九州大学学術情報リポジトリ
Kyushu University Institutional Repository
Can Gallers Expand the Host Range to Alien
Plants within a Short Period of Time ?
Yukawa, Jun-ichi
Uechi, Nami
http://hdl.handle.net/2324/2629
出版情報:ESAKIA. 39, pp.1-7, 1999-03-31. 九州大学農学部昆虫学教室
バージョン:
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ESAKIA,
(39): l-7. March 31, 1999 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC
Can Gallers Expand the Host Range to Alien Plants
within a Short Period of Time ? *
Junichi YUKAWA
Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture
Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 8 12-858 1 Japan
and
Nami UECHI
Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture
Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-858 1 Japan
Abstract. Among 607 alien plant species of Angiospermae
that have
naturalized in Japan since 185Os, only four species were found in the list of
568 host plant species of Japanese galling insects and mites. The rate of alien
Angiospermae
used by Japanese gallers to the total number was only 0.7%,
which was apparently lower than 13.1% for the domestic gall-bearing species
of Angiospermae.
Although some of the alien plants are congeneric relatives
to the domestic hosts and have been utilized by gallers in the original places.
most of Japanese gallers could not expand their host range to alien plants
within such a short period of time as 150 years. The galling habit is
considered to be one of the main reasons to explain this evidence.
Key words: alien plant, host plant, gall, galler, host range, Angiospermae,
Japan.
Introduction
There are different criteria in the definition of alien plants, particularly in terms of the
time and means of naturalization
(Washitani & Morimoto, 1993; Tachikake, 1998). For
example, various plant species which were accompanied
by the introduction
of rice,
wheat, bamboo, taro, etc. to Japan are designated
as ‘prehistoric naturalized
plants’
(Maekawa,
1973). In contrast, more recent arrivals (simply called as ‘alien plants’,
hereafter)
include those that have naturalized
in Japan since 1850s when Japanese
Government
opened the country to foreign intercourse after a long-term isolation for
about 250 years. After this event, many alien plants successively arrived and established
themselves in Japan (Asai, 1993). According to Washitani & Morimoto (1993), several
hundred species of alien plants (Angiosperrnae)
are included in this criterion.
* Contribution
from the Entomological
University,
Fukuoka (Ser. 5, No. 20).
Laboratory,
Faculty
of Agriculture.
Kyushu
2
Y. YUKAWA
& N. UECHI
Yukawa & Masuda (1996) listed 568 plant species of 91 families as known hosts of
Japanese galling insects and mites (‘gallers’, hereafter) and confirmed that at least 1,400
sorts of insect and mite galls are produced on these plants. According to their list. most of
the gallers are monophagous
or oligophagous
within congeneric host plants. Based on
their narrow host range, we made an assumption that gallers, unlike other non-galling
herbivores, cannot expand their host range readily to alien plants within a relatively short
period of time. In contrast, for example, at least 45 species of non-galling
domestic
herbivores
have become pests of mango which has been cultivated
extensively
in
southern Japan since 1990s (Nagamine et zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFE
al., 1996; Yamaguchi,
T., 1997, personal
communication).
Among the pests, 27 species of Hemiptera and 9 of Lepidoptera
are
included, but gallers have not yet been found in Japan, although several galling species of
Cecidomyiidae
(Diptera) are known to be economically
important pests of mango in
tropical Asia (Prasad, 197 1).
In order to confirm our assumption, we intended to show actual data as to how many
species of Japanese gallers have been successfully expanding their host plant range to
alien species within a certain period of time. For this purpose, we treat the recent arrivals
since 1850s as alien plants because the maximum duration after naturalization
cannot be
overestimated.
This estimation
would serve for further studies on the adaptation
of
domestic herbivores to alien plants, since such studies have seldom been attempted from
the view points of ecology and evolutionary
biology, whilst much more attention has
been paid to the effects of alien species (weeds, herbivorous pests, natural enemies. etc.)
on domestic ecosystems (Washitani & Morimoto, 1993).
Literature
Surveys
This paper is relied almost entirely upon literature surveys. First, we checked the
names of alien plants in the list compiled by Washitani & Morimoto (1993) and counted
the number of alien species. Then, gall-bearing alien plants were searched for in the list of
host plant species of gallers in Japan using the colored illustrated book edited by Yukawa
& Masuda (1996). These surveys provided the rate of alien plants used by Japanese
gallers to the total number of alien species in Japan. Similarly the rate for domestic plant
species was also provided.
In order to know whether or not the alien plants are utilized by gallers in their original
places, the following books were surveyed: Buhr (1964, 1965) for European galls; Felt
(1965) and Gagn& (1989) for North American galls. For this purpose, the families
Fabaceae and Asteraceae were surveyed intensively because these families are utilized
frequently by gallers in Europe and North America, as well as in Japan. In particular, the
species of the genera Medicago
(Fabaceae), Aster, and Solidago (Asteraceae)
were
selected as definite examples of alien plants from Europe and North America, because
these genera are relatively dominant among alien plants. However, the alien plants from
other areas than Europe and North America could not be surveyed due to the insufficient
information of gallers.
