Petria 16 (2), 161 (2006)
Preface
The past decade has seen a remarkable upsurge of information in the field of
plant pathology in Malta. this is particularly so with respect to pathogenic fungi and
fungal-like plant pathogens. in 1994, this Ministry embarked on a Plant Quarantine
Strengthening Project funded by FaO, and through this co-operation project, several
leading experts were engaged in Malta to carry out field work and report plant pests
and diseases encountered. Shortly afterwards, a Plant Pathologist and a Nematologist
were engaged to work with the Plant Health Section of this Ministry, under the United
States of America Peace Corps Volunteer scheme. With Malta’s entry in the European
Union, our Ministry could benefit from a number of twinning projects, one of which
was directly related to phytosanitary aspects and again several short term experts
came to Malta not only to carry out field work but also to train our staff in different
disciplines among which different aspects of plant pathology. the senior author of the
present work was engaged as a consultant in Plant Pathology for the last two years.
all the above mentioned activities, especially the original research work carried out by both Dr angelo Porta-Puglia and Dr David Mifsud in these last two years,
provided the bases of this current publication entitled “Fungal and fungal-like plant
pathogens of the Maltese Islands”. In this work, original finds of more than 30 pathogenic fungi are included, not to mention the numerous new host records and new
localities for already known diseases.
Apart from the great amount of scientific input that this publication contains, I
found it extremely user friendly through the use of the three appendices. appendix i
provides a list of pathogens by host plant. The host plant is listed in the scientific Latin
name, which is not so user friendly for the non-specialist. to counter balance this, the
authors have included in Appendix III a list of host plants by common English and
Maltese name and the corresponding scientific name. Appendix II is also very useful
as it denotes the common English name of the various diseases and, for each, the corresponding pathogen(s) are included. through these appendices, it is then very easy
to make reference in the annotated lists of plant pathogenic Protozoa, Chromista, and
Fungi encountered in the Maltese islands.
the time is certainly ripe to take stock of this abundance of information which
has accumulated especially in recent years. this work, which includes a comprehensive review of what has been done in Malta in the field of pathogenic fungi and related organisms, by two dedicated scientists, serves this purpose admirably. it will
undoubtedly become an authoritative reference work, not only for Maltese scholars,
but also for professional and practical plant pathologists working in Europe and the
Mediterranean region.
Dr Philip von Brockdorff
Permanent Secretary
Ministry for Rural Affairs and the Environment, Malta
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Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Fungal and Fungal-like Plant Pathogens
oF the Maltese islands
angelo Porta-Puglia* and david Mifsud
Ministry for Rural Affairs and the Environment
Research and Development Centre, Għammieri, Marsa CMR 01, Malta
*e-mail: angelopp@alice.it
summary
the paper provides updated lists
of plant pathogenic species belonging
to the kingdoms Protozoa, Chromista
and Fungi (one, 21, and 211 species entries, respectively) recorded in Malta. it
is intended primarily for the use of plant
pathologists and authorities involved in
plant protection and quarantine issues. it
is based on published papers and unpublished reports of several authors and on
our original data. the latter were based on
inspections in the field and at the Maltese
fruit and vegetable market, on surveys
requested by EC and on samples brought
by farmers at the Għammieri, Marsa, laboratories of the Ministry for rural affairs
and the Environment (MRAE). They
include records or more than 30 species
new for Malta and several new host and
new location records.
Major diseases observed during
2004-2006 include Verticillium wilt of
olive, late blight of potato and tomato,
powdery mildew on several hosts, crown
and root rot (Forl) of tomato, Sclerotinia
stem rot of vegetables, grey mould of
several crops, leaf mould of tomato.
Most of the pathogenic species
reported at the beginning of the last century are still present. Several species, including Spongospora subterranea f. sp.
subterranea, Colletotrichum acutatum,
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, probably have been introduced
recently. Intensified plant trade, due to
world trends and the accession of Malta
into the EU, increases this risk and requires consolidating the national quarantine service and extending monitoring of
the territory.
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
the incidence and severity of some diseases could be traced back to inappropriate cultural practices or unsuitable seed
or plant material. MRAE and private
organisations have a key role to play in
improving this situation.
(received October 26, 2006)
key words: Pathogens of crops, Pathogens of wild flora, Protozoa, Chromista,
Fungi, Malta, Gozo.
Riassunto
Funghi e organismi fungo-simili patogeni delle piante a Malta
il presente lavoro fornisce elenchi aggiornati di specie patogene appartenenti ai regni Protozoa, Chromista
e Fungi (rispettivamente una, 21 e 211
specie elencate) osservati a Malta, utili
per i patologi vegetali e per le istituzioni
coinvolte nella protezione delle piante e
negli aspetti di quarantena. Esso è basato
su lavori pubblicati e rapporti non pubblicati di diversi autori, nonché su nostri
dati originali. Questi ultimi derivano da
visite in campo e presso il Mercato ortofrutticolo di Malta, da indagini richieste
dalla CE e da osservazioni di campioni
portati dagli agricoltori ai laboratori di
Għammieri, Marsa, del Ministero per
gli Affari Rurali e l’Ambiente (MRAE).
Essi comprendono segnalazioni nuove
per Malta di specie (più di 30), nonché di
ospiti e località.
Le principali malattie osservate
nel periodo 2004-2006 comprendono:
Verticillosi dell’olivo, Peronospora della
patata e del pomodoro, Mal bianco di diversi ospiti, Marciume del colletto e delle
radici (Forl) del pomodoro, Marciumi da
Sclerotinia su piante ortive, Muffa grigia
su vari ospiti, Cladosporiosi del pomodoro. Molte delle specie segnalate agli
inizi del secolo scorso sono tuttora presenti. altre, quali Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea, Colletotrichum
acutatum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
radicis-lycopersici, sono probabilmente
di recente introduzione. L’intensificarsi
degli scambi internazionali di vegetali,
legati alle tendenze mondiali e al recente ingresso di Malta nell’UE, fanno aumentare questo rischio e richiedono il
rafforzamento del servizio nazionale di
quarantena e l’intensificazione del monitoraggio del territorio. L’incidenza e la
severità di alcune malattie è attribuibile a
carenze nelle pratiche colturali o all’uso
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di sementi o materiali di moltiplicazione
inadeguati. Le istituzioni del MRAE e le
organizzazioni private di settore possono
svolgere un ruolo importante nel miglioramento della situazione.
(ricevuto il 26 ottobre 2006)
Parole chiave: Patogeni di piante coltivate, Patogeni della flora selvatica, Protozoi, Chromista, Funghi, Malta, Gozo.
introduction
The Republic of Malta (316 km2, c. 400,000 inhabitants) consists of a group
of small islands located in the central Mediterranean Sea, 96 km from Sicily (italy) and 290 km from northern Africa. Latitude of the Maltese Archipelago extends
from 35°48’28” to 36°05’00” North. Longitude is comprised between 14°11’04” and
14°34’37” East. The major islands are Malta (245.7 km2) and Gozo (67.1 km2).
Maltese soils are closely similar to the parent rock material: marine sedimentary rocks, mainly Oligo-Miocenic limestones, and minor quaternary deposits of terrestrial origin. According to the Kubiena system, they could be classified as terra soils,
xerorendzinas and carbonate raw soils. in the cultivated areas there are also soil complexes formed through the human activities, including mixing of diverse soils transported from different areas, addition of rock debris and domestic waste in reclamation
of disused quarries and in other land-reclamation activities (Schembri, 1993).
there are no mountains, rivers or lakes but there are minor springs and valley systems, only very few of which retain water all year round. Carsic limestone
plateaux, clay-covered hillsides and limestone plains characterise the islands. in both
Malta and Gozo, the south-west coast is mostly elevated and the land tills gently towards the north-east. the maximum elevations in Malta and Gozo are, respectively,
Ta’ Zuta (253 m above see level), on Dingli Cliffs, and Dbiegi (191 m).
Valleys (widien, singular: wied) had been shaped by erosion and nowadays
they convey runoff during the wet season. Average rainfall is about 550 mm per year,
mostly concentrated from October to March. It is estimated that up to 25% of rainwater percolates through limestone rocks and accumulates in aquifers from where it
seeps out in springs or is tapped or pumped for irrigation and other uses. the islands
are sunny and windy. Erosion is important due to the large non-irrigated areas in
which the soil is bare in the driest season. the frequent rainstorms which are common
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at the beginning of the wet season are another cause of erosion. the large soil surface
covered by buildings and roads increases the violence of runoff, resulting in more loss
of soil and water to the sea. the range of the mean monthly air temperature is 12-26
°C but grass temperature may reach the upper forties in summer and fall below 0 °C
in the period from December to april (Schembri, l. c.).
it is thought that before colonisation by man the islands were covered with
Mediterranean sclerophyll forest characterised by holm oak (Quercus ilex) and
aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), associated to smaller trees, shrubs and climbers. Use
of wood by man and grazing by sheep and goats, introduced by the early colonisers,
have brought to the extinction of these forests, of which very limited remnants are
visible at present in the island of Malta. the Buskett area (Malta), although planted by
man, is now self-regenerating and considered as a semi-natural woodland (Schembri,
l. c.) and is the only woodland ecosystem present nowadays. Other major ecosystems
include maquis, garrigue, and steppic grassland. Due to the high human pressure on
the natural environment in the major islands (the republic of Malta is inhabited since
extremely remote times and at present it is the most densely populated country of the
EU: c. 1,200 inhabitants per km2) a large coverage is provided by communities of
disturbed ground. Coastal, rupestrial and other minor communities occupy particular
or rare habitats (Schembri, l. c.).
the agricultural landscape could be described by three major elements, which
are strictly correlated with socio-economic conditions of the respective areas: (i) garden-type (rdum and gnien), where fruit trees are grown intensively and yield high
profits; (ii) barren meadows (xaghra), when used, fodder and legumes are grown there
and the profits are poor; (iii) dry-farming areas, which represent most of the arable
land, varying in crop quality and revenue according to exposure, slope and water
supply. Potatoes (the favourite crop) and high-value vegetables (melons, tomatoes,
artichokes etc.) are grown in the irrigated areas. Olive and grapes, known since the
most ancient times and successively replaced or abandoned (due to the development
of cotton industry in the case of olives, and to outbreaks of phylloxera in the case of
grapes) are nowadays quickly expanding in Malta and Gozo.
the origin of agriculture in Malta is remote and is documented by tools and
equipments discovered in Neolithic sites. roman historians reports about cotton and
honey production. Before the advent of the Knights of the Order of St Johns in 1530, the
mostly farming Maltese society was able to provide a relatively good standard of life.
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important villages, with churches and chapels adorned with valuable art and artefacts,
indicate that in several places agriculture had provided more than the subsistence, at
least to a part of its inhabitants. the Knights brought new activities related to building and repairing their important fleet, and at that time agriculture started loosing its
absolute primacy. After Malta passed under the British Crown in 1814, secondary
and tertiary activities increasingly absorbed parts of the active population. Since the
mid nineteenth century transformation from subsistence to commercial agriculture
accelerated and the production and social changes were accentuated by the needs related to its strategic position during World War ii. the demobilisation after the war and
the massive unemployment which followed generated a massive migration, mostly of
young people from the farming areas. also for this reason, the decline of agriculture
continued during the phases of Self-government (1946-1958), the return of Colonial
rule (1958-61) and after the accession to Independence (1964) (Busuttil, 1993).
More recently, the increase of secondary and tertiary activities and the increasing impact of tourism on the economy have further reduced the relative importance
of agriculture. The accession of Malta into the European Union (2003) has introduced
new relevant factors of change. Namely, an accentuated stress on quality products
is very likely to have significant impact in the future of agriculture in Malta. Due to
these new challenges the knowledge of the plant health conditions and the development of plant protection management strategies suitable for the new needs are expected to play a major role.
Plant protection always had a relatively high focus on the Maltese agricultural community. in the 1920s Prof. John Borg, then superintendent of agriculture,
was much involved in plant protection and integrated pest management. His book
(Borg, 1922), Diseases and cultivation of fruit trees in the Maltese islands, was one
important contribution in this respect. In 1956, Dr Brian Wheeler of the International
Mycological institute, Kew, UK, was assigned a six-month stay in Malta to work as
plant pathologist. Much of this work was latter published (Wheeler, 1957) and to-date
it remains as the most important contribution incorporating all plant pathological aspects (with the exception of nematology) for Malta.
in the 1960s much effort was made by government to establish a plant health service including laboratory facilities and trained personnel. One very important contribution
of this service included the potato blight warning. this service seems to have been fully
functional from the early 1960s till the late 70s (J. Aquilina, personal communication).
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In total six thermohygrograph stations were present in Malta (Għajn Tuffieħa, Għammieri,
Żabbar, Qrendi, Żebbug) and Gozo (Xewkija) and these were read weekly. If high humidity and temperature suitable for infection were recorded for at least a 48 hour period,
a warning was issued. Such warnings were included in local newspapers, on the local
radio station and they were also brought to the knowledge of the Christian community
at the conclusion of Sunday mass celebration (G. Carbone, personal communication).
in this way, all growers used to be alerted on time for the application of plant protection
products.
in 1994, the then Plant Health Section of the Ministry for agriculture and Fisheries, embarked on a Plant Quarantine Strengthening Project fully funded by FaO.
this technical co-operation project (tCP) involved a number of experts from different disciplines (including plant pathologist, entomologists, legal advisers) and much
field investigations and laboratory analyses were carried out on plant samples. Much
of these findings are to be found in unpublished FAO reports (e.g. Wheeler, 1994a,
1994b).
in 1996, Dr Fred Brooks came to work in Malta as a plant pathologist under
the United States of america Peace Corps Volunteer scheme. He worked in Malta
for almost a three year period during which he was involved in field inspections and
laboratory diagnosis of plant material. Again much of his reports (e.g. Brooks 1998a,
1998b) are unpublished ones pertaining to the Department of Agriculture. His book
(Brooks, 2001), Plant Disease Manual for semiarid and Mediterranean-type climates,
was mainly based on his experience in Malta.
in 2002-2004 Malta took part in a twinning programme on Phytosanitary aspects and among other issues a number of short term experts came to Malta to train
staff in plant health and quarantine aspects. Several interim reports have been compiled, some of which including original data on plant health aspects.
Generally, there is a lack of bacterial, phytoplasmas and virus or virus likeplant pathogens recorded in Malta and few surveys were carried out to get an overall
picture of such organisms occurring locally. a number of unpublished reports are
available at MRAE. However, the following publications can be consulted for these
pathogens: Attard, 2002; Martelli et al., 1992; Gallitelli et al., 2004; Bonavia Gatt and
D’Onghia, 2002. Such lists could be used by both plant pathologists and authorities
involved in planning and managing plant protection and quarantine issues in the Maltese territory and, consequently to the recent accession of the Country into the EU, at
the Union borders.
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the major aim of the present paper is to provide a list of pathogenic species
recorded in Malta.
the organisms dealt with in this contribution have been grouped under the
three headings of Protozoa, Chromista and Fungi according to the present phylogenetic views.
the lists of pathogenic species causing plant diseases in Malta are based on
published works, on reports of visiting experts and on the more recent finding related to
the activities of the senior author, from March 2004 to February 2006, as a consultant at
the Department of Plant Health of the Ministry for Rural Affairs and the Environment,
Agricultural Research and Development Centre, Għammieri, Marsa, Malta. The major
sources of written information on plant diseases in Malta in the last 50 years are a publication from Wheeler (1957), the section on fungi in a general inventory of local living
organisms (Lanfranco, 1989), two unpublished reports by Brooks (1997, 1998a) and
indexes (Brooks, 1998b), and some recent papers (Porta-Puglia and Mifsud, 2005a, b,
c and 2006a, b, c; Porta-Puglia et al., 2005; Pace-Lupi et al., 2006). these have been
integrated with information from reports concerning visits to Malta by Wheeler (1994a
and 1994b), the studies carried out within the framework of FaO-UNDP projects by
Collingwood (1971 and 1972) and Mazzocchi and Debattista (1971).
