Cryptogamie, Mycologie, 2009, 30 (2): 141-152
© 2009 Adac. Tous droits réservés
Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum sp. nov.
(Basidiomycota, Cortinariales), a new species
and first record of the genus in Europe
Gilles CORRIOLa
a
Conservatoire botanique national des Pyrénées et de Midi-Pyrénées
Vallon de Salut. B.P. 315. F-65203 Bagnères-de-Bigorre cedex. France
cbp.gc@laposte.net
Abstract – Based upon collections from the French Pyrenees, the new species
Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum is fully described. This taxon is the first European record for
a genus whose few other representatives are usually restricted to habitats in subtropical to
tropical climates. Apart from its morphology, P. moliniophilum is also very well
characterized by its habitat: the crepidotoid basidiomes growing on tussocks of Molinia
caerulea (L.) Moench, a commonly encountered grass in marshes and bogs.
Morphologically, the new taxon is compared with the other known species of
Pyrrhoglossum. Awaiting future comprehensive molecular data, no effort was made here to
morphotaxonomically delimit Pyrrhoglossum from the evidently closely related genera
Crepidotus and Gymnopilus.
Résumé – Sur la base de collections en provenance des Hautes-Pyrénées (France), une
nouvelle espèce, Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum est décrite. Ce taxon représente la
première donnée d’une espèce appartenant à ce genre en Europe, dont les autres
représentants sont exclusivement restreints aux régions tropicales ou subtropicales. En plus
de ses caractères macro- et micro-morphologiques, les basidiomes crépidotoïdes se trouvent
en grand nombre dans la localité type, exclusivement sur des touradons de Molinia caerulea
(L.) Moench (une graminée commune dans les tourbières et marais). Le nouveau taxon est
comparé morphologiquement avec les autres espèces de Pyrrhoglossum publiés à ce jour.
Dans l’attente de nécessaires travaux de biologie moléculaire complémentaires, la
séparation morphologique entre Pyrrhoglossum, Crepidotus et Gymnopilus, les deux
genres les plus apparentés, n’a pas été étudiée plus en détail.
Pyrrhoglossum / Gymnopilus / Crepidotus / taxonomy / peat-bog / Molinia caerulea /
Hautes-Pyrénées / France
142
G. Corriol
INTRODUCTION
During the survey of a peat-bog situated in the northern foothills of the
Pyrenees (Hautes-Pyrénées, France) in September 2003, numerous basidiomes of
a small crepidotoid agaric have been discovered on tussocks of live Molinia
caerulea (L.) Moench (Poaceae). At first glance the specimens were believed
to represent a graminicolous species of Melanotus. Subsequent microscopical
analysis revealed small reddish-brown, dextrinoid, verrucose spores and
lecithiform cheilocystidia, two characters that, together with the bitter taste,
directed our attention to Gymnopilus. However, the European literature on
Gymnopilus (Kühner & Romagnesi, 1953; Moser, 1978; Høiland, 1990; Hansen &
Knudsen, 1992; Watling & Gregory, 1993; Breitenbach & Kränzlin, 2000; Ludwig,
2001; Bon & Roux, 2002; Holec, 2005; Horak, 2005), did not reveal any species
that matches the features and the unusual ecological habitat of the present
species. Also a more general search for similar taxa in publications treating
pleurotoid and crepidotoid taxa (Watling & Gregory, 1989; Roux, 1997) remained
unsuccessful.
In September 2004 many basidiomes were gathered again at the same
locality. This time, a thorough bibliographic search finally was leading to
Pyrrhoglossum Singer (1944), a genus typified by the Cuban P. pyrrhus (Berk. &
M.A.Curtis) Sing. The discriminating morphological, ecological and chorological
characters between our collections and the known species of Pyrrhoglossum show
clearly that P. moliniophilum represents a distinctive and new species.
Singer (l.c.) defined the genus Pyrrhoglossum in Cortinariaceae for
species with small, red-brown basidiomes that lack a stipe or have a reduced,
laterally or excentrically placed stipe producing, verrucose, ellipsoid spores
without germ pore and with smooth suprahilar disc, without pleurocystidia and
with inconspicuous cheilocystidia, with regular trama, clamped and growing on
wood in tropical regions. Later, he specifies the presence of cheilocystidia (Singer,
1986). The type species from Cuba, P. pyrrhum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Singer, was
based on the basionym Agaricus (Crepidotus) pyrrhus (Berkeley & Curtis, 1868).
