American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 ISSN 1818-6769 © IDOSI Publications, 2009 Useful Medicinal Flora Enlisted in Holy Quran and Ahadith 1 Mushtaq Ahmad, 1Mir Ajab Khan, 1Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, 1 Muhammad Zafar, 2Muhammad Aslam Khan, 1Tamoor Ul Hassan and 1Shazia Sultana ¹Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan ²Department of Arabic, Islamic Studies and Research Gomal University, Dera Ismail, Khan, Pakistan Abstract: The present research work is a part of check list of medicinal flora and their uses enlisted in Holly Quran, Ahadith and Islamic literature. The main aim of this study is to establish how the different parts or aspects of plant based Islamic medicines (Tibb) such as use of medicinal plants, health principle, hygiene, practice, thought and culture when taken together, demonstrate both wholeness as a system and systematic nature of plant based Islamic medicines. In view of the importance of this study comprehensive and detailed data was systematically collected from Holly Quran, Ahadith`s books, Islamic history and books written on the Islamic medicines. Present findings confined to 32 medicinal plants species belonging to 30 genera of 23 families of plant kingdom. Results were systematically arranged by alphabetic order of botanical names followed by English name, Arabic name, family, habit and habitat, distribution, part used, medicinal uses and references cited from Holly Quran, Ahadith and Islamic books. It is concluded that herbal medicines are being used by about 80% of the world population, mainly developing countries for primary health care because of better cultural acceptability, better compatibility with human body and lesser side effects. It is recommended that plant based industries should be developed in the light of Islamic teaching and research. Key words: Medicinal flora Checklist Uses Holly Quran and Ahadith Almustaghfri, Zia uddin Almukadasi, Shams uddin Albali, Kahal ibne Tarkhan, Muhammad bin Ahmed Zahabi, Muhammad Abu Baker Alkaim, Jalal uddin Alseuoti and Abdul Razzaq Bin Mustafa Altanki did a great work in this field. The books written in this era “Alnabvi fee Mannafal Makalat” by abdul Razzaq Altanki is a good one. The other book which is best and still available is “Kanzulamal Fee Sanan Walakwal” also provide us much more information about medicines of Holy Prophet (Sallallaho Alaihe Wasallaam) [2]. The climax of Islamic medicines started from Abu Bin Zakria Alrazi. He wrote his famous book “Haddi Kabeer” while the book “Kamal-ul-Sannat” by Ali Bin Abbas is also a good one [3] These medicinal plants continue to be extensively used as major source of drugs for the treatment of many ailments. There is now growing awareness to encourage indigenous production and processing of these plants used in different cultures and religious. Present investigation does not mean that the plant and plant parts which are described in Holy Quran for medicinal purposes but described for other purposes. But in this study emphasis was on medicinal uses as used in different cultures, traditions and religions. In this INTRODUCITON Cure of diseases through medicinal plants is always a salient feature of Islamic teaching and preaching. Islamic medicine started from Hazrat Adam (Alaihe Salaam.) and was completed at Hazrat Muhammad (Sallallaho Alaihe Wasallaam) but search and compiling of these medicine is still continued after the death of Holy Prophet Muhammad (Sallallaho Alaihe Wasallaam) through out the world. Al-Quran is one of the best reference book describing the importance of plants in different Surahs as in Al-Momeenoon, Al-Rehman, Al-Bakra and Al-Inaam. Our Holy Prophet (Sallallaho Alaihe Wasallaam) used and recommended medicinal plants for various ailments and food [1]. The history of Islamic medicine started form second century of Hijra, Abdul Malik Bin Habib Undlasi compiled his first book “Tib-e-Nabvi”. In third century of Hijra Muhammad Bin Abu Bakar Ibne Ulsani and Abu Naeem Isphani compiled their books on this topic. In the same era other Muslim scholars like Ali bin Mossa Raza and Imam Kazim Bin Jaffar also worked on Islamic medicines. In the fourth century of Hijra Muslims Scholars like Abi Jaffar Corresponding Author: Mushtaq