Bulletin of Arunachal Forest Research 26 (1&2) : 82-110, 2010. ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH - AN UPDATE Dr. A. Nageswara Rao State Forest Research Institute,P.B.-159, Itanagar-791111 Arunachal Pradesh e-Mail : drraosfri@sify.com Abstract Arunachal Pradesh, one of the eight N.E.Indian states, may be botanically termed as ‘Orchid Paradise’ because of the maximum concentration of orchid species (about 40% of the country) in the state when compared to the other states of the country. It was known as North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) during British India period, became one of the Union Territories of India in 1972 and subsequently attained the Statehood on February 20,1987. During pre-independence time, the state was botanically identified by plant collectors as Aka Hills, Abor Hills, Dafla Hills, Mishmee Hills, Sadiya, Daphabum Ranges. In the present paper, based on the evidences of herbarium with proper collection numbers and/or relevant information of the live plants collected from Arunachal Pradesh and brought under ex situ cultivation, 558 species of orchids belonging to 144 genera are listed. Out of them, 377 are epiphytic or epilithic , 160 are terrestrial and 21 are mycotrophs. Among epiphytes the top 5 larger genera are Dendrobium (47 spp.+1 var.), Bulbophyllum (47 spp.+2 var.), Oberonia (22 spp.), Coelogyne (20 spp.) and Liparis ( 16 spp.+1 var.); among terrestrials Calanthe (16 spp.), Goodyera (12 spp.), Zeuxine (8 spp.), Herminium ( 7 spp.), Cheirostylis (7 spp.+ 1 var.) and among mycotrophs Epipogium (5 spp.), Galeola ( 3 spp.) and Gastrodia (2 spp.) are the larger genera. Some nomenclatural changes are also proposed in the paper. INTRODUCTION Arunachal Pradesh, one of the eight N.E.Indian states, is situated in the extreme north east corner of India, between 26o 28’ and 29o 31’ North latitude and 91o 30’ and 970 30’ East longitude. It shares international border with Bhutan in the west, China in the north and northeast , Myanmar in the east ; and inter-state boundary with Nagaland in the east and Assam in the south. Major portion of the state is hilly terrain covered with dense forests and deep gorges traversed by several rivers and rivulets. The state is inhabitated by diverse indigenous tribal people belonging to about 25 major tribes and about 100 subtribes. Being the part of north east Himalayan region, this region is regarded as one of the mega biodiversity hot spot areas of the world. Arunachal Pradesh may be botanically termed as ‘Orchid Paradise’ because of the maximum concen- tration of orchid species (about 40% of the country) in the state when compared to the other states of the country. The presence of maximum number of orchids may be attributed to the state’s vast geographical area (83,743 sq km.) with maximum forest cover (51,540 sq.km.) while the state’s ideal climatic conditions like high rainfall and humidity in the atmosphere favour the survival of orchids and the diverse vegetation at various altitudinal zones ( tropical, subtropical, temperate and alpine ) to grow diverse orchid species in the state. BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN THE STATE Arunachal Pradesh which was known as North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) during British India period, became one of the Union Territories of India in 1972 and subsequently attained the Statehood on February 20,1987. During pre-independence time, the state was botanically identified by plant collec- ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH tors as Aka Hills, Abor Hills, Dafla Hills, Mishmee Hills, Sadiya, Daphabum Ranges ( Map-1) and they were botanically explored by British botanists viz. H.Wilcox (Mishmee hills in 1836), W.Griffith (Sadiya-Mishmee hills in 1890 & 1894), J.D.Lister ( Dafla hills in 1874), I.H.Burkill (Abor hills in 1911,1912 ), N.L.Bor (Aka hills in 1931-34) and F.Kingdon Ward ( Mishmee hills in 1926,1928; Aka hills in 1938 ).Later, after the Independence, several parties from Botanical Survey of India; Research Insititutes like SFRI, Itanagar; NERIST,Naharlagun; universities like NEHU,Shillong; RGU,Itanagar; GU, Guwahati have made extensive botanical tours to understand the flora of the state ( Tables 2&3). spp.) are the larger genera. It is observed that there is a gradual decrease in the number of genera with many species (larger) when compared to the genera with a few species (smaller). CLASSIFICATION NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES Following the orchid classification proposed by Szlachetco (1995), the orchid genera (144) reported so far from Arunachal Pradesh belong to 10 Subfamilies, 22 tribes and 47 subtribes. ( Table 1). Following the results of the critical studies covering various aspects viz. Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology, Cytogenetics, Phytochemistry etc. on the orchid genera viz. Eria and Liparis by Pridgeon et al. (2005) and Szlachetko (1995) respectively , some of the species occurring in Arunachal Pradesh are needed transfers from the existing genus to the other genus which are as follows. About 42 species of orchids such as Cottonia pedunculais, Seidenfadeniell roseus, Bulbophyllum brienianum, Arachnis flosaeris, Vanda stangeana etc. reported by various authors from Arunachal Pradesh without any evidence of collection localities, collection numbers, herbarium deposited or information about ex situ cultivation of live plant collections are excluded from the present list and mentioned separately as species of doubtful occurrence or wrong identification ( Table 5 ). SPECIES ANALYSIS Out of about 1350 species of orchids known so far from India, about 550 species are reported from Arunachal Pradesh including all types of orchids i.e. Epiphytes, Lithophytes, Ground orchids and Mycotrophs. There is no wonder to say that this number may go high to 600 to 650, when the botanical explorations are completed in the yet to unexplored 20 – 30% of forest area in the state resulting many possible new species and new distributional records. 1. Cylindrolobus arunachalensis (Nageswara Rao) A.N.Rao, comb.nov. Basionym : Eria arunachalensis Nageswara Rao in J.Econ.Tax.Bot. 21(3):711.1997. 2. Cylindrolobus biflorus (Griff.) A.N.Rao, comb. nov. Basionym: Eria biflora Griff. Notul. 3: 302,1851. 3. Cylindrolobus clavicaulis (Wall. ex Lindl.) A.N.Rao, comb.nov. Basionym: Eria clavicaulis Wall. ex Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 26:90,1840. 4. Cylindrolobus hegdei (Agarwal et Chowdh.) A.N.Rao, comb.nov. Basionym : Eria hegdei Agarwal et Chowdhery in Phytotax. 8:8-12.2008. Eria jengingensis S.N.Hegde in J.Orch.Soc. India 7:13.1993. 5. Cylindrolobus lohitensis (Nageswara Rao, Haridasan et Hegde) A.N.Rao, comb. Nov. Basionym: Eria lohitensis Nageswara Rao, Haridasan et Hegde in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86(2) :229,1989.] In the present paper, based on the evidences of herbarium with proper collection numbers and/ or relevant information of the live plants collected from Arunachal Pradesh and brought under ex situ cultivation (cf. References ), 558 species of orchids belonging to 144 genera are listed (Table- 4). Out of them, 377 are epiphytic or epilithic , 160 are terrestrial and 21 are mycotrophs. Among epiphytes the top 5 larger genera are Dendrobium (47 spp.+1 var.), Bulbophyllum (47 spp.