Report to the Republic of Palau on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern James C. Space, Barbara M. Waterhouse, Joel E. Miles, Joseph Tiobech and Kashgar Rengulbai U.S.D.A. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 5 May 2003 Report to the Republic of Palau on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern Table of Contents Report to the Republic of Palau on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern ..................................................... 1 1. Dangerous species not known to be in Palau .......................................................................................................... 2 2. Species that are presently subjects of eradication programs..................................................................................... 7 3. Species that are invasive or have the potential to become so in Palau...................................................................... 7 Invasive species already widespread in Palau .......................................................................................................... 8 Invasive species of limited extent...........................................................................................................................11 4. Species that are known or listed as weedy or invasive elsewhere and are common, weedy or cultivated in Palau ....15 5. Native species (or Micronesian introductions) exhibiting aggressive behavior........................................................17 General observations and recommendations...............................................................................................................18 Species-specific recommendations.............................................................................................................................22 Table A. Priority species for exclusion from Palau ................................................................................................22 Table B. Cultivated species of possible threat to Palau...........................................................................................24 Table C. Critical species that should be subject to inter-island quarantine ..............................................................25 Table D. Summary of major invasive species present in Palau with recommendations for their management ..........27 Recommendations by State........................................................................................................................................35 All states ...............................................................................................................................................................35 Kayangel State ......................................................................................................................................................36 Babeldaob States ...................................................................................................................................................36 Ngerchelong State .................................................................................................................................................36 Ngaraard State.......................................................................................................................................................37 Ngiwal State..........................................................................................................................................................37 Melekeok State......................................................................................................................................................37 Ngchesar State.......................................................................................................................................................37 Airai State .............................................................................................................................................................37 Ngardmau State.....................................................................................................................................................37 Ngeremlengui State ...............................................................................................................................................38 Ngatpang State ......................................................................................................................................................38 Aimeliik State .......................................................................................................................................................38 Koror State – Koror, Malakal and Ngerkebesang....................................................................................................38 Koror State – Rock Islands ....................................................................................................................................39 Peleliu and Angaur ................................................................................................................................................39 Peleliu State ..........................................................................................................................................................39 Angaur State..........................................................................................................................................................39 Southwest Islands..................................................................................................................................................39 Sonsorol State – Sonsorol Island............................................................................................................................40 Sonsorol State – Pulo Ana Island ...........................................................................................................................40 Sonsorol State – Merir Island.................................................................................................................................40 Hatohobei State – Tobi Island................................................................................................................................40 Hatohobei State – Helen’s Reef .............................................................................................................................40 Appendix 1. Invasive species of environmental concern................................................................................................41 Table 1. Species that are invasive elsewhere in similar ecosystems but are not known to be present in Palau..............41 Table 2. Species that are subjects of eradication programs.........................................................................................49 Table 3. Introduced species that are invasive or potentially invasive in Palau.............................................................50 Table 4. Species that are reported as invasive or weedy elsewhere and are common, weedy or cultivated in Palau......53 Table 5. Native species (or Micronesian introductions) that can exhibit aggressive behavior ......................................59 Appendix 2. Other invasive plant species, mostly ruderal weeds or of agricultural concern. ...........................................60 Table 1. Other invasive plant species not seen or reported to be present in Palau........................................................60 Table 2. Other invasive plant species seen or reported to be present in Palau .............................................................66 Appendix 3. Invasive species present in Yap, Guam, Hawai‘i or Papua New Guinea but not present in Palau ................73 Table 1. Species of environmental concern ...............................................................................................................73 Table 2. Other species ..............................................................................................................................................77 Appendix 4. Invasive species of environmental concern by location ..............................................................................79 Table 1. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Malakal .............................79 Table 2. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Babeldaob..................................................................84 Table 3. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Angaur ......................................................................88 Table 4. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Kayangel ...................................................................89 Table 5. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Peleliu .......................................................................90 Table 6. Invasive species of environmental concern present on the Rock Islands ........................................................92 Table 7. Invasive species of environmental concern present in Sonsorol State.............................................................94 Table 8. Invasive species of environmental concern present in Hatohobei State ..........................................................95 Appendix 5. Other invasive species by location ............................................................................................................96 Table 1. Other invasive species present on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Malakal............................................................96 Table 2. Other invasive species present on Babeldaob ..............................................................................................100 Table 3. Other invasive species present on Angaur...................................................................................................103 Table 4. Other invasive species present on Kayangel................................................................................................105 Table 5. Other invasive species present on Peleliu....................................................................................................106 Table 6. Other invasive species present on the Rock Islands.....................................................................................108 Table 7. Other invasive species present in Sonsorol State .........................................................................................109 Table 8. Other invasive species present in Hatohobei State.......................................................................................110 Appendix 6. Presence of invasive species of environmental concern within Palau........................................................111 Table 1. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Koror, Ngerkebesang or Malakal..111 Table 2. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Babeldaob....................................112 Table 3. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Angaur.........................................113 Table 4. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel .....................................117 Table 5. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Peleliu .........................................122 Table 6. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on the Rock Islands...........................126 Table 7. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Sonsorol State...............................130 Table 8. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State ............................135 Appendix 7. Presence of other invasive species within Palau.......................................................................................140 Table 1. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Koror, Ngerkebesang or Malakal.................................140 Table 2. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Babeldaob...................................................................142 Table 3. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Angaur .......................................................................143 Table 4. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel ....................................................................146 Table 5. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Peleliu ........................................................................151 Table 6. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on the Rock Islands..........................................................154 Table 7. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not in Sonsorol State..............................................................158 Table 8. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State ...........................................................162 Appendix 8. Scientific name synonyms (species of environmental concern only) ........................................................167 Appendix 9. Background material and references........................................................................................................172 2 Report to the Republic of Palau on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern James C. Space, Barbara M. Waterhouse, Joel E. Miles, Joseph Tiobech and Kashgar Rengulbai 1 The Republic of Palau requested assistance from the US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, to conduct a survey of invasive plant species of environmental concern. A less comprehensive survey was conducted as part of a general survey of the major Micronesian islands in 19982. Similar surveys have been conducted in American Samoa, the Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa and Tonga. The survey was carried out in December 2002 and January 2003. The entire team surveyed the islands of Koror, Ngerkebesang, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu and the Rock Islands while Miles and Tiobech surveyed Sonsorol and Hatohobei States. Tiobech, Rengulbai and Terebkul Tellei surveyed Kayangel. Places of present and former habitation and those used by visitors were surveyed in the Rock Islands (Bablomekang, Betikel, Bkul a Chesemiich, Dwight Beach, Ngchelobel, Ngchus, Ngeanges (Neco), Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Ngeremdiu, Ngermeyaus, Ngidech and Ulong). The objectives of the survey were to: (1) identify plant species presently causing problems to natural and semi-natural ecosystems; (2) identify species that, even though they are not presently a major problem, could spread more widely or are known to be problem species elsewhere; (3) confirm the absence of species that are a problem elsewhere and, if introduced to Palau, could be a threat there; and (4) make appropriate recommendations. During our visit local experts3 showed us sites of known infestations. We also had available copies of botanical surveys conducted in the past (see Appendix 9, References), particularly those conducted by Fosberg and his colleagues. The survey team inspected Koror State, each State in Babeldaob, and Angaur and Peleliu States by vehicle, focusing on disturbed sites such as 1 Former Director, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service (retired); Botanist, Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service; Associate Professor, Agricultural Science, Palau Community College; Invasives Control Officer, Palau Division of Agriculture and Mineral Resources; and Forester, Palau Division of Agriculture and Mineral Resources, respectively. 2 Space, James C. and Marjorie Falanruw (1999). Observations on invasive plant species in Micronesia. Report prepared for the meeting of the Pacific Islands Committee, Council of Western State Foresters, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands, February 22-26, 1999. 3 We would like to express our sincere appreciation for the hospitality, assistance and support of the State Governors and the members of their staffs who accompanied us in the field, for the enthusiastic participation in the survey of Tarita Holm, National Biodiversity Coordinator, and the boats provided by Edwin Chokai, Senior Quarantine Officer, and the Koror State Rangers for the survey of the Rock Islands. 