Previously, exhaustive lists of fungi were authored by Saccardo (1912, 1914,
1915), based on material collected by A. Caruana Gatto and J. Borg, and by Sommier
and Caruana-Gatto (1915). The latter includes Saccardo’s findings and some additions. although these papers are more oriented to mycology than to plant pathology,
several species (including species new to science) found in Malta are of interest for
the plant pathologist and several references to this previous investigations have been
provided in the present lists.
The authors have integrated the data of Wheeler (1957) in the lists for two
reasons: (i) his paper has been published in a very low number of copies and is not
available in most libraries, including those of some Maltese institutions; (ii) by our
experience, most of his findings are still valid and worthy to be largely known.
During the work reported in this paper, attention was mostly directed to diseases of economically important crops, although other host species have also been
studied, due to their possible role as infection sources or to their impact on the local
wild flora. Some other pathosystems were taken into account for their potential interest in studies on biological control of weeds.
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
A few ‘macrofungi’ only, mostly related to wood decay, are listed in the present
paper. their presence is certainly more important than it can appear hereby. Malta University, Department of Mathematics and Science, has a tradition of studies on macrofungi and has contributed valuable papers on this subject. Briffa and Lanfranco (1986)
published an annotated list and a brief history of macrofungi in Malta. Other papers of
interest in this area include Briffa (2002b and 2002c) and Pieri and rivoire (1996).
Several books in English (e.g. Borg, 1922) and in Maltese (e.g. Vella, 1991)
include information on diseases of cultivated crops but not all diseases mentioned
therein are necessarily present in Malta unless otherwise stated. the monthly magazine, Biedja u Said, edited by the MRAE, deals with extension articles in Malteses
related to fisheries and agriculture, including plant diseases (e.g.: Mifsud and PortaPuglia, 2005). Papers of mycological interest (e.g. Tabone, 2002) could be found in
The Central Mediterranean Naturalist which is presently the official scientific peerreviewed journal of Nature trust (Malta).
Dissertations prepared at the institute of agriculture, University of Malta, also
deal with aspects of plant pathology. Most of them remain unpublished. an article
based on a M. Sc. dissertation concerning a survey on fungi (pathogenic and saprophytic) observed on grapes in Malta and Gozo has been published (tabone, 2002).
Some of the finding of a Diploma dissertation by Stephen Mifsud (2005, unpublished), co-tutored by the senior author, have been included in the present paper. Dissertations prepared abroad are sometimes based on Maltese material (e.g.: Pace Lupi,
2005, unpublished) and provide additional information on plant pathology and related
fields in Malta.
a large herbarium collection of over 10,000 accessions is maintained at the
argotti Botanical Garden in Floriana (J. Buhagar, personal communication). it includes the Caruana Gatto’s and Borg’s collections.
to facilitate the practical and easy use of the data, three appendices had been
included in this paper:
Appendix I – List of plant pathogens by host;
Appendix II – List of diseases by common name (where available) and corresponding pathogen (s);
Appendix III – List of hosts by common English name followed by scientific
and Maltese names.
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Materials and methods
Species names and authors of fungal names used in our lists are mostly based
upon the Index Fungorum, edited and maintained in a joint partnership by CaBi Bioscience, CBS and Landcare Research (http://www.indexfungorum.org). With a few
exceptions, the ‘current name’ given for the species in the Index was adopted.
Scientific and common plant names are mostly based on the Plant database of
the United States Department of agriculture, Natural resources Conservation Service (http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin). Some scientific plant names were taken from the
IPNI website (www.ipni.org /index.html), implemented in collaboration between the
royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Harvard University Herbaria, and the australian
National Herbarium. For some common plant names, namely when there is difference
between British and American use, we adopted the term chosen by Wheeler (1957).
Our observations were done on:
(i) plants directly examined and sampled during field inspections;
(ii) plant material which the growers brought to the plant pathology laboratory;
(iii) fruit and vegetables inspected at the Malta official fruit and vegetable market
(Pitkalija), at Ta’ Qali.
Except when otherwise stated, our list is based upon symptoms and signs observed on the host and on the putative pathogens found associated to the diseased host.
Identification of pathogenic species was done through macroscopic and microscopic
characters observed on the host (directly or after incubation in moist chambers) or
on isolates in pure cultures from diseased plant material. isolations have been either
attempted directly from fungal fructifications or by plating plant tissues after appropriate washing and/or surface disinfestations with a solution of sodium hypochlorite
(1-2 % active Cl, 1-5 min). Alternatively, to isolate root pathogens, root portions were
disinfested by immersion in 1:1000 water solution of Hg Cl2 followed by accurate
rinsing (5-6 times) in sterile water. Ethanol (75%) was also used, alone or in combination with one of the other disinfestants. Most of the fungi were isolated on tap water
agar (tWa), potato dextrose agar (PDa) or corn-meal agar (CMa). isolates were
usually maintained on PDa slants.
a collection of 24 isolates of Verticillium dahliae has been established. Each
isolate was kept on PDa slants under mineral oil and on sterilised soil in screwcapped tubes. There is also a collection of 8 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
radicis-lycopersici. a collection of diseased plant organs in formaldehyde water solution (5%) has been established. Exsiccata of diseased plants parts and/or fungal colonies (on PDa, tWa or CMa) have been prepared. these collections are deposited
at the Plant Pathology Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Għammieri,
Marsa, Malta.
reference to collections (of which a few numbers are missing) in the lists is
made as follows:
(i) plant parts under formaldehyde-water: F1 to F16;
(ii) exsiccata: E1 to E 110.
Two surveys were carried out in 2004 and 2005 in order to comply with the EU
Member States requirements concerning Phytophtora ramorum. twenty-one and 22
locations (public gardens, parks, nurseries and garrigue sites) were inspected during
2004 and 2005, respectively. The following species were examined: Arbutus unedo,
azalea, Camellia japonica, Gardenia, Laurus nobilis, Lonicera implexa, Lonicera sp.,
Magnolia grandiflora, Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens, Quercus robur, Viburnum
lucidum, Viburnum tinus, Viburnum odoratissimum. When suspect symptoms were
observed, microscopic observations were done directly on samples or after their incubation in moist chambers. When deemed necessary, isolations were also attempted.
Results
the pathogenic species belonging to the kingdoms Protozoa, Chromista and
Fungi are listed in Table 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Simptoms induced by some species
are shown in Fig. 1 (Protozoa), Fig. 2 (Chromista) and Fig. 3-4 (Fungi). Locations of
new records are shown on Map. 1. The tables provide scientific name of the pathogenic species, name of the disease they induce, host common name and scientific name,
location and date of observation. When necessary, remarks and the appropriate references are given. Each list entry starts from the data of Wheeler (l957), when applicable, and includes the successive findings with reference to the respective Author(s).
When no reference is given, the entry refers to our unpublished original data (in this
case, month and year of observation are given for each location). When, for a given
entry, published reports have been found and deemed appropriate, these are mentioned in the comment column. We apologise hereby for unavoidable omissions.
172
taBle 1 - annotated list of plant pathogenic Protozoa observed in Malta.
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.)
Lagerheim f. sp. subterranea
tomlinson. Powdery scab
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
cv Derby
Qrendi (April 2005, E33, F1, F2)
cv Volva
Qrendi, Magħtab (both April 2005)
Extremely severe symptoms on tubers
(Fig. 1, a, B and C), with abundant
tissue proliferation, mimicking black wart
(Porta-Puglia and Mifsud, 2006-a)
Symptoms on tubers were severe to
moderate at Qrendi. Consignements
were refused at the Ta’ Qali Grading
Station.
cv Druid
Qormi (July 2005)
Severe to moderate symptoms on
stored tubers
cv Cara
Mġarr (December 2005)
On one single seed tuber
(seed lot imported from ireland)
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
173
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Fig. 1 - Diseases caused by Protozoa. a, B, C, D) Powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea f. sp.
subterranea) on potato tubers.
174
tBle 2 - annotated list of plant pathogenic Chromista observed in Malta.
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze. White
rust
Perennial wall rocket [Diplotaxis
tenuifolia (L.) DC.]
Għammieri, E78, E83 and Ta’
Xbiex, E87 (both November
2005)
Wardija (February 2006)
reported by Saccardo, 1912, as
Cystopus candidus
Shepherds’ purse [Capsella bursapastoris (L.) Medik.]
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957
White wall rocket [Diplotaxis
erucoides (L.) DC.]
Buskett
Wheeler, 1957. Reported by Saccardo,
1912, as Cystopus candidus
Msida (November 1997)
Mifsud (unpublished)
Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.)
San anton
Wheeler, 1957. Also in Saccardo
(1912)
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Għammieri, Siġġiewi-Dingli
Wheeler, 1957
rabat
Brooks, 1998b
Qormi (May 2004, E17 and E18),
Siġġiewi (July 2004), Żabbar
(December 2004)
Found at Pitkaljia Market on 2
consignements from Siġġiewi, 3 from
Qormi and one from Zabbar
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957. Already reported by
Saccardo (1912)
Bargeman’s cabbage [Brassica rapa
ssp. silvestris (L.) Lam. & Janch.]
175
Bremia lactucae regel. Downy mildew
Sow-thistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.)
Fig. 2, a
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PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
tBle 2 - Continued
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Għammieri, Ta’ Qali
Wheeler, 1957
Qrendi , Żejtun
Brooks, 1998b
Nettleleaf goosefoot (Chenopodium
murale L.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957 [as Peronospora effusa
(Grev.) Rabenh.]
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Siġġiewi (March 2004, E2)
Sample collected at Pitkalija Market
Peronospora matthiolae Gäum. Downy
mildew
Stock [Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br.]
Għammieri (April 2005, E13;
Peronospora parasitica was reported
June 2005, E50; November 2005, (Wheeler, 1957) on Matthiola sp. at
E84), Pietà (December 2005, E94) rabat
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr. [syn:
Hyaloperonospora parasitica (Pers.)
Constant.]. Downy mildew
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var.
capitata L.)
Mġarr
Wheeler, 1957
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var.
gongylodes L.)
Dingli
Wheeler, 1994
Peronospora destructor (Berk.) Casp.
ex Berk. Downy mildew
176
Peronospora farinosa (Fr.) Fr. f. sp.
spinaciae Byford. Downy mildew
Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Għammieri (November 2005,
E90)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957
Stock (Matthiola sp.)
rabat
White wall rocket [Diplotaxis
erucoides (L.) DC.]
Buskett
Wheeler, 1957. Peronospora
parasitica f. matthiolae-annuae
roum is also known on this host
(www.indexfungorum.org)
Wheeler, 1957
Perennial wall rocket [Diplotaxis
tenuifolia (L.) DC.]
Għammieri (November 2005,
E82)
Peronospora trifoliorum de Bary.
Downy mildew
Sweetclover [Melilotus indicus (L.)
All.]
Għammieri (?)
Wheeler, 1957
Peronospora viciae (Berk.) Casp.
Downy mildew
Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Fiddien, Pwales, San anton
Wheeler, 1957. Peronospora viciae
(Berk.) De Bary reported by Saccardo
(1912, 1915) on Lathyrus odoratus
Peronospora sp. Downy mildew
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
Mellieħa (November 2005, E88),
Mtarfa, (September 2005, E65,
E71, E75), Żabbar, (September
2005, E66)
Morphologically similar to P. lamii,
but not pathogenic on Salvia, see
Garibaldi et al., 2004, and PortaPuglia and Mifsud, 2006c
Phytophthora capsici Leonian
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
Phytophthora citricola Sawada
Citrus (Citrus sp.)
Birkirkara
Brooks, 1998b
Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. &
Laff. Phytophthora crown and root rot
Gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii
Bolus ex Hook.)
Żabbar (February 2005)
Detected on a single imported plant
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary
Late blight
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Buskett, Gozo, Lija
Wheeler, 1957.
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
177
Shepherds’ purse [Capsella bursapastoris (L.) Medik.]
tBle 2 - Continued
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
178
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Widespread
Brooks, 1998b
Burmarrad (February 2005),
Għammieri (April 2004, E14, F3;
January 2006, E100), Ħal-Farruġ
(December 2004, E27), Mosta
(February 2005), Qormi (April
2005), St. Paul’s Bay (April 2005)
also at Dingli, Marsascala and
Qrendi (March 2005) and Żurrieq
(April 2005) (S. Mifsud, personal
communication). Widespread in
Malta and in the Gozo localities of
Għajnsielem and Għasri (April 2005)
(r. tanti, personal communication)
Not known
Collingwood, 1971 and 1972
Gozo, Mellieħa
Wheeler, 1957
Widespread
Brooks, 1998b
Għammieri (January 2006)
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Hann aubergine (Solanum melongena L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b (as Phytophthora
parasitica)
Citrus (Citrus sp.)
Widespread: Attard, Għammieri,
Girgenti, Luqa, Ħal-Farruġ,
Rabat, Ramla Bay, Siġġiewi,
Wardija, Xewkija, Żeitun
Brooks, 1998b
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
Wardija, Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Stem blight
hosts**
179
Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M. A.
Curtis) Berl. & de Toni. Downy mildew
Qormi
Brooks, 1998b. We cannot exclude
that the report refers to Phytophthora
capsici Leonian, syn.: Phytophthora
parasitica var. capsici (Leonian) Sarej.
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
Chadwick Lakes, Mġarr
Brooks, 1998b
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Għammieri, Mġarr
Brooks, 1998b
araucaria (Araucaria sp.)
Xewkija
Brooks, 1998b
Citrus (Citrus sp.)
Birkirkara, Xaghra
Brooks, 1998b
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
Wardija
Brooks, 1998b
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
Dingli
Brooks, 1998b
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Fiddien, Gozo
Wheeler, 1957. Mentioned among the
most common causes of disease of
grape by Collingwood (in Mazzocchi
and Debattista, 1971)
Widespread: attard, Burmarrad,
Mġarr, Rabat
Brooks, 1998b
ramla (Gozo, June 2004),
Burmarrad (August 2005, E61)
Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. &
Curtis) rostov. Downy mildew
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Għammieri, Żabbar, Żebbuġ
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Phytophthora sp.
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
tBle 2 - Continued
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
loCations and dates
Marrow (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Ħal-Farruġ (E72), Rabat, Safi
(E74) ( all three October 2005),
Siġġiewi (November 2004, F23)
Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
rabat
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Wheeler, 1957
Għammieri (November 2005,
E80), Żabbar (October 2004, E21)
180
Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson)
Fitzp.
Bitter almond (Amygdalus communis
L.)
Luqa (St. Vincent de Paul
residence, Marsa)
Brooks, 1998b
Pythium echinulatum V.D. Matthews
araucaria (Araucaria sp.)
Siġġiewi
Brooks, 1998b
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Wardija
Brooks, 1998b
Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Żejtun
Brooks, 1998b
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
Binġemma, Mosta
Brooks, 1998b
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
Dingli, Mġarr
Brooks, 1998b
araucaria (Araucaria sp.)
Xewkija
Brooks, 1998b
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.
var. botrytis L.)
Not known
Brooks, 1998b
Pythium sp.
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
hosts**
rabat (December 2004)
Sample collected at Pitkalija market
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×
morifolium)
Żabbar
Brooks, 1998b
Citrus (Citrus sp.)
Widespread: Girgenti, Ħal-Farruġ, Brooks, 1998b
Kirkop, Safi, Xagħra, Xewkija
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Xewkija, Żabbar
Brooks, 1998b
Laurustinus (Viburnum tinus L.)
attard
Brooks, 1998b
Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
rabat, Wardija
Brooks, 1998b
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
Ta’Qali
Brooks, 1998b
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Dingli, Marsa, Xewkija
Brooks, 1998b
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)
Santa Venera (November 2005,
E86, F4)
Albugo portulacae before the recent
revision by Thines and Spring (2005).
Sample collected by S. Mifsud. also
reported by Saccardo 1912 as Cystopus
portulacae
* Disease name is given when known or mentioned in the relevant report.
** Citrus species are listed under “Citrus” common name to facilitate immediate comparison among different findings/reports which often are limited to the
genus. Common species name is given when known.
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
181
Wilsoniana portulacae (DC. ex Duby)
thines
Chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.]
