Allium giganteum Regel Allium karataviense Regel. Allium rosenbachianum Regel Allium stipitatum Regel Allium suworowii Regel Allium tenuissimum L. Allium trautvetteranum Regel AMARYLLIDACEAE Rainer W. Bussmann, Ketevan Batsatsashvili, Zaal Kikvidze, Mario Boboev, Abdolbaset Ghorbani, Hugo de Boer, Anneleen Kool, Bo Liu, Liqing Zhao, and Zhijie Ma Synonyms Allium giganteum Regel: Allium macleanii Baker; Allium procerum Trautv. ex Regel Allium karataviense Regel.: Allium cabulicum Baker, Allium singulifolium Rech.f., Allium karataviense var. granitovii Priszter, Allium karataviense subsp. henrikii Rukans Allium rosenbachianum Regel: Allium angustifolium Wendelbo Allium stipitatum Regel: Allium atropurpureum var. hirtulum Regel; Allium hirtifolium Boissier R. W. Bussmann (*) Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia e-mail: rainer.bussmann@iliauni.edu.ge; rbussmann@gmail.com K. Batsatsashvili Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia e-mail: ketevan_batt@yahoo.com; ketevan_batsatsashvili@iliauni.edu.ge Z. Kikvidze 4-D Research Institute, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia e-mail: zaal.kikvidze@iliauni.edu.ge © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 K. Batsatsashvili et al. (eds.), Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Central Asia and Altai, Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28947-8_16 69 70 R. W. Bussmann et al. Allium tenuissimum L.: Allium pseudotenuissimum Skv.; Allium tenuissimum var. nalinicum Shan Chen Local Names Allium giganteum: Tajik: модел (Model) Allium karataviense: Russian: Луккapaтaвcкий (Luk karatavskiy); Uzbek: Chuchka kuloq; Kyrgyz: Кapa Too пиязы (Kara Too piyazy); Tajik: моил (Moil), моилчармак (Moilcharmak) Allium rosenbachianum: Tajik: гуши бузак (Gushi buzak) Allium stipitatum: Tajik: Piyozi anzur (пиёзи анзур) Allium suvorovii: Russian: Лук Cувopoвa (Luk Suvorova); Uzbek: Yowoiy piyoz; Kyrgyz: Cувopoвпиязы (Suvorov piyazy) (Sokolov 1994) Allium tenuissimum: Mongolian: (Zama); Chinese: 细叶韭 (Xi ye jiu) Allium trautvetterianum: Tajik: бубанак (Bubanak) Botany and Ecology Allium giganteum: Perennial; bulb ovoid, 4–6 cm thick; tunics rather numerous, grayish brown, splitting; scape robust, 80–150 cm long, rather inconspicuously nerved; leaves lorate, glaucous, 5–10 cm broad, smooth, one-third to one-half as long as the scape; spathe half as long as the umbel, short beaked; umbel spherical, M. Boboev Kulyab Botanical Garden, Kulyab, Tajikistan Dushanbe, Tajikistan e-mail: b_mario@mail.ru A. Ghorbani Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden e-mail: abdolbaset.ghorbani@ebc.uu.se H. de Boer · A. Kool The Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway e-mail: h.de.boer@nhm.uio.no; anneleen.kool@nhm.uio.no B. Liu University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Minzu University of China, Beijing, China e-mail: boliu@muc.edu.cn L. Zhao College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China Z. Ma College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China e-mail: 15847124162@163.com Allium giganteum Regel. . . 71 densely many-flowered; pedicels subequal, 5 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth, light violet, obscurely nerved, 5 mm long, elliptic, obtuse, not changing after anthesis; filaments about half as long again as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, subulate from triangular base, the base of inner filaments half as broad again; ovary sub-sessile, scabrous; capsule sub-globose, ca. 4 mm in diameter. Flowering April–May. Loose-textured slopes in the lower mountain zone in Middle Asia and Iran (Komarov 1935) (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14). Allium karataviense: Perennial; bulb globose, 2–6 cm thick; tunics blackish or grayish, papery; scape stumpy, 10–25 cm long, sometimes buried