardaminopsis *tatrica av Draba fladnizensis Alchemilla sp. Poa *carpatica pt Cerastium *glandulosum Selaginella selaginoides Anthoxanthum alpinum Bryophytes & Lichens Tortella tortuosa Thamnolia vermicularis Rhytidium rugosum 00000000011111 11111222222222 23333333333 12345678901234 56789012345678 90123456789 C C C C D D D D D D D D D D .+.r1...+..+1. 1.........+... b.1........+.. .............. ++1++++11+11++ bab111aa1+a11+ +1+.+++1+.+.++ 1+++..+++..... 11b11+...+.+++ 11....1+++1++1 +++.+++++.++.+ .+.....1..+..+ 11...++.++a1+. .............. ......+.....+. ..........+.++ ......+.+..... .............. 1+++1a++.+++++ b.++aa111b.+1+ ++.++1+11++.+1 1.+r1++.++++++ .++......++.+. +++...1++a111+ .....+.+...+.+ ..1+..+..+1++1 +...+a.1.+.... .............+ 1.+..++.+.. ....+...1.1 ........... .......++.. +11++1++a11 a+b11b+.aa1 +++++++1++1 ++a+1m++++1 ++1++++11+. .+..+...++. .+a+.+.a3++ abb.a.b1b+a .+.1++1.+.. +1.....+... 29 18 18 0 96 93 82 68 54 75 54 43 50 4 45 27 0 18 100 91 100 100 91 36 73 82 55 27 33 21 13 5 97 92 87 77 64 64 59 54 51 10 433b3aa33a3b31 a111+1a11++1++ 1a11+111+++.++ .+111111+++.11 b11+1aa++.r.++ +++...+++..... 1++++1....+... 1++.+.a....+.. 1.1...1+++.+.. ..+.+..+..+... .+++++........ .+b.++.....+.. .............. .............. .............. 3bab3bbb33aa3b a++11a1111++1+ 1+++1a1a1111a1 a1baa11abaaaa1 ++ab1.b1a111a1 1+++aa+++++..+ +.+.+1+++1..1. 1.+...+.++..aa ...+ab..1+..1. ..+.+.++....++ ..+.........+. ..1........... ...+......+... ....1r........ +..+........+. b133ba14445 1aa++1.a111 b+++1+++111 a1a11+b+++1 +++1...+1a1 b111+b1++11 1b1+1b1+++1 .1b+...+111 ++1....+.+. ++++.++.1.+ ..r..++.... ...+....... ......1+.+1 .....+..... ........... 100 100 96 93 89 64 57 46 46 36 25 21 7 7 11 100 91 100 100 73 100 100 64 45 73 27 9 36 9 0 100 97 97 95 85 74 69 51 46 46 26 18 15 8 8 11a11b1111+a++ b3a3b33bbb33b3 1a11a1++111aa+ m.m1+m1+1+11+1 +1+.+..+....+. ......++....++ .............. ++1+a11aaa+1am 3b433b33333333 1++.a11a+1+11a mmmmbm1amm11mm +..11.++.+.... .........+1++a ....+......... b1bam+m+a11 34333bb+1a. a1a.1aa+1++ amm1mm1++.1 11++1+1+.+1 ...+..1+a+b ........... 100 100 96 96 43 32 4 100 91 91 91 91 55 0 100 97 95 95 56 38 3 bb1bbb1a11abab 111r+11+++++.+ a+1+++1+1++1.+ ....++..+...++ 1.1+1..+1....+ ..+++.......++ 1+..+++a1+.1.. +++++......1.+ 11++1......+.. ..1+.+++.+.... ..+........... +..+.......... .+a..+...+++.. +..+.......+.. 1++++.+....+.. 1+.+......+++. .1+..1.....+.. .............. +...+......... +............. ....+......... ......+....... .............. .............. 1a+bbb1abbbba3 a11++++++1+++. .++r+1+.+++++1 +11+1.+++++1.. ....+1+.+.1+++ .+a1+.++.++.+. +.+......+++.+ ++.......1+++. ..+.+.......+. ..+.......+..+ .++1+.......+. ++...++..+..+. ............+. +.+.......++++ ........+...+. .............. ........+..... ..r.........++ .+r+.......... ....+.+....... .....+..+..... .+............ ..+........... .............. bbbabbba1+1 +++1+1++.+. .+1.+a+.++. b+.1.11+... 1++.11a+... 1+.m+.+..+1 .......+1.+ .+.+..+.+.. ..+++11+1.1 +++1..+.+.. a11++.a.... +++.+...... .++++.+.... .......++.. .......+... .....+.++.. .......+... 1+......+.. ........... .+...+..... 1....1..... .......++.1 ......++1.1 ...++1+.... 100 93 89 57 54 50 54 46 32 32 21 29 25 32 32 21 18 11 18 11 11 7 4 0 100 82 64 55 65 64 27 36 73 55 55 36 45 18 9 27 9 27 0 18 18 27 36 36 100 90 82 56 56 54 46 44 44 38 31 31 31 28 26 23 15 15 13 13 13 13 13 10 +1+1b11++++.aa baa1++a1aba1aa .++++.++.1. +++.++.1.++.++ +1++11+++11+++ +1++++.+.++ ...++.11...... 1.+.....+++.+1 ..+.ab+.1.. 96 86 39 64 82 45 87 85 41 A. Petrík et al. 406 Table 3. (continued) Number of relevé Cladonia sp. Polytrichum alpinum Didymodon giganteus Encalypta alpina Cetraria nivalis Cetraria cucullata Ctenidium molluscum Solorina bispora Collema sp. Cirriphyllum cirrosum Tritomaria quinquedentata Hylocomium splendens Cladonia symphycarpa Bryum sp. Hypnum hamulosum Physconia muscigena Leptogium sp. Toninia lobulata Cladonia pyxidata Lepidoma demissum Hypnum cupressiforme Phaeorrhiza nimbosa Toninia diﬀracta Toninia sp. Caloplaca stillicidiorum Marsupella sprucei Plagiobryum demissum Polyblastia sp. Squamarina gypsacea Cynodontium polycarpon Orthothecium rufescens Cladonia gracilis 00000000011111 11111222222222 23333333333 12345678901234 56789012345678 90123456789 +++.a.....++.. .............. +1.+.......... 1..........+++ .......+...... .......+.....+ ......1....... .+.+.+........ ...+.+.+...... .+.+.......... .............. .............. ........++.... ....++.+.....+ ....++........ ....++..++.... ...+.+..++.+.. ....1+....++.. 11...1........ .............. ....+..+...... .....+......+. ........+++.++ ...+++.....+.. .....+..++..+. ...++..+...... 1++1.......... ...+.......... ...+.......+++ .............. .............. .............. +...+++.+..+++ +.1+.+.+....+. 1+....1..b+1+. .1++..+.+1.... ...+.+.....+.. .....1.+...... ..1......11++1 ..+....++++... .+....+.+11.+. .+...+...+..++ ..+....+....++ ..++........++ ..........+..+ ........+.+... +..+..+.+..... ..+..+........ .+....+....... .........++.+. .............. ..+.++.+...... .+.+........++ ......++..+.+. ...........+.. ......+...+... ......+....... ....+...+..... +............. .+......++.+.. ..........+... ..1+11........ .........11++. .............. ........... b1+1+.+.... ........... ........... ...