© 2008 Plant Management Network.
Accepted for publication 21 December 2007. Published 18 March 2008.
A Synopsis of Phytophthora with Accurate
Scientific Names, Host Range, and Geographic
Distribution
Erica T. Cline, Research Associate, David F. Farr, Research
Scientist, and Amy Y. Rossman, Research Scientist, Systematic
Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research
Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
Corresponding author: Amy Y. Rossman. Amy.Rossman@ars.usda.gov
Cline, E. T., Farr, D. F., and Rossman, A. Y. 2008. A synopsis of Phytophthora with
accurate scientific names, host range, and geographic distribution. Online. Plant Health
Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2008-0318-01-RS.
Abstract
The genus Phytophthora includes species causing diseases such as late blight of
potatoes, Phytophthora infestans, and sudden oak death and ramorum blight, P.
ramorum. Because of the importance of diseases caused by Phytophthora, there
is a need to have rapid access to the literature using their scientific names. The
literature has been reviewed for all names in Phytophthora in order to provide
the scientific name of each accepted species with authors and synonyms as well
as the plant host range and worldwide geographic distribution. Within the genus
Phytophthora, there are 87 accepted species and six infraspecific taxa. After
compiling all available reports of Phytophthora, it was determined that 39
species and six infraspecific taxa, or about one-half of the accepted species, are
not known to occur in the United States. The accurate scientific names of
accepted species of Phytophthora are listed in two tables based on their
presence or absence in the United States. Each species name is hyperlinked to
databases that provide full synonymy and references documenting the host
range and geographic distribution information. These data are continuously
updated as new literature is published. Having rapid access to information about
species of Phytophthora is critical for protecting the United States from the
introduction of these potentially devastating pathogens.
The genus Phytophthora includes species causing diseases such as late
blight of potatoes, Phytophthora infestans, and sudden oak death and
ramorum blight, P. ramorum, which can inflict considerable damage on their
hosts. The Irish potato famine in the 1840s caused by P. infestans resulted in
millions of deaths and triggered a significant ethnic migration (1). The full
consequences of the introduction of Phytophthora ramorum to the western
United States remain to be determined, but the financial impact is already
staggering (2).
The recent advent of sudden oak death in Europe and western North
America has sparked a resurgence of taxonomic interest in Phytophthora.
Species of the genus Phytophthora were thoroughly and ably reviewed by
Erwin & Ribeiro in 1996 (1), who included 59 species with five varieties. Since
that publication, however, 28 new species of Phytophthora or about one-third
of the known taxa have been described along with a number of other
taxonomic changes. As of December 2007, seven new species have been
proposed but not yet formally described. The significant economic impact of
diseases caused by Phytophthora spp., many of them recently described, has
reinforced the need for an up-to-date synopsis of Phytophthora.
Here we present a listing of the accepted species and infraspecific taxa
currently included in Phytophthora based on the available taxonomic and
plant pathology literature. For each species the published literature is
summarized including the accepted scientific name with authors as well as a
summary of the plant host range and worldwide geographic distribution. The
authors of scientific names are abbreviated according to the recommendation
of Brummitt & Powell (3), now considered the standard for all organisms with
nomenclature governed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
Each name is hyperlinked to a more detailed account available at the website
of the USDA Agricultural Research Service Systematic Mycology &
Microbiology Laboratory (4). For each species data are provided that include
the accepted scientific name with authors, synonyms, substrate affected,
disease characteristics, plant host range, worldwide geographic distribution,
and important recent literature, along with source literature and specimens
that document this information. These databases are continuously updated as
new literature is published, thus the hyperlinks allow the user to obtain recent
information about each species of Phytophthora. In this paper we present a
synopsis of these data as two tables including the scientific name with authors
and a summary of host and geographic distribution. One table includes taxa
that do not occur in the United States (Table 1) while the other lists taxa that
occur in the United States (Table 2). In addition seven provisional names, four
invalidly published names, and one potential name in Phythophthora are
listed in Table 3. Many of the accepted species of Phytophthora have
synonyms that are not listed in these tables but are included at the website.