Ahmad, Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 126 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 research medicinal uses of these plants are experience of different communities of world. Holy Quran is considered to be the reference for the citation of these plants. Honey which is the product of different plant species is described for medicinal purpose in the Holy Quran. Keeping in view the importance of diverse medicinal flora and rich medicinal culture of Islam, research work was conducted to prepare checklist, investigate medicinal uses and create awareness about the medicinal flora enlisted in Holy Quran, Ahadith, Islamic literature and culture for the welfare of human communities throughout the world. alphabetic order followed by English name, Arabic name, family, habit and distribution, part used, medicinal uses and references cited from Holy Quran, Ahadith and Islamic books. Correct botanical names, their families and identification of plants were done by using of available literature [4-8]. Correct botanical nomenclature was also confirmed by comparing with already known specimens of herbarium of Quaid-i-Azam Univeristy, Islamabad-Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Present findings were confined to 32 plant species belonging to 30 genera of 23 families enlisted in Holly Quran, Ahadith and Islamic literature. These plants are not only used in Islamic countries but also throughout the world for various aspects such as medicinal, food and industrial products. Data inventory constitute botanical name, English name, local names, Arabic name, family, habit and distribution; parts used, medicinal uses and references cited from Holy Quran, Ahadith and Islamic books. RESULTS The research work was conducted by reviewing the most acceptable literature given in Holly Quran, Ahadith and Islamic books. Comprehensive and detailed information about medicinal plants were collected from these sources. The notation given in the Islamic books were also cited and confirmed from Holly Quran and Ahadith. Check list and medicinal inventory of plants was arranged in systematic order of botanical names in 1. Acorus calamus L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Sweet flag Zareea Zareera, Oudulwaj Acoraceae Perennial herb found in marshy places and along riverbanks. N. and C. America, Europe, Asia. Roots Eye diseases, stomach pain, liver and intestinal disorder, heart diseases, conception, eczema, paralysis, asthma, hysteria, madness, malaria and arthritis References from Ahadith Bukhari (Ravia: Hazrat Ayesha Siddiqa) Kitabul-libas [9]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 2. Agaricus campestris L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Mushroom Khunbii Esh El-Ghorab Agaricaceae Fleshy fungus found in terrestrial and moist habitat. Cosmopolitan Whole part Eye diseases, clear eyes, physical strength, germicide, arthritis, paralysis, parkensis, muscle pain, headache and dizziness 127 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 References from Ahadith Bukhari (Ravi: Saeed Bin Zaid) [9]. Sahih-Al-Muslim. Ravi: Saeed bin Zaid. Kitabul Ashraba[12]. Ibne-Majja. Ravi: Saeed Bin Zaid [11]. 3. Allium cepa L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Onion Piaz Basal Alliaceae Cultivated annual herb Pakistan, India, China, Russia, America and European countries Bulb, leaves and seeds. Antidote, Stomach diseases, cholera, Diarrhoea, throat infection, common cold, cough, fever, influenza, ear pain, improve sperm production, clear face and skin spots, appetizer, headache, hepatitis, piles, eye diseases, baldness, constipation, menstruation and intestinal diseases. References from Holy Qurn Verse #. 68, Surah Baqra [13] References from Ahadith Bukhari (Ravi: Jabir bin Abdullah) Kitabut-Tib [9] Muslim (Ravi: Jabir Bin Abdullah) Chap. Abwab ul Attamah [12]. Ibne Maja (Ravi: Mahdan Bin Abu Talah) [11] Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10] 4. Allium sativum L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Garlic Lahson Soom Alliaceae Annual cultivated erect herb Egypt, Italy, France, Pakistan, China, India and USA Bulb Antidote, wound healer, dog bite, paralysis, digestive problems asthma, parkensis, intestinal pain worms, cough, hysteria, headache, tuberculosis. References from Holy Quran Verse #. 