+2 var.), Oberonia (22 spp.), Coelogyne (20 spp.) and Liparis ( 16 spp.+1 var.); among terrestrials Calanthe (16 spp.), Goodyera (12 spp.), Zeuxine (8 spp.), Herminium ( 7 spp.), Cheirostylis (7 spp.+ 1 var.) and among mycotrophs Epipogium (5 spp.), Galeola ( 3 spp.) and Gastrodia (2 83 ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Map 1 . Arunachal Pradesh as NEFA with different Hill regions during pre-independence period Map 2. Arunachal Pradesh with three zones described in table.3 84 ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Table 1. Classification of orchids found in Arunachal Pradesh (after Szlachetco,1995 ) Subfamily Tribe Subtribe Genera 1. APOSTASIOIDEAE APOSTASIEAE APOSTASIINAE Apostasia CYPRIPEDIINAE Cypripedium 2. CYPRIPEDIOIDEAE CYPRIPEDIEAE PHRAGMIPEDIINEAE Paphiopedilum 3. GEOBLASTEAE CORYBASINAE Corybas THELYMITROIDEAE SATYRIEAE SATYRIINAE Satyrium Brachycorythis, Ponerorchis, ORCHIDINAE Galearis, Gymnadenia 4. ORCHIDOIDEAE HERMINIINAE Diphylax, Herminium, Peristylus ORCHIDEAE PLATANTHERINAE Platanthera HABENARIINAE Diplomeris, Habenaria 5. TROPIDIOIDEAE TROPIDIEAE TROPIDIINAE Corymborchis, Tropidia GOODYERINAE Erythrodes, Goodyera, Herpysma LUDISIINAE Chamaegastrodia GOODYEREAE Anoectochilus, Cheirostylis, He6.SPIRANTHOIDEAE CHEIROSTYLIDINAE taeria, Myrmechis, Zeuxine, Rhomboda SPIRANTHEAE SPIRANTHINAE Spiranthes DICEROSTELEAE CEPHALANTHERINAE Cephalanthera 7. NEOTTIOIDEAE NEOTTIEAE LIMODORINAE Aphyllorchis, Epipactis NEOTTIINAE Neottia LECANORCHIDINAE Erytrorchis VANILLEAE GALEOLINAE Cyrtosia, Galeola NERVILIEAE NERVILLINAE Nervilia 8.VANILLOIDEAE GASTRODIEAE GASTRODINIINAE Didymoplexis, Gastrodia STEREOSANDRINAE Stereosandra EPIPOGIEAE EPIPOGIINAE Epipogium Anthogonium, Ania, Pachystoma, Spathoglottis, Calanthe, CephaBLETIINAE lantheropsis, Phaius, Acanthephippium, Mischobulbon, Tainia, BLETIEAE Nephelaphyllum, CORALLORHIZINAE Oreorchis ARUNDIINAE Arundina Ceratostylis, Cryptochilus, Eria, 9. EPIDENDROIDEAE ERIINAE Porpax, Trochotosia, Eriodes Podochiuls PODOCHILEAE PODOCHILINAE AGROSTOPHYLLINAE Agrostophyllum THELASIINAE Thelasis, Phreatia Crepidium, Dienia, Liparis, SeiMALAXIDINAE MALAXIDEAE denfia, OBERONIINAE Oberonia 86 ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH THUNIINAE Thunia COELOGYNEAE Bulleyia, Coelogyne, Neogyna, COELOGYNINAE Otochilus, Panisea, Pholidota, Pleione Dendrobium, Epigeneium, Flic9. EPIDENDROIDEAE DENDROBIINAE ingeria (contd.) Bulbophyllum, Cirrhopetalum, BULBOPHYLLINAE Drymoda, Mastigion, RhytioDENDROBEAE nanthos, Trias GENYORCHIDINAE Acrochaene, Monomeria SUNIPIINAE Ione, Sunipia Chrysoglossum, Collabium, DiCOLLABIINAE glyphosa. POLYSTACHYEAE POLYSTACHYINAE Polystachya. Cymbidium, Eulophia, GeodoCYMBIDIEAE CYMBIDIINAE rum. Arachnis, Armodorum, Esmeralda, Hygrochilus, Luisia, PaVANDINAE pilionanthe, Renanthera, Vanda, Vandopsis, Thrixspermum. DECEPTORINAE Cleisocentron , Schoenorchis Ascocentrum, Biermannia, Chilochista, Doritis, Kingidium, 10. VANDOIDEAE PHALAENOPSIDINAE Phalaenopsis, Pteroceras, PenniVANDEAE labium, Acampe, Cleisostoma, Diploprora, Pomatocalpa, Saccolabiopsis, GASTROCHILINAE Smitinandia. Aerides, India, Micropera, RhynAERIDINAE chostylis, Robiquetia, Sarcoglyphis, Stereochilus, Uncifera. TAENIOPHYLLINAE Taeniophyllum Total : 10 22 47 Table.2 . Orchid explorations in Arunachal Pradesh during pre-independence period S.No. COLLECTOR AREA OF EXPLORATION 1 H.Wilcox Mishmi hills (1826) 2 3 W. Griffith J.D.Lister Mishmi hills (1836) Dafla hills (1874) 4 5 6 I.H.Burkill F.Kingdon Ward N.L.Bor Abor hills (1911-12) Mishmee hills (1926,1928); Aka hills (1938 ) Aka hills (1931 – 1934 ) 87 ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Table 3. Some orchid collectors and different areas explored during post independence in Arunachal Pradesh Areas explored and period Collector(s) Aka hills W.Kameng (Nov.1951) W.Kameng (May, 1955) W.Kameng (Oct.1955); & Towang (May-Jun. 1957) G.K.Deka K.S.Srinivasan R.S.Rao R.S.Rao J.Joseph & G.Panigrahi Panigrahi J.Joseph & J.Joseph A.R.K. Sastry A.S. Rao Dafla hills Abor hills Mishmi hills Daphabum ranges - - - - - - - - L.Subansiri, Apatani valley (Nov.1955); Lohit (Nov.1957) - - W.Siang, E.Siang & U.Siang (Nov.1958); W.Kameng (Mar.Apr. 1957; May 1958) L.Subansiri Kimin-Ziro (Sept. 1959) - - - - - - - Tirap ( Aug.Sept. 1958) - Tirap ( Sept. 1959 ) W.Kameng (Sept.Oct.1964) L.Subansiri Talle valley (Oct. – Nov. 1980) - Lohit, AnJaw & Chanlang ( Nov. – Jan. 1970) [Daphabum Joint Expedition] - L.Subansiri & Kurungkume (Nov.-Dec, 1964; Apr.,1965) - - - W.Kameng(Oct.Nov.1970) - - - - Tirap ( 1973, 1974) A.S. Rao & J. Joseph - - - L.Dibang Valley, Lohit (Sept. – Oct. 1969 ) D.S.Deb R.M.Dutta - - - - W.Kameng, E.Kameng, Towang ( from 1978 onwards) L.Subansiri, U.Subansiri, Papumpare, Kurungkume ( from 1978 onwards) K.Haridasan, A.N.Rao, S.N.Hegde, & 88 W.Siang, E.Siang & U.Siang ( from 1978 onwards) L. Dibang valley,Lohit, AnJaw & Chanlang (1978 onwards) Changlang (Namdapha) [ Feb. 1981; Jun. 1982 ] Chanlang and Tirap ( from 1978 onwards) ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH L.Subansiri, Many Botanists W . K a m e n g , U.Subansiri, from BSI,Itanagar E.Kameng, Towang ( Papumpare, from 1978 onwards) Kurungkume station (1978 onwards) W.Siang, L.Dibang valley, Chanlang and E.Siang & Lohit, AnJaw Tirap (from U.Siang ( from & C h a n l a n g 1978 onwards) 1978 onwards) (1978 onwards) Table 4. List of orchid species found in Arunachal Pradesh ( in alphabetical order ) S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Name of the species / variety Acampe carinata (Griff.) Panigr. Acampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr. Acampe rigida ( J.E.Sm.) P.F. Hunt Acanthephippium striatum Lindl. Acanthephippium sylhetense Lindl. Acrochaene punctata Lindl. Aerides multiflora Roxb. Aerides odorata Lour. Aerides rosea Lodd. ex Lindl. & Paxt. Agrostophyllum brevipes K.& P. Agrostophyllum callosum Rchb. f. Agrostophyllum myrianthum K.& P. Agrostophyllum planicaule ( Lindl.) Rchb.f. Ania penangiana ( Hk.f.) Summerh. Anoectochilus brevilabris Lindl. Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. Anthogonium gracile Lindl. Aphyllorchis alpina K.& P. Apostasia odorata Bl. Apostasia wallichii R.Br. Arachnis labrosa (Lindl. & Paxt.) Rchb. f. Arundina graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr. Ascocentrum himalaicum (Deb,Sen&Mal.) Christ. Ascocentrum semiteretifolium Seidenf. Biermannia arunachalensis Nageswara Rao Biermannia bimaculata (K.& P.) K.& P. Biermannia jainiana Hegde & N. Rao Brachycorythis iantha (Wight) Summerh. Brachycorythis obcordata ( D.Don) Summerh. Bryobium pudicum (Ridl.) Ng et Cribb Bulbophyllum affine Lindl. Bulbophyllum apodum Hk.f. Bulbophyllum bisetum Lindl. Bulbophyllum careyanum ( Hook.) Spreng. Bulbophyllum caudatum Lindl. Bulbophyllum cauliflorum Hk.f. Bulbophyllum congestum Rolfe Bulbophyllum cornucervi K.& P. 88 Distribution Western Central Eastern zone zone zone * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Bulbophyllum crassipes Hk. f. Bulbophyllum cupreum Lindl. Bulbophyllum cylindraceum Lindl. Bulbophyllum delitescens Hance Bulbophyllum depressum K.