Some older reports were made using names now considered synonyms; thus,
the ability to search using all synonymous names is critical in accurately
determining the full host range and geographic distribution for a species.
Access to updated information is especially important as surveys for
Phytophthora provide new reports of species not previously known in the
United States and throughout the world.
Currently, there are 87 accepted species and six infraspecific taxa in the
genus Phytophthora. An additional seventy names in Phytophthora are
treated as synonyms, 15 are referred to other genera, and at least 12 names
have been proposed in the literature but have not been validly published. At
present 47 taxa of Phytophthora or about half of the described taxa have not
been reported in the United States. These include 40 species, one hybrid
species, two subspecies, three varieties, and one forma specialis (Table 1).
With increased surveys for Phytophthora, new records are being reported
such as the two species, P. inundata and P. quercina, previously unknown in
the United States reported to occur here in 2007 or the recent discovery of P.
kernoviae in New Zealand by Ramsfield et al. (5).
Table 1. Phytophthora not reported in the United States.
Scientific name
Hosts
Geographic
distribution
Phytophthora alni Brasier &
S.A. Kirk 2004 subsp. alni
Alnus spp. (Betulaceae)
Europe
Phytophthora alni subsp.
multiformis Brasier & S.A.
Kirk 2004
Alnus spp. (Betulaceae)
Europe (Germany,
the Netherlands, UK)
Phytophthora alni subsp.
Alnus spp. (Betulaceae)
uniformis Brasier & S.A. Kirk
2004
Europe
Phytophthora alticola
Maseko, Coutinho & M.J.
South Africa
Eucalyptus badjensis
(Myrtaceae)
Wingf. 2007
Phytophthora austrocedrae
Greslebin & Hansen 2007
Austrocedrus chilensis
(Cupressaceae)
South America
(Argentina)
Phytophthora boehmeriae
Sawada 1927
Citrus spp. (Rutaceae)
and various other
families
Africa (South Africa),
Asia, Australia and
Papua New Guinea,
Europe (Greece),
South America
(Argentina)
Phytophthora botryosa Chee
1969
Colocasia (Araceae),
Hevea (Euphorbiaceae);
when inoculated,
Theobroma cacao
(Malvaceae)
Asia (China, Malaysia,
Thailand, Andaman
Islands, Vietnam)
Phytophthora ×cactorumnicotianae Man in 't Veld et
al. 1998
Six genera in six
families, including
Cyclamen, Eriobotrya,
Lavandula, Lewisia,
Primula, Spathiphyllum
Europe (the
Netherlands in
hydroponic
greenhouses), Asia
(Taiwan)
Phytophthora cajani K.M.
Cajanus cajani
Amin, Baldev & F.J. Williams (Fabaceae)
1978
Asia (India)
Phytophthora canavaliae
Hara 1932
Canavalia ensiformis
(Fabaceae)
Asia (Japan)
Phytophthora captiosa M.A.
Dick & Dobbie 2006
Eucalyptus botryoides,
E. saligna (Myrtaceae)
New Zealand
Phytophthora cinnamomi
var. parvispora Kröber &
Marwitz 1993
Beaucarnea sp.
(Agavaceae)
Europe (Germany)
Phytophthora cinnamomi
var. robiniae H.H. Ho 2002
Robinia pseudoacacia
(Fabaceae)
Asia (China)
Phytophthora clandestina
P.A. Taylor, Pascoe & F.C.
Greenh. 1985
Medicago spp., Trifolium
subterraneum,
(Fabaceae)
Australia
Phytophthora colocasiae
Rabenh. 1900
Colocasia esculenta
(taro) and other
Araceae; also six genera
in five other families
Africa (Ethiopia, East
Africa, Fernando Po),
Asia, Caribbean
(Dominican
Republic), North
America (USA: CA,
NC, HI), Pacific
Islands, South
America (Brazil,
Argentina)
Phytophthora cyperi-bulbosi
Seethal. & K. Ramakr. 1953
Cyperus bulbosus
(Cyperaceae)
Asia (India)
Phytophthora fallax M.A.