The scientific names of plant species were relied upon Iwatsuki et zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXW
al. (1987) and those
of gallers upon Yukawa & Masuda (1996).
CAN GALLERS
EXPAND
HOST RANGE TO ALIEN PLANTS
? zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZY
3 zyxwvutsrqponm
Results
Alien plants used by gallers
Based on the list compiled by Washitani & Morimoto (1993), we noted that 607 alien
plant species of Angiospermae have naturalized in Japan since 1850s (Table 1). We found
four of them in the list (Yukawa & Masuda, 1996) of 568 (564 domestic + 4 alien) host
plant species of Japanese gallers (Table 1). The rate of alien Angiospermae
used by
Japanese gallers to the total number of alien species was only 0.7%, which was
apparently lower than 13.1% for the domestic gall-bearing species of Angiospermae.
Unfortunately,
the species numbers of alien plants belonging
to Pteridophyta
and
Gymnospermae
were not given in Washitani
& Morimoto (1993). Therefore.
some
introduced
pine species which are galled by the Japanese pine needle gall midge.
Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye (Furuno & Sone, 1978; Furuno, 1987) were
not mentioned in this paper. This omission would not influence on the rate of alien plants
(Angiospermae
+ Gymnospermae)
used by Japanese gallers.
Table 1. The number
of domestic
species used by gallers.
Domestic plant’)
Used by gallers2)
(%>
Alien plan@)
Used by gallers2)
and alien plant species in Japan, and the rate of plant
Pteridophaga
751
(0. :,
No. of nlant snecies
Gymnospermae
Angiospermae
45
4162
546
(13.1)
(371:)
Total
4958
564
(I 1.4)
607
4
(0.7)
(%I
1) Iwatsuki et al. (1987), 607 alien plant species are excluded.
2, Yukawa & Masuda (1996).
3) Washitani & Morimoto (1993), only Angiospermae ia available.
Gallers utilizing alien plants
According to Yukawa & Masuda (1996), five species of Japanese gallers utilize the
four alien plant species (Table 2). Among them, Simicronyx
771ucIc1rc11~11.~
Kono
(Coleoptera:
Curculionidae)
and Epiblema sugii Kawabe (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae)
produce galls on alien plant species, Cuscuta pentagona (Convolvulaceae)
and Ambrosia
artemisifolia var. elatiol (Asteraceae), respectively, in addition to the domestic host plants.
Since both gallers are endemic in Japan (Yukawa & Masuda, 1996), it is apparent that
they expanded their host range to alien plants after 1850s. In particular, S. madaranus did
so to the alien plant belonging to the genus different from the domestic host.
The host plants of the remaining three species have never been recorded in Japan
(Yukawa & Masuda, 1996). There are two possible explanations for the lack of domestic
host records: (1) host plant surveys are still insufficient;
(2) gallers are also alien. The
host plant, Chenopodium
album var. centrorubrum
(Chenopodiaceae).
of two gallers,
Coleophora sosisperma (Lepidoptera: Colephoridae) and Hayahurstia ntrQ?licis (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is supposed to be introduced from China to Japan a long time ago as an
Y. YUKAWA
4
Table 2. Japanese
gallers utilizing
& N. UECHI
alien Angiospermae.
Caller
Smicronyx madaranus
(Col: Curcurionidae)
Original Host zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIH
Alien Host
Cuscula pentagona
Calystegia japonica
(Convolvulaceae)
(Convolvulaceae)
Epiblema sugii
(Lep: Tortricidae)
Xanthium strumarium
Ambrosia trifida
(Asteraceae)
Ambrosia artemis~jtilia
var. elatiol
(Asteraceae)
Coleophora sosisperma
(Lep: Colephoridae)
unrecorded
Chenopodium album
var. centrorubrum
(Chenopodiaceae)
Hayahurstia atriplicis
(Horn: Aphididae)
unrecorded
Ditto
Myzus polygoniyonai
(Hom:Aphididae)
unrecorded
Persicarici viscosa
(Polygonaceae)
Table 3. The percentage of alien plant species of the families Fabaceae
used by gallers in the original places, Europe and N. America.
Plant family
Origin
Fabaceae
Europe
N.America
examined
31
7
Asteraceae
Europe
N.America
32
41
and Asteraceae
No. of plant species
unused
used (76)
14
6
17 (54.8)
1 (14.3)
10
13
22 (68.8)
28 (68.3)
edible plant (Hotta et al., 1989).