61, Surah Baqra [13]. References from Ahadith Bukhari (Ravi: Hazrat Anas), Kitab ul Tamaih [9] Muslim (Ravi: Abu Ayub) [12]. Ibne Majja (Ravi: Umer bin Alkhitab) [11]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10] 128 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 5. Beta vulgaris L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Beet roots Choqandar Silq, banjar Chenopodiaceae Annual or perennial cultivated vegetable. India, North Africa, Europe, Ireland and Pakistan Roots and leaves Eczema, baldness, liver infection, muscle weakness, skin disease, hepatitis, arthritis, kidney pain, headache, womb diseases and vaginal pain References from Ahadith Bukhari. Ravi: Sahal bin Sahad. Kitabul-Athama [9]. Ibne Majja. Kitabut-Tib [11]. 6. Boswellia carterii Birdw. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Indian frankincense Lobban Leeban Buseraceae Tree Somalia, Ethopia, Oman, Yemen Gum of stem Germicide, stomach pain, wound healer, throat swelling and infection, eczema, cough, tuberculosis, arthritis and insecticide. References from Ahadith Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim, Tibb-e-Nabvi [10]. Baihaqi [14] 7. Boswellia serrata Birdw. Engish Name: Loal Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Frankincense Gogle Kundur Burseraceae An armed shrub or tree common on stony grounds and hillocks. India and Pakistan Gum of stem Increase memory, clear urine, diarrhea, oral wounds, tongue infection, throat diseases, piles, clear the blood blocking, lungs infections, testes and anus swelling, and baldness. References from Ahadith Tibe-Nabvi and Jadeed Science(Ravi: Ans Bin Malik (R.A) [2]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim, Tibb-e-Nabvi [15]. 129 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 8. Cassia senna L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Senna Sana, sanamakki Sanamakki Caesalpiniaceae A perennial herbaceous plant usually found on sandy grounds. Pakistan, India, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Eriteria, Somalia Republic, Saudi Arabia, Kenya and Mozambique Leaves and fruit Cold effect on body, intestinal pain, remove the poisonous material from stomach, piles, waist pain, arthritis and eczema. Plant is also used as laxative and stimulant. References from Ahadith Ibne Majja (Ravi: Abu bin Um-e-Haram) [11]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 9. Cichorium intybus L. Engish Name: Loal Name: Aabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Chicory Kasni Hind-Baa Asteraceae Cultivated annual herb or may be found as weed in Trifolium field. Europe, New Zealand, Pakistan, and India Leaves, flower, roots and seeds. Cough, antidote, cold effect on body, eye diseases, hepatitis, liver diseases, remove the blockage of kidney and urethra, headache, throat disease, kidney stones and diarrhea References from Ahadith Bukhari. Ravi: Mohd Bin Abu Bakar Al-Kaim [9]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 10. Cinnamomum camphora L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Camphor tree Kafoor Kafoor Lauraceae Tree or shrub cultivated for ornamental and commercial purposes. India, Sri Lanka, Japan and China Leaves and branches Tetanus, parkensis, hysteria, tuberculoses, headache, liver and kidney pains, oral and teeth swelling, cholera, breast pain, inner wounds, sexual stimulant. Tropical uses of camphor is stimulant and muscle relaxant. 130 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 References from Holy Quran Verse 15, 1, Surah Al insane. References from Ahadith Bukhari, Chapt. Kitab ul Tib [9]. Muslim (Ravi: Um-e-Atiya) Kitabul-Janayez [12]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 11. Citrulus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura: English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Water melon Tarbooz Al Bataigh Cucurbitaceae Annual trailer, cultivated for fruit purposes. America, China, Africa, India and Pakistan. Fruit and seeds. Kidney pain, clear the urine and stomach, facial beauty, increase immunity, jaundice and have cold effects. References from Ahadith Ibne Majja. Ravi: Sahal bin Sahad. Kitabul-Al Athama [11]. Trimzi (2nd Ed. Chap. Abwab ul Tamiah [14]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 12. Citrus aurantifolia L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Lime Sangtra or Narangi Laymun Rutaceae A small fruit tree cultivated in the plains and foothills. India, Pakistan, Spain and America Fruit, juice, bark and seeds Antidote, remove spot from skin, piles, common cold, stomach disorder, ant peristalsis, decrease, thrust, hepatitis, heart diseases, cough, liver infection, cholera, diabetes, intestinal pain, pimples, skin depletion and leukoria References from Ahadith Bukhari. Ravi: Abu Mussa Alasharri [9]. 