+.+++.++ ..+..+.+.++ .......+... ....+...... ........... .+......... ++...++.... 1b.....++.. +...+.+.... ......+.... .....+..... ..+........ ........... ........... 1...1.....+ ..+...+.... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ..+........ ........... ....+++.1.. 50 21 36 36 14 14 29 29 32 25 14 14 14 21 21 21 25 25 11 14 21 21 21 21 18 18 18 18 18 14 14 0 0 55 0 0 55 45 9 9 0 9 36 36 27 9 9 9 0 0 27 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 36 36 31 26 26 26 23 23 23 23 21 21 21 18 18 18 18 18 18 15 15 15 15 15 15 13 13 13 13 13 13 10 10 Taxa occurring in 1–3 (4) relevés: E1 : Achillea *alpestris + (36, 37); Aconitum firmum r (34); Agrostis pyrenaica + (35); Alchemilla glabra + (36), 1 (39); A. incisa + (36, 37); A. rhodocycla + (29, 31, 35); Androsace lactea 1 (15, 24), + 16); Astragalus alpinus 1 (12), + (14); Bellidiastrum michelii + (27, 28, 37), 1 (39); Bistorta major + (36, 37, 38); Botrychium lunaria r (9), + (12, 36); Carex *tatrorum 1 (37, 39); Cortusa matthioli 1 (39); Draba dubia + (6), r (16); D. siliquosa 1 (1), r (3, 21), + (4); Euphrasia tatrae + (1); Euphrasia sp. + (4); Festuca picturata 2a (34); Gentiana verna + (2, 4, 8), 1 (39); Gypsophila repens + (5); Hieracium alpinum + (35); Huperzia selago + (17, 18, 30); Kobresia simpliciuscula + (7); Leontopodium alpinum + (10); Ligusticum mutellina + (36); Luzula multiflora + (37); Oxyria digyna + (16); Phleum hirsutum r (36); Pinguicula alpina 1 (39); Ranunculus pseudomontanus + (36); R. thora r (30); Salix alpina 1 (8, 38), 2a (36); Saxifraga bryoides 2a (18), + (20, 30), 1 (29); S. carpathica r (18); Trollius altissimus + (37); Veronica aphylla + (2, 11, 16); Viola biflora r (37), + (38), 1 (39). – E0 : Alectoria ochroleuca + (19, 38, 39); Agonimia tristicula + (25, 26, 28); Anoectangium tenuinerve + (23); Aulacomnium palustre + (34); Baeomyces sp. + (19); Brachythecium glareosum + (36); Bryum caespiticium + (7); Caloplaca cinnamomea + (5, 6, 24); Caloplaca sp. + (3, 6); C. lucifuga G. Thor 1 (9, 10); Campylium chrysophyllum + (20, 36), 1 (28); C. halleri + (14, 16); Campylopus schimperi + (3, 4, 13, 19); Catapyrenium sp. + (5, 11); Catolechia wahlenbergii + (2); Ceratodon purpureus + (20); Cetraria ericetorum + (35); Cladonia arbuscula + (36); C. coccifera + (19, 31, 32, 35); C. furcata 1 (8); C. macroceras + (24); C. rangiferina + (36); C. uncialis + (35); Cornicularia muricata + (30, 34); Desmatodon latifolius + (20); Dicranum elongatum 1 (29), + (33, 35); D. scoparium 1 (30); Didymodon fallax + (13, 31); D. ferrugineus + (26); Diploschistes gypsaceus + (16); Encalypta ciliata + (3, 26, 27); E. microstoma + (5); E. rhaptocarpa + (5, 6, 15); Fulgensia schistidii + (13); Grimmia sp. + (19); Harpanthus scutatus + (26, 34); Hylocomium pyrenaicum 1 (29); Hymenostylium recurvirostre + (1, 27), 1 (24); Hypnum revolutum + (14, 20); H. vaucheri + (17, 22); Hypogymnia physodes + (18); Hypogymnia sp. + (20); Jungermannia atrovirens + (2, 14, 22, 29); Lecanora epibryon + (13, 14, 27, 39); Lepraria sp. + (15, 16); Lescuraea plicata + (16, 30, 34, 35); Lophozia bantriensis + (5); Megaspora verrucosa + (8, 13, 14, 17); Micarea sp. + (19); Ochrolechia upsaliensis + (39); Peltigera aphthosa + (27); Phaeorrhiza sp. + (6); Physcia caesia + (13); Placidiopsis sp. + (16, 27); Placynthium dolichoterum + (13); P. sp. + (25); Plagiobryum zierii + (20, 27); Plagiopus oederiana 1 (15, 24), + (27); Platismatia glauca + (17); Pleurozium schreberi + (30, 36); Pohlia rothii (Corr. ex Limpr.) Broth. + (29); P. sp. 1 (1); Protoblastenia terricola + (21); Pseudevernia furfuracea + (17, 18), 1 (20); Pseudoleskeella catenulata + (13, 23, 25); Psora sp. + (9, 10); Psoroma hypnorum + (35); Racomitrium canescens + (8, 20, 33, 35); R. lanuginosum + (4, 33); Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus + (30); Scapania curta + (5); S. cuspiduligera + (8, 20, 21, 25); S. subalpina + (29); Solorina saccata + (14, 15); S. spongiosa + (11, 12); Solorina sp. + (13); Stegonia latifolia 1 (5), + (11, 12, 22); Thelopsis melathelia + (14, 16, 18, 26); Thuidium abietinum + (25, 27, 28), 1 (34); Th. philibertii + (27); Timmia austriaca + (1, 15, 16, 24); Toninia opuntioides + (13, 14); T. sedifolia + (25); Trichostomum crispulum + (12, 24, 26); Xanthoria elegans + (6, 16). Explanation: see Tab. 1. Syntaxonomy and ecology of plant communities 2) Festucetum versicoloris caricetosum atratae subass. nov. hoc loco (Tab. 3, rels. 29–39; the nomenclatural type of this subassociation is identical with that of the association) typifies nearly closed stands, usually with rich in mosses. They occur on moderately inclined rocky slopes and stabilised screes (sometimes with admixture of quartzite rubble) with relatively deeper soils. The group of diﬀerential species consists of acidophilous (sub)species such as Avenula versicolor, Campanula alpina, Carex atrata, Dianthus glacialis, Doronicum stiriacum, Luzula *obscura, L. sudetica, Oreochloa disticha, Saxifraga hieraciifolia and Soldanella carpatica as well as Potentilla crantzii, Tephroseris capitata, Trifolium orbelicum and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Cetraria islandica represents the most constant lichen, while Pogonatum urnigerum, Polytrichum strictum, Ptilidium ciliare