233
Mycol. Res. 99 ( 2 ) :233-236 (1995) Printed in Great Britain
Additions to Stenellm from India
KAVITA SRIVASTAVA, A. K. SRIVASTAVA* A N D KAMAL
Department of Botany, University of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur-273009, India
Four new species of Stenella, S. anamirtae on Anamirfa paniculafa, S. hippocrafiae on Hippocrafia arborea, S. meynae-laxij7orae on Meyna
laxiflora and S. pentafropidis on Penfatropis spirale, collected from North-Eastem Uttar Pradesh, India are described, illustrated and
compared with similar species.
The hyphomycete genus Stenella Syd. (Sydow, 1930) mainly
consists of tropical, foliicolous fungi. The generic circumscription was discussed and refined b y Deighton (1971, 1979),
Mulder (1975, 1982) and d e Hoog, Rahman & Berkhout
(1983) s o as t o distinguish Stenella from Cladosporiurn,
Cercospora, Mycovellosielh and Veronaea. Consequently, the
number of species of Sfenella has been expanded considerably
in recent years to the extent that about 70 species are n o w
known, 11 of which have been described from North-Eastem
Uttar Pradesh, India (Kamal et al., 1980a, b; de H o o g ef a].,
1983; Verma & Kamal, 1987; Rai & Kamal, 1989, 1990;
Chaudhary et al., 1991; Srivastava et al., 1993). In this
communication, four new species of Stenella collected from the
same area are described and illustrated.
Stenella anamirtae K. Srivastava, A. K. Srivastava & Kamal
sp. nov.
Figs 1-4. Sfenella anamirtae. Fig. 1, external hyphae; Fig. 2 ,
conidiophores; Fig. 3, conidia, Fig. 4, infection spots. Scale bars,
Figs 1-3 = 20 m, Fig. 4 = 20 mm.
Corresponding author
(Figs 1-4)
Maculae hypogenae, fuscobrunneae, primo parvae et orbiculares,
deinde coalescentes et partim maiorum laminae tegentes. Coloniae
hypophyllae, subtiliter velutinae. Mycelium intemurn vel plerurnque
externum; hyphae extemae septatae, rarnosae, verruculosae, subhyalinae vel olivaceae, ad 3 urn latae. Setae, hyphopodia et stromata
absentia. Conidiophora superficialia, singularia, ex hyphis superficialibus lateriter oriunda, macronematosa, rnononematosa, erecta,
recta vel flexuosa, non-rarnosa, laevia, septata, brunnea, versus
apicem palliodora, usque 46-312 m longa, 3-5 um lata. Cellulae
conidiogenae polyblasticae, in conidiophoris incorporatae, terminales
vel intercalares, sympodiales, cylindericae, geniculatae, saepe
regeneratione enteroblastica, cicatricati, cicatricibus Ieniter incrassati.
Conidia holoblastica, sicca acropleurogena, simplicia vel catenata in
catenis plenunque simplicibus formata, obclavato-cylindrica,recta vel
leniter curvata, subhyalina vel pallide olivacea, verruculosa, 0-9septata, interdum conshicta, basi obconico truncata, hilo leniter
incrassato, versus apicem rotundata et interdum omata cicatrice
leniter incrassata, 10-75 NITI longa, 3-3.5 pm lata in partem valde
crassam.
In foliis vivis Anamirfa paniculafa (Menispermaceae), Chowk
forest, Maharajganj, U.P., India, Apr. 1991, A. K. Srivastava, GPU
AK-1780 holotypus, HCIO 40822 isotypus, IMI 360900 isotypus.
Infection spots hypogenous, blackish-brown, primarily small
and circular, coalescing and spreading t o cover most of the
Additions to Stenella
234
in having smooth superficial hyphae, branched and shorter
conidiophores and larger conidia with more septa, S. celasfrae
differs in having verruculose conidiophores and S. canfhii
differs in having markedly shorter conidiophores.
Figs 5-8. Sfenella hippocrafiae. Fig. 5, extemal hyphae; Fig. 6,
conidiophores; Fig. 7, conidia; Fig. 8 , infection spots. Scale bars,
Figs 5-7 = 20 ym, Fig. 8 = 20 mm.
leaf surface. Colonies hypophyllous, fmely velvety. Mycelium
internal to mostly external; external hyphae septate, branched,
verruculose, subhyaline to olivaceous and up to 3 prn wide.
Setae, hyphopodia and stromata absent. Conidiophores
superficial, arising singly as lateral branches of superficial
hyphae, macronematous, mononematous, erect, straight to
flexuous, unbranched, smooth-walled, septate, brown below
and paler towards the apex, 46-312 pm long, 3-5 prn wide.
Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, terminal to
intercalary, sympodial, cylindrical, geniculate, often showing
enteroblastic proliferative growth, conidiogenous loci
cicatrized with scars slightly thickened. Conidia holoblastic,
dry, acropleurogenous, simple to catenate, formed in mostly
simple chains; obclavato-cylindrical, straight to slightly
curved, subhyaline to light olivaceous, verruculose, 0-9septate, sometimes constricted at the septa, conidial base
obconicotruncate with slightly thickened hilum, apex rounded
and sometimes cicatrized, 10-75 pm long, 3-3-5 pm wide.
No species of Sfenella has been previously recorded on the
host species or genus in question. However, two species, S.
sfephaniae J. M. Yen, A. K. Kar & B. K. Das (1982 a) and
S. filiacorae Sarbajna (1990), have been reported on the host
family Menispermaceae. Both of these species are stromatic
and are different, therefore, from our species. The latter is nonstromatic, producing superficial conidiophores singly and has
subhyaline to olivaceous conidia and conidiophores. As such,
it is also comparable with S. canfhii J. M. Yen, A. K. Kar &
B. K. Das (1982a), S. celasfrae A. N. Rai & Kamal (1990) and
S. elaeodendri Kamal, R. P. Singh & P. Kumar (1980 b). These
species, however, are distinctly different from our collection
due to their following characteristics. Sfenella elaeodendri differs
Stenella hippocratiae K. Srivastava, A. K. Srivastava & Kamal
sp. nov.
(Figs 5-8)
Maculae hypogenae, atrobrunneae, parvae vel irregulariter magnae.
Coloniae hypophyllae, effusae. Mycelium intemum vel plerurnque
extemum; hyphae extemae septatae, rarnosae, tenuiter vermculosae,
subhyalinae vel olivaceae, ad ca 1.5 pm latae. Setae, hyphopodia et
stromata absentia. Conidiophora superficialia, singularia, ex hyphis
superficialibus lateriter oriunda, macronematosa, mononematosa,
erecta, plerumque recta, non-ramosa, laevia, septata, brunnea, versus
apicem palliodora, usque 44-165 pm longa, 2.5-3 Nm lata. Cellulae
conidiogenae polyblasticae, in conidiophoris incorporatae, plerumque
terminales, sympodiales, cylindricae, geniculatae, cicatricati, cicatricibus leniter incrassati. Conidia holoblastica, sicca, acropleurogena,
simplicia vel catenata, in catenis plemmque simplicibus formata,
obclavato-cylindrica, recta, subhyalina, subtiliter verruculosa, 0-6septata, non constricta. basi attenuata in hilo leniter incrassato; versus
apicem leniter attenuata, rotundata et interdum omata circatrice
leniter incrassata; 9-41 ym longa, 2.5-3 ym lata.
In foliis vivis Hippocrafia arborea (Celastraceae),Barhani, Siddhartha
Nagar, U.P., India, Mar. 1991, A. K. Srivastava, GPU AK-1519
holotypus, HCIO 40824 isotypus, IMI 360899 isotypus.
Infection spots hypogenous, dark brown, small to irregularly
large. Colonies hypophyllous, effuse. Mycelium internal to
mostly extemal; extemal hyphae septate, branched, finely
verruculose, subhyaline to olivaceous, up to ca 1.5 pm wide.
Setae, hyphopodia and stromata absent. Conidiophores
superficial, arising singly as lateral branches of superficial
hyphae, macronematous, mononematous, erect, mostly
straight, unbranched, smooth-walled, septate, brown below
and paler towards apex, 44-165 pm long and 2.5-3 pm wide.
Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, mostly terminal,
sympodial, cylindrical and geniculate; conidiogenous loci
cicatrized with slightly thickened scars. Conidia holoblastic,
dry, acropleurogenous, simple to catenate, formed in mostly
unbranched chains, obclavato-cylindrical, straight, sub-hyaline,
finely verruculose, 04-septate, not constricted at the septa,
base attenuated and bearing slightly thickened hilum; apex
slightly narrowing, rounded and sometimes cicatrized;
9-41 yrn long and 2.5-3
wide.
Only two species of Stenella, S. elaeodendri Kamal, R. P.
Singh & P. Kumar (1980 b) and S. celesfrae A. N . Rai & Kamal
(1990), have been previously recorded on the host family
Celastraceae. However, both differ from our species. In S.
elaeodendri external hyphae and conidia are smooth and the
conidiophores are branched, and in S. celasfrae fasciculate
conidiophores arise from stromata.