13. Commiphora molmol Engl. ex Tschirch: Syn: English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: C. myrrha Nees. Myrrh Murmukey Murr Burseraceae Perennial plant Ethopia, Iran, Thailand and West- Arabia Gum of stem Germicides, wound healer, old cough, oral fragrance, baldness, swellingof urinary bladder 131 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 References from Ahadith Baihaqi Shabalaiman. Ravi: Abdullah bin Jaffer. [14]. 14. Cydonia oblonga Mill. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Quince Bahi Safarjal Rutaceae Wild tree found in foothills and cultivated on the plains. Pakistan, Burma, Indo-China, at ±1200 m alt. Whole plant Heart diseases, diarrohea, endocarditis, pericarditis, dysentery References from Ahadith Ibne Majah. (Ravi: hazrat Talha). Kitabul Athama [11]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. Hayat ul Hawan ul Kabri [16]. 15. Ficus carica L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Figs Anjeer Teen Moraceae A small tree cultivated in poor soil Mediterranean Region and S.W.Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Bark, leaves, Milk Remove kidney and urinary bladder stone, release intestinal pain, pile, dyspepsia and anorexia. References from Holy Quran Verse #.1-4, Surrah Teen. [14]. 13 References from Ahadith Bukhari [9]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 16. Flemingia grahamiana Wight and Arn. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Memcylon (Tintura) Kamaila Warus Fabaceae Tree Sudan, Yemen and Sri Lanka Leaves extract Tuberculosis, throat infection, constipation, eczema, piles, leukoria, swelling, germicides, kidney and urinary bladder stone and hysteria 132 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 References from Ahadith Ibne Majja. Ravi: Zaid Bin Arkam [11]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 17. Hordeum vulgare L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Part used: Medicinal uses: Distribution: Barley Jao Shair Poaceae Annual cultivated herb Fruit Fever, weakness, increase immunity, heart diseases, kidney pain, intestinal ulcer, maintain cholesterol level, jaundice and have cooling effect. India, Pakistan and America References from Ahadith Trimzi [14] Bukhari [Ravia: Hazrat Ayesha (Chap; Haiz ul Shahir] [9]. Bukhari. Ravia: Aisha. Kitabul-Athama [9]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 18. Lagenaria siceraria Standl. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Squash Kaddo Yakteen, Daba Cucurbitaceae Annual trailer, cultivated for vegetable. Found all over the world. Fruit and leaves Arthritis, Maleness, Headache, fever, Madness, Piles, lungs infection, common cold, kidney and liver disorder and heart diseases. References from Holy Quran Verse.# 48, Surah Younis References fromAhadith Bukhari, Kitab ul Tamamiah [9] Ibn e Maja, Chap Bab ul Daba [11]. Ibn e Maja. Ravi: Anas. Kitabul-athama [10]. 19. Lawsonia inermis L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Hina Mehndi Henna 133 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Lythraceae Perennial fragrant shrub, widely cultivated. Africa and Asia. Leaves, branches and flowers Wound healer, headache, increase memory, cool effect, stimulator, protect the rupture of skin, skin softer, heal the muscle and chicken pox wound, baldness, constipation, vaginal pain, leuckoria References from Ahadith Trimzi [14] Tib-e-Nabvi. Ravi: Hazrat Ayesha [2]. Bukhari, Kitab ul Tib [9]. Ibne Majja. Ravi: Salma, Kitbu-Tib [11]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 20. Lens culinaris Medic. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Lentils Masoor Adas Papilionaceae Small, annual herb, cultivated as pulse. Native country uncertain, widely cultivated in Europe, Asia etc. Seeds Maleness, measle, paralysis, common cold, parkensis, face clearness, eye infection, digestive diseases. References from Holy Quran Holy Quran, Verse #. 