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Fig. 2 - Disease caused by Chromista. a) White rust (Albugo candida) on bargeman’s cabbage; B)
Downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on lettuce; C and D) Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) on potato.
182
tBle 3 - Annotated list of Fungi pathogenic on crops and on wild flora observed in Malta.
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Aecidium clematidis DC. (syn.: Puccinia
recondita Dietel & Holw.). rust
Traveller’s joy (Clematis cirrhosa
L.)
Wied Inċita (November 2005,
E76)
Sample collected by S. Mifsud
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler
apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)
Dingli
Brooks, 1998b
Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.)
Wiltshire. Leaf black spot
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var.
gongyloides L.)
Żebbuġ (December 2004)
also Alternaria brassicae (Berk.)
Sacc. was reported on broccoli at
Attard (Saccardo, 1915)
Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce
Die-back
Lemon (Citrus limon Burm.)
Siġġiewi
Wheeler, 1957
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957
Fruit-rot
Alternaria dauci (Kühn) J. W. Groves &
Skolko. alternaria leaf blight
Carrot [Daucus carota L. ssp.
sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.]
Żabbar (December 2004, E26)
Alternaria dianthi (?) F. Stevens & J. G.
Hall. Leaf spot
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus
L.)
Not known
Collingwood, 1972 (as Alternaria leaf
spot; species not mentioned)
Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif.
Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Żejtun
Brooks, 1998b
Alternaria solani Sorauer. Early blight
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Mġarr, Siġġiewi,
Brooks, 1998b
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957
Alternaria sonchi Davis. Leaf spot
Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.)
Luqa (St Vincent de Paul
residence nursery) (November
2004, E25)
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
183
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
tBle 3 - Continued
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Alternaria tenuissima (Nees ex Fr.)
Wiltsh.
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var.
capitata L.)
Pwales
Wheeler, 1957 [headrot: sunscald
followed by saprophytic fungi,
including Cladosporium sp. Similar
symptoms observed by Porta-Puglia
(unpublished) on samples from
Zabbar, colonised by Alternaria and
Stemphylium]
Pear (Pyrus communis L.)
Chadwick Lakes
Wheeler, 1957 (on scorched leaves)
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Wied tal-Pwales
Wheeler, 1957
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm.
Citrus (Citrus sp.)
attard
Brooks, 1998b
Ascochyta matthiolae Oudem. Leaf spot
Stock (Matthiola sp.)
Żabbar
Wheeler, 1957
Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Żabbar
Wheeler, 1957
Fruit-rot
184
Aspergillus niger v. tiegh.
Black mould
Ħal-Farruġ (September 2005, E63) On stored onion bulbs
Black rot
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Birkirkara (August 2005), Wardija
(September 2004)
Koch’s postulates confirmed on
surface disinfested grape berries in
moist chambers (Wardija isolate)
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm
Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus
L.)
Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer. Powdery Durum wheat (Triticum durum
mildew
Desf.)
Pwales
Wheeler, 1957 (associated with a
rotting of globes which cause was not
determined)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957 (as Erysiphe graminis
DC.). Saccardo (1912) reported E.
graminis on Koeleria phleoides
Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces.&
de Not.
185
Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & M. A.
Curtis) arx. Die-back
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Delimara
as Erisiphe graminis (Brooks
1998b)
aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis P.
Mill.)
Valletta
Brooks, 1998b
arar tree [Tetraclinis articulata
(Vahl) Masters]
Valletta
Brooks, 1998b
Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
San anton
Wheeler, 1957 (as Diplodia natalensis
Evans)
Lemon (Citrus limon Burm.)
Siġġiewi
Wheeler, 1957
Safi (July 2004)
Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
Siġġiewi (May 2005)
Botryosphaeria sp.
Citrus (Citrus sp.)
Balzan (October 2004)
Botryosphaeria sp.
Plum (Prunus domestica L.)
Mdina (august 2004)
Tentatively identified as
Botriosphaeria parva
Botrytis cinerea Pers. Grey mould
aubergine (Solanum melongena L.)
Għammieri, St Paul’s Bay
Wheeler, 1994b
isolated from branches showing dieback symptoms
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
St. thomas Bay (February 2006)
tBle 3 - Continued
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
rabat (March 2004)
Burmarrad (October 2005)
in a nursery
Courgette (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
Edible fig (Ficus carica L.)
Qrendi (April 2005)
Gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii
Bolus ex Hook.)
Not known
Collingwood, 1972
Żabbar
Brooks, 1998b
Żabbar (February 2005)
Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Mġarr (April 2005)
Bermuda buttercup (Oxalis pescaprae L.)
St Paul Ta’ Qlejja (March 2005)
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Mġarr (April 2005)
rose (Rosa sp.)
Santa Venera (November 2005,
E104)
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
186
azalea (Rhododendron sp.)
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
rabat
Brooks, 1998b
Żabbar (February 2005)
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Għammieri, Mġarr, St Paul’s Bay,
Żabbar
Brooks, 1998b
Botrytis fabae Sardiña. Chocolate spot
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957
Qormi (May 2004), rabat (May
2005, E101), Siġġiewi (June
2004), Żabbar (April 2004)
187
Caldariomyces fumago Woron. Sooty
mould
Olive (Olea europaea L.)
Buskett
Wheeler, 1957
Wied Ħas-Sabtan (March 2004,
E7)
Calonectria kyotensis Terash. Leaf
blotch
azalea (Rhododendron sp.)
Burmarrad (October 2005, E103)
anamorph (Cylindrocladium
scoparium Morg.) only observed. it
was associated with Chlamydomyces
palmarum on blotched leaves (in a
nursery). also on petals, associated to
Botrytis cinerea
Cercospora apii Fresen. Early blight
Celery [Apium graveolens L. var.
dulce (Miller) Pers.]
Mellieħa
Wheeler, 1957. Reported as
Cercospora petroselini on parsley in
Saccardo (1912, 1915)
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Buskett (April 2004, F5),
Għammieri (January 2006), Rabat
(March 2004), rabat (Gozo, May
2005)
tBle 3 - Continued
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Cercospora ariminensis Cavara. Leaf
spot
Spanish sanfoin (Hedisarum
coronarium L.)
attard, Buskett, Fiddien, Gozo,
Rabat, Ta’ Qali
Wheeler, 1957
Cercospora beticola Sacc. Leaf spot
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)
Buskett, San anton
Wheeler, 1957
Msida (March 2004, E1)
188
Cercospora canescens Ell. & Mart. Leaf
spot
White vetch, Ochrus vetch [Lathyrus Gozo
ochrus (L.) DC.]
Wheeler, 1957
Cercospora insulana Sacc. Leaf spot
Statice [Limonium brassicifolium
(Webb.) O. Kuntze, hybrid].
Żabbar
Wheeler, 1957. This species was
first described by Saccardo (1915)
based on samples of Statice sinuata
collected at ta Braxia and addolorata
cimiteries
Cercospora mercurialis Pass. Leaf spot
annual mercury (Mercurialis annua
L.)
Lija
Wheeler, 1957
Bidnija, Zejtun (both February
2006)
Cercospora neriella Sacc. Leaf spot
Oleander (Nerium oleander L.)
Cercospora rubro-tincta Ellis & Everh.
Leaf spot
Bitter almond (Amygdalus communis Gozo, Buskett
L.)
Wheeler, 1957
Cercospora scorpiuri thüm.
Caterpillar plant (Scorpiurus
muricatus L.)
Wheeler, 1957
San anton
Dingli
Wheeler, 1957
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Wardija (November 2005, E91,
E92)
Cercospora smilacis thüm. [syn.:
Passalora smilacis (Thüm.) U. Braun].
Leaf spot
Cercospora sp.
189
Wied tal-Mistra
Wheeler, 1957. Also present at the
argotti Botanical Garden Herbarium
in exiccata dated around 1920s
Wied tal-Mistra (November 2005,
E77)
Sample collected by S. Mifsud
Wied id-Dis (Madliena, February
2005,)
Sample collected by S. Mifsud
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.)
Gozo, Lija
Wheeler, 1957
Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.)
Żabbar
Wheeler, 1957
Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.)
Dingli, Tal’ Qroqq
Wheeler, 1957 [possibly
Pseudocercospora ceratoniae (Pat. &
Taubenh.) Deighton]
Burmarrad (October 2005)
associated to Calonectria kyotensis
on blotched leaves (in a nursery)
Chlamydomyces palmarum (Cooke) E.W. azalea (Rhododendron sp.)
Mason
Cladosporium cladosporoides f. sp.
pisicola (Snyder) G.a. de Vries. Scab
Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Chadwick Lakes
Wheeler 1957
Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis &
arthur. Scab
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Not known
Collingwood 1972
Cladosporium sp
apple (Malus domestica Borkh).
Mtaħleb
Wheeler 1957 (as secondary invader)
Cladosporium sp
almond (Amygdalus communis L.)
Rabat (September 2005, E67)
associated with leaf shot hole,
possibly secondary invader
Cladosporium sp.
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×
morifolium ramat)
St Paul’s Bay
Wheeler, 1994a
Citrus (Citrus sp.)
Siġġiewi
Wheeler, 1957
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Cercospora zonata G. Winter. Zonate
leaf spot
Sarsaparilla (Smilax aspera L.)
tBle 3 - Continued
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Ear blotch
Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)
Girgenti
Wheeler, 1957 (as “probably
secondary, following root disease”)
Sooty mould
Oleander (Nerium oleander L.)
San anton
Wheeler, 1957
Għammieri (September 2005,
E69)
190
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Sliema
Wheeler, 1957
-
Pear (Pyrus communis L.)
Chadwick Lakes
Wheeler, 1957 (on scorched leaves)
-
White poplar (Populus alba L.)
Chadwick Lakes
Wheeler, 1957 (on bark)
Coleosporium inulae rabenh. rust
False yellowhead [Dittrichia viscosa
(L.) W. Greuter, syn.: Inula viscosa
(L.) Ait.]
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
Fiddien, Mtaħleb
Wheeler, 1957
St Paul’s Bay (December 2005,
E105, F16)
Porta-Puglia and Mifsud, 2006b
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Qrendi (April 2005, E32, E53,
E58)
Porta-Puglia and Mifsud, 2005c
Colletotrichum fragariae a. N. Brooks
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
rabat
Brooks, 1998b
Colletotrichum sp. Leaf spot
Friar’s cowl (Arisarum vulgare targ.
toz.)
Lija
Wheeler, 1957 (suggesting tentative
identification as Colletotrichum
trichellum f. sp. arisari Pat.).
Colletotrichum acutatum J. H.
Simmonds. Blackspot (anthracnose,
‘false-fruit’ rot)
Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S.
Hughes. Black dot
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
hosts**
Bidnija (February 2006)
Burmarrad
Brooks, 1998b
Colletotrichum sp.
Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
rabat
Brooks, 1998b
Coniothecium sp. Sooty mould
Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
Siġġiewi
Wheeler, 1957
Coniothyrium sp.
English ivy (Hedera helix L.)
Buskett
Brooks, 1998b
Coriolopsis aspera (Jungh) teng.
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.)
Maqluba
Briffa, 2002a
Cylindrocarpon sp.
Grapevine (Vitis sp.)
Luqa (St Vincent de Paul
Residence nursery) (June 2005)
isolated from rotted base of cuttings
failing to radicate
Olive (Olea europaea L.)
Mdina (August 2005)
associated with root-rot of dying
trees. F. solani also present
Cytospora punica Sacc. Die-back
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)
Mtaħleb
Wheeler, 1957. Also reported by
Saccardo, 1914
Diaporthe citri F. a. Wolf
Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
Żebbuġ (December 2005)
Diatrypella quercina (Pers.) Cooke
English oak (Quercus robur L.)
Msida (January 2006, E106)
Phomopsis citri stade only observed.
P. citri was reported as frequent by
Saccardo, 1912
Didymosphaeria sarmenti (Cooke &
Harkn.) Berl. & Voglino
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Fiddien
Wheeler, 1957 (on bark)
Diplodia sp. Leaf blight
Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica
(Thunb.) Lindl.]
Buskett
Wheeler, 1957
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Canary island date palm (Phoenix
canariensis hort. ex Chabaud)
191
Colletotrichum sp.
tBle 3 - Continued
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Entyloma calendulae (Oudem.) de Bary.
White smut
Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)
San anton
Wheeler, 1957
Erysiphe cichoracearum f. helianthi
Jacz. Powdery mildew
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Għammieri (May 2005, E44)
Erysiphe heraclei DC. Powdery mildew
Parsley [Petroselinum crispum (P.
Mill) Nyman ex A.W. Hill]
Not known
Brooks, 1998b
Carrot [Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus
(Hoffm.) Arcang.]
San anton
Wheeler 1994b
Oat (Avena sterilis L.)
Pwales
Wheeler, 1957
Littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris
minor rez.)
Chadwick Lakes
Wheeler, 1957
Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Chadwick Lakes, Fiddien
Wheeler, 1957 (Oidium state usually
found)
San Ġwann (May 2005, E38)
Only oidial state observed
Buskett, Siġġiewi
Wheeler, 1957. He has observed only
the oidial state and gives E. polygoni
as probable species identification
San Ġwann (May 2005, E39)
Only oidial state observed
Xewkija (Gozo)
Wheeler 1994b. Possibly Oidium
neolycopersici L. Kiss
Erysiphe sp. Powdery mildew
Spanish sanfoin (Hedisarum
coronarium L.)
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
192
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Eutypella scoparia (Schwein.) Ellis &
Everh.
ash (Fraxinus oxycarpae Bieb.)
Fusarium coeruleum Lib. ex Sacc. [syn.: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
F. solani (Mart.) Sacc. var. coeruleum
(Lib. ex Sacc.) C. Booth]. Potato rot
Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.
Olive (Olea europaea L.)
Dingli
Brooks, 1998b
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
Dingli
Brooks, 1998b
Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Żebbug
Brooks, 1998b
Għammieri, not known, Qormi,
Żabbar
Brooks, 1998b
Dingli, Għammieri, Xewkija
Brooks, 1998b
Not known
Collingwood, 1971
F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi W. C. Snyder Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)
& H. N. Hansen. Wilt
193
F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici W. C.
Snyder & H. N. Hansen. Wilt
Naxxar (December 2005)
Wheeler, 1957 [as Peroneutypa
heteracantha (Sacc.) Berl., on dead
roots]
On seed potato, cv Derby, imported
from the Netherland. Sample
forwarded by G. Carbone
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis W. C.
Snyder & H. N. Hansen. Wilt
Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Żejtun
Brooks, 1994b
F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum W. C.
Snyder & H. N. Hansen. Wilt
Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus
(Thumb.) Matsumura & Nakai]
Mġarr
Wheeler, 1994b [as “F. oxysporum f.
sp. melonis (?)”]
Kalkara, Siġġiewi, Żejtun
Brooks, 1998b
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae W. C. Snyder
& H. N. Hansen, Basal rot
Buskett
tBle 3 - Continued
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici
Jarvis & Shoemaker. Crown and root rot
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Attard (January 2005), Bidnija
(Mosta, December 2004),
Burmarrad (November 2004,
F5, F8), Dingli (January 2005),
Mġarr (December 2004), Rabat
(November 2005) St Paul’s
Bay (February 2005), Wardija
(November 2004), Żabbar
(December 2004)
Porta-Puglia and Mifsud, 2005b;
Porta-Puglia et al. 2005
Fusarium sp.
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)
Not known
Collingwood, 1972 (as Fusarium
roseum). according to Wheeler
(1994a) it was probably F. culmorum
Fusarium sp.
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.
var. botrytis L.)
rabat
Brooks, 1998b
Fusarium sp.
Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957 (associated with root
and foot rot)
Fusarium sp.
GF-677 rootstock (Prunus amygdalus
× Prunus persica)
Mġarr (November 2005)
Fusicoccum amygdali Delacr. Branch
and twig canker
GF-677 rootstock (Prunus amygdalus
× Prunus persica)
Buskett (March 2005)
Nectarine (Prunus persica Batsch.)
