Phytotaxa 458 (4): 231–241 https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) Article PHYTOTAXA ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.458.4.1 Studies on Parmulariaceae II. Re-examination of Hysterostomella, Mintera, Rhipidocarpon and Viegasella DONG-QIN DAI1,8, NALIN N. WIJAYAWARDENE1,9, LI-ZHOU TANG1,2,10,*, YE TIAN3,11,*, ITTHAYAKORN PROMPUTTHA4,5,12, D. JAYARAMA BHAT6,13 & KEVIN D. HYDE7,14 1 Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, People’s Republic of China. 2 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, People’s Republic of China. 3 Innovation Startup College, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, People’s Republic of China. 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. 5 Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. 6 No. 128/1-J, Azad Cooperative Housing Society, Curca, P.O. Goa Velha 403108, India. 7 Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand. 8
cicidaidongqin@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8935-8807 9
nalinwijayawardene@yahoo.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-5498 10
biologytang@163.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6988-1876 11
aleaktianye@126.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3337-9806 12
ppam118@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3376-4376 13
bhatdj@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3800-5910 14
kdhyde3@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2191-0762 *Corresponding authors:
biologytang@163.com,
aleaktianye@126.com Abstract This is the second in a series of papers in which we examine the type species of genera in Parmulariaceae. Specimens of type species of Hysterostomella, Mintera, Rhipidocarpon and Viegasella are re-examined and their descriptions and illustrations are provided. Hysterostomella is characterized by large, black, circular or elliptical ascostromata, later becoming irregular, rather flat and opening by irregular fissures. Asci are subglobose, obovoid and bitunicate and ascospores are dark brown, ellipsoidal with a single septum. Mintera is similar to Viegasella in having radiating, loculate ascostromata forming on leaf surfaces. However, Mintera is distinguished by its appressoriate mycelium. Rhipidocarpon has carbonaceous, flattened ascostromata with ridges, irregularly radiating from centre to the outer rim, becoming a fan-shape, ridges containing elongated locules, which open by a longitudinal slit and contain numerous asci. Based on their morphological characters, the placement of the genera in Parmulariaceae is confirmed. Keywords: Dothideomycetes, Parmulariales, pathogens, taxonomy, types Introduction The family Parmulariaceae E. Müll. & Arx ex M.E. Barr was introduced by Barr (1979) and comprises 34 genera (Hongsanan et al. 2020, Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Dai et al. (2018) introduced Parmulariales D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, in Dothideomycetes, to accommodate Parmulariaceae. Members of Parmulariaceae are reported with biotrophic and pathogenic lifestyles and thus, the genera of this family are unculturable (Guatimosim et al. 2015). Direct extraction of DNA from fresh specimens is the best way to obtain some common loci, such as ITS and LSU sequences data (Guatimosim et al. 2015, Dai et al. 2019). Since most of the genera lack sequences in GenBank, the classification is still confused and problematic. For example, Hemigrapha and Inocyclus were transferred to Asterinales by Guatimosim et al. (2015) and Dai et al. (2018) based on morpho-molecular analyses. Parmulariaceae has various structures in ascomata types, asci and ascospores forms (Inácio & Cannon 2008, Dai et al. 2018). However, most of the genera in Parmulariaceae lack comprehensive studies. Our research provides the morphologic evidence for type species of Accepted by Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura: 20 Aug. 2020; published: 8 Sept. 2020 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 231 each genera so that the revision of this family based on new collections followed by morpho-molecular analyses and epitypification can become possible in the future. We are in the process of studying genera of Parmulariaceae in order to provide a natural classification of this large and important family (Hyde et al. 2013, Dai et al. 2018, Hongsanan et al. 2020). These studies involve examination of specimens of type species of the genera, provision of modern