RESEARCH ARTICLE
Mycobiology 40(3) : 159-163 (2012)
© The Korean Society of Mycology
http://dx.doi.org/10.5941/MYCO.2012.40.3.159
pISSN 1229-8093
eISSN 2092-9323
Notes on Species of the Lichen Genus Canoparmelia Elix & Hale in South Korea
Udeni Jayalal, Santosh Joshi, Soon-Ok Oh, Jung-Shin Park and Jae-Seoun Hur*
Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Korea
(Received August 21, 2012. Revised September 14, 2012. Accepted September 17, 2012)
Detailed descriptions of five species of the lichen genus Canoparmelia Elix & Hale. are presented. Until now, three species
of the genus Canoparmelia, including C. apata (Krempelh.) Elix & Hale, C. owariensis (Asah.) Elix, and C. texana (Tuck.)
Elix & Hale have been reported in South Korea. Canoparmelia carneopruinata (Zahlbr.) Elix & Hale, C. crozalsiana (de
Lesd.) Elix & Hale, and C. ecaperata (Müll. Arg.) Elix & Hale are new to the South Korean lichen flora. An artificial key
is provided for all species of Canoparmelia, including the three new records.
KEYWORDS : Canoparmelia, Key, Lichen, New record, Parmeliaceae
Introduction
Canoparmelia has been published by a few scientists [3,
6-8]. Three species, C. aptata (Krempelh.) Elix & Hale,
C. owariensis (Asah.) Elix, and C. texana (Tuck.) Elix &
Hale of this genus are included in the Korean Lichen
checklist [9]. Except for these, no taxonomic study on this
genus has been carried out in South Korea. In this study,
we were able to identify and describe three additional
species, C. carneopruinata (Zahlbr.) Elix & Hale, C.
crozalsiana (de Lesd.) Elix & Hale, and C. ecaperata
(Müll. Arg.) Elix & Hale (Fig. 1).
The lichen genus Canoparmelia was formerly included in
Pseudoparmelia Lynge [1]. Since Pseudoparmelia is a
heterogeneous group of species [1, 2], as shown by Elix
et al. [3], it is divided into four different genera on the
basis of morphological, distributional, ecological, cortical,
and chemical characteristics.
According to the published literature [4], the genus
Canoparmelia has the following characteristics. Thallus
foliose, closely adnate, 3~12 cm across, eciliate or sparsely
ciliate on lobes axils, apices subrotund to rotund, rarely
truncate. Upper surface mineral grey to grey green (atranorin
and chloroatranorin) or rarely yellow green (usnic acid),
emaculate, without pseudocyphellae, with or without
maculae, isidia, soredia, or pustules; upper cortex palisade
plectenchymatous with pored epicortex. Cell wall containing
isolichenan; photobiont green. Medulla loosely packed,
white or partly yellow. Lower surface black or pale brown,
with concolors rhizines; lobes margins with narrow, pale,
erhizinate, or papillate zone. Rhizines simple, tufted or
not. Apothecia laminal, sessile or substipitate; disc entire.
Asci 8-spored. Spores ellipsoid, 7~20 × 4~9 µm. Pycnidia
laminal, rarely marginal, punctiform, immersed or rarely
emergent; ostiole jet-black. Conidia bifusiform, rarely
cylindrical, fusiform, or filiform.
There are about 55 species of the genus Canoparmelia
identified worldwide [5]. Monograph on the genus
Materials and Methods
The study was based on specimens deposited in the
Korean Lichen Research Institute (KoLRI). Lichen samples
were identified using stereo and light microscopes; a
dissecting microscope (Nikon SMZ645; Nikon, Tokyo,
Japan) was used to identify morphological characteristics
of the thallus and reproductive structures, as well as color,
size, and shape, whereas a compound microscope (Zeiss
Scope.A1; Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Deutshland, Germany)
was used to study the anatomy of thalli and fruiting
bodies. Spot test reactions were carried out on thalli under
the compound microscope. Thin layer chromatography
(TLC) was performed in solvent system C (toluene : acetic
acid = 85 : 15) [10]. Voucher specimens were deposited in
the herbarium of the Lichen & Allied Bio-resource Center
at the KoLRI, Sunchon National University, South Korea.
*Corresponding author <E-mail : jshur1@sunchon.ac.kr>
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
159
160
Jayalal et al.
Fig. 1. Canoparmelia species. A, C. aptata (Y. Joshi, H. S. Jeon & M. H. Jeong, 100165); B, C. carneopruinata (J. S. Hur,
030703); C, C. crozalsiana (J. S. Hur, 070403); D, C. ecaperata (J. S. Hur, 070623); E, C. texana (J. S. Hur & M. H.