Dick & Dobbie 2006
Eucalyptus botryoides,
E. saligna (Myrtaceae)
New Zealand
Phytophthora frigida
Maseko, Coutinho & M.J.
Wingf. 2007
Eucalyptus smithii
(Myrtaceae)
South Africa
Phytophthora humicola W.H. Natural host unknown,
Ko & Ann 1985
isolated from Citrus
Asia (Taiwan)
orchard (Rutaceae);
when inoculated,
Cucumis sativus
(Cucurbitaceae) and
Malus domestica
(Rosaceae)
Phytophthora idaei D.M.
Kenn. 1995
Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae) Europe (UK)
Phytophthora ipomoeae Flier Ipomoea
& Grünwald 2002
longipedunculata, I.
purpurea
(Convolvulaceae)
North America
(Mexico)
Phytophthora iranica Ershad
1971
Solanaceae; when
Asia (Iran)
inoculated, Beta vulgaris
(Chenopodiaceae)
Phytophthora italica
Cacciola, Magnano &
Belisario 1996
Myrtus communis
(Myrtaceae)
Europe (Italy)
Phytophthora japonica G.M.
Waterh. 1974
Oryza sativa (Poaceae)
Asia (Japan)
Phytophthora kernoviae
Brasier, Beales & S.A. Kirk
2005
Fagus sylvatica, Quercus Europe (UK); New
robur (Fagaceae),
Zealand
Liriodendron tulipifera
(Magnoliaceae),
Rhododendron ponticum
(Ericaceae)
Phytophthora leersiae
Sawada ex H.H. Ho & H.S.
Chang 1992
Leersia hexandra
(Poaceae)
Asia (China, Taiwan)
Phytophthora lepironiae
Sawada 1919
Lepironia spp.
(Cyperaceae)
Asia (China, Japan,
Korea, Taiwan)
Phytophthora
macrochlamydospora J.A.G.
Irwin 1991
Glycine max (Fabaceae)
Australia
Irvingia sp.
(Irvingiaceae)
Theobroma cacao
(Malvaceae),
West Africa
Phytophthora megakarya
Brasier & M.J. Griffin 1979
Phytophthora melonis
Katsura 1976
Citrullus lanatus,
Asia (China, India,
Cucumis sativus,
Iran, Japan, Korea,
Trichosanthes dioica
Taiwan)
(Cucurbitaceae), Pistacia
vera (Anacardiaceae)
Phytophthora mexicana
Hotson & Hartge 1923
Lycopersicon esculentum North America
(Solanaceae)
(Mexico), possibly
introduced from the
Netherlands (1)
Phytophthora mirabilis
Galindo & H.R. Hohl 1986
Mirabilis jalapa
(Nyctaginaceae)
North America
(Mexico)
Phytophthora
multivesiculata Ilieva, Man
in 't Veld, W. Veenb.-Rijks &
Cymbidium sp.
(Orchidaceae)
Europe (the
Netherlands)
R. Pieters 1998
Phytophthora oryzo-bladis
J.S. Wang & J.Y. Lu ex H.H.
Ho 2001
Oryza sativa (Poaceae)
Asia (China)
Phytophthora palmivora var. Theobroma cacao
(Malvaceae)
heterocystica Babacauh
1983
Africa (Ivory Coast);
may not be distinct
from P. palmivora
Phytophthora pistaciae
Mirab. 2001
Pistacia vera
(Anacardiaceae)
Asia (Iran)
Phytophthora polonica
Belbahri, Moralejo & Lefort
2007
Isolated from soil
associated with Alnus
glutinosa
Poland
Phytophthora polygoni
Sawada 1922
Polygonum spp., Rumex Asia (China, Taiwan)
dentatus (Polygonaceae)
Phytophthora porri Foister
1931
Allium spp. (Liliaceae),
five other genera in five
families
Africa (South Africa),
Asia (Japan),
Australia, Europe,
North America
(Canada). The report
from USA: WI is
actually Phytophthora
brassicae.