Wied tal-isqof (June 2004),
Siġġiewi (July 2004)
Severe damages observed on young
plants at grafting
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
hosts**
194
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.
Holly oak (Quercus ilex L.)
Ta’ Xbiex (July 2004)
Ganoderma sp.
Nectarine (Prunus persica Batsch.)
Mdina (august 2004)
Geotrichum candidum Link var.
candidum [syn.: Oospora citri-aurantii
(Ferraris) Sacc. & Sidow.]
Nectarine (Prunus persica Batsch.)
Mdina (July 2004)
affected fruits were often colonised
by insects on the tree (Euparaea
luteola and Carpophylus mutilatus) or
on the soil (E. luteola, C. mutilatus,
Carpophylus hemipterus and
Urophorus humeralis)
Gibberella intricans Wollenw. root-rot
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Sliema
Wheeler, 1957 [as Fusarium equiseti
(Corda) Sacc., isolated from roots of
wilted plants but its pathogenicity has
not been established]
Marrow (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957 [as Fusarium equiseti
(Corda) Sacc.]
Gliocladium vermoesenii (Biourge)
thom
Washington fan palm (Washingtonia
robusta H. Wendl.)
Gozo
Brooks, 1998b
Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman)
Spauld. & H. Schrenk
Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
Rabat (March 2005, E31),
Siġġiewi (April 2004), Żebbuġ
(December 2005)
On leaves and twigs. Only the
anamorph (Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides Penz.) was observed
Bay-laurel (Laurus nobilis L.)
Burmarrad (October 2005)
in a nursery. Only anamorph observed
Graphiola phoenicis (Moug.) Poit. Leaf
scab
Dwarf fan palm (Chamaerops humilis Lija
L.)
Wheeler, 1994a
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Buskett (July 2004)
195
Pecan [Carya illinoiensis (Wagenh.)
K. Koch]
tBle 3 - Continued
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Washington fan palm (Washingtonia
robusta H. Wendl.)
Government Nursery, Gozo
Brooks, 1998b
Helminthosporium solani Durieu &
Mont. Silver scurf
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Siġġiewi (March 2005, F11)
On potato ‘Alpha’, in two fields
Hypomyces rosellus (Alb. & Schwein.)
Tul. & C. Tul.
Mushroom [Agaricus bisporus (J.E.
Lange) Pilát]
Magħtab, Mtarfa
Brooks, 1998b
Not known
Pieri et rivoire, 1996
St. Paul’s Bay (June 2005),
Sliema and Ta’ Xbiex (both
February 2006)
Rabat (September 2005, E102)
Identified by E. Motta, CRA-ISPaVe,
rome, italy
Not known
Brooks, 1998b
Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica
(Thunb.) Lindl.]
Lija, San Pawl tat-Targa
Brooks, 1998b
Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.)
Buskett
Brooks, 1998b
Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
St. Paul’s Bay (April 2005, E34)
isolated rom wilting seedlings
Inonotus indicus (Mass.) Pieri & Rivoire Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.)
[ syn.: Aurificaria indica (Mass.) D. a.
Reid]
Inonotus tamaricis (Pat.) Maire
tamarix (Tamarix africana Poir.)
Laetiporus sulfureus (Bull.) Murill
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.)
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon Pear (Pyrus communis L.)
& Maubl.
‘Bambinella’
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
196
hosts**
Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. var.
capitata L.)
Birkirkara, Qormi
Wheeler, 1957 (as Phoma lingam
Desm.)
Leptoshaeria modesta (Desm.) P. Karst.
Spiny chicory (Cichorium spinosum
L.)
aubergine (Solanum melongena L.)
Gnejna
Wheeler, 1957
Naxxar
Wheeler, 1994b. reported as Erysiphe
taurica Lév. on globe artichoke and on
Phlomidis fruticosa (Saccardo 1912),
and on Carlina lanata (Saccardo
1915)
Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus
L.)
Mtarfa (June 2005, E45), St Paul
Ta’ Qlejja (May 2005, E43)
Exiccata dated around 1920s are
present at the argotti Botanical
Garden Herbarium, Floriana
Gazania (Gazania sp.)
Santa Lucija (June 2005, E48)
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Naxxar
Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud.
Powdery mildew
197
Wheeler, 1994b
Dingli (February 2005, E30), St
Paul’s Bay (January 2006, E110)
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Għammieri, not known
Brooks, 1998b
Mġarr (October 2004, E20),
Wardija (September 2004)
Luqa
Brooks, 1998b
Macrophomina phaseolina (tassi) Goid. Olive (Olea europaea L.)
Charcoal rot
Mdina (August 2005, E64)
associated to rotted roots of young
trees (Nectria haematococca and
Cylindrocarpon sp. were also isolated)
Melampsora euphorbiae (Schub.)
Castagne. rust
Mtaħleb
Wheeler, 1957
Macrophoma sp.
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Sunspurge (Euphorbia helioscopia
L.)
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Leptoshaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. &
de Not. Blackleg
tBle 3 - Continued
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Melampsora euphorbiae-gerardianae
W. Muell. rust
Melampsora populnea (Pers.) P. Karst.
rust
Petty spurge (Euphorbia peplus L.)
San anton
Wheeler, 1957
White poplar (Populus alba L.)
Buskett, Chadwick Lakes
Wheeler, 1957 (as Melampsora
tremulae tul.)
annual mercury (Mercurialis annua
L.)
Buskett
Wheeler, 1957
Melampsora pulcherrima Maire. rust
Bidnija (February 2006)
198
Microdiplodia pruni Died. Die-back
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
rabat
Wheeler, 1957
Microdiplodia salicis Died.
White poplar (Populus alba L.)
Buskett (?), Chadwick Lakes (?)
Wheeeler, 1957 (on bark)
Microsphaera euonymi-japonici Vienn.Bourg. Powdery mildew
Japanese spindletree (Euonymus
japonicus thunb.)
San anton
Weeler, 1994b
Monilinia fructigena Honey. Fruit-rot
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
rabat
Brooks, 1998b
Mycogone sp.
Mushroom [Agaricus bisporus (J.E.
Lange) Pilát]
rabat
Brooks, 1998b
Mycosphaerella brassicicola (Duby)
Lindau. Ring spot
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var.
capitata L.)
Birkirkara-Qormi
Wheeler, 1957 [as Mycosphaerella
brassicicola (Duby) Johnson & Oud.
Conidial state only]
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.
var. botrytis L.)
Birkirkara-Qormi
Wheeler, 1957
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var.
gongyloides L.)
attard, Birkirkara-Qormi
Wheeler, 1957 (conidial state only)
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau. Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Leaf spot
Duch.)
Mycosphaerella mori (Fuckel) F. a.
Wolf. Leaf spot
ramularia stage only observed.
Ramularia tulasnei reported by
Saccardo, 1912
Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.)
Binġemma, Buskett
Wheeler, 1957 [as Phleospora mori
(Lév.) Sacc.]
White mulberry (Morus alba L.)
attard (October 2004)
Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Żabbar
Wheeler, 1957
Not known
Collingwood, 1971 (as Cladosporium
fulvum) and 1972
Not known
Brooks, 1998b (as Cladosporium
fulvum)
Xewkija
Wheeler, 1994 (as Fulvia fulva)
Mycovellosiella fulva (Cooke) arx [syn.: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Cif.]. Leaf mould
199
Għammieri (April 2004, F12, and
January 2006)
Myrothecium roridum Tode. Leaf blight
and shot hole
Nectria episphaeria (?) (tode) Fr.
GF-677 rootstock (Prunus amygdalus
× Prunus persica)
Lija (July 2005, E54, E59, E70)
Koch’s postulates confirmed, leaf
blight or shot-hole symptoms
reproduced on inoculated leaves
(Porta-Puglia, unpublished; Fig. 4E)
Bay-laurel (Laurus nobilis L.)
Wied Inċita (October 2005)
isolated from leaves affected by apical
necroses attributable to physiological
disorders
Citrus (Citrus sp.)
San anton
Brooks, 1998b (as “Fusarium
episphaeria, tentative identification”)
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & A.
Bloxam) Vestergr. Blight
Żabbar (February 2005, E28)
tBle 3 - Continued
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.)
Bir id-Deħeb
Brooks, 1998b (as Fusarium solani)
GF-677 rootstock (Prunus amygdalus
× Prunus persica)
Mosta (august 2004)
associated to root-rot on dying trees
Olive (Olea europaea L.)
Mdina (August 2005, E62)
associated to root-rot on dying
trees. Macrophomina phaseolina and
Cylindrocarpon sp. also present
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Kirkop, St andrews
Brooks, 1998b (as Fusarium solani)
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
Marsascala
Brooks, 1998b (as Fusarium solani)
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b (as Fusarium solani)
Nectria heterosperma Kalchbr. &
Cooke. Canker
Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
San anton
Wheeler, 1957
Oidium sp. Powdery mildew
alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum L.)
Mtaħleb
Wheeler, 1957
apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)
Binġemma, Mtħaleb
Wheeler, 1957 (uncommon, often
followed by secondary invaders, e. g.
Cladosporium sp.)
apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)
Wied tal-Mistra
Wheeler, 1957
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Birkirkara-Qormi, Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957 (“probably the oidial
state of Erysiphe cichoracearum”)
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
hosts**
200
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Għammieri (June 2005, E51)
Probably the oidial state of Erysiphe
convolvuli var. convolvuli according to
appressoria morphology
Bitter vetch [Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd.]
Dingli
Wheeler, 1957
Musk storksbill (?) (Erodium sp.)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957, host tentatively
identified as Erodium moschatum (L.)
L’Hér.
Henbit deadnettle (Lamium
amplexicaule L.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957
Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus
ornithopodioides L.)
Girgenti
Wheeler, 1957
English oak (Quercus robur L.)
Buskett
Wheeler, 1957
201
Buskett (September 2005, E68)
Marrow (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Mosta
Wheeler, 1957
Gozo (May 2005)
Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)
Għammieri (December 2005,
E95)
Lija
Wheeler, 1957
Strawberry clover (Trifolium
fragiferum L.)
Fiddien
Wheeler, 1957
White poplar (Populus alba L.)
Chadwick Lakes, Buskett
Wheeler, 1957 (on bark, also found
associated to die-back of branches at
Buskett)
rose (Rosa L.)
Otthia spireae (Fuckel) Fuckel
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Field bindweed (Convolvolus
arvensis L.)
tBle 3 - Continued
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Passalora depressa (Berk.) Sacc. Leaf
spot
Parsley [Petroselinum crispum (P.
Mill) Nyman ex A.W. Hill]
rabat
Wheeler, 1957 [as Passalora depressa
(Berk. & Br.) v. Höhnel.]
Penicillium citrinum thom. Fruit-rot
Lemon (Citrus limon Burm.)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957 (as Penicillium
steckii Zaleskii, “probably secondary
invader”)
Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc.
Fruit-rot (blue mould)
Lemon (Citrus limon Burm.)
Gozo, very common
Wheeler, 1957. Mentioned as
widespread on Citrus by Brooks
(1998b) and frequently observed by us
on Citrus fruits on the market
Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
Very common
Wheeler, 1957
Lemon (Citrus limon Burm.)
Siġġiewi (December 2004)
Wheeler, 1957. Mentioned as
widespread on Citrus by Brooks
(1998b) and frequently observed by us
on Citrus fruits on the market
Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
Very common
Wheeler, 1957
Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
Wardija (November 2004)
Pestalotiopsis maculans (Corda) Nag
raj
Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.)
San Ġwann (October 2005)
isolated from leaf spots
Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
St Paul’s Bay (April 2005)
isolated from young seedlings in a
nursery
Penicillium italicum Wehmer. Fruit-rot
(green mould)
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
hosts**
202
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Pheoramularia periclymeni (G. Winter)
Deighton
Honeysuckle (Lonicera implexa
aiton)
Binġemma
Wheeler, 1957 (as Cercospora
periclymeni Winter)
Phoma hedericola (Durieu & Mont.)
Boerema. Leaf spot
English ivy (Hedera helix L.)
Buskett
Wheeler, 1957 (as Phyllosticta
hedericola Dur. & Mont.)
San Anton (January 2006, E109)
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957 (on dead wood)
Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) Sacc.
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Lija
Wheeler, 1957 (as Diplodia viticola
Desm., on bark)
Paraphaeosphaeria glaucopunctata
(Grev.) Shoemaker & C. E. Babc. [syn.:
Phaeosphaeriopsis glauco-punctata
(Grev.) M. P. S. Câmara, M. E. Palm &
A. W. Ramaley]
Butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus
L.)
Lija
Wheeler, 1957 as [Leptosphaeria rusci
(Wallr.) Sacc., on dead cladodes]
Dutch butcher’s broom (Ruscus
hypophyllum L.)
Lija
Wheeler, 1957 (on dead cladodes)
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
Binġemma
Wheeler, 1957 [as Fomes pomaceus
(Pers.) Lloyd]
Qrendi (April 2005)
Identified by T. Annesi, CRA-ISPaVe,
rome, italy
Mosta, Pwales, rabat. Common
throughout the island
Wheeler, 1957
Phellinus pomaceus (Pers.) Maire.
Wood decay
Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.)
Schltd. rust
rose (Rosa sp.)
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
203
Phoma tersa Sacc. [syn.: Phomopsis
tersa (Sacc.) B. Sutton]
tBle 3 - Continued
hosts**
loCations and dates
Phragmidium sanguisorbae (DC.) J.
Schröt. Rust
Small burnet [Sanguisorba minor
Buskett
Scop. ssp. muricata (Spach)
Nordborg, syn.:
Poterium polygamum Waldstr. & Kit.]
Wheeler, 1957
Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) G.
Winter. rust
Blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius Schott)
Wheeler, 1957
Girgenti
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Mtarfa (June 2005, E46)
Spanish sainfoin (Hedisarum
coronarium L.)
Attard, Gozo, Rabat, Ta’ Qali
Wheeler, 1957 describes the pathogen
as a possibly undescribed species,
very common, causing tar spots,
frequently associated with Cercospora
leaf spots
Phyllosticta sp.
English ivy (Hedera helix L.)
Buskett
Brooks, 1998b
Phyllosticta sp.
Dutch butcher’s broom (Ruscus
hypophyllum L.)
Lija
Wheeler, 1957
Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) rabenh.
Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957 (secondary invader)
Endive (Cichorium endivia L.)
Pwales
Wheeler, 1957 (secondary invader)
Fruit-rot
Lemon (Citrus limon Burm.)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957
Leaf spot
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Buskett
Wheeler. 1957. Possibly P. herbarum
f. lactucum Padhi & Snyder
204
Phyllachora sp. tar spot
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Wheeler, 1957
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Dingli (March 2005)
Pleospora vitis Catt. Leaf spot
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Lija
Wheeler, 1957 (on bark)
Pleospora sp. Leaf blight
Japanese spindletree (Euonymus
japonicus thunb.)
San anton
Wheeler, 1957
Pleospora sp. Leaf spot
Honeysuckle (Lonicera implexa
aiton)
Wardija (December 2004)
anamorph attributable to Stemphylium
vesicarium (Wallr.) E. G. Simmons
Pleospora sp.
Spanish sainfoin (Hedisarum
coronarium L.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957 (on withered stems)
Pseudocercospora ceratoniae (Pat. &
Taubenh.) Deighton. Leaf spot
Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.)
Wardija (November 2004, E22,
E60, E73)
Described as Cercospora ceratoniae
Sacc. sp. n. in Saccardo, 1915.
Cercospora sp. reported in Wheeler
(1957) on carob. Koch’s postulates
confirmed on young seedlings (PortaPuglia, unpublished)
Pseudocercospora vitis (Lév.) Speg.
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Selmun
Wheeler, 1957
Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc.
Leaf spot
Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957. Also reported in
Saccardo, 1915
Pseudovalsa longipes (tul.) Sacc.
Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.)
San anton
Wheeler, 1957 (on bark)
Puccinia allii (DC.) F. rudolphi. rust
Allium sp.
Fiddien
Wheeler, 1957
Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Pwales, Ta’ Qali, Wied tal-Mistra;
very common
Wheeler, 1957. Puccinia allii DC.
reported in Saccardo, 1912
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Gozo
205
Oleander (Nerium oleander L.)
tBle 3 - Continued
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
hosts**
206
Puccinia antirrhini Dietel & Holw. Rust
Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.)