Jeong, GW1032); F, Isidia (arrowhead) on the thallus of C. ecaperata (scale bars = 3 mm).
Results and Discussion
Key to the all known species of Canoparmelia in South
Korea
1. Thallus isidiate or pustulate isidiate ····························· 2
1a. Thallus lacking isidia, sorediate, or pustulate sorediate
······························································································· 3
2. Thallus pustulate isidiate, divaricatic acid present,
lower medulla occasionally yellow in patches
·········································································· C. owariensis
2a. Thallus greenish yellow, isidia cylindrical to coralloid,
not pustulate, divaricatic acid and usnic acid present
··········································································· C. ecaperata
3. Medulla P+ yellow to orange, stictic acid present ······ 4
3a. Medulla P−, stictic acid absent ··································· 5
4. Lobes sublinear, lobes surface wrinkled and cracked,
medulla white, yellow under soralia, soralia yellowish
orange ····················································· C. carneopruinata
4a. Lobes irregular, soralia white, not yellow under
soralia
········································································· C. crozalsiana
5. Medulla KC+ rose, perlatolic acid present ···· C. aptata
5a. Medulla KC−, divaricatic acid present ········ C. texana
Taxonomic description of the species.
Canoparmelia aptata (Krempelh.) Elix & Hale,
Mycotaxon 27: 278 (1986).
Parmelia aptata Krempelh. In Nyl., Flora 52: 291
(1869).
Pseudoparmelia aptata (Krempelh.) Hale, Phytologia
29: 189 (1974).
Thallus foliose, closely adnate to the substratum. Thallus
Lichen Genus Canoparmelia in Korea
161
Fig. 3. Distribution of Canoparmelia species in South Korea.
▲, C. aptata; □, C. carneopruinata; × , C. crozalsiana;
●, C. ecaperata; ★, C. texana.
Fig. 2. Thin layer chromatography profile of Canoparmelia
species in solvent system C. 1, C. aptata; 2, C.
carneopruinata; 3, C. crozalsiana; 4, control 1
[Lethariella cladonioides (Nyl.) Krog], f-norstictic
acid; 5, C. ecaperata; 6, C. texana; 7, control 2,
Parmelinopsis minarum (Vain.) Elix & Hale, jgyrophoric acid.
3~7 cm broad, whitish grey, lobes 2~3 mm wide. Rough,
eciliate. Soralia marginal to laminal, granular, abundant.
Medulla white, lower surface black with brown marginal
zone. Rhizines black, simple, short, sparse. Apothecia not
seen.
Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow; medulla K−, C−, KC+
rose, P−; TLC: chloroatranorin (Fig. 2a), atranorin (Fig.
2c), and perlatolic acid (Fig. 2b).
Remarks: C. aptata is characterized by closely adnate,
sorediate thalli with perlatolic acid in medulla. It is
closely related to C. texana in external morphology, but
the latter species has divaricatic acid. However, C. aptata
shows variation in lobe configuration and thallus width
due to its habitat and climatic conditions [8].
Specimens examined: Gyeongnam Prov., Geoje City,
o
o
Geoje Island, seaside, on rock, 34 53'43.8" N, 128 44'05.7"
E, alt. 10 m, X. Y. Wang and J. A. Ryu, 110111, 21 Apr
o
o
2011. On rock, 34 51'42.2" N, 128 44'04.1" E, alt. c.1 m,
X. Y. Wang and J. A. Ryu, 110102, 21 Apr 2011. Near
Tongri Beach, Bogil Island, Bogil-myeon, Jeollanam-do,
o
o
on rock, 34 09'64.0" N, 126 35'11.5" E, alt. 15 m, Y.
Joshi, H. S. Jeon, M. H. Jeong, 100164, 6 Feb 2010. On
o
o
rock, 34 09'64.0" N, 126 35'11.5" E, alt. 15 m, Y. Joshi,
H. S. Jeon, M. H. Jeong-100165, 6 Feb 2010. Hoam,
Jukrim-ri, Gwangyang-si, Jeollanam-do, on bark of Celtis
o
o
species, 34 57'73.8" N, 127 39'22.8" E, alt. 92 m, J. S.
Hur, M. H. Jeong, GW1008, 16 Jan 2010. Gwangyang-si,
o
Jeollanam-do, On bark of Pinus species, 34 59'8.25" N,
o
127 48'1.20" E, alt. 42 m, J. S. Hur, M. H. Jeong, GW1056,
25 Jan 2010 (Fig. 3).
Geographical distribution: Africa, Indonesia, Australia
[1], Japan [11], Philippines [12], India [8].