This pantropical taxon has later been reported from Martinique, Guadeloupe,
Dominican republic, Trinidad (Pegler, 1983), Venezuela, Brazil, Florida (USA),
New-Zealand, New-Caledonia, New-Guinea (Horak, 1989), Australia (Rees &
Ye, 1999- although may be not conspecific- see below) and Hawaï (Hemmes &
Desjardin, 2002), always on dead wood.
Singer (1986) quotes 6 species for the genus, segregated in two sections:
1) sect. Pyrrhoglossum, without lilac pigment, including P. pyrrhum, P. stipitatum
Singer, P. hepatizon (Berk.) Dennis, P. ferruginosum (Lloyd) Singer (under the
erroneous name P. ferruginatum); 2) unnamed section, caracterized by the
presence of a lilac pigment at least in one part of the carpophore, including
P. lilaceipes Sing. and P. lilacinum E. Horak (the latter taxon being a nom.inval.
as it concerns a still unpublished taxon from E. Horak).
Horak (1989) keeps only 4 species in the genus: P. pyrrhum, P. hepatizon,
P. ferruginosum and a new species from New Zealand: P. viriditinctum E. Horak.
He synonymises P. stipitatum and P. lilaceipes with P. hepatizon arguing that
lilaceous tints potentially occur in all taxa except P. viriditinctum, the latter
showing a greenish hue. The lilaceous pigmentation, very fugitive, should be at
least observable in very young and perfectly fresh basidiomata.
Kirk et al. (2001) mention 10 taxa for the genus. The available list on
the CABI website (www.indexfungorum.org as accessed in Feb. 2009) mentions
Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum sp. nov.
143
11 taxa: apart from the species accepted by Singer (1986) and Horak (1989), the
list includes the more recently published taxa P. subpurpureum (S. Ito & S. Imai)
E. Horak & Desjardin and P. yunnanensis P.G. Liu, On the other hand, it also lists
three taxa that are currently excluded from the genus:
– P. recedens Singer (Singer, 1973), recombined in the genus Galerina by
Horak (1987) especially because of its pip-shaped to subamygdaliform spores a
poorly delimitated smooth suprahilar disc and particularly slender and narrow
lecithiform cheilocystidia and pileocystidia;
– P. holocrocinum (Berk.) Singer and P. macrosporum Singer (Singer,
1973), recombined in Gymnopilus by Singer (1986), an opinion shared by Horak
(1989), especially because of their large and well developped stipe and larger
spores.
In the past, Pyrrhoglossum species have often been taken for Crepidotus.
The former genus is, however, easily separated from the latter by the more richly
colored, warty spores that darken in alkali and the presence of a distinctive plage.
Also, the cheilocystidia in Crepidotus seem more variable than in Pyrrhoglossum.
Recently, following the results of Rees et al. (2002b), Ryvarden (2007)
describes an astipitate Gymnopilus species from Colombia: G. epileatus. He
produces a small determination key for neotropical Pyrrhoglossum species
including only four taxa, based on Pegler’s publication (1983).
Two recent publications aiming to test the monophyly of the genus
Gymnopilus, both based on ITS sequences, give contradictory results (as can be
expected when using exclusively specific markers to solve generic problems). For
Rees et al. (2002b) Pyrrhoglossum is included in Gymnopilus. Guzmán-Dávalos et
al. (2003), found P. pyrrhum, the type of the genus Pyrrhoglossum, to be outside
the Gymnopilus clade and closely related to Cortinarius phoeniceus (Bull.: Fr.)
Maire. According to L. Guzmán-Davalos (pers. comm.), this surprising result
could likely be explained by a DNA-sample mixed-up. On the other hand, the
unique Australian collection attributed to P. pyrrhum analyzed by Rees & coll.
(2002b) presents an atypical morphology: the very developed stipe (Rees & Ye,
1999) makes it more related to the P. hepatizon-group.
