BJP
Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology
Research Article
Studies on the antidiabetic effects of
Mangifera indica stem-barks and
leaves on nondiabetic, type 1 and 2
diabetic model rats
This article was downloaded by you on: Mar 30, 2018
A Journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS)
Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 110-114
Journal homepage: www.banglajol.info
Abstracted/indexed in Academic Search Complete, Agroforestry Abstracts, Asia Journals Online, Bangladesh Journals Online, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Abstracts, Directory of Open Access Journals, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Google Scholar, HINARI (WHO), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Open J-gate, Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index
ISSN: 1991-0088
Studies on the antidiabetic effects of Mangifera indica stem-barks
and leaves on nondiabetic, type 1 and 2 diabetic model rats
Amrita Bhowmik1, Liakot Ali Khan1, Masfida Akhter2 and Begum Rokeya2
1
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Department of Pharmacology, BIRDEM, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
2
Article Info
Received:
Accepted:
Available Online:
Abstract
16 May 2009
16 May 2009
20 May 2009
DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v4i2.2488
Cite this article:
Bhowmik A, Khan LA, Akhter M,
Rokeya B. Studies on the antidiabetic
effects of Mangifera indica stem-barks
and leaves on nondiabetic, type 1 and
type 2 diabetic model rats. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2009; 4: 110-14.
Mangifera indica Linn, locally known as mango tree has been claimed to
possess antidiabetic properties by many investigators. The present study was
undertaken to screen the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of
both ethanol and water extracts of leaves and stem-barks of M. indica in
nondiabetic and diabetic model rats in different prandial state. The results
showed that all of the extracts had significant antihyperglycemic effect in type
2 diabetic model rats when fed simultaneously with glucose load (p<0.050.01; p<0.005-0.001). Moreover, the ethanol extract of stem-barks showed
significant antihyperglycemic effect when the extract was fed 30 min prior to
the glucose load (p<0.01). Investigations were carried out to evaluate the
effect of M. indica on glucose absorption using a rat intestinal preparation in
situ. The ethanol extracts of stem-barks reduced glucose absorption gradually
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is ranked seventh among the leading
causes of death and third when it’s fatal complications
are taken into account (Trivedi et al., 2004). Traditional
preparations of plant sources are widely used almost
everywhere in the world to treat this disease. Therefore, plant materials are considered to be the
alternative sources for finding out new leads for hypo/antihyperglycemic agents.
Following a standardized procedure (Ali et al., 1993)
antidiabetic plant materials are being screened in
BIRDEM for their hypoglycemic properties. Experiment on normal, type 1 and type 2 diabetic model rats
at different prandial states have been combined in this
experimental approach, which screens materials for
hypo-/antihyperglycemic activity as well as provide
an approximate idea on the possible target tissue(s)
involved. Mangifera indica has been reported to have
hypoglycemic effect in both laboratory animals
(Ojewole et al., 2005; Muruganandan et al., 2005;
Perpetuo et al., 2003; Aderibigbe et al., 2001; Sharma et
al., 1997) and human diabetic subjects (Mahabir et al.,
1997). The purpose of this work was to evaluate the
hypo- and antihyperglycemic effects of M. indica in
normal and both type of diabetic model rats and to
find out their possible mode(s) of antidiabetic action.
Material and Methods
Plant materials and preparation of test samples: M. indica
Linn. leaves and stem-barks were collected from the
garden of the Pritilata Hall, Jahangirnagar University,
Savar, Dhaka in the month of February 2007. Newly
grown, fresh, green leaves (931 g) and skin of the stembarks (893 g) of M. indica were pasted by homogenizing with mortar and were suspended with water for
preparing the water extract and finally 800 mL of stem
-barks and leaves water extract were collected. A portion of stem-barks and leaves paste were dissolved in
absolute ethanol (96% ethanol) and filtered. Suspensions were dried using a rotary vacuum evaporator
(BUCHI Rota vapor R-114). These semisolid extracts
were again dried with water bath at 80ºC. The amount
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. You are free to copy, distribute and perform the work. You must attribute
the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 110-114
111
of total ethanol extract of stem-barks and leaves were
found to be 30.1 g and 35.3 g. These dried extracts
were kept in the Frazer and utilized for biological
screening at BIRDEM.
fasting conditions, at 0, 30, 75 min for simultaneous
feeding of extract with glucose and at 0, 60 and 105
min when the extract was fed 30 min before glucose
load (2.5 g/kg body weight).