Canoparmelia carneopruinata (Zahlbr.) Elix & Hale,
Mycotaxon 27: 278 (1986).
Parmelia carneopruinata Zahlbr., Sitzungs. Kaiser.
Akad. Wissen., Math Natur. Klasse 1: 419 (1902).
Pseudoparmelia carneopruinata (Zahlbr.) Hale,
Phytologia 29: 189 (1974).
Thallus closely adnate to the substrate, 2~3 cm across.
Lobes irregular to sublinear, 1~3 mm wide, eciliate, epices
rotund. Upper surface grey to mineral grey, ridges wrinkled,
cracked in central part, fragile pruinose, sorediate. Sorelia
laminal, developing along the margins of cracks, dense,
162
Jayalal et al.
yellowish orange, coarse, granular. Medulla white, yellow
to yellowish orange below soralia. Lower surface black
with erhizinate, shiny marginal zone. Rhizines simple,
black, short. Apothecia and pycnidia not seen.
Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow, C−, KC−, P+ yellow;
medulla K+ yellow-red, C−, KC−, P+ orange; TLC:
chloroatranorin, atranorin, stictic acid (Fig. 2d), constictic
acid (Fig. 2e), and unknown compounds 1~2.
Remarks: C. carneopruinata is closely related to C.
crozalsiana in the presence of laminal soralia as well as
stictic acid and constictic acid in the medulla, but it differs
in having a wrinkled, cracked surface as well as reticulate
ridges and granular soredia.
Specimens examined: Mount Sobaek, on bark,
o
o
36 57'24.7" N, 128 26'27.8" E, alt. 546 m, Hur, 030703, 1
Oct 2003 (Fig. 3).
Geographical distribution: India [8], Central America,
Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, South Europe,
Uruguay, Venezuela and West Indies [1], Southern
Sonoran [13].
Canoparmelia crozalsiana (de Lesd.) Elix & Hale,
Mycotaxon 27: 278 (1986)
Parmelia crozalsiana de Lesd. Ex Harm. In Harm.,
Lich. Fr. 4: 555 (1910).
Pseudoparmelia crozalsiana (de Lesd. Ex Harm.) Hale,
Phytologia 29: 189 (1974).
Thallus adnate to the substrate, 2~4 cm across, irregularly
lobate. Lobes imbricate, irregular, epical subrotund, 3~
5 mm wide. Upper surface grey to dark grey, slightly
rugose, ridges, emaculate, epruinose, cracked in older
parts. Isidia absent. Sorediate. Soredia produced along
ridges, capitate, granular to farinose. Medulla white, 80~
100 µm thick. Lower surface black with brown marginal
zone, 0.5~1 mm wide. Rhizines simple, short, black.
Apothecia not seen.
Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow, C−, KC−, P+ pale yellow;
medulla K+ yellow, C−, KC−, P+ orange; TLC:
chloroatranorin, atranorin, stictic acid (Fig. 2d), constictic
acid (Fig. 2e), and unknown compounds 1~3.
Remarks: New to South Korea. This species is
characterized by capitate soralia, a ridged and rugose
upper surface, and stictic acid in the medulla. According
to Elix [7], this species is closely related to C. norsticticata,
which contains norstictic acid and has narrow lobes. C.
carneopruinata is another closely related species due to
the presence of stictic acid. However, C. carneopruinata
differs from C. crozalsiana in having strongly reticulated
ridges on its upper surface [8].
Specimens examined: Mount Sobaek, on bark,
o
o
30 53'22.5" N, 128 25'56.8" E, alt. 875 m, Hur, 070403,
10 Jun 2007 (Fig. 3).
Geographical distribution: India [8], Australia [7],
Brazil, Paraguay [1], SE and E Arizona [13].
Canoparmelia ecaperata (Müll. Arg.) Elix & Hale,
Mycotaxon 27: 278 (1986).
Parmelia ecaperata Müll. Arg., Flora 74: 378 (1891).
Pseudoparmelia ecaperata ((Müll. Arg.) Hale, Phytologia
29: 190 (1974).
Thallus closely adnate to the substrate, 3~4 cm across.
Lobes somewhat sublinear, 1~3 mm wide. Margins ecilliate,
epics truncate. Upper surface yellow grey, plane, emaculate.
Thallus has no soredia. Isidia presentIsidialaminal, marginal
at older lobes, dense, cylindrical, simple to coralloid
branched, dark brown tipped, up to 1 mm long (Fig. 1F).
Lower surface black, with 1~2 mm wide, brown, erhizinate
margin. Rhizines black, simple to squarrosely branched.