and Sanionia uncinata are the most common bryophytes in this community. Syntaxonomically, this subassociation shows similarities with the Festuco versicoloris-Oreochloetum distichae. Drabo siliquosae-Festucetum versicoloris PETass. nov. hoc loco Tab. 1, column 5; Tab. 4 Nomenclatural type: Tab. 4, r. 6, holotypus hoc loco RÍK Characteristic taxon: Draba siliquosa Differential taxa: Anthoxanthum alpinum, Astragalus australis, Carduus glaucinus, Helianthemum grandiflorum, Linum extraaxillare, Parnassia palustris, Poa nemoralis subsp. carpatica, Saxifraga adscendens, Tephroseris capitata, Campylopus schimperi, Plagiobryum demissum, Plagiopus oederiana, Plagiothecium laetum The species Draba siliquosa has its coenological optimum in the Western Carpathians in nearly close sward communities. Large ecological and species diﬀerences of these ones from all relevant communities described so far were the reason for description of the new association Drabo siliquosae-Festucetum versicoloris. The Drabo-Festucetum versicoloris is very speciesrich community dominated by Festuca *versicolor, while Cerastium eriophorum, Helianthemum grandiflorum, Linum extraaxillare and Rhodiola rosea are also prominent. High constancy of Agrostis alpina, Aster alpinus, Astragalus australis, Bupleurum ranunculoides, Erigeron hungaricus and absence of creeping and prostrate dwarf shrubs such as Dryas octopetala and Salix reticulata are also significant features for this community. The moss layer has a high number of mosses and occasssional lichens, usually having low cover. The Drabo-Festucetum prefers convex parts of relief on steep, south- to southwest-facing rocky slopes in the alpine belt of the Belianske Tatry Mts. It stands are found over shallow to medium deep, humus-rich and skeleton-poor soils supported by on spotted shale (Lias) and hornstone (Dogger) with typical step-microrelief re- 407 sulting from accumulation of fine soil particles in tufts of the dominant grass. Constant presence of Anthoxanthum alpinum, Helianthemum grandiflorum, Linum extraaxillare, Parnassia palustris and Tephroseris capitata reflects close relations of this association to the communities of the Seslerion tatrae and indicates its marginal position within the Oxytropido-Elynion. Discussion and conclusions Great number of co-occurring arctic-alpine geoelements, relic nature of the habitats in alpine and subnival belt of the highest mountains of the Western Carpathians (Tatra Mts), and floristic analyses and comparisions with existing literature served as reasons for classification of the studied communities into the arctic-alpine class of Carici rupestris-Kobresietea. These communities are distributed widely in the circumpolar arctic and boreal regions (Ohba, 1974) and they also occur in the Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, Pyrenees and some mountains ranges of the Balkans (Coldea, 1997; Grabherr, 1993; Malynovski & Kricsfalusy, 2002; Rivas-Martínez et al., 2002; Roussakova, 2000). We found that the communities occurring at the highest altitudes of the Belianske Tatry Mts on neutral to moderately basic bedrock are diﬀerent from the communities occurring in similar habitats on mylonite (neutral to moderately acid bedrock) in upper alpine to subnival belts of the Vysoké Tatry Mts (rarely Západné Tatry Mts). The former group of communities is classified as the alliance Oxytropido-Elynion, while the latter group belongs to the Festucion versicoloris. The Festucion versicoloris is diﬀerentiated by acidophilous taxa (Doronicum stiriacum, Leucanthemopsis *tatrae, Oreochloa disticha, Pulsatilla scherfelii etc.) as well as by some taxa typical for the mylonite zone (or subnival belt) of the Vysoké Tatry Mts, including Cardaminopsis neglecta, Gentiana frigida, Poa laxa, Saxifraga bryoides, S. retusa. It also lacks basiphilous taxa, such as Carex firma, Hedysarum hedysaroides, Myosotis alpestris, Ranunculus breyninus, Rhodax alpestris and Sesleria tatrae (see Tab. 1). The crucial diﬀerence between both groups of communities is the character of the geology. Potential fusion of both alliances should be confusing. According to the ICPN, the name of the alliance described by Krajina (1933) should have a priority (art. 22). Forasmuch the Festucion versicoloris was described from marginal part of natural area of the Carici rupestris-Kobresietea and in addition, namegiving subspecies is Carpathian sub-endemit – Festuca *versicolor. Therefore, respecting suﬃciency of diﬀerential taxa in these syntaxa with diﬀerent geological bedrock, we suggested to use both names in the context mentioned in this article. Šoltés et al. (2001) solved similar situation between the Oxycocco- A. Petrík et al. 408 Table 4. Drabo siliquosae-Festucetum versicoloris PETRÍK ass. nov. Number of relevé Number of taxa Diagnostic taxa of the association Draba siliquosa C Anthoxanthum alpinum D Parnassia palustris D ES Astragalus australis D ES Helianthemum grandiflorum D Cv Linum extraaxillare D D Plagiothecium laetum (E0 ) st Tephroseris capitata D Poa *carpatica D D Plagiobryum demissum (E0 ) Campylopus schimperi (E0 ) D D Plagiopus oederiana (E0 ) ES Carduus glaucinus D Saxifraga adscendens D Oxytropido-Elynion Androsace chamaejasme C Cerastium eriophorum T Saussurea