61, Surah Al Baqra [13]. References from Ahadith Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim, Tibb-e-Nabvi (Urdu Tans. by Hakim Azizur Rehman A’zmi and Mukhtiar Ahmad Nadvi) [15]. 21. Lepidium sativum L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Water cress Hubbe-Rishad Habbul Rashad Brassicaceae Annual weed of both cultivated and wild habitat. Abyssinia, Afghanistan Leaves and juice Germicide, insecticide, body pain, arthritis, eczema, maleness, anorexia, constipation, menstruation and digestive problems. References from Ahadith Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [9]. 134 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 22. Nigella sativa L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Black Seed Clongy Hubatul-sudda Ranunculaceae An annual erect herb. Turkey, Italy, India and Pakistan. Seeds Hysteria, common cold, asthma, constipation, urine blockage, anorexia, aerophagy, flatulence, dyspepsia, gastric acute, gastro enteritis, dog bites, diabetes, kidney stone, milk production, baldness, gas trouble, brain disorders, pneumonia, cough, maleness, appendicitis, labor pain, facial clearness, pimples, fatness, typhoid, parkensis, piles, swelling, weakness, eczema, diarrhea, malaria, digestive disorders, allergy, wound healer, hearing problems, ear pain and swelling, memory increases, paralysis, heart diseases, antiperistalsis, intestinal worms, liver pain, waist pain, sexual weakness, common fever, ascities, menstruation, ulcerative colitis, crohan`s diseases. References from Ahadith Bukhri. Ravi: Abu Huraira (Chap. Kitab ul Tib) [9]. Ibne-Majja. Ravi: Salum Bin Abdullah [11]. Ibn-e-Maja. Ravi: Abu Hurrera. Kitabu-Tib [11]. Tirmizi. Ravi: Abu Hurrera [14]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Ravi: Abu Hurrera. Zadul Maad [10]. 23. Ocimum basilicum L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Sweet basil Rehan, Niazbo Rehan Lamiaceae An annual plant cultivated for ornamental purposes Grown in India, Malay Archipelago, Australia, W. Asia, Arabia. Leaves and seeds Fever, cough, common cold, eczema, baldness, vaginal swelling, pemples, arthritis, muscles pain, antidote, pain killer, tuber closes, asthma, piles, hepatitis, consception, malaria and heart diseases. References from Holy Quran Verse #. 12, 13, Surah Al Rahman [13]. References from Ahadith Bukhri. Ravi: Abu Musa Al Asharii [9]. Trimzi (Bab ul Tib) [14]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 135 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 24. Olea europea L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Olive Zaiytoon Zaiytoon Oleaceae An erect branched cultivated tree. Found in Central Asian countries Fruit and oil Strengthen body muscles, slow down aging, clear the blood, remove the measlesspot, piles, tuberculosis, eczema, baldness, kidney pain, pancreas pain, maleness, common cold, stomach and respiratory diseases. References from Holy Quran Verse #.191, Surah Alanam; verse #. 99, Surah Alanam; verse #. 11, Surah Alnahal; verse #. 35, Surah Alnnor; verse #. 1-4, Surah Teen [13]. References from Ahadith Bukhri, Ravi: Khalid Bin Sahad [9]. Trimzi, Abwab ul Tamah [14]. Ibne Majja, Ravi; Zahid Bin Arkum [11]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 25. Phoenix dactylifera L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Date palm Khajoor Nahal, Balah, Tammar, Rutab, etc. Arecaceae Cultivated tree, may be found self grown. N.Africa, India (Rajistan, Maharashter), Iraq, S.Arabia, Pakistan. Fruit Heart diseases, skin diseases, antidote, swelling of kidney, intestinal pain, heart attack, wound healer, diarrhea, labour pain, sexual weakness, stomach pain, piles, physical strengthing, shrill the voice, liver disorders. References from Holy Quran Verse #.6, Surah Baqra; verse #. 99, Surah Al Anam; verse #. 4, Surah Al Rahad; verse #. 11, 27, Surah Al Nahal; verse #. 91, Surrah Al Israa; verse #.36, Surah Al Kahaf; verse #. 23, 25, Surah Mariam; verse #.148, Surah Shurah; verse #. 71, Surah Taha; verse #. 34, Surah Yaseen; verse #. 60, Surah Al Qamar; verse #. 11-28, Surah Rahman; verse #. 7, surah Al Haqqa; verse #. 