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Unknown (collected at Pitkalija
Market, March 2004, E6), Qormi
(April 2005, E35)
Widespread. Frequently observed at
Pitkalija market
Wied tal-Mistra
Wheeler, 1957
Buskett, Girgenti, Żejtun
Brooks, 1998b
San Ġwann (May 2005), Żabbar
(March 2004)
Frequently observed at Pitkalija
market and greengrocers’ shops
Sliema
Wheeler, 1957
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
Puccinia carthami Corda. rust
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Chadwick Lakes, Wied-iz-Żurrieq
Wheeler, 1957
Puccinia coronata Corda. rust
Oat (Avena sterilis L.)
Chadwick Lakes
Wheeler, 1957
Puccinia galactitis P. Syd. & Syd. Rust
Boar thistle (Galactites tomentosa
Moench.)
Chadwick Lakes
Wheeler, 1957
Puccinia gladioli Castagne. rust
italian gladiolus (Gladiolus italicus
P. Mill, syn.: Gladiolus segetum KerGawl.)
Buskett
Wheeler, 1957; Collingwood, 1970.
also reported in Saccardo, 1914
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Onion (Allium cepa L.)
loCations and dates
Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.)
Żabbar (February 2005, E29)
On this host Saccardo (1912) reported
a rust caused by Coleosporium
tussilaginis f. sp. senecionis-silvatici
Boerema & Verh. [as Coelosporium
senecionis (Pers.) Fr.]
Puccinia graminis Pers. subsp. graminis
f. sp. tritici Erikss. & Henning. Black
stem rust
Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957 (as Puccinia graminis
Pers.). Saccardo (1912) reported
Puccinia graminis Pers. on Dactylis
and Setaria
Wheat (Triticum sp.)
Buskett
Brooks, 1998b.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Rabat, Żebbuġ
Wheeler, 1957
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957
Għammieri, Pwales
Wheeler, 1957 [as Puccinia cichorii
(DC) Bell]
Spiny chicory (Cichorium spinosum
L.)
Ġnejna
Wheeler, 1957
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Buskett, Marsaxlokk
Brooks, 1998b
Wall barley [Hordeum murinum spp.
leporinum (Link) Arcang.]
Rabat, Żebbuġ
Wheeler, 1957
annual junegrass Rostraria cristata
(L.) Tzvelev, [syn.: Koeleria
phleoides (Vill.) Pers.]
Buskett, Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957 (as Puccinia schismi
Bubak)
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×
morifolium ramat.)
Ta’ Qali, Żabbar
Brooks, 1998a (details of outbreaks
are given)
Puccinia helianthi Schwein. rust
207
Puccinia hieracii var. hieracii (Röhl.) H. Endive (Cichorium endivia L.)
Mart. rust
Puccinia hordei G. H. Otth. rust
Puccinia horiana Henn. White rust
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Puccinia glomerata Grev. rust
tBle 3 - Continued
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Għaxaq (May 2005, E42)
Għammieri, Gozo
Wheeler, 1957. Reported on Lavatera
cretica and Malva silvestris by
Saccardo, 1915
Blata l-Bajda (January 2006,
E98), Burmarrad, Buskett (March
2005), Għammieri (January
2006), Marsa (January 2006),
Siġġiewi (February 2006)
rather common
208
Puccinia menthae Pers. rust
Mint (Mentha sp.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957. Also reported by
Saccardo on Mentha viridis (1912)
and on Origanum majorana (1915)
Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis Doidge.
rust
Pelargonium (Pelargonium sp.)
Xewkija (Gozo),
Brooks, 1998b. Mentioned as present
in Malta also by Wheeler, 1994a
Delimara, Mellieħa, Mġarr
Wheeler, 1994b
Fiddien
Wheeler, 1957. As Puccinia smyrniiolusatri in Saccardo, 1912
Mġarr and Wied id-Dis (both
February 2006)
Sample from Wied id-Dis collected by
S. Mifsud
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957. Also in Saccardo,
1912
Puccinia smyrnii Biv. rust
Puccinia sonchi roh. [syn.: Miyagia
pseudosphaeria (Mont.) Jørst.] Rust
alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum L.)
Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.)
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Puccinia malvacearum Bertero ex Mont. Mallow (Malva silvestris L.)
rust
Puccinia striiformis var. striiformis
Westend. Yellow rust
Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957 (as Puccinia glumarum
Eriks. & E. Henn). Reported as
P. striiformis by Brooks (1998b).
Saccardo (1912) reports Puccinia
rubigo-vera (DC.) Wint. on
Brachipodium
Pyrenophora graminea S. Ito & Kurib.
Leaf stripe
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Buskett, Ta’ Qali
Wheeler, 1957. As Helminthosporium
gramineum rabenh.
Pyrenophora teres Drechsler. Net blotch
Wall barley [Hordeum murinum spp.
leporinum (Link) Arcang.]
Chadwick Lakes
Wheeler, 1957 (as agent of “leaf
spot”). reported as Helminthosporium
teres Sacc. by Saccardo, 1915
Għammieri (December 2005,
E93)
209
Ramularia arvensis Sacc. Leaf spot
Creeping cinquefoil (Potentilla
reptans L.)
Mtaħleb
Wheeler, 1957
Ramularia menthicola Sacc.
Mint (Mentha sp.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957
Ramularia parietariae Pass.
Wall pellitory (Parietaria judaica L., Buskett
syn.: Parietaria diffusa Mert & Koch)
Wheeler, 1957
Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. ex Fr.)
Lind. Fruit-rot
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
Fiddien
Wheeler, 1957. We have frequently
observed R. stolonifer on peach and
nectarine fruits from the market
Rhizopus sp.
Courgette (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Żejtun
Brooks, 1998b
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
Fairly widespread
Brooks, 1998b
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Bidnija, St. thomas Bay (both
February 2006)
tBle 3 - Continued
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.)
Davis Scald
Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill. rootrot
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Buskett
Wheeler, 1994b
almond (Amygdalus communis L.)
Siġġiewi
Wheeler, 1994b. Further investigation
are needed to assess the species
situation according to recent
taxonomic findings
apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)
rabat (april and august 2004)
apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)
Siġġiewi
Brooks, 1998b
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
Siġġiewi
Wheeler, 1994b
Dingli (May 2004), Mġarr (July
2005)
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary.
Stem rot
Pear (Pyrus communis L.)
Siġġiewi
Plum (Prunus domestica L.)
Għaxaq (October 2004)
almond (Amygdalus communis L.)
Not known
Collingwood, 1972
aubergine (Solanum melongena L.)
Naxxar
Wheeler, 1994b
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.)
Lija, Wied il-Għajn
Wheeler, 1994a
Wheeler, 1994b
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
hosts**
210
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Mġarr
Brooks, 1998b
Binġemma (May 2004)
runner bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Not known
Collingwood, 1972
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Not known
Brooks, 1998b
Magħtab (April 2005, F13)
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Mellieħa
Wheeler, 1957
211
Burmarrad (February 2005, F10)
Sclerotinia sp.
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.)
Wied il-Għajn
Wheeler, 1957
Septoria antirrhini Desm. Leaf spot
Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.)
Marsa
Wheeler, 1957 (as Septoria antirrhina
Rob. & Desm.). Septoria anthirrini
Desm. is reported by Saccardo, 1915
Septoria apiicola Speg. Late blight
Celery [Apium graveolens L. var.
dulce (Miller) Pers.]
Pwales, San Anton, Żabbar
as Septoria apii Chester (Wheeler,
1957). Reported in Saccardo (1914,
1915) as Septoria petroselini Desm.
the latter reports also S. petroselini
var. apii Br. & Cav. fm. emaculata
Sacc.
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Mosta (april 2004)
tBle 3 - Continued
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
In November 2005 (at Mellieħa)
caused important losses on seedlings
for transplant
Mtarfa
Brooks, 1998b
212
Septoria convolvuli Desm. Leaf spot
Field bindweed (Convolvolus
arvensis L.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957
Septoria pastinacae Westend. Leaf spot
Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.)
Birkirkara-Qormi
Wheeler, 1957
Septoria petroselini Desm. Leaf spot
Parsley [Petroselinum crispum (P.
Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill]
Żabbar (March 2004, E3, and July Reported in Saccardo (1914, 1915)
2005, E56)
who reports also S. petroselini var.
apii Br. & Cav. fm. emaculata Sacc.
(all on celery)
Septoria piri I. Miyake. Leaf spot
Pear (Pyrus communis L.)
Chadwik Lakes
Wheeler, 1957 (recorded as fairly
common but not on local var.
Bambinella)
Septoria plantaginea Pass. Leaf spot
Sea plantain (Plantago maritima L.)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957
Septoria urticae Roberge ex Desm. Leaf
spot
roman nettle (Urtica pilulifera L.)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957
Sphaeropsis sp.
Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.)
Luqa (St Vincent de Paul
residence nursery)
Brooks, 1998b
Sphaceloma viburni Jenkins & Bitanc.
Leaf spot
Laurustinus (Viburnum tinus L.)
Qormi (October 2004)
in a nursery
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Mellieħa (March 2004, E4, and
November 2005, E89), Mġarr
(March 2004, E5)
Collingwood, 1972
Żabbar
Brooks, 1998b
Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)
Għammieri, San Anton
Wheeler, 1957
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
ras il-Wied (Wardija) (November
2005, E81)
Oidial stage only
Sphaerotheca pannosa Wallr. Lév.
rose (Rosa L.)
[syn.: Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.) de
Bary]. Powdery mildew
Għammieri, Gwardamanġa
Brooks, 1998b
Sphaerotheca pannosa var. persicae
Woron. [syn.: Podosphaera pannosa
(Wallr.) de Bary]. Powdery mildew
Chadwick Lakes, Dingli
Wheeler, 1994a. Mentioned among
the most common causes of disease of
fruit trees by Collingwood, 1972
Binġemma, Mosta
Brooks, 1998b
Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill.
[syn.: Podosphaera macularis (Wallr.)
U. Braun & S. Takam.]. Powdery
mildew
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
213
Chadwick Lakes (June 2005,
E47), Mġarr (July 2005, E57), Sta
Lucija (June 2004) St Paul Ta’
Qlejja (June 2004)
Spilocaea oleaginea (Castagne) S.
Hughes. Peacock spot
Olive (Olea europaea L.)
Buskett
Wheeler, 1957
Dingli (September 2005), Mġarr
(May 2004), Santa Luċija (March
2004), Wardija (May 2005), Wied
Ħas-Sabtan (March 2004, E9)
Widespread. Causing severe defoliation on some cvs
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Not known
Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schltdl.)
Pollaci. Powdery mildew
tBle 3 - Continued
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Spilocaea pyracanthae (G. H. Otth) arx
[syn.: Fusicladium eriobotryae (Cavara)
Sacc.]
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E. G.
Simmons
Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica
(Thunb.) Lindl.]
San Martin (St Paul’s Bay) (April
2005, F12)
Citrus (Citrus sp.)
Dingli, Safi (both February 2005)
isolated from lemon (Dingli) and
orange (Safi) leaves showing blight of
the distal end. Presence of the fungus
was consistent (no pathogenicity tests
were done)
Onion (Allium cepa L.)
rabat
Wheeler, 1957 [as Pleospora allii
(Rabenh.) Ces. & de Not.]
214
Burmarrad (February 2005)
Stemphylium sp.
Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul. Leaf
curl
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Żejtun
Brooks, 1998b
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Żebbieħ
Brooks, 1998b
almond (Amygdalus communis L.)
Chadwick Lakes
Wheeler, 1957 (uncommon).
Mentioned among the most common
causes of disease of fruit trees by
Collingwood (in Mazzocchi and
Debattista, 1971)
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957
Binġemma, Lija
Brooks, 1998b
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Binġemma (May 2005),
Chadwick Lakes (June 2005),
Mtarfa (June 2005, F15), Rabat
(April 2004, E15, and June 2005,
E40), San Ġwann (May 2005),
Siġġiewi (May 2004 and 2005)
215
aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis P.
Mill.)
Żebbuġ
Brooks, 1998b
apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)
Birkirkara, Marsa (customs)
Brooks, 1998b (as R. solani)
araucaria (Araucaria sp)
Xewkija
Brooks, 1998b
aubergine (Solanum melongena L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
Għaxaq (October 2004)
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.
var. botrytis L.)
rabat, not known
Brooks, 1998b
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×
morifolium ramat.)
Żabbar
Brooks, 1998b
Citrus (Citrus sp.)
Birkirkara, Għammieri, San
Anton, Xewkija, Żabbar
Brooks, 1998b
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Marsaxlokk
Brooks, 1998b
Mint (Mentha L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank)
Donk (anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani
Kühn)
tBle 3 - Continued
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Olive (Olea europaea L.)
Dingli
Brooks, 1998b
Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Siġġiewi, Żebbuġ
Brooks, 1998b
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
Valletta
Brooks, 1998b
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Għammieri, Marsa (Customs)
Brooks, 1998b
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Siġġiewi (April 2004, F5), Wied
tal-isqof (February 2006)
Siġġiewi sample with Black scurf
forwarded by V. Farrugia. Frequently
observed on commercial potato tubers
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
Fairly widespread: Dingli, Marsa
(Customs), Marsascala, Mġarr
Brooks, 1998b
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Għammieri
Brooks, 1998b
GF-677 rootstock (Prunus amygdalus
× Prunus persica)
Gudja (May 2005), Lija (December
2005, E96), Luqa (St Vincent de
Paul residence nursery) (april
2004)
repeatedly observed on roots of young
in vitro-produced plants and grafted
rootstocks affected by brown rot at
Lija and Luqa (St Vincent de Paul
residence nursery)
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Mosta (June 2004)
Haworthia (Haworthia sp.)
Żabbar (May 2004)
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
216
Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. &
Broome) Ferraris. Brown root-rot
hosts**
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var.
discolor (Fuckel) Dunegan. rust
apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)
Gozo, Wied tal-Mistra
Wheeler, 1957 [as Tranzschelia
discolor (Fuckel) Trans & Litv.]
almond (Amygdalus communis L.)
Buskett, Fiddien, Gozo
Wheeler, 1957
Mosta
Wheeler, 1994b
Bitter almond (Amygdalus communis
L.)
Chadwick Lakes
Wheeler, 1994a (on bitter almond
rootstock)
Cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera
Ehrh.)
St Julian (January 2006, E99)
Peach (Prunus persica Batsch)
Gudja (September 2004, E19),
Luqa (St Vincent de Paul
residence nursery) and Wardija
(both November 2004)
Gozo
Wheeler, 1957
217
Plum (Prunus domestica L.)
Lija
GF-677 rootstock (Prunus amygdalus
× Prunus persica)
Luqa (St Vincent de Paul
residence nursery) (November
2004, E85), Mġarr (November
2004, E86)
Brooks, 1998b. Puccinia prunispinosae Pers. on plum reported in
Saccardo, 1915
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Plum (Prunus domestica L.)
Lija (E55), Luqa (St Vincent de
Paul residence nursery) (both
October 2004)
rabat (May 2004)
Myrobalan rootstock 29C (Prunus
cerasifera Ehrh.)
tBle 3 - Continued
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill
(syn.: Erysiphe necator Schwein)
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Birkirkara, Buskett, Gozo
Wheeler, 1957 [as Oidium sp., oidial
state of Uncinula necator (Schw. )
Baw.]. We also observed the oidial
state only. Mentioned among the most
common causes of disease of grape
by Collingwood (in Mazzocchi and
Debattista, 1971)
Fawwara (July 2005)
218
Uromyces anthyllidis (Grev.) J. Schröt.
rust
Sweetclover [Melilotus indicus (L.)
All.]
