FURTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI OF THE AZORES
FLORA
OF
LICHENS
AND
FRANZ BERGER & ANDRÉ APTROOT
BERGER, F. & A. APTROOT 2002. Further contributions to the flora of lichens and
lichenicolous fungi of the Azores. Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences 19A: 112.
Several lichens are reported new to the flora of the Azores. Mycoporum sparsellum, and the
lichenicolous coelomycete Laeviomyces fallaciosus are reported for the first time in
Europe. Arthothelium crozalsianum, Bacidia friesiana, Belonia incarnata, Julella sericea,
Micarea assimilata, Mycomicrothelia confusa and Roselliniopsis ventosa are recorded for
the first time in Laurimacaronesia. New for the Azores are Acarospora umbilicata, Buellia
aethalea, B. subdisciformis, Byssoloma marginatum, Canoparmelia texana, Catillaria
atomarioides, Chaenotheca furfuracea, Chromatochlamys muscorum, Cladonia
cyathomorpha, C. pocillum, C. rangiformis var. gracillima, Cliostomom griffithii,
Endocarpon pusillum, Hypotrachyna taylorensis, Opegrapha ochrocheila, O.
vermicellifera, O. vulgata, Parmotrema mellissii, Peltula euploca, Pertusaria hymenea,
Phaeophyscia hispidula, Porina aenea, P. borreri, Pyrenula acutispora, Ramalina lacera,
R. subpusilla, Rinodina anomala, R. intermedia, Scoliciosporum umbrinum, Strigula
taylorii, Toninia mesoidea, Xanthoria candelaria and X. fallax. Fourteen additional
lichenicolous fungi double the list of species from the Azores.
Franz Berger (e-mail: f.berger@Eunet.at), A-4794 Kopfing 130, Austria; André Aptroot,
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 85167, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, The
Netherlands.
INTRODUCTION
The Azores is a group of nine geologically young
volcanic Atlantic islands one third of the way
from Europe to North America. Only parts of
their extraordinary lichen flora have been
recorded (e.g. DEGELIUS 1941, ARVIDSSON &
WALL 1985, ARVIDSSON 1990, APTROOT 1989,
PURVIS & JAMES 1993, PURVIS et al. 1994, 1995)
perhaps due to their remoteness, a rather scanty
list in comparison to the other island groups of
Laurimacaronesia. A comprehensive list of
references is (PURVIS & JAMES 1993) preceded
the checklist by HAFELLNER (1999) to which he
added some additional records.
Because of the isolation of these relatively
young islands the relative number of endemic
species is high (PURVIS et al. 1994). Influenced
by the Gulf Stream the oceanic, moist climate
with well-balanced precipitation and temperature
(SJÖGREN 1984) results in very favourable
conditions for lichens. The mountain peaks are
shrouded in cloud almost daily. The annual
precipitation at sea-level is 1000 mm, increasing
about 25% for every 100 m, and exceeds 3000
mm at 500 m (HAGGAR 1988).
The Azorean lichen flora (HAFELLNER 1995a,
1999), in comparison to mainland Portugal and
also the rest of Laurimacaronesia, contains a
considerable number of sub-/neotropical foliose
lichens not found elsewhere in Europe. There are
close relationships to the lichen flora of tropical
America. The flora (HAFELLNER 1995a, 1999)
with approximately 440 species [506 according to
SMITH (2002), including additional still
unpublished records (Smith pers. com.)] contains
about 20%, and therefore only a minor part, of the
Laurimacaronesian species. This may be partly
due to under-collecting of important ecological
niches, as no local botanist has worked on
lichens. Astonishing gaps of lichens, widespread
elsewhere, are obvious. No Alectoria, Bryoria,
1
yellow Rhizocarpon, Umbilicaria, or Lasallia sp.
have been recorded. The littoral, amphibious
fresh water and terricolous lichen communities
are comparably poor in species. In contrast to the
southern shores of Madeira and Canary Islands
the Azores lack a xerothermic belt (piso
infrocanaria) with its characteristic species.
Important ecological niches have not been
investigated yet because of difficulty in access. In
addition vast areas of the indigenous laurisilva
and bush-vegetation have been transformed into
pastures for cattle grazing and are lost for lichen
colonisation. These areas, if abandoned, are
dominated mostly by Hedychium gardnerianum,
Crocosmia sp., Rubus sp., Hydrangium
macrophyllum, Pteridium aquilinum and others,
all inhibiting recolonization by indigenous plants.
Similar under-sampling of lichenicolous
fungi is thought to explain why only 14 species
have been recorded. Much more collecting has to
be done to get a better impression of the true
spectrum of species.
During a recent trip, the lichen flora on the
northern slopes of São Jorge turned out to be of
special interest. To our knowledge the lichen flora
of this region has not previously recorded. In the
fog-enshrouded belt between 300 and 650 m E of
Norte Grande a bush vegetation dominated by
Juniperus brevifolia and Erica scoparia ssp.
azorica (= E. azorica) is thriving, interrupted
partly by pastures. The old gnarled stems are
covered with foliose macrolichens such as
Pseudocyphellaria, Sticta, Nephroma, Lobaria,
Parmotrema, Hypotrachyna, Rimelia and Usnea.
Vividly red crowned podetia of Cladonia didyma
are abundant on rotten wood of Erica azorica.
The lichen flora is similar to that on the floor of
the Caldeira do Faial, as reported by PURVIS &
JAMES (1993).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Most specimens mentioned below were collected
by the first author during a two-weeks hiking tour
on São Miguel, São Jorge, Faial and Pico.