Since the generic delimitation between Pyrrhoglossum and Gymnopilus
as well as the delimitations of a wider range of saprotrophic genera within the
Cortinariaceae, seem far from being resolved (Kühner, 1980; Rees et coll., 1999;
Rees et coll., 2002a; Guzmán-Dávalos et coll., 2003; Gulden & Schalchian-Tabrizi,
2005), we have decided to follow in this paper the traditional concepts of Singer
(1986) and Horak (1989) and to describe our new species in the genus
Pyrrhoglossum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The description of the basidiomes of Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum is
based on fresh material. Microscopical examination was carried out in KOH
(5%), Congo Red SDS (Clémençon, 1999) and Melzer Reagent both on living and
preserved material. Spore mesurements follow Fannechère (2005) and relate to
30 spores (taken from spore prints, in Melzer reagent). For other microsopical
features only maximum and minimum values are noted with exceptional
deviations in between brackets.
144
G. Corriol
DESCRIPTION
Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum Corriol sp. nov.
Figs. 1-6
Etymology: the epithet refers to the graminicolous habitat on tussocks of Molinia
caerulea (L.) Moench.
Pileus 1-10(-15) mm, convexus, ochraceorufus vel griseocremeus,
marginem estriatum versus lilacinus, minute pruinosus, siccus. Lamellae adnatae
vel subdecurrentes, primo pallide lilacinogriseae dein ochraceorufae,
albomarginatae. Stipes 1-5 × 1-1.5 mm, excentricus rare lateralis, cylindricus, basim
versus attenuatus, saepe curvatus, alboprinosus ad apicem, albovillosus (lilacino
tinctu) basim versus, siccus, mycelio albo ad substratum affixus, cortina nulla. Caro
lilacinea dein pileo concolor. Odor nullus. Sapor amarus. Basidiosporae in cumulo
rufobrunneae, 4-5.5 × 3-3.5 µm, ovoideae vel lacrymiformes, grosse verrucosae,
subferruginosae, depressione supraapiculari distincta, poro germinativo nullo.
Cheilocystidia 12-24 × 4-11 µm, lecythiformes, capitulo 3-5 µm diam. Instructa,
hyalina. Pleurocystidia nulla vel sparsa. Caulocystidia cheilocystidiis similia sed
larga. Pileipellis ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, cellulae terminales
(pileocystidia) distincte lecythiformes vel clavatae, 25-40 µm longae, pigmento
luteoferrugineo grosse incrustatis. Ad radices Moliniae caeruleae in paludine.
Gallia. Holotypus GC 03092001 in herb. BBF.
Pileus 1-10(-15) mm diam., convex, margin at first incurved becoming
expanded in age and more or less crenelate-lobate, pale reddish ochre, but with
distinctive lilac tinge towards margin, in young specimens covered with a greyishcream web (7,5 YR 6/8) but minutely pubescent towards margin, thin, dry, veil
remnants absent (even in button stage). Lamellae adnate to subdecurrent, rather
distant, 2-3 lamellulae, narrow (0.5-0.7 mm wide), occasionally forked, at first pale
grey with distinctive lilac near edges, becoming reddish-ochre in age, entire edges
whitish. Stipe 1-5 × 1-1.5 mm, eccentric, usually well developed, cylindrical, equal
or attenuating towards base, curved, rarely rudimentary and lateral, base with
white mycelial pad-like tomentum attached to substrate, at first whitish-pruinose in
upper half and whitish-villose in lower half (but in very young specimens distinctly
lilaceous), finally concolorous with pileus. Context thin, fragile, pale ochre-cream
with distinctive lilac tinge in lower half of stipe which turns reddish brown upon
exposure. Taste strongly bitter. Smell not distinctive. Spore print reddish-brown.
Spores D1,9; (3.6) 4.2-5.2 (5.7) × (2.9) 3.1-3.5 (3.6) µm, Q = (1.1) 1.3-1.6
(1.65), ovoid, lacrymiform or pip-shaped, supraapicuar depression with distinctive
smooth plage (in front view), coarse isolated warts embedded in perispore, germ
pore absent, reddish-brown (KOH), dextrinoid in Melzer Reagent). Basidia
15-22 × 5-6 µm, 4-spored, subclavate, often constricted-urniform, sterigmata up to
5 µm long, clamped. Cheilocystidia 12-24 × 4-11 µm, distinctly lecythiform,
globose capitulum 3-5 (-7.5) µm, sitting on short neck, hyaline, apex often covered
with resinous, refringent, highly congophilous incrustation (KOH, Congo Red).
