05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 43 Mackinder, B. A., Wieringa, J. J., Lunenburg, I. & Banks, H. (2010). Clarifying the generic limits of Talbotiella and Hymenostegia (Detarieae, Caesalpinioideae, Leguminoseae). In: X. van der Burgt, J. van der Maesen & J.-M. Onana (eds), Systematics and Conservation of African Plants, pp. 43–56. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. CLARIFYING THE GENERIC LIMITS OF TALBOTIELLA AND HYMENOSTEGIA (DETARIEAE, CAESALPINIOIDEAE, LEGUMINOSAE) BARBARA A. MACKINDER1, JAN J. WIERINGA2, ILONA LUNENBURG2 & HANNAH BANKS1 1Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK; b.mackinder@kew.org 2 Wageningen University, Biosystematics Group, National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Wageningen University Branch, Generaal Foulkesweg 37, 6703 BL Wageningen, the Netherlands Abstract The formal description of four species of Cameroonian forest legume trees new to science has been hampered by uncertainty as to whether their correct generic placement is within Hymenostegia Harms or Talbotiella Baker f. As there has been doubt as to whether these two genera differ from one another, an investigation was undertaken so that the new species could be correctly assigned to genus. Using morphological, molecular and pollen data, our study supports the recognition of Hymenostegia and Talbotiella as distinct genera, consequently the new species are correctly placed in Talbotiella. In addition, our data reveal the extensive heterogeneous nature of Hymenostegia as currently circumscribed and the need to transfer H. breteleri to Talbotiella. Résumé Clarification des limites génériques de Talbotiella et Hymenostegia (Detarieae, Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae). La description formelle de quatre espèces nouvelles à la science des arbres camerounais des Légumineuses de forêt a été entravée par l’incertitude de savoir si leur placement générique correct est chez Hymenostegia Harms ou Talbotiella Baker f. Car ayant douté de savoir si ces deux genres sont différents l’un de l’autre, une recherche a été entreprise de sorte que les nouvelles espèces aient pu être correctement assignées au genre correspondant. Utilisant les données morphologiques, moléculaires et de pollen, notre étude confirme que Hymenostegia et Talbotiella sont distincts et que les nouvelles espèces sont correctement placées dans Talbotiella. En outre, nos données indiquent la nature hétérogène étendue de Hymenostegia comme actuellement circonscrit et la nécessité de transférer H. breteleri à Talbotiella. Key words: Africa, Fabaceae, Leguminosae, morphology, palynology, phylogeny, pollen. 43 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 44 Systematics and Conservation of African Plants 1 Introduction This study was prompted by the need to describe four Cameroonian endemic legume tree species as new to science. Prior to this study, a major impediment to their description was uncertainty as to their correct generic placement. All the undescribed species have paripinnate, multijugate leaves, apetalous flowers and belong to tribe Detarieae. Their correct generic assignment could be determined either to Hymenostegia Harms or to Talbotiella Baker f. but the boundary between the two genera was unclear. Morphological, nucleotide sequence and pollen surface characters were appraised in an attempt to resolve one fundamental question: Is Talbotiella distinct from Hymenostegia or are they congeneric? In 1897, Harms established the genus Hymenostegia to accommodate three species which he transferred from Cynometra. During the next 70 or so years a further 24 species of Hymenostegia were described, although many were subsequently transferred to other genera. Currently, Hymenostegia is a poorly understood genus of 16 forest tree species from West and West-Central Africa (Mackinder, 2005). In 1914 E. G. Baker described the monotypic genus Talbotiella to accommodate a species of caesalpinioid legume new to science, T. eketensis, from SE Nigeria (Baker, 1914). In 1928 Hutchinson and Greenway added a second species, T. gentii from Ghana (Hutchinson & Dalziel, 1928) and in the following year, Baker made a third addition to the genus with the publication of T. batesii from Cameroon (Baker, 1929). No further species have been described since then but there have been persistent doubts about the generic status of Talbotiella with respect to Hymenostegia (Léonard, 1951, 1957; Cowan & Polhill, 1981). 