Animals: The experiments were carried out on LongEvans rats (180-220 g) of both sexes, bred at BIRDEM
animal house and maintained at a constant room
temperature of 22 ± 5ºC with humidity of 50-70% and
the natural 12 hours day-night cycle. Animals were fed
on a standard laboratory pellet diet and water ad
labium.
Effects of M. indica on intestinal glucose absorption: An
intestinal perfusion technique (Swintosky and
Pogonowska-Wala, 1982) was used to study the effects of
M. indica extracts on intestinal absorption of glucose in
nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic rats fasted for 36 hours
and anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/
kg). The plant extracts were added to a kreb’s solution
(g/L 1.02 CaCl2, 7.37 NaCl, 0.20 KCl, 0.065
NaH2PO4.6H2O, 0.6 NaHCO3, pH 7.4), supplemented
with glucose (54.0 g/L) and perfused at a perfusion
rate of 0.5 mL/min for 30 min through the duodenum.
The perfusate was collected from a catheter set at 40
cm. M. indica extracts were added to Kreb’s solution to
a final conc. of 25 mg/mL so that the amount of extract
in the perfused intestine is equivalent to the dose of 1.3
g/kg. The control group was perfused only with
Kreb’s buffer supplemented with glucose. The results
were expressed as percentage of absorbed glucose,
calculated from the amount of glucose in solution
before and after the perfusion.
Induction of diabetes in rats: Type 1 diabetes was
induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of
streptozotocin (STZ, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo,
MI USA) at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight to adult
rats (3-4 months). Confirmatory fasting blood glucose
test for type 1 model rats was performed after 7 days
of STZ injection. Induction of type 2 diabetes was
performed using a single i.p. injection of STZ (90 mg/
kg body weight) to the 48 hours old pups as described
by Bonner-Weir et al. (1981). Experiments were carried
out 3 months later after performing an oral glucose
tolerance test.
Biological Testing: Experiments were carried out on normal, type 1 and type 2 rats according to the following
scheme.
The water extracts (leaf and stem-bark) were used at a
dose of 1 mL/9 mL water/kg body weight and 96%
Long- Evans rats
Normal rats
Fasting
serum
glucose
Type 1 rats
Postprandial serum
glucose
Extracts were
fed simultaneously
with glucose
load
Fasting
serum
glucose
Extracts
were fed
30 min
prior to
glucose
Postprandial
serum
glucose
As in normal
postprandial
Type 2 rats
Fasting
serum
glucose
Postprandial
serum
glucose
As in normal
postprandial
ethanol extracts (leaf and stem-bark) were used at a
dose of 1.3 g/kg body weight/10 mL. Extracts of M.
indica were fed to the rats by smooth metallic tube
under mild-ether anesthesia (Mamun et al., 2001). The
control rats were given equal volume of distilled
water; positive controls were given glibenclamide (5
mg /kg) and insulin (Actrapid HM-40 IU/mL) for type
2 and type 1 model rats respectively. Blood samples
from rats were drawn by amputation of the tail tip.
Blood samples were collected at 0, 60, 120 min for
Biochemical procedures: Serum glucose levels were
estimated on the same day by glucose oxidase (GODPOD) method using a commercial kit (BoehringerMannheim GmbH).
Statistical analysis: Data from the experiments were
presented as mean ± Standard deviation. Statistical
analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for
Social Science (SPSS) software for windows version 12
(SPSS Inc., USA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA,
Bonferroni Post Test) was done to see any difference
between the groups. The level of significance was set
at p≤0.05.
Results
Streptozotocin injection to adult rats (for simulation of
type 1 diabetes) resulted in severe diabetes, which was
characterized by hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose
ranging 19.8-23.2 mmol/L) on the 7th day. In type 2
diabetic model rats fasting glucose level was slightly
higher (6.9-8.7 mmol/L) indicating the presence of
functioning β-cells. The water extracts and ethanol
extracts of M. indica leaves and stem-barks showed no
effect in nondiabetic, type 1 and 2 diabetic model rats
in the fasting state (Table I). It is seen from the Table I
that glibenclamide and insulin reduced serum glucose
level in the fasting condition of normal and type 1 rats
respectively. Glibenclamide and insulin showed significant hypoglycemic effects both at 60 min (p<0.02 and
p<0.001) and at 120 min (p<0.001) in normal and type1
diabetic model rats respectively.