Pleurocystidia absent or scattered, if present shape and size like cheilocystidia.
Caulocystidia (20-)25-40 × (3.5-)5-10 µm, scattered, distinctly more robust as
compared to cheilocystidia and pileocystidia, capitellum on average also larger,
(3-)4-6 µm wide. Pileipellis a cutis (or trichoderm) composed of repent (or
semierect) cylindrical hyphae, 8-15(-20) µm diam., non-gelatinized hyphae thin,
distinctly encrusted with rust yellow-brown pigment, terminal cells (pileocystidia)
15-40 × 3-7 µm, × 2.5-5 µm), conspicuous, shape like cheilocystidia, clavate or
fusoid, occasionally with yellowish, refringent content (KOH, ammonia).
Pileitrama about 110 µm thick, composed of 7-15 µm wide, thin walled hyphae.
Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum sp. nov.
145
Figs 1-5. Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum [holotype]. 1. Pileipellis (bar = 10 µm). 2. Spores (bar =
10 µm). 3. Cheilocystidia (bar = 10 µm). 4. Stipitipellis (bar = 10 µm). 5. Basidia (bar = 10 µm).
Hymenophoral trama 60 µm thick, made of 4-17 µm-wide hyphae, similar to the
pileitrama, with numerous swollen cells. Stipitipellis of slender cylindrical hyphae,
oleiferous hyphae absent. Mycelium at base of stipe composed of cylindrical
hyphae, 2-5 µm diam., often ramified, with slightly thickened, non-gelatinized
wall, not constricted at the septa. Clamp connections present in all tissues.
146
G. Corriol
Fig 6. Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum photographed in situ, on tussocks of Molinia caerulea.
Holotype. Photo G. Corriol.
Material examined: France. Depart. of “Hautes-Pyrénées” (65), Clarens, right
bank of La Galavette rivulet, below Courtalou, Clarens peat-bog, 20.IX.2003,
leg. G.Corriol (holotype, GC 03092001). – Ibidem, 9.IX.2004, leg. G.Corriol
(GC 04090403).
Additional material examined for comparison (P.pyrrhum): France. Martinique,
Saint Esprit, Morne David, 23.VIII.2004, leg. C. Lécuru, det. C. Lécuru &
J.-P. Fiard (CL/Mart04.007 in LIP). – Guadeloupe, Petit Bourg, vallon de la rivière
Tambour, 3.IX.2005, leg. and det. R. Courtecuisse (RC/GUAD05055 in LIP). –
Martinique, Mare au Perdrix, 5.IX.2003, leg. and det. R. Courtecuisse (RC/MART
03088 in LIP). – Without information, leg. J. Chabrol (JC 05 09 27 03 in LIP).
Additional material examined for comparison (P.hepatizon, see discussion) [as
P. stipitatum]: France. Guadeloupe, Petit Bourg, 1.IX.2004, leg. and det.
R. Courtecuisse (RC/GUAD 04019 in LIP). – Martinique, Saint-Esprit, Bois La
Charles, 29.VIII.2005, leg. and det. C. Lécuru (CL Mart/05206 in LIP). – Without
information leg. J. Chabrol (JC 04060701 in LIP). [as P. lilaceipes]: France.
Martinique, Trinité, presqu‘île Gravelle Bas, 27.VIII.2005, leg. and det.
R. Courtecuisse (RC/MART 05163 in LIP). – Without information leg. J. Chabrol
(JC 05053001 in LIP). – Guadeloupe, Petit-Bourg, Bois Sergeant, 2.IX.2005, leg.
and det. C. Lécuru (CL/Guad 05087 in LIP).
Habitat and ecology: Growing on high tussocks of live Molinia caerulea (L.)
Moench ssp. caerulea (Poaceae) towards the margin of a peat bog, but still on peaty
soil saturated with water. The vegetation at the site had probably been burnt the
Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum sp. nov.