alpina (reg.) T Erigeron hungaricus C Comastoma tenellum C Carex capillaris C Minuartia pauciflora T Hedysarum hedysaroides (reg.) T Astragalus frigidus C Astragalus norvegicus C Minuartia sedoides T Carex fuliginosa T Gentiana nivalis (reg.) T Oxytropis halleri C Oxytropis carpatica C Rhodax alpestris C ES Galium anisophyllon D ES Ranunculus breyninus D Myosotis alpestris D st Sesleria tatrae D ES Phyteuma orbiculare D asa Bupleurum ranunculoides D ES Thymus pulcherrimus D as Aster alpinus D D Mnium thomsonii (E0 ) ES Euphrasia salisburgensis D Poa alpina D ns Luzula sudetica D D Ditrichum flexicaule (E0 ) st Cardaminopsis *tatrica D Saxifraga aizoides D cf Arenaria tenella D cf Carex firma D Oxytropido-Elynetalia Festuca *versicolor Saxifraga moschata Agrostis alpina Carex atrata Ligusticum mutellinoides Saussurea pygmaea Carici rupestris-Kobresietea Pedicularis oederi Bistorta vivipara Lloydia serotina Luzula *mutabilis Silene acaulis Potentilla crantzii 0000000001 1234567890 6664777755 1329300173 C % 1mmm111m1m ++++1++11+ 1111+11111 +.1+1a1111 bba1b1+.a+ 1a+a11+ba. ++..++++++ 11+++.+1+. .1++1+.31. ++...+11++ .....+1+1+ ++b+...... 1ar....... .++.+..... 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 70 70 50 40 30 30 mmm11mbmab abab+babba 1a+a+..11a +.+.+++.++ +++..+.+.+ .1+...1++a +.1+.+.+.+ a++....+11 ++..a..11. a1.....a+. .+...+.+.+ ......a1+1 .+..+.+... ..+...++.. +......... .....+.... +a1++1+1+1 a1a11a1ab1 1111++1b1+ 11++++11+. ba1aa11a1. a1111.11+1 +.1.1a.111 +..11a.111 ++.++++... ..++r+++.. +.+..+++.. +.+..+.++. ..1..+11.. ..+.+..+.. .+...+.... .+.......+ ..+....... 100 100 80 70 60 60 60 60 50 40 40 40 30 30 10 10 100 100 100 90 90 90 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 30 20 20 10 4443344433 +1++++1a1+ +a++++.1a3 .1...+.a1+ ........+1 .........+ 100 100 90 50 20 10 1+1+++a111 ab11a1+11a .111++1111 ++++.++11. ..b..+++++ .a..+...a1 100 100 90 80 60 40 Others Campanula tatrae tf Rhodiola rosea Saxifraga paniculata CC Carex *silicicola Pedicularis verticillata Bartsia alpina jt Juncus trifidus Alchemilla sp. Swertia *alpestris Viola biflora Thymus alpestris ES Scabiosa lucida Bistorta major Cardaminopsis arenosa agg. st Astragalus alpinus Euphrasia tatrae CC Festuca supina fp Festuca picturata CC Oreochloa disticha Cv Anemone narcissiflora ac Leontodon pseudotaraxaci ES Carex *tatrorum Primula *platyphylla pt Cerastium *glandulosum pc Trisetum alpestre Bryophytes & Lichens Tortella tortuosa Encalypta alpina Myurella julacea Rhytidium rugosum Cladonia sp. Hypnum hamulosum Plagiochila porelloides Pohlia cruda Trichostomum crispulum Desmatodon latifolius Distichium capillaceum +a++b1+111 +a++b1bbbb ++b++1++11 +.a31ba1b+ 11++++11.. 1.11+.1+1. ...+++++11 ++.1...++. b1..+.++.. +1+...+.+. 1..b1.+1.. 1.1.++.+.. .+..+..+1+ ..+++++... +.+..+.1.. +++.+..... ...+..+.++ ...+1++... .....++1.+ .1.1+..... ..++...+.. aa........ 1...1..... .1..1..... .....1+... 100 100 100 90 80 70 70 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 20 20 20 20 ++a+++b11+ ++1+++...+ ++.++++... +++..++..+ .++.++...+ ++....++.. +...1++... ...++..++. ++..1..... .1.....11. ..+.++.... 100 70 60 60 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 Taxa occurring in 1–2 relevés: E1 : Achillea *alpestris 2a (5); Aconitum firmum + (2); Alchemilla erythropoda + (5, 7); Bellidiastrum michelii + (5); Bellardiochloa violacea + (5); Cortusa matthioli 1 (2), + (5); Crepis jacquinii + (7); Delphinium oxysepalum 1 (8); Doronicum stiriacum + (10); Draba fladnizensis + (3, 7); Festuca carpatica + (5); Gentianella lutescens + (7, 10); Geranium sylvaticum + (5); Gymnadenia conopsea r (6); Leucanthemum vulgare agg. + (1); Luzula luzuloides + (4, 5); Primula elatior + (5); P. minima + (8); Solidago *minuta + (6); Trifolium orbelicum + (5). – E0 : Apometzgeria pubescens + (7); Bryum elegans + (3); Bryum sp. + (5, 8); Caloplaca tiroliensis + (7); Cetraria islandica + (5, 6); Cirriphyllum cirrosum + (3); Cladonia coccifera + (6); C. furcata + (2); C. gracilis + (6); C. pyxidata + (8), 1 (9); Ctenidium molluscum + (6); Encalypta ciliata + (7, 9); E. rhaptocarpa + (8); E. streptocarpa + (4, 8); Entodon concinnus + (7); Lepidoma demissum + (10); Lepraria sp. + (9); Marsupella sprucei + (10); Micarea sp. (+7); Myurella tenerrima + (6, 7); Peltigera venosa + (5); Peltigera sp. + (7, 9); Placynthium sp. + (6, 8); Plagiopus oederi var. condensatus (Brid.) Limpr. + (7); Pohlia elongata + (7); Polytrichum alpinum + (6); Pseudoleskeella catenulata + (7); Solorina bispora + (6); Solorina sp. + (7); Thuidium abietinum + (7); Timmia austriaca + (6); Toninia lobulata (+7); Trapeliopsis flexuosa + (10). Explanations: see Tab. 1. Empetrion hermaphroditi Nordhagen ex Hadač et Váňa 1967 and the Eriophorion vaginati Krajina 1933. The numerical classifications suggest that the Festucetum versicoloris, Oxytropido-Elynetum and Drabo Syntaxonomy and ecology of plant communities siliquosae-Festucetum versicoloris are relatively similar. The Oxytropido carpaticae-Elynetum represents the most typical community of the Carici rupestrisKobresietea in the Western Carpathians, however it is developed only fragmentarily (cf. Petrík et al., 2005). The other two associations are more influenced by neighbouring vegetation (by communities of the