Primula spp.
(Primulaceae)
Europe (Denmark,
Germany, UK), New
Zealand
Phytophthora psychrophila
T. Jung & E.M. Hansen 2002
Ilex aquifolium
(Aquifoliaceae), Quercus
spp. (Fagaceae) when
inoculated
Europe (France,
Germany, UK)
Phytophthora quininea
Crand. 1947
Cinchona spp.
(Rubiaceae)
Central America
(Guatemala),
Caribbean Islands
(Puerto Rico), South
America (Bolivia,
Peru)
Phytophthora tentaculata
Kröber & Marwitz 1993
Chrysanthemum spp.,
Santolina (Asteraceae),
Verbena (Verbenaceae)
Europe (Spain,
Germany)
Phytophthora uliginosa T.
Jung & E.M. Hansen 2002
Quercus robur, Quercus
petraea (Fagaceae)
Europe (Poland,
Germany)
Phytophthora verrucosa
Alcock & Foister 1940
Four families including
Europe (UK)
Lycopersicon esculentum
(Solanaceae)
Phytophthora vignae Purss
1957
Cajanus cajani, Vigna
spp.
(Fabaceae); when
inoculated, Malus
domestica (Rosaceae)
and Solanum tuberosum
(Solanaceae)
Asia (China, Hong
Kong, India, Japan,
Sri Lanka, Taiwan),
Australia
Phytophthora vignae f. sp.
adzukicola S. Tsuchiya,
Yanagawa & Ogoshi 1986
Phaseolus radiatus var.
aurea, Vigna angularis
(Fabaceae)
Asia (Japan)
Phytophthora primulae J.A.
Tomlinson 1952
The synopsis of Phytophthora not known to occur in the United States
provides a framework to guide more extensive investigations of the biology
and geographic distribution of these important organisms especially for those
charged with preventing their entry into the United States. Which of these
species pose a threat to the United States as invasive species? One might
assume that species most threatening are those that occur in temperate
regions on perennial hosts such as the recently described taxa on trees in the
Betulaceae, i.e., P. alni and its subspecies, those having a broad host range
such as P. kernoviae on Ericaceae, Fagaceae, and Magnoliaceae, or those on
perennial crops such as P. idaei on Rubus idaeus. Species that are known to
occur close to US borders such as P. mexicana on Lycopersicon esculenta also
pose a significant threat.
The species of Phytophthora already known to occur in the United States
are listed in Table 2. Many of these species such as P. cinnamomi and P.
cryptogea are cosmopolitan reported on a wide range of host plants. Others
occur on only a restricted number of hosts such as P. ilicis on Ilex spp. or have
been reported once in the US such as P. hibernalis on Citrus reported only
from California or P. heveae reported on a wide range of hosts, primarily
tropical ones, but also known from North Carolina and Tennessee in the US. A
few species of Phytophthora are known only from Hawaii, specifically P.
katsurae reported throughout the tropics on diverse woody plants and P.
meadii reported in Asia and Australia on various plant families. Known
previously only from Europe, Phytophthora quercina was recently isolated
from soil under declining oaks in Missouri (6) as was P. inundata from soil in
California (7).
Table 2. Phytophthora reported in the United States.
Scientific name
Hosts
Geographic distribution
Phytophthora
brassicae DeCock
& Man in’t Veld
2002
Brassica oleracea and B.
sinenses (Brassicaceae)
Europe (Germany, UK);
North America (USA: WI)
Phytophthora
154 genera in 54 families
cactorum (Lebert
& Cohn) J. Schröt.
1886
Cosmopolitan
Phytophthora
cambivora (Petri)
Buisman 1927
30 genera in 19 families
Cosmopolitan
Phytophthora
capsici Leonian
1922
P. capsici sensu lato infects
Cosmopolitan. Tropical
51 genera in 28 families,
species may now be
including Capsicum annuum, considered P. tropicalis
Lycopersicon esculentum
and other Solanaceae.