1 roadsides, airstrips, ports and ‘urban’ areas. Limited time prevented thorough inspection of agricultural areas, although where possible these were also included. The Rock Islands and Kayangel, Sonsorol and Hatohobei States were visited by boat and inspected on foot. Rapid visual inspection and recording of known invasive and potentially invasive species along the routes chosen was accompanied by more detailed inspection on foot at a variety of sites. Herbarium specimens (51) of ‘new’, ‘significant’, taxonomically ‘difficult’ or unknown species were collected for later identification or verification. All voucher specimens and duplicates will ultimately be deposited in herbarium collections at the Bishop Museum, University of Guam and Queensland Herbarium. The intent was only to conduct an overall survey and not an exhaustive survey of the weed flora of the islands. Given the limited duration and nature of the survey it is likely that some potentially invasive species, particularly those occurring in low numbers or cultivated in urban gardens or occurring as agricultural weeds, were overlooked. Periodic surveys and additional surveys of individual species and sensitive areas can and should be conducted as needed. This report summarizes our findings and makes some suggestions and recommendations for further action. Invasive species occurring in or of threat to Palau have been grouped into five categories: 1. Species that are invasive elsewhere in similar ecosystems but were not seen on our visit and are not reported in the literature as being present in Palau (249 species). 2. Species that are presently subjects of eradication programs (4 species). 3. Species that are invasive or potentially invasive in the Palau (53 species). 4. Species that are invasive or weedy elsewhere and are common, weedy or cultivated in Palau (95 species). 5. Native species (or Micronesian introductions) that exhibit aggressive behavior (15 species). These species are listed in Appendix 1. Additional information about each species is located on an Internet site, http://www.hear.org/pier, and on the PIER-CD, copies of which have been made available to the Ministry of Resources and Development, the National Biodiversity Coordinator, Palau Community College, the US Natural Resources Conservation Service, The Nature Conservancy and others. There are a number of other species that are mostly invasive weeds in gardens, fields, and pastures and along roadsides that don’t seem to pose any particular threat to natural or seminatural ecosystems. Information was collected on these species incidental to the survey for species of environmental concern. A list of these species, compiled from the literature and our observations, is included in Appendix 2. 1. Dangerous species not known to be in Palau Palau is fortunate that a number of troublesome species have yet to reach the country. These are listed in Appendix 1, Table 1. The following list summarizes the worst of these. These species should receive high priority for exclusion from entry into the country and promptly evaluated for eradication if found to be present. 2 Several Acacia species are invasive on other Pacific islands, notably A. aulacocarpa (brown salwood, brush ironbark wattle, hickory wattle), A. crassicarpa (northern wattle, Papua New Guinea red wattle) and A. curassavica (redwood). A number of other Acacia species are recorded as invasive throughout the world, so caution should be exercised in planting members of this genus. Acacias are often introduced for forestry, wood supply or watershed protection purposes. Albizia chinensis (Chinese albizia, silktree) is exceptionally widespread in Samoa. Based on its behavior in Samoa, other Pacific islands should be very cautious about introducing this tree. Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardisia) is a problem species in the Cook Islands, Hawai‘i, French Polynesia, Samoa and Florida (US). It produces prolific fruit and crowds out other species in the forest understory. Birds, which eat the fruit, are a major factor in its spread. Asystasia gangetica subsp. micrantha (Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel) can grow over and smother other vegetatation and is a serious invader in Malaysia and Indonesia. Small infestations are being eradicated in northern New South Wales, Australia. It spreads by rhizomes and by seed expelled explosively from capsules and would be a serious weed in Palau. The less invasive subsp. gangetica was seen in cultivation in Koror State and on Babeldaob, Two rubber trees, Castilla elastica (Panama rubber tree) and Funtumia elastica (African rubber tree), are very invasive in Samoa. Birds spread the seeds of Castilla while those of Funtumia are wind-borne "parachute" seeds. Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine; heart seed) is very invasive on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, and is reported to be invasive in Australia as well. Carludovica palmata (Panama hat plant) was found naturalizing in the forest understory on Upolu, Samoa, and thus has the potential to be an invasive plant on other tropical islands. Cecropia obtusifolia (trumpet tree, guarumo) is an invasive tree species that is a problem in Hawai‘i and the Cook Islands (Rarotonga). Cecropia peltata (trumpet tree), a similar species, is invasive in French Polynesia. Cestrum diurnum (day cestrum, day jessamine, inkberry) and Cestrum nocturnum (nightflowering cestrum) are problem species on a number of Pacific islands. They are species with bird-spread seeds that are often planted as ornamentals. Clerodendrum chinense (Honolulu rose) is a shade-tolerant species. It primarily reproduces from root suckers and can form dense thickets, crowding out other species. It is a major pest species in American Samoa and Samoa and is present and invasive on a number of other Pacific islands. Coccinia grandis (ivy or scarlet gourd) is a smothering vine that is a serious problem on Saipan. The vines climb over trees and form such dense cover that the forest underneath is completely shaded out and destroyed. It is also invasive in Guam and Hawai‘i and is reportedly present in Fiji and Vanuatu. It is a vegetable commonly used in southeastern Asian cooking and the plant 3 is often introduced for that reason. It readily spreads vegetatively through cuttings and, if fruit is present, by birds and probably pigs. Cordia alliodora (Ecuador laurel, salmwood) was introduced to Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu as a forestry tree and has proven quite invasive (Tolfts, 1997). Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine, India rubber vine) is a climbing vine that has become a serious problem in northeastern Queensland, Australia. It is present in New Caledonia and Fiji. A related species, C. madagascariensis, is present in cultivation in Palau but is less of a threat. Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) is a small tree sometimes cultivated as an ornamental. It was observed spreading on the islands of Mangaia and Ma‘uke, Cook Islands. Fruit-eating birds probably spread the seeds. Hiptage benghalensis (hiptage) is a problem species in Hawai‘i and is reported to be a very invasive species on La Réunion and Mauritius. It is also becoming invasive in north Queensland, Australia. The seeds are wind-dispersed and it also can reproduce from cuttings. Indigofera suffruticosa (indigo) is established on many Pacific islands and is a major weed species in Tonga. It has apparently yet to reach Palau. Macfadyena unguis-cati (cat’s claw climber) is an aggressive vine that climbs trees and also forms a dense mat on the ground. Control is difficult because it has tuberous roots and reproduces from stem fragments and cuttings. It is a problem species in Hawai‘i and eastern Australia (northern NSW and southeast Queensland). It is cultivated as an ornamental in the US, was observed on Niue and is reported to be moderately invasive in New Caledonia (Meyer, 2000). Maesopsis eminii (musizi, umbrella tree) is a large African tree that has been introduced into some countries as a forestry tree. Fruit-eating birds (and possibly fruit bats) spread its seed and it has become a problem in a number of locations. It was introduced as a timber tree to Fiji, where it is starting to naturalize. Miconia calvescens (the purple plague, velvetleaf) is undoubtedly the most destructive invasive plant in the Pacific. It has been a disaster to the forest ecosystem of Tahiti in French Polynesia and has subsequently spread to other islands in French Polynesia (Meyer and Florence, 1996). It has also escaped in Hawai‘i and is the subject of an intensive and costly eradication effort there. It recently was discovered in Queensland, Australia, where an eradication project is also under way. This species is an attractive garden plant and might be introduced this way or as tiny seeds on shoes or used equipment. Other members of the family Melastomataceae (including Arthrostema ciliatum (everblooming eavender), Heterocentron subtriplinervium (pearl flower), Medinilla magnifica (chandelier tree), Medinilla venosa (holdtight), Melastoma candidum (Asian melastome, Indian rhododendron, Malabar melastome), Melastoma sanguineum (fox-tongued melastoma, red melastome), Memecylon floribundum, Ossaea marginata, Oxyspora paniculata (bristletips) and Tetrazygia bicolor (Florida clover ash)) that are not native or presently in Palau should also be excluded. 4 Merremia tuberosa (wood rose), a climbing, smothering vine, is notable for its aggressive behavior on Niue. It is also a problem species in Hawai‘i. Mucuna pruriens (cow itch, velvet bean) is commonly introduced as a cover crop and for livestock feed. It is a serious problem on Saipan and is considered a weed species in Mexico, Mozambique, Jamaica and Madagascar. While the utilis variety commonly used in agriculture lacks irritating hairs it can apparently revert to type over time. Odontonema tubaeforme (fire spike, cardinal flower) is a widely cultivated ornamental that is invasive in the understory of moist forests in American Samoa and Samoa. It primarily spreads vegetatively, but over time has managed to cover considerable area. Passiflora tarminiana [formerly known as P. mollissima in Hawai‘i] (banana poka, banana passionfruit), a smothering vine that is a problem in Hawai‘i, is also absent. It can smother the forest canopy when the sub-canopy vegetation is disturbed. Passiflora rubra (red passionfruit) is very invasive in the Cook Islands. Other Passiflora species not already present (Passiflora alata (wingstem passionflower), Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower), Passiflora coccinea (scarlet passionflower), Passiflora pulchella (two-lobed passionflower), etc.) should also be excluded. Phyllostachys spp. and other running bamboos are apparently not present in Palau. Phyllostachys and similar bamboo species spread by means of rhizomes, as opposed to bamboos that grow in clumps, and are extremely difficult to control or remove. Phyllostachys nigra (black bamboo) is a problem species in Hawai‘i while P. bissetii is extremely invasive on the island of Mangaia, Cook Islands. Pimenta dioica (allspice, pimento) is an invasive forest tree. The seeds are bird-dispersed. It is widespread in Tonga (‘Eua), planted in Hawai‘i (where it is naturalizing) and reported to be planted in French Polynesia and Fiji as well. Pimenta racemosa (bay tree), while less of a problem, readily naturalizes as well; for example, in the Cook Islands. Piper aduncum (spiked pepper) is invasive in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Indonesia and Malaysia. Its tiny seeds are dispersed by birds and flying foxes and can be introduced into new areas on machinery, particularly logging equipment. Locally, it spreads by suckers, forming large clumps. Piper auritum (eared pepper, also called “false kava”) has been introduced to some Pacific islands as a fast-growing form of kava, but it is worthless in this regard. It is becoming widespread in Tonga and is presently subject of an eradication campaign on the island of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. It has also been introduced into Hawai‘i but the local kava growers association is working with the authorities to eradicate it there as well. See also SPC Pest Alert No. 19, False Kava (http://www.spc.int/pps/PestAlerts/PestAlertNo19-False_Kava.pdf). This species suckers profusely and produces many small seeds that can be spread by birds, rodents and bats and can also be introduced into new areas on machinery. It suckers profusely, forming large clumps. Since little kava is grown in Palau, it is unlikely to be introduced deliberately, but with its very small seeds it might be brought in inadvertently. 5 All Rubus species (raspberries, blackberries, thimbleberries and brambles) should be excluded. These include Rubus alceifolius (giant bramble), invasive in Australia (Queensland) and La Réunion and native to southeast Asia; Rubus moluccanus (Molucca bramble), a serious pest in the Mascarine Islands and native in New Guinea and Rubus rosifolius (roseleaf raspberry, thimbleberry), very invasive in French Polynesia and Hawai‘i and also native to New Guinea. A number of other Rubus species are invasive. In Hawai‘i, R. argutus (prickly Florida blackberry) and R. niveus (hill or Mysore raspberry) are problems. Introduced Rubus species (in particular, R. niveus) are a major problem in the Galapagos Islands. In general, where Rubus species are not present on tropical islands, they should not be introduced. If already introduced, they should be evaluated as candidates for eradication. The vines form thorny thickets and the fruits are widely dispersed by birds. Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas-berry, Brazilian pepper) is a major problem species in Hawai‘i was well as Florida (US) and the Indian Ocean islands of La Réunion and Mauritius. The fruits are very attractive to birds, aiding its spread. It is present, though uncommon, in Guam. Setaria palmifolia (palmgrass, short pitpit) is spectacularly invasive in Samoa, growing in dense, monospecific stands. It is also invasive in Tahiti and Hawai‘i and is on the New Zealand noxious weed list. The seeds are dispersed by wind and possibly by granivorous birds. Solanum capsicoides (cockroach berry, devil’s apple, soda apple) has been introduced to several South Pacific islands as an ornamental. It is becoming well established in Tonga, particularly on Vava’u. Although small, it is quite spiny and would probably be a problem for agriculture as well as a general nuisance. It produces large amounts of small, tomato-like fruit. Spread may be by birds or pigs or by humans who use the fruit in lei-making. Solanum mauritianum (bugweed, wild tobacco, tree tobacco) is quite prevalent throughout Tonga and is a noxious weed in South Africa. In Hawai‘i, it is naturalized on slopes and ridges in disturbed wet forest. Tibouchina herbacea (glorybush, cane ti) is a major problem species in mesic to wet forests in Hawai‘i. Tribulus cistoides (puncture vine) is a vine with a spiny fruit that is troublesome in coastal habitats in Hawai‘i. In addition to the grasses mentioned above, a number of other potentially invasive grass species are not yet present in Palau, including Andropogon gayanus, Andropogon glomeratus, Andropogon virginicus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cortaderia jubata, Cortaderia selloana, Digitaria insularis, Echinochloa polystachya, Hymenachne amplexicaulis, Hyparrhenia rufa, Microlaena stipoides, Paspalum urvillei, Pennisetum clandestinum, Schizachyrium condensatum, Sporobolus elongatus and Tripsacum latifolium. Grasses are easily introduced as contaminants in imported seed, imported sand and gravel or on used machinery, and by their nature tend to be invasive. The best indicator that a species might be invasive is the fact that it is invasive elsewhere. However, each island ecosystem is unique and invasiveness cannot be predicted with certainty. 6 A good strategy is to be extremely cautious and exclude these and other species known to be invasive or weedy elsewhere (although the best strategy is to exclude all species not shown by risk assessment to be of acceptable risk). Known problem species that have the potential to cause problems in tropical island ecosystems and are not yet present in Palau are listed in Appendix 1, Table 1, and Appendix 2, Table 1. These species should be excluded through plant quarantine and, if establishment is detected, promptly evaluated for eradication. Species that are reported to be present in Guam, Hawai‘i, Yap or Papua New Guinea but are not present in Palau are listed in Appendix 3. These species would be of high risk of introduction from air and ship traffic between these points and Palau. 