39, Surah Abbus [13]. References from Ahadith Ibne Majja. Ravi-Bussar (R.A) [11]. Trimzi [14]. Bukhri. Ravi – Ans Bin Malik [9]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Ravi: Ibn-e Umer. Zadul Maad [10] 136 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 26. Punica granatum L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Pomegranate Anar Rumman Punicaceae Tree, cultivated in the area. Chilli, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan and European countries Fruit Stomach cough, hepatitis, muscle pain, heart and liver diseases, piles, eye diseases, dental problems, oral diseases, diarrhea and dysentery. References from Holy Quran Verse #. 99, Surah-Al Anam; verse #. 141, Surah Al Anam; verse #. 69, Surah Rehman. References from Ahadith Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. 27. Salvadora persica L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Tooth brush tree Peelu Arak Salvadoraceae Shrub or small tree found in rocky slopes and sandy area. Found in desert parts of the world. Branches and roots Dental diseases, arthritis, piles eczema, oral diseases, headache, antidote, diabetes, digestive problems. References from Ahadith Bukhri. Ravi: Jabbir Bin Abdullah (Chap. Kitab ul Tib) [9] Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Ravi: Zadul Maad [10]. 28. Saussurea lappa L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Costus Kuth Kustul Bahri Asteraceae Annul wild herb European countries, In Pakistan (Kashmir and Northern Areas) Roots Phyrngitis, headache, maleness, remove swelling, common cold, good in parkansis, constipation, vaginal pain, strengthen heart, liver, tuberculosis. References from Ahadith Tib e Nabvi and modern Science [2]. 137 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 29. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Fenugreek Maithi Helba Papilionaceae Annual cultivated leafy vegetable Pakistan, Kashmir, India, S. Europe, Orient, Arabia, Ethiopia Seeds and leaves. Throat infection, swelling, body pain, cough, stomach pain, piles, dandruff, baldness, breast pain, lungs infection, diabetes, ulcer, diarrhea and gas trouble. Powerful tonic, back pain, seeds in powder form used for diabetes, lactogogue i.e. to stimulate milk production in mammary glands. References from Ahadith Tib-e-Nabvi.[( Ravi: Qasim Bin Abdul Rehman) [2]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Ravi: Ahmed Zahbi, Zadul Maad [10]. 30. Thymus serpylum L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Wild thyme Sattar Ban - ajwain Zatar Lamiaceae Wild annual herb Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan Leaves Germicides, pain remove of stomach, liver, common cold, kill the insect of belly and cough in strengthen lungs. References from Ahadith Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Ravi: Mohd Ahmed Zahbi.Tibb-e-Nabvi [16] 31. Vitis vinifera L. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Grapes Munaqqa Inab Vitaceae Perennial vine, cultivated for fruit purposes. France, Germany, Spain, Pakistan and India Fruit juice Common cold, relax body and brain muscles, stomach diseases, cooling effects on body, cough, kidney and urinary bladder pain, liver and lung disorders, dog bite, remove weary, clear the face and cancer. References from Holy Quran Verse #. 160, Surah- Al Nahal; verse #. 91, Surah Israa; verse #. 28, Surah-Abasa; verse #. 266 Surah-Al-Bakara; verse #.11, 67, Surah-Al- Nahl; verse #. 32, Surah-Al-Kahf; verse #. 19, Surah-Al-Mumenon; verse #. 34, Surah-Yaseen; verse #. 78, Surah-An-Naba and verse #. 99, Surah-Al-Anaam. [13]. 138 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 References from Ahadith Bukhari Ravi: Ibne-Abbas [9]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Ravi: Zadul Maad [10] 32. Zingiber officinale Roscoe. English Name: Local Name: Arabic Name: Family: Habit and Habitat: Distribution: Part used: Medicinal uses: Ginger Adrak or Sonth Zanjabil Zingiberaceae Cultivated herb with underground perennial stem. Bangladesh, Yaman, Oman, Seralone, India and Pakistan Fruit Intestinal pain, anorexia, dyspepsia, headache, diarrhea, constipation, intestinal swelling, dog bite, stomach disorders, sexual weakness, digestive stimulant, cooling effect on body, increase urine production. References from Holy Quran Verse #. 