& P. Bulbophyllum elatum (Hk.f.) J.J. Sm. Bulbophyllum emarginatum (Finet) J.J. Sm. Bulbophyllum eublepharum Rchb.f. Bulbophyllum gamblei Hk.f. Bulbophyllum griffithii (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Bulbophyllum guttulatum (Hk.f.) Balak Bulbophyllum hirtum (J.E. Sm) Lindl. Bulbophyllum helenae (Ktz.) J.J.Sm. Bulbophyllum hymenanthum Hk.f. Bulbophyllum khasyanum Griff. Bulbophyllum leopardinum (Wall.) Lindl. Bulbophyllum macraei (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Bulbophyllum obrienianum Rolfe Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (J.E. Sm.) Lindl. Bulbophyllum parviflorum Par. et Rchb.f. Bulbophyllum pencillium Par. & Rchb.f. Bulbophyllum piluliferum K.& P. Bulbophyllum polyrrhizum Lindl. Bulbophyllum protractum Hk.f. Bulbophyllum pteroglossum Schltr. Bulbophyllum repens Griff. Bulbophyllum reptans (Lindl.) Lindl. Bulbophyllum rigidum K. & P. Bulbophyllum sarcophyllum (K.& P.) J.J. Sm. Bulbophyllum sarcophyllum var. minor (K.&P.) Hegde et Rao Bulbophyllum scabratum Rchb.f. Bulbophyllum secundum Hk.f. Bulbophyllum stenobulbon Par. et Rchb.f. Bulbophyllum striatum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Bulbophyllum thomsonii Hk.f. Bulbophyllum trichocephalum (Schltr.) Tang & Wang Bulbophyllum trichocepalum var.wallongense Chowd. et al. Bulbophyllum tridentatum Krzl. Bulbophyllum triste Rchb.f. Bulbophyllum viridiflorum Bulbophyllum xylophyllum Bulleyia yunnanensis Schltr. Calanthe alismaefolia Lindl. Calanthe biloba Lindl. Calanthe brevicornu Lindl. Calanthe chloroleuca Lindl. Calanthe clavata Lindl. Calanthe densiflora Lindl. Calanthe herbacea Lindl. Calanthe keshabii Lucksom 89 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 Calanthe mannii Hk.f. Calanthe pachystalix Rchb.f. ex Hk.f. Calanthe plantaginea Lindl. Calanthe puberula Lindl. Calanthe sylvatica (Thou.) Lindl. Calanthe tricarinata Lindl. Calanthe triplicate (Willem.) Ames Calanthe trulliformis K.& P. Callostylis bambusifolia (Lindl.) Chen et Wood Callostylis rigida Bl. Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce Cephalanthera longifolia (L) Fritch Cephalantheropsis longipes ( Hk.f ) Ormd. Ceratostylis himalaica Hk.f. Ceratostylis subulata Bl. Chamaegastrodia shikokiana Makino et Maek. Cheirostylis chinensis var. glabra Bhaum. et Path. Cheirostylis griffithii Lindl. Cheirostylis gunnarii Nageswara Rao Cheirostylis moniliformis (Griff.) Seidenf. Cheirostylis pusilla Lindl. Cheirostylis sessanica Nageswara Rao Cheirostylis tippica Nageswara Rao Cheirostylis yunnanensis Rolfe Chiloschista parishii Seidenf. Chiloschista usneoides (D.Don) Lindl. Chrysoglossum assamicum Hk.f. Chrysoglossum ornatum Bl. Cirrhopetalum amplifolium Rolfe Cirrhopetalum andersonii Hk.f. Cirrhopetalum hookerii Duthie. Cirrhopetalum loherianum Krzl. Cirrhopetalum pulchrum N.E. Brown Cirrhopetalum retusiusculum (Rchb.f.)Hemsl. Cirrhopetalum roxburghii Lindl. Cleisocentron pallens (Lindl.) Pears. et Cribb Cleisostoma aspersum (Reichb.f.) Garay Cleisostoma discolor Lindl. Cleisostoma filiforme (Lindl.) Garay Cleisostoma linearilobatum (Sdnf.et Smit) Garay Cleisostoma racemiferum (Lindl.) Garay Cleisostoma subulatum Bl. Cleisostoma tricallosum Hegde & A.N. Rao Coelogyne barbata Griff. Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl. Coelogyne cristata Lindl. Coelogyne fimbriata Lindl. Coelogyne flaccida Lindl. Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl. Coelogyne griffithii Hk.f. 90 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 Coelogyne longipes Lindl. Coelogyne micrantha Lindl. Coelogyne nitida (Wall. ex D. Don) Lindl. Coelogyne occultata Hk.f. Coelogyne ovalis Lindl. Coelogyne prolifera Lindl. Coelogyne punctulata Lindl. Coelogyne radicosa Ridl. Coelogyne raizadae jain & Das Coelogyne rigida Par. & Rchb.f. Coelogyne schultesii Jain & Das Coelogyne stricta (D.Don) Schltr. Coelogyne viscosa Reichb.f. Collabium chinense (Rolfe) Tang & Wang Conchidium muscicola Conchidium pusillum Griff. Corybas himalaicus (K.&P.) Schltr. Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Bl. Cremastra appendiculata (D.Don) Makino Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don) Szlach. Crepidium callophyllum (Rchb.f.) Szlach. Crepidium khasianum (Hk.f.) Szlach. Crepidium purpureum (Lindl.) Szlach. Crepidium aphyllum (K. & P.) A.N.Rao Cryptochilus lutea Lindl. Cryptochilus sanguinea Lindl. Cylindrolobus arunachalensis (Nageswara Rao) A.N.Rao Cylindrolobus biflorus (Griff.) A.N.Rao Cylindrolobus clavicaulis (Wall.ex Lindl.) A.N.Rao Cylindrolobus cristatus (Rolfe) Chen et Wood Cylindrolobus glandulifera (Deori et Phukan) A.N.Rao Cylindrolobus hegdei (Agrawal et Chowdh.) A.N.Rao Cylindrolobus lohitensis (Nageswara Rao, Haridasan et Hegde ) A.N.Rao Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. Cymbidium cochleare Lindl. Cymbidium cyperifolium Lindl. Cymbidium dayanum Rchb.f. Cymbidium devonianum Paxt. Cymbidium eburneum var. parishii Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl. Cymbidium faberii var. szechuanicum (Wu et Chen) Wu et Chen Cymbidium gammieanum K.& P. Cymbidium goeringii var. mackinnoni (Duthie) A.N. Rao Cymbidium hookerianum Reichb.f. Cymbidium irdioides D. Don. Cymbidium lancifolium Hk.f. Cymbidium longifolium D.Don 91 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 Cymbidium lowianum Reichb.f. Cymbidium mastersii Griff. ex Lindl. Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. Cymbidium munronianum K.& P. Cymbidium sinense (Jacks. in Andrew) Willd. Cypripedium tibeticum King ex Rolfe Cyrtosia javanica Bl. Dendrobium aduncum Wall. ex Lindl. Dendrobium amoenum Wall. ex Lindl. Dendrobium anceps Sw. Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) Fischer Dendrobium arunachalense C.Deori et al. Dendrobium bicameratum Lindl. Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl. Dendrobium cathcartii Hk.f. Dendrobium chrysanthum Lindl. Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. Dendrobium crepidatum Dendrobium cretaceum Lindl. Dendrobium cumulatum Lindl. Dendrobium densiflorum Lindl. Dendrobium denudans D.Don. Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. Dendrobium eriiflorum Griff. Dendrobium falconeri W.J. Hook. Dendrobium farmeri Paxt. Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. var. occulata Hk.f. Dendrobium formosum Roxb. ex Lindl. Dendrobium gibsonii Lindl. Dendrobium hookerianum Lindl. Dendrobium infundibulum Lindl. Dendrobium jenkinsii Wall. ex Lindl. Dendrobium khasianum Deori Dendrobium lindleyi Steud. Dendrobium lituiflolrum Lindl. Dendrobium longicornu Lindl. Dendrobium mannii Ridl. Dendrobium monticola P.F. Hunt. & Summerh. Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.Ham.) Sw. Dendrobium nareshbahadurii Naithani Dendrobium nathaniels Rchb. f. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Dendrobium numaldeorii C.Deori et al. Dendrobium ochreatum Lindl. Dendrobium palpabre Lindl. Dendrobium parciflorum Rchb.f. Dendrobium porphyrochilum Lindl. Dendrobium praecinctum Rchb.f. Dendrobium spatella Rchb.f. Dendrobium stuposum Lindl. 92 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 Dendrobium sulcatum Lindl. Dendrobium terminale Par. & Reichb.f. Dendrobium transparens Lindl. Dendrobium vexabile Rchb.f. Dendrobium wardianum Warner Dendrolirium ferrugenium (Lindl.) A.N.Rao Dendrolirium kamlangensis (Nageswara Rao) A.N.Rao Dendrolirium lasiopetalum (Willd.) Chen et Wood Dendrolirium tomentosum (Kng.) Chen et Wood Didymoplexis pallens Griff. Dienia cylindrostachya Lindl. Dienia muscifera Lindl. Diglyphosa latifolia Bl. Diphylax urceolata (Clarke) Hk.f. Diplomeris hirsuta (Lindl.) Lindl. Diplomeris josephii Nageswara Rao et Swamin. Diplomeris pulchella D.Don Diploprora championi (Lindl.) Hk.f. Diploprora truncata Rolfe ex Downie Drymoda gymnopus (Hk.f.) Garay et al. Echioglossum simondii ( Gagnep.) Szlach. Echioglossum striatum Rchb.f. Echioglossum williamsonii ( Rchb.f.) Szlach. Epigeneium amplum (Lindl.) Summerh. Epigeneium aruanchalense Nageswara Rao Epigeneium chapaense gagnep. Epigeneium fuscescens (Griff.) Summerh. Epigeneium navicularis (Balakr. & Chowd.) A.N. Rao Epigeneium rotundatum (Lindl.) Summerh. Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz Epipogium africanus Schltr. Epipogium aphyllum (F.W. Schmidt) Sw. Epipogium roseum (D. Don) Lindl. Epipogium sessanum Hegde & A.N. Rao Epipogium tuberosum Duthie Eria corneri Rchb.f. Eria corneri var. clausa (K.& P.) A.N. Rao Eria coronaria (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Eria javanica (Sw.) Bl. Eria vittata Lindl. Eriodes barbata (Lindl.) Rolfe Erythrodes blumei (Lindl.) Schltr. Erythrodes hirsutus (Griff.) Ormd. Erythrorchis altissima (Bl.) Bl. Erythrorchis ochobiensis (Hayata) Garay Esmeralda cathcartii (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Esmeralda clarkei Rchb. f. Eulophia bicallosa (D.Don) Hunt et Summerh. Eulophia dabia (D.Don) Hochr. Eulophia spectabilis (Denst.) Suresh 93 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 Eulophia zollingeri (Reichb.f.) J.J. Sm. Flickingeria albopurpurea Seidenf. Flickingeria bancana (J.J. Sm.) Hawkes Flickingeria fugax (Rchb.f.) Seidenf. Flickingeria ritaeana (K. & P.) Hawk. Galearis robrowskii (Maxim.) Chen et al. Galearis spathulata (Lindl.)Hunt Galeola falconeri Hk. f. Galeola lindleyana Rchb. f. Galeola nudifolia Lour. Garayanthus paniculatus (Ker.-Gawl.) Schltr. Gastrochilus acutifolius (Lindl.) O. Ktze. Gastrochilus affinis (K.&P.) Schltr. Gastrochilus arunachalensis Nageswara Rao Gastrochilus bigibbus (Rchb.f. ex Hk.f.) Ktze. Gastrochilus calceolaris (J.E. Sm.) D. Don. Gastrochlus dasypogon (Buch.-Ham. Ex J.E.Sm.) Ktze. Gastrochilus distichus (Lindl.) Ktze. Gastrochilus intermedius (Griff. ex Lindl.) Ktze. Gastrochilus obliquus (Lindl.) Ktze. Gastrochilus obliquus var. suavis (Seidenf.) Tsi Gastrochilus rutilans Seidenf. Gastrochilus sessanicus Nageswara Rao Gastrodia arunachalensis Hegde & A.N. Rao Gastrodia mishmensis A.N.Rao, Haridasan & Hegde Gastroglottis ophrydis (Koen.) A.N.Rao Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. Goodyera biflora (Lindl.) Hk.f. Goodyera foliosa (Lindl.) Benth. ex Clarke Goodyera fumata Thw. Goodyera fusca (Lindl.) Hk.f. Goodyera hispida Lindl. Goodyera procera (Ket-Gawl.) W.J. Hook. Goodyera recurva Lindl. Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. Goodyera rubicunda (Bl.) Lindl. Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb. f. Goodyera viridiflora (Bl.) Bl. Goodyera vittata Benth. ex Hk.f. Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl. Habenaria arietina Hk.f. Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr. Habenaria furcifera Lindl. Habenaria pantlingiana Krzl. Habenaria pectinata D.Don Habenaria stenopetala Lindl. Herminium haridasanii Nageswara Rao H. josephii Rchb.f. Herminium kamengensis Nageswara Rao Herminium kumauensis Deva et Naithani 94 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 Herminium lanceum (Thumb. ex Sw.) Vujik Herminium longilobatum Hegde & A.N. Rao Herminium monophyllum (D.Don) Hunt & Sum. Herpysma longicaulis Lindl. Hetaeria affinis (Griff.) Seidenf. et Ormd. Hygrochilus parishii (Vt.et Rchb.f.) Engl.et Prntl. India arunachalensis Nageswara Rao Ione andersonii K . & P. Ione arunachalense Nageswara rao Ione bicolor Lindl. Ione candida Lindl. Ione cirrhata Lindl. Ione jainii ( Hynn. et Malh.) Seidenf. Liparis assamica K. &P. Liparis bistriata Par. & Rchb. f. Liparis bootanensis Griff. Liparis caespitosa (Thou.) Lindl. Liparis cathcartii Rchb. f. Liparis cordifolia Hk.f. Liparis delicatula Hk.f. Liparis distans Clarke Liparis elliptica Wight Liparis gamblei Hk.f. Liparis luteola Lindl. Liparis mannii Rchb.f. Liparis nervosa (Thumb.) Lindl. Liparis odorata (Willd.) Lindl. Liparis perpusilla Hk.f. Liparis plantaginea Lindl. Liparis resupinata Ridl. Liparis stricklandiana Rchb. f. Liparis viridiflora (Bl.) Lindl. Liparis viridiflora var. spathulata (Ridl.) A.N.Rao Liparis wrayi Hk.f. Luisia filiformis Hk.f. Luisia trichorrhiza ( Hook.) Bl. Luisia zeylanica Lindl. Luisiopsis inconspicuus (Hk.f.) Sath. et Suresh Mastigion ornatissimum (Rchb.f.) Garay et al. Micropera mannii (Hk.f.) Tang & Wang Micropera obtusa (Lindl.) Tang & Wang Micropera pallida Lindl. Micropera rostrata (Roxb.) Balakr. Mischobulbum megalanthum Tang et Wang Miscobulbum wrayanum (Hk.f.) Rolfe Monomeria barbata Lindl. Mycaranthus floribunda (D.Don) Chen et Wood Mycaranthus pannea (Lindl.) Chen et Wood Myrmechis pumila (Hk.f.) Tang & Wang Neogyne gardneriana (Lindl.) Rchb. f. 95 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 Neottia acuminata Schltr. Neottia alternifolia Neottia divaricata ( Panig.&Wood) Szlach. Nephelaphyllum cordifolium Lindl. Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Hk. f. var. Sikkimensis K.& P. Nervilia gammieana (Hk.f.) Schltr. Nervilia infundibulifolia Blatt. & Mc Cann Nervilia juliana (Roxb.) Schltr. Nervilia marcoglossa (Hk.f.) Schltr. Oberonia acaulis Griff. Oberonia anthropophora Lindl. Oberonia arunachalensis Nageswara Rao Oberonia caulescens Lindl. Oberonia emarginata K.& P. Oberonia ensiformis (J.E. Sm.) Lindl. Oberonia falcata K.& P. Oberonia falconeri Hk. f. Oberonia helferi Hk.f. Oberonia jenkinsiana Griff. ex Lindl. Oberonia kamlangensis Nageswara Rao Oberonia katakiana Nageswara Rao Oberonia maxima Hk.f. Oberonia mucronata Seidenf.et Ormd. Oberonia obcordata Lindl. Oberonia pachyrachis Rchb.f. Oberonia prainiana K.& P. Oberonia pumilio Rchb.f. Oberonia pyrulifera K.& P. Oberonia recurva Lindl. Oberonia rufilabris Lindl. Oberonia sulcata Joseph & Choudh. Odontochilus clarkei Hk.f. Odontochilus crispus (Lindl.) Hk.f. Odontochilus elwesii Cl. ex Hk.f. Odontochilus grandiflorus (Lindl.) Hk.f. Odontochilus tortus K. & P. Oreorchis micrantha Lindl. Ornithochilus difformis (Wall. ex Lindl.) Schltr. Otochilus albus Lindl. Otochilus fuscus Lindl. Otochilus porrectus Lindl. Pachystoma pubescens Bl. Panisea demissa (D. Don) Pfitz. Panisea tricallosa Rolfe Paphiopedilum fairieanum (Lindl.) Stein Paphiopedilum venustum (Wall.) Pfitz. ex Stein Paphiopedilum wardii Summerh. Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. Papilionanthe uniflora (Lindl.) Garay Papilionanthe vandarum (Rchb.f.) Garay 96 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * - * * * - ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 Pennilabium struthio Carr Pennilabium proboscideum Rao et Joseph Peristylus constictus (Lindl.) Lindl. Peristylus fallax Lindl. Peristylus goodyeroides (D.Don) Lindl. Peristylus prainii (Hk.f ) Krzl. Peristylus richardianus Wt. Phaius flavus (Bl.) Lindl. Phaius mishmensis (Lindl. & Paxt.) Rchb. f. Phaius tankervilliae (L’Herit) Bl. Phalaenopsis braceana (Hk.f.) Christen. Phalaenopsis deliciosa Rchb.f. Phalaenopsis mannii Rchb. f. Phalaenopsis lobii (Rchb.f.) Sweet Phalaenopsis taenialis (Lindl.) Christen. et Pradh. Pholidota articulata Lindl. Pholidota chinensis Lindl. Pholidota convallariae (Rchb.f.) J.J. Sm. Pholidota imbricata W.J. Hook. Pholidota katakiana Phukan Pholidota pallida Lindl. Pholidota pygmaea Chowd. et Pal Pholidota rubra Lindl. Pholidota wattii K. & P. Phreatia elegans Lindl. Pinalia acervata (Lindl.) Ktze. Pinalia amica (Rchb.f.)Ktze. Pinalia apertiflora (Summerh.) A.N.Rao Pinalia bipunctata (Lindl.) Ktze. Pinalia bractescens (Lindl.) Ktze. Pinalia connata (Joseph,Hegde et Abbareddy ) A.N.Rao Pinalia excavata (Lindl.) Ktze. Pinalia globulifera (Seidenf.) A.N.Rao Pinalia graminifolia (Lindl.) Ktze. Pinalia pumila (Lindl.) Ktze. Pinalia sharmae (Chowdhery,Giri et Pal) A.N.RaoA.N.Rao Pinalia spicata (D.Don) Chen et Wood Pinalia stricta (Lindl.) Ktze. Platanthera bakeriana (K.