descriptions and illustrations or photomicrographs and, resulting with appropriate placement at the family and ordinal levels (Dai et al. 2014). In this study, we re-examined the type species of Hysterostomella Speg., Mintera Inácio & P.F. Cannon, Rhipidocarpon (Theiss.) Theiss. & Syd. and Viegasella Inácio & P.F. Cannon and confirm their family placement of Parmulariaceae. Material and methods Loaning and examination of specimens Specimens of type species were obtained from herbaria viz. Royal Botanic Gardens (K), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (LPS) and Swedish Museum of Natural History (S) (abbreviations are according to Index Herbariorum 2020). The study methods followed are those reported in Dai et al. (2017). Fruiting bodies were rehydrated in water and/or 5% KOH prior to examination and sectioning. Hand sections of the ascomata were mounted in water or lactic acid for microscopic studies and photomicrography. The materials were examined by Zeiss Stereo Discovery V8 with AxioCam ERc 5 s and Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound microscope and photographed by Canon 600D digital camera fitted to the microscope. Measurements were made with the Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work program and images used for figures were processed with Adobe Photoshop CS5, Extended version 10.0 software (Adobe Systems Inc., USA). Index Fungorum (2020) numbers and Facesoffungi numbers (Jayasiri et al. 2015) are provided for genera and species. Results Taxonomy Parmulariales D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 369(2): 73(2018) Type family: Parmulariaceae E. Müll. & Arx ex M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71(5): 944 (1979) The order Parmulariales was introduced by Dai et al. (2018) with a single family Parmulariaceae. Parmulariales is phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from Asterinales (Dai et al. 2018, Hongsanan et al. 2017, 2020), however close to Alysidiellaceae (Hongsanan et al. 2020). Only the type species of Parmularia, P. styracis Lév. was sequenced by Guatimosim et al. (2015). Parmulariaceae has a typical biotrophic lifestyle. Genera of this family are usually pathogens growing on living plants, especial leaves, in tropical areas (Inácio & Cannon 2008). Hysterostomella Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 19(6): 260 (1885) Index Fungorum number: IF 2476; Facesoffungi number: FoF 02313 Parasitic on living leaves. Sexual morph: Internal stromata presence. Ascostromata solitary, scattered or gregarious, superficial, circular or elliptical, becoming irregular, flat, black, opening by irregular fissures, with multi locules. Upper wall of ascostromata comprising several black layers. Hamathecium composed of hyaline, septate, filamentous pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, subglobose, obovoid, clavate, apedicellate, thick-walled, smooth, with a large apical chamber. Ascospores irregularly arranged, ellipsoidal, 1-septate, with larger upper cell and shorter lower cell, brown to dark brown when mature. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Notes:—Hysterostomella was introduced by Spegazzini (1885) and typified by H. guaranitica Speg. with has 24 morphological species (Hongsanan et al. 2020, Index Fungorum 2020). This genus is usually parasitic on palm leaves and widely distributed in tropical areas. Hysterostomella is characterized by large, black, circular or elliptical ascostromata becoming irregular and rather flat, opening by irregular slits, subglobose, obovoid asci and dark brown, ellipsoidal ascospores with a single septum (Inácio & Cannon 2008). 232 • Phytotaxa 458 (4) © 2020 Magnolia Press DAI ET AL. Theissen & Sydow (1915) erected a new genus Hysterostomina Theiss. & Syd. which resembles Hysterostomella and was placed in Polystomellaceae Theiss. & P. Syd. Doidge (1948) regarded that Hysterostomina is not morphologically distinct from Hysterostomella, and thus, the former was synonymized under Hysterostomella. Type species: Hysterostomella guaranitica Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 19(6): 260 [no. 305] (1885) Hysterostomella guaranitica Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 19(6): 260 [no. 305] (1885) Index Fungorum number: IF 197988; Facesoffungi number: FoF 02314, Fig. 1, 2 Holotype:—LPS 1329 Isotype:—S F20987 Parasitic on upper surface of living leaves. Sexual morph: Internal stromata immersed under the leaf surface, dark brown. Ascostromata 1–2 mm