2 Léonard’s postulate of a single evolutionary series Talbotiella is characterised by the combination of persistent imbricate bud scales, persistent narrow petaloid bracteoles and the absence of petals, but many Hymenostegia species possess one or both of the first two characters (Table 1). TABLE 1. Character combination on which the genus Talbotiella was based and the comparative character states found in Hymenostegia. Character Persistent imbricate bud scales Persistent narrow petaloid bracteoles Petals Talbotiella Hymenostegia always present always present 0 often present sometimes present (1) 2 – 5 In 1951 on consecutive pages, Léonard published accounts of Hymenostegia (Léonard, 1951a) and Talbotiella (Léonard, 1951b). He noted that the species of Hymenostegia presented a progressive reduction of petals from 5 to 2(1) and postulated that the apetalous Talbotiella may merely be the end of an evolutionary series that began in Hymenostegia. Léonard suggested that Talbotiella might be better treated as a section of Hymenostegia, but he stopped short of formalising the transfer until more material of Talbotiella became available for study. 44 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 45 Clarifying the generic limits of Talbotiella and Hymenostegia In this paper we considered Léonard’s postulate in the light of new data, specifically vegetative characters, nucleotide sequence data and pollen surface characters, and we re-examined floral characters. If new data confirm Léonard’s postulate, then Talbotiella must be considered congeneric with Hymenostegia. In order not to render Hymenostegia paraphyletic the three described species of Talbotiella should be transferred there and the four species new to science must be described in Hymenostegia, resulting in its expansion to 23 species. If, however, new data refute Léonard’s postulate, then Talbotiella should be upheld as a distinct genus within which the four species new to science will be described bringing the total to seven species. Hymenostegia would thus remain a genus of 16 species. 3 Evidence from vegetative morphology Vegetative characters examined in the study were those which had previously shown utility, either singly, or more frequently, in combination, in the recognition of either generic or species limits in other members of Detarieae. The 23 vegetative morphological characters surveyed are listed in Table 2. Characters were scored from selected herbarium specimens on loan from the following herbaria: BM, BR, FHO, K, MO and P, and from WAG where the study was undertaken (species investigated and voucher details available on request from B. Mackinder). In addition to the described species of Talbotiella, Hymenostegia, and the four species awaiting description, species from five other Detarioid genera (Cynometra, Leonardoxa, Loesenera, Plagiosiphon and Scorodophloeus) were also surveyed. These five additional genera are considered to have generic affinities with Hymenostegia and Talbotiella based on morphological similarities and/or as indicated by a maximum parsimony phylogenetic analysis based on trnL data (Bruneau et al., 2001). Most of the vegetative characters surveyed were not informative in the study group, their ranges of variation being continuous with, overlapping with, or contained within, the ranges of other taxa in the study. However, six characters (in combination) showed considerable utility in recognising taxa within the group (Table 2). The pattern of variation of these six characters among the taxa studied is presented in Table 3. Talbotiella species share a unique combination of vegetative characters with a core group of eight Hymenostegia species which includes H. floribunda, the type species of the genus. From hereon we shall refer to this core group as Hymenostegia sensu stricto (Table 4). Variation in the stipule base was only seen in Talbotiella gentii, some of which presented auriculate bases, some lacked these and occasionally both states were seen in the same collection. Nonetheless, the plasticity of stipules observed in this species does not preclude a hypothesis that, based on a shared combination of vegetative characters, Hymenostegia sensu stricto and Talbotiella form a clade, but stipule morphology does not provide evidence as to whether the genera are congeneric or sister to each other. In either case the hypothesis is based on the assumption that the shared characters are synapomorphies. However, were we to sample even more widely, it is possible that the unique character combination would be