Intensive collecting was possible only at a few
sites on São Jorge. More interesting sites have
been noted for future visits. The material has been
examined using an Olympus stereoscope and an
2
Olympus BH-2 microscope with a measuring
eyepiece. Sections were cut by hand using a razor
blade. Spot tests were carried out in the usual
manner. Many specialists kindly provided
assistance.
All material is deposited in the private
herbarium of the first author with duplicates in
public herbaria as indicated in the species list.
* indicates new records for the Azores, **
new for Laurimacaronesia, *** new for Europe.
SPECIES LIST
*Acarospora umbilicata Bagl.
The very small, scattered areoles on the rough
basaltic lava are inconspicuous and therefore
easily overlooked. The thallus surface is more
glossy than that of Central European specimens.
Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs
below Hotel São Jorge, 38°40,8´N, 28°12,7´W;
alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B
15716.
** Arthothelium crozalsianum (de Lesd.) de Lesd.
Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, road along
northern shore, 37°45´N, 25°19´W; alt. 285 m, on
smooth bark of unknown tree, 31.vii.2001, B
15731. - São Jorge, Loural I, garden hedge, alt.
550 m, on Buxus sempervivens, 4.viii.2001, B
15948.
** Bacidia friesiana (Hepp) Koerb.
Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, wayside
trees along northern shore, 37°45´N, 25°19´W;
alt. 285 m, Laurus azorica, 31.vii.2001, B 15730.
** Belonia incarnata (Th. Fr.) Graeve ex Th. Fr.
The Azorean area exceeding 2000 m is small and
limited to the summit of the volcano of Pico. In
comparison with the other regions of
Laurimacaronesia of similar altitude (Cañadas on
Teide, Tenerife; peaks surrounding the Caldeira
de Taburiente, La Palma) the flora of the upper
part of Pico is very poor (PURVIS et al. 1994).
Isolated and situated above the main cloud layer,
the local climate of the summit (2351 m) is harsh,
cold, windswept, exposed to the sun and very dry
(TUTIN 1953). Ecological habitats are rather
uniform. Virtually no lichens can be observed on
the summit itself. Interesting sites are
concentrated at the old crater rim at 2200 m. The
rocks on the outside are covered with species
similar to acid mine spoil heaps (Placopsis
gelida, Porpidia platycarpoides, P. crustulata,
Amygdalaria pelobotryon, Lecanora polytropa,
Stereocaulon macaronesicum, S. azoreum). The
surface of the main-winds protected NE to SE
exposed inner side, a sickle-shaped, steep, 10 to
40 m high brittle wall of pumice and lava debris
is richly structured with small caves and niches.
A carpet of mosses, predominantly Racomitrium
lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid. covers the loose
ground. On its decaying tufts, on small earth
accumulations and roughly structured rocks
PURVIS et al. (1994) have already encountered the
only site of artic-alpine lichens on the Azores.
Belonia incarnata and Micarea assimilata are
additions to their species list of this location.
Loc.: Pico, Pico mountain, inner side of west
crater rim, alt. 2200 m, 7.viii.2001, on detritus of
Racomitrium lanuginosum, B 15975.
* Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th. Fr.
Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs
below Hotel São Jorge, 38°40,8´N, 28°12,7´W;
alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B
15724, on basalt.
1982], and from La Gomera [ETAYO & BERGER,
in prep.]).
Loc.: São Jorge, Velhas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs
below hotel “São Jorge”, 38°40,8´N, 28°12,7´W;
alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B
15981.
* Byssoloma marginatum (Arnold) Sérusiaux
Reported from the Canary Islands by Purvis et al.
(1992) and from Madeira by KALB & HAFELLNER
(1992).
Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, road along
northern shore, 37°45´N, 25°19´W; alt. 285 m, on
basal trunk of unknown tree, 31.vii.2001, B
15733, det. E. Sérusiaux, with B. leucoblepharum
(Nyl.) Vainio.
Calicium hyperelloides Nyl.
The spectrum of calicioid lichens on the Azores is
extremely small. The warm and very moist
climate causes a rapid destruction of decorticated
wood and favours the overgrowing of all fitting
substrata by bryophytes. This is the only Calicium
on the Azores, as has been previously mentioned
by TIBELL (1981) and ARVIDSSON (1990). C.
hyperelloides is a widely distributed subpantropical species and the only one with the
combination of an excipulum with faint white
pruina and a KC + orange thallus.
Loc.: São Miguel, Sete Cidades, avenue to
church, 37°51,8´N, 25°48´W; alt. 255 m, on
Cupressus sp., 29.vii.2001, B 15738.
* Buellia subdisciformis (Leight.) Vain.
On sun-exposed supralittoral basalt in association
with Acarospora umbilicata, Buellia aethalea,
Lecanora
gangaleoides,
Pyxine
cocoes,
Phaeophyscia
hirsuta,
Pterygiopsis
sp.,
Xanthoria parietina incl. var. ectanea, Caloplaca
sp., Catillaria atomarioides, Ramalina lacera,
Toninia mesoidea and some others.
Already known from some fog touched,
coastal-near lava outcrops around 500 m alt. on
the Canary Islands (Tenerife [Topham & Walker
* Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale
Beside C. caroliniana (Nyl.) Elix & Hale,
recorded by TAVARES (1952), this is the second
species of Canoparmelia in the Azores. C. texana
has been reported from the Canary Islands by
ØSTHAGEN & KROG (1976).
Loc.: São Miguel, Ponta Delgada, Parque José do
Canto, alt. 80 m, on Camellia sinensis,
29.vii.2001, B 15794, det. H. Sipman.