Aragaki & Uchida (9) refer
isolates from non-Capsicum
hosts to P. tropicalis
Phytophthora
cinnamomi Rands
1922 var.
cinnamomi
266 genera in 90 families,
commonly hardwood trees
Cosmopolitan
Phytophthora
citricola Sawada
1927
75 genera in 38 families
Cosmopolitan
Phytophthora
88 genera in 51 families
citrophthora (R.E.
Sm. & E.H. Sm.)
Leonian 1906
Cosmopolitan
Phytophthora
cryptogea
Pethybr. & Laff.
1919
141 genera in 49 families
Cosmopolitan
Phytophthora
cyperi (Ideta) Ito
1935
Cyperus spp. (Cyperaceae),
Digitaria ciliaris (Poaceae)
Africa (Sudan), Asia, Europe
(UK), North America (USA:
SC, TX)
Phytophthora
drechsleri Tucker
1931
113 genera in 40 families
Cosmopolitan
Phytophthora
erythroseptica
Pethybr. 1913
Principal hosts Solanaceae,
15 genera in 10 other
families
Cosmopolitan
Phytophthora
europaea E.M.
Hansen & T. Jung
2002
Quercus spp. (Fagaceae)
Europe (France, Germany),
North America (USA)
Phytophthora
foliorum Donahoo
& Lamour 2006
Rhododendron sp.
(Ericaceae)
North America (USA: CA,
TN)
Phytophthora
fragariae Hickman
1940 var.
fragariae
Fragaria ×ananassa and
Rubus ursinus var.
longanobaccus (Rosaceae);
when inoculated, other
Rosaceae, Chenopodiaceae,
and Solanaceae on (1)
Asia, Australia, New
Zealand, Europe, North
America (Canada, USA)
13 genera in 11 families,
including Malus spp.
(Rosaceae), also on
Pinaceae seedlings including
Abies, Pseudotsuga
menziesii, and Tsuga
mertensiana
Australia, New Zealand,
Europe (Denmark), North
America (USA), South
America (Chile)
Phytophthora
hedraiandra De
Cock & Man in 't
Veld 2004
Rhododendron (Ericaceae),
Viburnum (Adoxaceae),
Europe (the Netherlands,
Slovakia), North America
(USA: MN)
Phytophthora
heveae A.
Thomps. 1929
12 genera in 11 families
including Cocos nucifera
(Arecaceae), Hevea
(Euphorbiaceae) and
Rhododendron (Ericaceae)
Asia, Australasia, North
America (USA: NC, TN),
South America (Brazil)
Phytophthora
hibernalis Carne
1925
Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), also Africa (South Africa); Asia
11 genera in 9 other families (Israel); Australasia;
Europe; North America
(USA: CA, OR); Central
America, Caribbean Islands;
South America (Argentina,
Brazil, Venezuela)
Phytophthora
gonapodyides
(H.E. Petersen)
Buisman 1927
Phytophthora ilicis Ilex spp. (Aquifoliaceae)
Europe (UK), North America
Buddenhagen &
R.A. Young 1957
(Canada, USA)
Phytophthora
infestans (Mont.)
de Bary 1876
Principal hosts Solanaceae,
also on 15 genera in ten
other families
Phytophthora
inflata Caroselli &
Tucker 1949
Ulmus spp. (Ulmaceae), also Europe (England), North
on Rhododendron,
America (Canada, USA)
Sambucus and Syringa
Phytophthora
insolita Ann &
W.H. Ko 1981
Rhododendron (Ericaceae);
Asia (Taiwan), North
when inoculated, on fruits of America (USA: OH)
Cucumis sativus
(Cucurbitaceae) and Malus
domestica (Rosaceae)
Phytophthora
inundata Brasier
et al. 2003
Various families, including
Aesculus hippocastanum
(Sapindaceae), Olea
(Oleaceae), Salix
(Salicaceae), and Vitis
(Vitaceae)
Europe (Denmark, France,
Spain, UK), South America,
recently reported in USA
(CA)
Phytophthora
katsurae W.H. Ko
& H.S. Chang
1979
Castanea crenata
(Fagaceae), Cocos nucifera
(Arecaceae), Theobroma
cacao (Malvaceae)
Africa (Ivory Coast), Asia
(Japan, Korea, Taiwan),
Caribbean (Jamaica), Pacific
Islands (USA: HI), Papua
New Guinea
Phytophthora
lateralis Tucker &
Milbrath 1942
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
(Cupressaceae), rarely,
Taxus brevifolia (Taxaceae);
when inoculated, hosts in
other families
Europe (France), North
America (Canada, USA).