2. Species that are presently subjects of eradication programs Imperata cylindrica (kasoring, blady grass, cogon grass), a very invasive grass and a serious problem for agriculture as well as the environment, is present around the airport on Babeldaob and possibly in Ngardmau State. Eradication is under way but will require long-term follow-up to eliminate this persistent grass. Verification, from flowering specimens, of the identity of the suspect grass in Ngardmau, is a high priority. Mikania micrantha (teb el yas, mile-a-minute weed), a smothering vine, is widespread throughout the Pacific and is a major pest wherever it occurs. It is spread both by seed (dispersed by wind, as a contaminant on vehicles and machinery or on clothing or in the hair of animals) and vegetatively from broken stem fragments. Each node of the stem can produce roots. It was widespread on Koror and Ngerkebesang and also found on Babeldaob (Airai State). A number of infestations, several quite extensive, were found on Peleliu during this survey and new small infestations were found in Airai and Ngaraard States on Babeldaob and in Koror State as well. An eradication program has made significant progress in eliminating the species but a large amount of work remains, particularly on Peleliu. Continued vigilance will be needed to detect new plants emerging from seed or soil-borne stem fragments and to guard against the possibility of future introductions from infested countries. Schefflera actinophylla (octopus tree) was formerly present in cultivation. It has bird-dispersed fruits and is invasive in Hawai‘i, French Polynesia and elsewhere in Micronesia. All known examples have been eradicated and no new ones were found during the survey. Spathodea campanulata (orsachel kui, African tulip tree) has been used to a limited extent in Palau as an ornamental tree. It is a major problem in Fiji, the Hawaiian Islands and some other places. The seeds are wind-dispersed and it also propagates from root suckers and cuttings. Large trees do not stand up well to wind. Further planting of this species is being discouraged and existing trees are gradually being eliminated. No new examples were found during the survey. Continued follow-up and destruction of seedling or sucker regrowth in the vicinity of destroyed trees is important. 3. Species that are invasive or have the potential to become so in Palau A number of known invasive plants that cause trouble in similar ecosystems have been introduced into Palau (Appendix 1, Table 3). Some of these are already causing problems while others are not. Some are cultivated plants that have not (yet) escaped and their potential for 7 causing damage is so far unknown. However, one of the best predictors of invasiveness is the behavior of the species elsewhere, and these are known troublemakers. Invasive species already widespread in Palau A number of invasive species are already widespread in Palau. Eradication or extensive control is out of the question for these species, but they may still warrant control in sensitive, natural and protected areas such as the national parks and reserves. Adenanthera pavonina (telengtúngd, telentundalel, coral bean tree), invasive in secondary forests throughout the Pacific, is common in Palau. Although the seeds are eaten and many people consider it native, it was introduced. Coral bean has the ability to overtop many native trees and eventually form monospecific stands. Trees produce large quantities of seed and the tree will grow on a variety of soils. If its behavior on Palau is similar to other Pacific locations, it may eventually become much more widespread. Allamanda cathartica (allamanda, yellow trumpet vine) is widely planted and naturalized. It is becoming invasive in northern Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. It has invaded forest and savanna in central Babeldaob. Arundo donax (giant reed) is found in moist areas and along ditches and riverbanks. “Once established, giant reed can form huge clones, sometimes covering hundreds of acres. It is highly flammable and re-sprouts quickly after burning. Fires help transform communities of native plants into solid stands of giant reed, changing riverbank forests from flood- to fire-defined habitats” (Bell, 1996). It spreads by means of rhizomes and fragments of stems, often carried by water. Chromolaena odorata (ngesngesil, chromolaena, Siam weed) is a highly invasive pan-tropical weed. This species is a major problem for agriculture as well as the environment and will probably be increasingly prevalent in savanna areas once the Compact Road is completed. It has small, wind-dispersed seeds that can also travel on boots, clothing or used cars or equipment. The biological control agents Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata (a moth) and Cecidochares [=Procecididochares] connexa (Tephritidae) (a gall fly) have been introduced to Palau (Muniappan and Marutani, 1991). Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata is not established. Cecidochares connexa is established in Koror State and Babeldaob and appears to be reducing flowering and plant vigor. In addition to the widespread infestations of chromolaena on the main islands, a small infestation was found on Ngidech in the Rock Islands. Clerodendrum quadriloculare (kleuang, bronze-leaved clerodendrum) is common in cultivation and numerous individuals and small thickets were seen. The species is an attractive ornamental and is commonly planted for that purpose. It is notorious for being a prolific producer of root suckers and, in fact, the plant is easily propagated by means of root cuttings. It is a potential problem because of its ability to invade intact or relatively intact native forests. It has become widespread on Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. In Hawai‘i it is becoming a problem ornamental, producing numerous root suckers that appear some distance from the parent plant. It is fairly widespread on the northern end of Babeldaob (Ngerchelong and Ngardmau States) and dense infestations were observed in Koror as well as Aimeliik and Ngatpang States south of 8 Nekken, where it may have been planted for roadside beautification. Only a few plants were seen on Peleliu and Angaur. Clidemia hirta (kúi, Koster’s curse) is a serious problem species in Hawai‘i and other locations, including Fiji, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. It is a very serious weed of the forest understory on a number of tropical islands. It is shade tolerant and spread by birds and has the potential to invade all the forests of Palau. It was thought to be confined to a single area on Babeldaob but during our survey a single plant was found on the hill above the radio tower on Malakal. That plant was destroyed but there are likely more. While it is mostly used as a cultivated ornamental, a large number of escapes of Dieffenbachia seguine (spotted dieffenbachia, dumb cane) were noted, probably as a result of discarded plants or cuttings. This species can be invasive and difficult to remove, particularly along streams and other moist areas. It has become a major problem in this regard in American Samoa and Samoa. Where found outside of cultivation this species should be removed, as it reproduces vegetatively and can thrive in the dense shade of an intact native forest canopy, crowding out other species. Dissotis rotundifolia (dissotis, pink lady) was seen in cultivation and infestations are common, particularly on Babeldaob. The worst example of what the future may hold for this plant is at the old Ngatpang village, where it is forming a dense mat in the forest understory, crowding out or excluding other species. This behavior was also seen in Samoa. It is a problem species as well in Fiji, French Polynesia and Hawai‘i. Since it can reproduce vegetatively, mowing or slashing can spread it more widely or lead to very dense stands. Falcataria moluccana [=Paraserianthes falcataria] (ukall ra ngebard, Moluccca albizia) is most common in central Babeldaob although it was also seen on Koror. Many of the trees are quite large and appear to have been present for some time. It does not appear to be spreading rapidly and, in fact, native species seem to be seeding in underneath. Some younger trees were noted becoming established in disturbed areas on the edge of the forests. It is much more aggressive and extensively naturalized on Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia), Tutuila (American Samoa) and Tahiti (French Polynesia). Hedychium coronarium (white ginger) was seen on Koror and in cultivation on Ngerkebesang. This and other Hedychium species can be quite invasive in wetlands and in moist areas under the forest understory and are difficult to control. Hedychium species have become extensively established in Hawai‘i, where they are a major problem. Lantana camara (lantana) is common, both cultivated and naturalized. Wild plants seem to be more common on the northern part of Babeldaob and on Koror and Angaur. A pink form is prevalent in northern Babeldaob and Angaur while a red form is present in Koror and surrounding areas. At least two biological control agents have been introduced, but their present status is unknown. In any case, Lantana doesn’t seem to be a big problem in Palau at the present time. Leucaena leucocephala (telengtungd, leucaena) is very common, as on most Pacific islands, but it is not as prevalent in Palau as it is in many other locations. 9 Mimosa diplotricha [=invisa] (mechiuaiuu, giant sensitive plant) is a particularly nasty plant covered with thorns, forming dense tangles that are difficult to walk through. It is present in a number of South Pacific locations (American Samoa, Cook Islands (Aitutaki), Fiji, French Polynesia (Society Islands), New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu). Based on its behavior on other Pacific islands, it may become much more prevalent in Palau in years to come. Biological control agents were reportedly introduced to Palau, but it is not known if they have become established. If present, they seem to be having little effect. The species is only present to a limited extent on Angaur and is absent from Peleliu. Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant), a smaller plant than M. diplotricha with only small thorns, is common throughout Palau (except Peleliu) as a component of the weedy vegetation of roadsides and other disturbed areas. Pennisetum polystachion (desum, mission grass) is commonly found in disturbed areas. It provides fuel for fires and readily spreads after fire, perpetuating a fire cycle. This species has seeds adapted for dispersal by wind and is frequently spread as a contaminant on vehicles and machinery. It is likely that it will become more prevalent in northern Babeldaob when the Compact Road is completed. Psidium guajava (guabang, kuabang, guava) is common in cultivation and as naturalized plants, but nothing like the dense stands seen in Tonga. This is a major invasive species in Tonga and the Galapagos Islands as well as a problem in French Polynesia (Marquesas Islands), New Caledonia, Hawai‘i and Fiji. Frugivorous birds, as well as rats and feral pigs, disperse the seeds. Perhaps it may, over time, become more widespread. Solanum torvum (prickly solanum, devil’s fig) is a large spiny species of disturbed areas and fields that can form dense, impenetrable thickets. Its seeds are bird-spread. The principal infestation is at Nekken in Ngatpang and Aimeliik States, Babeldaob. A leaf-eating chrysomelid beetle, Leptinotarsa undecimlineata, is reported to be host-specific and might be a useful control agent. (Waterhouse and Norris, 1987). Stachytarpheta cayennensis [=urticifolia] (louch beluu, blue rat’s tail, dark blue snakeweed) is very common in Palau as it is throughout the Pacific. While mostly a pest in open areas, it can invade into the forest, particularly when there has been disturbance. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (louch beluu, blue porterweed, light blue snakeweed) is also common and the two can hybridize. Both species are especially prevalent on Angaur. They will undoubtedly become more common on Babeldaob as disturbance increases. Tecoma stans (yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush) is widely cultivated in Palau. It is a serious invader of disturbed areas in Tonga and French Polynesia where it grows in dense stands, commonly with other weedy species. The seeds are wind-dispersed. Thunbergia grandiflora (bung el etiu, blue trumpet vine, Bengal trumpet) is an aggressive vine that can smother trees. An excellent example of its potential can be seen in Koror. It was also seen in Ngatpang (next to OISCA) and Melekeok States. The plant forms large underground tubers and is difficult to eradicate because of regeneration from the tubers and root and stem fragments. It is a problem species in Australia (a noxious weed in Queensland) and Singapore. 10 Timonius timon (liberal) is widespread on Angaur and Peleliu. Individual trees and small stands were found on a number of the Rock Islands. It was probably introduced to Angaur and Peleliu during or shortly after World War II and has since spread to the Rock Islands. It is an invader of open, disturbed areas. As time goes by, it seems to be overtopped and replaced by native species. Its presence in the Rock Islands indicates that it is spreading to the north and, unless checked, will probably eventually reach Koror and Babeldaob, where it is also likely to be invasive. Single trees (possibly planted) were observed on Kayangel and Ngerkebesang, so it may already be more widespread than our observations suggest. Tradescantia spathacea (kobesos, oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, Moses in a boat) and T. zebrina (wandering jew) are planted as ornamentals in Palau but have escaped in several instances. Several examples of Tradescantia spathacea invading the forest understory were seen on Peleliu. A fairly large patch of naturalized Tradescantia zebrina can be seen in Ngiwal State, Babeldaob, as well as on Angaur. These plants are commonly spread through the dumping of garden cuttings. Turnera ulmifolia (yellow alder, sage rose) is widely planted as an ornamental. Naturalization was noted at a number of locations. The seed is reported to be carried by ants (Staples et al., 2000) and the species is widely naturalized in the tropics. A related species, Turnera subulata (white alder), was noted in cultivation in Airai State on Babeldaob and on Koror and Ngerkebesang. This species is somewhat weedy in Malaysia. Wedelia [=Sphagneticola] trilobata (ngesil ra ngebard, Singapore daisy) has become a serious pest on many Pacific islands (Thaman, 1999) as well as in northern Australia. It is both planted and naturalized at a number of locations throughout Palau. It can form dense mats along roadsides and in disturbed areas and is a problem in agriculture. Control by chemical means is difficult and mechanical removal often leaves numerous nodes that freely root and rapidly spread. Mowing or slashing can make the problem worse unless done very frequently and very close to the ground. Invasive species of limited extent The following species are limited in extent or have recently become established. Some of them are only in cultivation and could be eradicated at minimal cost. Others are more widespread, but are high priority candidates for eradication because of their invasive potential. Others should be monitored for possible future action, if necessary (see species-specific recommendations). Acacia farnesiana (Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia) is present in cultivation in Airai State, Babeldaob. This thorny shrub is a pest in Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Alternanthera brasiliana (Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat) is planted as an ornamental and occasional escapes were seen. It is invasive in Queensland, Australia. 