New Zealand Journal of Botany ISSN: 0028-825X (Print) 1175-8643 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzb20 Checklist of fungi on nikau palm (Rhopalostylis sapida and R. baueri var. cheesemanii), in New Zealand E.H.C. Mckenzie , P. K. Buchanan & P. R. Johnston To cite this article: E.H.C. Mckenzie , P. K. Buchanan & P. R. Johnston (2004) Checklist of fungi on nikau palm (Rhopalostylis�sapida and R.�baueri�var.�cheesemanii), in New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Botany, 42:2, 335-355, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.2004.9512908 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2004.9512908 Published online: 17 Mar 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 831 View related articles Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzb20 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2004, Vol. 42: 335-355 0028-825X/04/4202-0335 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2004 335 Checklist of fungi on nikau palm (Rhopalostylis sapida and R. baueri var. cheesemanii) in New Zealand E. H. C. MCKENZIE INTRODUCTION P. K. BUCHANAN P. R. JOHNSTON New Zealand Fungal Collection (PDD) Landcare Research Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand The arborescent palm genus Rhopalostylis contains three taxa: R. baueri (Hook.f.) H.Wendl. & Drude var. baueri, R. baueri var. cheesemanii (Becc.) Sykes, and R. sapida H.Wendl. & Drude. R. baueri var. baueri is naturally restricted to Norfolk Island, while the closely related var. cheesemanii is found to the east where it is restricted to Raoul Island in the Kermadec Group. The New Zealand nikau, R. sapida, occurs in mainland New Zealand. It grows mainly in coastal lowland forest throughout the North Island and in the northern half of the South Island (Moore & Edgar 1976; Sykes 1977). Nikau is also found in the Chatham Islands, where plants growing on Pitt Island (44°18'S) are considered to be the world's southernmost palm (Tomlinson 1979). No other palms occur naturally in New Zealand. The pinnate leaves of R. sapida are up to 3 m long, and consist of a central rachis, pinnae up to 1 m long, a petiole, and a large sheath. The rachides, petiole, and sheath of palms are a particularly favourable substratum for the growth of saprobic microfungi. Many of the fungi in the following list have been found on fallen leaves, and especially on the large leaf sheath. Fröhlich & Hyde (2000) noted that 592 species of ascomycetes had been described from palms. In New Zealand, 24 species of fungi, including 8 ascomycetes, have been described with Rhopalostylis sapida as the type substratum (Table 1). Of these, 17 species have been found only on Rhopalostylis, 3 have been found on other palms as well, and 4 are known also on non-Arecaceae plants. Mycothele Jülich is a monotypic genus of corticioid fungi, endemic to New Zealand and confined to nikau (Jülich 1976; Hjortstam & Larsson 1995). The most speciose fungal genera described from palms are Oxydothis with 40 species and Anthostomella with 38 species (Fröhlich & Hyde 2000). In New Zealand, there is one collection of an undetermined Anthostomella species on nikau, while two endemic species of Oxydothis have been described. Abstract A brief account of fungi associated with nikau (Rhopalostylis sapida and R. baueri var. cheesemanii) in New Zealand is followed by an annotated listing of all fungi known to grow on living or dead parts of these endemic palms. Records have been gleaned mainly from the New Zealand Fungal Collection (PDD) and its associated database, and from the literature. The fungi include only a few pathogens. Most fungi associated with Rhopalostylis are saprobes found on dead and fallen leaves, especially on the large leaf sheath. A total of 147 named species of fungi and 50 species identified only to genus, distributed within 134 genera, have been recorded. Many of the fungi are commonly found on other plant substrata within New Zealand, or elsewhere. Twenty-four species have been described with R. sapida as the type substratum, and of these 17 are known only on R. sapida, including the corticioid, monotypic genus, Mycothele. Keywords biodiversity; pathogens; saprobes; nikau palm; Rhopalostylis sapida; Rhopalostylis baueri var. cheesemanii B03020; Online publication date 3 June 2004 Received 20 June 2003; accepted 19 September 2003 336 Few parasitic fungi have been found on nikau, and there appear to be no reports of significant damage to nikau caused by fungi. However, leaf spots appear to be common on palms, in general. For example, Fröhlich et al. (1997) recorded and described several parasitic fungal species associated with palms in Australia, while Hyde & Cannon (1999) gave an account of the many species of tar-spot fungi on palms, only one of which, Catabotrys decidua, occurs on nikau. Pennycook (1989) reported five fungal pathogens on nikau: Catabotrys decidua, Graphiola phoenicis, Metacapnodium fraserae, Nectria ochroleuca, and Trichopeltheca asiatica. Although Pennycook (1989) listed Catabotrys decidua as a parasite, Hyde & Cannon (1999) suggested that it is probably a saprobe because of its wide host range and its production of superficial stromata only on recently dead plant tissue, with no evidence of necrosis. Hyde & Cannon (1999) also suggested that its rapid appearance on recently dead plant tissues indicates that it may at first be an endophyte within living tissue. The record of Graphiola phoenicis is considered to be doubtful because of misdetermination of the host (Pennycook 1989). Metacapnodium fraserae is a sooty mould fungus that is common on a range of plants in New Zealand. It grows superficially on insect honeydew, and as such causes little damage apart from lowering the amount of light that reaches the leaves. Bionectria ochroleuca is a weak parasite, sometimes associated with dieback on woody plants following other damage. Although recorded on nikau by Dingley (1969, as Nectria ochroleuca) it is doubtful that it causes damage to this palm. Trichopeltheca asiatica causes sooty blotch and is widespread in New Zealand on many different plants. The fungal colonies are superficial on leaves, but it does extract nutrients from the plants via penetrating hyphae. Recently, Pestalotiopsis maculans and Pythium sp. were reported as new records on nikau (Anon. 2001, 2002). Both these fungi have the potential to cause some damage. During a survey of diseases on seedling native plants in nurseries, a Pestalotiopsis sp. was isolated from leaf spots on nikau (J. M. Young pers. comm.). There were reports in 2002 (C. West pers. comm.) of wilting followed by rapid death of Rhopalostylis baueri var. cheesemanii palms on Raoul Island. No explanation for this condition has been forthcoming. Some diseases have been detected overseas on Rhopalostylis. An undetermined Phomopsis was found associated with fruit of Rhopalostylis species intercepted in San Francisco, USA (Farr et al. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2004, Vol. 42 undated). There is a report of Phytophthora palmivora occurring on R. baueri in France (Spaulding 1961). This probably refers to the Norfolk Island taxon (R. baueri var. baueri). Phytophthora palmivora causes bud rot of coconut (Cocos nucifera), and serious diseases on other plants, mainly in the tropics. It is timely to mention some other palm diseases of possible quarantine concern. Fusarium wilt, caused by strains of Fusarium oxysporum, is a serious disease on date palm and ornamental Phoenix spp. in many parts of the world, including Australia (Ply ler et al. 1999). There are several, non-fungal diseases of coconut palms in the Pacific, which may have the potential to infect Rhopalostylis. For instance, coconut cadang-cadang viroid, which occurs in the Philippines, has been shown to infect several other palm genera (Randles & Rodriguez 2003). Another pathogen, coconut tinangaja viroid, occurs in Guam, but its ability to infect other plant species is unknown (Wall & Randles 2003). Another lethal disease, coconut foliar decay virus, is known from Vanuatu (Randles et al. 1986). All fungal specimens on R. sapida and R. baueri var. cheesemanii from New Zealand, held in the New Zealand Fungal Collection (PDD) and in the Landcare Research culture collection (International Collection of Micro-organisms from Plants, ICMP), are listed. Additional records of fungi on Rhopalostylis have been extracted from the literature. For example, McKenzie (1992) provided a list of fungi found on R. baueri var. cheesemanii in Kermadec Islands. Herbarium PDD specimens are cited by collection number (within parentheses) but without the PDD prefix. Cultures in ICMP are listed with the prefix. Specimens from overseas herbaria are listed when noted in the literature. Herbarium abbreviations follow Holmgren et al. (1990). Unless otherwise noted, specimens are from R. sapida. Type specimens are indicated. New Zealand distribution is assigned to geographical areas as defined by Crosby et al. (1998). Comments on the distribution of individual fungi within New Zealand, or on the occurrence of fungi on other plant substrata in New Zealand, are supported by information in the New Zealand Fungi website (www.nzfungi.LandcareResearch.co.nz). A total of 147 named species of fungi and 50 unidentified species, distributed within 134 genera, have been recorded on Rhopalostylis in New Zealand (Table 2). When compared with previous accounts of fungi on selected plant genera in New Zealand, 15 of the identified fungal species on Rhopalostylis 337 McKenzie et al.—Checklist of fungi on nikau palm Table 1 Fungi described from New Zealand with Rhopalostylis as the type substratum. Ascomycota Arachnopeziza rhopalostylidis Dennis, Kew Bull. 15:302, 1961 (now Lachnellula rhopalostylidis) Nectria pseudoflavoviridis Lowen & Samuels, Mycol. Pap. 164: 36, 1991 (now Cosmospora pseudoflavoridis) Oxydothis rhopalostylis Samuels & Rossman, Mycotaxon 28: 469, 1987 (now O. opaca) Oxydothis selenosporellae Samuels & Rossman, Mycotaxon 28: 467, 1987 Pirottaea palmicola P.R.Johnst., NZJ. Bot. 36: 650, 1998 Rosellinia rhopalostilicola L.E.Petrini, NZJ. Bot. 41: 122,2003 Rosellinia palmae L.E.Petrini, NZJ. Bot. 41: 116,2003 Stictis ramuligera var. minor P.R.Johnst., NZJ. Bot 21:268, 1983 Basidiomycota Agaricostilbum novozelandicum W.B.Kendr. & X.D.Gong, Mycotaxon 54: 21, 1995 (nom. inval.) Campanella rubescens Segedin, NZJ. Bot. 31: 379, 1993 (now Gloiocephala rubescens) Epithele nikau G.Cunn., Trans. R. Soc. NZ83: 629, 1956 Lachnella nikau G.Cunn., DSIR Bull. 145: 331, 1963 Marasmius rhopalostylidis Desjarden & E.Horak, Biblioth. Mycol. 168: 108, 1997 Mycobonia disciformis G.Cunn., Trans. R. Soc. NZ83: 635, 1956 (now Mycothele disciformis) Peniophora sororia G.Cunn., Trans. R. Soc. NZ83: 280, 1955 (non Bourdot & Galzin, 1912) (now Subulicystidium nikau) Sebacina nikau McNabb, NZJ. Bot. 7:248, 1969 endemic, known only on R. sapida endemic, also on dead wood endemic, also on Ripogonum scandens endemic, also on Ripogonum scandens endemic, known only on R. sapida endemic, known only on R. sapida endemic, known only on R. baueri var. cheesemanii endemic, known only on R. sapida endemic, known only on R. sapida indigenous, known only on R. sapida in New Zealand indigenous, known only on R. sapida in New Zealand endemic, known only on R. sapida endemic, known only on R. sapida endemic, known only on R. sapida endemic, known only on R. sapida endemic, known only on R. sapida (now Basidiodendron nikau) Anamorphic fungi Capnocybe fraserae S.Hughes, NZJ. Bot. 4: 336, 1966 (Teleomorph Metacapnodium fraserae) Codinaeafertilis S.Hughes & W.B.Kendr., NZJ. Bot. 6: 347, 1968 (now Dictyochaetafertilis) indigenous, also on many native trees indigenous, also on clover, lucerne (Continued over page) 338 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2004, Vol. 42 Table 1 (Continued) Coronospora novaezelandiae Matsush., Memoirs 4: 5, 1985 Phragmocephala atra var. stenophora S.Hughes, NZJ. Bot. 16: 341, 1978 Stenellapalmicola Matsush., Memoirs 4: 19, 1985 Trichocladium novaezelandiae S.Hughes, NZJ. Bot. 7: 154, 1969 Xenosporium boivinii S.Hughes, NZJ. Bot. 16:354, 1978 Xylohypha palmicola S.Hughes & Sugiy., NZJ. Bot. 10: 455, 1972 endemic, also on Freycinetia banksii ssp. banksii endemic, known only on R. sapida endemic, known only on R. sapida endemic, known only on R. sapida indigenous, also on other native trees endemic, known only on R. sapida Table 2 Numbers of various fungal groups associated with Rhopalostylis spp. in New Zealand. Oomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Agaricales Aphyllophorales Other Basidiomycota Anamorphic fungi Total Genera Named species 1 39 0 63 1 15 10 22 5 57 133 8 24 5 47 147 5 0 1 28 50 Unidentified species Table 3 Number (and percentage) of identified fungal species found in common between four substrata (Agathis australis, Metrosideros spp., Nothofagus spp., and Rhopalostylis spp.) in New Zealand. *, Total number of identified fungal species known on Rhopalostylis spp. (this paper), Agathis australis (McKenzie et al. 2002), Metrosideros spp. (McKenzie et al. 1999), and Nothofagus spp. (McKenzie et al. 2000). Agathis australis Agathis australis Metrosideros spp. Nothofagus spp. Rhopalostylis spp. Metrosideros spp. 189* 15 (4.4%) 65 (6.7%) 18 (5.4%) are also known on Metrosideros spp. (McKenzie et al. 1999), 18 have been recorded on Agathis australis (McKenzie et al. 2002), and 24 on Nothofagus spp. (McKenzie et al. 2000). The percentage overlap in fungal species between Rhopalostylis and these other genera ranges from 2.6% to 5.4%, which is very similar to the overlaps of 3.1% to 6.7% found between fungi on Agathis, Nothofagus, and Metrosideros (Table 3). Nothofagus spp. Rhopalostylis spp. 155* 29 (3.1%) 15 (5.0%) 776* 24 (2.6%) 147* The "fungi" are interpreted in a broad sense, to include members of the Oomycota (Kingdom Chromista), as well as the true fungi (Kingdom Fungi). Fungal names are arranged alphabetically by genus within taxonomic phyla and orders as follows: Oomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (Agaricales; Aphyllophorales sens. lat. to include polypore, corticioid, clavarioid, and hydnoid fungi; other basidiomycetes), and anamorphic fungi. McKenzie et al.—Checklist of fungi on nikau palm Unlike previous papers in this series (McKenzie et al. 1999,2000,2002), myxomycetes are excluded from the current work. Through fieldwork carried out from 1998 to 2001, Stephenson (2003) has produced an account of myxomycetes associated with nikau. He collected 195 specimens of myxomycetes from the basal sheath of decaying fronds, and included details of 29 additional specimens held in Herbarium PDD. Nikau appears to be a particularly favourable substratum for myxomycetes, yielding 37 species in 14 genera (Stephenson 2003). FUNGI RECORDED ON RHOPALOSTYLIS IN NEW ZEALAND OOMYCOTA Pythium Pringsh. Pythium species are common and widespread soil fungi, often associated with damping off and root rots of a broad range of plants. Pythium sp. Nelson (Anon. 2001). ASCOMYCOTA Anthostomella Sacc. Although there is only one collection of this genus from nikau in PDD, this may reflect undercollecting as these fungi are particularly diverse on palms from other parts of the world. Anthostomella sp. Northland (45505). Arachnopeziza rhopalostylidis Lachnellula rhopalostylidis. Dennis. See Bionectria Speg. Bionectria species are common on a wide range of mainly woody substrata in New Zealand. They are saprobes or weak wound parasites of unthrifty plants. B. aureofulva (Cooke & Ellis) Schroers & Samuels Northland (49513), Auckland (14619,16389,18388, 31791). B. byssicola (Berk. & Broome) Schroers & Samuels Northland (50082). B. ochroleuca (Schwein.) Schroers & Samuels Northland (46418, 46425), Auckland (7579, 7580, 13147, 14067, 14068, 18508, 32921), Coromandel (13909, 28160, ICMP 5277). B. ralfsii (Berk. & Broome) Schroers & Samuels Auckland (36857). 