147
year before the first collection was gathered, so that the specimens colonized the
dead leaves of the last year and thus found shelter and adequate microclimatic
conditions under the fresh, green leaves of the current season.
The small Molinia stand of the type locality, only a few square meters
large, is situated within an acidic, atlantic fen with Sphagnum, under
thermoatlantic mesoclimate. Species of Caricion fuscae W. Koch [Anagallis tenella
(L.) L., Parnassia palustris L., Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Hudson, Sphagnum
papillosum Lindb. (dominant Sphagnum species), Sphagnum sp. sect. Subsecunda,
Carex flava L. ss. str. (surprising here because usually found in alkaline fens),
Erica tetralix L.] and of Juncion acutiflori Br.-Bl. [Molinia caerulea (L.) Mœnch,
Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm., Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop.] are combined
here.
DISCUSSION
No Pyrrhoglossum species have been found so far to grow on a substrate
other than rotting bark or wood. Among the known European species of
Gymnopilus (BON & ROUX, 2002; HOLEC, 2005), only the rare G. flavus (Bres.)
Sing. is found on graminicolous substrate, mainly tufts of Dactylis glomerata L.
Most of the other Gymnopilus are lignicolous or more rarely turficolous or
carbonicolous (sometimes on burnt coal dump). Our taxon growing in a peat-bog
on living but burnt Molinia caerulea tussocks presents an ecological originality,
the various conditions of which still have to be more elucidated (infeodation level
to the substrate species? fire influence? peat-bog microclimate influence?
thermoatlantic mesoclimate influence?).
The substrate (a eurosiberian phanerogam), as well as its natural habitat
(an oceanic peat-bog), suggest strongly that this species has not been introduced.
It is more probably a native species that passed unnoticed on account of its small
size and its very singular habitat.
The type locality appeared relatively rich in small basidiomycetes species,
such as Resinomycena saccharifera (Berk. & Broome) Redhead, Entoloma
sericellum (Fr.: Fr.) P. Kumm., Arrhenia acerosa (Fr.: Fr.) Kühner (all on
Molinia), Gerronema aff. cyathellum (J. Favre & Schweers ex Kuyper) Bon,
Entoloma aethiops (Scop.) G. Stev. and E. moliniophilum Walleyn & Noordel.
The biodiversity and taxonomic interest of the fungi question the low interest
awarded by many naturalists to these peat-bog vegetation types. It questions also
the usual conservation management that often consists in merely re-opening or
“rejuvenating” such vegetations into lower and more open plant communities in
view of a higher plant diversity. This study once again illustrates the necessity to
take also the fungal community into account when evaluating the conservation
value of natural sites.
Based on the literature, the type species of the genus seems to be the
closest relative of P. moliniophilum by its macromorphology. Basidiomata are
however less slender (cap up to 25(40) mm), with gills which can reach 2.5 mm in
width a stipe reaching 6 × 4 mm. The taste of the flesh variously specified by
Horak (1989, as raphanoid), Rees & Ye (1999, as a blend with a sligthly bitter
after-taste) and Hemmes & Desjardin (2002, as very bitter). According to
C. Lécuru (pers. comm.), who tasted collectings from the Lesser Antilles, it would
148
G. Corriol
Fig. 7. View of the burnt Molinia tussock top supporting a Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum colony.
Photo G. Corriol, september 4th 2004.
be immediately astringent then slowly bitter. Microscopically P. pyrrhum also
comes very close to P. moliniophilum because of its cheilocystidia, basidia, and
pileipellis according to Pegler’s (1983) description of frequent terminal
dermatocystidioid cells. At the opposite, Horak (1968, 1989) asserts the lack of
dermatocystidia, as well as Rees & Ye (1999) for their atypically stipitate
Australian collection. The habitus is a significant difference between P. pyrrhum
and P. moliniophilum. The only authors describing the stipitipellis anatomy of
P. pyrrhum, Horak (1968, 1989) and Rees & Ye (1999, although an atypical
Australian collection) both mention abundant caulocystidia, similar to the
cheilocystidia. P. moliniophilum has caulocystidia in average distinctly larger in all
parts than cheilocystidia. Moreover, P. pyrrhum lives on rotten wood of
angiosperms (Fagaceae) and gymnosperms (Podocarpaceae) with a pantropical
distribution (Horak, 1968, 1989; Pegler, 1983; Hemmes & Desjardin, 2002;
Saccardo, 1887 [under Crepidotus pyrrhus]; Patouillard, 1902 [under Crepidotus
laceratus]).