3
* Catillaria atomarioides (Müller Arg.) Kilias
Reported from various locations in Madeira
(KALB & HAFELLNER 1992), nearly all above
1000 m alt.
Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs
below Hotel São Jorge, 38°40,8´N, 28°12,7´W;
alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B
15739, 15748.
Cetraria aculeata (Schreber) Fr.
A very scanty specimen, growing not in speciestypical tufts, but intermingled with Cladonia
diversa, Asperges and therefore collected by
incident. Previously reported from the same and
only Azorean location by APTROOT (1989).
Loc.: Pico, Pico mountain, inner side of west
crater rim, alt. 2200 m, 7.viii.2001, on decaying
Racomitrium lanuginosum, B 15764.
* Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell
Loc.: São Jorge, Fajã do Alem, alt. 250 m, on
shaded rotting roots of Hedychium gardnerianum,
4.viii.2001, B 15749.
Loc.: São Jorge, Velhas, E slope of Morro
Grande, 38°40,8´N, 28°12,8´W; alt. 80 m, over
bryophytes on compressed, full sun-exposed
volcanic sediments, 1.viii.2001, B 15754, dupl.
H, det. T. Ahti. (KOH+ reddish, C-, KC+ reddish,
UV-).
Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vainio
A widespread South, Central and - to a much
lesser extent - North American species with
various chemotypes, known also from East Asia,
Australia and South Africa. Already reported as
C. vulcanica Zollinger by APTROOT (1989).
New island record.
The small, hardly 5 mm tall, densely arranged
mats of podetia are very conspicuous because of
their attractive vividly red coloured apothecia. On
São Jorge it has been observed only in the fogswept bush vegetation of the northern slope
between 300 and 550 m.
This specimen contains thamnolic acid (=
var. vulcanica (Zoll. & Moritzi) Vain.).
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Piquinho da Urze to
Fajã do Cubre, 38°36´N, 27°5,3´W; alt. 350 m, on
rotten wood of Erica azorica, 3.viii.2001, B
15759, dupl. H, det. T. Ahti.
Cladonia floerkeana (Fr.) Flörke
* Chromatochlamys muscorum (Fr.) H. Mayrh. &
Poelt
Reported from the Canary Islands by Tavares
(1952), and known from La Palma & Tenerife
(HERNÁNDEZ-PADRÓN 2001).
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Piquinho da Urze to
Fajã do Cubre, 38°36´N, 27°5,3´W; alt. 350 m, on
base of Erica azorica, 3.viii.2001, B 15713.
* Cladonia cyathomorpha Stirt. ex W. Watson
Morphologically similar to C. pyxidata (L.)
Hoffm., but of bluish grey-brown colour and in
all much smaller (diameter of dry cups only 3
mm). According to Ahti (in lit.) a member of the
C. humilis complex. Recorded in HERNÁNDEZPADRÓN (2001) from the Canary Islands without
locality.
4
Contains thamnolic acid and corresponds well
with material from mainland Portugal (Ahti pers.
com.), while the barbatic and didymic acid strain
is much more common in other European
countries. Known already from the Azores
(TAVARES 1952), but not from other
Laurimacaronesian groups.
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Piquinho da Urze to
Fajã do Cubre, 38°36´N, 27°5,3´W; alt. 350 m, on
Erica azorica, 3.viii.2001, B 15762, det. T. Ahti.
Cladonia nana Vain.
This sterile specimen is similar to a Leproloma
sp. It is composed of an inconspicuous primary
thallus on a closed cottony basal layer. Previously
reported by APTROOT (1989) and ARVIDSSON
(1990). The Azores is the only area in Europe
where this American species, known from
Paraguay to Florida (AHTI 2000), has been
encountered.
Loc.: São Miguel, Sete Cidades, 37°52´N,
25°48´W, alt. 250 m, in earthy crevice on a
roadside wall, 29.vii.2001, B 15758, dupl. H, det.
T. Ahti.
* Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) Grogn.
Cosmopolitan on xeric basic soils, but evidently
very rare on the Azores.
Loc.: Pico, Pico mountain, inner side of crater
rim, alt. 2200 m, on soil and over Racomitrium
lanuginosum, 7.viii.2001, B 15817.
Endocarpon or Catapyrenium have been recorded
previouslys.
Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs
below Hotel São Jorge, 38°40,8´N, 28°12,7´W;
alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B
15862; - Path from Loural to Fajã do Alem, alt.
350 m, on sun-exposed rhyolite with Peltula
euploca and Phaeophyscia hirsuta, 4.viii.2001,
det. O. Breuss, B 15739, 15748.
* Hypotrachyna taylorensis (M. E. Mitch.) Hale
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Piquinho da Urze to
Fajã do Cubre, 38°36´N, 27°5,3´W; alt. 350 m,
3.viii.2001, B 15836, det. H. Sipman.
** Julella sericea (A. Massal.) Coppins
* Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. var gracillima
(Mont.) Ahti
This is a distinct variation with round-shaped,
dense, max. 1-2 cm high, round tufts of very
delicate, brittle podetia on xeric, hard compressed
volcanic ash. Growing also as a decumbent
primary thallus with few podetia.
Loc.: São Miguel, main road crossing the western
crater rim W of Sete Cidades, alt. 400 m, richly
abundant on SE exposed road embankment,
29.vii.2001, B 15750, dupl. H, det. T. Ahti; with
Stereocaulon azoricum, Porpidia platycarpoides,
Bacidia scopulicola and Trapelia coarctata.
* Cliostomom griffithii (Sm.) Coppins
Richly fertile material.