11 Antigonon leptopus (dilngau, chain of love), a climbing vine often planted as an ornamental, is a widespread pest on Guam. A number of examples, mostly in cultivation, were seen, mostly in Koror. A single example was seen in Ngiwal State, Babeldaob. A few examples of Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern, sprengeri fern) were seen, all in cultivation (often in hanging baskets). Asparagus densiflorus has recently been found to be rather widespread in Hawai‘i on the island of Kauai. There it is spreading along roadsides and invading secondary forest. It seems to have the ability to withstand herbicide treatments used to control vegetation along roads. The seeds are bird-dispersed, and it can also spread vegetatively through root tubers from discarded plants. On several islands in Tonga, the thorny vines of a closely related species, Asparagus setaceus (not found in Palau), have become established in the forest understory, climbing into the canopy. Both species are commonly sold as ornamentals. Calliandra calothyrsus (powderpuff, red calliandra) was seen in cultivation at one location in Airai State, Babeldaob, and has the potential to become a weed species. Calotropis gigantea (calotrope, crown flower, madar) is found in cultivation on Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob and Peleliu. It is an invasive species in Timor and has naturalized in northwestern Australia. Cinnamomum verum [=zeylanicum] (ochod ra ngebard, cinnamon) was reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) but was not seen in our survey or in the botanical survey of the Compact Road (Raulerson et al., 1996). If present, this is a potentially dangerous species. It is actively invading secondary forests in American Samoa and Samoa. It is also present and invasive in the Cook Islands (Rarotonga), Fiji, French Polynesia and Hawai‘i. Cleome viscosa (tickweed, spider flower), an agricultural weed, was found growing along with Ipomoea hederifolia in a seeded area along the Compact Road, probably as a result of contaminated seed. Cyperus involucratus [=alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis] (deus , umbrella sedge) was seen only in cultivation at one location in Koror. It is often planted as an ornamental, but can be an invader in wet areas. Eichhornia crassipes (bung el ralm, water hyacinth) was seen in cultivation on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Babeldaob. Water hyacinth is a well-known problem worldwide in freshwater lakes, ponds, marshes, ditches, canals and slow-moving streams. It reproduces both by seed and vegetatively. Elaeocarpus angustifolius [=grandis] (blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong), a native of Australia, is a forestry tree that is invading intact and secondary forests in Samoa. It is reported present in Palau (Fosberg et al., 1979), perhaps in old forestry trials on Babeldaob, but was not seen on this survey. Epipremnum pinnatum cv. ‘Aureum’ [=Scindapsus aureus] (pothos, money plant) was seen at a number of locations throughout Palau but most commonly in Koror and Airai States. It is mostly in cultivation but this tree-climbing species can invade the forest understory. It is a cultivar of a 12 native plant (Epipremnum pinnatum) but is not native to Palau, apparently originating in the Solomon Islands (Smith, 1979) and widely cultivated. Since it only reproduces vegetatively from cuttings and pieces, the main concern is infestations that become established in the forest. Its main method of spread is through discarded garden cuttings. Flemingia macrophylla is in cultivation on Koror and in Airai State, Babeldaob. This species is a prolific seed producer and can form dense thickets. It is invasive in Samoa and the Cook Islands. It has the potential to become a serious problem if it escapes cultivation. A related species that is invasive in the South Pacific, Flemingia strobilifera (besungelaiei, luck plant, wild hops), is also present but may be native. Hevea brasiliensis (Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree) is reported present in Koror (Fosberg et al., 1979) and in Nekken, Babeldaob (per Marcello Brel). This species is reported to be naturalizing in Papua New Guinea and on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). Hyptis pectinata (mint weed) was seen in Ngatpang State (and was previously recorded on Angaur (Fosberg et al., 1979) but was not seen there in this survey). Its seeds stick to clothing and to the fur of animals and can also be spread by vehicles and machinery. It is on the Hawaii State noxious weed list, is a noxious weed in Fiji, is very prevalent in Samoa and is becoming so in Tonga. It is a serious weed of disturbed sites and agriculture. Inga edulis (ice cream bean) is a tree that is becoming invasive in northern Queensland. An example was found growing in front of Palau Community College. Ipomoea hederifolia (ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea) was found in a seeded roadbank along the Compact road south of Chelab. It may have been a contaminant in the seed applied to the roadside. It is invasive in the Torres Strait islands and Cape York Peninsula, Australia, and is a weed of roadsides and agriculture on several Pacific islands. Ipomoea quamoclit (asangao, star of Bethlehem, Cupid’s flower, cypress vine) was found growing in a vacant lot at New Ngatpang and as a cultivated plant in Koror. This species is invasive in Fiji and north Queensland, Australia. Macroptilium lathyroides (cow pea, phasey bean) was found in the same location as Ipomoea hederifolia along the Compact Road and also on Package “B” in Airai State. It may also be a seed contaminant. On a number of islands where this species has been introduced it has become a component of the ruderal vegetation. Melaleuca quinquenervia (cajeput, paper bark tree) is a native of eastern Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. It produces large quantities of wind-dispersed seeds and reproduces profusely after fire or other disturbance. It is a major problem in the State of Florida (US) and is present and naturalizing to some degree on Yap. Occasional trees seen on Babeldaob in a previous survey (Space and Falanruw, 1999) didn’t seem to be spreading. Melia azedarach (Chinaberry, pride-of-India, Indian lilac) seedlings were seen beneath and around cultivated plants at a residence and a business in Airai. It was also seen in cultivation in Koror. Several seedlings were also noted in Koror that appeared to be self-sown, but the source 13 was not immediately apparent. This species is a prolific producer of seed, which is spread by birds. In Palau, it apparently begins to flower at a very young age. It is invasive in a number of Pacific locations, including the Cook Islands, French Polynesia and Hawai‘i as well as in South Africa. Fosberg et al. (1979) reported this species, so there may be more that we didn’t see (he did not give a specific location, however, so perhaps it was only in cultivation). Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) is a species that is particularly dangerous in that it is both invasive and can cause a serious fire hazard. It has modified fire regimes on many islands where it has been introduced (D’Antonio and Vitousek, 1992). It was reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) but was not seen in our survey. Raulerson et al. (1996) reported it present on Babeldaob but rare. Panicum maximum (Guinea grass), while not yet widespread in Palau (it is present on Koror and Babeldaob), is another grass that can help perpetuate a fire cycle. It seeds profusely and the seeds are dispersed by wind, birds (e.g. chestnut mannikins), flowing water or as a contaminant. It can survive long periods of drought. Fire will sweep through stands of this grass but it regenerates rapidly from underground rhizomes. It is a problem species in Guam and Hawai‘i and is very prevalent in Samoa and Tonga, forming dense stands in open and disturbed areas. Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) was found in cultivation at two residences in Airai and a resort in Ngerkebesang. It is an attractive ornamental but it can produce large amounts of winddispersed seed. While it is most likely to be invasive in dry areas, it could possibly spread in Palau. It is a problem species on dryer sites in Hawai‘i. Pluchea carolinensis (sour bush) and P. indica (Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea, Indian camphorweed) are present on Peleliu and P. indica is present on Angaur. They are shrubby species with wind-dispersed seed. Pluchea carolinensis is naturalizing extensively on Tongatapu, Tonga, and is reported to be widespread but not presently abundant on Guam. These species may have been accidentally introduced as a result of military activity as both were also introduced to Penrhyn Island (Cook Islands) when an airfield was built there during the Second World War (Bill Sykes, pers. com.). Pluchea indica is found along the seashore and inland on poorer sites both on Peleliu and Angaur while P. carolinensis is located along the airstrip on Peleliu. Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), a small tree that forms dense thickets, is reported to be present on Koror (Fosberg et al., 1979) but was not found during this survey. It is a major problem species in a number of island ecosystems including Hawai‘i and Tahiti in the Pacific and La Réunion and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. Varieties with red and yellow fruits are known. Birds and pigs (and possibly fruit bats as well) disperse the seeds. This is an extremely dangerous species. A single tree of Senna siamea (cassod tree, Siamese cassia) was seen in Ngeremlengui State, Babeldaob. It is invasive in Australia (Cape York Peninsula) and reported to be weedy on Tahiti. Sesbania grandiflora (katurai, hummingbird tree, scarlet wisteria tree) is cultivated as an ornamental in Airai, Melekeok and a few other places. Although not yet a problem in Palau, it was observed to be spreading outside of cultivation in American Samoa and Samoa. 14 Syngonium angustatum (arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant), a climbing aroid, is widely cultivated in Palau, particularly in Koror and Airai States, and numerous escapes were noted. This species has the ability to spread in the deep shade of intact forests, forming a dense mat on the forest floor as well as climbing trees. It is difficult to eradicate as it is able to reproduce from a single node and stem and root fragments are easily overlooked. It spreads vegetatively from dumped cuttings. It is a problem species in American Samoa, is widespread in Hawai‘i and is quite invasive in Niue. Syzygium cumini (mesekerrák, Java plum) is reported to be present, perhaps mostly in cultivation, on Koror, Babeldaob and Aulupse‘el (Rock Islands) (Fosberg et al., 1979; Raulerson et al., 1996). This species is invasive in the Cook Islands, Hawai‘i and French Polynesia (Raiatea). Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) was found in Aimeliik State on Babeldaob. It has become established as a pest species on a number of Pacific islands. It can form dense thickets, particularly in disturbed areas. Only two small plants were observed during this survey. As it has been recorded as present in Babeldaob for a long time (Fosberg et al., 1979) it may not become a serious pest here. Vitex parviflora (small-leaved vitex) was reported present in Palau by Fosberg et al. (1979), but was not seen. It may be present in cultivation. It is a native of the Philippines, has birddispersed seeds and is invasive in Guam. 4. Species that are known or listed as weedy or invasive elsewhere and are common, weedy or cultivated in Palau A large number of other common or weedy introduced species were noted. Many of these species, which might best be termed aggressive weeds, are mostly prevalent along roadsides or on disturbed sites, although some species, particularly alien trees, can gradually spread into forested ecosystems. In the case of vines and plants that form dense ground cover, the regeneration of native species can be inhibited. Some of these species could become a problem in the future, since there is often a long lag time between introduction and when a species begins to cause serious impacts. These species (listed in Appendix 1, Table 4) should be monitored for spread and control measures instigated, if necessary. Spiny Barleria lupulina (hophead, Philippine violet) was seen in cultivation in Ngchesar State. It is invasive in Timor and some naturalization has been noted in north Queensland and Hawai‘i. Bryophyllum pinnatum [=Kalanchoë pinnata] (life plant) was seen in cultivation and some seedlings were noted. It reproduces vegetatively and can be invasive on the forest floor. Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop) is widely planted as an ornamental. While it produces prodigious amounts of fruit, to date naturalized populations have not been seen in Palau or other Pacific islands (although it is reported to be naturalizing in Hawai‘i, Florida and Queensland, Australia). 15 Episcia cupreata (episcia, flame violet) is widely cultivated but is also growing wild on rock walls and in the forest understory, especially in Koror State. Hemigraphis alternata (metal leaf, red ivy), introduced as an ornamental, was seen forming dense low stands at several locations, invading under the forest canopy. It is shade tolerant, does well in the forest understory and can exclude other species. Hyptis capitata (knobweed) is apparently only present on Babeldaob, Koror, Malakal and Ngerkebesang. It is shade tolerant and quite invasive. Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine, mock orange, satin-wood, Chinese box) was seen cultivated as an ornamental plant. It has bird-dispersed seeds and thus the ability to spread, although it has not been observed to have done so on the Pacific islands where it is present. However, in Asia M. paniculata is the preferred host of the insect pest Diaphorina citri, the citrus psyllid. The psyllid is the vector for the serious citrus disease “huanglongbing”. Passiflora foetida (kudamono, love-in-a-mist) is widespread. It is quite prevalent on most Pacific islands but does not appear to be highly invasive in Palau. Pithecellobium dulce (kamatsíri, opiuma, Madras thorn) is a thorny tree that is a problem species in Hawai‘i. It is present on most of the major islands of Micronesia, but doesn’t seem to be a major problem. The seeds are bird-dispersed and its sap can cause eye irritation and skin welts. It is relatively resistant to fire and resprouts rapidly by basal or aerial shoots. It was reported present on Koror by Fosberg et al. (1979) but was not seen during our survey. Occasional patches of Pseuderanthemum carruthersii were seen on Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu and Tobi, but it is more of a problem on Sonsorol, where it is expanding into the forest along roads and paths. Quisqualis indica (Rangoon creeper) was seen on a fence in Ngerkebesang and at a residence in Airai State. Ricinus communis (gelug, maskerekur, uluchula skoki, castor bean) is present along roadsides and in disturbed places on Peleliu and Angaur. Some exotic tree species that have been introduced to Palau include Acacia auriculiformis (earleaf acacia), Acacia confusa (ianángi, yanangi, Formosa koa), Acacia mangium (mangium), Albizia lebbeck (ukall ra ngebard, siris-tree, rain tree), Bauhinia acuminata (dwarf white bauhinia), Bauhinia monandra (orchid tree), Bauhinia purpurea (purple orchid tree), Bauhinia variegata, Ceiba pentandra (kalngebárd, kerrekar ngebard, kapok), Ficus sp., Ficus elastica (komunokí, India rubber tree), Gliricidia sepium (rechesengel, mother of cacao, quickstick), Jacaranda mimosifolia (Jacaranda), Muntingia calabura (budo, Panama cherry), Samanea saman (monkeypod), Syzygium jambos (malabar plum), Tabebuia heterophylla (pink trumpet tree) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander). These species can naturalize and are more or less successful depending on local conditions. In Palau, Acacia auriculiformis is widely planted but in only a few cases were significant numbers of seedlings present, usually where mineral soil 16 was exposed as a result of fire or other disturbance. Acacia mangium is planted in a few locations, but only a few seedlings were noted adjacent to the small forestry planting in Aimeliik State. Muntingia calabura is very common as a volunteer. The rest of the above-mentioned trees seem to reproduce little or not at all in Palau. In addition to Arundo donax, Imperata cylindrica, Melinis minutiflora, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum polystachion and Pennisetum setaceum, discussed above, a number of other introduced grasses are established, including Bothriochloa bladhii, (desum, blue grass, Australian beardgrass), Cenchrus brownii (burr grass), Cenchrus echinatus (burr grass); Chloris barbata, (swollen fingergrass), Chloris radiata (plush-grass, radiate fingergrass), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Digitaria ciliaris (smooth crabgrass), Digitaria violascens (sau, smooth crabgrass, violet crabgrass), Eleusine indica (kelelamalk, keteketarmalk, goosegrass), Panicum repens (torpedo grass), Paspalum conjugatum (udel ra ngebei, T grass), Paspalum paniculatum (Russell river grass, galmarra grass), Pennisetum purpureum (bokso, elephant grass, napier grass, merker grass), Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass), Urochloa [=Brachiaria] mutica (para grass) and Urochloa [=Brachiaria] subquadripara (green summer grass, tropical signalgrass). Bamboos (esel) (Bambusa spp.) are also present. Urochloa [=Brachiaria] decumbens has been widely planted for bank stabilization along the route of the Compact Road. Other weedy species include Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo), Centrosema molle (centro), Chamaecrista mimosoides (Japanese tea), Chamaecrista nictitans (partridge pea, Japanese tea senna), Clerodendrum buchananii (butcherechár, red clerodendrum, pagoda-flower), Clerodendrum paniculatum (butcherechár, pagoda flower), Clitoria ternatea (kles, butterfly pea), Crotalaria micans (crotalaria), Cyperus rotundus (nut grass, nutsedge), Desmodium tortuosum (Spanish clover), Kyllinga brevifolia (esechesiding, green kyllinga), Leonurus japonicus (lion’s tail), Macroptilium atropurpureum (siratro), Senna [=Cassia] obtusifolia (coffeeweed, sicklepod) and Senna occidentalis (coffee senna). Species that are cultivated or of limited extent but have the potential to become more widespread include Asystasia gangetica subsp. gangetica (Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel), Nymphaea spp. (waterlily), Ocimum gratissimum (wild basil), Sanchezia parvibracteata (sanchezia), Schefflera arboricola (dwarf brassia, dwarf schefflera), Senna [=Cassia] alata (candle bush) and Tithonia diversifolia (tree marigold, Mexican sunflower). Some additional invasive plant species, mostly ruderal weeds or of agricultural concern, seen or reported to be present, are listed in Appendix 2, Table 2. 