According to our own observations (we studied several collections of
P. pyrrhum from the Lesser Antilles – see additional material cited above and
Tab. 1), the basidiomata of P. pyrrhum are much more robust (exsiccata distinctly
more fleshy, up to 2.8 cm thick), with a dense tomentum covering the center of
the pileus and the main lower part of the stipe. It also has smaller and more widely
ellipsoid spores, darker and more dextrinoid (reddish-brown in Melzer reagent)
with more projecting warts, measuring D1,9; (3.7) 4.0-4.7 (4.9) × (2.9) 3.1-3.5
149
Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum sp. nov.
Tab. 1. Differences between P. moliniophilum and P. pyrrhum, its closest relative, as based on
our observations.
P. moliniophilum
P. pyrrhum
Pileus
≤ 10 mm, araneous
up to 40 mm, tomentose at center
Gills
very narrow gills (0.5-0.7 mm)
narrow (1-2.5 mm)
Stipe
1-1.5 mm wide
2-3 mm wide
Taste
immediatly and strongly bitter
only lately bitter
Spores
pip-shaped (Q = 1.3-1.6)
widely ellipsoid (Q = 1.2-1.4)
Pileocystidia
tibiiform to lecithiform, numerous
sparse and fewly differenciated
Stipitipellis
with numerous capitate cystidia more
voluminous than hymenial cystidia
with a dense felting of septate, cylindric
hairs, with some more or less cystidioid
elements at the top, but neither as
remarkable nor as voluminous
Trama
thin-walled
thick-walled (up to 1-2 µm diam.)
Habitat
on Molinia caerulea tussocks
on rotten wood
Distribution
temperate Europe
pantropical
(3.6) µm, Q = (1.1) 1.2-1.4 (1.5) (on 60 spores from spore deposits from exsiccates
RC/GUAD 05055 and RC/MART 03088), whereas cheilocystidia show a straight
capitellum in average (× 2-3.5(4.5) µm). The pileipellis shows a dense felting made
of slender, erected, septate, hyphae, 3-5 µm wide. Some rare cystidioid elements
are seen at the margin of the pileus where the covering is more appressed, but
these cystidioid elements are not as remarkable as the hymenial cystidia (often
only subcapitate). The underlying flesh is made of densely imbricated, wavy,
short-celled (× 4-17 µm) hyphae, with 1-2 µm thick walls and a yellow, smooth
pigment. The stipitipellis shows, in its upper part, terminal cylindro-clavate or
more rarely cylindro-capitate cells. Lecithiform articles are rarer or poorly
differenciated, with a short neck and poorly differentiated capitellum. In the lower
part, we only observed a dense felting of septate, cylindric hairs. The lamellar
trama shows a structure similar to the pileitrama, with 4-15 µm wide, thick-walled
hyphae. As stated by Rees & Ye (1999) for their atypical Australian collection, we
also found (on the exsiccatum JC 05092703) unambiguous and numerous, typically
capitate pleurocystidia, in addition to those near the gill edge.
In P. pyrrhum, the bitter taste and the pileipellis anatomy, especially the
occurrence and abundance of lecithiform pileocystidia should be checked on
collections from different localities worldwide. Both characters proved to have an
important systematic value in the closely related genus Gymnopilus (Corriol,
2005).
Again according to the literature, P. hepatizon described from Ceylan
(Saccardo, 1887; Singer, 1951; Pegler, 1986) and the South-American P. stipitatum
(Singer, 1948; Pegler, 1983; Courtecuisse, 2006) also seem to be closely related
taxa, as already stated by Singer (1951) who studied the type of P. hepatizon.
The only differences indicated by this author concern the darker colors of the
150
G. Corriol
basidiomata and more prominent warts on the spores of P. hepatizon. The only
difference given by Pegler (1983) between P. stipitatum and P. lilaceipes is the
lilaceous tint on the stipe of the latter. Nevertheless Petch (1924, cited in Horak
1989) described purplish colors on the stipe of P. hepatizon specimens coming
from the same region as the holotype. Horak (1989) concludes that the three
species are a single, pantropical taxon with very fugacious lilac pigment that is
only evident on very young specimens.