diam., 100–200 μm high, solitary, scattered or gregarious, superficial, circular or elliptical, becoming irregular shape, flat, black, with opening by irregular fissures, internal part of ascostromata thick and contenting multi locules, with a thin dark brown tissue under the loculate layer, reaching leaf surface, composed of dark brown cells of textura angularis. Upper wall of ascostromata comprising 8–10.5 μm thick, dark brown to black layer of cells of textura prismatica. Wall between locules 10–25 μm thick, composed of light brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Locules in vertical section 200–300 × 80–150 μm, immersed under the upper wall of ascomata. Hamathecium composed of hyaline, septate, 2–4 μm wide, filament pseudoparaphyses above the asci. Asci 40–60 × 20–40 μm ( x = 49.5 × 30.5 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, subglobose, obovoid, clavate, with rounded apex, apedicellate, thick-walled, smooth, with a large apical chamber. Ascospores 25–31 × 15–16.5 ( x = 30.5 × 16 μm, n = 20), irregularly arranged, ellipsoidal, 1-septate, constricted at septum, thin-walled, with larger upper cell and shorter lower cell, hyaline, becoming brown to dark brown, smooth. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined:—PARAGUAY, Mbatobí, on leaves of Euphorbiaceae, July 1883, B. Balansa 3849 (LPS 1329, holotype); Ibid. (S F20987, isotype); Ibid. (K 180638, isotype). FIGURE 1. Asci and ascospores of Hysterostomella guaranitica strained in Congo Red (LPS 1329, holotype). a–c. Immature asci. d. Asci with ascospores. e–j. Ascospores. Scale bars: a–d = 10μm, e–j = 5 μm. STUDIES ON PARMULARIACEAE II. Phytotaxa 458 (4) © 2020 Magnolia Press • 233 FIGURE 2. Hysterostomella guaranitica (S F20987, isotype). a. Herbarium material and envelop. b. Herbarium material. c, d. Black ascostromata on the leaf host. e, f. Vertical sections of ascostromata with dark brown internal stroma. g. Ascostroma wall. h–j. Immature ascospores inside asci. k–m. Asci containing matured ascospores. n. Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 1 cm, c, d = 2 mm, e, f, h–j = 50 μm, g = 5 μm, k–n = 10 μm. Mintera Inácio & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Res. 107(1): 86 (2003) Index Fungorum number: IF28710; Faceoffungi number: FoF02317 Parasitic on living leaves. Mycelium composed of septate, branched hyphae. Hyphae dark brown, septate, branched, with appressoria. Sexual morph: Internal stromata presence. Ascostromata gregarious, in groups, superficial, black, coriaceous, several locules radiating grouped into a chrysanthemum-like shape, flattened, easily removable. Locules immersed in ascostromata, opening by a longitudinal slit. Upper wall of ascostromata comprises several dark layers. Hamathecium composed of filamentous pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindric-clavate to subglobose, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores irregularly arranged, occasionally overlapping, hyaline, becoming brown to dark brown, ellipsoid, 1-septate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Notes:—Inácio & Cannon (2008) re-examined the holotype of Parmularia reticulata Starbäck (Starbäck 1905) and regarded that this species is not congeneric with Parmularia sensu stricto. Hence, Inácio & Cannon (2008) introduced Mintera to accommodate Parmularia reticulata and introduced a new combination, Mintera reticulata (Starbäck) Inácio & P.F. Cannon. Mintera resembles Viegasella and Parmularia in having radiating, loculate ascomata forming on 234 • Phytotaxa 458 (4) © 2020 Magnolia Press DAI ET AL. the leaf surfaces. However, Mintera is distinguished from other genera by appressoriate mycelium (Inácio & Cannon 2008). Type species: Mintera reticulata (Starbäck) Inácio & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Res. 107(1): 86 (2003) Mintera reticulata (Starbäck) Inácio & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Res. 107(1): 86 (2003) Index Fungorum number: IF 373774; Faceoffungi number: FoF 02318, Fig. 3 Basionym: Parmularia reticulata Starbäck 1905 FIGURE 3. Mintera reticulata (S F20503, holotype). a. Herbarium material and envelop. b. Herbarium materials. c, d. Black ascostromata on the host. e. Mycelium with appressoria. f, g. Vertical sections of ascostromata and locules. h, m. Pseudoparaphyses. i. Ascospores. j, k. Immature ascospores in asci. l. Mature ascospores in asci. Scale bars: b = 2 cm, c, d = 500 μm, e, h, i–m = 10 μm, f, g = 50 μm. Parasitic on upper surface of