Loc.: São Miguel, Sete Cidades, avenue to
church, 37°51,8´N, 25°48´W; alt. 255 m, on
overhanging wood of Ilex sp., 29.vii.2001, B
15769.
* Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig
Unlike the lichen floras of Madeira and the
Canary Islands, xeric terrestrial lichen
communities (“Bunte Erdflechtengesellschaft”)
with cyanobacterial photobionts are rather scarce
in the Azores. No species of Peltula, Heppia,
Loc.: São Jorge, Fajã de São João, 38°34´N,
27°57´W; alt. 20 m, on Dracaena draco near the
church, 4.viii.2001, B 15822; det. A. Aptroot;
with Pyrenula acutalis and Mycomicrothelia
confusa.
** Micarea assimilata (Nyl.) Coppins
Loc.: Pico, Pico mountain, inner side of west
crater rim, alt. 2200 m, on decaying Racomitrium
lanuginosum in sheltered niche, 7.viii.2001, B
15764.
** Mycomicrothelia confusa D. Hawksw.
Loc.: São Jorge, Fajã de S. João, 38°34´N,
27°57´W; alt. 20 m, on Dracaena draco near the
church, 4.viii.2001, B 15822. - São Miguel,
Lagoa do Fogo, laurel relict forest 2 km S along
path descending to Praia, alt. 320 m, on bark of
Ocotea foetens, 30.vii.2001, B 15887, B 15979;
with Pyrenula laevigata, det. A. Aptroot.
Mycoporum antecellens (Nyl.) R.C. Harris in
Harris
Reported by PURVIS & JAMES (1993) from
Caldeira do Faial.
Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, road along
northern shore, 37°45´N, 25°19´W; alt. 285 m, on
5
bark of unknown tree, 31.vii.2001, B 15969.
Parmelinopsis minarum (Vain.) Hale & Elix
*** Mycoporum sparsellum Nyl.
Formally reported for “Laurimacaronesia” by
PURVIS et al. (1992) without giving further details
as to the location. ETAYO (1998) recorded it from
La Gomera. New island record.
A
neotropic-subtropical
lichen
(Florida,
Colombia) with a white spotted thallus and 2celled, brownish spores, at first glance similar to
Melaspilea sp.
Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa do Fogo, relict laurisilva
along path to Praia, 37°45,6´N, 25°28´W; alt.
320-350 m, on smooth bark of Laurus azorica,
30.vii.2001; B 15717, det. J. Etayo, (with
Pyrenula spp.).
Nephroma hensseniae P. James & F.J. White
This endemic species was described from Pico
and Terceira (JAMES & WHITE 1987) and also
found in Faial (PURVIS & JAMES 1993). All
locations are situated in the central group of the
Azorean islands. New island record.
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Piquinho da Urze to
Fajã do Cubre, 38°36´N, 27°5,3´W; alt. 350 m, on
Erica azorica, 3.viii.2001, B 15963.
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Piquinho da Urze to
Fajã do Cubre, below the bridge crossing the
creek, 38°36,7´N, 27°55,35´W, alt. 120-180 m,
on north-facing basalt below trees, 3.viii.2001, B
15854.
Parmotrema mellisii (C.W. Dodge) Hale
Loc.: São Jorge, 1 km E of Pico de Esperança,
38°39`N, 28°05´W, open scrub-vegetation with
Erica azorica and Juniperus brevifolia, alt. 650
m, 2.viii.2001, B 15703.
* Peltula euploca (Ach.) Poelt
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Loural to Fajã do
Alem, alt. 350 m, on sun-exposed rhyolithe,
4.viii.2001, B 15856, with Endocarpon pusillum
and Phaeophyscia hirsuta.
* Pertusaria hymenea (Ach.) Schaerer
* Opegrapha ochrocheila Nyl.
Loc.: São Miguel, tourist path 1 km N of Sete
Cidades, alt. 350 m, on Hydrangea macrophylla,
29.vii.2001, B 15719.
* Opegrapha vermicellifera (Kunze) Laundon
Loc.: São Miguel, Sete Cidades, avenue to
church, 37°51,8´N, 25°48´W; alt. 255 m, on
decorticated trunc of Ilex sp., 29.vii.2001, B
15769, 15819. - road cut on the way from Praia to
Lagoa do Fogo, alt. 100 m, on dead stems of
Hydrangea macrophylla, 30.viii.2001; B 15954.
* Opegrapha vulgata Ach.
Loc.: São Jorge, Manadas, churchyard of S.
Barbara, alt. 20 m, on stubs of palm-fronds,
3.viii.2001, B 15823.
6
In contrast to the frequent abundance of this
lichen on the western group of the Canary Islands
this species has not been reported before from the
Azores.
Loc.: São Jorge, Manadas, churchyard of Santa
Barbara, alt. 20 m, on Salix sp., 3.viii.2001, B
15725.
* Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Piquinho da Urze to
Fajã do Cubre, bridge crossing the creek,
38°36,7´N, 27°55,35´W, alt. 180 m, on soilencrusted basalt, 3.viii.2001, B 15864; with
Phaeophyscia endococcina and Heterodermia
japonica. - São Miguel, Lagoa do Fogo, path to
Praia, alt. 380 m, inside a “levada” on concrete
above waterlevel, 30.7.2001, B 15866, 15867, all
specimens det. R. Moberg.
Physcia tribacioides Nyl.
* Pyrenula acutispora Kalb & Hafellner
Reported from the Azores by APTROOT (1989)
and from Madeira by ARVIDSSON & WALL
(1985). New island record.