Table II reveals that none of the extracts of M. indica
had any significant antihyperglycemic effect in
Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 110-114
12
Table I
Table II
Effect of M. indica of fasting blood glucose levels
of diabetic model rats
Effect of M. indica on blood glucose levels diabetic model rats when the extracts were fed simultaneous with glucose load
Group
min 0
min 60
(mmol/
(mmol/
L)
L)
Nondiabetic rats
Water control (n = 6)
6.5 ± 0.7
6.3 ± 0.4
Glibenclamide (n =
6.7 ± 0.8
4.7 ± 0.6a
6)
M_Indica_w_l (n = 8)
6.3 ± 0.8
6.3 ± 1.0
M_Indica_eth_l (n =
6.8 ± 0.8
7.0 ± 0.8
7)
M_Indica_w_b (n =
6.9 ± 0.4
6.9 ± 0.9
8)
M_Indica_eth_b (n =
7.0 ± 0.5
6.6 ± 0.8
8)
Type 1 diabetic model rats
Water control (n = 6)
20.6 ± 3.0
21.2 ± 2.4
Insulin (n = 6)
22.2 ± 2.2
5.4 ± 4.5a
M_Indica_w_l (n = 7) 19.8 ± 4.1
19.4 ± 4.1
M_Indica_eth_l (n =
21.1 ± 3.7
20.7 ± 2.6
6)
M_Indica_w_b (n =
20.0 ± 3.8
21.8 ± 3.6
8)
M_Indica_eth_b (n =
23.2 ± 5.3
21.0 ± 4.3
9)
Type 2 diabetic model rats
Water control (n = 6)
8.7 ± 1.5
9.1 ± 2.6
Glibenclamide (n =
8.1 ± 1.3
7.3 ± 0.7
6)
M_Indica_w_l (n = 7)
8.4 ± 1.6
8.6 ± 2.0
M_Indica_eth_l (n =
7.6 ± 1.5
8.8 ± 3.1
7)
M_Indica_w_b (n =
6.9 ± 1.2
6.4 ± 0.6
7)
M_Indica_eth_b (n =
8.0 ± 1.8
9.3 ± 3.4
7)
min 120
(mmol/
L)
6.5 ± 0.7
4.3 ± 2.2a
6.2 ± 1.1
6.8 ± 0.7
7.0 ± 0.9
7.0 ± 1.0
19.4 ± 3.9
4.5 ± 3.9a
18.6 ± 4.2
19.8 ± 2.2
20.1 ± 3.5
18.9 ± 3.7
9.0 ± 3.0
6.6 ± 0.9
7.6 ± 1.6
9.1 ± 3.6
6.3 ± 0.5
9.2 ± 2.9
ANOVA (Bonferroni test) was done as the test of significance.
ap<0.01; n = number of rats
nondiabetic and type 1 model rats when fed
simultaneously with glucose load. On the contrary, all
of the extracts of M. indica showed significant
antihyperglycemic effect at 30 min (p<0.002-0.001) as
well as at 75 min (p<0.05-0.001) when fed
simultaneously with oral glucose load in type 2 model
rats (Table II). Glibenclamide showed a significant fall
in serum glucose level at 75 min (p<0.001) in normal
rats. In type 1 diabetic model rats, insulin showed
significant antihyperglycemic effect at both time points
at 30 min and at 75 min (p<0.001).