living leaves. Mycelium septate, branched, radiating, surrounding the ascomata. Hyphae 2.5–4.5 μm wide, dark brown, septate, branched, straight to sinuous, with 6–7 × 4.5–5 μm, subglobose, dark brown, thick-walled appressoria. Sexual morph: Internal stromata superficial to immersed, pale brown to hyaline. Ascostromata 1–1.7 mm diam., superficial, circular, black, coriaceous, containing 10–17 radiating locules grouping STUDIES ON PARMULARIACEAE II. Phytotaxa 458 (4) © 2020 Magnolia Press • 235 into a chrysanthemum-like shape, flattened, each locule opening by a longitudinal slit, easily removable. Locules 150– 220 μm wide, 200–600 μm long, 45–70 μm high, gregarious, in groups, immersed in ascostromata, oblong, semicircle from a vertical section. Upper wall of ascostromata 7–16 μm thick, comprises of several black layers, composed of dark brown to black cells of textura angularis to prismatica. Wall between locules 5–15 μm wide, composed of light brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of a few brown, unbranched, 2.5–4.5 μm wide, filamentous, septate, pseudoparaphyses with dark brown pigment at the tips. Asci 40–55 × 17–24 μm ( x = 48.5 × 21 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, clavate to cylindric-clavate, subglobose, with an ocular chamber and a short pedicel. Ascospores 14–18 × 5–8.5 μm ( x = 15.5 × 7 μm, n = 20), irregularly arranged, occasionally overlapping, hyaline to becoming brown and dark brown, ellipsoid, 1-septate, with large upper cell, narrow at lower cell, smooth-walled becoming verrucose, pigmented. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined:—PARAGUAY, Colonia Risso. Pr. Rio Apa, on upper of leaves, 30 September 1893, Gust. A: n Malme, (S F20503, holotype). Rhipidocarpon (Theiss.) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 197 (1915) Index Fungorum number: IF 4703; Facesoffungi number: FoF 02337 Parasitic on living leaves. Sexual morph: Internal stromata presence. Ascostromata solitary to gregarious, superficial, circular, elliptical to irregular, black, carbonaceous, flattened, with ridges irregularly radiating from the centre to the outer rim; ridges containing elongated locules, which open by a longitudinal slit and contain numerous asci. Locules immersed in ascomata. Upper wall of ascostromata comprises several black layers. Hamathecium of hyaline, septate, filamentous, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, thick-walled, bitunicate, broadly cylindrical to clavate, subglobose, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, or irregularly arranged in asci, ellipsoidal, dark brown. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Notes:—The monotypic genus Rhipidocarpon was introduced by Theissen & Sydow (1915) with R. javanicum (Pat.) Theiss. & Syd. as the type species. In morphology, this genus is similar to Parmularia in having the black ascostromata with ridges radiating from the centre to the outer rim. This character is typical feature of members in family Parmulariaceae. However, in morphology, Rhipidocarpon differes from Parmularia in circular, elliptical to irregular ascostromata with ridges irregularly radiating from centre, whereas, these in Parmularia are shield-like, rounded and regularly radiating from centre. Moreover, Rhipidocarpon has subglobose to clavate asci and verrucose ascospores, nevertheless, these in Parmularia are broadly cylindrical and smooth-walled. Type species: Rhipidocarpon javanicum (Pat.) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 197 (1915) Rhipidocarpon javanicum (Pat.) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 197 (1915) Index Fungorum number: IF 195038; Facesoffungi number: FoF 02338, Fig. 4 Parasitic on upper surface of living leaves. Sexual morph: Internal stromata presence, immersed under the leaf surface. Ascostromata 0.5–3.5 mm long, 0.4–3 mm wide, solitary to gregarious, superficial, circular, elliptical to irregular, black, carbonaceous, flattened, with ridges irregularly radiating from the centre to the outer rim, becoming a fan-shape; ridges containing elongated locules, which open by a longitudinal slit and contain numerous asci, easily removable. Locules in vertical section: 85–150 μm diam., 80–120 μm high, subglobose, immersed in ascomata. Upper wall of ascostromata 10–15 μm thick, comprises of several black layers, composed of dark brown cells of textura prismatica. Cells between locules composed of brown to hyaline cells of texture angularis. Hamathecium of hyaline, septate, filamentous, 1.5–2.5 μm pseudoparaphyses. Asci 35–50 × 15–30 μm ( x = 41.5 × 23.5 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, thick-walled, bitunicate, broadly cylindrical to clavate, subglobose, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 20–22.5 × 9–12 μm ( x = 22 × 10.5 μm, n = 20), 2–3-seriate, or irregularly arranged in asci, ellipsoidal, 1-septate, constricted at septum, sometimes with larger upper cell, hyaline and becoming dark brown when mature, verrucose. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined:—PHILIPPINES, Taytay, Palawan, on leaves of Nypa fruticans Wurmb, 28 May 1913, E. D. Merrill. (S, F21036). Notes:—The holotype of Rhipidocarpon javanicum, collected on Nypa fruticans in 1894 from Indonesia, and deposited in FH However, was said to be lost (Inácio & Cannon 2008). No other type is designated for this species until now. We re-examined a specimen of the species from S which however was in good condition. 236 • Phytotaxa 458 (4) © 2020 Magnolia Press DAI ET AL. FIGURE 4. Rhipidocarpon javanicum (S, F21036). a. Envelop of herbarium materials. b. Herbarium material. c, d. Black ascostromata on the host. e, f. Vertical sections of ascostroma containing locules. g. Upper wall of ascostroma. h, i. Asci with immature ascospores. j, k. Asci with matured ascospores. l. Pseudoparaphyses. m–p. Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 50 mm, c, d =1 mm, e–g = 50 μm, h–k, m–p = 10 μm, l = 5 μm. Viegasella Inácio & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Res. 107(1): 82 (2003) Index Fungorum number: IF 28709; Facesoffungi number: FoF 02343 Parasitic on living leaves. Sexual morph: Internal stromata and haustoria presence. Ascostromata gregarious to solitary, black, coriaceous, shiny, with multi-locules gregarious as star-shape. Locules gregarious, immersed in ascostromata, oblong, opening by longitudinal splits. Upper wall of ascostromata composed of several black layers. Hamathecium composed of brown, unbranched, filamentous, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, with a short, furcate pedicel, apically rounded, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores irregularly arranged, occasionally overlapping, brown to dark brown, ellipsoid, 1-septate, with large upper cell, narrow at lower cell, smooth-walled to verrucose. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Notes:—The monotypic genus Viegasella was introduced by Inácio & Cannon (2003) with V. pulchella (Speg.) Inácio & P.F. Cannon as the type species. Viegasella pulchella is characterized by black, star-shaped, ascostromata opening by longitudinal splits. In morphology, Viegasella resembles Parmularia but differs in having star-shaped ascostromata. Parmularia has shield-like and circular ones. Viegasella is similar to Mintera in having black, gregarious, star-shaped ascostromata. However, Mintera has dark brown hyphae with appressoria, forming under the ascostromata, STUDIES ON PARMULARIACEAE II. Phytotaxa 458 (4) © 2020 Magnolia Press • 237 and such character is not observed in Viegasella. We tentatively treat them as two distinct genera. Nevertheless, DNA sequence data are needed to clarify their natural classification. Type species: Viegasella pulchella (Speg.) Inácio & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Res. 107(1): 83 (2003) Viegasella pulchella (Speg.) Inácio & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Res. 107(1): 83 (2003) Index Fungorum number: IF 373406; Facesoffungi number: FoF 02344, Fig. 5 Basionym: Schneepia pulchella Speg. 1888 FIGURE 5. Viegasella pulchella (S F21320) a. Envelop of herbarium specimen. b. Herbarium materials. c. Black ascostromata grow on upper surfaces of leaves. d. Star-shape ascostromata. e, f. Section of ascostroma and locules with haustoria. g. Wall of ascostroma and locule. h, i. Immature asci contain immature hyaline ascospores. j, k. Mature asci contain mature ascospores. l. Pseudoparaphyses with septum. m–q. Dark brown ascospores. Scale bars: b = 30 mm, c=1 mm, d = 500 μm, e–g = 50 μm, h–l = 10 μm, m–q = 5 μm. Parasitic on upper surface of living leaves. Sexual morph: Internal stromata immersed under the leaf surface, visible as a thin layer comprising of hyaline cells, with dark brown cells connecting with ascostromata. Haustoria immersed, dark brown, connecting ascostroma and host leaf. Ascostromata 0.7–1.5 mm in diam., gregarious to solitary, black, coriaceous, shiny, with 6–10 locules gregarious as star-shape. Locules 300–600 