Several collections attributed to P. stipitatum and P. lilaceipes from the
Lesser Antilles (see additional material cited above) showed quite important
differences in spore morphology thereby questioning Horak’s (1989) position.
Microcopically, the spores of P. moliniophilum are similar to those observed in
P. lilaceipes. P. stipitatum showed widely ellipsoid, shorter and more strongly
dextrinoid (reddish-brown) spores, with more projecting warts (e.g. D1,9; (3.7)
4.0-4.4 (4.7) × (2.9) 3.1-3.5 (3.6) µm, Q = (1.1) 1.2-1.4 (1.4) on RC/GUAD 04019).
The pileipellis anatomy in the P. hepatizon group is variously described, in
particular with regard to the occurrence of typical lecithiform cystidia. Only
Pegler (1983) observed “…dermatocystidioid elements, 16-26 × 3-5 µm, clavate,
cylindric or digitate, with rounded apex” for P. lilaceipes), and nothing is said
about the occurrence of lecithiform caulocystidia. According to our observations,
P. lilaeipes and P. stipitatum show some lecithiform cystidia near the marginal part
of the cap, where the tomentum is shorter and more adpressed, mixed with
numerous cylindro-clavate, cylindro-lageniform or multi-constricted terminal
cells. Toward the disc, which is densely hirsute and formed of multiseptate hairs
that are arranged in a 120 µm thick trichoderm, we did not detect any such
cystidia. The stipitipellis is in its upper part covered by utriform, clavate, multiconstricted, cylindro-fusiform cells, with some typically lecithiform (ex.: 30 × 6.5 ×
4.5 µm) and tibiiform (ex: 24 × 3 × 3.5 µm) cystidia. Its inferior part, densely
hirsute, is covered with dense tufts of multiseptate wavy hyphae with cylindroclavate terminal cell. Pileitrama is similar to what we observed on P. pyrrhum,
with markedly thickened wall. Finally, all taxa of this group grow on rotten wood
in tropical area. (Horak, 1989; Pegler, 1986; Singer, 1951; Saccardo, 1887
[Crepidotus hepatizon]; Singer, 1948 [P. stipitatum]; Singer, 1961 [P. lilaceipes],
Pegler, 1983 [P. stipitatum et P. lilaceipes]).
Taxa in the P. hepatizon-group macroscopically differ from
P. moliniophilum by a markedly larger and more fleshy, initially golden-brown
orange-brown or yellow cap 20-70 mm long, , the even possibly central and generally much more developed and distinctly more robust (25-58 × 2-7 µm) stipe,
even in the excentric forms (0-18 × 2-2.5 mm), their much wider gills (× 2-5 mm),
their tougher and less putrescent flesh. According to C. Lécuru, flesh taste is
slightly bitter in P. stipitatum (CL/Guad05114) and P. lilaceipes (CL/Guad05087).
Therefore, P. moliniophilum differs from all taxa of the P. hepatizon
group by the structures of pileipellis and trama structures, as well in their ecology
and chorology.
Acknowledgements. They firstly apply to Jean-Michel Parde (AREMIP), for
making us discover the interesting peat-bog site of Clarens. Betty Rees (University of New
South Wales, Sydney), Maxime Chiaffi (SMF), Jacques Guinberteau (INRA Bordeaux),
Pascal Hériveau (Pluméliau), Pierre-Arthur Moreau (Fac Pharma Lille), Cécile Vignau
(CBNPMP) and Carole Hannoire (CBNPMP) are thanked for their bibliographic help.
Laura Guzmán (University of Guadalajara, Mexico) is thanked for the information given.
Thank you to Régis Courtecuisse and Christophe Lécuru (Faculté de Pharmacie de Lille)
for entrusting us with West-Indian collections of Pyrrhoglossum from LIP herbarium and
Pierre-Arthur Moreau for his suggestions. We are very grateful to Egon Horak (Innsbruck,
Austria) for the valuable critics, improvements given and for writing the latin diagnosis.
Pyrrhoglossum moliniophilum sp. nov.
151
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