As it is seen from Table III that none of the extracts of
M. indica showed any significant hypoglycemic effect
in nondiabetic and type 1 model rats in postprandial
condition when the extracts were fed 30 min prior to
glucose load. In type 2 model rats, it was evident that
water and ethanol extract of leaves had no significant
effect but ethanol extract of stem barks of M. indica had
significant antihyperglycemic effect at 105 min
Group
min 0
min 30
(mmol/
(mmol/
L)
L)
Nondiabetic rats
6.4 ± 0.9
7.8 ± 1.1
Water control (n =
6)
Glibenclamide (n
6.4 ± 1.01
7.7 ± 0.8
= 6)
M_Indica_w_l (n =
6.1 ± 1.0
7.4 ± 0.6
7)
M_Indica_eth_l(n
6.2 ± 1.1
8.3 ± 1.4
= 7)
M_Indica_w_b (n
6.5 ± 1.0
8.4 ± 0.3
= 7)
M_Indica_eth_b (n
6.2 ± 1.0
8.0 ± 0.8
= 7)
Type 1 diabetic model rats
Water control (n =
24.9 ± 2.3
30.9 ± 3.3
6)
Insulin (n = 6)
23.8 ± 3.3 18.6 ± 4.2b
M_Indica_w_l (n =
22.8 ± 3.5
28.7 ± 4.4
6)
M_Indica_eth_l (n
23.8 ± 3.6
28.3 ± 3.5
= 6)
M_Indica_w_b (n
23.8 ± 1.9
28.9 ± 1.8
= 6)
M_Indica_eth_b (n
22.5 ± 2.6
29.1 ± 3.8
= 6)
Type 2 diabetic model rats
Water control (n =
8.6 ± 0.9
15.4 ± 2.1
6)
Glibenclamide (n
7.5 ± 1.4
13.8 ± 2.5
= 6)
M_Indica_w_l (n =
6.7 ± 1.2
9.6 ± 2.6b
6)
M_Indica_eth_l (n
7.8 ± 1.6 10.7 ± 1.6b
= 6)
M_Indica_w_b (n
8.3 ± 1.7 10.6 ± 1.6b
= 6)
M_Indica_eth_b(n
8.0 ± 1.
10.3 ± 1.5a
= 6)
min 75
(mmol/L)
7.4 ± 0.9
5.2 ± 0.7b
6.8 ± 0.8
7.6 ± 0.7
7.7 ± 0.7
7.5 ± 0.4
29.2 ± 3.3
8.8 ± 3.5b
27.2 ± 2.7
26.7 ± 2.9
25.4 ± 3.8
26.6 ± 1.6
15.6 ± 1.8
11.7 ± 2.0
9.8 ± 2.7b
10.9 ± 2.5a
10.5 ± 1.2b
11.6 ± 2.5a
ANOVA (Bonferroni test) was done as the test of significance.
ap<0.05-0.01, bp<0.001; n = number of rat
(p<0.01) when fed prior to oral glucose load (Table III).
Glibenclamide showed significant antihyperglycemic
effect in normal rats at both time points that is at 60
min (p<0.001) and 105 min (p<0.01); at 105 min
(p<0.01) for type 2 model rats respectively. On the
other hand, insulin in type 1 diabetic model
significantly lowered serum glucose levels at both time
points i.e. at 60 min and at 105 min (p<0.01).
Figures 1 and 2 show the effect of ethanol extracts of
stem barks and leaves of M. indica on upper intestinal
glucose absorption in normal and type 2 diabetic rats
respectively. The percent of glucose absorbed across
the intestine was higher during the whole period of
perfusion in normal and type 2 rats. The supplemen-
Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 110-114
Effect of M. indica on blood glucose levels of diabetic model rats when the extracts were fed 30
mins before to glucose load
min 0
(mmol/
L)
min 60
(mmol/
L)
Nondiabetic rats
5.8 ± 1.1
7.7 ± 0.6
Water control (n =
6)
Glibenclamide (n =
5.3 ± 1.0
5.4 ± 0.5b
6)
M_Indica_w_l (n =
6.6 ± 0.8
7.8 ± 0.9
7)
M_Indica_eth_l (n =
6.8 ± 0.7
8.2 ± 0.7
7)
M_Indica_w_b (n =
6.4 ± 1.0
8.0 ± 0.5
7)
M_Indica_eth_b (n =
6.5 ± 0.9
7.6 ± 0.8
7)
Type 1 diabetic model rats
Water control (n =
24.8 ± 5.3 30.1 ± 4.6
6)
Insulin (n = 6)
22.2 ± 1.9
7.0 ± 2.4a
M_Indica_w_l (n =
22.1 ± 4.4 28.9 ± 3.4
6)
M_Indica_eth_l (n =
22.0 ± 3.3 23.7 ± 2.2
6)
M_Indica_w_b (n =
25.0 ± 2.8 30.2 ± 2.8
6)
M_Indica_eth_b (n = 21.2 ± 2.6 24.6 ± 4.5
6)
Type 2 diabetic model rats
Water control (n =
8.4 ± 1.2 15.5 ± 3.8
6)
Glibenclamide (n =
7.5 ± 1.6 11.8 ± 1.2
6)
M_Indica_w_l(n =
6.6 ± 0.5 12.9 ± 2.7
7)
M_Indica_eth_l (n =
7.1 ± 1.2 11.1 ± 2.8
7)
M_Indica_w_b (n =
6.7 ± 1.4 12.8 ± 3.2
7)
M_Indica_eth_b (n =
7.2 ± 1.7 13.4 ± 2.8
7)
min 105
(mmol/L)
7.4 ± 1.6
50
50
k_g
45
K_g_e1
40
40
K_g_e2
35
30
30
25
20
20
0
5
10
5.0 ± 1.0a
7.6 ± 0.8
8.2 ± 0.5
7.7 ± 0.7
5.3 ± 1.2a
25.9 ± 2.9
23.3 ± 2.8
25.7 ± 3.7
20
25
30
35
Figure 1: Effect of the M. indica on upper intestinal glucose absorption on normal rats
Results are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6). Rats were fasted for 36 hours and