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957
Uromyces ciceris-arietini (Grognot)
Jacz. & Boid. Rust
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Pwales
Wheeler, 1957
Uromyces dianthi (Pers.) Niessl. rust
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)
Żabbar
Wheeler, 1957. The author mentions
that in Malta U. dianthi is frequently
found parasitised by Eudarluca
australis Speg. (Phaeospaeriaceae)
Not known
Collinwood, 1972
Not known
Brooks, 1998b
Uromyces lineolatus (Desm.) J. Schröt.
rust
Club-rush (Scirpus maritimus L.)
Ġnejna
Wheeler, 1957
Uromyces pisi-sativi (Pers) Liro. Rust
Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Fiddien
Wheeler, 1957 [As Uromyces pisi
(DC.) Otth]
Uromyces polygoni-avicularis (Pers.) P.
Karst. rust
Common knot-grass (Polygonum
aviculare L.)
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Uromyces savulescui rayss. rust
Uromyces striatus J. Schröt. Rust
Żabbar
Wheeler, 1957
San Anton, Żabbar
Wheeler, 1957
Għammieri
Wheeler, 1957
Gladiolus (Gladiolus × hortolanus)
Not known
Burmarrad
Collingwood, 1970. Mentioned as
present in Malta also by Wheeler,
1994a
Brooks, 1998b
Strawberry clover (Trifolium
fragiferum L.)
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.)
Fiddien
Wheeler, 1957
Għammieri, Gozo
Wheeler, 1957. As Uromyces fabae
(Grev.) de Bary ex Cooke. Uromyces
fabae (Pers.) de Bary reported by
Saccardo (1912, 1914)
Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Qrendi (April 2005, E37), Rabat
(May 2005, E41) Wardija (April
2005, E36)
Chadwick Lakes, Fiddien
Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.)
Girgenti
Wheeler, 1957
Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Lagerh. Covered
smut
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Girgenti, Rabat, Żabbar, Żebbug
Wheeler, 1957
Ustilago nuda f. sp. hordei Shaffnit.
Loose smut
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Buskett, Ta’ Qali, Żabbar
Wheeler, 1957 [as Ustilago nuda
(Jens.) Rostr.]
Ustilago spegazzini Hirschh. var.
agrestis (Syd.) G. W. Fisch. & Hirschh.
Esparto grass (Lygeum spartum Loefl. Ġneina
ex L.)
Uromyces trifolii-repentis (Castagne)
Liro
Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt.
rust
219
Wheeler, 1957 as Uromyces fabae
(Grev.) de Bary ex Cooke
Wheeler, 1957
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Uromyces transversalis (thüm.) G.
Winter. rust
Statice [Limonium bonduellei (t.
Lestib.) Kuntze]
Statice [Limonium sinuatum (L.) P.
Mill.]
Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)
tBle 3 - Continued
hosts**
loCations and dates
ReFeRenCes and
CoMMents
Venturia carpophila E. E. Fisher
GF-677 rootstock (Prunus amygdalus
× Prunus persica)
Luqa (St Vincent de Paul
residence nursery) (December
2004, E49 )
Leaf-spots and shot-hole symptoms.
Stem rotting around buds. anamorph
(Cladosporium carpophylum) only
was observed
Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter.
Scab
apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)
Lija
Brooks, 1998b. Mentioned among
the most common causes of disease
of fruit trees by Collingwood (in
Mazzocchi and Debattista, 1971)
rabat
Wheeler, 1994a
Mtaħleb
Wheeler, 1957. Mentioned among
the most common causes of disease
of fruit trees by Collingwood (in
Mazzocchi and Debattista, 1971)
Not known
Brooks, 1998b
Venturia pyrina aderh. Scab
Pear (Pyrus communis L.)
Pear (Pyrus communis L.)
‘Bambinella’
Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Wilt
aubergine (Solanum melongena L.)
Siġġiewi (June 2004, F8)
Not known
Collingwood (1972) mentions the
importance of V. dahliae in soil
St Paul’s Bay
Wheeler, 1994b
Balzan, St Paul’s Bay, Żejtun
Brooks, 1998b
Marsa (august 2004)
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
220
PathogeniC sPeCies
and diseases*
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Marsaxlokk
Brooks, 1998b
Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Żejtun
Brooks, 1998b
Olive (Olea europaea L.)
Very frequent***
Pace-Lupi, 2005; Porta-Puglia and
Mifsud, 2005a
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Ħal-Farruġ (January 2005)
Pace-Lupi et al, 2006
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa
Duch.)
Not known
Brooks, 1998b
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Not known
Collingwood, 1971 and 1972. The
author states that Verticillium-wilt
resistant cvs planted in various part of
the island have given disappointing
results
Marsa
Brooks, 1998b
Magħtab, Mtarfa, Tas-Salib
Brooks, 1998a, 1998b.
Binġemma (May 2004)
Mushroom [Agaricus bisporus (J.E.
Lange) Pilát]
* Disease name is given when known or mentioned in the relevant report.
** Citrus species are listed under “Citrus” common name to facilitate immediate comparison among different findings/reports which often are limited to the genus.
Common species name is given when known.
***Binġemma (May 2004), Birzebuġġa (August 2004), Comino Island (September 2004), Għammieri (May 2004, E16, and August 2004), Għaxaq (April 2004),
Luqa (St Vincent de Paul Residence nursery) (May 2004), Mosta (April 2004 and March 2005), Melliħa (November 2005), Qormi (April 2005), Sant Paul Ta’
Qlejja (Mars 2005), Siġġiewi (April 2005, E52), Ta’ Qali (Mars 2005), Żebbuġ (April 2004, E11), Żabbar (March 2004, E10), Żebbiegħ (May 2004).
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
221
Verticillium fungicola (Preuss) Hassebr.
Dry bubble
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Fig. 3 - Diseases caused by Fungi a)
Black scurf (Thanatephorus cucumeris, anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani) on potato; B and C)
Stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) on pepper; D)
Stem rot (S. sclerotiorum) on cucumber; E) Grey
mould (Botrytis cinerea) on tomato.
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Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Fig. 4 - Diseases caused by fungi. a) anthracnose of false fruits (Colletotrichum acutatum) on strawberry (left: after incubation in moist
chamber); B) Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca
pannosa) on nectarine; C) Crown and root rot: severe attack of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicislycopersici (Forl) on tomato; D) Tomato stem, cut
to show vascular discoloration by Forl; E) Shothole induced by Myrothecium roridum on GF-677
(artificial inoculation).
223
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
GOZO
Map 1 - Locations of new records of pathogenic species of Protozoa, Chromista and Fungi in the
Maltese archipelago.
COMiNO
attard
Balzan
Bidnija
Binġemma
Birkirkara
Birżebbuġa
Blata l-Bajda
Burmarrad
Buskett
Chadwick Lakes
Comino
Dingli
Fawwara
Għammieri
Għaxaq
Gudja
Ħal-Farruġ
Lija
Luqa
Luqa (SVDP nursery)
Magħtab
Marsa
Mdina
Mellieħa
Mġarr
Mosta
Msida
Mtarfa
Naxxar
Pieta’
Qormi
26
24
12
13
22
59
43
11
35
19
3
34
37
47
56
55
51
23
50
46
14
44
29
4
10
17
40
28
16
42
45
Malta
Qrendi
52
Rabat
30
rabat (Gozo)
1
ramla (Gozo)
2
Safi
53
San Ġwann
21
San Martin (St. Paul’s) 8
Sant Anton
25
Santa Luċija
49
Santa Venera
41
Siġġiewi
36
Sliema
38
St. Paul’s Bay
6
St. Thomas Bay
58
St. Julians
St. Paul tal-Qlejja
Ta’ Qali
Ta’ Xbiex
Wardija
Wied Ħas-Sabtan
Wied id-Dies
(Madliena)
20
18
27
39
7
54
15
Wied Inċita
Wied tal-Isqof
Wied tal-Mistra
Żabbar
Żebbiegħ
Żebbuġ
Żejtun
31
33
5
48
9
32
57
During the two surveys aimed at detecting P. ramorum, this pathogen was
never found. Other pathogenic species detected on plant material suspected to harbour
P. ramorum are included in Table 3.
224
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
among the most damaging diseases which we frequently observed during
2004-2006, we mention: Verticillium wilt of olive, powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca
pannosa var. persicae on peaches and nectarines, Leveillula taurica on solanaceous
crops and globe artichoke, Oidium spp. on fruit and vegetables), stem-rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) on several vegetable crops, late blight of potato and stem blight of
tomato (Phytophtora infestans), black scurf (Thanatephorus cucumeris) of potato,
crown and root rot of tomato (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici), downy
mildew of marrow and melon (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) and of lettuce (Bremia
lactucae).
another major problem is root-rot of fruit trees in which Rosellinia necatrix
certainly plays an important role, although the aetiology of the disease is worthy further investigation. Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) prevalence and incidence was high
on several crops, mostly in greenhouses, and damages on tomato leaves, stems and
fruits were often economically very important. Severe leaf mould (Mycovellosiella
fulva) attacks on tomato were sometimes observed in greenhouses.
Brown root-rot (Thielaviopsis basicola) was often observed on GF-677 rootstock (Prunus amygdalus × Prunus persica). this disease heavily affected rootstock
production in greenhouse beds and in open-field nursery and proved difficult to be
controlled. Plantlets and nursery rootstock ready for commercialisation died or were
frequently discarded because of the disease.
Beside the organisms listed in the tables, other fungi, mostly considered as
saprophytes, were frequently observed on the examined plant material. Namely: species of Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Doratomyces, Phialophora, Gliocladium, Memnoniella, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes, Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link, Trichoderma
harzianum rifai, Trichoderma viride Pers., species of Ulocladium.
Symptoms of corky root of tomato were observed on samples from rabat
(2004) and Żebbuġ (2005) but attempts to isolate Pyrenochaeta lycopersici failed.
two-hundred thirty three species in total are listed in the tables, one belonging to Protozoa, 21 to Chromista and 211 to Fungi. More than 30 are new species
reports.
225
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Concluding remarks
Most of the species reported in the Saccardo’s and the Wheeler’s papers and in
the Brook’s reports are still present, sometimes they were found in the very location
where they had been mentioned previously.
Several species, including important pathogens like Spongospora subterranea
f. sp. subterranea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, seems to be of recent introduction.
The intensified trade, which is further developing due to the general world
trend and to the accession of Malta into the EU, involves the introduction of living
plant material used in agriculture (seeds, nursery stocks, etc.) so increasing the risk of
introducing new pathogenic species or their variants. this stresses the need for further
consolidating the quarantine service and the surveying activities in the archipelago.
Particular care should be devoted to local plant material production. Black rot
problems mentioned above on GF-677 could be controlled using healthy plant material, by sanitation of structures and materials used to produce plant and by soil treatments with fungicides when needed. alternative control measures (biological control
by antagonist bacteria or fungi, mycorrhizal species, etc.) should be investigated under local conditions.
Species of Pleospora, whose anamorphs Alternaria and Stemphylium apparently show large variability in Malta are present on many hosts. Saccardo (1915) had
already mentioned the abundance of Pleospora herbarum in the Maltese islands and
suggested further studies to ascertain whether some forms deserved specific rank. The
same author (l. c.) commented that Malta was apparently rich of forms of Sphaeropsidales unmatched by the corresponding ascigerous teleomorphs and gave the example of Phomopsis-Diaporthe. Our observations seem to confirm his opinion, and
we believe that this comment may be extended to the abundant anamorphs related to
Botryosphaeria.
Some of the species mentioned above are worthy further study to the species level and deeper research about their pathogenicity and virulence. according to
our observations, also the genus Colletotrichum appears rich of species and of great
pathogenic interest and should be further studied.
another major issue which we wish to comment on refers to plant protection products. New active substances are being imported so that a broad spectrum
226
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
of chemicals is presently available to growers. to assure that this advantage is not
converted into a threat to the health of the consumers (and the growers themselves)
and to the environment, the necessary technical support is provided to growers on frequency, doses and the timing to apply products and for which crops and use they are
registered. Moreover, monthly samples are taken from the Pitkalija Vegetable Market
for residue analysis. The National Statistics Office of Malta has recently published a
comprehensive survey (NSO, 2005) of plant protection product use on crops commercially grown in Malta and Gozo. twenty crops were included in the survey, and it was
concluded that relatively large areas of some crops remain untreated with any plant
protection products and over half the total area grown of broad beans, lettuce, olives
and wheat received no treatment. Other crops such as grapes, nectarines, potatoes,
strawberries, tomatoes, marrows and watermelons were more frequently treated. Control of disease was the most frequent reason for plant protection products use, with
fungicides dominating usage by both weight of plant protection products applied and
area treated, the most used products being those based on dithiocarbamates, the phenyl
amides, and sulphur. Herbicide usage was classified as infrequent in crop production.
Its usage was important mostly in wheat and onions, where 43% and 26% respectively
of the area was treated, and on average a single application being applied. insecticide
application was another important aspect of crop protection, often with a number of
crops receiving two applications. Other plant protection products were insignificant
in terms of volume of application, with the exception of acaricide use on strawberries. the NSO survey has revealed that, in general, plant protection products usage in
Malta was low in comparison to other southern European countries. The use of plant
protection products in Malta will most likely decrease in the near future. a relatively
good number of growers are nowadays registering their fields as organic, and much
information is available to growers on integrated pest management, minimizing the
use of plant protection chemicals and integrating other means and measures (e.g. biological control agents) to prevent and to control plant pests and diseases.
the incidence and severity of several diseases, mostly of fruit trees and vegetables, had frequently been traced back to a lack of adequate cultural practices. We
have often observed damages caused by soil-borne pathogens either due to planting
trees too deep into the soil, or to excessive moisture at the trunk bases, consequent to
inappropriate irrigation (drip irrigation devices being placed too close to main stem).
Other constraints derive from the use of seed or plant material of poor quality. MRAE-
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
related institutions and private organisations have a key role to play in improving this
situation. all those involved in providing technical support to the growers should
increase their effort in order to disseminate the knowledge of the importance of agricultural practices in preventing plant diseases. the general level of education in Malta
and the access of most people to mass media and the electronic communication systems suggest that this effort, deployed adequately to the local need and continuously,
will be successful.
acknowledgements
We would like to thank first and foremost the Ministry for Rural Affairs and
the Environment, Malta (MRAE), for providing the logistics and support in the dayto-day work, namely the Hon. George Pullicino, Minister; the Hon. Francis Agius,
Parliamentary Secretary; Dr Philip von Brockdorff, Permanent Secretary, who always
showed their careful attention to our work.
Many people have assisted in different ways during the compilation of this
paper. We are particularly indebted to Mr. Edwin Lanfranco, Department of Biology, University of Malta, for reviewing parts of this work and for providing Maltese
names of several plant species; Mr. Joe Buhagiar, of the Argotti Botanical Gardens
for allowing us to access the herbarium collections. We thank Mr George Carbone,
former Director of the Agricultural R & D Centre of MRAE at Għammieri, Mr Victor
Farrugia, formerly Director of the Plant Health Department, and all the staff members
who helped us in many ways, among them Mr Timothy Pace-Lupi for assisting us in
a number of field visits and in the laboratory, Mr Stephen Mifsud for assistance provided in the compilation of Map 1 and for the collection of some samples, Mr Joseph
Schembri for maintaining the contacts with farmers and for assistance during field visits. We also thank Dr abraham Borg, for assistance in obtaining FaO publications.
the senior author is grateful to Mr. Victor Farrugia, for the arrangements carried out to facilitate his contract in Malta as a mycologist advisor and for encouragement and support, and to many members of the MRAE who in many ways helped him
to establish and to operate in Malta during his two-year stay.
We acknowledge Mr Joseph aquilina, Mr. George Carbone, Mr David Dandria, Mr Stephen Mifsud and Mr robert tanti for personal communications.
228
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
We are indebted to members of the Consiglio per la ricerca e la Sperimentazione
in agricoltura, istituto Sperimentale per la Patologia Vegetale, rome, italy (CraISPaVe), namely we thank Dr T. Annesi and E. Motta for the identification of bracket
fungi and provision of literature, Dr a. infantino for suggestions and provision of
literature, and Prof. a. Quacquarelli and Dr M. Barba, former and present director of
the Cra-iSPaVe, respectively, for encouraging us to prepare and publish this work.