The most frequent Pyrenula sp. on smooth bark
of various trees.
Loc.: São Miguel, western rim of Caldeira de Sete
Cidades, NW of Vista do Rei, 37°50,3´N,
25°47,7´W; alt. 400 m, on wood of Cryptomeria
japonica, 29.vii.2001, B 15839, det. H. Sipman. São Jorge, Ribeira do Cedro, 37°43´N, 25°28´W;
alt. 500 m, on Hydrangea macrophylla in gardenhedge, 4.viii.2001, B 15880,
* Porina aenea (Wallr.) Zahlb.
Frequent on shaded roots in road-cuts near the
coast.
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Ribeira do Cedro to
Loural, alt. 550 m, on Buxus sempervivens in a
garden hedge, B 15885. - Fajã de S. João,
38°34´N, 27°57´W; alt. 20 m, on Dracaena draco
near the church, 4.viii.2001, B 15822. - São
Miguel, Lagoa Sete Cidades, along the road on
the northwest crater rim, alt. 450 m, 29.vii.2001,
B 15785. - Lagoa das Furnas, road along northern
shore, 37°45´N, 25°19´W; alt. 285 m, on Alnus
glutinosa, 31.vii.2001, B 15891, 15974, det. A.
Aptroot; with Porina borreri and Pertusaria
hymenea.
* Ramalina lacera (With.) J. Laundon
Loc.: São Miguel, tourist path 1 km N of Sete
Cidades, alt. 320-350 m, on dead stems of
Hydrangea macrophylla and roots of Laurus
azorica, 29.vii.2001, B 15719, 15875.
Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, road along
northern shore, 37°45´N, 25°19´W; alt. 285 m, on
unknown bark, 31.vii.2001, B 15894.
* Porina borreri (Trevisan) D. Hawksw.
* Ramalina subpusilla (Nyl.) Krog & Swinscow
Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, road along
northern shore, 37°45´N, 25°19´W; alt. 285 m, on
bark, 31.vii.2001, B 15879, - ibidem, on Alnus
glutinosa, B 15974, with Phaeographis
dendritica.
Thriving along the south coast of São Jorge and
Faial as mass-vegetation in closed Erica bushland
on dusty needleless twigs. This distinct but
undescribed lichen community has not been
recognized before on the Azores and all the
abundant
species
(Rinodina
anomala,
Scoliciosporum umbrinum, Opegrapha sp.) are
new records.
* Porina chlorotica (Ach.) Müller Arg.
Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, basalt-cliffs below Hotel
São Jorge, 38°40,8´N, 28°12,7´W; alt. 10 m,
supralittoral on basalt, 2.viii.2001, B 15930.
Pseudopyrenula diluta (Fée) Müller Arg.
TAVARES (1952) reported this species from the
Azores without giving further information.
Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa do Fogo, relict laurel
forest 2 km S on descendent path to Praia, alt. 330
m, on smooth bark of Laurus azorica,
30.vii.2001, B 15889, det. A. Aptroot; with
Graphis insidiosa and Thelotrema lepadinum.
Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, E slope of Morro Grande,
38°40,8´N, 28°12,8´W; alt. 80 m, 1.viii.2001, B
15895. - Faial, c. 500 m W of Varodouro, road
along the south coast, alt. 20 m, 8.viii.2001, B
15704.
* Rinodina anomala (Zahlb.) H. Mayrh. & Giralt
A mediterranean-atlantic species growing with
Ramalina subpusilla and Scoliciosporum
umbrinum (see above). Known also from La
Palma, Canary Islands (GIRALT & MAYRHOFER
1994). HAFELLNER´s report (1995a) - linked to
7
TOPHAM & WALKER (1982) - correctly belongs to
R. madeirensis, as the authors described a darkbrown hypothecium, whereas that of R. anomala
is definitely colourless.
285 m, on Alnus glutinosa, 31.vii.2001, Be
15877, with Graphis elegans.
Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, E slope of Morro Grande,
38°40,8´N, 28°12,8´W; alt. 80 m, on dusty twigs
of Erica azorica, 1.viii.2001, B 15988.
Previously reported by PURVIS & JAMES (1993)
from Faial. New island record.
* Rinodina intermedia Bagl.
A ground dwelling species with spores containing
four deformed Physcia-type loculi. Previously
mentioned in Laurimacaronesia by BERGER &
ETAYO (1998) and MAYRHOFER et al. (2001)
from the Canary Islands. A worldwide
distribution map was published by the latter.
Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs
below Hotel São Jorge, 38°40,8´N, 28°12,7´W;
alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B
15740.
Thelotrema isidioides (Borrer) R. Sant.
Loc.: São Jorge, descending road from Pico de
Esperança to Norte Grande, Erica azoricaJuniperus brevifolia belt, alt. 600 m, on
decorticated twigs of Erica azorica, 2.viii.2001, B
15893.
* Toninia mesoidea (Nyl.) Zahlb.
A rare species on maritime rocks (TIMDAL 1991)
previously reported by KALB & HAFELLNER
(1992) from Madeira.
Loc.: São Jorge, Velhas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs
below hotel “São Jorge”, 38°40,8´N, 28°12,7´W;
alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed basalt, 2.viii.2001, B
15862.
* Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arn.
This newly recorded species is especially frequent
on dusty dead twigs of Erica azorica near the
coast, but can also be found on moist, acid
substrates from coast to peak.
Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs
below Hotel São Jorge, 38°40,8´N, 28°12,7´W;
alt. 10 m, on basalt, 2.viii.2001, B 15723. Velhas, E slope of Morro Grande, 38°40,8´N,
28°12,8´W; alt. 80 m, on dead twigs of Erica
azorica, 1.viii.2001, B 15907. - Faial, Cabeço
Gordo, road 100 m N of the television transmitter,
alt. 1020 m, on road gravel, 5.viii.2001, B 15906,
with Placopsis gelida, Stereocaulon sp.
* Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr.
Formerly reported by ARVIDSSON (1990) on rock
from Madalena (Pico). This species was not listed
by HAFELLNER (1995a, 1999).
Loc.: São Jorge, Fajã do Alem, path from Ribeira
Funda to Fajã de São João, Loural, 300 m, on the
base of a basalt wall with the next and with
Phaeophyscia orbicularis, 4.viii.2001, B15937.
* Xanthoria fallax (Hepp) Arnold
Loc.: São Jorge, Fajã do Alem, path from Ribeira
Funda to Fajã do S. João, Loural, 300 m, 300 m,
4.viii.2001, B 15937.
* Strigula taylorii (Carroll ex Nyl.) R.C. Harris
The dimensions of spores, 30-40 x 6-7 µm, are
larger than given by PURVIS et al. (1992). Known
also from the Canary Islands (ETAYO 1998).
Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, trees along
road on northern shore, 37°45´N, 25°19´W; alt.
8
LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI
* Abrothallus parmotrematis Diederich ined.
A. parmotrematis is known from Madeira (KALB
& HAFELLNER 1992) and from the Canary Islands
(CALATAYUD & BARRENO 1995).
Loc.: São Jorge, 1 km E of Pico de Esperança,
38°39`N, 28°05´W, open scrub-vegetation with
Erica azorica and Juniperus brevifolia, alt. 650
m, on Parmotrema mellisii, 2.viii.2001, B 15703.
* Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen
DIEDERICH & CHRISTIANSEN (1994) did not
record
this
common
cosmopolitan
heterobasidiomycete from the Azores.
Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, wayside
trees along northern shore, 37°45´N, 25°19´W;
alt. alt. 285 m, 31.vii.2001, on Usnea sp., B
15729.
*** Laeviomyces fallaciosus Haf. & Kalb
It is with some hesitation that this very
inconspicuous parasite is reported here, as it was
described before only on Buellia multispora
(KALB 1990) from Hawaii. Our specimen is
congruent in all details. A second Laeviomyces, L.
pertusariicola (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., reported by
HAWKSWORTH (1981) on Hafellia disciformis,
has conidia of almost the same size, but the
conidiomata of the latter are much bigger (100
µm in diam.) against 45-60 x 30-45 µm in our
specimen.
Loc.: São Miguel, Ponta Delgada, Parque José do
Canto, 80 m, on Buellia erubescens on dead twigs
of Camellia sinensis, 29.vii.2001, B 15722.
** Lichenoconium lecanorae (Jaap) D. Hawksw.
Loc.: São Miguel, Sete Cidades, avenue to church
with predominately Cryptomeria japonica cult.,
37°51,8´N, 25°48´W; alt. 255 m, on Lecanora
sp., 29.vii.2001, B 15804.
* Lichenodiplis aff. lecanorae (Vouaux) Dyko &
D. Hawksw.
This lichenicolous coelomycete has been found
on Madeira and the Canary Islands exclusively on
Caloplaca sp. (HAFELLNER 1995a) whereas a
wide spectrum of hosts is known from elsewhere.
Infections of Lichenodiplis aff. lecanorae on
Pertusaria sp. may encompass several still
undescribed species, from which e.g. L.
hawksworthii on Pertusaria pustulata has been
segregated already (BERGER & DIEDERICH 1996).
Loc.: São Jorge, São Jorge, Fajã de S. João,
38°34´N, 27°57´W; alt. 20 m, on Dracaena draco
near the church, 4.viii.2001, on Pertusaria
hymenea, B 15822.
** Opegrapha lamyi (O.J. Rich ex Nyl.) Triebel
This specimen matches perfectly the features of
the description, although the ascospores are
somewhat shorter and the host is another species
of a badly deformed Lecanora.
Loc.: São Miguel, gravel road from Praia up to
Lagoa do Fogo, alt. 300 m, on Lecanora sp. on
bark of Eucalyptus globulus, 30.vii.2001, B
15706 (associated lichens: Graphis elegans,
Opegrapha atra, Pertusaria pustulata, Arthonia
sp.).
* Opegrapha thelotrematis Coppins
Known also from Madeira (KALB & HAFELLNER
1992) and the Canary Islands (HAFELLNER
1995b).
Loc.: São Miguel, gravel road from Praia to
Lagoa do Fogo, alt. 400 m, on Thelotrema
lepadinum on Erica azorica, 30.vii.2001, B
15707.
Plectocarpon macaronesiae Diederich, Etayo &
Sèrus.
New island record.
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Piquinho da Urze to
Fajã do Cubre, alt. 600 m, on Lobaria
pulmonaria, 3.viii.2001, B 15701.
* Roselliniella cladoniae (Anzi) Matzer &
Hafellner
Previously known in Laurimacaronesia only from
the Canary Islands (HAFELLNER 1996).
Loc.: São Jorge, gravel road SE of Pico de
Esperança, alt. 950 m, on Cladonia furcata on
9
exposed road embankment (with Stereocaulon
azoricum), 2.viii.2001, B 15703.
** Roselliniopsis ventosa (Rostrup) Alstrup
Well developed material with asci containing 8
aseptate spores, which are not stuck together.