5. Native species (or Micronesian introductions) exhibiting aggressive behavior Casuarina equisetifolia (ngas, casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine) is native or more likely an early introduction to the main islands of Palau, but is a recent introduction to Tobi and Helen’s reef. There is a single tree on Tobi that is not yet bearing fruit and there is a naturalized population on Helen’s Reef. These trees may be contributing to beach erosion on several of the Rock Islands due to their shallow root systems. Chrysopogon aciculatus (iul, Mackie’s pest, lovegrass) is indigenous or an early introduction to the main islands but is a recent introduction to Sonsorol and Tobi. It is not yet present on a 17 number of islands and should not be introduced where it is not present. It is an aggressive, noxious weed that readily withstands trampling, poor soils and mowing. Its sharp seeds can penetrate flesh and work their way in, causing festering sores. Its spiked seeds are carried from place to place in fur, feathers, or clothing. Other common native grasses (or early introductions) include Ischaemum polystachyum (paddle grass), Ischaemum rugosum (muraina grass), Ischaemum timorense (centipede grass), Saccharum spontaneum (banga ruchel, wild cane, false sugarcane), Sacciolepis indica (glenwood grass), Setaria pumila [=pallide-fusca] (foxtail) and Sporobolus indicus (smutgrass, wiregrass). A number of thorny thickets of Gmelina elliptica (kalngebard ra belau) were seen on the northern end of Babeldaob and occasional examples were seen in most of the Babeldaob states. It is also present on Malakal. It is particularly prevalent in Ngaraard and Ngerchelong States between Chelab and Ollei village. While native to Palau, this species should not be introduced to islands where it is not already present. Merremia peltata (kebeas, merremia) is quite invasive along forest edges and wherever there has been disturbance. It is not known whether this species is native or an early introduction to Palau, but it is reported here as a native species. Local people say that there was once less of it, but this may just be because there is now substantially more disturbed area that provides suitable habitat. In any case, whether native or not, it is certainly an aggressive vine, not only in Palau but also on other Pacific islands. Ipomoea macrantha is another native vine that is widespread on the Rock Islands, Babeldaob and elsewhere. Operculina turpethum (ongucheta rekung), a native vine common throughout the Pacific, occupies a similar ecological niche as Merremia peltata, and is very prevalent in some locations where the latter species is absent, particularly on Peleliu. General observations and recommendations It was not the purpose of the survey to provide an in-depth review of policies and procedures for the management of exotic plant pests. However, the following observations and suggestions are offered. For a more in-depth treatment of the principles of invasive species management the publication “Invasive alien species: a toolkit of best prevention and management practices” is available on the Internet (http://www.cabi-bioscience.ch/wwwgisp/) or the PIER-CD. A positive step is the recent appointment of an Invasive Species Officer in the Bureau of Agriculture. This position will serve as a focal point for actions against invasive plant species. Palau is also to be commended for setting up an Invasive Weeds Committee. Close and immediate coordination and cooperation between various government departments and other entities is essential when an invasive species problem is encountered, especially when there is a need to move quickly to eradicate an introduced species. Such a committee can be effective both for long-term strategic actions, such as review and strengthening of relevant laws and regulations, as well as short-term tactical and operational problems, such as action when a new species is found to have been introduced. In addition to a management plan, the committee 18 should draw up a prioritized action plan. This would include critical areas to be protected and species subject to control or eradication as well as which governmental agency is to take the lead in control or eradication measures. Time, money and people are always in limited supply and must be directed to the places where they will do the most good. Economic analysis can be used to assess the costs and benefits of management strategies and prioritize action. Some recommendations are made below as to possible actions against individual plant species, but these should be tested against available resources and other priorities. Strong support is also being provided to the program by the Palau Community College. Palau has laws and regulations in place that deal with quarantine and new introductions. The first line of defense against invasive species, and the most cost-effective, is to keep them out. Control at ports of entry is essential, and those concerned with the protection of natural ecosystems must work closely with plant protection and quarantine officials to combat known and potential invasive plant species. Plant quarantine officers should receive training to be familiar with both agricultural pests and those that threaten wildland ecosystems. At a minimum, a list of known noxious species to be excluded should be developed and exclusion of these species should be backed by the force of law and regulation. Better yet is to employ the “precautionary principle” (as in Australia and New Zealand and under serious consideration by a number of other countries) to exclude all alien species not shown to be of acceptable risk. Risk assessment and management techniques can be used to assess the likelihood and effects of possible introductions and to develop exclusion and eradication strategies. The Secretariat of the Pacific Community has a Plant Protection Training Officer for Micronesia, Konrad Englberger, who provides assistance to strengthen quarantine operations. In the case of new introductions, the ability to take prompt action is essential, as expanding infestations soon become uneconomical to control. Provision for emergency response procedures and funding mechanisms to deal with immediate problems should be in place. Education of the public about the danger of introductions and encouraging the use of native species needs to continue as a long-term campaign. People should be encouraged to take responsible actions such as following quarantine regulations, not dumping garden cuttings in the woods and reporting suspicious plants. There are many instances where an invasive plant started out as a pretty flower planted in a yard or garden. Public service announcements on television or radio can be used and “wanted” posters can be prepared for critical species. Education of schoolchildren is especially important, as this is the most impressionable age. Children can also have a notable effect on the actions of their parents. Prompt follow-up to public reports and inquiries is essential to maintain the credibility of a public education program. The public also needs to understand that the immediate eradication of a problem species, even if it involves the use of pesticides, may be better than living with a problem species forever. Fortunately, the public has been very supportive of the eradication actions taken so far. A good job appears to have been done in informing and involving the public in proposed control and eradication actions. Local nurseries, botanical gardens or plant importers can be sources of new introductions. A positive approach is to work together to develop a “white list” of both native and non-native species that the public can be encouraged to plant. Likewise, gardening associations and other 19 village and local groups can perform an important education function for their members in what species to avoid and can assist in reporting and controlling infestations of invasive plants. Needless to say, government agencies should lead the way by promoting the use of non-invasive species, especially those that are native to the country. Foresters, conservation officers, extension agents and others that spend time in the field should be alert to new species that exhibit invasive behavior. Most pest species are deliberately or inadvertently introduced by people and tend to first become established on farms or in gardens and disturbed areas. Suspicious plant species should be promptly reported. Periodically scheduled surveys can also be conducted for new or expanding infestations. An evaluation should be conducted for any new species that appears to be invasive or is known to be invasive elsewhere. Assistance by an expert who is familiar with the species and methods for its eradication or control should be requested if needed. Prompt action is essential, since once a species becomes widespread, control or eradication can be extremely costly or impossible. Assistance is also available on-line from experts through the Pacific Pestnet list-server, and Palau has already been taking advantage of this service. Laws and regulations should be reviewed to make sure they are adequate to deal with new introductions. This includes the ability of government to require the control of noxious species on private or customary lands or to take action on private lands if the landowner cannot be located or does not take prompt action. If needed, model laws and regulations can be obtained from states and countries that have implemented them. Steam cleaning or power washing of all used cars, trucks and equipment coming into Palau must be enforced. This is desirable not only from the standpoint of excluding invasive plants, but also insects and diseases. Especially suspect are roadbuilding machinery, military equipment and offroad vehicles. Quarantine inspectors should be especially vigilant to make sure used cars, trucks and equipment from Guam, Hawai‘i, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia and the Philippines are clean as many dangerous weeds are present in these locations. Likewise, importation of sand, gravel, seed and other easily contaminated material from outside the country should be subject to restriction, inspection and monitoring. Several examples of invasive species moved about with gravel and soil were seen during the survey and possible contamination of the seed used in the stabilization seeding on the Compact Road was noted. Quarantine inspectors should closely inspect boots, camping equipment and other material for soil and seeds, particularly when they have been used in countries where Miconia calvescens and other small-seeded species are present. It would be desirable to have a question on the customs/quarantine declaration form that asks visitors if they have boots or camping equipment or have been in forests as well as farms (as is done in Australia and New Zealand). A number of species used in ornamental plantings are, at least to some degree, invasive. While many of these species have desirable ornamental or physical characteristics, planting exotics as opposed to native species is a policy question that needs to be carefully considered. Most species that naturalize to any extent will gradually spread throughout available and suitable habitat, given enough time. Existing exotic species should be monitored for spread and new introductions should be carefully assessed to minimize risk. Areas previously used for agricultural and forestry species trials as well as other areas where exotic species have been 20 planted should be more thoroughly checked for dangerous species than was possible during this survey. A risk-rating scheme would be useful in evaluating the various known and potential invasive species for their risk of introduction, spread and potential damage. The Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry is testing an adaptation of the Australian risk assessment system to the needs of the Pacific. If this proves to be satisfactory, our hope is to eventually rate all the species listed in the PIER database and provide this information to Pacific island countries. In the meantime, risk assessments can be performed on individual species to help evaluate their potential for invasion and spread. Palau used this procedure to evaluate species for the seeding along the Compact Road. Palau has set aside areas to be maintained in natural condition as a heritage for future generations, for the protection of native biodiversity and tourism values and as examples of Palau’s original forest cover. Protection of these areas will involve a continuous and long-term effort, even on a small scale, due to the continuing pressure from invading species. Keeping out shade-tolerant species that can invade closed forests is the biggest problem. Intact native forests are the most resistant to invasion and any measures that limit the amount of disturbance will help keep invasive species out. Palau is encouraged to continue to take advantage of the Federal assistance programs in dealing with invasive plant species. In addition to cost-share funding to provide locally available expertise in forest health protection, experts are also on call from the Forest Service’s Forest Health Protection staff, or they can arrange for expert consultations. Public education on invasive species should be part of the environmental education program. Cost-share funding can also be requested to deal with specific forest health problems, including invasive plants, under the Cooperative Forestry and Hawai‘i Tropical Forestry Recovery Acts. Funding is subject to recommendations resulting from a professional evaluation of the problem and the overall availability of funds. Funding also tends to be prioritized based on an economic evaluation of cost-effectiveness, so rapid eradication of a pest species while it is still confined to a small area will undoubtedly take precedence over the chronic problem of a species that has escaped control. The purpose of this survey was to give an overall assessment of the situation. In the short time available it was not possible to perform the evaluations that would be needed to justify control or eradication programs for individual species. For many species, therefore, our recommendations are provisional and must be subject to a more complete evaluation as to extent, invasiveness and the possibility of control or eradication. Technical assistance should be requested, if needed, to evaluate individual species. 