Some other species of Stenella are non-stromatic and have
conidiophores and/or conidia almost similar in size and
pigmentation to the present species, namely S. consfricfa
Mulder (1982), S. ficina Kamal, P. Kumar & B. Rai (1981),
S. laurina (Speg.) M . B. Ellis (1976) and S. scleriae McKenzie
(1982). However, in S. constricta the external hyphae is
constricted, in S. ficina the external hyphae and conidia are
smooth, in S. laurina the conidiophores are branched and in
Kavita Srivastava, A. K. Srivastava and Kamal
235
S sclenae the conidlophores are longer and septation of the
conidia is indistinct.
Stenella meynae-laxiflorae K. Srivastava, A. K. Srivastava &
Kamal sp. nov.
(Figs 9-13)
Maculae prlmo hypogenae, delnde amphigenae, parvae, brunneae
Colonlae hypophyllae, drssemmatae, plus m~nusvepunctlformae,
subelevatae, orblculares vel lrregulanter angulares, 1-5 mm latae
Mycelium lntemum vel extemurn; hyphae extemae septatae,
rarnosae, vermculosae, olivaceae vel brunneae, usque 1.5-4 w latae.
Setae et hyphopodla absentla. Stromata superficialia, prosenchymatosa, usque 10-36 w alta, 14-35 w lata. Conidlophora
superhcialia, singulana, ex hyphis superhc~allbusIatenter et terminallter vel in fasclculo ex stromate superhclallbus oriunda, semlmacronematosa, erecta vel procumbens, recta vel flexuosa, interdum
ramosa, laevea vel verruculosa, brunnea vel atrobrunnea, 0-3 septata,
usque 16-52 Dm longa, 3-5.5 w lata Cellulae conidiogenae
polyblashcae, in conldrophoris mcorporatae, temnales, lnterdum
~ntercalares, sympo&ales, cyllndncae, clcatr~cat~,cicatnc~bus
mcrassatl. Conldla holoblastlca, slcca, aaopleurogena, slmplicla vel
catenata, in catenls slmpllclbus vel ramosls formata, cyllndnca vel
obclavata, ollvaceo-brunnea, verruculosa, recta vel leniter curvata,
3-12-septata, lnterdum constncta, h~lolemter mcrassato, versus
aplcem rotundata vel subacuta et lnterdum omata clcatrice lenlter
incrassata; 12-92 pm longa, 2.5-4 w lata.
In follls vlvls Meyna laxrflora (Rublaceae), Kusuml forest,
Figs 9-13. Stenella meynae-laxlflorae Fig. 9, external hyphae, Fig. Gorakhpur, UP., India, NOV 1991, A K Snvastava, GPU AK-1416
10, stroma, Fig. 11, conldlophores; Fig. 12, conldla; Fig. 13, holotypus, HCIO 30862 ~sotypus,IMI 360898 isotypus
lnfectlon spots Scale bars, Flgs 9-12 = 20 pm, Flg 13 = 20 mm
Infection spots primarily hypogenous, later amphigenous,
small, brown. Colonies hypophyllous, scattered, more or less
punctiform, slightly raised, circular to irregularly angular,
1-5 mm wide. Mycelium internal and external; external
hyphae septate, branched, venuculose, olivaceous to brown,
1.5-4 pm wide. Setae and hyphopodia absent. Stromata
superficial, prosenchyrnatous, often formed against epidermal
hairs, 10-36 w high, 14-35 pm wide. Conidiophores superficial, arising singly as lateral branches or apices of external
hyphae, or in fascicles from superhcial stromata, semimacronematous, erect or procumbent, straight or flexuous,
sometimes branched, smooth-walled or venuculose, brown to
dark brown, 16--52 w long, 3-5.5 w wide. Conidiogenous
cells polyblastic, integrated, terminal, sometimes becoming
intercalary, sympodlal, cylindrical, cicatrized, scars thickened.