We would like to extend our thanks to Dr Fred Brooks, for allowing us to
publish most of his findings and for clarifications regarding a number of mycological
issues and to Dr Brain Wheeler for providing literature.
Last but not least we thank the Maltese agricultural community, especially the
growers who have always welcomed us to their fields and with whom we had often
constructive discussions.
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appendix i
list of pathogens by host
Agaricus bisporus (J. e. lange) Pilát
Hypomyces rosellus (Alb. & Schwein) Tul.
Mycogone sp.
Verticillium fungicola (Preuss) Hassebr.
Allium cepa l.
Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif.
Aspergillus niger v. tiegh.
F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae W. C. Snyder & H. N. Hansen
Peronospora destructor (Berk.) Casp. ex Berk.
Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) rabenh.
Pleospora sp.
Puccinia allii rud.
Pythium sp.
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E. G. Simmons
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Allium sativum l.
Puccinia allii rud.
Allium sp.
Puccinia allii (DC.) F. rudolphi
Amygdalus communis l.
Cercospora rubro-tincta Ellis & Everh.
Cladosporium sp.
Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.
Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.
Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Taphrina deformans (Berk.) tul.
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor (Fuckel) Dunegan
Antirrhinum majus l.
Puccinia antirrhini Dietel & Holw.
Septoria antirrhini Desm.
Apium graveolens l. var. dulce (Miller) Pers.
Cercospora apii Fresen
Septoria apiicola Speg.
Araucaria sp.
Phytophthora sp.
Pythium echinulatum V.D. Matthews
Pythium sp.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Arbutus unedo l.
Pestalotiopsis maculans (Corda) Nag raj
Arisarum vulgare targ. toz.
Colletotrichum sp.
Avena sterilis l.
Erysiphe sp.
Puccinia coronata Corda.
Beta vulgaris l.
Cercospora beticola Sacc.
Brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis l.
Fusarium sp.
Mycosphaerella brassicicola (Duby) Lindau.
Pythium sp.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Brassica oleracea l. var. capitata l.
Alternaria tenuissima (Nees ex Fr.) Wiltsh.
Leptoshaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & de Not.
Mycosphaerella brassicicola (Duby) Lindau.
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr.
Brassica oleracea l. var. gongylodes l.
Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltshire
Mycosphaerella brassicicola (Duby) Lindau.
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr.
Brassica rapa ssp. silvestris (l.) lam. & Janch.
Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze
Calendula officinalis l.
Entyloma calendulae (Oudem.) de Bary
Oidium sp.
Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burr.
Capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) Medik.
Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr.
Capsicum annuum l.
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud.
Phytophthora capsici Leonian
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Hann
Phytophthora sp.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Carthamus tinctorius l.
Puccinia carthami Corda.
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Carya illinoiensis (Wagenh.) k. koch
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.
Ceratonia siliqua l.
Cercospora sp.
Coriolopsis aspera (Jungh)teng.
Inonotus indicus (Mass.) Pieri & Rivoire
Laetiporus sulfureus (Bull.) Murill
Pseudocercospora ceratoniae (Pat. & Taubenh.) Deighton
Chamaerops humilis l.
Graphiola phoenicis (Moug.) Poit.
Chenopodium murale l.
Peronospora farinosa (Fr.) Fr. f. sp. spinaciae Byford.
Chrysanthemum × morifolium
Cladosporium sp.
Puccinia horiana Henn.
Pythium sp.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Cicer arietinum l.
Uromyces ciceris-arietini (Grognot) Jacz. & Boid.
Cichorium endivia l.
Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) rabenh.
Puccinia hieracii var. hieracii (Röhl.) H. Mart.
Cichorium spinosum l.
Leptoshaeria modesta (Desm.) P. Karst.
Puccinia hieraci var. hieraci Röhl.
Citrullus lanatus (thumb.) Matsumura & nakai
F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum W. C. Snyder & H. N. Hansen
Citrus limon Burm.
Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce
Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Arx.
Penicillium citrinum thom.
Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc.
Penicilium italicum Wehmer
Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) rabenh.
Citrus sinensis osbeck
Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Arx.
Colletotrichum sp.
Coniothecium sp.
Diaporthe citri F.a. Wolf
Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk
Nectria heterosperma Kalchbr. & Cooke
Penicilium italicum Wehmer
Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc.
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Citrus spp.
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm.
Botryosphaeria sp.
Cladosporium sp.
Nectria episphaeria (tode) Fr.
Penicilium italicum Wehmer
Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc.
Phytophthora citricola Sawada
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Hann
Phytophthora sp.
Pythium sp.
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E. G. Simmons
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Clematis cirrhosa l.
Aecidium clematidis DC.
Convolvolus arvensis l.
Oidium sp.
Septoria convolvuli Desm.
Cucumis melo l.
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis W. C. Snyder & H. N. Hansen
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.
Pestalotiopsis maculans (Corda) Nag raj
Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & Curtis) Rostov.
Pythium echinulatum V. D. Matthews
Rhizopus sp.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
Cucumis sativus l.
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Arthur
Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & Curtis) Rostov.
Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schltdl.) Pollaci
Stemphylium sp.
Cucurbita pepo l.
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Gibberella intricans Wollenw.
Oidium sp.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & Curtis) Rostov.
Rhizopus sp.
Cupressus sempervirens
Sphaeropsis sp.
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Cynara scolymus l.
Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm
Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud.
Daucus carota l. ssp. sativus (hoffm.) arcang.
Alternaria dauci (Kühn) J. W. Groves & Skolko
Erysiphe heraclei DC.
Dianthus caryophyllus l.
Alternaria dianthi F. Stevens & J. G. Hall
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi W. C. Snyder & H. N. Hansen
Fusarium sp.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Uromyces dianthi (Pers.) Niessl.
Diplotaxis erucoides (l.) dC.
Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (l.) dC.
Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr.
Dittrichia viscosa (l.) W. greuter
Coleosporium inulae rabenh.
Eriobotrya japonica (thunb.) lindl.
Diplodia sp.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.
Spilocaea pyracanthae (G. H. Otth) arx
Erodium sp. [E. moscatum (?) (L.) L’Hér.]
Oidium sp.
Euonymus japonicus thunb.
Microsphaera euonymi-japonici Vienn.-Bourg.
Pleospora sp.
Euphorbia helioscopia l.
Melampsora euphorbiae (Schub.)
Euphorbia peplus l.
Melampsora euphorbiae-gerardianae W. Muell.
Ficus carica l.
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Fragaria × ananassa duch.
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds
Colletotrichum fragariae a. N. Brooks
Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.
Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau
Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome
Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Hann
Phytophthora sp.
Pythium echinulatum V. D. Matthews
Pythium sp.
Rhizopus sp.
Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burr.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
Fraxinus oxycarpae Bieb.
Eutypella scoparia (Schwein.) Ellis & Everh.
Galactites tomentosa Moench.
Puccinia galactitis P. Syd. & Syd.
Gazania gaertn. hybrid
Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud.
Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex hook.
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Lafferty.
Gladiolus × hortolanus
Uromyces transversalis (thüm.) G. Winter
Gladiolus italicus P. Mill
Puccinia gladioli Castagne
Haworthia sp.
Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris
Hedera helix l.
Coniothyrium sp.
Phoma hedericola (Durieu & Mont.) Boerema
Phyllosticta sp.
Hedisarum coronarium l.
Cercospora ariminensis Cavara
Erysiphe sp.
Phyllachora sp.
Pleospora sp.
Helianthus annuus l.
Erysiphe cichoracearum f. helianthi Jacz.
Puccinia helianthi Schwein
Hordeum murinum spp. leporinum (link) arcang.
Puccinia hordei G. H. Otth.
Pyrenophora teres Drechsler
Hordeum vulgare l.
Oidium sp.
Puccinia graminis Pers. subsp. graminis f. sp. tritici Erikss. & Henning
Puccinia hordei G. H. Otth.
Pyrenophora graminea S. Ito & Kurib.
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Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem) Davis
Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Lagerh.
Ustilago nuda f. sp. hordei Shaffnit.
Lactuca sativa l.
Bremia lactucae regel.
Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) rabenh.
Lamium amplexicaule l.
Oidium sp.
Lathyrus ochrus (l.) dC.
Cercospora canescens Ell. & Mart.
Laurus nobilis l.
Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk
Myrothecium roridum tode.
Limonium bonduelli lestib.
Uromyces savulescui rayss.
Limonium brassicifolium (Webb.) o. kuntze
Cercospora insulana Sacc.
Limonium sinuatum (l.) P. Mill.
Uromyces savulescui rayss.
Lonicera implexa aiton
Pheoramularia peryclimeni (G. Winter) Deighton
Pleospora sp.
Lotus ornithopodioides l.
Oidium sp.
Lygeum spartum Loefl. ex L.
Ustilago spegazzini Hirschh. var. agrestis (Syd.) G.W. Fisch. & Hirschh.
Malus domestica Borkh.
Cladosporium sp.
Oidium sp.
Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter
Malva silvestris l.
Puccinia malvacearum Bertero ex Mont.
Matthiola incana (l.) R. Br.
Peronospora matthiolae Gäum.
Matthiola sp.
Ascochyta matthiolae Oudem.
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr.
Medicago sativa l.
Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc.
Uromyces striatus J. Schröt.
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Melilotus indicus (l.) all.
Peronospora trifoliorum de Bary
Uromyces anthyllidis (Grev.) J. Schröt
Mentha sp.
Puccinia menthae Pers.
Ramularia menthicola Sacc.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Mercurialis annua l.
Cercospora mercurialis Pass.
Melampsora pulcherrima Maire.
Morus alba l.
Mycosphaerella mori (Fuckel) F. a. Wolf.
Morus nigra l.
Mycosphaerella mori (Fuckel) F. a. Wolf.
Nerium oleander l.
Cercospora neriella Sacc.
Cladosporium sp.
Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) rabenh.
Ocimum basilicum l.
Peronospora sp.
Olea europaea l.
Caldariomyces fumago Woron.
Cylindrocarpon sp.
Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.
Macrophomina phaseolina (tassi) Goid.
Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome
Spilocaea oleaginea (Castagne) S. Hughes
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
Oxalis pes-caprae l.
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Parietaria judaica l.
Ramularia parietariae Pass.
Passiflora edulis sims
Phoma tersa Sacc.
Pastinaca sativa l.
Septoria pastinacae Westend
Pelargonium sp.
Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis Doidge
Petroselinum crispum (P. Mill) nyman ex a.W. hill
Erysiphe heraclei DC.
Passalora depressa (Berk.) Sacc.
Septoria petroselini Desm.
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Phalaris minor Rez.
Erysiphe sp.
Phaseolus vulgaris l.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud
Colletotrichum sp.
Pinus halepensis P. Mill.
Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & de Not.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Pisum sativum l.
Cladosporium cladosporioides f. sp. pisicola (Snyder) G. a. de Vries
Erisiphe pisi DC.
Erysiphe sp.
Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & A. Bloxam) Vestergr.
Peronospora viciae (Berk.) Casp.
Uromyces pisi-sativi (Pers) Liro
Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt.
Plantago maritima l.
Septoria plantaginea Pass.
Polygonum aviculare l.
Uromyces polygoni-avicularis (Pers.) P. Karst.
Populus alba l.
Cladosporium sp.
Melampsora populnea (Pers.) P. Karst.
Microdiplodia salicis Died.
Otthia spireae (Fuckel) Fuckel
Portulaca oleracea l.
Wilsoniana portulacae (DC. ex Duby) thines
Potentilla reptans l.
Ramularia arvensis Sacc.
Prunus amygdalus × Prunus persica
Fusarium sp.
Fusicoccum amygdali Delacr.
Myrothecium roridum tode.
Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome
Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor (Fuckel) Dunegan
Venturia carpophila E. E. Fisher
Prunus armeniaca l.
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler
Oidium sp.
Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill.
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor (Fuckel) Dunegan
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Prunus cerasifera ehrh.
Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor (Fuckel) Dunegan
Prunus domestica l.
Botryosphaeria sp.
Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill.
Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor (Fuckel) Dunegan
Prunus persica (l.) Batsch.
Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker
Fusicoccum amigdali Delacr.
Ganoderma sp.
Geotrichum candidum Link var. candidum
Microdiplodia pruni Died.
Monilinia fructigena Honey
Phellinus pomaceus (Pers.) Maire
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Hann
Phytophthora sp.
Pythium echinulatum V. D. Matthews
Pythium sp.
Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. Ex Fr.) Lind.
Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill.
Sphaerotheca pannosa var. persicae Woron.
Taphrina deformans (Berk.) tul.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor (Fuckel) Dunegan
Punica granatum l.
Cytospora punica Sacc.
Pyrus communis l.
Alternaria tenuissima (Nees ex Fr.) Wiltsh.
Cladosporium sp.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.
Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill.
Septoria piri i. Miyake
Venturia pyrina aderh.
Quercus coccifera l.
Pseudovalsa longipes (tul.) Sacc.
Quercus ilex l.
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.
Quercus robur l.
Diatrypella quercina (Pers.) Cooke
Oidium sp.
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Rhododendron sp.
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Calonectria kyotensis terash
Chlamydomyces palmarum (Cooke) E. W. Mason
Rosa sp.
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Oidium sp.
Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltd.
Sphaerotheca pannosa Wallr. Lév.
Rostraria cristata (l.) tzvelev
Puccinia hordei G. H. Otth.
Rubus ulmifolius
Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) G. Winter
Ruscus aculeatus l.
Paraphaeosphaeria glaucopunctata (Grev.) Shoemaker & C. E. Babc.
Ruscus hypophyllum l.
Paraphaeosphaeria glaucopunctata (Grev.) Shoemaker & C. E. Babc.
Phyllosticta sp.
Sanguisorba minor scop. ssp. muricata (spach) nordborg
Phragmidium sanguisorbae (DC.) J. Schröt.
Scirpus maritimus l.
Uromyces lineolatus (Desm.) J. Schröt.
Scorpiurus muricatus
Cercospora scorpiuri thüm.
Sechium edule (Jacq.) sw.
Pythium sp.
Senecio vulgaris l.
Bremia lactucae regel.
Puccinia glomerata Grev.
Smilax aspera l.
Cercospora smilacis thüm.
Smyrnium olusatrum l.
Oidium sp.
Puccinia smyrni Biv.
Solanum lycopersicum l.
Alternaria tenuissima (Nees ex Fr.) Wiltsh.
Alternaria solani Sorauer
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Cladosporium sp.
Erysiphe sp.
F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici W. C. Snyder & H. N. Hansen
F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker
Gibberella intricans Wollenw.
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud.
Mycovellosiella fulva (Cooke) arx
Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary.
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Hann
Pythium sp.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Stemphylium sp.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
Solanum melongena l.
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud.
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Hann
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
Solanum tuberosum l.
Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes
Helminthosporium solani Durieu & Mont.
Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary
Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) rabenh.
Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerheim f. sp. subterranea tomlinson
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
Sonchus oleraceus l.
Alternaria sonchi Davis
Bremia lactucae regel.
Puccinia sonchi roh.
Spinacia oleracea l.
Peronospora farinosa (Fr.) Fr. f. sp. spinaciae Byford.
Tamarix africana Poir.
Inonotus tamaricis (Pat.) Maire
Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters
Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & de Not.
Trifolium fragiferum l.
Oidium sp.
Uromyces trifolii-repentis (Castagne) Liro
Triticum aestivum l.
Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer
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Triticum durum desf.
Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer
Cladosporium sp.
Fusarium sp.
Puccinia graminis Pers. subsp. graminis f. sp. tritici Erikss. & Henning
Puccinia striiformis Westend. var. striiformis
Triticum sp.
Puccinia graminis Pers. subsp. graminis f. sp. tritici Erikss. & Henning
Urtica pilulifera (?) l.
Septoria urticae roberge ex Desm.
Viburnum tinus l.
Pythium sp.
Sphaceloma viburni Jenkins & Bitanc
Vicia ervilia (l.)
Oidium sp.
Vicia faba l.
Botrytis fabae Sardiña
Cercospora zonata G. Winter
Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Sclerotinia sp.
Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt.
Vicia sativa l.