339 Bisporella Sacc. Brightly coloured, glabrous discomycetes, common as saprobes on fallen wood and palm fronds. B. claroflava is found on a wide range of hosts throughout the country; it is often associated with its Bloxamia anamorph. B. claroflava (Grev.) Lizori & Korf Northland (19388), Auckland (45590 & ICMP 9772), Wanganui (45592), Nelson (64265). Capnocybefraserae S.Hughes. See Metacapnodium fraserae. Catabotrys Theiss. & Syd. Saprobe with superficial, stromatic, dark-walled ascomata. C. decidua is widespread in tropical regions on palms. C. decidua (Berk. & Broome) Seaver & Waterston Northland (42048, ICMP 5401), Auckland (16426, 16427,16428,16429,18326,19212,20587,20815, 20995, 21138, 21740, 21743, 28570, 32051, ICMP 5295), Coromandel (18515, 23527, 45445), Buller (66225), Chatham Islands (62846). Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C.Tul. Saprobic microfungus on rotten wood of a wide range of plants, as well as rotten leaves of largeleafed monocots. C. novaezelandiae is known only from the North Island. C. aotearoae S.Hughes. See Melanochaeta aotearoae. C. novaezelandiae S.Hughes & Shoemaker Auckland (66190). Chaetosphaeria sp. Auckland (57310). Cosmospora Rabenh. Large genus of saprobic, entomogenous, or hyperparasitic microfungi with small, round, brightly coloured ascomata. C. chaetopsinae-penicillatae is known also from tropical America; C. pseudoflavoviridis is known only from New Zealand, and is associated with other pyrenomycetous fungi, possibly as a hyperparasite. C. chaetopsinae-penicillatae (Samuels) Rossman & Samuels Auckland (44234). C. pseudoflavoviridis (Lowen & Samuels) Rossman & Samuels Auckland (41420 — holotype of Nectria pseudoflavoviridis Lowen & Samuels). 340 Crocicreas Fr. Small, gelatinous discomycetes, saprobic on dead plant tissue. The genus has not been treated for New Zealand, but there appear to be at least two undescribed species on fallen nikau fronds. Crocicreas sp. Northland (60167, 63507), Auckland (57939, 60051), Nelson (72116), Chatham Islands (62651, 62672). Diaporthe Nitschke Pyrenomycetes with black, immersed to erumpent perithecia often clustered in stromatic masses. Common in New Zealand on a wide range of hosts, may be either saprobes or weak pathogens. Diaporthe sp. Auckland (21824). Diatrype Fr. Pyrenomycetes with black, immersed to erumpent perithecia often clustered in stromatic masses. Saprobic. Diatrype sp. Auckland (57261). Diatrypella (Ces. & De Not.) De Not. Pyrenomycetes with black, immersed to erumpent perithecia often clustered in stromatic masses. Characterised by polysporous asci. Saprobic. Diatrypella sp. Auckland (49670). Eutypella (Nitschke) Sacc. Saprobic pyrenomycetes with black, immersed to erumpent perithecia often clustered in stromatic masses. The stromata contain host as well as fungal material. Eutypella sp. Auckland (57303). Glomerella Spauld. & H.Schrenk Saprobic or mildly pathogenic microfungus, associated with a wide range of plants throughout New Zealand. Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H.Schrenk Nelson (ICMP 14590, Anon. 2001). Hydropisphaera Dumort. Saprobic microfungi with small, pale, superficial perithecia. H. macrarenula is known only from New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2004, Vol. 42 nikau, H. arenuloides is common on tree ferns, H. erubescens and H. peziza are known from the leaves of several other plants. Each of these species is confined in New Zealand to the north of Greymouth. H. arenuloides (Samuels) Rossman & Samuels Auckland (15910, Samuels 1976, as Nectria peziza). H. erubescens (Desm.) Rossman & Samuels Auckland (32658). H. macrarenula (Samuels) Rossman & Samuels Auckland (45718, 45720, 46841, 49626, 49648), Coromandel (47021, 47032), Buller (50058). H. peziza (Tode) Dumort. Auckland (46413, 60408). Hypocrea Fr. Saprobic pyrenomycetes forming macroscopic, superficial, generally pale or brightly coloured, stromatic ascomata. Most commonly on fallen wood and bark. Sometimes associated with a Trichoderma anamorph. The taxonomy of this genus is in the process of revision, and future work may show that the names listed below, taken uncritically from herbarium specimen labels, have been used in an incorrect sense. Reports of H. rufa from New Zealand, for example, are likely to be incorrect (G. J. Samuels pers. comm.). H. rufa (Pers.) Fr. Northland (46808), Auckland (ICMP 1695). H. sulfurella Kalchbr. & Cooke Auckland (25001). H. tawa Dingley Coromandel (32709). Hypocrea sp. Kermadec Islands (54662 — on R. baueri var. cheesemanii). Hypod erma De Not. Immersed discomycetes common on fallen leaves of many plant species. H. rubi has been reported from many hosts. H. rubi (Pers.) De Not. Northland (53851). Ijuhya Starbäck Small, brightly coloured pyrenomycete, saprobic on dead plant tissue. I. peristomialis is common on tree ferns and the leaves of large monocots, such as Astelia and Freycinetia; it is found as far south as Greymouth. McKenzie et al.—Checklist of fungi on nikau palm I. peristomialis (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels Auckland (32550). Kirschsteiniothelia D.Hawksw. Widespread through New Zealand on a wide range of hosts. K. aethiops (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) D.Hawksw. Auckland (41745). Kretzschmaria Fr. S aprobe with large, black, stromatic ascomata. The New Zealand collections more closely match K. clavus than the other species treated by Rogers & Ju (1998). They differ from the description provided by these authors in having ascospores slightly curved, with a short, oblique germ slit, consistently sessile stromata, and distinctly papillate ostioles. This species is found on a wide range of hosts in the north of the North Island. It has a broad distribution in tropical Asia and America. K. cf. clavus (Fr.) Sacc. Northland (41966, 45709), Auckland (45695, 45757). Lachnellula P.Karst. Tiny, white, gegarious, sessile, hairy discs developing in masses on dead fronds. L. rhopalostylidis is a saprobe known only from nikau. L. rhopalostylidis (Dennis) Korf Auckland (18975, 19356, 19357, 19358, 19359, 19360,19361,19371,19372,19375,20473,21150, 28800,29220,40893,46572,58126,62705,66038), Coromandel (19373, 19374). 341 monocotyledons and tree ferns; most collections are from the north of the North Island. L. sylvana (Mouton) Rossman & Samuels Auckland (21988 & ICMP 5266, 40342), Coromandel (21784). Lasiosphaeria Ces. & De Not. Small, superficial pyrenomycetes often with coarse setae or hairs, common on litter of many kinds of plants from Greymouth northwards. L. hirsuta (Fr.) Ces. & De Not. Auckland (46465, 49667, 49671). L. raciborskii (Penz. & Sacc.) G.C.Carroll & Munk Auckland (32659, 49646). Linocarpon Syd. & P.Syd. Saprobic pyrenomycetes with perithecia immersed in host tissue. A tropical genus common on monocotyledons. Linocarpon sp. Northland (44330), Auckland (46255). Lophodermium Chevall. Immersed saprobic discomycete. L. minor is a common saprobe on the fallen leaves of many kinds of plants throughout New Zealand. Also reported from tropical America. L. minor (Tehon) P.R.Johnst. Northland (53845), Auckland (46135, 62503), Chatham Islands (61813). Melanochaeta E.Müll., Harr & Sulmont Saprobic microfungus on rotten wood of a wide range of plants, as well as rotten leaves of largeleafed monocotyledons. M. aotearoae (S.Hughes) E.Müll., Harr & Sulmont Auckland (DAOM 93842b, Hughes 1966, as Chaetosphaeria aotearoae S.Hughes). Lachnum Retz. Small, brightly coloured, hairy discomycetes. Both L. palmae and L. pritzelianum are restricted to palms; L. palmae is known also from tropical America, L. pritzelianum also from Australia. Metacapnodium Speg. L. palmae (Kanouse) Spooner Sooty mould, developing superficially on the plant Northland (49461,60270,60273,60284), Auckland in association with honey dew from sap-sucking (47540, 49249, 56787, 60018). insects. Found from Nelson northwards on many L. pritzelianum (Henn.) Spooner species of native trees. Auckland (32418). M.fraserae (S.Hughes) S.Hughes Lachnum sp. Auckland (20518 — holotype