discovered in other, more distant taxa. If the shared characters were synplesiomorphies, they would not support a Hymenostegia sensu stricto /Talbotiella clade. The unique combination of characters shared by Hymenostegia sensu stricto and Talbotiella is not found in the other taxa thus far included which collectively present seven different character combinations and are collectively hereafter referred to as “ex Hymenostegia” (Table 4). The considerable diversity of character combinations present 45 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 46 Systematics and Conservation of African Plants TABLE 2. Vegetative characters used for assessing generic limits in Talbotiella, Hymenostegia, Cynometra, Leonardoxa, Loesenera, Plagiosiphon and Scorodophloeus. The six characters which, in combination, were most taxonomically useful in this study are emboldened. stipule fusion; free or fused basally stipule insertion; lateral or interpetiolar stipule auricle; present or absent gland like appendages; present or absent on stipules or on bud scales leaflet number; minimum number of leaflets per leaf leaflet number; maximum number of leaflets per leaf leaflet glands on underside of distal half of leaflets; number leaflet glands on underside of proximal half of leaflets; number hydathodes; present or absent leaflet indumentum upper; absent or present (describe if present) lower leaflet surface indumentum; absent or present (describe if present) leaflet indumentum margin; absent or present (describe if present) leaflet apex shape; acute, rounded or emarginate leaflet base proximal shape; rounded or angular midvein; symmetrical or oblique midvein ending; becoming obscure towards apex, clearly reaching the apex. leaf rachis; terete, striate, canaliculate or winged leaf rachis top indumentum; absent or present (describe if present) leaf rachis lower surface indumentum; absent or present (describe if present) leaflets sub-opposite (at least some pairs); present or absent position along the leaf rachis of the largest pair of leaflets; calculated as percentage of the total number of leaflet pairs per leaf (juga/total jugae) × 100 leaflet length to width ratio; ratio in longest leaflet leaflet length to width ratio; ratio in shortest leaflets in these taxa lead us to conclude that Hymenostegia, as currently circumscribed, is a heterogeneous assemblage. The heterogeneity of Hymenostegia as traditionally circumscribed had been previously been noted by Bruneau et al. (2001), who sampled eight species (five Hymenostegia sensu stricto species and three ex Hymenostegia species) but only now after wider sampling, is the extent of the full heterogeneity apparent. TABLE 4. Species assigned to Hymenostegia sensu stricto species and those excluded from the genus (ex Hymenostegia species) based on vegetative characters. Hymenostegia sensu stricto species H. breteleri H. felicis H. floribunda H. klainei H. mundungu H. neoaubrevillei H. normandii H. pellegrinii 46 ex Hymenostegia species H. afzelii H. aubrevillei H. bakeriana H. brachyura H. gracilipes H. laxiflora H. ngounyensis H. talbotii 05Mackinder Dist. Prox. Lower leaflet surface indumentum Leaf rachis shape Talbotiella batesii Baker f. and T. eketensis Baker f. free auriculate 1–3 0 appressed puberulous canaliculate Talbotiella gentii Hutch. & Greenway free auriculate and not auriculate 1–3 0 appressed puberulous canaliculate Hymenostegia spp. including type (H. floribunda) but excluding species listed below free auriculate 1–7 0 (–2) appressed puberulous canaliculate Hymenostegia aubrevillei Pellegr. free not auriculate 2–3 1 appressed puberulous terete to narrowly canaliculate Hymenostegia afzelii Harms fused not auriculate 4–7 1–4 glabrous winged Hymenostegia laxiflora Harms fused not auriculate 0–5 1–2 glabrous canaliculate Hymenostegia bakeriana Hutch. & Dalziel and Hymenostegia talbotii Baker. f. fused not auriculate 0–19 0–3 glabrous terete Hymenostegia brachyura (Harms) J. Léonard free not auriculate 2–6 0 pubescent canaliculate Hymenostegia gracilipes Hutch. & Dalziel fused not auriculate 4–12 1 appressed puberulous canaliculate Hymenostegia ngounyensis Pellegr. free not auriculate 0 0 glabrous striate Cynometra sensu stricto (C. cauliflora L.) fused not auriculate 0 0 scattered pubescent not applicable Cynometra sens. lat. (C. hankii Harms) free not auriculate 1–3 0 scattered pubescent sub-winged Leonardoxa africana (Baill.) Aubrév. fused not auriculate 0 0 scattered puberulous terete 47 Loesenera spp. free not auriculate 