in the soil up to the middle, shorter than the leaves; leaves commonly 2, rarely 1 or 3, lanceolate or often oblong or subelliptic, 3–15 cm broad, smooth-margined; spathe two-thirds as long to slightly shorter than the umbel, short acuminate; umbel spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal, 3–4 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth light rosy-violet, with a darker nerve, 5–7 mm long, linear, obtuse, at length recurved and twisted; filaments slightly exceeding the perianth segments; at base connate and adnate to perianth, united higher up, subulate from triangular base, the base of inner filaments half as broad again; ovary stipitate, scabrous; capsule obcordiform, ca. 8 mm in diameter. Flowering April–May. Middle Asia, on limestone, on screes up to the mid-mountain belt (Komarov 1935). Allium rosenbachianum: Perennial; bulb globose, 1.5–2.5 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery; scape 50–70 cm long, ribbed by prominent nerves; leaves 2 or 3, linearlanceolate to broadly linear, 0.5–1.5 cm broad, nearly smooth-margined, much shorter than the scape; spathe short acuminate, one-half to two-thirds as long as the umbel; umbel spherical, loosely many-flowered; pedicels unequal, the central to half as long again, 3–9 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth dark violet, with a darker nerve, narrowly linear, gradually attenuate from base, acute, 7–10 mm long, at length recurved and twisted; filaments as long as perianth segments, adnate at base to perianth, united above into a ring, subulate from triangular base, the inner half as broad again; anthers violet; ovary short-stipitate, scabrous; capsule applanate-globose, 5 mm in diameter. Flowering in May. Loosetextured terraces in the middle mountain zone, in the shade of rocks and trees. Endemic to Middle Asia (Komarov 1935) (Figs. 15, 16, 17, and 18). Allium stipitatum: Perennial; bulb applanate-globose, 3–6 cm thick; tunics blackish, almost papery, enclosing a solitary large smooth bulblet; scape 60–150 cm long smooth; leaves 4–6, 2–4 cm broad, smooth-margined, hairy beneath, rarely glabrate; pedicels subequal, 3–6 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth lilac, distinctly nerved, 9 mm long, gradually attenuate from base, acute, at length recurved and twisted; filaments as long as perianth segments, adnate at base to perianth, united above into a ring, rather gradually subulate from triangular base, the base of inner filaments twice as broad; ovary short stipitate, scabrous; capsule applanate-globose, ca. 5 mm in diameter. Flowering May–June. Loosely textured slopes in the middle mountain zone. Endemic to Middle Asia (Komarov 1935). Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan: submontane to montane loamy to rocky steppe slopes, among 72 Fig. 1 Allium cepa (Amaryllidaceae), garden, Chicani, Bolivia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Fig. 2 Allium fistulosum (Amaryllidaceae), garden, Chicani, Bolivia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) R. W. Bussmann et al. Allium giganteum Regel. . . Fig. 3 Allium fistulosum (Amaryllidaceae), garden, Chicani, Bolivia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Fig. 4 Allium fistulosum (Amaryllidaceae), Pankisi Gorge, Georgia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Fig. 5 Allium fistulosum (Amaryllidaceae), Pankisi Gorge, Georgia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) 73 74 Fig. 6 Allium victoriale (Amaryllidaceae), Bakuriani, Georgia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Fig. 7 Allium victoriale (Amaryllidaceae), Bakuriani, Georgia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) R. W. Bussmann et al. Allium giganteum Regel. . . Fig. 8 Allium victoriale (Amaryllidaceae), pickled, Khevsureti, Georgia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Fig. 9 Allium sativum (Amaryllidaceae), garden, Chicani, Bolivia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) 75 76 R. W. Bussmann et al. Fig. 10 Allium schoenoprasum (Amaryllidaceae), garden, Chicani, Bolivia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Fig. 11 Allium schoenoprasum (Amaryllidaceae), garden, Chicani, Bolivia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Allium giganteum Regel. . . 