& P.) Krzl. Platanthera clavigera Lindl. Platanthera cumminsiana (K.&P.) Renz Platanthera latilabris Lindl. Platanthera leptocaulon (Hk.f.) soo Platanthera stenantha (Hk.f.) Soo Pleione hookeriana (Lindl.) T. Moore Pleione humilis (J.E. Sm.) D. Don. Pleione maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. Pleione praecox (J.E. Sm.) D. Don. Pleione saxicola Tang et Wang Pleione scopulorum W.W.Sm. 97 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 Podochilus cultratus Lindl. Podochilus khasianus Hk.f. Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & Sweet Pomatocalpa armigerum (K.& P.) Tang & Wang Pomatocalpa spicata Breda Pomatocalpa undulatum (Rchb.f.) J.J. Sm. Ponerorchis chrysea ( W.W.Sm.) Soo Ponerorchis chusua ( K. & P.) Soo Ponerorchis puberula ( K. & P.) Vermln. Porpax elwesii (Rchb.f.) Rolfe Porpax seidenfadenii Nageswara Rao Pteroceras teres (Bl.) Holtt. Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe Rhomboda arunachalensis Nageswara Rao Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Bl. Rhytionanthos cornutum (Lindl.) Garay Rhytionanthos nodosum (Rolfe) Garay et al. Rhytionanthos spathulatum (Cooper) Garay et al. Robiquetia spathulata (Bl.) J.J. Sm. Robiquetia succisa (Lindl.) Seidenf. & Garay Saccolabiopsis pusilla (Lindl.) Seidenf. & Garay Sarcoglyphis arunachalensis Nageswara Rao Satyrium nepalense D.Don Satyrium nepalense var. ciliatum (Lindl.)Hk.f. Schoenorchis gemmata (Lindl.) J.J. Sm. Seidenfia josephiana(Rchb.f.) A.N.Rao Smitinandia micrantha (Lindl.) Holtt. Spathoglottis ixioides (D.Don) Lindl. Spathoglottis pubescens var. parvifolia Hk.f. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames Stereochilus hirtus Lindl. Stereosandra javanica Bl. Sunipia intermedia (K.& P.) P.F. Hunt Sunipia scariosa Lindl. Taeniophyllum arunachalense A.N. Rao & J. Lal Taeniophyllum companulatum Carr Taeniophyllum crepidiforme K. & P. Taeniophyllum stella Carr Tainia latifolia (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Tainia minor Hk.f. Thelasis longifolia Hk.f. Thelasis pygmea Lindl. Thrixspermum centipeda Lour. Thrixspermum musciflorum Rao & Joseph Thunia alba (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Thunia bracteata (Roxb.) Schltr. Trias disciflora (Rolfe) Rolfe Trias nasuta (Rchb.f.) Stapf. 98 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 Trichotosia dasyphylla (Par. & Rhbf.) Kranzl. Trichotosia pulvinata (Lindl.) Kranzl. Trichotosia velutina (Lodd.ex Lindl.) Kranzl. Tropidia angulosa (Lindl.) Bl. Tropidia curculigoides Lindl. Tropidia pedunculata Bl. Unicifera acuminata Lindl. Uncifera obtusifolia Lindl. Vanda alpina Lindl. Vanda bicolor Griff. Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl. Vanda coerulescens Griff. Vanda cristata Lindl. Vanda griffithii Lindl. Vandopsis undulata (Lindl.) J.J. Sm. Xiphosium carinatum Griff. Zeuxine clandestina Bl. Zeuxine flava (Wall. ex Lindl.) Benth. ex Hk.f. Zeuxine goodyeroides Lindl. Zeuxine lindleyana Nageswara Rao Zeuxine longilabris (Lindl.) Benth. ex Hk.f. Zeuxine nervosa (Wall. ex Lindl.) Benth. ex Clark. Zeuxine pulchra K. & P. Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * Table 5 . Orchid species with doubtful occurrence in Arunachal Pradesh S.No. Name of the species 1 Aerides falcate Lindl. 2 Arachnanthe moscifera Bl. 3 Arachnis flosaeris (L.) Rchb.f. 4 Ascocentrum ampullaceum Reported by Biswas (1940) Panigrahi et Joseph (1966) Chowdhery (1998) Deb et Dutta (1974) Biswas (1940) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bulbophyllum brienianum (Rolf.)Sm. Bulbophyllum cariniflorum Rchb.f. Bulbophyllum collettii K.&P. Bulbophyllum elassonatum Summerh. Bulbophyllum lobbii Lindl. Bulbophyllum yoksunense J.J.Sm. Calanthe alpine Hk.f. ex Lindl. Calanthe angusta Lindl. Calanthe vaginata Lindl. Chowdhery (1998) Chowdhery (1998) Chowdhery (1998) Chowdhery (1998) Chowdhery (1998) Biswas (1940) Chowdhery (1998) Chowdhery (1998) Chowdhery (1998) 99 Remark No live / herbarium specimen Wrong identification. Actually it is A.labrosa Wrong identification. Actually it is A.labrosa No live / herbarium specimen. Probably Vanda cristata No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen Probably it is B.emarginata No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 14 15 16 41 Cottonia peduncularis (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Dendrobium pendulum Roxb. Dendrobium pulchellum (Roxb.) Lindl. [D.dalhousieanum Wall.] Goodyera hemsleyana K.&P. Habenaria acuifera Wall. ex Lindl. Habenaria aitchisonii Rchb.f. Habenaria digitata Lindl. Habenaria plantaginea Lindl. Herminium macrophyllum (D.Don) Dandy Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br. Luisia brachystachys Hk.f. Nervilia crociformis (Zoll. &Mor.) Seidenf. Oreorchis foliosa Lindl. Paphiopedilum insigne (Lindl.) Pfitz. Pecteilis susannae (L.) Rafin. Pelatantheria insectifer (Rchb.f.) Ridl. Peristylus affinis (D.Don) Seidenf. Peristylus aristatus Lindl. Peristylus densus (Lindl.) Sant. & Kapad. Peristylus hamiltonianus Lindl. Peristylus neumatocaulon (Hk.f.) Baner. & Pradh. Peristylus parishii Rchb.f. Platanthera juncea (K.&P.) Krzl. Seidenfadeniella rosea (Wt.) Sathish Spathoglottis plicata Bl. Staurochilus ramosum (Lindl.) Seidenf. Thrixspermum pygmaeum (K.&P.) Holtt. Vanda pumila Hk.f. Chowdhery (1998) 42 Vanda stageana Chowdhery (1998) 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Chowdhery (1998) Hegde (1980) Srinivasan (1959) No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen Chowdhery (1998) Biswas (1940) Kataki et al. (1984) Biswas (1940) Kataki et al. (1984) Kataki et al. (1984) No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen Kataki et al. (1984) Chowdhery (1998) Chowdhery (1998) No live / herbarium specimen Probably Luisiopsis inconspicua No live / herbarium specimen Chowdhery (1998) Biswas (1940) Kataki et al. (1984) Biswas (1940) Kataki et al. (1984) Kataki et al. (1984) Kataki et al. (1984) Kataki et al. (1984) Kataki et al. (1984) No live / herbarium specimen Probably it is P.farieanum No live / herbarium specimen Probably Vandopsis undulata No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen Kataki et al. (1984) Chowdhery (1998) Chowdhery (1998) Chowdhery (1998) Chowdhery (1998) Chowdhery (1998) No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen No live / herbarium specimen Wrong identification. Actually it is T.musciflorum Wrong identification. Actually it is V.griffithii Wrong identification. Actually it is V.bicolor Table 6 . Orchid genera with number of species in Arunachal Pradesh ( E-epiphyte; T-terrestrial; M – mycotroph ) S.No. Genus No.of Spp. Remarks S.No. Genus No.of Spp. Remarks 1 Acampe 3 E 6 Ania 1 T 2 Acanthephippium 2 T 7 Anoectochilus 2 T 3 Acrochaene 1 E 8 Anthogonium 1 T 4 Aerides 3 E 9 Aphyllorchis 1 M 5 Agrostophyllum 4 E 10 Apostasia 2 T 100 ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Arachnis Arundina Ascocentrum Biermannia Brachycorythis Bryobium Bulbophyllum Bulleyia Calanthe Callostylis Cephalanthera Cephalantheropsis Ceratostylis Chamaegastrodia Cheirostylis Chiloschista Chrysoglossum Cirrhopetalum Cleisocentron Cleisostoma Coelogyne Collabium Conchidium Corybas Corymborkis Cremastra 1 1 2 3 2 1 47 + 2 var. 1 16 2 2 1 2 1 7+1v 2 2 7 1 7 20 1 2 1 1 1 E T E E T E E E T E T T E M 1E+7T E T E E E E T E T T T 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 Epipactis Epipogium Eria Eriodes Erythrodes Erythrorchis Esmeralda Eulophia Flickingeria Galearis Galeola Garyanthus Gastrochilus Gastrodia Gastroglottis Geodorum Goodyera Gymnadenia Habenaria Herminium Herpysma Hataeria Hygrochilus India Ione Liparis 37 38 39 40 Crepidium Bl. Cryptochilus Cylindrolobus Cymbidium 5 2 7 17 + 3 var. 80 81 82 83 Luisia Luisiopsis Mastigion Micropera 41 42 43 44 45 Cypripedium Cyrtosia Dendrobium Dendrolirium Didymoplexis 1 1 47+1 var. 4 1 4T+1M E E T(4+2v) E(12+1v) M(1) T M E E M 84 85 86 87 88 Mischobulbum Monomeria Mycaranthus Myrmechis Neogyna 2 1 2 1 1 T E E T E 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Dienia Diglyphosa Diphylax Diplomeris Diploprora Drymoda Echioglossum Epigeneium 2 1 1 3 2 1 3 6 T T T E E E E E 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 Neottia Nephelaphyllum Nervilia Oberonia Odontochilus Oreorchis Ornithochilus Otochilus 3 1 + 1 var. 4 22 4 1 1 3 T(2),M(1) T T E T T E E 101 1 T 5 M 4 + 1 var. E 1 E 2 T 2 M 2 E 4 T(3) ,M(1) 4 E 2 T 3 M 1 E 11 +1 var. E 2 M 1 T 1 T 12 T 1 T 6 T 7 T(6),E(1) 1 T 1 T 1 E 1 E 6 E 20 + 1 var. E(16+1v) T(4) 3 E 1 E 1 E 4 E ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 Pachystoma Panisea Paphiopedilum Papilionanthe Pennilabium Peristylus Phaius Phalaenopsis Pholidota Phreatia Pinalia Platanthera Pleione Podochilus Polystachya Pomatocalpa Ponerorchis Porpax Pteroceras Renanthera Rhomboda Rhynchostylis Rhytionanthos Robiquetia 1 2 3 3 2 5 3 5 9 1 13 6 6 2 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 T E T E E T T E E E E T E E E E T E E E T E E E 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 Saccolabiopsis Sarcoglyphis Satyrium Schoenorchis Seidenfia Smitinandia Spathoglottis Spiranthes Stereochilus Stereosandra Sunipia Taeniophyllum Tainia Thelasis Thrixspermum Thunia Trias Trichotosia Tropidia Uncifera Vanda Vandopsis Xiphosium Zeuxine 1 1 1 + 1 var. 1 1 1 1 + 1 var. 1 1 1 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 6 1 1 8 E E T E T E T T E M E E T E E E E E T E E E E T Table 7. List of Endemic orchid species of India found in Arunachal Pradesh ( ‘ * ’ mark indicates strictly endemic to Arunachal Pradesh ) S.No Name of the species / variety S.No Name of the species / variety 1 Agrostophyllum myrianthum King et Pantl. 12 Cheorostylis chinensis Rolfe var. glabra Bhaumik et M.K.Pathak *2 Biermannia arunachalensis A.N.Rao *13 Cheirostylia gunnarii A.N.Rao 3 Biermannia bimaculata King et Pantl. *14 Cheirostylis sessanica A.N.Rao *4 Biermannia jainiana Hegde et A.N.Rao *15 Cheirostylis tippica 5 Brachycorythis iantha (Wt.) Summerh. 16 Cleisostoma tricallosum 6 Bulbophyllum acutiflorum A.Rich. [B.albidum 17 Crepidium aphyllum (King et Pantl.) A.N.Rao (Wt.) Hk.f.)] 7 Bulbophyllum nodosum (Rolfe) J.J.Sm. *18 Dendrobium arunachalense C.Deori, sarma,Phukan & Mao 8 Bulbophyllum obrienianum Rolfe 19 Dendrobium khasianum N.C.Deori 9 Bulbophyllum ornatissimum (Rchb.f.) J.J.Sm. *20 Dendrobium nareshbahadurii Naithani 10 Bulbophyllum piluliferum King et Pantl. *21 Dendrobium numaldeorii C.Deorii, Hynniew. & Phukan 11 Bulbophyllum sarcophyllum (King et Pantl..) *22 Diplomeris josephii A.N.Rao et Swaminathan J.J.Sm. var. minor (King et pantl.) Hegde et A.N.Rao 102 ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH *23 Epigeium arunachalense A.N.Rao *24 Cylidrolobus hegdei (Agrawala & Chowdh.) A.N.Rao *25 Dendrolirium kamlangensis (A.N.Rao) A.N.Rao *26 Cylindrolobus lohitensis (A.N.Rao, Hari. & Hegde) A.N.Rao 27 Pinalia sharmae (Chowdh., Giri & Pal) A.N.Rao *28 Cylidrolobus aruanchalensis (N.Rao) A.N.Rao *41 Oberonia arunachalensis A.N.Rao *42 Oberonia kamlangensis A.N.Rao *43 Oberonia katakiana A.N.Rao 44 Oberonia ritaii King & Pantl. *45 Oberonia sulcata Jos. & S.Chowdh. 46 Odontochilus grandiflorus (Lindl.) Benth. et Hk.f. ex Jacks. Pholidota katakiana Phukan *29 Gastrochilus arunachalesis A.N.Rao 47 *30 Gastrochilus sessanicus A.N.Rao *31 Gastrodia arunachalensis Hegde & A.N.Rao *32 Gastrodia mishmensis A.N.Rao, Hari & Hegde *33 Herminium haridasanii A.N.Rao *34 Herminium kamengensis A.N.Rao 35 Herminium kumaunensis Deva & Naithani 48 Pholidota pygmaea Choedh. & Pal 49 Pholidota wattii King & Pantl. *50 Porpax seidenfadenii A.N.Rao *37 India arunachalensis A.N.Rao *51 Rhamboda arunachalensis A.N.Rao *52 Sarcoglyphis arunachalensis A.N.Rao *53 Taenophyllum arunachalense A. N.Rao & J.Lal 54 Thrixspermum musciflorum A.S.Rao & Joseph 55 Vanda jainii Chauhan 38 Micropera mannii (Hk.f.) Tang & Wang 39 Neottia alternifolia (King et Pantl.) Szlacht. *40 India arunachalensis A.N.Rao 56 57 58 36 Herminium longilobatum Hegde & A.N.Rao 6. Cylindrolobus glandulifera (Deori et Phukan) A.N.Rao, comb. nov. Basionym : Eria glandulifera N.C.Deori et Phukan in J.Orch. Soc. India 2 (1-2): 73- 75, 1989. 7. Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. :162. 1833. Pachyrhizanthe macrorhizon (Lindl.) Nakai in Bot.Mag. Tokyo 5:109.1931. Cymbidiopsis macrorhizon (Chowdh.) A.N.Rao, syn. nov. 8. Dendrolirium ferrugineium (Lindl.) A.N. Rao, comb.nov. Basionym : Eria ferruginea Lindl. in Bot.Reg. t.35.1839 & in J.Linn.Soc. 3:57. 1859. 9. Dendrolirium kamlangensis (Nageswara Rao) A.N.Rao, comb.nov. Basionym : Eria kamlangensis Nageswara Rao in Vanda motesiana Choltco ? Zeuxine lindleyana A.N.Rao Zeuxine pulchra King & Pantl. J.Orch. Soc. India 15(1-2):61-63, 2002. 10. Gastroglottis ophrydis (Koen.) A.N.Rao in Bull. Arunachal For.Res.23:21, 2007 Basionym : Epidendrum ophrydis Konig in Retzius, Observ. Bot. 6:46,1791. Gastroglottis latifolia (Smith) Szlachetko in Fragm.Flor.Geobot. Suppl. 3:123.1995 11. Liparis viridiflora var. spathulata (Ridl.) Nageswara Rao, comb. nov. Basinym : Liparis longipes var. spathulata Ridl. In Journ. Linn. Soc. 22 : 294. 1886 12. Pinalia apertiflora (Summerh.) A.N.Rao, comb. nov. Basionym : Eria apertiflora Summerh. In Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew : 9.1929. 13. Pinalia globulifera (Seidenf.) A.N.Rao, comb. 103 ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH nov. Basionym : Eria globulifera Seidenf. In Opera Bot. 62 : 125,1982. 14. Pinalia connata (Joseph, Hegde et Abbareddy) A.N.Rao, comb.nov. Basionym : Eria connata Joseph, Hegde et Abbareddy in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24:114.1983 15. Pinalia sharmae (Chowdhery,Giri et Pal ) A.N.Rao, comb.nov. Basionym : Eria sharmae Chowdhery, Giri et Pal in Ind.Jour.For. 16(1):91-93,1993. 