1–3 1 appressed puberulous terete Plagiosiphon spp. free not auriculate 0–2 0 (–1) glabrous canaliculate Scorodophloeus zenkeri (Taub.) J. Léonard free not auriculate 1–4 0 appressed puberulous canaliculate Page 47 Stipule base 3:54 pm Stipule fusion Clarifying the generic limits of Talbotiella and Hymenostegia Taxa 11/2/10 TABLE 3. Selected vegetative characters as observed in Talbotiella, Hymenostegia and putatively related taxa. The first three rows share a character combination which is not found in other taxa in the study. Each of the other rows contains a unique combination of characters. Dist. = number of distal leaflet glands; Prox. = number of proximal leaflet glands. 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 48 Systematics and Conservation of African Plants 4 Evidence from nucleotide sequence data Two datasets are available, rbcL and trnL which may be relevant to resolving the generic limits of Talbotiella and Hymenostegia. RbcL. A model-based (Mr Bayes) phylogenetic analysis using rbcL sequences (Lunenburg, 2006) included a wide sampling from within Hymenostegia and Talbotiella as well as from many other detarioid genera (Fig. 1). The final alignment of 62 accessions (for voucher details see Appendix 1) and 734 characters (available from Lunenburg) yielded 77 parsimony informative characters. Alignment was straightforward with no insertions or deletions, but a lack of variation resulted in few informative characters and concomitantly produced a relatively unresolved and weakly supported phylogeny. Nonetheless, Lunenburg’s (2006) analyses recovered a clade comprising all six Hymenostegia sensu stricto species sampled (Clade 1). Two of the three accessions of H. felicis were in this clade but a third accession was anomalously placed with Plagiosiphon multijugus and Scorodophloeus zenkeri, possibly due to lab error or contamination. A second clade (Clade 2) was recovered that included T. gentii, (the only described Talbotiella successfully amplified) and three of the species awaiting description (the fourth failed to amplify) suggesting their affinity with Talbotiella, along with two ex Hymenostegia species (Clade 2). Lunenburg’s analysis was congruent with the findings of the study based on vegetative morphology as to which species belong in Hymenostegia sensu stricto and which do not. Six accessions representing four other ex Hymenostegia species were placed outside Clades 1 and 2. The two accessions of Hymenostegia ngounyensis were placed together in a clade that also contained Anthonotha macrophylla P. Beauv. and Berlinia occidentalis Keay; the positions of Hymenostegia afzelii, H. brachyura and H. aubrevillea were unresolved. The relationship of the two weakly supported Clades 1 and 2 were unresolved. However, Lunenburg (2006) generated a consensus network (not shown) using the software Splitstree3 that indicated that, in at least a third of the equally likely Bayesian tree topologies obtained, Clade 1 was not sister to Clade 2. TrnL. The maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses of Bruneau et al. (2001) based on trnL nucleotide sequence data, were designed to investigate higher level relationships across subfamily Caesalpinioideae. One supplementary finding of these analyses was that Hymenostegia, as currently circumscribed, was not recovered as monophyletic. Of the eight Hymenostegia species sampled by Bruneau et al. (2001), the five Hymenostegia sensu stricto species, including the type species H. floribunda, were resolved in a clade with T. gentii (the only Talbotiella available for sampling), Leonardoxa africana and H. talbotii (ex Hymenostegia) placed as closest relatives although their individual positions were not resolved. The two further ex Hymenostegia species sampled, H. afzelii and H. ngounyensis were placed outside this grouping and not together. 