Despite this unique feature of Roselliniopsis, R.
ventosa doubtlessly belongs to this genus. The
perithecia are predominantly in the interstices but
also emerge in groups of 3-8 perithecia through
the otherwise unaltered areoles of the host. They
vary from being fully immersed to fully exposed,
conglutinated by a scarce subiculum. In addition
to the comment of ALSTRUP et al. (1994) our
specimen has rather uniform ascospores, which
are generally slightly smaller, 10-10,5 µm
diameter with a few up to 14x10,5 µm, and well
visible germ-pores. The hamathecium consists of
typically branched paraphysoides.
The host lichen was found on sun-exposed
basalt gravel on the fog-swept crest of volcanoes
in the centre of São Jorge. The arctic-boreal host
is widely abundant also on other islands of the
Azores, but only above 900 m.
Loc.: São Jorge, road SE of Pico de Esperança,
alt. 900 m, on Placopsis gelida, 2.viii.2001, B
15705.
** Sphaerellothecium araneosum (Rehm ex
Arnold) Zopf
Loc.: São Jorge, gravel road SE of Pico de
Esperança, alt. 900 m, on rocks in road
embankment, on Stereocaulon macaronesicum,
2.viii.2001, B 15705.
* Stigmidium epiramalinae (Vouaux) Hafellner
Frequent in blackened parts of Ramalina sp.
PITARD & HARMAND (1911) recorded this species
from the Canary Islands.
Loc.: Faial, W Varodouro, road along the cliffs,
alt. 30 m, on Ramalina subpusilla on Erica
azorica, 8.viii.2001, B 15704. - São Jorge,
Velhas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs below hotel
“São Jorge”, 38°40,8´N, 28°12,7´W; alt. 10 m, on
Ramalina requenii on north facing basalt,
2.viii.2001, B 15709.
* Syzygospora bachmannii Diederich & M.S.
Christ.
Already known from the high oceanic NW slope
of Madeira (DIEDERICH 1996).
Loc.: São Miguel, Caldeira Lagoa Sete Cidades,
westside, fog-swept rim, alt. 450 m, on Cladonia
sp. in cushions of bryophytes on road
embankment, 29.vii.2001, B 15702.
** Taeniolella punctata M.S. Christ. & D.
Hawksw.
The first record of this genus of lichenicolous
hyphomycetes in Laurimacaronesia.
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Piquinho da Urze to
Fajã do Cubre, 38°36´N, 27°5,3´W; alt. 350 m, on
Graphis sp., 3.viii.2001, B 15714, det. J. Etayo.
Sphinctrina tubiformis A. Massal.
* Tremella lobariacearum Diederich & M.S.
Christ.
A cosmopolitian lichenicolous fungus on
Pertusaria, here on P. hymenea, which to our
knowledge is a new host. It has been reported
previously from the Azores by APTROOT (1989).
New island record.
This fungus on Lobaria pulmonaria is widespread
and frequently accompanied by Plectocarpon
macaronesicum. It has been reported from
various locations on the Canary Islands and
Madeira (DIEDERICH 1996).
Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, roadside
trees along northern shore, 37°45´N, 25°19´W;
alt. 285 m, on Alnus glutinosa, 31.vii.2001, B
15974.
Loc.: São Jorge, path from Piquinho da Urze to
Fajã do Cubre, alt. 600 m, on Lobaria
pulmonaria, 3.viii.2001, B 15700.
10
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We warmly thank numerous specialists, without
whose assistance this publication could not have
been written. Always available with kind help and
comment were T. Ahti, O. Breuss, J. Etayo, R.
Moberg, E. Sérusiaux and H. Sipman. John Carter
is thanked for linguistic corrections. Josef Plunser
of the “Alpinschule Innsbruck” is appreciated for
providing guidance on the hiking tour through the
marvellous Azores, and for his interest in and
patience with the oddities of a lichenologist.
REFERENCES
ALSTRUP, V., S.N. CHRISTENSEN, E.S. HANSEN, S.
SVANE 1994. The lichens of the Faroes. Annales
Societatis Scientiae Faeroensis 40: 61-121.
AHTI, T. 2000. Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica
Monograph 78: 1-363.
APTROOT, A. 1990. Contribution to the Azores lichen
flora. Lichenologist 21: 59 - 65.
ARVIDSSON, L. 1990. Additions to the lichen flora of
the Azores. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 38: 13-27
ARVIDSSON, L. & S. WALL 1985. Contributions to the
lichen flora of Madeira. Lichenologist 17: 39-49.
BERGER, F. & P. DIEDERICH 1996. Lichenodiplis
hawksworthii spec. nov., a third lichenicolous
species of Lichenodiplis (Coelomycetes). Herzogia
12: 35-38
BERGER, F. & J. ETAYO 1998. Beiträge zur
Flechtenflora der Kanarischen Inseln. V. Saxicole
Arten von der Insel La Palma. Contribution a la
flora liquénica de las Islas Canarias. V. Líquenes
saxícolas y muscícolas de La Palma.
Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde 7: 65-90.
CALATAYUD, V. & E. BARRENO 1995. Lichenicolous
fungi from the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary
Islands II. Pp. 397-402 in F.J.A. DANIELS, M.
SCHULZ & J. PEINE (Eds) Flechten Follmann.
Contributions to lichenology in honour of Gerhard
Follmann, Cologne. 580 pp.
DEGELIUS, G. 1941. Lichens from the Azores, mainly
collected by Dr. H. Persson. Konglige
Götheborgska
wettenskaps
handlingar,
Wettenskaps afdelningen, Ser. B 1 (7): 1-46.
DIEDERICH,
P.
1996.