If so, they may be alien gallers, having been
accompanied
by the introduction
of their host plant to Japan, although the former is not
yet found outside Japan.
Myzus polygoniyonai
(Hemiptera: Aphididae) is known only from Honshu, Japan and
its domestic host plant has never been recorded (Yukawa & Masuda. 1996). In addition,
there is no detailed information about the naturalization of its alien host plant. Persicar-ia
viscosa (Polygonaceae)
in Japan. Therefore, at the moment no satisfactory explanation
has yet been discovered for the utilization of P. viscosa by A4. polygoniyorzai.
No matter how their host plant and distributional information is partly insufficient, it is
clear from the aforementioned
data that only a few species of Japanese gallers have
expanded their host range to alien plants since 1850s.
Alien plants utilized by gallers in their original places
Tables 3 and 4 are intended to show whether or not alien plants are utilized
by gallers
CAN GALLERS
Table
4. Definite
places.
examples
EXPAND
HOST RANGE TO ALIEN PLANTS
of alien plants
used or unused
Aster novae-angriae
A. novi-bergii
A. pilosus
A. sublatus var. sublatus
5 zyxwvutsrqponmlk
in the original
Galler
Plant species l)
Medicago arabica
M. carstiensis
M. luplina
M. minima
M. orbicularis
M. polymorpha
M. sativa
by gallers
?
ColeoDtera
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
HvmenoPtera
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Solidago altissima
0
S. canadensis
0
0
0
S. gigantea var. leiophylla
0
0
S. sempewirens
1)Medicago: a representative of alien genera from Europe.
Solidago: a representative of alien genera from N.America.
*) Most of galls are produced by Cecidomyiidae
except two species
Solidago altissima.
D&era’) zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba
0
0
4
4
0
0
4
2
0
0
2
2
10
0
1
of Tephritidae
on
in their original places. The percentages of alien plant species of the families Fabaceae and
Asteraceae used by European and N. American gallers were surprisingly higher
(Table 3) than that of alien Angiospermae
used by Japanese
gallers (Table
1).
some alien plants are preferably utilized by gallers in Europe or N.
Furthermore,
America (Table 4), but have never been galled in Japan, in spite of the fact that their
congeneric domestic relatives are utilized by Japanese gallers in the cases of Aster- and
Solidago of Asteraceae (Yukawa & Masuda, 1996). These data indicate that many
alien plant species have been suitable hosts for gallers in Europe and N. America.
Discussion
The literature surveys clearly indicate that most of Japanese gallers cannot expand their
host range readily to alien plants, in spite of the fact that some of the alien plants are
congeneric relatives to the domestic hosts and have been utilized by gallers in the original
places. These data for gallers are contrasted to those for other non-galling herbivores like
mango pests in Kagoshima and Okinawa Prefectures (Nagamine et al., 1996; Yamaguchi, zyxwvutsrqponml
T.,1997, personal communication).
Since gall-formation
is a delicate event during the
course of cell division, tissue differentiation,
shoot growth, etc., the ovipositing seasons
of gallers must synchronize
well with the host plant phenology, otherwise they cannot
produce galls even on their host plant species (Yukawa, 1994). Unlike other non-galling
6
Y. YUKAWA
& N. UECHI
herbivores, the galling habit is considered to be one of the main reasons to explain why
gallers cannot expand their host range to alien plants within such a short period of time as
150 years.
The present data indicate that host-shifting is less frequent in gallers than in other nongalling herbivores. Once it happens, however, the isolation mechanism would act more
effectively on gallers to promote speciation, leading to the relatively narrow host plant
range as has been noted for many gallers (Yukawa & Masuda, 1996).
The recolonization
of the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia, by gallers has been studied by
one of us, JY and one of his colleagues,
since 1982 almost 100 years after total
sterilization by the world-famous large eruption of Krakatau (Yukawa & Tukirin, 1997).
In such a study, the present data would be useful for analyzing the recolonization
process
by gallers in the light of the vegetation succession, since the gallers would not shift to
non-host plants and cannot establish themselves on the islands before the arrival of their
own hosts. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Acknowledgements
We wish to express our cordial thanks to Mr. T. Yamaguchi,
Oshima Branch,
Kagoshima Agricultural Experiment Station and Mr. K. Yogi, Okinawa Prefectural Plant
Disease and Insect Control Station for the information about mango pests in Kagoshima
and Okinawa
Prefecture,
respectively,
and to Mr. H. Hoshina,
Entomological
Laboratory,
Kyushu University for his help in historical investigation.
Our thanks are
also due to Prof. K. Sone (Kagoshima University)
for his kind information
about the
host range of the Japanese pine needle gall midge. One of us, NU also thanks Assoc.
Prof. 0. Tadauchi and Assist. Prof. S. Kamitani, Entomological
Laboratory,
Kyushu
University for their continuous guidance and support.
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‘?
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