16. Seidenfia josephiana (Rchb.f.) A.N.Rao in Bull. Arunachal For.Res. 23:29, 2007. Basionym : Microstylis josephiana Rchb.f. in Bot. Mag. 103: t.6325.1877. ENDEMIC SPECIES Out of about 200 endemic species of orchids in India, about 58 species are found in Arunachal Pradesh ( Table.7) and among these 30 species are strictly endemic to the state only. CONSERVATION EFFORTS It has been observed that many of the orchid species in Arunachal Pradesh are endangered due to the natural habitat destruction caused by various anthropogenic factors like forest clearance for agricultural practices, timber operation, road construction, hydropower dam construction etc. Epiphytes are decreasing in population due to indiscriminate felling of large and very old trees which are clothed with large number of orchids on their trunks and branches. Terrestrial orchids including mycotrophs are disappearing day by day due to want of shady forest floors and wet and moist stream banks. The State Forest Research Institute ( SFRI), Itanagar under the department of Environment and Forests of Government of Arunachal Pradesh has set up several germplasm bank centres in various districts for native orchids as a part of ex situ conservation ( Tipi in West Kameng district, Itanagar in Papum Pare district, Tezu in Lohit district, Roing in Lower Dibang Valley district are for tropical orchid species ; Sessa in West Kameng district for subtropical species and Dirang in West Kameng district for temperate species). Most of the native species of orchids rescued from degraded forest lands and submergence areas of hydroelectric power project areas are successfully rehabilitated at these centres. Besides a large germplasm, the Orchid Research cum Development Centre of SFRI at Tipi also has an Herbarium ( Orchid Herbarium Tipi – OHT) with about 3000 specimens and also a tissue culture laboratory to micropropagate rare, endangered, ornamental and medicinally important orchid species and hybrids. The Scientists of the Centre , under extension programmes have been engaged in conducting camps in various districts of the state to bring awareness among the local tribal people about the importance of wild orchid species and need for their in situ conservation and also organizing training classes in commercial farming of hybrid orchids in degraded forest lands and abandoned Jhum lands as an livelihood option. Under Schedule VI ( Section 2 ), in the Indian Wildlife ( Protection ) Act, 1972 ( Act 44 of 1991, w.e.f. 2-10-1991), ten species of orchids are included to regulate the collections from the wild. They are viz. 1. Paphiopedilum charlesworthii (Rolf.) Pfitz. ( Mizoram ?) 2. P. druryi (Bedd.) Stein (Kerala) 3. P. fairrieanum (Lindl.) Stein (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim) 4. P. hirsutissimum (Lindl. ex Hk.) Stein (Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland) 5. P. insigne (Wall. ex Lindl.) Pfitz. (Meghalaya, Manipur) 6. P. spicerianum (Rchb.f. ex Mast. &Moor.) Pfitz. (Assam, Manipur, Mizoram) 7. P. villosum (Lindl.) Stein (Assam, Mizoram) 8. P. wardii Summerh. (Delei valley in Arunachal ?) 9. Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl. ( Blue Vanda ) and 10. Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe ( Red Vanda ). Besides these orchids, 3 more plants viz. Cycas beddomei , Saussurea lappa and Nepenthes khasiana are included. There is no doubt that the above species are highly endangered and needed immediate protection and conservation measures on priority. However, when considering the rich floristic wealth of the country ( about 47,000 species including 1300 species of orchids), inclusion of only 13 species in the schedule of Wildlife Protection Act does not seem to be justifiable and definitely needs further additions particularly the endemic species of the country and 104 ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Chauhan, A.S. (1996). A contribution to the flora of Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. categorization under different Schedules. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sincere thanks are due to Shri B.S.Sajwan,IFS, PCCF & Principal Secretary, Dept. of Environment and Forests; Dr. Pradeep Chowdhry, IFS, Director, SFRI, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh for encouragement and facilities. REFERENCES Agrawala, D.K., Sabapathy, C.M. and H.J. Chowdhery (2004). Bulbophyllum trichocephalum var. wallongense (Orchidaceae), a new variety from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Indian J.Forest. 27(3): 305-307. Bhaumik, M. and M.K. Pathak (2001). 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(Orchidaceae). Ind. Orch. J. 2(1) : 13-18. Nageswara Rao, A. (1988a). Zeuxine lindleyana Nageswara Rao – a new species of orchid from Arunachal Pradesh. Arun. For. News 6 : 34-36. Nageswara Rao, A. (1988b). Two new species of Cheirostylis (Orchidaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh , India. Nord. J. Bot. 8 : 339-340. Nageswara Rao, A. (1988c). A taxonomic review of the saprophytic orchids of Arunachal Pradesh, India. J.Orch. Soc.India 2(1&2):9-18. Nageswara Rao, A. (1989). A note on the identity of Diglyphosa macrophylla. J. Orch. Soc. Ind. 3 : 47-49. 1989. Nageswara Rao, A. (1990a). A new species of Sarcoglyphis (Orchidaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh,India. Nord. J.Bot. 10 : 161-162. Nageswara Rao, A. (1990b). Dendrobium mannii Ridl.- a rare orchid new to Arunachal Pradesh, India. J.Econ.Tax. Bot. 14(2): 469- 470. Nageswara Rao, A. (1991a). Cheirostylis tippica Nageswara Rao – a new species of orchid from Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal For. News 9(2) : 17-20. Nageswara Rao, A. (1991b). Post independence additions to the orchid flora of India with a particular reference to Arunachal Pradesh – a review. (A.N. Rao) J. Orch. Soc. Ind. 5(1,2): 29-41. Nageswara Rao, A. (1991c). Epipogium africanus Schltr. (Orchidaceae) a new record to India. Higher Pl. Ind. Subcont. 2 : 9-12. Nageswara Rao, A. (1992a). Two new species of orchids from Arunachal Pradesh. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 16(3) : 723 – 726. Nageswara Rao, A. (1992b). A note on the identity of two Bulbophyllum orchids. J. Orch. Soc. India 6 (1&2): 41-42. Nageswara Rao, A. (1992c). Does Arachnis flosaeris (L.) Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae) occur Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal For. News 10 : 61-62. 107 ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Nageswara Rao, A. (1994). Bulbophyllum crassipes Hk.f. (Orchidaceae) – a new record to Arunachal Pradesh. Arun.For. News. 12 (1) : 25-26. 1994. Nageswara Rao, A. (1995a). Two ground orchid species new to Arunachal Pradesh. J.Econ. Taxon. Bot. 19(3): 637-638. Nageswara Rao, A. (1995b). New contributions to the Orchid Flora of N.E. India during 1950-1990, with special reference to Arunachal Pradesh – a review. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. Add. Series 11 : 49-63. Nageswara Rao, A. (1995c). Four new records of orchids from Arunachal Pradesh, India. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. Add. Series 11:125-126. Nageswara Rao, A. (1996a). Herminium monophyllum (Orchidaceae) - a new record to N.E. India from Arunachal Pradesh. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20 (1) : Nageswara Rao. A. (1996b). Five new records of orchids from Arunachal Pradesh, India. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20 (3) :707-709. Nageswara Rao. A. (1996c). Oberonia katakiana Nageswara Rao – a new orchid species from Arunachal Pradesh, India. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20 (3) : 711-713. Nageswara Rao. A. (1996d). Four new records of orchids from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Ind. For. 122 (12) : 1171-1173. Nageswara Rao. A. (1997a). A new species of Gastrochilus from Arunachal Pradesh (India). J.Orch. Soc. India 11 (1) : 1-2. Nageswara Rao,A. (1997b). A new species of Ione Lindl. (Orchidaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Rheedia 7 (1) : 47-50. Nageswara Rao, A. (1997c). A new species and some new records of Orchids from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Rheedea 7(2) : 127-132. 1997. Nageswara Rao, A. (1997d). Erythrodes seshagiriana Nageswara Rao – a new species of orchid from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Ind. For. 123 (7) : 643-645. Nageswara Rao, A. (1997e). Gastrochilus rutilans Seidenf. (Orchidaceae) – a new record to India from arunachal Pradesh. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 22 (1) : 239-240. Nageswara Rao, A. (1997f ). Eria arunachalensis Nageswara rao – a new orchid from India. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 21 (3) : 711-713. Nageswara Rao, A. (1997g). Four new records of orchids to Arunachal Pradesh (India). J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 21 (3) :717-719. Nageswara Rao, A. (1997h). Cheirostylis gunnari (Orchidaceae) – a new orchid from arunachal Pradesh, India. Nord.J. Bot. 18 : 23-25. Nageswara Rao, A. (1998a). Gastrochilus rutilans Seidenf. (Orchidaceae)- a new record to India from Arunachal Pradesh . J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 22 (1) : 239-240. Nageswara Rao, A. (1998b). Two Monopodial orchid species new to Arunachal Pradesh (India). J.Econ. Tax. Bot. 22(2): 405-406. Nageswara Rao, A. (1998c). Rhomboda arunachalensis Nageswara Rao – a new species of orchid from Arunachal Pradesh, India. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 22 (2): 426-428. Nageswara Rao, A. (1998d). Notes on the genus Taeniophyllum (Orchidaceae) in arunachal Pradesh with two new records to India. Rheedia 8 (2) : 163-166 . Nageswara Rao, A. (1998e). India arunachalensis Nageswara Rao (Orchidaceae )- a new genus and species from Arunachal Pradesh, India. J.Econ. Tax. Bot. 22(3): 701-703. Nageswara Rao, A. (2000a). Report on some new records of orchids to Arunachal Pradesh (India). J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 24 (1) : 213-214. Nageswara Rao, A. (2000b). Notes on some new records of orchids from Arunachal Pradesh. J.Econ. Tax.Bot. 24(2) :261-264. Nageswara Rao, A. (2000c). Oberonia kamlangensis Nageswara Rao – a new orchid from Arunachal Pradesh. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 24(2):267-269. 108 ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Nageswara Rao, A. (2000d). Notes on some new additions and Nomenclatural changes in two orchids of Arunachal Pradesh. J. Orch. Soc. India. 14 : 61-66. Nageswara Rao, A. (2009a). Epigeneium arunachalense Nageswara Rao- a new orchid from Arunachal Pradesh(India). In Bull. Arun. For. Res.25(1&2): 3-5. Nageswara Rao, A. (2001a). Herminium kamengensis Nageswara Rao – a new orchid species from Arunachal Pradesh. J.Econ.Tax.Bot. 25(2): 287-289.2001. Nageswara Rao, A. (2009b). Monopodial Orchids of Arunachal Pradesh (India)- classification, taxonomy, distribution and conservation. Bull. Arun. For. Res. 25: 55-92. Nageswara Rao, A. (2001b). Rediscovery of Bulbophyllum bisetum Lindl. (Orchidaceae) after a century from North East India. J.Econ.Tax. Bot.:25(2): 290-292. Nageswara Rao, A. and J.Lal (1991). A new species of Taeniophyllum Bl. (Orchidaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Bioved 2(2): 225-226. Nageswara Rao, A. (2002). Cheirostylis yunnanensis Rolfe (Orchidaceae)-a new record to India from Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal For. News. Nageswara Rao, A. (2003). Eria kamlangensis Nageswara Rao (Orchidaceae)- a new species from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journ. Orch. Soc. India 15(1-2): 61-63. Nageswara Rao, A. (2004a). Porpax seidenfadenii Nageswara Rao – a new species of orchid from Arunachal Pradesh, India . In K.S.Manilal & C.S.Kumar (ed.). Orchid Memories- a tribute to Gunnar Seidenfaden. Pp.:23- 26. Nageswara Rao, A. (2004b). Cirrhopetalum loherianum Kranzlin – a new addition to the orchid flora of India from Arunachal Pradesh. J.Econ. Tax.Bot. 28 (3) : 556-558. Nageswara Rao, A. (2006a). Alpine orchids of Arunachal Pradesh.Bull. Arun. For. Res. 22 : 27-32. Nageswara Rao, A. (2006b). Variability identification of Paphiopedilum, Anthogonium and some vandaceous species (Orchidaceae) genotypes – their maintenance and propagation technology. Bull. Arun. For. Res. 22 : 45-51. Nageswara Rao, A. (2007). Orchid Flora of North East India- an uptodate analysis. Bull. Arun For. Res. 23(1&2): 6-38. Nageswara Rao, A. (2008). Four new records of orchids to Arunachal Pradesh. In Bull. Arun. For. Res. 24(1&2) : 25-28. Nageswara Rao, A. and K.Haridasan (2005). Dendrobium vexabileRchb.f. (Orchidaceae) – a new record to India from Arunachal Pradesh. Arun. For. News 21(1&2) : 14-16. Nageswara Rao, A., K. Haridasan and S.N.Hegde (1989). Eria lohitensis Nageswara Rao, Haridasan et Hegde – a new species of orchid from Arunachal Pradesh. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86(2) : 229. Nageswara Rao, A., K.Haridasan and S.N.Hegde, 1991. A new species of Gastrodia from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Arunachal For. News 9 (1) : 10-12. Nageswara Rao, A. and S.N.Hegde (1984). A note on the correct identity of Eria hindei summerh. (Orchidaceae). Kew Bull. 39 (3) : 635-637. Nageswara Rao, A. and S.N.Hegde (2004). A synopsis of novelties and new distributional records of orchids reported from the Orchid Research Centre,Tipi (Arunachal Pradesh) during 19812000. In K.S.Manilal & C.S.Kumar (ed.). Orchid Memories- a tribute to Gunnar Seidenfaden. Pp.:125-134. Nageswara Rao, A., Ona Apang, A. Mao and S.S.Dash (2010). Two new records of orchids from Arunachal Pradesh,India. J. Orchid Soc. India 24(1-2): 97-100. Nageswara Rao, A. and D.K.Saikia (1996). Calanthe pachystalix Rchb.f. ex Hk.f. – a new orchid record for N.E. India from Arunachal Pradesh. J.Econ. Tax. Bot. 20 (3) : 665-666. Nageswara Rao, A. and Swaminathan (1987). 109 ORCHID FLORA OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Diplomeris josephii A.N. Rao et Swaminathan – a new orchid from Arunachal Pradesh. Ind. Orch. J. 2 : 5-7. 1987. Rao, A.S. and C.Deori (1980). A preliminary census of the orchids of Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J. Forest. 3(3): 255-260. Naithani, H. B., Rao, A. N. and K. Haridasan (1985). Some addition to the orchid flora of Arunachal Pradesh. (&) Ind. J. For. 8 (4) : 333334. 1985. Rao, R.S. and J.Joseph (1965). Observations on the flora of Siang Frontier Division, North Eastern Frontier Agency (NEFA). Bull. Bot. Surv. India 7(1-4): 138-161. Pal,G.D. and A. Nageswara Rao ( 1982). Galeola nudifolia Lour. – a rare orchid from Subansiri District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24 (1-4) : 203-205. Sandhyajyoti Phukan and A. A. Mao (2006). Pleione saxicola in India. Orch. Rev. May./Jun. : 150-151. Panigrahi, G. and J. Joseph (1966). A botanical tour to Tirap frontier division, NEFA. Bull. Bot. Surv. India, 8: 142-57. Panigrahi, G. and V.N. Naik (1961). A botanical tour to Subansiri Frontier Division (NEFA). Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3(3&4): 361-388. Seidenfaden,G. (1973). Notes on Cirrhopetalum Lindl. 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