The
lichenicolous
heterobasidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Lichenologica
61: 1-198.
DIEDERICH, P. &. M.S. CHRISTIANSEN 1994.
Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen, and other
Heterobasidiomycetes on Usnea. Lichenologist 26:
47-66.
ETAYO, J. 1998. Aportación a la flora liquénica de las
Islas Canarias. IV. Líquenes epifitos de La Gomera
(Islas Canarias). Tropical Bryology 14: 85-107.
ETAYO, J. & F. BERGER in prep. Contribución a la flora
liquénica de las Islas Canarias. VII. Algunos
líquenes y hongos liquenícolas.
GIRALT, M. & H. MAYRHOFER 1994. The corticolous
species of the genus Rinodina with biatorine or
lecideine apothecia of southern Europe and
Macaronesia. Lichenologist 26: 319-332.
HAFELLNER, J. 1995a. A new checklist of lichens and
lichenicolous fungi of insular Laurimacaronesia
including a lichenological bibliography for the
area. Fritschiana 5: 1-132.
HAFELLNER, J. 1995b. Bemerkenswerte Funde von
Flechten und lichenicolen Pilzen auf den
makaronesischen Inseln II. Einige bisher
übersehene arthoniale Arten. Herzogia 11: 133142.
HAFELLNER, J. 1996. Bemerkenswerte Funde von
Flechten und flechtenbewohnenden Pilzen auf
makaronesischen Inseln V: Über einige Neufunde
und zwei neue Arten. Herzogia 12: 133-145.
HAFELLNER, J. 1999. Additions and corrections to the
checklist and bibliography of lichens and
lichenicolous fungi of insular Laurimacaronesia. I.
Fritschiana 17: 1-26.
HAGGAR, J.P. 1988. The Structure, Composition and
Status of the Cloud forest of Pico Island in the
Azores. Biological Conservation 46: 7-22.
HAWKSWORTH, D.L. 1981. The lichenicolous
Coelomycetes. Bulletin of British Museum
(Natarual History), Botany 9: 1-98.
HERNÁNDEZ-PADRÓN, C.E. 2001. División Lichenes y
Lichenicolous Fungi. Pp. 308-320 in: IZQUIERDO,
I., J.L. MARTÍN, N. ZURITA & M. ARECHAVALETA
(Eds) Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias
(hongos, plantas y animales terrestres). Consejería
de Política Territorial y Medio Ambiente Gobierno
de Canarias. 437 pp.
JAMES, P. & F.J. WHITE 1987. Studies on the genus
Nephroma I. The European and Macaronesian
species. Lichenologist 19: 215-268.
KALB, K 1990. Lichenes Neotropici ausgegeben von
Klaus Kalb. Fascikel XI (Nos. 451-475). 12 pp.
KALB, K. & J. HAFELLNER 1992. Bemerkenswerte
Flechten und lichenicole Pilze von der Insel
Madeira. Herzogia 9: 45-102.
MAYRHOFER, H., J.W. SHEARD, M.C. GRASSLER & J.A.
ELIX 2001. Rinodina intermedia (Physciaceae,
Lichenized Ascomycetes) A well-characterized
11
species with Submuriform Ascospores. Bryologist
104 (3): 456-463.
ØSTHAGEN, H. & H. KROG 1976. Contribution to the
lichen flora of the Canary Islands. Norwegian
Journal of Botany 23: 221-242.
PITARD, C.J. & J. HARMAND 1911. Contribution à
l`étude de lichens des Îles Canaries. Mémoires de
la Société Botanique de France 22: 1-72.
PURVIS O.W., B.J. COPPINS, D.L. HAWKSWORTH, P.W.
JAMES & D.M. MOORE 1992. The lichen flora of
Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum.
London. 710 pp.
PURVIS, O.W. & P. JAMES 1993. Studies on the lichens
of the Azores. Part 1. - Caldeira do Faial.
Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences 11A: 1-15.
PURVIS, O.W., P.W. JAMES & C.W. SMITH 1995.
Studies on the lichens of the Azores. Part 3. Macrolichens of relict cloud forests. Boletim do
Museo Municipal Funchal. Suplemento. 4: 599619.
PURVIS, O.W., C.W. SMITH & P.W. JAMES 1994.
Studies on the lichens of the Azores. Part 2. Lichens of the upper slope of Pico mountain. a
comparison between the lichen floras of the
Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands at high
12
altitudes. Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences
12 A: 35-50.
SCHULZ & J. PEINE (Eds) Flechten Follmann.
Contributions to lichenology in honour of Gerhard
Follmann, Cologne. 580 pp.
SJÖGREN, E. 1984. Açores Flores. Direçcao Regional
de Turismo, Horta, Faial. - Publ., Uppsala.
SMITH, C. 2002. Lichens of the Atlantic Islands. British
Lichen Society Bulletin 90: 10.
TAVARES, C.N. 1952. Contribution to the lichen flora
of Macaronesia I. Lichens from Madeira.
Portugaliae Acta Biologica (B) 3(3): 308-391.
TIBELL, L. 1981. Notes on Caliciales III. Some species
from Africa. Lichenologist 13: 161-165.
TIMDAL, E. 1991. A monograph of the genus Toninia
(Lecideaceae, Ascomycetes). Opera Botanica 111:
1-137.
TOPHAM P.B. & F.J. WALKER 1982. Field meeting in
Tenerife, Canary Islands. New and interesting
records. Lichenologist 14: 61-75.
TUTIN T.G. 1953. The vegetation of the Azores.
Journal of Ecology 41: 53-61.
Accepted 3 December 2002.