intestine was perfused with glucose solution (54 g/L) with or without ethanol
extracts of M. indica (25 mg/mL). k_g= Krebs buffer supplemented with glucose;
K_g_e1 = Ethanol extract of leaves; K_g_e2 = Ethanol extract of stem barks
7.0 ± 1.5
27.1 ± 4.9
15
Time (min)
% of glucose absorption
Group
% of glucose absorption
Table III
113
50
k_g
45
45
K_g_e1
40
35
35
30
25
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time (min)
23.9 ± 5.2
Figure 2: Effect of the M. indica on upper intestinal glucose absorption on type 2 diabetic rats
16.7 ± 2.3
10.1 ± 1.4a
12.7 ± 2.5
15.0 ± 3.2
15.7 ± 2.2
11.3 ± 3.1a
Data are mean ± SD; ANOVA (Bonferroni test) was done as the
test of significance. ap<0.01, bp<0.001; n = number of rats
tation of the perfusion medium either with ethanol
extracts of barks or leaves of M. indica in normal rats
did not affect the amount of absorbed glucose
throughout the whole period of experiment in normal
rats (Figure 1). However, in type 2 diabetic models,
supplementation of the medium with ethanol extracts
of stem-barks reduced glucose absorption during the
whole perfusion period (13-15% reduction after 25-30
min) (Figure 2).
Discussion
Our results demonstrate that all the extracts of M.
Results are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6). Rats were fasted for 36 hours and
intestine was perfused with glucose solution (54 g/L) with or without ethanol
extracts of M. indica (25 mg/mL). k_g = Krebs buffer supplemented with glucose;
K_g_e1 = Ethanol extract of leaves; K_g_e2 = Ethanol extract of stem
indica leaves and stem barks showed significant
antihyperglycemic effect in type 2 diabetic model rats
when the extracts were fed simultaneously with
glucose. Single oral administration of a dose of 250
mg/kg body weight produces a potent and strong
hypoglycemic effect in type 2 rats. The obtained results
are supported by the finding of other investigators
(Sharma et al., 1997; Aderibigbe et al., 2001).
Hypoglycemic activity that is found when given with a
simultaneous glucose load in diabetic rats indicates
that the extracts may interfere with the intestinal
glucose absorption in the gut by various mechanisms
(Nahar et al., 2000; Vinik and Wing, 1990; Lempcke,
1987). It may be postulated that the extracts of M.
indica might stimulate glycogenesis in the liver, which
is enhanced by feeding (Creutzfeld et al., 1979). This
effect was confirmed by Perpetus et al. where they
showed that blood glucose level of diabetic rats
consuming mango flour for 90 days decreased 66% in
comparison to control rats. It was also observed that
hepatic glycogen level of those diabetic rats was 64%
greater then control. The author claimed that this
increase in glycogen level might have contributed to
114
Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 110-114
the reduction of blood glucose level in these animals.
Ethanol extract of stem bark of M. indica was also
effective in type 2 diabetic model rats when fed 30 min
might be due to a systemic action, i.e. as a result of the
stimulation of pancreatic β-cells and improving the
insulin secretory capacity or enhancement of insulin
action by the extract. This effect could not be confirmed
by our study since serum insulin level after a single
feeding was not determined. It has been claimed that
the chronic intraperitoneal administration of mangiferin
(a xanthone glucoside, isolated from the leaves of M.
indica) at a dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg once daily for 28
days exhibited antidiabetic activity by lowering fasting
plasma glucose level significantly at different time
intervals in STZ diabetic rats and improved glucose
tolerance. The accumulating eviden-ces suggest that
both pancreatic and extra pancreatic mechanisms might
be involved in its antidiabetic or antihyperglycemic
action (Muruganandan et al., 2005).