alliances Caricion firmae and Seslerion tatrae). Based on results of numerical analyses, total floristic composition and relic type of habitats we classify these communities as individual associations within the one alliance Oxytropido-Elynion. The Salicetum kitaibelianae seems to be the most aberrant syntaxon of the studied group. This community shows transitional characters (floristically and ecologically) of several high-rank syntaxa including the Festucion versicoloris and theLoiseleurio-Vaccinion. It occupies scree habitats below the steep rocky cliﬀs on mylonite or acidic granit bedrock. The dominant species Salix kitaibeliana represents microspecies from broadly defined group Salix retusa agg. We prefer to treat this community tentatively as member of the Carici-Kobresietea (the Festucion versicoloris), as suggested by the numerical classification and in accordance with its original classification by Hadač (1956). Comparison of the communities dominated by Festuca *versicolor showed, that the Seslerio tatraeFestucetum versicoloris (the Seslerion tatrae) diﬀers from the Festucetum versicoloris (the OxytropidoElynion) by presence and/or higher constancy of Anemone narcissiflora, Anthoxanthum alpinum, Avenula versicolor, Bellidiastrum michelii, Carex *tatrorum, Cerastium *glandulosum, Gentiana verna, Helianthemum grandiflorum, Homogyne alpina, Leontodon hispidus, Ligusticum mutellina, Oreogeum montanum, Parnassia palustris, Potentilla aurea, P. crantzii, Primula elatior, Ranunculus pseudomontanus, Scabiosa lucida, Selaginella selaginoides and Soldanella carpatica (Kliment et al., 2005). On the other hand Arenaria tenella, Artemisia eriantha, Carex fuliginosa, Cerastium eriophorum, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Ligusticum mutellinoides, Lloydia serotina, Luzula *mutabilis, Minuartia pauciflora (Kit. ex Kanitz) Dvořáková (syn.: M. gerardii auct. carpat. non Willd.), M. sedoides, Oxytropis carpatica, O. halleri, Primula minima, Ranunculus alpestris, Rhodax alpestris, Saussurea alpina, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Thymus alpestris, Dactylina madreporiformis, Ditrichum flexicaule, Thamnolia vermicularis are either missing (or show very low constancy) in the Seslerio-Festucetum. Consequently these two types of communities strictly cannot be considered as identical. The classification of the Saxifrago-Festucetum versicoloris Sillinger 1933 into a high-rank syntaxon is ambiguous. Our results suggest that this community is closest to the Caricion firmae (belonging to the Elyno-Seslerietea). It contains many common species, e.g. Saxifraga aizoides, Ranunculus alpestris, Bistorta 409 vivipara, with other Elyno-Seslerietea communities and occupies also similar habitats. On the contrary, the absence of many diagnostic species of the Caricion firmae, such as Carex firma, Dryas octopetala, Saxifraga caesia etc. (cf. Šibík et al., 2004) contradicts its classification within the Elyno-Seslerietea. The Saxifrago-Festucetum is known from one alone locality in the Nízke Tatry Mts (cf. Sillinger, 1933). Based on its ecology we propose to classify it within the Caricion firmae with emphasize on its exceptionality and transition position among the Caricion firmae, and Arabidion caerulae. The classification of the Saxifrago paniculataeFestucetum versicoloris (Walas 1933) Pawlowski 1935 [basionym Versicoloretum babiogorense Walas 1933] is also disputable. The numerical analyses suggested it might be similar to the Saxifrago-Festucetum versicoloris or to the Agrostio alpinae-Festucetum versicoloris. In this community elements typical of the Elyno-Seslerietea (Anemone narcissiflora, Bartsia alpina, Festuca *versicolor, Ranunculus breyninus, etc.) as well as of the Caricetea curvulae (Campanula tatrae, Huperzia selago, Polytrichum alpinum, Pulsatilla scherfelii, Ligusticum mutellina, Solidago *minuta) are meeting. The geological substrate (sandstone) indirectly yields support to classification within the latter class. However due to limited extent of the data available we prefer to refrain from suggesting a conclusion at this stage. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Dana BERNÁTOVÁ and Anna ŠOLTÉSOVÁ for providing unpublished phytocoenological relevés and fieldwork collaboration. Laco MUCINA and anonymous reviewers provided valuable suggestions on the manuscript. 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Transformation of cover-abundance values in phytosociology and its eﬀect on community similarity. Vegetatio 39: 97–114. WALAS, J. 1933. Roślinność Babiej Góry (Vegetation des Babia Góra-Gebietes in den Karpaten). Państwowa rada ochrony przyrody 2: 1–68. WEBER, H. E., MORAVEC, J. & THEURILLAT, J.-P. 2000. International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. Ed. 3. J. Veget. Sci. 11: 739–768. WESTHOFF, V. & VAN DER MAAREL, E. 1978. The BraunBlanquet approach, pp. 287–399. In: Whittaker, R. H., Classification of plant communities. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. Received Dec. 12, 2005 Accepted May 4, 2006 5: Drabo siliquosae-Festucetum versicoloris: PETRÍK et al. (2006), Tab. 4, rels 1–10. 6: Oxytropido-Elynion: PETRÍK et al. (2006), Tab. 1., columns 1–5. 