Reports from New Zealand
are doubtful.
Phytophthora
meadii McRae
1918
Various families including
Hevea spp. (Euphorbiaceae)
Asia, Australia, Pacific
Islands (USA: HI)
Phytophthora
medicaginis E.M.
Hansen & D.P.
Maxwell 1991
Cicer arietinum, Medicago
Cosmopolitan
sativa, Onobrychis viciifolia
(Fabaceae), Prunus mahaleb
(Rosaceae)
Phytophthora
megasperma
Drechsler 1931
Fabaceae and many other
families; isolates previously
referred to as P.
megasperma are now
considered to be three
distinct species (10, 11)
Phytophthora
nemorosa E.M.
Hansen & Reeser
2003
North America (USA: CA,
Various families, including
OR)
Lithocarpus densiflorus,
Quercus agrifolia (Fagaceae)
Phytophthora
nicotianae Breda
de Haan 1896
255 genera in 90 families
Cosmopolitan
Phytophthora
160 genera in 60 families
palmivora (E.J.
Butler) E.J. Butler
1919 var.
palmivora
Cosmopolitan
Cosmopolitan
Cosmopolitan
Phytophthora
phaseoli Thaxt.
1889
Phaseolus lunatus, P.
vulgaris (Fabaceae), other
families after inoculation (1)
Africa (Congo, Zaire), Asia
(Philippines, Sri Lanka,
USSR), Europe (Italy,
Romania), North America
(Mexico, USA), Central
America and Caribbean
Islands, South America
(Brazil)
Phytophthora
Alnus glutinosa, Fagus
Germany, Spain, North
pseudosyringae T. sylvatica, Quercus spp. , and America (USA: CA)
other hardwood species
Jung & Delatour
2003
Phytophthora
pseudotsugae
Hamm & E.M.
Hansen 1983
Pseudotsuga menziesii
(Pinaceae)
North America (USA: OR,
WA)
Phytophthora
quercina T. Jung
1999
Quercus spp. (Fagaceae)
Asia (Turkey), Europe
(Germany, Hungary, Italy);
recently isolated from soil
under oak in North America
(USA: MO) (4)
Phytophthora
ramorum Werres,
De Cock & Man in
't Veld 2001
26 genera in 17 families,
including Camellia,
Rhododendron (Ericaceae)
and Quercus (Fagaceae)
Europe, North America
(Canada, USA: CA, OR, WA)
Phytophthora
richardiae
Buisman 1927
Asparagus (Asparagaceae),
Daucus carota (Apiaceae),
Lycopersicon esculentum
(Solanaceae), Robinia
(Fabaceae), and
Zantedeschia (Araceae)
Asia, Australasia, Australia,
Europe, North America
(USA)
Phytophthora rubi Rubus idaeus var. idaeus
(W.F. Wilcox &
(Rosaceae)
J.M. Duncan) Man
in ‘t Veld 2007
Cosmopolitan
Phytophthora
siskiyouensis
Reeser & E.M.
Hansen 2007 (12)
Isolated from soil and water North America (USA: CA,
using Lithocarpus densiflorus OR); Australia
(tanoak) (Fagaceae) and
Rhododendron spp.
(Ericaceae) as leaf baits;
also reported from Alnus.