Apothecia not seen.
Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, C−, KC−, P−; medulla K−,
C−, KC−, P−; TLC: chloroatranorin, usnic acid (Fig. 2g),
divaricatic acid (trace) (Fig. 2i) and unknown compounds
1~2.
Remarks: New to South Korea. This species is
characterized by densely isidiate thallus and the presence
of usnic acid and divaricatic acid. C. concrescens is
closely related to this species but differs in having
atranorin in the cortex [8].
Specimens examined: On rock with Melanelia stygia,
o
o
37 05'30.3" N, 128 56'33.0" E, alt. 1,521 m, Hur, 070623,
18 Jun 2007 (Fig. 3).
Geographical distribution: India [8], Africa, Nepal,
Thailand [1].
Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon
27: 279 (1986).
Parmelia texana Tuck., Am. J. Arts Sci. Ser. 2 25: 424
(1858).
Pseudoparmelia texana (Tuck.) hale, Phytologia 28:
191 (1974).
Thallus foliose, closely adnate to the substratum except
apices, 5~8 cm across. Lobes sublinear, 2~3 mm wide,
ecilliate. Upper surface mineral grey, smooth, emaculate,
without isidia. Soredia granular, laminal to marginal. Medulla
white. Lower surface black with narrow, erhizinate
margin. Rhizine sparse, short and simple. Apothecia not
seen.
Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow; medulla K−, C−, KC−,
P−; TLC: chloroatranorin, atranorin, divaricatic acid (Fig.
2i), nordivaricatic acid, stenosporic acid (Fig. 2h), and
unknown compounds 1~3.
Remarks: C. texana is closely related to C. aptata in
external morphology but differs in having divaricatic acid
in the medulla.
Specimens examined: Gwangyang-si, Jeollanam-do, on
o
o
bark (Pinus sp.), 34 56'37.3" N, 127 44'6.93" E, alt. 18 m,
J. S. Hur, M. H. Jeong, GW1022, 16 Jan 2010. Gwangyango
si, Jeollanam-do, on bark (Pinus sp.), 34 58'16.4" N,
o
127 44'15.7" E, alt. 33 m, J. S. Hur, M. H. Jeong, GW1032,
Lichen Genus Canoparmelia in Korea
16 Jan 2010. Cheneun temple, Mt. Jiri, J. S. Hur, 30033,
22 May 2003 (Fig. 3).
Ecology and distribution: Azores [14], Bolivia [15],
India [8], United States, South America, Africa, Madagascar,
Thailand, Java, Sumatra, Indonesia, Japan, Australia [1],
Taiwan [16].
Previously reported species in the literature.
Canoparmelia owariensis (Asah.) Elix, Mycotaxon 47:
127 (1993).
Parmelia owariensis Asah., J. Jpn. Bot. 28: 135 (1953).
Pseudoparmelia owariensis (Asah.) Hale, Phytologia
29: 190 (1974).
Paraparmelia owariensis (Asah.) Elix & J. Johnst.,
Mycotaxon 27: 280 (1986).
This specimen was not available for the present study.
Previously, Park [17] reported C. owariensis as the most
important species on Cherry trees in South Korea.
However, there was no taxonomical description of the
species in his paper, and thus we could not trace back his
identification. According to the literature, this species has
the following characteristics [18].
Thallus foliose, tightly attached to the substrate, 2~5 cm
across. Lobes sublinear to irregular, 0.5~3 mm wide,
apices truncate. Upper surface whitish grey, smooth,
becoming rugulose, pustulate isidiate. Isidia coarse and
short, rarely bursting open apically, becoming coarsely
sorediate. Medulla white. Lower surface black, brown at
margins, rhizinate. Rhizines sparse, black and simple.
Apothecia sessile, 1~2 mm wide, disc concave, brown,
thalline exciple pustulate. Ascospores 7~9 × 4~5 µm.
Pycnidia rare.
Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow; medulla K−, C−, KC−,
P−; TLC: chloroatranorin, atranorin, divaricatic acid, and
nordivaricatic acid.
Remarks: According to the description, C. owariensis is
characterized based on its habitat, pustulate isidiate upper
surface, and the presence of divaricatic acid in the
medulla. This species is very closely related with C.
ecaperata. However, C. ecaperata has no pustules on the
upper surface, and usnic acid is present in the medulla.
Ecology and distribution: Africa, Hong Kong, Thailand,
Japan, Australia [7], India [19].
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from the Korean
National Research Resource Center Programme, and the
Korean Forest Service Program (KNA 2012) through the
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163
Korea National Arboretum.
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