77 Fig. 12 Allium karataviense (Amaryllidaceae), Tadjikistan. (Photo: M. Boboev) Fig. 13 Allium karataviense (Amaryllidaceae), Tadjikistan. (Photo: M. Boboev) trees and shrubs, in the shadow of large trees, on well-manured ruderal places (Fritsch 2016) (Figs. 19, 20, and 21). Allium suworowii: Herbaceous perennial plant to 1 m tall, with a spherical bulb. Bulb 2–3 cm in diameter, covered with grayish, cracked, almost coriaceous coat that sheathes the base of the stem. Stem 30–100 cm tall. Leaves 2–6, belt-like, much shorter than stem, 5–20 mm wide, margins rough. Inflorescence a dense, many flowered, semispherical or spherical umbel. Pedicels equal in length, 2–5 times longer than perianths, lacking bracts. Flowers with 6 tepals. Tepals 6, 4 mm long, linear, apex rounded, pink-violet with a darker vein. Stamens 6. Fruit a capsule, broadly ovate, 5 mm wide. Smooth ovary. Flowering May, fruiting June. Middle Asia, on silicate soil and gravel, also as weed 900–2300 m (Komarov 1935). 78 R. W. Bussmann et al. Fig. 14 Allium sp. (Amaryllidaceae), Svaneti, Georgia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Fig. 15 Allium rosenbachianum (Amaryllidaceae), Tadjikistan. (Photo: M. Boboev) Allium tenuissimum: A perennial herb, aromatic, up to 30 cm tall. Bulbs clustered, subcylindric; tunic grayish violet or grayish brown to blackish brown, membranous, apex splitting; inner layers usually pinkish lilac. Leaves shorter than scape, 0.5–1(–2) mm wide, semiterete to subterete, smooth, rarely scabrous along ribs and at margin. Allium giganteum Regel. . . 79 Fig. 16 Allium rosenbachianum (Amaryllidaceae), Tadjikistan. (Photo: M. Boboev) Fig. 17 Allium cepa (Amaryllidaceae), garden, Chicani, Bolivia. (Photo: R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Scape 10–35(–50) cm, terete, finely angled, smooth, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/4 its length. Umbel hemispheric to fascicled, laxly flowered. Pedicels subequal, 1.5–3 as long as perianth, smooth, rarely scabrous along angles, ebracteolate. 80 R. W. Bussmann et al. Fig. 18 Allium rosenbachianum (Amaryllidaceae), Tadjikistan. (Photo: M. Boboev) Fig. 19 Allium stipitatum (Amaryllidaceae), Tadjikistan. (Photo: M. Boboev) Perianth white or pinkish white, rarely purple-red; segments with dark purple, fine midvein; outer ones ovate-oblong to broadly so, 2.8–4  1.5–2 mm, apex obtuse; inner ones obovate-oblong, 3–4.2  1.8–2.7 mm, apex truncate to truncate-obtuse. Filaments ca. 2/3 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones  subulate; inner ones with basal ca. 2/3 broadened, ovateorbicular, entire. Ovary subglobose, without concave nectaries at base. Style not exerted. This species usually grows on slopes, pastures, sandy places at the elevation Allium giganteum Regel. . . Fig. 20 Allium stipitatum (Amaryllidaceae), Tadjikistan. (Photo: M. Boboev) Fig. 21 Allium stipitatum (Amaryllidaceae), Tadjikistan. (Photo: M. Boboev) 81 82 R. W. Bussmann et al. near sea level to 2000 m. Widely distributed in Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Northern and Southern Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Northern Xinjiang (Altay Shan), and Zhejiang. Also occurs in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. The species is most traditionally used in Central Inner Mongolia area. The dominant populations of Zama were formed in the extreme water shortage areas along the cliff edges