Phytophthora
sojae Kaufm. &
Gerd. 1958
Glycine max, Lupinus
(Fabaceae); also reported
from six other genera in five
families
Australia, New Zealand, Asia
(China, Korea), North
America (Canada, USA),
South America (Brazil,
Chile)
Phytophthora
syringae (Berk.)
Kleb. 1909
29 genera in 14 families,
including Syringa vulgaris
(Oleaceae)
Africa (Morocco, South
Africa); Asia (Korea)
Australasia; Europe; North
America (Canada, USA);
South America (Argentina,
Brazil, Peru)
Phytophthora
Trifolium (Fabaceae)
trifoliiE.M. Hansen
& D.P. Maxwell
1991
North America (USA: MS)
Phytophthora
tropicalis Aragaki
& J.Y. Uchida
2001
14 genera in 12 families
Pacific Islands (USA: HI),
North America (USA: VA,
Europe (the Netherlands,
Italy), before 2001 reported
as Phytophthora capsici,
thus geographic distribution
unclear
Table 3. Provisional and invalid Phytophthora names.
Name
Status
Host and/or
substrate
Phytophthora
andina Kroon et al.
2004 (11)
Provisional
name
Solanum spp.
(Solanaceae)
South America
"Phytophthora
asparagi" Chimento
et al. 2005 (13)
Provisional
name
Agave sp.
(Agavaceae),
Asparagus sp.
(Asparagaceae),
Cosmopolitan
"Phytophthora
Provisional
bisheria" Blair et al. name
2006 (14)
Fragaria ×ananasa,
Rosa sp., Rubus
idaeus (Rosaceae)
Australia, Europe
(the
Netherlands),
North America
(USA: NC)
Phytophthora
eriugena Clancy &
Kavanagh, nom.
inval. 1979
Invalidly
published, no
Latin diagnosis
Chamaecyparis
lawsoniana
(Cupressaceae)
Europe (Ireland,
known only from
the type)
Phytophthora
erythroseptica var.
pisi" Bywater &
Hickman, nom.
inval. 1959
Invalidly
published, no
type specimen
designated
Pisum sativum
(Fabaceae)
Europe
(England)
"Phytophthora
glovera" Abad,
pers. comm.
Provisional
name
Nicotiana tabacum
(Solanaceae)
South America
(Brazil)
Phytophthora
irritabilis Mantri &
K.B. Deshp., nom.
inval. 1968
Invalidly
published, no
type specimen
designated
Phaseolus vulgaris
(Fabaceae)
Asia (India)
"Phytophthora
kelmania" Abad et
al. 2006 (15)
Provisional
name
Abies spp., Picea
Europe (Spain),
spp. (Pinaceae),
North America
Gerbera sp.
(USA: NC)
(Asteraceae), Coleus
sp. (Lamiaceae)
Peronophythora
litchi Blair et al.
2006 (14)
May belong in
Phytophthora
Litchi sp.
(Sapindaceae)
Asia, Europe
(the
Netherlands)
"Phytophthora
Provisional
niederhauseri" Abad name
et al. 2006 (15)
Various genera in
multiple families
Australia, Europe
(Spain), North
America (USA:
NC)
"Phytophthora
persoonii" Abad et
Nicotiana tabacum
(Solanaceae)
North America
(USA: NC)
Provisional
name
Location
al. 2006 (15)
"Phytophthora
rubra" Mantri & K.B.
Deshp., nom. inval.
1968
Invalidly
published, no
type specimen
designated
Phaseolus vulgaris
(Fabaceae)
Asia (India)
Data synthesized in this document and presented through the hyperlinks
are complete as of 20 December 2007 and will be updated on-line as new data
are published. The authors welcome input and suggestions for missing or
erroneous data and will make changes to the databases as necessary. With the
intense scrutiny that the genus Phytophthora is receiving, changes are
inevitable in the distribution of species, discovery of new taxa, and revision of
species concepts as currently conceived. Of special note is the progress made
in refining the species concepts within Phytophthora especially with the
application of molecular systematic tools. Species concepts have changed to
reflect their phylogeny and data for some species based on the literature is not
accurate. For example, in molecular analyses Phytophthora undulata (H.E.