48 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 49 Clarifying the generic limits of Talbotiella and Hymenostegia Clade 1 Clade 2 77 96 98 64 97 63 97 78 57 58 91 62 79 99 83 99 99 53 100 100 67 97 88 92 99 100 95 90 Hymenostegia felicis 1 Hymenostegia normandii 1 Hymenostegia mundungu Hymenostegia pellegrinii Hymenostegia normandii 2 Hymenostegia neoaubrevillea Hymenostegia klainei 1 Hymenostegia klaniei 2 Hymenostegia klaniei 3 Hymenostegia felicis 2 Talbotiella gentii undescribed sp. nov. 1 Hymenostegia gracilipes ♦ Hymenostegia bakeriana ♦ undescribed sp. nov. 2 undescribed sp. nov. 3-1 undescribed sp. nov. 3-2 Lebruniodendron leptanthum 1 Lebruniodendron leptanthum 2 Hymenostegia cf pellegrini Neochevalierodendron stephan Crudia gabonensis Hymenostegia ngounyensis 1 ♦ Hymenostegia ngounyensis 2 ♦ Anthonotha macrophylla Berlinia occidentalis Cynometra mannii Cynometra iripa Cynometra letestui Plagiosiphon multijugus Hymenostegia felicis 3 Cynometra lujae Plagiosiphon gabonensis Scorodophloeus zenkeri 1 Hymenostegia afzelii ♦ Scorodophloeus zenkeri 2 Scorodophloeus fischeri Cynometra ananta Plagiosiphon discifer Hymenostegia brachyura ♦ Plagiosiphon longitubus Cynometra sp. nov. Hymenostegia afzelii 2 ♦ Saraca palembanica Zenkerella citrina Normaniondendron bequaertii Afzelia quanzensis Scorodophloeus zenkeri 3 Loesenera gabonensis Plagiosiphon sp. nov. Hymenostegia aubrevillea ♦ Brownea sp. nov. Macrolobium acaciifolium Brownea ariza Brownea coccinea Tamarindus indica Polygala amara Polygala chamaebuxus Cercis siliquastrum Bauhinia candicans Rourea coccinea Connarus conchocarpus FIG. 1. Bayes consensus tree from the rbcL analyses reproduced from Lunenburg, 2006. Bayesian posterior probabilities above 50 are shown above the line and Jackknife support values above 50% are shown below. Multiple accessions of the same taxon are distinguished by numbers e.g. 1, 2 etc. following the specific epithet. Taxa considered in this study are emboldened. Ex Hymenostegia species are marked with black diamonds. 49 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 50 Systematics and Conservation of African Plants 5 Evidence from floral morphology Léonard’s postulate (1951) that Talbotiella and Hymenostegia are parts of the same evolutionary series was founded on observations of petal number. In Hymenostegia (as understood in 1951) he recorded a range of (1) 2–5 petals for the genus. After undertaking numerous dissections of the described species of Hymenostegia we conclude that the number of well developed, showy petals is a reliable character for distinguishing species. Furthermore, with one exception (discussed below), Hymenostegia sensu stricto species produce either two or three well-developed spathulate petals. Of the species of Hymenostegia in which Léonard observed a sequential reduction in petal number, all but H. gracilipes (ex Hymenostegia) possess two or three welldeveloped spathulate petals, 7–10 × c. 3 mm. Nevertheless, during floral dissections it was not unusual for the authors to encounter one or two rudimentary petals which never exceeded 6 × 0.5 mm and were usually shorter and narrower. The presence or absence of these rudimentary petals (which Léonard included to derive petal numbers of four and five, including five for the type species H. floribunda) varied among collections of the same species and even within the same accession. We therefore suggest the erratic presence of these structures renders them unsuitable for inclusion in a quantitative evolutionary series. Thus we consider the species of Hymenostegia sensu stricto to be characterised by the presence of two or three welldeveloped spathulate petals providing a clear distinction from Talbotiella species which lack petals. An exception to the pattern of producing two to three well-developed petals is Hymenostegia breteleri Aubrév., the only member of the genus to be described since Léonard published his observations in 1951. This rare species was not included in the trnL analysis (Bruneau et al., 2001), nor was it successfully amplified for the rbcL study, so there is no molecular data available to test its placement in Hymenostegia sensu stricto. During the inselberg excursion held during the AETFAT congress this species endemic to the Yaoundé area was recollected, enabling its incorporation in future studies. Hymenostegia breteleri possesses the combination of vegetative characters that are common to the species of Hymenostegia sensu stricto and Talbotiella but apetaly and pollen characters (see below) suggest that it is misplaced in Hymenostegia and should be transferred to Talbotiella. 6 Evidence from pollen morphology Pollen of Hymenostegia afzelii and H. floribunda has been previously illustrated as part of a survey of Detarieae pollen (Banks & Klitgaard, 2000). For the present study, we examined pollen from two species of Talbotiella (the type T. eketensis and T. gentii), four species of Hymenostegia sensu stricto (the type H. floribunda as well as H. klainei, H. mundungu and H. breteleri, and two of the undescribed species, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pollen of both Talbotiella species had narrow apertures and was fully tectate. In contrast, the species of Hymenostegia sensu stricto (not including H. breteleri) had pollen with broader apertures and was only semi-tectate. Pollen from the type species of the two genera is shown for comparison in Figs 2A and 2B. Pollen of two of the undescribed species (Figs 2C and 2D) resembles the pollen of T. eketensis (the type species of Talbotiella) as does that of Hymenostegia breteleri supporting the hypothesis that H. breteleri is more closely related to the species currently placed in Talbotiella. 