7: Festucion versicoloris: (cf. KLIMENT & VALACHOVIČ, 2006) 8: Caricion firmae: (cf. KLIMENT & VALACHOVIČ, 2006) 9: Seslerion tatrae: (cf. KLIMENT & VALACHOVIČ, 2006) Sources of data in Table 1: 1: Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum reticulatae: PETRÍK et al. (2006), Tab. 2, rels 1–35. 2: Festuco versicoloris-Oreochloetum distichae: 3 – PAWL OWSKI & STECKI 1927, Tab. 6, rels 4, 6, 7, Belianske Tatry; 5 – PAWL OWSKI (1935), Tab. 1, rels 16–20, Belianske Tatry; 12 – Petrík, ined., detto. Localities of relevés 3: Festucetum versicoloris: PETRÍK et al. (2006), Tab. 3, rels 1–39. Data on unpublished relevés (all made by A. PETRÍK in the Be4: Oxytropido carpaticae-Elynetum myosuroides: PETRÍK et al. (2005), Tab. 1, rels 1–10. lianske Tatry Mts) or relevés from manuscripts are ordered as fol- Syntaxonomy and ecology of plant communities lows: the name and description of locality; altitude; exposition, inclination, geological bedrock, relevé area, total cover (TC), cover of layer E1 , cover of layer E0 , date, author of relevé. Published relevés are documented by abbreviated citation and localisation. Table 2. Pyrolo carpaticae-Salicetum reticulatae: 1. Tristárska dolina, right side, fixed scree cone below the rock cliﬀs; 1550 m; NW, 30◦ , limestone, 14 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 30 %, 7. 8. 1985. 2. Bujačí vrch, N slope above the end of valley of Tokárenský potok; 1750 m; NE, 30◦ , dolomite, 20 m2 , TC: 95 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 60 %, 20. 8. 1983. 3. Havran, NE slope of the ridge towards Podspády; 1800 m; N, 45◦ , limestone, 18 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 40 %, 5. 8. 1985. 4. Bujačí vrch, NE slope of the ridge between Babia dolina and Tokárenský potok; 1870 m; NE, 30◦ , dolomite, 12 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 95 %, E0 : 10 %, 24. 7. 1981. 5. Hlúpy, left side of glen to Zadné Meďodoly, fixed scree on lateral slope of crest; 1750 m; NW, 35◦ , dolomite, 16 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 100 %, E0 : 15 %, 1. 8. 1985. 6. Bujačí vrch, NW slope near the saddle between Bujačí vrch and Košiare; 1900 m; NW, 25◦ , dolomite, 15 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 25 %, 10. 9. 1984. 7. Zadné Jatky, N slope below Kamzíčia jaskyňa; 1980 m; NNE, 35◦ , limestone, 12 m2 , TC: 90%, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 40 %, 4. 8. 1992. 8. Saddle between Bujačí vrch and Košiare, N slope; 1910 m; N, 20◦ , dolomite, 16 m2 , TC: 95 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 50 %, 14. 8. 1986. 9. Bujačí vrch, N slope, wide glen in the end of Babia dolina; 1880 m; N, 35◦ , dolomite, 20 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 95 %, E0 : 30 %, 24. 7. 1981. 10. Bujačí vrch, NW slope of ridge descending towards Alabastrová jaskyňa; 1830 m; NNW, 30◦ , dolomite, 25 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 50 %, 20. 8. 1983. 11. Bujačí vrch, N slope above Babia dolina; 1860 m; N, 30◦ , dolomite, 25 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 30 %, 10. 8. 1984. 12. Bujačí vrch, N slope of ridge descending towards Alabastrová jaskyňa; 1850 m; N, 30◦ , dolomite, 30 m2 , TC: 95 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 30 %, 11. 8. 1984; + D. Bernátová. 13. Hlúpy, N slope of ridge towards Zadné Jatky; 1970 m; N, 25◦ , marl, 25 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 50 %, 5. 8. 1992. 14. Hlúpy, N slope, right side of the wide glen descending towards Monkova dolina; 1870 m; N, 25◦ , marl, 20 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 60 %, 11. 8. 1991. 15. Ždiarska vidla, N slope, on NE slope towards Tristárska dolina, near old tourist path; 2000 m; N, 30◦ , marl, 25 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 30 %, 7. 8. 1992. 16. Ždiarska vidla, N slope, towards Tristárska dolina; 2020 m; NNE, 30◦ , marl, 16 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 85 %, E0 : 50 %, 9. 8. 1987. 17. Zadné Jatky, N slope towards the valley of Riglaný potok; 1950 m; NNW, 15◦ , marl, 16 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 60 %, 15. 8. 1986. 18. Saddle between Bujačí vrch and Košiare, N slope; 1910 m; NNE, 20◦ , marl, 15 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 40 %, 23. 7. 1987. 19. Ždiarska vidla, N slope towards Tristárska dolina; 1950 m; NNE, 35◦ , marl, 16 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 70 %, 10. 8. 1987. 20. Zadné Jatky, N slope near the old tourist path; 1980 m; WNW, 20◦ , marl, 30 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 90 %, 5. 8. 1992. 21. Havran, NW slope of ridge towards Nový vrch; 1970 m; NW, 35◦ , marl, 20 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 75 %, E0 : 40 %, 6. 8. 1985. 22. Havran, small plain below the top on the ridge towards Zadné Jatky; 2050 m; N, 20◦ , marl, 25 m2 , TC: 95 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 50 %, 30. 7. 1993. 411 23. Tristárska dolina, left side, about 15 m from stream, slightly elevated crest on valley bottom; 1650 m; NNE, 35◦ , spotted shale, 15 m2 , TC: 95 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 50 %, 15. 7. 1987. 24. Tristárska dolina, crest between two folds on the bottom of cirque; 1700 m; NE, 35◦ , spotted shale, 18 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 80 %, 17. 