Petersen) M.W. Dick 1989 clusters within the genus Pythium (8), and this
species should be rereferred to by original name Pythium undulatum H.E.
Petersen 1910. Although for some species of Phytophthora accurate
identifications can be made based on morphology, increasingly identification
requires sequencing of specific gene regions and "blasting" against databases
of known sequences such as that available at the Phytophthora database at
Pennsylvania State University.
This publication is intended to focus attention on those species of
Phytophthora not yet present in the United States in the effort to safeguard
US agriculture and protect native ecosystems. Accurate information about
scientific names, geographic distribution, and plant host range provides the
basis for tracking the movement and effective protection from introduction of
invasive plant pathogens.
Literature Cited
1. Erwin, D. C., and Ribeiro, O. K. 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. American
Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
2. Reinherd, C. 2006. Impact of Phytophthora ramorum upon regulatory activities in
Western states. Phytopathology 96:S146.
3. Brummitt, R. K., and Powell, C. E. 1992. Authors of Plant Names. Kew Royal
Botanical Gardens, Cumbria, UK.
2. Farr, D. F., Rossman, A. Y., Palm, M. E., and McCray, E. B. 2008. Online. Fungal
Databases, Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA.
5. Ramsfield, T. D., Dick, M. A., Beever, R. E., and Horner, I. J. 2007. Phytophthora
kernoviae – of southern hemisphere origin? Online. Fourth IUFRO Working Party
Meeting on Phytophthoras in Forests and Natural Ecosystema, 26-31 August 2007,
Monterey, Calif. Coll. of Nat. Resourc., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley.
6. Schwingle, B. W., Juzwik, J., and Moltzan, B. 2007. Phytophthora species in soils
associated with declining and nondeclining oaks in Missouri forests. Plant Dis.
91:633.
7. Ho, H. H., Hong, C. X., and Erwin, D. C. 2006. Phytophthora inundata isolated from
diseased alfalfa roots in southern California. Mycotaxon 97:349-358.
8. Villa, N. O., Kageyama, K., Asano, T., and Suga, H. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships
of Pythium and Phytophthora species based on ITS rDNA, cytochrome oxidase II
and beta-tubulin gene sequences. Mycologia 98:410-422.
9. Aragaki, M., and Uchida, J. Y. 2001. Morphological distinctions between
Phytophthora capsici and P. tropicalis sp. nov. Mycologia 93:137-145.
10. Cooke, D. E. L., Drenth, A., Duncan, J. M., Wagels, G., and Brasier, C. M. 2000. A
molecular phylogeny of Phytophthora and related Oomycetes. Fungal Genet. Biol.
30:17-32.
11. Kroon, L. P. N. M., Bakker, F. T., van den Bosch, G. B. M., Bonants, P. J. M., and
Flier, W. G. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on
mitochondrial and nuclear DNS sequences. Fungal Genet. Biol. 41:766-782.
12. Reeser, P. W., Hansen, E. M., and Sutton, W. L. 2007. Phytophthora siskiyouensis,
a new species from soil, water, myrtlewood (Umbellularia californica) and tanoak
(Lithocarpus densiflorus) in southwestern Oregon. Mycologia 99:639-643.
13. Chimento, A., Scibetta, S., Schena, L., Cacciola, S. O., Green, K. R., and Cooke, D. E.
L. 2005. The detection of Phytophthora in asparagus. J. Plant Path. 87:S291.
14. Blair, J. E., Kang, S., Geiser, D. M., and Coffey, M. 2006. A genus-wide phylogeny
for Phytophthora utilizing whole genome sequence data. Phytopathology 96:S12.
15. Abad, Z. A., Abad, J. A., and Creswell, T. 2006. Species of Phytophthora and
Pythium identified in a long term collection from North Carolina. Phytopathology
96:S1.
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