of Capnocybe Coromandel (55352). fraserae S.Hughes, DAOM 97356 — isotype, DAOM 96131, DAOM 97373, DAOM 97375). Lasionectria (Sacc.) Cooke Small, brightly coloured, superficial pyrenomycete. Mollisia (Fr.) P.Karst. L. sylvana is found most commonly on large-leafed Small, sessile, dark-coloured discomycetes, common 342 on litter throughout New Zealand. The genus has not been treated for New Zealand. Mollisia sp. Northland (53848,53864,59479,60268), Auckland (58149), Chatham Islands (61821, 62654). Nectria (Fr.) Fr. Small, brightly coloured pyrenomycetes, perithecia superficial, often gregarious, saprobes or wound pathogens. N. flammeola is known only from tree ferns and nikau, N. nothofagi only from Nothofagus and nikau, while all other species are found on a wide range of mostly woody hosts. Except for N. westlandica, which is common to the very south of the country, the species known from nikau are restricted geographically from Nelson northwards. N. arenuloides Samuels. See Hydropisphaera arenuloides. N. flammeola Weese Northland (49516). N. nothofagi Dingley Auckland (7562, 16504), Coromandel (13558). N. peristomialis (Berk. & Broome) Samuels. See Ijuhya peristomialis. N. peziza (Tode) Fr. See Hydropisphaera arenuloides. N. pseudoflavoviridis Lowen & Samuels. See Cosmospora pseudoflavoviridis. N. pseudotrichia Berk. & M.A.Curtis Northland (23003), Auckland (6374). N. radicicola Gerlach & L.Nilsson Coromandel (36654). N. radicicola var. coprosmae (Dingley) Samuels & Brayford Auckland (7547), Coromandel (ICMP 9340). N. ralfsii Berk. & Broome. See Bionectria ralfsii. N. tasmanica Berk. See Neonectria discophora. N. westlandica Dingley Coromandel (13553). Nectria sp. Kermadec Islands (54732 — on R. baueri var. cheesemanii). Nectriopsis Maire Known only from the north of the North Island, N. squamulosa has been found on tree ferns and largeleafed monocotyledons. N. squamulosa (Ellis) Samuels Auckland (36421). New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2004, Vol. 42 Neonectria Wollenw. Small, saprobic or weakly parasitic pyrenomycetes. N. discophora is known throughout the country on a wide range of hosts. N. discophora (Mont.) Mantiri & Samuels Auckland (30446). Niesslia Auersw. Saprobe on dead leaves. Niesslia sp. Auckland (31800). Orbilia Fr. Tiny, sessile, translucent orange or yellow discomycetes, saprobic on fallen wood and leaves of many plants throughout New Zealand. None of the species listed here has previously been reported from New Zealand; O. auricolor is more or less cosmopolitan, O.juruensis is tropical in distribution. O. vinosa is cosmopolitan in distribution; the New Zealand collection has spores differing slightly in shape. O. auricolor (A.Bloxam) Sacc. Auckland (58174), Chatham Islands (61830). O.juruensis Henn. Auckland (56360). O. cf. vinosa (Alb. & Schwein.) P.Karst. Chatham Islands (62710). Oxydothis Penz. & Sacc. Immersed pyrenomycetes, especially common in the tropics. Both species have been also found on Ripogonum scandens. Saprobes. O. opaca (Berk.) K.D.Hyde Northland (45779 — holotype of O. rhopalostylidis, 47875,47876,47877,47878), Coromandel (46262, 46263). O. rhopalostylidis Samuels & Rossman. See O. opaca. O. selenosporellae Samuels & Rossman Northland (45777, 45783, 45786, 45798, 45799), Auckland (42057, 44744, 46266). Pirottaea Sacc. Small, saprobic discomycetes. P. palmicola is confined to nikau, on which it appears to be common. P. palmicola P.R.Johnst. Northland (60277, 60281, 60282, ICMP 13384, ICMP 13385, ICMP 13386), Auckland (49608, 60012 — holotype, 60013, 65971, ICMP 13383, ICMP 13552, ICMP 13553). McKenzie et al.—Checklist of fungi on nikau palm 343 Rosellinia De Not. Saprobic pyrenomycetes, with black-walled ascomata, often gregarious, and often surrounded by dark subicular hyphae. The genus has recently been revised for New Zealand (Petrini 2003). R. rhopalostilicola and R. palmae are known only from nikau, R. communis was collected from a dead nikau trunk, and is found on the wood of a wide range of hosts. R. communis, R. palmae, and R. rhopalostilicola are known only from New Zealand, while R. longispora is known also from South America, where it is found on wood. R. communis L.E.Petrini Auckland (49687). R. longispora Rick Northland (45780). R. palmae L.E.Petrini Kermadec Island (54730 holotype, on R. baueri var. cheesemanii). R. rhopalostilicola L.E.Petrini Northland (41981, 43199, 49441 — holotype), Auckland (42073, 45719, 45782, 49599, 49625, 49658, 49659, 77028), Buller (66226). a white ring of crystals around the wide, circular opening of the ascoma. S. ramuligera var. minor was described as being specialised to nikau, the other species all show a wide host range. Saprobic on dead twig and leaf tissue. S. brachyspora (Sacc. & Berl.) Sherwood. See S. ramu ra var. minor. S. carnea Seaver & Waterston Scutellinia (Cooke) Lambotte Saprobic discomycetes, having sessile apothecia with characteristic orange-coloured hymenium, and dark setae on the receptacle. Common throughout New Zealand on a wide range of substrata, although typically associated with well-rotted plant material. Following Moravec (1996), the identity of all records of this genus for New Zealand need reassessing. Scutellinia sp. Auckland (26793, 29528). Sorokina S acc. Saprobic on dead wood of many hosts, and palm fronds. Small, black, sessile discs, characterised by brown, 1-septate, striate ascospores. Sorokina sp. Auckland (44266, 49645). Stephanonectria Schroers & Samuels Pyrenomycetes, saprobic on dead plant tissues. S. keithii is found worldwide on dead wood and palm fronds. In New Zealand it is known from the northern half of the North Island. S. keithii (Berk. & Broome) Schroers & Samuels Auckland (46245). Stictis Pers. Immersed, discomycete-like fungi, characterised by Auckland (40902, 40982, 40983, 40985, 41045, 41046,45199). S. dumontii Sherwood Auckland (56244). S. radiata Pers. Auckland (37107, 41063). S. ramuligera Starbäck var. ramuligera Auckland (41003, 44125, 45563). S. ramuligera var. minor P.R.Johnst. Northland (43940), Auckland (40992,41004,41051, 41073, 41144), Coromandel (54787, 55290). S. subiculata P.R.Johnst. Auckland (44124), Coromandel (56625). Stilbocrea Pat. Saprobic microfungus, widespread in tropical and warm temperate regions, has been found rarely in New Zealand. Stilbocrea gracilipes (Tul. & C.Tul.) Samuels & Seifert Northland (44245). Trichopeltheca Bat., C.A.A.Costa & Cif. Sooty mould, developing superficially on the plant in association with honey dew from sap-sucking insects. Found throughout New Zealand associated with many species of native trees. T. asiatica Bat., C.A.A.Costa & Cif. New Zealand (Hughes 1965). Trichosphaeria Fuckel A genus of saprobic microfungi not treated for New Zealand. Trichosphaeria sp. Auckland (72378). Tubeufia Penz. & Sacc. Saprobic pyrenomycetes common in the north of New Zealand on a wide range of substrata; all are widespread in tropical and warm temperate regions. T. cylindrothecia is known in New Zealand only from its conidial state, Helicomyces roseus Link. 344 T. cylindrothecia (Seaver) Höhn. Auckland (20496). T. helicoma (W.Phillips & Plowr.) Piroz. Northland (49466), Auckland (20467,20607,21345, 21796, 37244,49642,49644), Coromandel (35991, 35992, 37391). T. scopula (Cooke & Peck) M.E.Barr Northland (49472), Auckland (37243,49641,49653). Xylaria Hill ex Schrank Large, black, upright macro-ascomycetes. The genus is common throughout New Zealand, but the three species known from nikau are all largely confined to the North Island. X. apiculata and X. schreuderiana have wide host ranges, while X. palmicola is known only from nikau in New Zealand. X. apiculata Cooke Auckland (45418). X. palmicola G.Winter Northland (44333), Auckland (42097, 45691). X. schreuderiana Van der Byl Auckland (41965). BASIDIOMYCOTA Agaricales Campanella rubescens Segedin. See Gloiocephala rubescens. Crepidotus (Fr.) Staude A saprobic genus, usually found on rotten wood. Crepidotus sp. Kermadec Islands (54738 — on R. baueri