50 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 51 Clarifying the generic limits of Talbotiella and Hymenostegia A B C D E FIG. 2. Scale bars are 10 microns. A Hymenostegia floribunda. SEM of whole grain in equatorial view showing broader apertures and semi-tectate striate surface; B Talbotiella eketensis. SEM of whole grain in oblique polar view showing narrow apertures and tectate striate surface; C Talbotiella sp. nov. 1. SEM of whole grain in oblique polar view showing narrow apertures and tectate striate surface; D T. sp. nov. 4. SEM of whole grain, equatorial view also showing narrow apertures and tectate striate surface; E Hymenostegia breteleri. SEM of whole grains showing narrow apertures and tectate striate surface. 51 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 52 Systematics and Conservation of African Plants 7 Summary of characters examined in this study A summary of the morphological and palynological evidence presented in this paper is given in Table 5. With respect to the characters historically used to distinguish Talbotiella and Hymenostegia (Table 1) i.e. bud scale persistence, bracteole shape and persistence, and petal number, the status of Talbotiella is unchanged. However, with the exclusion of eight species from Hymenostegia sensu lato and the reassessment of petal number, the more narrowly circumscribed Hymenostegia sensu stricto becomes morphologically more homogenous for bud scale persistence and petal number. TABLE 5. Summary of the revised and extended character set relevant to the determination of the generic limits of Hymenostegia sensu stricto and Talbotiella, including, for comparison, the character states of the four undescribed species and the misplaced H. breteleri. Characters Hymenostegia sensu stricto (excluding H. breteleri) Persistent imbricate bud scales Persistent narrow petaloid bracteoles Hymenostegia breteleri Talbotiella Undescribed species always present sometimes present always present always present sometimes present Petals 2–3 0 0 0 Pollen apertures broad, ornamentation semi-tectate and striate apertures narrow, ornamentation tectate and striate 8 Decision to maintain Talbotiella as distinct from Hymenostegia sensu stricto The character combination of free auriculate stipules, 1–3 glands on the distal part of the leaflet, glands absent from the proximal part, appressed puberulous indumentum on the lower leaflet surface indumentums, and a canaliculate leaf rachis is shared by the species of Hymenostegia sensu stricto, H. breteleri, Talbotiella spp. and the four undescribed species. Based on these characters alone, a case could be made for combining Talbotiella with Hymenostegia sensu stricto and H. breteleri and including the undescribed species within Hymenostegia. However, given the absence of petals in Talbotiella, Hymenostegia breteleri and the undescribed species, along with pollen possessing narrow apertures and a tectate surface, and in light of the results from the molecular studies, we have decided to uphold Talbotiella as distinct. The undescribed species are all apetalous and pollen sampled from two of the undescribed species matches that of Talbotiella, as does the pollen of the apetalous Hymenostegia breteleri. 52 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 53 Clarifying the generic limits of Talbotiella and Hymenostegia We therefore consider it best to place the undescribed species in Talbotiella and we propose transferring Hymenostegia breteleri to Talbotiella, thus expanding this genus from three to eight species. 