Conidia holoblastic, dry, acropleurogenous, simple or catenate
in unbranched or branched chains, cylindrical to obclavate,
olivaceous-brown, venuculose, straight or sometimes slightly
curved, 3-12-septate, sometimes constricted at the septa,
hilum slightly thickened, apex rounded or subacute and
long, 2.5-4 Dm wide.
sometimes cicatrized, 12-92 ~ l m
No species of Stenella has been previously recorded on the
host species or genus in question and among species of
Stenella reported on the host family Rubiaceae, only S.
xeromph~gena J. M. Yen, A. K. Kar & B. K. Das (1982 6) has
superficial stromata, as in our species. In addition, conidiophores arising from stromata together with superficial and
solitary conidiophores, as present in our species, are also
reported in S. araguata Syd. (Sydow, 1930) and S. celastrae
in S. x e r o m ~ h 2 ~ e n a
Figs 14-17. Sfenellapentafropldrs. Fig. 14,external hyphae; Fig. 15, A, N. Rai & Kana1 (1990).
conidiophores
are
unbranched
and
conidia
are longer, in
conldlophores; Fig. 16,conld~a,Fig. 17,mfectlon spots. Scale bars,
S.
araguata
conidia
are
significantly
shorter
and
in S. celastrae
Figs 14-16 = 20 pm, Flg 1 7 = 20 mrn
Additions to Sfenella
236
conidiophores are longer and unbranched and conidia are
wider.
Stenella pentatropidis K. Srivastava, A. K. Srivastava &
Kamal sp. nov.
(Figs 14-17)
Maculae amphigenae, supeme grisae, inferne fuscobrunneae, prirno
parvae, deinde coalescentes, extensae et partirn rnaiorurn laminae
tegentes. Coloniae hypophyllae, subtiliter velutinae, effusae. Mycelium intemurn vel plerumque extemum; hyphae extemae septatae,
rarnosae, venuculosae, olivaceae, ad 3 prn latae. Setae, hyphopodia et
stromata absentia. Conidiophora superficialia, singularia, ex hyphis
superficialibus lateriter oriunda, rnacronernatosa, rnononernatosa,
erecta, recta vel flexuosa, non-rarnosa, laevia, septata, brunnea, versus
apicern palliodora, usque 70-342 urn longa, 3.5-5 prn lata. Cellulae
conidiogenae polyblasticae, in conidiophoris incorporatae, terminales
vel intercalares, sympodiales, cylindricae, geniculatae, saepe
regeneratione enteroblastica, cicatricati, cicatricibus leniter incrassati.
Conidia holoblastica, sicca, acropleurogena, simplicia vel catenata, in
catenis plenunque simplicibus fermata, obclavato cylindrica, recta vel
leniter curvata, pallide brunnea, venuculosa, 0-28-septata, hilo
leniter incrassato, basi obconico truncata, versus apicern rotundata,
leniter attenuata et interdurn omata cicatrice leniter incrassata,
26-295 prn longa, 4-5.5
lata.
In foliis vivis Penfafropis spirale (Asclepiadaceae), Pakari forest,
Maharajganj, U.P., India, Jan. 1990, A. K. Srivastava, GPU AK-1261
holotypus, HCIO 40823 isotypus, IMI 360897 isotypus.
Infection spots amphigenous, grey on upper surface, blackishbrown on lower surface, primarily small, scattered, irregularly
shaped, then coalescing and spreading to cover most of the
leaf surface. Colonies hypophyllous, finely velvety. Mycelium
internal to mostly extemal; extemal hyphae septate, branched,
venuculose, olivaceous, up to 3 pm wide. Setae, hyphopodia
and stromata absent. Conidiophores superficial, arising singly
as lateral branches of superficial hyphae, macronematous,
mononematous, erect, straight to flexuous, unbranched,
smooth-walled, septate, brown below, paler towards apex,
70-342 pm long, 3.5-5 w wide. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, terminal to intercalary, sympodial, cylindrical, geniculate, often showing enteroblastic proliferative
growth, with 1-10 conidiogenous loci bering slightly
thickened scars. Conidia holoblastic, dry, acropleurogenous,
simple to catenate in mostly simple chains, obclavato-cylindric,
straight to slightly curved, pale brown, venuculose, 0-28septate, mostly not constricted at the septa, base obconicotruncate bearing slightly thickened hilurn, apex rounded,
slightly narrowing and sometimes cicatrized, 26-295 pm
long, 4-5.5 pm wide.
N o species of Sfenella has been previously recorded on the
host species or genus in question although four species of
(Accepted 5 ]uly 1994)
Sfenella have been recorded on the host family Asclepiadaceae.
Sfenella ceropegiae M. S. Patil & Sawant (1991) and S.
gongronemafidis (J. M. Yen & Gilles) Deighton (1979) differ in
the presence of stromata, while S. cynanchi J. M. Yen, A. K.
Kar & B. K. Das ( 1 9 8 2 ~ )and S. felosmae K. Srivastava,
A. K. Srivast. & Kamal (1993) differs due to their shorter
conidiophores are conidia.
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