21 Species-specific recommendations • Make every effort to keep out all the species listed in Appendix 1, Table 1. All of these are known invasive species elsewhere, and there is no sense in running the risk that they will act the same in Palau. As we are able to gather information on other species that might threaten tropical island ecosystems we will add them to the database. For those with Internet access, additional information and new listings can be found at http://www.hear.org/pier. The information is also available on the PIER-CD for local use. Assistance from experts in identifying and managing invasive species is also available by using the Pacific Pestnet list server. • Take special measures to keep out the species listed in Table A, to monitor for their occurrence and to eradicate them immediately if found. These are all well-documented problem species that have had a major impact on natural ecosystems elsewhere. The potential impact of these species, if they are introduced and become established, can be severe. Table A. Priority species for exclusion from Palau Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Invasive in: Acacia aulacocarpa brown salwood Fabaceae Cook Islands Acacia crassicarpa redwood Fabaceae Cook Islands Acacia curassavica northern wattle, Papua New Guinea red wattle Fabaceae Cook Islands Albizia chinensis Chinese albizia, silktree Fabaceae Samoa Ardisia elliptica shoebutton ardisia Myrsinaceae Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Hawai‘i, Samoa and USA (Florida) Cardiospermum grandiflorum balloon vine; heart seed Sapindaceae Cook Islands (Rarotonga) Carludovica palmata Panama hat plant Cyclanthaceae Samoa (Upolu) Castilla elastica Panama rubber tree Moraceae Samoa Cecropia obtusifolia trumpet tree, guarumo Cecropiaceae Hawai’i, Cook Islands Cecropia peltata trumpet tree Cecropiaceae French Polynesia Cestrum diurnum day cestrum Solanaceae Cook Islands Cestrum nocturnum night-flowering cestrum Solanaceae Cook Islands, French Polynesia (Tahiti), Samoa, Tonga Clerodendrum chinense Honolulu rose Lamiaceae Samoa, Tonga and elsewhere Coccinia grandis ivy gourd, scarlet-fruited gourd Cucurbitaceae Hawai‘i, Saipan Cordia alliodora Ecuador laurel, salmwood Boraginaceae Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu Cryptostegia grandiflora rubber vine, India rubber vine Asclepiadaceae Australia (Queensland) Eugenia uniflora Surinam cherry Myrtaceae Cook Islands Funtumia elastica African rubber tree Apocynaceae Samoa Hiptage benghalensis hiptage Malpighiaceae Hawai’i, La Réunion, Mauritius, Australia (Queensland) 22 Table A. Priority species for exclusion from Palau Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Invasive in: Indigofera suffruticosa indigo Fabaceae Tonga and elsewhere Macfadyena unguiscati cat’s-claw climber Bignoniaceae Hawai’i, Niue, New Caledonia Maesopsis eminii umbrella tree, musizi Rhamnaceae Fiji Merremia tuberosa wood rose Convolvulaceae Hawai‘i, Niue Miconia calvescens miconia, velvetleaf, purple plague, bush currant Melastomataceae French Polynesia, Hawai’i Mucuna pruriens cow itch, velvet bean Fabaceae Saipan Odontonema tubaeforme fire spike, cardinal flower Acanthaceae American Samoa, Samoa Passiflora spp. all Passifloraceae not already present Passifloraceae Passiflora tarminiana banana poka, banana passionfruit, bananadilla Passifloraceae Hawai’i Phyllostachys spp. running bamboos Poaceae Hawai‘i (P. nigra), Cook Islands (P. bissetii) Pimenta dioica pimento, allspice Myrtaceae Hawai‘i, Tonga Pimenta racemosa bay tree Myrtaceae Cook Islands Piper aduncum spiked pepper Piperaceae Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Indonesia, Malaysia Piper auritum eared pepper, false kava Piperaceae Hawai‘i, Pohnpei, Tonga Rubus spp. raspberries, blackberries, brambles Rosaceae Hawai‘i, French Polynesia, etc. Schinus terebinthifolius Christmas-berry, Brazilian pepper Anacardiaceae USA (Hawai‘i, Florida) Setaria palmifolia palmgrass, short pitpit Poaceae Hawai‘i, French Polynesia (Tahiti), Samoa Solanum capsicoides cockroach berry, devil’s apple, soda apple Solanaceae Hawai‘i, Samoa, Tonga Solanum mauritianum bugweed, wild tobacco, tree tobacco Solanaceae Hawai‘i, Tonga Tibouchina herbacea glorybush, cane ti, tibouchina Melastomataceae Hawai’i Tribulus cistoides puncture vine Zygophyllaceae Hawai‘i All grasses all other grass species not already present Poaceae pan-tropical All melastomes all other non-native melastomes Melastomataceae Hawai’i, etc. Note: Appendix 1, Table 1 is a complete list of invasive and potentially invasive species of environmental concern not yet present in Palau. Appendix 2, Table 1 contains a list of other invasive species not reported to be present in Palau. • Extraordinary measures need to be employed against Miconia calvescens because its effect on Palau’s ecosystems would be devastating if introduced. At a minimum, quarantine officers should be alert to people who might have been in the woods or rural areas in Hawai‘i (especially the island of Hawai‘i) or French Polynesia (particularly the islands of Tahiti, Moorea, Raiatea and Tahaa) and inspect their shoes, boots or camping equipment for seeds. Any trucks or equipment coming from Hawai‘i (or much less likely, French Polynesia), particularly those that have been used in rural areas, must be thoroughly power washed or steam cleaned and inspected. Any infestations picked up from public reporting or scouting should be promptly eradicated before the plants set seed. 23 • Be very cautious in introducing new grasses, as many of them are aggressive invaders. Also, grass seed is invariably contaminated with other, possibly invasive, grasses or weeds. • The species listed in Table B, seen or reported to be only in cultivation, should be closely monitored for spread or, better yet, eradicated if there are only a few examples, as they are well-documented invasives elsewhere. They may behave similarly in Palau if they escape cultivation. Table B. Cultivated species of possible threat to Palau Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Acacia farnesiana Ellington curse, klu Asparagus densiflorus asparagus fern, sprengeri fern, Liliaceae smilax, regal fern Calotropis gigantea Calliandra calothyrsus Cinnamomum verum Cyperus involucratus Eichhornia crassipes Elaeocarpus angustifolius Flemingia macrophylla Hevea brasiliensis Fabaceae Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu Australia (Northern Territory, northwest Western Australia), Timor powderpuff, red calliandra Fabaceae Babeldaob Indonesia ochod ra ngebard, cinnamon tree Lauraceae reported present, no American Samoa, Cook Islands, location given Samoa umbrella sedge Cyperaceae Koror bung el ralm, water hyacinth Pontederiaceae blue fig, blue marble tree Elaeocarpaceae Brazilian rubber tree Cook Islands, Tonga Koror, Ngerkebesang, pantropical Babeldaob reported present, no Samoa location given Koror, Babeldaob Cook Islands, Samoa Euphorbiaceae Koror, Babeldaob Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) Nymphaea spp. Pennisetum setaceum waterlily Nymphaeaceae fountain grass Poaceae Quisqualis indica Rangoon creeper Combretaceae Sanchezia parvibracteata sanchezia Acanthaceae cassod tree, Siamese cassia Hawai‘i Fabaceae Rutaceae Senna siamea Babeldaob Invasive in: Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, calotrope, crown flower, madar Ascelepiadaceae Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box Murraya paniculata Present on: Fabaceae katurai, sesbania, scarlet Sesbania grandiflora wisteria Fabaceae Spathodea campanulata orsachel kui, African tulip tree Bignoniaceae Syzygium cumini mesekerrák, Java plum Myrtaceae Syzygium jambos malabar plum, Malay apple Myrtaceae Tabebuia heterophylla pink tecoma, pink trumpet tree, Bignoniaceae white cedar Vitex parviflora small-leaved vitex Verbenaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Koror, Babeldaob French Polynesia, Hawai‘i; host to citrus psyllid pantropical USA (California, Hawai‘i), Canary Islands Australia (Northern Territory) Hawai‘i Australia, French Polynesia (Tahiti) American Samoa, Samoa Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawai’i, Samoa, Vanuatu Cook Islands, Hawai‘i, French Polynesia (Raiatea) French Polynesia, Galapagos Islands, Mauritius, La Réunion Koror, Malakal, Hawai‘i Ngerkebesang reported present in Guam Malakal (Toirechuil) Note: See Appendix 1, Tables 3 and 4 for a complete list of cultivated plants with invasive potential. 24 • All invasive plant species are not present on all islands. As would be expected, the islands of Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang and Babeldaob have most of the weedy species; there are significantly fewer on the outer islands. However, a few unique species occur on Peleliu and Angaur. Kayangel, Sonsorol and Hatohobei have the fewest invasive plants. Thus, there is the opportunity to prevent the movement and establishment of invasive plants on new islands, either through quarantine procedures or by surveying for and rapidly responding to new infestations. Table C shows critical species that should be subject to restrictions on interisland movement or promptly eradicated if found. Appendices 6 and 7 show, for each island, all the invasive species that are not present there but are present elsewhere in Palau. Because they have few invasive plants, exclusion of new species is especially important for the Southwest Islands. Appendix 6, Tables 7 and 8, and Appendix 7, Tables 7 and 8, show species present elsewhere in Palau that are not yet present in these islands. Table C. Critical species that should be subject to inter-island quarantine Scientific Name Common name Present on: Acacia farnesiana Adenanthera pavonina Allamanda cathartica Alternanthera brasiliana Antigonon leptopus Arundo donax Asparagus densiflorus Calotropis gigantea Calliandra calothyrsus Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia telengtúngd, telentundalel, coral bean tree allamanda, yellow trumpet vine Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat dilngau, chain of love giant reed asparagus fern, sprengeri fern calotrope, crown flower, madar powderpuff, red calliandra kúi, Koster’s curse deus, umbrella sedge spotted dieffenbachia, dumb cane dissotis, pink lady bung el ralm, water hyacinth blue fig, blue marble tree Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngidech Not known Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Malakal, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Not known Chromolaena odorata ngesngesil, chromolaena, Siam weed Cinnamomum verum Clerodendrum quadriloculare Clidemia hirta Cyperus involucratus Dieffenbachia seguine Dissotis rotundifolia Eichhornia crassipes Elaeocarpus angustifolius Epipremnum pinnatum cv. ‘Aureum’ Falcataria moluccana Flemingia macrophylla Hedychium coronarium Hevea brasiliensis Hyptis capitata Hyptis pectinata Imperata cylindrica Ipomoea hederifolia Ipomoea quamoclit ochod ra ngebard, cinnamon tree pothos, money plant Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob ukall ra ngebard, Moluccca albizia Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob, Angaur? Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Sonsorol Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Kayangel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Lantana camara lantana Leucaena leucocephala telengtungd, leucaena Macroptilium lathyroides Melaleuca quinquenervia Melia azedarach Melinis minutiflora Merremia peltata Mikania micrantha Mimosa diplotricha Mimosa pudica cow pea, phasey bean cajeput, paper bark tree Chinaberry, pride-of-India, Indian lilac molasses grass kebeas, merremia teb el yas, mile-a-minute weed mechiuaiuu, giant sensitive plant mechiuaiuu, sensitive plant kleuang, bronze-leaved clerodendrum white ginger Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree knobweed mint weed kasoring, blady grass, cogon grass ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea asangao, star of Bethlehem, cypress vine 25 Table C. Critical species that should be subject to inter-island quarantine Scientific Name Common name Panicum maximum Pennisetum polystachion Pennisetum setaceum Pluchea carolinensis Psidium cattleianum Guinea grass desum, mission grass fountain grass sour bush strawberry guava Psidium guajava guabang, kuabang, guava Present on: Senna siamea Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Peleliu Koror? Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngerchong Babeldaob Sesbania grandiflora Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob cassod tree Siamese cassia katurai, hummingbird tree, scarlet wisteria tree Solanum torvum prickly solanum, devil’s fig louch beluu, blue rat’s tail, dark blue Stachytarpheta cayennensis snakeweed Syngonium angustatum arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant Tephrosia candida white tephrosia bung el etiu, blue trumpet vine, Bengal trumpet Thunbergia grandiflora Timonius timon liberal Turnera ulmifolia/subulata yellow alder, sage rose/white alder Vitex parviflora small-leaved vitex Wedelia trilobata ngesil ra ngebard, Singapore daisy Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, , Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngidech, Urukthapel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel Ngerkebesang, Angaur, Peleliu, Kayangel, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Ngchelobel, Ngeanges Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Malakal (Toirechuil) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Note: This table lists only the most serious invasive plants of environmental concern. See Appendix 6 and Appendix 7 for complete lists of species not yet present on each island or island group. • Table D (next page) shows the most serious invasive plant species in Palau and summarizes recommendations for their management. In a number of cases, more detailed information and recommendations follow the table. 26 Table D. Summary of major invasive species present in Palau with recommendations for their management Scientific Name *† Common Names (abridged) Family Comments and recommendations Acacia farnesiana Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia Fabaceae Eradicate. Adenanthera pavonina telengtúngd, telentundalel, coral bean tree Fabaceae Control as needed in sensitive and natural areas. Allamanda cathartica allamanda, yellow trumpet vine Apocynaceae Discourage planting; remove when a problem. Alternanthera brasiliana Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat Amaranthaceae Discontinue planting; be alert to escapes from cultivation; eradicate single plant on Ngercheu Island (Carp Resort) and other isolated plantings. Antigonon leptopus dilngau, chain of love Polygonaceae Discourage further planting; work to eradicate over time. Arundo donax giant reed Poaceae Limit burning; control as needed in sensitive and natural areas. *† Asparagus densiflorus asparagus fern, sprengeri fern Liliaceae Eradicate. † Barleria lupulina hophead, Philippine violet Acanthaceae Eradicate if of limited extent. Bryophyllum pinnatum life plant Crassulaceae Control outside of cultivation. Calotropis gigantea calotrope, crown flower, madar Ascelepiadaceae Monitor for spread. Calliandra calothyrsus powderpuff, red calliandra Fabaceae Eradicate if of limited extent. Casuarina equisetifolia ngas, casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine Casuarinaceae Chromolaena odorata ngesngesil, chromolaena, Siam weed Asteraceae Chrysopogon aciculatus iul, Mackie’s pest, lovegrass Poaceae Cinnamomum verum ochod ra ngebard, cinnamon tree Lauraceae Cleome viscosa tickweed, spider flower Capparaceae Clerodendrum quadriloculare kleuang, bronze-leaved clerodendrum Lamiaceae Clidemia hirta kúi, Koster’s curse Melastomataceae Cyperus involucratus deus, umbrella sedge Cyperaceae Dieffenbachia seguine spotted dieffenbachia, dumb cane Araceae Dissotis rotundifolia dissotis, pink lady Melastomataceae Eichhornia crassipes bung el ralm, water hyacinth Pontederiaceae Eradicate if of limited extent. Elaeocarpus angustifolius blue fig, blue marble tree Elaeocarpaceae Evaluate for invasiveness or eradicate if found and of limited extent. † *† * *† 27 Eradicate on Tobi and Helen’s Reef; exclude from Sonsorol and other islands of Sonsorol State; consider replacement with more suitable species on Rock Island beaches. Introduce and maintain biological control agents; eradicate on Ngidech Island and any other isolated areas in the Rock Islands. Provide advice on control to Sonsorol and Tobi; promptly eradicate if found on new islands. Eradicate if found and of limited extent. Eliminate at the locations where found; survey for it in the road seeding; trace source of contamination. Discourage planting and dumping of cuttings; control outside of cultivation; evaluate for possible eradication on Peleliu and Angaur. Evaluate extent and the possibility of eradication; request technical assistance for evaluation if needed. Eradicate if of limited extent. Discourage planting and dumping of cuttings; control outside of cultivation. Discourage planting and dumping of garden waste; control escaped populations as needed. Table D. Summary of major invasive species present in Palau with recommendations for their management Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Comments and recommendations Epipremnum pinnatum cv. ‘Aureum’ pothos, money plant Araceae Control outside of cultivation, especially when growing in forested area. Falcataria moluccana ukall ra ngebard, Moluccca albizia Fabaceae Evaluate reproduction and spread (low priority); discourage further planting; control in sensitive and natural areas as needed Fabaceae Discontinue planting, control outside of cultivation; eradicate if possible. Flemingia macrophylla Gmelina elliptica kalngebard ra belau Lamiaceae Do not introduce to new islands. Hedychium coronarium white ginger Zingiberaceae Control outside of cultivation. Hemigraphis alternata metal leaf, red ivy Acanthaceae Control outside of cultivation. Hevea brasiliensis Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree Euphorbiaceae Evaluate for invasiveness or eradicate if of limited extent. Hyptis capitata knobweed Verbenaceae Exclude from islands where it does not occur. * Hyptis pectinata mint weed Verbenaceae Evaluate extent and eradicate if possible. * *† Imperata cylindrica kasoring, blady grass, cogon grass Poaceae Continue eradication program; monitor other suspected sites in Babeldaob to determine presence or absence. Inga edulis ice cream bean Fabaceae Investigate source and extent, eradicate. *† Ipomoea hederifolia ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea Convolvulaceae Eliminate at the locations where found; survey for it in the road seeding; trace source of contamination. † Ipomoea quamoclit asangao, star of Bethlehem, Cupid’s flower, cypress vine Convolvulaceae Eradicate if of limited extent. Lantana camara lantana Verbenaceae Macroptilium lathyroides cow pea, phasey bean Fabaceae Melaleuca quinquenervia cajeput, paper bark tree Myrtaceae Monitor for invasiveness. Melia azedarach Chinaberry, pride-of-India, Indian lilac Meliaceae Trace source and distribution, eradicate. Melinis minutiflora molasses grass Poaceae Monitor for spread, especially if burned; limit burning. Merremia peltata kebeas, merremia Convolvulaceae Exclude