in the Central and Western Inner Mongolia, Northern Shanxi, and Northern Shaanxi (Komarov 1935) (Figs. 22 and 23). Allium trautvetterianum: Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, 2–3 cm thick; tunics grayish, almost papery; scape 50–60 cm long, ribbed by prominent nerves; leaves 2, lanceolate, 2–3 cm broad, smooth-margined, much shorter than the scape; spathe one-half to two-thirds as long as the umbel; umbel spherical, densely manyflowered; pedicels equal, 3–5 times the length of perianth, immersed at base in the thickened spongy top of the scape, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth light violet, obscurely nerved, 7–10 mm long, elliptic, obtuse, sub-coriaceous after anthesis; filaments slightly shorter than perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, subulate from triangular base, the base of inner filaments half as broad again; ovary short-stipitate, scabrous. Flowering in May. Rocky outcrops. Endemic to Middle Asia (Komarov 1935). Fig. 22 Allium tenuissimum (Amaryllidaceae), local Mongolians grow Zama Allium tenuissimum on their roof, where no fierce competition with other species. (Photo: Runkuan Liu & Shuanlian Pu) Allium giganteum Regel. . . 83 Fig. 23 Wild semiarid habitat of Allium tenuissimum accompanied by Fabaceae sp. (Photo: Runkuan Liu & Shuanlian Pu) Phytochemistry Carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, sucrose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, oligosaccharides, cholesterol), steroids (atavirenine, alliorenine, diosrenine, caratavirenine, yukkarenine), fatty acids (linolenic, oleic, palmitic), aliphatic aldehydes, sulfurcontaining compounds, saponins, flavonol glycosides, vitamins, steroidal saponins, sapogenins (Sokolov 1994). Local Medicinal Uses Allium giganteum: During the spring people use its fresh leaves in traditional foods such as ugro, oshi burida, otala, hirik, oshi tupa, and mastoba (Saidov 2001; Boboev et al. 2012, 2013, 2015). It provides a unique taste, and people believe it has health benefits (nutraceutical). Local people also dry its leaves and use it in different traditional foods as a spice during winter season. The bulbs are collected and pickled (Boboev et al. 2012, 2013, 2015). Onion pickles are very popular in Tajikistan (Saidov 2001). 84 R. W. Bussmann et al. Allium karataviense: In Middle Asia, it is used for lung problems (Sokolov 1994). The decoction of bulbs is used in traditional medicine for pulmonary diseases and strong shortness in breath (Sakhobddinov 1948). Allium stipitatum: Used in traditional medicine, (Inamov 1971; Kochkareva and Chukavina 1985; Boboev et al. 2012, 2013, 2015). The plants are applied in folk medicine against skin diseases (Sokolov 1994). Plants are baked or cooked in honey and used against several diseases (Yur’eva and Kokoreva 1992). The bulbs have disinfectant properties and are used to treat rheumatism and high blood pressure and used as digestive tract booster (Ebrahimi et al. 2014). Allium sativum is used in Pakistan to treat blood pressure and menopausal problems and as aphrodisiac (Sher et al. 2016), for indigestion and goiter (Reang et al. 2016). Local Food Uses Allium karataviense: In Tajikistan the whole plant is eaten (Sokolov 1994). Leaves and bulbs are widely used in traditional foods such as oshi burida, oshi tuppa, and alafjush (Boboev et al. 2013; Boboev et al. 2015). Allium rosenbachianum: Local people use fresh leaves as well as dried leaves depending on the season in Tajik national dishes such as oshi burida, ugro, umoch, otalla, birinjoba, and hirik (Saidov 2001; Boboev et al. 2015). Allium stipitatum: Young and undeveloped bulbs are pickled in aromatic vinegar (Tajik ‘pijozi anzur,” Uzbek “anzur pijoz,” Persian “mu-sir,” Dari “toshi”) and used as appetizer and with meals (Kochkareva and Chukavina 1985; Khassanov and Umarov 