One of the objectives of the present study was to
investigate whether the hypoglycemic effect is related
to the inhibition of glucose absorption in the gut. This
was investigated in gut perfusion experiment where the
ethanol extracts of stem barks showed gradual decrease
in glucose absorption. Aderibigbe et al. claimed that
hypoglycemic effect of the aqueous extract of leaves of
M. indica was compatible with chlorpropamide (an oral
hypoglycemic agents) and the action may be parts due
to an intestinal reduction of the absorption of glucose.
Therefore, the activity of the extracts of M. indica does
not seem to be mediated by increasing insulin secretion
or insulin sensitivity since it is not active in type 1
model rats.
Thus it may be concluded from the present study that
the antidiabetic activity of M. indica is probably at least,
partly due to inhibition of glucose absorption in the gut.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the financial and logistic supports
provided by the International Program in the Chemical
Sciences (IPICS), Uppsala University Sweden and Diabetic
Association of Bangladesh.
Ali L, Khan AKA, Mamun MIR, Mosihuzzaman M, Nahar N,
Nur-E-Alam M, Rokeya B. Studies on hypoglycemic effects
of fruit pulp, seed and whole plants of Momordica charantia
on normal and diabetic model rats. Planta Medica. 1993; 59:
408-12.
Bonner-Weir S, Trent DF, Honey RN, Weir GC. Responses of
neonatal rat islets on streptozotocin-limited beta cell
regeneration and hyperglycemia. Diabetes 1981; 30: 64-69.
Creutzfeld W. The incretin concept today. Diabetologia 1979;
16: 75-85.
Lempcke B. Control of absorption: Delaying absorption as a
therapeutic principle. In: Structure and function of the Z
small Intestine. Cospary WF (ed). New York, Elsevier, 1987,
pp 263-80.
Mahabir D, Gulliford MC. Use of medicinal plants for diabetes
in Trinidad and Tobago. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 1997; 3:
174-79.
Mamun MIR, Rokeya B, Choudhury NS, Muniruzzaman M,
Nahar N, Ahmed MU, Mosihuzzaman M, Ali L, Khan AKA,
Khan SH. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Pterospermum
acerifolium Wild and Pterospermum semisagittatum Ham
Diabetes Res. 2001; 35: 163-70.
Muruganandan K, Srinivasan S, Gupta PK, Gupta JL. Effect of
mangiferin on hyperglycemia and atherogenicityin streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 93: 497-501.
Nahar N, Rokeya B, Ali L, Hassan Z, Nur-e-Alam M, Choudhury NS, Khan AKA, Mosihuzzaman M. Effect of three
medicinal plants on blood glucose levels in nondiabetic and
diabetic model rats. Diabetes Res. 2000; 35: 41-49.
Ojewole J. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic
effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark
aqueous extract. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2005;
27: 547-54.
Perpetuo JM, Salgado JM. Effect of mango (Mangifera indica
Linn) ingestion on blood glucose levels of normal and
diabetic rats. Plant Foods Human Nutr. 2003; 58: 1-12.
Swintosky J, Pogonowska-Wala E. The in situ rat gut technique: A simple, rapid, inexpensive way to study factors
influencing drug absorption rate from the intestine.
Pharmacy Int. 1982; 3: 163-64.
Sharma SR, Dwivedi SK, Swarup D. Hypoglycemic potential
of Mangifera indica leaves in rats. Pharmaceutical Biol. 1997;
35: 130-33.
References
Trivedi NA, Majumder B, Bhatt JD, Hemavathi KG. Effect of
Shilajit on blood glucose and lipid profile in alloxan–
induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2004; 36: 373-76.
Aderibigbe AO, Emudianughe TS, Lawal BAS. Evaluation of
the antidiabetic action of Mangifera indica in mice.
Phytotherapy Res. 2001; 15: 456-58.
Vinik A, Wing RR. In: Diabetes mellitus: Theory and practice.
Rifkin H, Porte D Jr. (eds). 2nd ed. New York, Elsevier, 1990,
pp 465-97.
Author Info
Begum Rokeya (Principal contact)
e-mail: b_rokeya@yahoo.com