from islands where not present; provide advice to landowners on control. Mikania micrantha teb el yas, mile-a-minute weed Asteraceae *† *† * Mimosa diplotricha mechiuaiuu, giant sensitive plant Fabaceae Mimosa pudica mechiuaiuu, sensitive plant Fabaceae 28 Check status of previously introduced biocontrol agents, reintroduce or introduce new ones as appropriate; monitor for spread to Rock Islands and destroy any plants found there. Eliminate at the locations where found; survey for it in the road seeding; trace source of contamination. Continue eradication program and monitor for additional occurrences. Check status of previously introduced biocontrol agents, reintroduce or introduce new ones as appropriate; exclude from islands where not present.; eradicate on islands with small populations. Exclude from Peleliu and other islands where not present, eradicate promptly if found. Table D. Summary of major invasive species present in Palau with recommendations for their management Scientific Name *† † † Common Names (abridged) Comments and recommendations Murraya paniculata orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box Rutaceae Reduce the number of plants to prevent spread of the citrus psyllid if it should be introduced. Panicum maximum Guinea grass Poaceae Limit burning. Pennisetum polystachion desum, mission grass Poaceae Work to decrease burning and other disturbance. Pennisetum setaceum fountain grass Poaceae Trace source and distribution, eradicate. Pithecellobium dulce kamatsíri, opiuma, Madras thorn Fabaceae Locate and monitor for invasiveness. Pluchea carolinensis sour bush Asteraceae Consider for eradication (low priority). Pluchea indica Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea, Indian camphorweed Asteraceae Consider for eradication (low priority). Pseuderanthemum carruthersii *† Family Acanthaceae Discourage further planting; control outside of cultivation; eradicate on Sonsorol. Psidium cattleianum strawberry guava Myrtaceae Attempt to locate and eradicate. Psidium guajava guabang, kuabang, guava Myrtaceae Control as needed in sensitive and natural areas. Quisqualis indica Rangoon creeper Combretaceae Monitor for invasiveness. Ricinus communis gelug, maskerekur, uluchula skoki, castor bean Euphorbiaceae Monitor spread; work to reduce existing populations. *† Schefflera actinophylla octopus tree Araliaceae Confirm eradication. † Senna siamea cassod tree Siamese cassia Fabaceae Eradicate if of limited extent. Sesbania grandiflora katurai, hummingbird tree, scarlet wisteria tree Fabaceae Solanum torvum prickly solanum, devil’s fig Solanaceae Spathodea campanulata orsachel kui, African tulip tree Bignoniaceae Continue eradication program. Stachytarpheta cayennensis louch beluu, blue rat’s tail, dark blue snakeweed Verbenaceae Control as needed in sensitive and natural areas. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis louch beluu, blue porterweed, light blue snakeweed Verbenaceae Control as needed in sensitive and natural areas. Syngonium angustatum arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant Araceae Control outside of cultivation, especially when growing in forested area. Syzygium cumini mesekerrák, Java plum Myrtaceae Locate, monitor for invasiveness. Tecoma stans yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush Bignoniaceae Monitor for spread, eradicate on Sonsorol. Tephrosia candida white tephrosia Fabaceae Monitor for spread. Thunbergia grandiflora bung el etiu, blue trumpet vine, Bengal trumpet Acanthaceae Discourage planting; control as needed; eliminate plants outside of cultivation; eradicate in Melekeok and Aimeliik/Ngatpang; evaluate for eventual eradication in Koror. † * * 29 Discourage further planting; monitor closely for any spread; eradicate if it begins to spread. Evaluate for extent and possible control measures; encourage landowners to control plants on their land. Table D. Summary of major invasive species present in Palau with recommendations for their management Scientific Name *† Common Names (abridged) Family Eradicate infestations on the Rock Islands; discourage planting; remove individual specimen(s) planted in Koror and Kayangel. Timonius timon liberal Tradescantia spathacea kobesos, oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, Moses in a Commelinaceae boat Discourage further planting and dumping; control outside of cultivation. Tradescantia zebrina wandering jew Commelinaceae Discourage further planting and dumping; control outside of cultivation. Turnera subulata white alder Turneraceae Discourage further planting; control outside of cultivation. Turnera ulmifolia yellow alder, sage rose Turneraceae Discourage further planting; control outside of cultivation. Vitex parviflora small-leaved vitex Verbenaceae Eradicate if found. Asteraceae Discourage further planting; local control as needed; exclude from islands where not present. Wedelia trilobata ngesil ra ngebard, Singapore daisy Rubiaceae Comments and recommendations *High priority for eradication † Eradication can probably be accomplished at low cost 30 • Excellent work has been done so far in the eradication campaigns against Imperata cylindrica, Mikania micrantha, Schefflera actinophylla and Spathodea campanulata. While much remains to be done, especially with the discovery of large infestations of Mikania micrantha on Peleliu, eradication of these species will benefit Palau for years to come. The patch of suspect grass in Ngardmau should be promptly eradicated if it is identified as Imperata cylindrica. • Since only a few examples of Asparagus densiflorus are present in Palau, all in cultivation, they could easily be eradicated. Future imports should be prohibited once the resident population is eradicated. • Casuarina equisetifolia (ngas, casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine) should be eradicated on Tobi and Helen’s Reef and excluded from Sonsorol and other islands of Sonsorol State. Koror State should consider removing these trees from beaches in the Rock Islands and replacing them with alternative native strand (beach) shrubs and trees. • One of the biocontrol agents for Chromolaena odorata (ngesngesil, chromolaena, Siam weed), Cecidochares connexa, has been successfully introduced to Palau and is present in most areas of Babeldaob and Koror State. However, there are a few sites where galls were not observed and the agent may not be established. Apparently it is also not established on the islands of Peleliu and Angaur. The agent should be introduced to these two islands and reintroduced in areas where it is not established. Another attempt should probably be made to introduce Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata as well as any new agents that might be appropriate. An isolated patch of chromolaena was seen on Ngidech Island. Every attempt should be made to remove this and any other infestations and prevent further spread within the Rock Islands. Repeated follow-up to destroy seedlings is essential. This and other isolated patches in the Rock Islands could easily be eradicated. • The single specimen of Clerodendrum quadriloculare (kleuang, bronze-leaved clerodendrum) should be removed from Ngercheu Island (Carp Resort). It is not common on Peleliu and Angaur and should be evaluated for eradication there. • A single plant of Clidemia hirta (kúi, Koster’s curse) was found on Malakal during the survey. This area should be promptly surveyed for additional plants and any found should be destroyed. The main infestation is in the Nekken area of central Babeldaob. Because of the size and serious nature of this infestation, a professional evaluation should be requested to determine the extent of the problem, to develop a strategy for control or eradication and to support a possible request for cost-share funding. • Unlike on many Pacific islands, Falcataria moluccana (ukall ra ngebard, Moluccca albizia) doesn’t seem to be a particular problem. Although low priority, its reproduction and spread should be evaluated to confirm that it is not a threat. In the meantime, it would be prudent to not plant it more widely. 31 • Hyptis pectinata (mint weed) has the potential to become a very serious problem in Palau, as it has several other places in the Pacific. Only a few specimens were seen on Babeldaob and it was reported present on Angaur (Fosberg et al., 1979) but not seen. A survey should be conducted for this species and, if of limited extent, it should be eradicated before it spreads more widely. • The biological control agents for Lantana camara should be checked to make sure they are present. If not, or if new ones are available, they should be reintroduced. The Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines (Alan Fletcher Research Station, Brisbane) is rearing and releasing a range of agents into lantana infestations in Queensland and New South Wales (Australia). Some of these agents might be suitable for use in Palau. The Rock Islands should be monitored for arrival of lantana and any plants destroyed. • Melia azedarach (Chinaberry, pride-of-India, Indian lilac) is reproducing profusely and should be high priority for eradication. Fortunately, it seems to be of quite limited extent. • The status of the biological control agents for Mimosa diplotricha (mechiuaiuu, giant sensitive plant) should be checked and any new ones introduced. Every effort should be made to prevent its introduction to the islands where it is not known to be present (Kayangel, Peleliu, the Rock Islands and the Southwest Islands) or it should be promptly eradicated if found. The feasibility of eradication on Angaur should be evaluated. • Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) is also apparently not present on Kayangel, Peleliu, the Rock Islands and the Southwest Islands but it is highly likely to spread there. Any infestations found should be promptly eradicated. It might be desirable to produce a warning leaflet or poster for both Mimosa diplotricha and M. pudica for distribution on the islands that are presently free of these pests. • Continue to evaluate the extent and distribution of Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box). It may be desirable to reduce the number of plants over time to lessen the possibility of its spread and to prevent the spread of the citrus psyllid if it should be introduced. • Since Pennisetum setaceum is present at only a few locations, a good precautionary measure would be to eliminate it and prohibit further importation. • Both Pluchea carolinensis and P. indica have apparently been on Angaur and Peleliu for a long time without becoming widespread. However, since Pluchea carolinensis has a bad reputation as an invasive species elsewhere and is not widespread, it could be eliminated at low cost, but would not be high priority. • The principal infestation of Solanum torvum (prickly solanum, devil’s fig) seems to be in the Nekken area of Babeldaob. It should be evaluated for extent and possible control measures. Since this species is most prevalent in farm fields and grazed areas, landowners should be encouraged and provided advice on how to remove plants on their land. A biological control agent, Leptinotarsa undecimlineata, is reportedly available. 32 • Tecoma stans (yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush) is quite common, mostly in cultivation. It should be monitored for spread as it has wind-dispersed seed and is a problem elsewhere in the Pacific. It is presently not common but reproducing on Sonsorol and it would be wise to eliminate it there. • Thunbergia grandiflora (bung el etiu, blue trumpet vine, Bengal trumpet) seems to be quite aggressive in Palau, unlike elsewhere in the Pacific. Since it primarily spreads vegetatively, it should be fairly easy to control, although extensive underground tubers are problematic. As a first step, further planting should be discouraged and plants outside of cultivation should be eliminated. It is infrequent in Aimeliik, Melekeok and Ngatpang states and perhaps eradication could begin there, with eventual eradication of the more common infestations in Koror. Information on effective control techniques for this species should be available from the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Australia. • A strategy should be decided upon for the management of Timonius timon (liberal). From the number of small infestations found in the Rock Islands, it is obviously spreading northward from Peleliu and will eventually reach the main islands of Koror State and Babeldaob. By eliminating the infestations in the Rock Islands and removing any planted trees in Koror State and Babeldaob (only one tree is known, on Ngerkebesang, but there may be more) it may be possible slow its spread and prevent infestation of the northern islands for a considerable period of time. The single specimen found on Kayangel should be removed. • Wedelia [=Sphagneticola] trilobata (ngesil ra ngebard, Singapore daisy), planted as an ornamental, is starting to become widespread in Palau. If unchecked, it will spread even more extensively, becoming a problem along roadsides, in gardens and fields, or any other open, disturbed areas. Further planting should be discouraged and advice should be made available to landowners and the public on how to control it outside of cultivation. • Planting of a number ornamental species should be discouraged. These include Allamanda cathartica (allamanda, yellow trumpet vine), Antigonon leptopus (dilngau, chain of love), Asystasia gangetica (Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel), Bryophyllum pinnatum (life plant), Clerodendrum quadriloculare (kleuang, bronze-leaved clerodendrum), Dissotis rotundifolia (dissotis, pink lady), Flemingia macrophylla, Hedychium coronarium (white ginger), Hemigraphis alternata (metal leaf, red ivy), Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box), Sesbania grandiflora, (katurai, hummingbird tree, scarlet wisteria tree), Thunbergia grandiflora (bung el etiu, blue trumpet vine, Bengal trumpet), Tradescantia spathacea (kobesos, oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, Moses in a boat), Tradescantia zebrina (wandering jew), Turnera subulata (white alder), Turnera ulmifolia (yellow alder, sage rose) and Wedelia trilobata (ngesil ra ngebard, Singapore daisy). These are known or potential problem species when they escape cultivation. • Dangerous species reported to be present but not found during this survey include Cinnamomum verum (ochod ra ngebard, cinnamon), Elaeocarpus angustifolius [=grandis] (blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong), Hevea brasiliensis (Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree), Pithecellobium dulce (kamatsíri, opiuma, Madras thorn), Psidium cattleianum 33 (strawberry guava), Syzygium cumini (mesekerrák, Java plum) and Vitex parviflora (smallleaved vitex). If present, these species should be located and either monitored for invasiveness or eradicated. • Species listed in Appendix 1, Table 4 are pests and, although they may not be presently causing serious damage to natural ecosystems, they are certainly not desirable species. They should not be more widely distributed. 