9 The relationship of Talbotiella to Hymenostegia sensu stricto Although we have chosen to maintain Hymenostegia sensu stricto and Talbotiella as distinct, their relationship remains unclear. The shared vegetative characters (listed above) could be interpreted as indicating a sister group relationship, but due to lack of resolution from the Bayesian analysis of the rbcL sequence data that interpretation is neither supported nor refuted (Fig. 1) and the results of the trnL studies of Bruneau et al. (2001) were no less equivocal. Moreover, without a more extensive morphological phylogenetic study that includes a larger number of outgroup genera, we can not rule out the possibility that these shared characters are not synplesiomorphies. An analysis of Bayesian consensus topologies uncovered evidence that Hymenostegia sensu stricto and Talbotiella may not be sisters (Lunenburg, 2006), which lends support to maintaining Talbotiella as distinct. A combined molecular and morphological phylogenetic analysis of Caesalpinioideae (Herendeen et al., 2003) did not place Talbotiella (represented by T. gentii) as sister to a clade comprising the five sampled species of Hymenostegia sensu stricto including the type H. floribunda, but instead placed Hymenostegia afzelii (ex Hymenostegia) as sister to Hymenostegia sensu stricto species with limited support. 10 Summary of results Talbotiella can be distinguished from Hymenostegia sensu stricto. Hymenostegia senso lato, to which 16 species are currently assigned, is a heterogeneous assemblage. Hymenostegia sensu stricto comprises seven species, H. floribunda (the type), H. felicis, H. klainei, H. neoaubrevillei, H. normandii, H. mundungu and H. pellegrinii. Hymenostegia breteleri is misplaced in Hymenostegia and should be transferred to Talbotiella. The species misplaced in, and eventually to be excluded from Hymenostegia (ex Hymenostegia species) are H. afzelii, H. aubrevillei, H. bakeriana, H. brachyura, H. gracilipes, H. laxiflora, H. ngounyensis and H. talbotii. The eight ex Hymenostegia species do not appear to comprise a natural group. 11 Future research plans Based on the results presented here, we plan to pursue the following activities. We will publish a revision of Talbotiella to include 8 species, three of which are already described in the genus, four will be newly described and one species will be transferred from Hymenostegia. The pollen data set will be expanded by undertaking wider sampling and recording more characters. We will build a widely sampled trnL dataset and add key taxa to the rbcL dataset, ultimately to be analysed in combination in an effort to resolve to determine the correct placement of ex Hymenostegia species and to elucidate the relationship between Talbotiella and Hymenostegia sensu stricto. We plan also to publish a revision of Hymenostegia sensu stricto. 53 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 54 Systematics and Conservation of African Plants Acknowledgements We thank an anonymous reviewer whose careful and constructive comments improved the manuscript. We would also like to thank the curators of BM, BR, FHO, K, MO and P for the loan of the relevant sheets, the Head of the National Herbarium of Cameroon for access to the herbarium collection at YA, and the Curator of the National Herbarium of Ghana for permitting Yvette Harvey to take digital images of the specimens at GC. This work was supported by a NL-TAF SYNTHESES grant which allowed the first author to make a study visit to WAG. References Baker, E. G. (1914). Talbotiella gen. nov. J. Bot. 52: 2. Baker, E. G. (1929). Talbotiella batesii Baker, sp. nov. J. Bot. 68: 197. Banks, H. & Klitgaard, B. B. (2000). Palynological contribution to the systematics of detarioid legumes (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). In: P. S. Herendeen & A. Bruneau (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 9: 79–106. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Bruneau, A., Forest, F., Herendeen, P. S., Klitgaard, B. B. & Lewis, G. P. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Syst. Bot. 26: 487–514. Cowan, R. S. & Polhill, R. M. (1981). Detarieae DC. In: R. M. Polhill & P. H. Raven (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 117–134. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Herendeen, P. S., Bruneau, A. & Lewis, G. P. (2003). Phylogenetic relationships in Caesalpinioid legumes: A preliminary analysis based on morphological and molecular data. In: B. B. Klitgaard & A. Bruneau (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 10: 37–62. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Hutchinson, J. & Dalziel, J. M. (1928). Flora of West Tropical Africa. H.M.S.O., London. Léonard, J. (1951a). Hymenostegia. Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 21: 433–445. Léonard, J. (1951b). Talbotiella. Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 21: 445–446. Léonard, J. (1957). Genres des Cynometreae et des Amherstieae africaines (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae). Essai de blastogénie appliqueés de la systématique. Mém. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Cl. Sci. 30(2): 1–312. Lunenburg, I. (2006). Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Hymenostegia (Fabaceae; Caesalpinioideae; Detarieae) and related genera. Possible implications for generic classification of Hymenostegia species. Biosystematics Group. Wageningen, NHN Wageningen University Branch. MSc. thesis. Mackinder, B. A. (2005). Detarieae. In: G. P. Lewis, B. D. Schrire, B. A. Mackinder & J. M. Lock, Legumes of the World, pp. 69–109. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 54 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 55 Clarifying the generic limits of Talbotiella and Hymenostegia APPENDIX 1. Voucher details for rbcL sequences adapted from Lunenburg (2006). GenBank ID is reported for taxa when relevant. Taxon Voucher GenBank ID. or Herbarium code Afzelia quanzensis Welw. Anthonotha macrophylla P. Beauv. Bauhinia candicans Benth. Berlinia occidentalis Keay Brownea ariza Benth. Brownea coccinea Jacq. Brownea sp. nov. Cercis siliquastrum L. Connarus conchocarpus F. Muell. Crudia gabonensis Pierre ex De Wild. Cynometra ananta Hutch. & Dalziel Cynometra iripa Kostel. Cynometra letestui (Pellegr.) J. Léonard Cynometra lujae De Wild. Cynometra mannii Oliv. Cynometra sp. Hymenostegia afzelii (Oliv.) Harms 1 Hymenostegia afzelii (Oliv.) Harms 2 Hymenostegia aubrevillei Pellegr. Hymenostegia bakeriana Hutch. & Dalziel Hymenostegia brachyura (Harms) J. Léonard Hymenostegia felicis (A.Chev.) J. Léonard 1 Hymenostegia felicis (A.Chev.) J. Léonard 2 Hymenostegia felicis (A.Chev.) J. Léonard 3 Hymenostegia gracilipes Hutch. & Dalziel Hymenostegia klainei Pierre ex Pellegr. 1 Hymenostegia klainei Pierre ex Pellegr. 2 Hymenostegia klainei Pierre ex Pellegr. 3 Hymenostegia mundungu (Pellegr.) J. Léonard Hymenostegia neoaubrevillei J. Léonard Hymenostegia ngounyensis Pellegr. 1 Hymenostegia ngounyensis Pellegr. 2 Hymenostegia normandii Pellegr. 1 Hymenostegia normandii Pellegr. 2 Hymenostegia pellegrinii (A. Chev.) J. Léonard Hymenostegia cf. pellegrinii (A. Chev.) J. Léonard Lebruniodendron leptanthum (Harms) J.Léonard 1 Lebruniodendron leptanthum (Harms) J. Léonard 2 Goyder 3727 Wieringa 4590 Breteler 13966 van Valkenburg 3006 van Valkenburg 3028 van Andel 4214 Breteler 13352 van Andel 4244 de Kruif 668 van der Burgt 587 Zenker 4481 WAG; YA WAG; LBV Z70161 GC; WAG Z70158 Z70159 U74186 WAG U06798 LBV; WAG WAG AY289677 LBV; WAG LBV; WAG LBV; WAG WAG; YA WAG WAG; YA WAG WAG; YA WAG; YA Wieringa 2581 Wieringa 2841 Jacques-Félix 5129 Merello 1299 Wieringa 4714 Wieringa 2575 Wieringa 5137 Devred 2640 LBV; WAG LBV; WAG WAG; YA GC; WAG LBV; WAG LBV; WAG LBV; WAG BR; WAG Breteler 14793 Wieringa 2579 Wieringa 4493 Breteler 13943 Wieringa 2208 Breteler 15602A LBV; WAG LBV; WAG LBV; WAG LBV; WAG WAG; YA LBV; WAG Wieringa 3771 LBV; WAG Wieringa 1659 LBV; WAG Allogho 20 LBV; WAG Jongkind 2068 Wieringa 5680 Wieringa 2585 Wieringa 4296 55 05Mackinder 11/2/10 3:54 pm Page 56 Systematics and Conservation of African Plants Loesenera gabonensis Pellegr. Macrolobium acaciifolium Benth. Neochevalierodendron stephanii (A. Chev.) J. Léonard Normandiodendron bequaertii (De Wild.) J. Léonard Plagiosiphon discifer Harms Plagiosiphon gabonensis (A. Chev.) J. Léonard Plagiosiphon longitubus (Harms) J. Léonard Plagiosiphon multijugus (Harms) J. Léonard Plagiosiphon sp. nov. Polygala amara L. Polygala chamaebuxus L. Rourea coccinea (Thonn. ex Schumach.) Benth. Saraca palembanica (Miq.) Baker Scorodophloeus fischeri (Taub.) J. Léonard Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms 1 Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms 2 Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms 3 Talbotiella gentii Hutch. & Greenway Talbotiella sp. nov 1 Talbotiella sp. nov 2 Talbotiella sp. nov 3-1 Talbotiella sp. nov 3-2 Tamarindus indica L. Zenkerella citrina Taub. 56 Wieringa 4542 Breteler 13262 LBV; WAG U74191 LBV; WAG LBV; WAG J. J. F. E. de Wilde 11209 Wieringa 2316 Wieringa 4400 WAG; YA LBV; WAG not recorded WAG Wieringa 3813 LBV; WAG Breteler 12828 LBV; WAG Z70175 Z70176 AF308704 Breteler 13509 Faulkner 4025 WAG WAG Breteler 14073 Wieringa 5067 Breteler 11111 Jongkind 1940 Letouzey 10940 van der Burgt s.n. van der Burgt 601 van der Burgt 708 LBV; WAG LBV; WAG LBV; WAG GC; WAG K; P; YA K; WAG; YA K; WAG; YA K; WAG; YA Z70160 K; WAG; YA Cheek 7614