var. cheesemanii), Auckland (69971). Crucibulum Tul. & C.Tul. A bird's nest fungus. Such fungi are common and widespread throughout New Zealand, particularly on dead twigs. C. laeve (Huds.) Kambly Auckland (67527). Favolaschia (Pat.) Pat. A saprobic agaric on wood, characterised by lateral attachment and a poroid lower surface of the fleshy to jelly-like cap. In New Zealand, F. pustulosa is often collected on rotting wood, especially of tawa, and the species is also known from South-East Asia and the South Pacific (Hood 1992). F. pustulosa (Jungh.) Kuntze Auckland (32435, 40347). New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2004, Vol. 42 Gloiocephala Massee Gloiocephala species are usually found as saprobes on rotting plant debris. G. rubescens also occurs in Sri Lanka, but in New Zealand appears to be confined to nikau. G. rubescens (Segedin) Desjardin & E.Horak (Segedin 1993, as Campanella rubescens) Auckland (60261 — holotype, 68160), Nelson (64669), Buller (64668). Hohenbuehelia Schulzer Saprobic gilled agaric, often laterally attached, on dead wood and bark. Hohenbuehelia sp. Auckland (63606). Lachnella Fr. Cyphelloid fungus forming small, cupulate fruitbodies on leaves and dead wood. L. nikau appears to be restricted to nikau and to New Zealand. Reassessment of generic placement is needed in the light of modern taxonomic concepts. L. nikau G.Cunn. Auckland (18615 — holotype, 28760, 32233). Lachnella sp. Kermadec Islands (59467, 59468 — on R. baueri var. cheesemanii). Marasmiellus Murrill Saprobic agaric on wood, usually with small caps and lacking a stalk. Marasmiellus sp. Auckland (63248). Marasmius Fr. Saprobes on fallen litter and twigs. The only known specimen of M. aciculiformis var. albus in New Zealand was recorded on nikau; comparison, however, is needed with authenticated material of this taxon which was first described from Venezuela (Dennis 1961). M. rhopalostylidis is known from three collections and may be confined to nikau, but the host has been recorded only for the holotype specimen. M. aciculiformis var. albus Dennis Coromandel (32717) M. rhopalostylidis Desjardin & E.Horak Nelson (68178 — holotype). Marasmius sp. Auckland (69882). 345 McKenzie et al.—Checklist of fungi on nikau palm Phaeosolenia Speg. Cyphelloid fungi apparently developing on wood. P. densa forms clusters of pendulous fruiting bodies that each hang from a narrow stipe, and develop from the erumpent stromata of an unidentified ascomycete (Reid 1963). While Cunningham (1963) indicated that the species has a broad geographic distribution including North and South America and Europe, Reid (1963) suggested that P. densa sens, str. is more likely to be confined to New Zealand, with at least some extralimital collections representing the related species, P. inconspicua (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Donk. E. nikau G.Cunn. Auckland (7376, 11199, 14244, 14246, 14247, 17537,17538, 24515, 24929, 44876, 48603), Coromandel (17539). P. densa (Berk.) W.B.Cooke Northland (14094,14156,21999), Auckland (11212, Hymenochaete Lév. Corticioid fungi (sens. lat.) forming crust-like brown fruit-bodies on dead wood, associated with a white rot. H. unicolor is also known from Central America, northern South America, and Japan. In New Zealand, the species is known only from a single collection and the record requires confirmation. H. unicolor Berk. & M.A.Curtis Coromandel (16624). 11822, 17094, 21148, 30766). Pleurotus (Fr.) P.Kumm. Most Pleurotus species are saprobic wood decay agarics, forming fruiting bodies with lateral to eccentric stalks and decurrent gills. P. djamor is a species complex, widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics (McCleneghan & Hughes 1998), and characterised by several geographically distributed, coloured forms. Perhaps the most common Pleurotus species in New Zealand, it has been recorded from many native and exotic hosts. P. djamor (Rumph. ex Fr.) Boedijn (Segedin et al. 1995, as Pleurotus opuntiae) Kermadec Islands (55042 — on R. baueri var. cheesemanii). P. opuntiae (Durieu & Lév.) Sacc. See P. djamor. Aphyllophorales Corticium tulasnelloideum Höhn. & Litsch. See Phlebiella tulasnelloidea. Diplomitoporus Domanski Polypore fungi on wood, associated with a white rot and forming resupinate to reflexed fruit-bodies. D. cunninghamii is known from several native hosts. D. cunninghamii P.K.Buchanan & Ryvarden (Cunningham 1965, as Tyromyces mollis sensu G.Cunn.) Northland (4254). Epithele (Pat.) Pat. Corticioid fungi, saprobic on wood, characterised by a smooth hymenium with sparse projecting hyphal pegs. E. nikau is common on nikau, and has also been reported widely from Venezuela, Guadeloupe, Gabon, Equatorial Africa, Réunion, and Hawaii (Gilbertson et al. 2002; Hjortstam & Larsson 1995). Flagelloscypha Donk Cyphelloid fungus forming aggregated, small, cupulate fruit-bodies on dead wood. F. aoteoroa has been recorded only on Rubus and Nothofagus in addition to Rhopalostylis. F. aoteoroa (G.Cunn.) Agerer (Cunningham 1963, as Lachnella aotearoa) Auckland (28606). Lachnella aotearoa G.Cunn. See Flagelloscypha aoteoroa. L. sulphurea (Sacc. & Ellis) G.Cunn. See Rectipilus sulphureus. Lopharia Kalchbr. & MacOwan Corticioid fungi with resupinate to effused-reflexed fruiting bodies on wood, mostly of hardwoods. L. cinerascens has been recorded in New Zealand on a broad range of both native and exotic hosts, and is likely to occur in all continents (Hjortstam & Ryvarden 1990; Hjortstam & Larsson 1995). L. cinerascens (Schwein.) G.Cunn. Auckland (14350). L. crassa (Lév.) Boidin. See Porostereum crassum. Mycobonia disciformis G.Cunn. See Mycothele disciformis. Mycothele Jülich A monotypic genus of corticioid fungi with a toothed (hydnoid) hymenial surface, the teeth being sterile; fruiting on wood. The genus is endemic to New Zealand and confined to nikau (Jülich 1976; Hjortstam & Larsson 1995). M. disciformis forms resupinate, disciform fruiting bodies, 1-6 mm diameter. M. disciformis (G.Cunn.) Jülich (Cunningham 1963, as Mycobonia disciformis) Auckland (11491—holotype, 12501,12643,14305, 346 14306,14307,15418,17065), Coromandel (14304, 14308). Odontia bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.) Bres. See Resinicium bicolor. O. calcarea (Cooke & Massee) G.Cunn. See Pseudolagarobasidium calcarea. Peniophora Cooke Corticioid fungi on wood forming effused, waxy to leathery fruit-bodies, often coloured. P. coprosmae has been recorded on several native hosts, and is especially common on Coprosma spp. It is also known from Australia. P. coprosmae G.Cunn. Auckland (4454). P. cremea (Bres.) Sacc. & P.Syd. SeePhanerochaete sordida. P. longispora (Pat.) Höhn. See Subulicystidium longisporum. P. nikau G.Cunn. See Subulicystidium nikau. Phanerochaete P.Karst. Corticioid fungi on wood, causing a white rot. P. sordida is cosmopolitan, variable fungus that may represent a species complex (Burdsall 1985). Within New Zealand, it has been recorded from several native and exotic hosts. P. sordida (P.Karst.) J.Erikss. & Ryvarden (Cunningham 1963, as Peniophora cremea) Auckland (7357). Phlebiella P.Karst. Corticioid fungi on wood. P. tulasnelloidea is a cosmopolitan and variable species (Hjortstam & Larsson 1995), recorded in New Zealand on many native hosts. P. tulasnelloidea (Höhn. & Litsch.) Ginns & M.N.L.Lefebvre (Cunningham 1963, as Corticium tulasnelloideum) Auckland (17478). Podoscypha Pat. Stipitate stereoid fungi forming thin, spathulate to funnel-shaped fruiting bodies on wood or on the ground from buried wood. P. venustula subsp. cuneata occurs in New Zealand on fallen wood of several native hosts, and has been recorded from Africa, Asia and Australasia (Reid 1965). P. venustula subsp. cuneata D.A.Reid (Cunningham 1963, as Stereum affine) Auckland (16858). New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2004, Vol. 42 Polyporus Fr. Polypore fungi forming centrally or laterally stalked poroid fruit-bodies on dead wood, causing a white rot. P. citreus sensu G.Cunn., a species recorded in New Zealand on wood of several native hosts, requires taxonomic re-evaluation. Cunningham (1965) misapplied the name Tyromyces citreus for an as yet undetermined species of Polyporus (Buchanan & Ryvarden 2000). P. citreus Berk., sensu G.Cunn. (Cunningham 1965, as Tyromyces citreus sensu G.Cunn.) Auckland (6610). Poria versipora (Pers.) Lloyd sensu G.Cunn. See Schizopora radula. Porostereum Pilát Corticioid fungi with resupinate to pileate fruiting bodies and causing a white rot, mostly on angiosperms (Hjortstam & Ryvarden 1990). P. crassum is pantropical and known in New Zealand from a broad range of both native and introduced hosts. P. crassum (Lév.