68, Surah Al Baqra [13]. References from Ahadith Bukhari, Ravi-Abdullah Bin Jaffer (R.A) [9]. Muslim, Ravi Abdullah Bin Jaffer (R.A) [12]. Al-Jozi (Aljawziyya), Ibn-ul Qayyim. Zadul Maad [10]. attacks. Up to 1959, the people of Dubai, Qatar, Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia used to have breakfast with dates and Khubus (bread). In ancient, dates were the major source of food for the people of Middle East. In modern times many products of food have been prepared from dates. In Holy Quran it is said “Your God is that who has made different kinds of orchids and gardens for you, those have colorful crops of Phoenix dactylifera, Olea europea (olive) and Punica granatum (pome grenate). Their shapes and tastes are similar as well as different also. Eat these fruit when ripen but keep the share of poor relatives and needy and do not waste them (Holy Quran: 141, Surah- Al-Anam). Olea europea (olive) is another plant that has many references in Holy Quran and Ahadith. And it is used for skin diseases baldness and pain killer. In Ahadith it is said that “eat the olive oil and apply it on the body, it is cure of seventy diseases” (Abu Naeem. Ravi. Hazrat Abu Haraira). The saying of Holy Prophet (PBUH) about medicines are spread over 200 books in the world [19]. Now a days there is much interest in medicinal plants through out the world including developed countries like China, Germany, France, Japan, USA and UK. Similarly in developing countries like Pakistan and India, the benefits of modern medicines and health care reach only to small percentage of population. These could hardly reach the DISCUSSION History of Islamic medicine in its true context can thus be defined as a body of knowledge of medicine that was inherited by the Muslim in the early phase of Islamic history (40-247 AH/661-861 AD) from mostly Greek sources but to which became added medical knowledge from, Persia, Syria, India and Byzantine. In Islam diseases are cured in two ways, first the cure of soul through prayers and second the cure of ailments through medicines [17]. The Holy Quran is one of the reference books describing the importance of plants used for different ailments in various Surahs. Our Holy Prophet used certain herbs and recommended various medicinal plants for cure of common diseases. He recommended Hordeum vulgare (Barley) for heart diseases, constipation and vigorous [18]. A close look at checklist of medicinal flora tells us that these plants are not of Arabic origin but The Holy Prophet (PBUH), gave the references of such plants that are not only grown in Arab countries but exist through out the world. This shows that the Holy Prophet was light for the entire world. From this study it is found that Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm) has highest number of references in The Holy Quran. This plant is used for digestive problems, piles, sexual diseases and heart 139 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 126-140, 2009 large mosses living in the rural areas. Moreover in remote areas of the world where per capita income of people is very low, it becomes more difficult to buy complicated and expensive prescriptions. Hence there is a need for the inclusion of herbal medicines at primary health care level, since there long standing use is plant drug reasonably guarantee their medicinal efficacy and safety [20]. In this study an effort was also made to review the active constituents of these medicinal plants [21]. The necessity for exploration for such useful data from Holy Quran, Ahadith and Islamic books has long been felt with the increasing need of drugs, medicines and other useful products. In this way present approach of this study can be adopted to record the medicinal uses of plants for welfare of human beings. This study is the logical and applicable step in directions towards the ultimate goal of development of natural plant based industry in the light of Islamic history through out the world for prosperity and safety of the human beings. 7 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14. Special gratitude is expressed to Khawaja Hafiz Peer Muhammad Abdul Haq, Darya Sharif District AttockPakistan for their moral support in Islamic studies. 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