7. 1987. 25. Tristárska dolina, right side, fixed scree slope about 50 m below the rock walls; 1700 m; WNW, 30◦ , spotted shale + marl, 12 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 60 %, 18. 7. 1987. 26. Bujačí vrch, north slope, in depression near the top; 1940 m; NNE, 25◦ , dolomite, 12 m2 , TC: 95 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 60 %, 4. 9. 1984. 27. Bujačí vrch, north slope of the ridge towards Alabastrová jaskyňa, in small depression; 1830 m; NE, 20◦ , dolomite, 10 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 80 %, 7. 9. 1984. 28. Ždiarska vidla, N slope near the top; 2130 m; NNE, 35◦ , marl, 12 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 40 %, 25.7.1990. 29. Ždiarska vidla, N slope, garland soils on the ridge descending towards Tristárska dolina; 2020 m; NNW, 15◦ , marl, 16 m2 , TC: 60 %, E1 : 50 %, E0 : 30 %, 9. 8. 1987. 30. Havran, NW slope of the ridge descending towards Podspády; 2140 m; NNW, 20◦ , marl, 18 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 40 %, 31. 7. 1993. 31. Hlúpy, NW slope of the ridge towards Vyšné Kopské sedlo; 1960 m; NW, 35◦ , spotted shale, 16 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 50 %, 19. 7. 1986. 32. Ždiarska vidla, N slope towards Tristárska dolina; 2220 m; N, 30◦ , marl, 20 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 50 %, 25. 7. 1990. 33. Ždiarska vidla, N slope, near the top; 2140 m; NNE, 35◦ , marl, 20 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 40 %, 25. 7. 1990. 34. Havran, NE slope between two crests descending from the top towards NNE and NE; 1950 m; NNE, 30◦ , marl, 15 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 40 %, 16. 7. 1987. 35. Havran, as No. 34; 1830 m; N, 25◦ , marl, 18 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 50 %, 16. 7. 1987. Table 3. Festucetum versicoloris: 1. Havran, SE slope of the ridge towards Ždiarska vidla; 2020 m; SSW, 50◦ , marl, 25 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 10 %, 1. 8. 1990. 2. Havran, SW slope below the ridge towards Nový vrch; 1980 m; SW, 50◦ , hornstone, 25 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 75 %, E0 : 10 %, 8. 8. 1991. 3. Ždiarska vidla, S slope, ridge descending towards highest quartzite outcrop; 2040 m; W, 55◦ , hornstone, 12 m2 , TC: 70 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 5 %, 20. 8. 1990. 4. saddle between Havran and Nový vrch, rock cliﬀs on SW slope, close near the saddle; 1940 m; SSW, 65◦ , hornstone, 15 m2 , TC: 60 %, E1 : 50 %, E0 : 25 %, 6. 8. 1985. 5. Havran, SW slope, near the saddle between Havran and Nový vrch; 1950 m; SSW, 55◦ , hornstone, 25 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 30 %, 8. 8. 1991. 6. Ždiarska vidla, SW slope of the ridge descending towards Široké sedlo, close below its edge; 2000 m; S, 45◦ , spotted shale, 15 m2 , TC: 60 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 5 %, 5. 8. 1995. 7. Košiare, SW slope of the western top; 1940 m; WSW, 30◦ , marl, 10 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 75 %, E0 : 10 %, 7. 8. 1999. 8. saddle between Bujačí vrch and Košiare, flat mountain ridge with garland soils; 1940 m; ENE, 10◦ , marl, 25 m2 , TC: 60 %, E1 : 50 %, E0 : 20 %, 16. 8. 1984. 9. Hlúpy, SE slope, near below the ridge, with partially garland arrangement of vegetation; 2000 m, S, 30◦ , marl, 25 m2 , TC: 50 %, E1 : 50 %, E0 : 5 %, 30. 7. 1993. 10. Havran, S slope, in the ridge towards Ždiarska vidla; 2080 m; S, 40◦ , marl, 25 m2 , TC: 60 %, E1 : 50 %, E0 : 10 %, 6. 8. 2004. 11. Havran, SE slope, habitat with partially developed garland soils; 2040 m; SSE, 45◦ , marl, 20 m2 , TC: 70 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 5 %, 31. 7. 1993. 412 12. Havran, S slope with indication of development of garland soils; 2010 m; S, 35◦ , marl, 30 m2 , TC: 70 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : do 5 %, 6. 8. 2004. 13. Hlúpy, SE slope, isolated rock crest surrounded by closed sward stands; 1960 m; S, 45◦ , marl, 6 m2 , TC: 70 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 30 %, 4. 8. 1992. 14. Hlúpy, SW slope, complex of top cliﬀs near the ridge descending towards Široké sedlo; 2020 m; NW, 45◦ , marl, 8 m2 , TC: 70 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 20 %, 6. 8. 2002. 15. Ždiarska vidla, W slope above the end of Tristárska dolina; 2010 m; WSW, 55◦ , spotted shale, 15 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 40 %, 21. 8. 1990. 16. Ždiarska vidla, W slope above the end of Tristárska dolina; 2040 m; SW, 50◦ , hornstone, 20 m2 , TC: 60 %, E1 : 40 %, E0 : 30 %, 8. 8. 2003. 17. Ždiarska vidla, quartzite outcrops on SW slope of the ridge descending towards Široké sedlo; 1870 m; W, 60◦ , quartzite in touch with spotted shale, 16 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 25 %, 9. 8. 2003. 18. Hlúpy, SW slope, on quartzite outcrop near Vyšné Kopské sedlo; 1960 m; WNW, 45◦ , quartzite in contact with spotted shale, 6 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 10 %, 4. 8. 2001. 19. Hlúpy, the ridge of Vyšné Kopské sedlo; 1980 m; SW, 45◦ , hornstone, 12 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 20 %, 12. 8. 1991. 