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Cunningham 1963, as Lopharia crassa) Auckland (6975). Pseudolagarobasidium J.C.Jang & T.Chen Corticioid fungi saprobic on dead wood. P. calcarea has been recorded from Australasia and Taiwan (Wu 1990). In New Zealand it is known from mostly native, infrequently exotic, hosts, both angiosperms and conifers, and forms a thin, pale brown crust, with short spines, associated with a pocket rot. P. calcarea (Cooke & Massee) Sheng H.Wu (Cunningham 1959, as Odontia calcarea) Auckland (17817). Rectipilus Agerer Cyphelloid fungi forming aggregated, small, cupulate fruiting bodies on wood. R. sulphureus was described from USA. In New Zealand it has been recorded on dead wood of several native hosts as well as Lupinus arboreus (Cunningham 1963). R. sulphureus (Sacc. & Ellis) W.B.Cooke (Cunningham 1963, as Lachnella sulphurea) Kermadec Islands (59466 — on R. baueri var. cheesemanii), Auckland (11164,20404,20504,63785). Resinicium Parmasto Corticioid fungi saprobic on dead wood, with the hymenophore varying from smooth to hydnoid. R. bicolor is a cosmopolitan species characterised by 347 McKenzie et al.—Checklist of fungi on nikau palm prominent spines. It has been recorded in New Zealand from a broad range of both native and exotic conifers and angiosperm hosts. R. bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.) Parmasto (Cunningham 1959, as Odontia bicolor) Auckland (7306, 17781). Schizopora Velen. Polypore fungi forming thin, crust-like fruit-bodies on dead wood, associated with a white rot. S. radula is a common pantemperate species (Paulus et al. 2000) in New Zealand on wood of a broad range of native hosts in addition to Eucalyptus and Pinus. S. radula (Pers.) Hallenb. (Cunningham 1965, as Poria versipora) Northland (15526), Auckland (6557). Steccherinum Gray Corticioid fungi with resupinate to pileate fruit-bodies bearing fertile spines on the lower surface, fruiting on dead wood. S. ochraceum is common and recorded on a wide range of native and exotic hosts. S. ochraceum (Pers.) Gray Auckland (7366, 7918, 17741, 38040). Stereum Pers. Corticioid fungi forming resupinate to pileate fruiting bodies with underside smooth and in some species bleeding when cut. Causing a white rot of wood. S. hirsutum is probably cosmopolitan while S. vellereum has been recorded from Australasia, Argentina, Madagascar, and Réunion (Hjortstam & Larsson 1995). Both have been recorded on a broad range of New Zealand native hosts (Cunningham 1963). S. affine Lév. See Podoscypha venustula ssp. cuneata. S. complicatum Fr. See S. hirsutum. S. hirsutum (Willd.) Pers. (Cunningham 1963, as S. hirsutum and S. complicatum) Auckland (6997). S. vellereum Berk. Auckland (6950). Subulicystidium Parmasto Corticioid fungi with resupinate fruiting bodies on wood. Sterile elongate, projecting cystidia with conspicuous crystal encrustations are abundant in the hymenium (Jülich 1975; Stalpers & Buchanan 1991). S. longisporum is known in New Zealand from a broad range of native hosts, and is one of the most commonly collected corticioid fungi in tropical regions globally (Hjortstam & Larsson 1995). S. nikau is known only from the holotype specimen. S. longisporum (Pat.) Parmasto (Cunningham 1963, as Peniophora longispora) Auckland (14151). S. nikau (G.Cunn.) Jülich (Cunningham 1963, as Peniophora nikau) Auckland (13816 — holotype). Trechispora P.Karst. Corticioid fungi on wood, although with fruiting bodies varying from smooth to hydnaceous or poroid. T. farinacea has been recorded on both native and exotic tree species in New Zealand and is broadly distributed globally (Hjortstam & Larsson 1995). T. farinacea (Pers.) Liberta Coromandel (23665). Tyromyces citreus (Berk.) G.Cunn. See Polyporus citreus. T. mollis (Pers.) Kotl. &Pouzar. SeeDiplomitoporus cunninghamii. Vararia P.Karst. Corticioid wood decay fungi forming crust-like basidiocarps on fallen wood. V. ellipsospora is known from several native hosts in New Zealand and has also been recorded from Australia. V. ellipsospora G.Cunn. Auckland (15454). OTHER BASIDIOMYCETES Agaricostilbum J.E.Wright A saprobic genus, particularly common on palms. Worldwide, collections are often determined as Agaricostilbum pulcherrimum (Berk. & Broome) B.L.Brady, B.Sutton & Samson, a species that produces capitate synemmata. The undetermined species from Northland and Auckland produces cream-coloured, fasciculate, clavate synnemata, up to about 5 mm long, on dead leaf sheaths, and it is apparently distinct from A. novozelandicum where the basidiomata are reduced to fasciculate fertile hyphae. Unfortunately, the latter name is invalid as the type specimen was not conserved in a named herbarium. A. novozelandicum W.B.Kendr. & X.D.Gong Auckland (Kendrick & Gong 1995). 348 Agaricostilbum sp. Northland (60123), Auckland (57030, 62765, 63382). Basidiodendron Rick Saprobic fungi forming corticioid-like, resupinate, thin, arid-waxy fruiting bodies on wood (LuckAllen 1963). The discrete, cream to light brown fruiting bodies of B. nikau later coalesce to form irregular areas to 11 cm across (McNabb 1969). B. nikau is known only from the holotype specimen. B. nikau (McNabb) Wojewoda (McNabb 1969, as Sebacina nikau) Northland (25000 — holotype). Bourdotia (Bres.) Trotter Like Basidiodendron, species of this genus are also lignicolous, forming arid-waxy, thin, resupinate fruiting bodies. B. cinerea is widely distributed, known also from Europe and North and Central America (Luck-Allen 1963). In New Zealand, it has been recorded on a disparate range of hosts, Alectryon, Nothofagus, and Pinus in addition to nikau, indicating it has a broad host range. B. cinerea Bourdot & Galzin (McNabb 1966, as Sebacina cinerea) Auckland (24432, 24835). Graphiola Poit. A parasitic genus forming black, erumpent, stromatic sori on leaves. G. phoenicis occurs in warmer parts of the world and is particularly common on date palm. It has been recorded on date palm in Northland and in Kermadec Islands. The record on nikau (Boesewinkel 1982, based on PDD 43016) is considered doubtful because of misdetermination of the host (Pennycook 1989). G. phoenicis (Moug.) Poit. Bay of Plenty (43016). Sebacina cinerea Bres. [nom. illegit.]. See Bourdotia cinerea. S. nikau McNabb. See Basidiodendron nikau. Sphaerobolus Tode This gasteromycetous genus is well known for its amazing spore dispersal mechanism. S. stellatus has the common name of "canonball fungus" because of its forceful ejection of the large, 0.5-2 mm diam. spore-containing gleba. Horizontal throws up to 5.7 m have been recorded, and the direction of projection is controlled by a phototropic response New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2004, Vol. 42 (Ingold 1972). The fungus has a broad geographic distribution and has been frequently recorded on rotting wood and on animal dung. On wood it has a lignicolous habit, but spore germination can also be triggered in dung following passage through the alimentary canal of an herbivore. In New Zealand it has been most often recorded on rotting wood or litter, and is also known from hare dung. S. stellatus Tode Coromandel (32467). ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Acarocybellina Subram. This is a monotypic genus. A. arengae is saprobic on dead leaves, was originally described from Japan. A. arengae (Matsush.) Subram. Auckland (20494 & DAOM 96158). Arthrinium Kunze Saprobes on decaying plant material. A. phaeospermum, which is particularly common on bamboo, is found worldwide. A. phaeospermum (Corda) M.B.Ellis Auckland (28232). Bactrodesmium Cooke A saprobic genus commonly associated with dead wood. B. atrum forms sporodochia on trunks of nikau and in New Zealand is also known on bark of Agathis, Corynocarpus, and Laurelia. B. atrum M.B.Ellis Auckland (20466 & DAOM 93749). Brachysporiella Bat. Saprobes, commonly associated with dead wood. Brachysporiella sp. Chatham Islands (62219). Camposporium Harkn. Saprobes, found on wood and other plant litter. In New Zealand, C. pellucidum is known also from one collection on Carpodetus. C. pellucidum (Grove) S.Hughes Auckland (DAOM 93548). Cephalotrichum Link A synnematous, saprobic genus found on litter, soil, and dung. Cephalotrichum sp. Auckland (57037). McKenzie et al.—Checklist of fungi on nikau palm Ceratosporium Schwein. Usually found as saprobes on plant litter, especially dead wood. C. fuscescens is also known from Europe, North America, and Asia. In New Zealand it has been recorded only in the Auckland and Coromandel areas on wood of native trees. C. fuscescens Schwein. Auckland (20464 & DAOM 93749a, 20628 & DAOM 93750a, 21346, 26174, 64849, DAOM 93752, DAOM 93753b, DAOM 93548 g, DAOM 93756), Coromandel (DAOM 93754b). Chalara (Corda) Rabenh. A large genus of mainly saprobic and some plant parasitic species. The species recorded on nikau were found on dead, fallen fronds. C. urceolata is also known on dead leaves of Dracophyllum longifolium in Campbell Island, and on dead plant material from Mexico, Ireland, UK, former USSR, and Taiwan. C. urceolata Nag Raj & W.B.Kendr. Auckland (20529 & DAOM 110039). Chalara sp. Coromandel (40697). Circinotrichum Nees Saprobes, usually found on dead fallen leaves. All three named species on nikau have been also found in New Zealand on dead leaves of several native trees. C. maculiforme Nees Northland (60232). C. olivaceum (Speg.) Piroz. Northland (21202 & DAOM 96177b). C. papakurae S.Hughes & Piroz. Northland (60218). Circinotrichum sp. Coromandel (40603). Cladosporium Link Very widespread, with C. herbarum being a common saprobe on a wide range of substrata, both in New Zealand and elsewhere. C. herbarum (Pers.) Link Auckland (23054). Cladosporium sp. Auckland (23060). Codinaea fertilis S.Hughes & W.B.Kendr. See Dictyochaeta fertilis. 349 Colletotrichum Corda Saprobes or parasites on plants. Isolated from leaf spots on seedling nikau plants in nurseries. Colletotrichum sp. Auckland (ICMP 11851), Taupo (ICMP 11456). Coronospora M.B.Ellis A small genus of saprobes. Described from a dead petiole of nikau, C. novaezelandiae is known only from New Zealand, where it is the most common fungus to be found on dead leaves of Freycinetia baueriana ssp. banksii. C. novaezelandiae Matsush. Northland (MFC 12425 — holotype, Matsushima 1985). Corynespora Güssow Most species are saprobes on dead plant material. Corynespora sp. Auckland (21962, 40639). Dictyochaeta Speg. Commonly found on decaying leaves and other plant material. D. fertilis also occurs in North America, Europe, and Asia. In New Zealand it is known on litter of various native trees, and it has also been recorded as the cause of root rot in clovers and lucerne. Dictyochaeta fertilis (S.Hughes & W.B.Kendr.) Hol.-Jech. Auckland (20965 — holotype of Codinaea fertilis, DAOM 93548c — isotype). Dictyosporium Corda Common saprobes, particularly on dead wood. Although D. elegans occurs in many parts of the world, it is known from only the single New Zealand specimen. D. elegans Corda Auckland (20966). Dictyosporium sp. Auckland (20963). Dicyma Boulanger Most species are saprobes on dead plant material. However, D. pulvinata is often found overgrowing other fungi. In the current specimen, D. pulvinata was found growing around immersed fructifications of an undetermined fungus on leaves of nikau. D. pulvinata occurs throughout the world. 350 D. pulvinata (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Arx Auckland (20964 & DAOM 93548). Fusarium Link Fusarium oxysporum is commonly isolated as a saprobe from soils and plant material, and is cosmopolitan in distribution. It also exists as many formae speciales capable of causing various rots and wilts on a broad range of plants. The present isolate was isolated from the crown of a palm. F. oxysporum Schltdl. Dunedin (ICMP 14591, Anon. 2002). Gliomastix Guég. Widely distributed saprobes on a range of plant materials. Both of the recorded species are found in New Zealand on wood and bark of several native plants. G. luzulae (Fuckel) E.W.Mason ex S.Hughes Auckland (21873, DAOM 96238, DAOM 96240), Coromandel (18469, DAOM 96231a, DAOM 96233b, DAOM 96235c). G. murorum (Corda) S.Hughes var. murorum Northland (21249 & DAOM 96191, 21252 & DAOM 96187c, 21253 & DAOM 96186, DAOM 96177c), Auckland (20498 & DAOM 96158b, 21307 & DAOM 96192, DAOM 96198a), Coromandel (21467 & DAOM 96224a, DAOM 96193a, DAOM 96196b). Graphium Corda Species produce synnemata, usually on dead wood. Graphium sp. Auckland (56874). Gyrothrix (Corda) Corda Widely distributed saprobes on a range of plant materials. In New Zealand, G. circinata has been found on litter of several species of angiosperms and gymnosperms, while G. podosperma is also known on dead leaves of Freycinetia. G. circinata (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) S.Hughes Northland (60221). G. podosperma (Corda) Rabenh. Chatham Islands (49402). Gyrothrix sp. Kermadec Islands (59368 on R. baueri var. cheesemanii). Hansfordia pulvinata (Berk. & M.A.Curtis.) Arx. See Dicyma pulvinata. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2004, Vol. 42 Helicomyces Link Commonly found on dead wood and other decaying plant material, especially under damp conditions. H. ambiguus is known on decaying wood in Japan and USA, and from one other New Zealand collection, on dead wood from Taupo. H. ambiguus (Morgan) Linder Auckland (20619). H. roseus Link. See Tubeufia cylindrothecia. Helicosporium Nees Commonly found on dead wood and other decaying plant material, especially under damp conditions. In New Zealand, H. lumbricopsis is known from only the single collection. H. lumbricopsis Linder Auckland (31966). Helicosporium sp. Auckland (21798, 23037, 56869). Helminthosporium Link Most species are saprobes, often on wood. H. velutinum is widespread throughout the world, and in New Zealand is known from both native and introduced plants. H. velutinum Link Coromandel (DAOM 96041). Hormomyces Bonord. Species are anamorphs of heterobasidiomycetes. At least one species has been described as pathogenic on the fungus, Peniophora. Hormomyces sp. Northland (60231). Hyalopycnis Höhn. The one described species is a pycnidial basidioma of a Urediniomycetes. The current specimen was found on dead leaves of a cultivated plant. Hyalopycnis sp. Southland (43942). Idriella P.E.Nelson & S.Wilh. Usually saprobic on plant material. However, Rodrigues & Samuels (1992) isolated three species as endophytes from the palm Euterpe oleracea in Brazil. The current specimen was found on dead leaves. Idriella sp. Auckland (21306). McKenzie et al.