1989; Saidov 2001; Keusgen et al. 2006; Boboev et al. 2012, 2013, 2015). A variety of Allium species is widely used as food (Bussmann et al. 2016a, b, c, 2017, 2018; Bussmann 2017; Fayvush et al. 2017). Allium tenuissimum: A very widely used species: The inflorescence and seeds can be used as condiments. All kinds of livestock like to eat; it is an excellent forage plant. Zama is widely distributed, but most popular in Central Inner Mongolia, the Loess Plateau area. It comes from Mongolian phonetic translation, but after the spread of the Han people, it has become Zemeng, Zameng, and other similar names. This species has very fine and narrow leaves and is extremely drought-tolerant. Allium trautvetterianum: People use the leaves of this onion species fresh as well as dried depending the season. It is important in Tajik national foods, such as modeloba, oshi burida, oshi tupa, umoch, ugro, and mastoba (Saidov 2001; Boboev et al. 2015). Local Handicraft and Other Uses Allium giganteum: The plant produces a big umbel of flowers and is used in horticulture as an ornamental plant (Boboev et al. 2012, 2013). Allium giganteum Regel. . . 85 Allium karataviense: It is a highly appreciated ornamental plant for its beautiful inflorescence (Boboev et al. 2013, 2015). Allium stipitatum: Piyozi anzur is used as ornamental plant because of its flower umbels. However, overharvesting of bulbs from natural populations for different uses has resulted in inclusion of this species in the Red Book of Tajikistan (Boboev et al. 2012, 2013, 2015; Red Book Tajikistan 2017). Allium rosenbachianum: The plant is used as an ornamental (Boboev et al. 2015). Allium trautvetterianum: Very rarely offered as ornamental (Fritsch 2016). Since 2001 the plant is grown in the Kulob Botanic Garden. References Boboev T, Boboev МТ, Qullaev S. Piyozi anzur. Kulob; 2012. 48 p. [In Tajik] Boboev T, Boboev МТ, Saidov K. Rastanihoi gizoi va davoii Tojikistoni Janubi va rohhoi parvarishu muhofizati onho. Kulob; 2013. 48 p. [In Tajik] Boboev T, Boboev МТ, Qullaev S, Yoqubov S. Rastanihoi gizoi va rohhoi parvarishi onho. Kulob; 2015. 27 p. [In Tajik] Bussmann RW, editor. Ethnobotany of the Caucasus: Springer International Publishing; 2017. XXVII, 746 p. (ISBN 978-3-319-49411-1) Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Khutsishvili M, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. A comparative ethnobotany of Khevsureti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Tusheti, Svaneti, and Racha-Lechkhumi, Republic of Georgia (Sakartvelo), Caucasus. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2016a;12:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002016-0110-2. 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Unequal brothers – plant and fungal use in Guria and Racha, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2018;17(1):7–33. Ebrahimi R, Hassandokht M, Zamani Z, Kashi A, Roldan-Ruiz I, Van Bockstaele E. Seed morphogenesis and effect of pretreatments on seed germination of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.), an endangered medicinal plant. Hortic Environ Biotechnol. 2014;55:19– 26. Fayvush G, Aleksanyan A, Mehdiyeva N, Alizade V, Batsatsashvili K, Kikvidze Z, Khutsishvili M, Maisaia I, Sikharulidze S, Tchelidze D, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Bussmann RW. Allium paradoxum (M. Bieb.) G. Don; Allium ursinum L.; Allium victorialis L. In: Bussmann RW, editor. Ethnobotany of the Caucasus. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. Fritsch RM. A preliminary review of Allium subg. Melanocrommyum in Central Asia. 2016. Inamov AI. 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Families Butomaceae – Typhaceae. Leningrad: Akademia Nauk; 1994. 271 p. (in Russian) Yur’eva NA, Kokoreva VA. Mnogoobrazie lukov i ikh ispol’zovanie. Moskva: MSKhA; 1992. 159 pp