μm long, 100–200 μm wide, 65–100 238 • Phytotaxa 458 (4) © 2020 Magnolia Press DAI ET AL. μm high, gregarious, immersed in ascostromata, oblong, opening by a longitudinal split. Upper wall of ascostromata 6–18 μm thick, comprises of several black layers, composed of dark brown to black cells of textura angularis to prismatica. Cells between locules 6–15 μm thick, composed of brown to hyaline cells of texture angularis. Hamathecium composed of a few brown, unbranched, 1.5–3 μm wide, filamentous, septate, pseudoparaphyses with slightly swollen and verrucose tips. Asci 50–80 × 12–20 μm ( x = 60.5 × 17.5 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, with a short and furcate pedicel, apically rounded, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 15.5–20 × 6.5–8 μm ( x = 18 × 7 μm, n = 20), irregularly arranged, occasionally overlapping, hyaline to brown and dark brown, ellipsoid, 1-septate, constricted at septum, with large upper cell, narrow at lower cell, smooth-walled, becoming verrucose and pigmented. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined:—BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul, São Leopoldo, on leaves of Chrysophyllum gonocarpum (Mart. & Eichler ex Miq.) Engl., April 1906, Rick 68 (S F21320). Notes:—Holotype of Viegasella pulchella was collected in 1883 from Guarapi, Paraguay, and deposited in herbarium LPS under no. 4084. However, Inácio & Cannon (2008) mentioned that they did not trace it. We tried to obtain the isotype of Schneepia pulchella Speg. from K, however, we couldn’t get it. A specimen in good condition was however loaned from S and re-examined in this study. Discussion The order Parmulariales was included within Dothideomycetes, according to molecular and morphologic analysis (Dai et al. 2018, Hongsanan et al. 2020), and presently contains a single family Parmulariaceae. Parmulariaceae includes numerous genera (Hyde et al. 2013, Hongsanan et al. 2020) and has various types in morphology, especially in ascostromata (Inácio & Cannon 2008, Dai et al. 2018). This family was introduced to accommodated taxa growing on living leaves, with biotrophic and pathogenic life-styles. In Parmulariaceae, the ascostromata have obvious characters, which are black, shield-like, rounded to irregular, containing multi locules, which open by longitudinal to irregular slits or open by irregular, complete or incomplete rings or Y-shaped to rugose fissures (Inácio & Cannon 2008, Hyde et al. 2013, Dai et al. 2018). The four examined genera Hysterostomella, Mintera, Rhipidocarpon and Viegasella mentioned in this article have typical characters of Parmulariaceae. They were found to be pathogenic on living leaves in tropical regions, viz. Brazil, Paraguay and the Philippines. Their ascostromata accord with family circumscription of Parmulariaceae. In Hysterostomella, ascostromata are black, flat, containing multi locules, with opening by irregular fissures. Mintera and Viegasella have black, coriaceous ascostromata with 6–17 locules gregarious as star-shape or chrysanthemumlike shape. Locules are oblong and open by longitudinal slits. Rhipidocarpon has black, flat ascostromata with ridges irregularly radiating from the centre, becoming a fan-shape. Each ridge contains elongated locules, which open by a longitudinal slit. In morphology, Hysterostomella, Mintera, Rhipidocarpon and Viegasella more or less resemble Parmularia, hence, they are proposed to place in this family. However, it is essential to get fresh collections followed by extracting DNA and carrying out phylogenetic analyses, epitypification. Furthermore, it will be helpful to confirm the phylogenetic placements of these genera in Parmulariaceae. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and plants on Yun-Gui Plateau, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. NSFC 31760013, 31950410558, 31260087, 31460561) and the Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education (2017ZZX186). Dong-Qin Dai would like to thank the Thousand Talents Plan, Youth Project of Yunnan Provinces and Yunnan Province Universities of the Science and Technology Innovation Team for the exploitation and utilization of endophytes for support. This research work was partially supported by Chiang Mai University. Li-Zhou Tang acknowledges the Yunnan Applied Basic Research Projects (2018FB050) and the training funds of Ten-thousand talents program of Yunnan Province. STUDIES ON PARMULARIACEAE II. 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