—Checklist of fungi on nikau palm Melanocephala S.Hughes Saprobes, usually found on dead wood. M. australiensis occurs throughout New Zealand on wood of various angiosperms and gymnosperms. It is recorded from Australia, India, Tanzania, Cuba, USA, and UK. In UK it has been recorded on decaying leaves of Podocarpus totara. M. australiensis (G.W.Beaton & M.B.Ellis) S.Hughes Northland (DAOM 96150), Auckland (20469 & DAOM 93749, 20616 & DAOM 93842). Melanographium Sacc. Common saprobes, particularly on dead wood. Although M. citri occurs in many parts of the world, it is known from only the single New Zealand specimen. M. citri (Gonz.Frag. & Cif.) M.B.Ellis Auckland (45521). Menisporopsis S .Hughes Saprobes on fallen leaves. M. novaezelandiae was described from New Zealand on leaf litter of Beilschmiedia and Knightia. It has since been found in Japan, Taiwan, and South America. M. novaezelandiae S.Hughes & W.B.Kendr. Northland (60204). Nigrospora Zimm. Common saprobes on plant material, especially in warmer parts of the world. In New Zealand, N. sphaerica is usually recorded on introduced plants, but there are records of it on Agathis australis. N. sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W.Mason Northland (DAOM 96187), Auckland (DAOM 93543). Paecilomyces Bainier Cosmopolitan and common on decaying plant matter and other materials, and in soil. Paecilomyces sp. Auckland (21759, 34799). Penicillium Link Cosmopolitan and common on decaying plant matter and other materials, and in soil. Because it readily forms coremia, P. vulpinum is a very recognisable species. It occurs throughout New Zealand where it has been recorded on dung and wood. P. nikau F.J.Morton ined. Auckland (21304, 21458). P. vulpinum (Cooke & Massee) Seifert & Samson 351 Auckland (38697). Periconia Tode Commonly found associated with decaying plant material. Some species are plant parasites. P. minutissima has been found on dead wood or leaves of both introduced and native plants in New Zealand. P. minutissima Corda Northland (DAOM 96187). Pestalotiopsis Steyaert Species are found as both saprobes and parasites. P. maculans is widespread in New Zealand, associated with leaf spots on a range of plants, including camellia and several fruit hosts. The unnamed species was isolated from a leaf spot in a nursery plant. P. maculans (Corda) Nag Raj Dunedin (Anon. 2002). Pestalotiopsis sp. Auckland (ICMP 11852). Phaeoisaria Höhn. Species are saprobes and form small synnemata, often on fallen branches. P. clematidis is widespread throughout the world, and throughout New Zealand. P. clematidis (Fuckel) S.Hughes Auckland (DAOM 93753). Phialophora Medlar A heterogenous genus with many saprobic species. However, some species are parasitic on plants, while others are subcutaneous parasites in humans. Phialophora sp. Auckland (20517). Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák Species are often weak pathogens occuring on leaves, twigs or fruits. The current specimens were intercepted on fruits at San Francisco, California. The following information was extracted from the Beltsville database at http://nt.ars-grin.gov/ fungaldatabases/databaseframe.cfm (April 2003). Phomopsis sp. "New Zealand" (BPI 358145 — on R. baueri, BPI 358147), Kermadec Islands (BPI 358146 — on R. baueri var. cheesemanii). Phragmocephala E.W.Mason & S.Hughes Saprobes on dead plant material. P. atra var. stenophora is known from only the two collections 352 cited below. It was described from the bases of dead leaves of nikau. P. atra var. stenophora S.Hughes Auckland (30422 — holotype, DAOM 93749 — isotype, DAOM 96271). Pleurophragmium Costantin Saprobes on dead plant material. Pleurophragmium sp. Auckland (20530, 20540). Rhinocladiella Nannf. Mainly saprobes on dead plant material. Some species are known as human parasites. Rhinocladiella sp. Auckland (20536). Spadicoides S.Hughes Saprobes on dead plant material. Spadicoides sp. Northland (60236). Sporidesmium Link A large, saprobic genus. Both recorded species are found in various parts of the world. S. leptosporum has been also recorded on Coprosma in Westland, while S. pedunculatum is known on Phoenix palm in Hong Kong. S. arengae Matsush. See Acarocybellina arengae. S. leptosporum (Sacc. & Roum.) S.Hughes Northland (21259). S. pedunculatum (Peck) M.B.Ellis Northland (21204). Stachybotrys Corda Common parasites on decaying plant material and are isolated from soil and other substrata. S. dichroa is also known from Europe and Japan. In New Zealand it has been recorded on several native plants in the Auckland area. S. dichroa Grove Auckland (DAOM 93749). Stenella Syd. Many species are leaf pathogens causing leaf spots. However, S. palmicola was isolated from a dead nikau petiole. This appears to be the only known specimen of this fungus. S. palmicola Matsush. Northland (MFC 12291 — holotype, Matsushima 1985). New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2004, Vol. 42 Stilbella Lindau Saprobes found on decaying plant litter, dung, and in soil. The genus is synemmatous. S. albocitrina, which has also been found on Melicytus in New Zealand, is known from North and South America and Australia. S. albocitrina (Ellis & Everh.) Seifert Northland (44242), Coromandel (44240 & CBS-H 3667). Stilbella sp. Auckland (21342, 21997, 23031, 46246, 46828, 57029, 57032, 57034), Coromandel (46261). Stromatographium Höhn. A monotypic, synnematous genus. The one described species is found on rotten wood in several parts of the world. Stromatographium sp. Auckland (44241). Tetraploa Berk. & Broome A small genus of plant saprobes, especially common on monocotyledons. Tetraploa sp. Northland (21254), Auckland (20409,20468,20614, 21309, 21344, 21397, 21411, 21428). Torula Pers. Usually saprobes on dead plant material or in soil. Torula sp. Auckland (20495). Trichocladium Harz Saprobes found on decaying plant litter, wood, and in soil. T. novaezelandiae is known from only the four collections on nikau. T. novaezelandiae S.Hughes Coromandel (21492 — holotype, DAOM 96235a — isotype, DAOM 96193, DAOM 96196a, DAOM 96224b). Trichoderma Pers. Widely distributed saprobes, commonly found on rotting plant material and in soil. Some strains are particularly antagonistic to other fungi. Trichoderma sp. Northland (57044). Triposporium Corda Saprobes, usually found on wood. T. elegans, which is known from North America and Europe, has been also found in Westland on Phyllocladus alpinus. 353 McKenzie et al.—Checklist of fungi on nikau palm T. elegans Corda Northland (MFC 12442, Matsushima 1985). Virgaria Nees A saprobic genus commonly found on wood and bark. V. nigra is widely distributed throughout the world. In New Zealand it is known from several collections on dead wood of several native tree species. V. nigra (Link) Nees Auckland (21396 & DAOM 96039). Volutella Fr. The genus produces sporodochia with marginal setae. It is commonly found on plant litter. Volutella sp. Chatham Islands (62643). Wiesneriomyces Koord. A small, saprobic genus, usually found on fallen leaves. Wiesneriomyces sp. Kermadec Islands (59364 on R. baueri var. cheesemanii). Xenosporium Penz. & Sacc. Saprobes on dead wood and other plant litter. X. berkeleyi and X. thaxteri are widely distributed throughout the world, but are each known from only a single collection in New Zealand. X. boivinii occurs on several other native plant species in the north of New Zealand, and it is also known from New Caledonia. X. berkeleyi (M.A.Curtis) Piroz. Auckland (DAOM 110218). X. boivinii S.Hughes Northland (DAOM 109763), Auckland (20620 — holotype, DAOM 93842 — isotype), Coromandel (21371 & DAOM 110230). X. thaxteri (Linder) Piroz. Auckland (21305 & DAOM 110218). Xylohypha (Fr.) E.W.Mason ex Deighton Saprobes, mainly on dead wood. X. palmicola is known only from New Zealand, and only on nikau. X. palmicola S.Hughes & Sugiy. Northland (21203 & DAOM 96177a & BPI 410233), Auckland (21412 & DAOM 93538a, 21519 — holotype, DAOM 96198b — isotype, BPI 410232 — isotype, DAOM 119775, MFC 12422, Matsushima 1985), Coromandel (21466 & DAOM 96235b, DAOM 96233a). Zygosporium Mont. Common and widespread saprobes, found on litter of many different plants. These three species also occur on litter of several other native plants in New Zealand. Z. gibbum (Sacc., M.Rousseau & E.Bommer) S.Hughes Auckland (21220 & DAOM 93547,21650, DAOM 93538). Z. minus S.Hughes Auckland (20497 & DAOM 93556, 21352 & DAOM 93543, DAOM 93546). Z. oscheoides Mont. Auckland (DAOM 93548). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funds for this research were provided by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. REFERENCES Anon. 2001: Directory. New organism records: 12/5/0122/6/01. Biosecurity 29: 23-24. 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