Cercospora zonata G. Winter
Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt.
Vitis vinifera l.
Aspergillus niger v. tiegh.
Cylindrocarpon sp.
Didymosphaeria sarmenti (Cooke & Harkn.) Berl. & Voglino
Macrophoma sp.
Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) Sacc.
Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Berl. & de Toni.
Pleospora vitis Catt.
Pseudocercospora vitis (Lév.) Speg.
Pythium echinulatum V. D. Matthews
Pythium sp.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris
Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill
Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
Washingtonia robusta h. Wendl.
Gliocladium vermoesenii (Biourge) thom.
Graphiola phoenicis (Moug.) Poit.
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
appendix ii
list of diseases by common name (where available) and corresponding
pathogen(s) causing the disease
alternaria leaf blight
Alternaria dauci (Kühn) J. W. Groves & Skolko
Basal rot
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae W. C. Snyder & H. N. Hansen
Black dot
Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes
Blackleg
Leptoshaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & de Not.
Black mould
Aspergillus niger v. tiegh.
Black rot
Aspergillus niger v. tiegh.
Black scurf
Thanatephorus cucumeris (a. B. Frank) Donk
Blackspot
Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds
Black stem rust
Puccinia graminis Pers. subsp. graminis f. sp. tritici Erikss. & Henning
Blight
Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & A. Bloxam) Vestergr.
Branch and twig canker
Fusicoccum amygdali Delacr.
Brown root-rot
Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris
Canker
Nectria heterosperma Kalchbr. & Cooke
Charcoal rot
Macrophomina phaseolina (tassi) Goid.
Chocolate spot
Botrytis fabae Sardiña
Covered smut
Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Lagerh.
Crown and root rot
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker
die-back
Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce
Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Arx
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Cytospora punica Sacc.
Microdiplodia pruni Died.
downy mildew
Bremia lactucae regel.
Peronospora destructor (Berk.) Casp. ex Berk.
Peronospora farinosa (Fr.) Fr. f. sp. spinaciae Byford.
Peronospora matthiolae Gäum.
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr.
Peronospora trifoliorum de Bary
Peronospora viciae (Berk.) Casp.
Peronospora sp.
Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Berl. & de Toni
Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & Curtis) Rostov.
ear blotch
Cladosporium sp.
early blight
Alternaria solani Sorauer
Cercospora apii Fresen
Fruit-rot
Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce
Alternaria tenuissima (Nees ex Fr.) Wiltsh.
Penicillium citrinum thom.
Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc.
Penicilium italicum Wehmer
Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) rabenh.
Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. ex Fr.) Lind.
grey mould
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
late blight
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary
Septoria apiicola Speg.
leaf black spot
Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltshire
leaf blight
Diplodia sp.
Pleospora sp.
leaf blight and shot hole
Myrothecium roridum tode
leaf blotch
Calonectria kyotensis terash.
leaf curl
Taphrina deformans (Berk.) tul.
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
leaf mould
Mycovellosiella fulva (Cooke) arx
leaf scab
Graphiola phoenicis (Moug.) Poit.
leaf spot
Alternaria dianthi (?) F. Stevens & J. G. Hall
Alternaria sonchi Davis
Ascochyta matthiolae Oudem.
Cercospora ariminensis Cavara
Cercospora beticola Sacc.
Cercospora canescens Ellis & G. Martin
Cercospora insulana Sacc.
Cercospora mercurialis Pass.
Cercospora neriella Sacc.
Cercospora rubro-tincta Ellis & Everh.
Cercospora smilacis thüm.
Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau
Mycosphaerella mori (Fuckel) F. a. Wolf
Passalora depressa (Berk.) Sacc.
Phoma hedericola (Durieu & Mont.) Boerema
Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) rabenh.
Pleospora vitis Catt.
Pleospora sp.
Pseudocercospora ceratoniae (Pat. & Taubenh.) Deighton
Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc.
Ramularia arvensis Sacc.
Septoria antirrhini Desm.
Septoria convolvuli Desm.
Septoria petroselini Desm.
Septoria pastinacae Westend
Septoria plantaginea Pass.
Septoria piri i. Miyake
Septoria urticae roberge ex Desm.
Sphaceloma viburni Jenkins & Bitanc.
leaf stripe
Pyrenophora graminea S. Ito & Kurib.
loose smut
Ustilago nuda f. sp. hordei Shaffnit
net blotch
Pyrenophora teres Drechsler
Peacock spot
Spilocaea oleaginea (Castagne) S. Hughes
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Phytophthora crown and root rot
Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff.
(Potato) rot
Fusarium coeruleum (Sacc.) C. Booth
Powdery mildew
Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer
Erysiphe cichoracearum f. helianthi Jacz.
Erysiphe heraclei DC.
Erysiphe sp.
Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud
Microsphaera euonymi-japonici Vienn.-Bourg.
Oidium sp.
Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schltdl.) Pollaci
Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill
Sphaerotheca pannosa Wallr. Lév.
Sphaerotheca pannosa var. persicae Woron.
Powdery scab
Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerheim f. sp. subterranea tomlinson
Ring spot
Mycosphaerella brassicicola (Duby) Lindau
Root-rot
Gibberella intricans Wollenw.
Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill.
Rust
Aecidium clematidis DC.
Coleosporium inulae rabenh.
Melampsora euphorbiae (Schub.) Castagne
Melampsora euphorbiae-gerardianae W. Muell.
Melampsora populnea (Pers.) P. Karst.
Melampsora pulcherrima Maire.
Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltd.
Phragmidium sanguisorbae (DC.) J. Schröt.
Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) G. Winter
Puccinia allii (DC.) F. rudolphi
Puccinia antirrhini Dietel & Holw.
Puccinia carthami Corda
Puccinia coronata Corda
Puccinia galactitis P. Syd. & Syd.
Puccinia gladioli Castagne
Puccinia glomerata Grev.
Puccinia helianthi Schwein
Puccinia hieracii var. hieracii (Röhl.) H. Mart.
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Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Puccinia hordei G. H. Otth
Puccinia malvacearum Bertero ex Mont.
Puccinia menthae Pers.
Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis Doidge
Puccinia smirni Biv.
Puccinia sonchi roh.
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor (Fuckel) Dunegan
Uromyces anthyllidis (Grev.) J. Schröt.
Uromyces ciceris-arietini (Grognot) Jacz. & Boid.
Uromyces dianthi (Pers.) Niessl.
Uromyces lineolatus (Desm.) J. Schröt.
Uromyces pisi-sativi (Pers) Liro
Uromyces polygoni-avicularis (Pers.) P. Karst.
Uromyces savulescui rayss
Uromyces striatus J. Schröt.
Uromyces transversalis (thüm.) G. Winter
Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt.
scab
Cladosporium cladosporioides f. sp. pisicola (Snyder) G. a. de Vries
Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Arthur
Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter
Venturia pyrina aderh.
scald
Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem) Davis
silver scurf
Helminthosporium solani Durieu & Mont.
sooty mould
Caldariomyces fumago Woron.
Cladosporium sp.
Coniothecium sp.
stem blight
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary
stem-rot
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
tar spot
Phyllachora sp.
White rust
Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze
Puccinia horiana Henn.
White smut
Entyloma calendulae (Oudem.) de Bary
250
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Wilt
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp dianthi W. C. Snyder and H. N. Hansen
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici W. C. Snyder and H. N. Hansen
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp melonis W. C. Snyder and H. N. Hansen
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp niveum W. C. Snyder and H. N. Hansen
Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
Wood decay
Phellinus pomaceus (Pers.) Maire
Yellow rust
Puccinia striiformis var. striiformis Westend.
Zonate leaf spot
Cercospora zonata G. Winter
251
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
appendix iii
List of hosts by common English name followed by scientific
and Maltese names.
aleppo pine
alexanders
almond
annual mercury
apple
apricot
arar tree
araucaria
ash
aubergine
azalea
Bargeman’s cabbage
Barley
Basil
Bay-laurel
Beetroot
Bermuda buttercup
Birdsfoot trefoil
Bitter almond
Bitter vetch
Blackberry
Black mulberry
Boar thistle
Bread wheat
Broad bean
Butcher’s broom
Cabbage
Canary island date palm
Carnation
Carob tree
Carrot
Caterpillar plant
Cauliflower
Celery
Chayote
Cherry plum
Chickpea
Pinus halepensis
Smyrnium olusatrum
Amygdalus communis
Mercurialis annua
Malus domestica
Prunus armeniaca
Tetraclinis articulata
Araucaria sp.
Fraxinus oxycarpa
Solanum melongena
Rhododendron sp.
Brassica rapa ssp. silvestris
Hordeum vulgare
Ocimum basilicum
Laurus nobilis
Beta vulgaris
Oxalis pes-caprae
Lotus ornithopodioides
Amygdalus communis
Vicia ervilia
Rubus ulmifolius
Morus nigra
Galactites tomentosa
Triticum aestivum
Vicia faba
Ruscus aculeatus
Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Phoenix canariensis
Dianthus caryophyllus
Ceratonia siliqua
Daucus carota ssp. sativus
Scorpiurus muricatus
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Apium graveolens var. dulce
Sechium edule
Prunus cerasifera
Cicer arietinum
252
Żnuber
Karfus il-ħmir
Lewża
Burikba
Tuffieħa
Pruna
Għargħar
arawkarja
Fraxnu
Brunġiel
rododendron
Liftija
Xgħir
Ħabaq
rand
Pitravi
Ħaxixa Inġliża
Qrempuċ il-mogħoż
Lewż morr
Żofżfa
Għolliq
tut
Xewk abjad
Qamħ ta’ Malta
Ful
Belladonna
Kaboċċa
Palma
Qronfol
Ħarrub
Karrotti
Widna
Pastarda
Karfus
Qargħa Ċentenarja
‘Cherry plum’
Ċiċri
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Chrysanthemum
Citrus
Club-rush
Common groundsel
Common knot-grass
Common vetch
Courgette
Creeping cinquefoil
Cucumber
Cypress
Durum wheat
Dutch Butcher’s broom
Dwarf fan palm
Edible fig
Endive
English ivy
English oak
Esparto grass
Field bindweed
Friar’s cowl
Garlic
Gazania
Gerbera daisy
GF-677 rootstock
Gladiolus
Globe artichoke
Grapevine
Haworthia
Henbit deadnettle
Mallow
Holly oak
Honeysuckle
italian gladiolus
Japanese spindletree
Kohlrabi
Kermes oak
Laurustinus
Lemon
Lettuce
Littleseed canarygrass
Loquat
Lucerne
Marigold
Chrysanthemum × morifolium
Citrus sp.
Scirpus maritimus
Senecio vulgaris
Polygonum aviculare
Vicia sativa
Cucurbita pepo
Potentilla reptans
Cucumis sativus
Cupressus sempervirens
Triticum durum
Ruscus hypophyllum
Chamaerops humilis
Ficus carica
Cichorium endivia
Hedera helix
Quercus robur
Lygeum spartum
Convolvolus arvensis
Arisarum vulgare
Allium sativum
Gazania sp.
Gerbera jamesonii
Prunus amygdalus × Prunus persica
Gladiolus × hortolanus
Cynara scolymus
Vitis vinifera
Haworthia sp.
Lamium amplexicaule
Malva silvestris
Quercus ilex
Lonicera implexa
Gladiolus italicus
Euonymus japonicus
Brassica oleracea gongyloides
Quercus coccifera
Viburnum tinus
Citrus limon
Lactuca sativa
Phalaris minor
Eriobotrya japonica
Medicago sativa
Calendula officinalis
253
Kriżantemi
Ċitru
Mosca
Kubrita
Lewża tar-raba’
Ġilbiena
Qargħa bagħli
Frawli salvaġġa
Ħjar
Ċipress
Qamħ
Belladonna
Ġummar
tin
indivja
Liedna
Balluta Ngliża
Ħalfa
Leblieb tar-raba’
Garni tal-pipi
tewm
Gażanja
GF
Gladjoli
Qaqoċċ
Dielja
Kappilliera
Ħobbejża
Ballut
Qarn il-mogħża
Ħabb il-qamħ
Ġidra
Ballut
Lumi
Ħass
Skalora salvaġġa
Naspli
Nefel
Suffejra
Fungal phatogens of Malta - Porta-Puglia, Mifsud
Marrow
Mallow
Melon
Mint
Mushroom
Musk stork’s bill
Myrobalan rootstock 29C
Nectarine
Nettleleaf goosefoot
Oat
Oleander
Olive
Onion
Orange
Parsley
Parsnip
Passion fruit
Pea
Peach
Pear
Pecan
Pelargonium
Pepper
Perennial wall rocket
Petty spurge
Plum
Pomegranate
Potato
Purslane
roman nettle
rose
runner bean
Safflower
Sarsaparilla
Sea plantain
Shepherds’ purse
Small burnet
Snapdragon
Sow-thistle
Spanish sanfoin
Spinach
Spiny chicory
Statice
Cucurbita pepo
Malva sylvestris
Cucumis melo
Mentha sp.
Agaricus bisporus
Erodium moschatum
Prunus cerasifera
Prunus persica var. nucipersica
Chenopodium murale
Avena sterilis
Nerium oleander
Olea europaea
Allium cepa
Citrus sinensis
Petroselinum crispum
Pastinaca sativa
Passiflora edulis
Pisum sativum
Prunus persica
Pyrus communis
Carya illinoiensis
Pelargonium sp.
Capsicum annuum
Diplotaxis tenuifolia
Euphorbia peplus
Prunus domestica
Punica granatum
Solanum tuberosum
Portulaca oleracea
Urtica pilulifera
Rosa sp.
Phaseolus vulgaris
Carthamus tinctorius
Smilax aspera
Plantago maritima
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata
Antirrhinum majus
Sonchus oleraceus
Hedisarum coronarium
Spinacia oleracea
Cichorium spinosum
Limonium bonduelli
254
Qarabagħli
Ħobbejża komuni
Bettiegħ
Nagħniegħ
ħniegħ
Faqqiegħ
Moxt
‘Cherry plum’
Nuċiprisk
Għobbejra
Ħafur
Oljandru
Żebbuġ
Basal
Larinġ
tursin
Fiġel
Frott tal-Passjoni
Piżelli
Ħawħ
Lanġas
Ġewż tal-Pekan
Sardinell
Bżar
Ġarġir isfar
Tengħud tal-ġonna
Pruna/Għajnbaqar
rummien
Patata
Burdlieqa
Ħurrieqa taż-żibeġ
Warda
Fażola
żola
ola
Għosfor
Salsa pajżana
Biżbula
Ġarġir il-ġemel
Tursin il-għal
Papoċċi
Tfief
Silla
Spinaċi
Qanfuda
Sempreviva
Petria 16 (2), 163-256 (2006) - Rassegna/Review
Statice
Statice
Stock
Stock
Strawberry
Strawberry clover
Strawberry tree
Sunflower
Sunspurge
Sweetclover
tamarix
tomato
Traveller’s joy
False yellowhead
Wall barley
Wall pellitory
Washington fan palm
Watermelon
Wheat
White mulberry
White poplar
White vetch
White wall rocket
annual junegrass
Limonium sinuatum
Limonium brassicifolium
Matthiola incana
Matthiola sp.
Fragaria x ananassa
Trifolium fragiferum
Arbutus unedo
Helianthus annuus
Euphorbia helioscopia
Melilotus indicus
Tamarix africana
Solanum lycopersicum
Clematis cirrhosa
Dittrichia viscosa
Hordeum murinum spp. leporinum
Parietaria judaica
Washingtonia robusta
Citrullus lanatus
Triticum sp.
Morus alba
Populus alba
Lathyrus ochrus
Diplotaxis erucoides
Rostraria cristata
255
Sempreviva
Sempreviva
Ġiżi
Ġiżi
Frawli
Xnien
imbrjagla
Fjura tax-xemx
Tengħud tax-xemx
trew
Bruka
tadam
Bajda/Kiesħa
tulliera
Bunexxief
Xeħt ir-rieħ
Palma
Dulliegħ
Qamħ
ħ
Ċawsli
Luq
Ġilbiena bajda
Ġarġir abjad
David Mifsud