20. Hlúpy, SW slope, garland soils close above the quartzite outcrops; 1960 m; W, 30◦ , spotted shale, 25 m2 , TC: 70 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 20 %, 30.7.1992. 21. Ždiarska vidla, on SW slope of the ridge towards the Havran; 1980 m; W, 55◦ , spotted shale, 12 m2 , TC: 60 %, E1 : 50 %, E0 : 15 %, 6. 8. 1992. 22. Hlúpy, W slope of the ridge towards Vyšné Kopské sedlo; 1980 m; W, 50◦ , hornstone, 12 m2 , TC: 70 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 15 %, 30. 7. 1993. 23. Ždiarska vidla, slope below the top ridge towards Havran; 2130 m; WSW, 40◦ , marl, 25 m2 , TC: 70 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 15 %, 5. 8. 2004. 24. Ždiarska vidla, W slope above the end of Tristárska dolina; 2020 m; W, 60◦ , spotted shale, 20 m2 , TC: 70 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 40 %, 23. 8. 1990. 25. Hlúpy, NW slope, near the ridge descending towards Monkova dolina; 2010 m; W, 50◦ , marl, 25 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 25 %, 6. 8. 2002. 26. Hlúpy, NW slope, as 25; 2020 m; NW, 30◦ , marl, 15 m2 , TC: 70 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 20 %, 6. 8. 2002. 27. Ždiarska vidla, ridge towards the Havran, coarse rock steps on the front of the crest; 2020 m; W, 55◦ , spotted shale, 20 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 70 %, E0 : 20 %, 2. 8. 1995. 28. Hlúpy, W slope of the ridge descending towards Monkova dolina with garland soils; 1920 m; WNW, 35◦ , marl, 30 m2 , TC: 70 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 15 %, 3. 8. 2004. 29. Hlúpy, SW slope, convex slope below the ridge towards Vyšné Kopské sedlo; 1980 m; WNW, 45◦ , hornstone, 25 m2 , TC: 95 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 40 %, 12. 8. 1991. 30. Hlúpy, SW slope above the quartzite outcrops; 1970 m; NW, 40◦ , hornstone, 25 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 30 %, 2. 8. 1999. 31. Hlúpy, SW slope, fixed scree below the quartzite outcrops; 1950 m; WSW, 30◦ , mixture of quartzite and spotted shale, 25 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 95 %, E0 : 10 %, 1. 8. 1992. A. Petrík et al. 32. Hlúpy, edge of ridge towards Široké sedlo; 1980 m; WSW, 45◦ , hornstone, 6 m2 , TC: 85 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 10 %, 28. 7. 1994. 33. Hlúpy, SW slope below the quartzite outcrops; 1945 m; W, 35◦ , mixture of quartzite and spotted shale, 15 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 30 %, 8. 8. 2002. 34. Hlúpy, ridge towards Vyšné Kopské sedlo, about 10 m above saddle; 1940 m; SW, 30◦ , mixture of quartzite and spotted shale, 25 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 40 %, 7. 8. 2002. 35. Hlúpy, SW slope below the quartzite outcrops; 1930 m; W, 30◦ , mixture of quartzite and spotted shale, 18 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 60 %, E0 : 40 %, 10. 8. 2002. 36. Ždiarska vidla, close below the top; 2140 m; N, 30–40◦ , limestone and spotted shale, 200–300 m2 , TC: 80 %, 16.9.1924. (PAWLOWSKI & STECKI, 1927, tab. 4, rel. 10). 37. Ždiarska vidla; 2100 m; SE, 40◦ , marl limestone (Neocomian), 100 m2 . (PAWLOWSKI, 1935, tab. 1, rel. 3). 38. Jatky–Bujačí; 1950 m; ENE, marl limestone (Neocomian), 10 m2 , TC: 80 %. (PAWLOWSKI, 1935, tab. 1, rel. 6). 39. Havran; 1850 m (DOMIN, 1929: 8). Table 4. Drabo siliquosae-Festucetum versicoloris: 1. SW slope between Muráň and Havran, small crest on slope; 1900 m; SW, 45◦ , hornstone, 20 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 100 %, E0 : 5 %, 30. 7. 1990. 2. Ždiarska vidla, SW slope of the ridge towards Široké sedlo about 5 m below the crest, convex slope; 2010 m; WSW, 45◦ , hornstone, 15 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 5 %, 27. 7. 1990. 3. Ždiarska vidla, SW slope of the ridge towards Široké sedlo, side slope of the rock tower near the ridge; 2000 m; SE, 55◦ , hornstone, 15 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 5 %, 27. 7. 1990. 4. Ždiarska vidla, S slope, edge of the ridge descending towards the highest quartzite outcrop; 2010 m; SW, 50◦ , hornstone, 15 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 100 %, E0 : 5 %, 1. 8. 1990. 5. Ždiarska vidla, S slope, small crest on slope western from the ridge descending towards the highest quartzite outcrop; 2000 m; SW, 45◦ , spotted shale, 20 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 5 %, 1. 8. 1990. 6. Ždiarska vidla, SE slope of the ridge descending towards the highest quartzite outcrop; 2030 m; SE, 60◦ , hornstone, 12 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 5 %, 20. 8. 1990. 7. Havran, SW slope, ridge above the Janovky; 1980 m; SSW, 50◦ , hornstone, 20 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 5 %, 8. 8. 1991. 8. SW slope between Muráň and Havran, ridge descending towards third quartzite outcrop from Štefanov žľab to Muráň; 1850 m; SW, 55◦ , hornstone, 10 m2 , TC: 90 %, E1 : 90 %, E0 : 20 %, 13. 8. 1991. 9. Havran, small crest on slope above 100 m towards the West from the glen on southern slope; 1990 m; S, 45◦ , hornstone, 20 m2 , TC: 100 %, E1 : 100 %, E0 : 10 %, 1. 8. 1994. 10. Ždiarska vidla, S slope, ridge descending to the highest quartzite outcrop; 1960 m; JZ, 60◦ , spotted shale, 20 m2 , TC: 80 %, E1 : 80 %, E0 : 20 %, 31. 7. 1990.

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