34 Recommendations by State All states The following recommendations apply to all states: Scientific Name Common name Clerodendrum quadriloculare Clidemia hirta Dieffenbachia seguine kleuang, bronze-leaved clerodendrum kúi, Koster’s curse dieffenbachia Dissotis rotundifolia dissotis, pink lady Comments and recommendations Discourage further planting; eradicate outside of urban areas, assist landowners in destroying and disposing of unwanted plants. Report occurrences to Bureau of Agriculture for eradication. Control outside of cultivation. Discontinue planting; discourage dumping of garden waste; control escaped populations as needed. Epipremnum pothos pinnatum cv. ‘Aureum’ Control outside of cultivation, especially in forested areas. Imperata cylindrica kasoring, cogon grass Report occurrences to Bureau of Agriculture for eradication. Merremia peltata kebeas, merremia teb el yas, mile-a-minute weed Work with Koror and Babeldaob States to evaluate control measures. octopus tree Remove trees or report occurrences to Bureau of Agriculture. Mikania micrantha Schefflera actinophylla Spathodea campanulata Syngonium angustatum Tradescantia spathacea orsachel kui, African tulip Remove trees or report occurrences to Bureau of Agriculture. tree arrowhead plant kobesos, Moses in a boat Tradescantia zebrina wandering jew Turnera ulmifolia/subulata yellow alder, sage rose/white alder ngesil ra ngebard, Singapore daisy Wedelia trilobata Report occurrences to Bureau of Agriculture for eradication. Control outside of cultivation, especially in forested areas. Discontinue planting; discourage dumping of garden waste; control escaped populations as needed. Discontinue planting; discourage dumping of garden waste; control escaped populations as needed. Discourage planting of these species, control outside of cultivation. Discontinue planting; discourage dumping of garden waste; control escaped populations as needed. Discourage dumping of garden waste and cuttings. Many tropical species can reproduce vegetatively and dumping of garden waste can spread them to new areas. Infrequent mowing or slashing may just spread weed species that reproduce vegetatively, including Dissotis rotundifolia, Tradescantia spathacea, T. zebrina and Wedelia trilobata. Limit burning and extinguish wildfires promptly. Fire destroys many native species, which are not well adapted to fire, and favors invasive species, many of which are fire-resistant, firepromoting or are pioneer species that do well on burned sites. Burning favors invasive species by reducing competition, exposing mineral soil and destroying organic matter, making it difficult for native species to become re-established. Fire can promote the reproduction of fire-adapted species, such as Acacia auriculiformis (earleaf acacia), Arundo donax (giant reed), Chromolaena odorata (ngesngesil, chromolaena, Siam weed), Imperata cylindrica (kasoring, cogon grass), Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), Panicum maximum (Guinea grass) and Pennisetum polystachion (desum, mission grass). Establishment of these species (and extirpation of native species) can fuel additional fires, leading to a destructive fire cycle. Disturbance, removal of competition and the exposure of mineral soil favor many invasive species. Undisturbed ecosystems are much more resistant to invasion and limiting roadbuilding, 35 land clearing and timber harvesting to the minimum necessary will help prevent the establishment and spread of invasive plant species. Following are management recommendations for the most serious invasive plant species in each state. Please see the appropriate appendix tables for a complete list of invasive species in each state (Appendix 4 for species of environmental concern, Appendix 5 for other species). Kayangel State Only a small number of invasive species are present in Kayangel. Island residents should institute voluntary quarantine and promptly eradicate undesirable species. Scientific Name Common name Comments and recommendations Cenchrus echinatus burr grass, sand-bur Provide advice on control. Thunbergia grandiflora bung el etiu, blue trumpet vine Eradicate. Timonius timon liberal Eradicate. Babeldaob States Construction and completion of the Compact Road will lead to increased threats from invasive plant species on Babeldaob. Improved access will undoubtedly lead to increased disturbance, including roadbuilding, degradation of forest cover and increased risk of wildfire. There will undoubtedly be an increased rate of dispersal of Chromolaena odorata and Pennisetum polystachion northwards into areas that are already more fire-prone. Local control is recommended because both species are fire tolerant and fire-promoting species. Pennisetum polystachion in particular causes hot fires. Stabilization seeding along the Compact Road should be closely monitored, both during and after road construction. During the survey Cleome viscosa (tickweed, spider flower), Ipomoea hederifolia (ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea) and Macroptilium lathyroides (cow pea, phasey bean) were found growing in the seeded area, probably from contaminated seed. There is also risk of exotic species being brought in on imported sand and gravel. Disturbance from construction will provide the opportunity for existing invasive plants to spread further. The road right-of-way, crew camps and rubbish dumps should be surveyed for invasive species and monitored for a period of time (perhaps as long a five years to allow for latent germination) following completion of the road. Ngerchelong State Scientific Name Common name Comments and recommendations Cleome viscosa tickweed, spider flower Investigate for further occurrence; eradicate. Ipomoea hederifolia Macroptilium lathyroides ivy-leaf morning glory Investigate for further occurrence; eradicate. cow pea, phasey bean Investigate for further occurrence; eradicate. 36 Ngaraard State Scientific Name Common name Comments and recommendations Ipomoea hederifolia ivy-leaf morning glory Investigate for further occurrence; eradicate. Macroptilium lathyroides phasey bean Investigate for further occurrence; eradicate. Mikania micrantha teb el yas, mile-a-minute weed Investigate for further occurrence; eradicate. Ngiwal State Scientific Name Common name Antigonon leptopus dilngau, chain of love Tradescantia spathacea Tradescantia zebrina kobesos, oyster plant, Moses in a boat wandering jew Comments and recommendations Evaluate for further occurrence in cultivation and consider eradication Control where invading the forest. Control where invading the forest. Melekeok State Scientific Name Common name Comments and recommendations Sesbania grandiflora sesbania Discontinue planting, monitor existing plants for spread. Thunbergia grandiflora bung el etiu, blue trumpet vine Eradicate. Ngchesar State Scientific Name Barleria lupulina Common name hophead Comments and recommendations Eradicate (landowner said she would destroy – follow up). Airai State Scientific Name Acacia farnesiana Common name Ellington curse, klu Calliandra calothyrsus powderpuff, red calliandra Flemingia macrophylla Macroptilium lathyroides Melia azedarach Comments and recommendations Eradicate. Eradicate if of limited extent. Discontinue planting, monitor for spread. cow pea, phasey bean Investigate for further occurrence; eradicate. Chinaberry Eradicate, follow up on distribution. Pennisetum setaceum fountain grass Eradicate, follow up on distribution. Quisqualis indica Rangoon creeper Eradicate single example, others if located. Sesbania grandiflora sesbania Discontinue planting, monitor existing plants for spread or eliminate. Ngardmau State Scientific Name Imperata sp. Common name Comments and recommendations Follow up report of suspected Imperata cylindrica infestation. Collect flowering sample for verification and commence eradication if it proves to be I. cylindrica. 37 Ngeremlengui State Scientific Name Senna siamea Common name Comments and recommendations cassod tree Siamese cassia Eradicate if of limited extent. Ngatpang State Scientific Name Common name Comments and recommendations Clidemia hirta Koster’s curse Hyptis pectinata mint weed Evaluate for eradication. Evaluate distribution, eradicate if possible. Ipomoea quamoclit asangao, star of Bethlehem Eradicate if of limited extent. Solanum torvum Thunbergia grandiflora prickly solanum, devil’s fig bung el etiu, blue trumpet vine Evaluate for eradication. Eradicate Aimeliik State Scientific Name Common name Centratherum punctatum Comments and recommendations Eradicate cultivated specimen and any others found. Clidemia hirta ngesngesil, chromolaena, Siam weed Koster’s curse Eichhornia crassipes bung el ralm, water hyacinth Evaluate for extent, eradicate if possible. Imperata cylindrica kasoring, cogon grass Follow up on reported occurrence. Solanum torvum prickly solanum, devil’s fig Evaluate for control or eradication. Tephrosia candida white tephrosia Evaluate for invasiveness; control if needed. Chromolaena odorata Check to see if biological control agents are present. Evaluate for eradication. Koror State – Koror, Malakal and Ngerkebesang Scientific Name Common name Comments and recommendations Antigonon leptopus chain of love Control outside of cultivation, work to eventually eradicate. Clidemia hirta Koster’s curse Survey for plants on Malakal, eradicate. Eichhornia crassipes Flemingia macrophylla Inga edulis bung el ralm, water hyacinth Evaluate for extent, eradicate if possible. ice cream bean Investigate source; search for additional introductions; eradicate. Ipomoea quamoclit asangao, star of Bethlehem Eradicate if of limited extent. Melia azedarach Chinaberry Eradicate. Discontinue planting, monitor for spread, eradicate if naturalizing. Pennisetum setaceum fountain grass Eradicate. Quisqualis indica Rangoon creeper Eradicate single example, others if located. Sesbania grandiflora Thunbergia grandiflora Timonius timon sesbania bung el etiu, blue trumpet vine liberal Discontinue planting, monitor existing plants for spread or eliminate. Control outside of cultivation, evaluate for eradication. Eradicate planted tree on Ngerkebesang and any others found. 38 Koror State – Rock Islands Scientific Name Chromolaena odorata Clerodendrum quadriloculare Stachytarpheta cayennensis Timonius timon Common name ngesngesil, chromolaena, Siam weed kleuang, bronze-leaved clerodendrum Comments and recommendations Eradicate on Ngidech Island and any other isolated patches. Eliminate example at Ngercheu Island (Carp Resort) and wherever else it is found. louch beluu, blue rat’s tail Eradicate on Ngidech Island and any other isolated patches. liberal Eliminate trees on Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngchelobel, Ngeanges (Neco) and Ngerchong islands and wherever else it is found. Peleliu and Angaur Quite a number of species that are present elsewhere in Palau have not yet made it to these two islands (see Appendix 6, Tables 3 and 5, and Appendix 7, Tables 3 and 5) and there are also several species present on Peleliu and Angaur that are of concern to other islands. It would be desirable to implement some sort of quarantine, even a voluntary one based on public education, to limit the transfer of potentially invasive species to and from these islands. Peleliu State Scientific Name Chromolaena odorata Clerodendrum quadriloculare Mikania micrantha Pluchea carolinensis Common name ngesngesil, chromolaena, Siam weed kleuang, bronze-leaved clerodendrum teb el yas, mile-a-minute weed sour bush Comments and recommendations Introduce biocontrol agents. Evaluate for possible eradication. Eradicate. Consider eradication if of limited extent. Angaur State Scientific Name Chromolaena odorata Clerodendrum quadriloculare Mimosa diplotricha Common name ngesngesil, chromolaena, Siam weed kleuang, bronze-leaved clerodendrum mechiuaiuu, giant sensitive plant Comments and recommendations Introduce biocontrol agents. Evaluate for possible eradication. Investigate the feasibility of eradication. Southwest Islands Most of the invasive species present in the rest of Palau have yet to reach the Southwest Islands. Internal quarantine should be implemented to prevent the entry of new pests to these islands. Assistance and cooperation should be requested from the national Quarantine Service. Exotic animal vectors should be controlled, if possible, including dogs, cats and non-native fruiteating birds and bats. 39 Sonsorol State – Sonsorol Island Scientific Name Bidens alba Bryophyllum pinnatum Canna indica Common name Comments and recommendations beggar’s tick Eradicate (burn on site to prevent moving seeds, monitor for reproduction and new infestations and destroy). life plant Eradicate. canna lily Discontinue planting; control outside of cultivation; consider eradication. Celosia argentea esechilamalk, cockscomb Discontinue planting; control outside of cultivation; consider eradication. Duranta erecta golden dewdrop Discontinue planting; control outside of cultivation; consider eradication. telengtungd, leucaena Destroy any new seedlings found. budo, Singapore cherry Discontinue planting; control outside of cultivation; consider eradication. Leucaena leucocephala Muntingia calabura Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Tecoma stans Tradescantia spathacea Eradicate (request assistance if needed). yellow-elder kobesos, oyster plant, Moses in a boat Eradicate. Discontinue planting; control outside of cultivation, consider eradication Sonsorol State – Pulo Ana Island Scientific Name Tecoma stans Common name yellow-elder Comments and recommendations Eradicate. Sonsorol State – Merir Island Scientific Name Muntingia calabura Common name budo, Singapore cherry Comments and recommendations Consider eradication before it spreads. Hatohobei State – Tobi Island Scientific Name Common name Comments and recommendations Acacia auriculiformis Papuan wattle Discontinue planting; control outside of cultivation; consider eradication. Canna indica Casuarina equisetifolia Pseuderanthemum carruthersii canna lily Discontinue planting; control outside of cultivation; consider eradication. ngas, ironwood Eradicate (single tree). Discontinue planting; control outside of cultivation; consider eradication. Sansevieria trifasciata kitelel, bowstring hemp Discontinue planting; control outside of cultivation; consider eradication. Tecoma stans Eradicate. yellow-elder Hatohobei State – Helen’s Reef Scientific Name Casuarina equisetifolia Common name ngas, ironwood Comments and recommendations Eradicate. 40 Appendix 1. Invasive species of environmental concern Table 1. Species that are invasive elsewhere in similar ecosystems but are not known to be present in Palau Scientific Name Acacia aulacocarpa Acacia crassicarpa Acacia curassavica Acacia longifolia Acacia mearnsii Acacia melanoxylon Acacia nilotica Acacia spp. Ageratina riparia Ailanthus altissima Albizia chinensis Aleurites moluccana Alstonia macrophylla Alternanthera philoxeroides Common Names English: brown salwood, brush ironbark wattle, hickory wattle; Other: ākasia (Cook Islands) English: northern wattle, Papua New Guinea red wattle; Other: ākasia (Cook Islands) English: redwood; French: amourette English: Sydney golden wattle, golden wattle, long-leaved wattle, long-leaved acacia, sallow wattle, coast wattle, golden rods English: black wattle; French: acacia noir; Other: ākasia (Cook Islands) English: Australian blackwood, blackwood acacia English: prickly acacia, black thorn, Egyptian thorn, Nile acacia, algaroba, babul, gum arabic tree; French: acacia à gomme; Spanish: algarrobo; Other: tiare (New Caledonia) English: acacia English: spreading mistflower, creeping croftonweed, river eupatorium; Other: hamakua pamakani (Hawai‘i) English: tree of heaven, varnishtree English: Chinese albizia, silktree; Other: ‘arapitia (Cook Islands); tamaligi uliuli, tamaligi ena‘ena (Samoa) English: candlenut, Indian walnut; French: bancoulier, bancoulier, noyer de bancoul, noyer des Moluques; Other: lumbang (Guam), raguar (Caroline Islands); sakan, shakan (Pohnpei); lama (American Samoa and Samoa); kukui (Hawai’i); tuitui (Cook Islands, Niue, Tonga), 'ama (Marquesas); lauci, lauthe, lauthi, toto, tuitui, tutui, waiwai, sekeci,sikethi, sikeli, nggerenggere (Fiji); tahii tiairi, ti’a’iri, tutui, tahiri (French Polynesia) English: devil-tree English: alligator weed English: cashew, cashew nut; French: anacardier, pomme de Anacardium occidentale cojou, acajou a pommes, pommier d’acajou; Other: kātū (Cook Islands); kasoi (Guam); ‘apu ‘initia (Samoa); ‘apu, kesiu (Tonga) Andropogon gayanus English: gamba grass, tambuki grass Andropogon glomeratus English: bush beardgrass, bushy bluestem Andropogon virginicus English: broomsedge, yellow bluestem, whisky grass English: pond apple, alligator apple, bullock's heart, cherimoyer; French: annone des marais, corossolier des marais; Other: uto ni Annona glabra mbulumakau, uto ni bulumakau, kaitambo, kaitambu (Fiji) English: Madeira vine, mignonette vine, lamb's tails; Other: tāpau Anredera cordifolia (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)); ‘uala hupe (Hawai‘i); filikafa (Niue) Araujia sericifera English: moth plant, moth catcher, white bladder flower English: hen's eyes, Hilo holly, coral berry, Australian holly, Ardisia crenata scratchthroat; French: arbre à noël English: shoebutton ardisia; Other: venevene tinitō (Cook Islands); Ardisia elliptica ati popa‘a, atiu (French Polynesia); togo vao (Samoa) English: elephant creeper, Hawaiian baby woodrose , silver morning glory, woolly morning glory; French: coup d'air, liane a minguet, liane Argyreia nervosa d' argent English: Dutchman's pipe, calico flower; Other: mokorā (Cook Aristolochia littoralis Islands); fue paipa holani (Tonga) Arthrostemma ciliatum English: arthrostemma, everblooming eavender English: ornamental asparagus, climbing asparagus fern, plumosa; French: asperge plumeuse; Other: remu (Cook Islands); taupo ‘ou Asparagus setaceus (Tonga) Austroeupatorium inulaefolium Azadirachta indica English: neem, nim, margosa 41 Family Habit Fabaceae tree Fabaceae tree Fabaceae tree Fabaceae tree Fabaceae tree Fabaceae tree Fabaceae tree Fabaceae shrubs/trees Asteraceae herb Simaroubaceae tree Fabaceae tree Euphorbiaceae tree Apocynaceae tree Amaranthaceae herb Anacardiaceae tree Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae grass grass grass Annonaceae tree Basellaceae vine Asclepiadaceae vine Myrsinaceae shrub Myrsinaceae shrub Convolvulaceae vine Aristolochiaceae vine Melastomataceae herb Liliaceae vine Asteraceae herb Meliaceae tree Table 1. Species that are invasive elsewhere in similar ecosystems but are not known to be present in Palau Scientific Name Azolla filiculoides Azolla pinnata Barleria prionitis Bocconia frutescens Boerhavia coccinea Brillantaisia lamium Bryophyllum delagoense Buddleja asiatica Buddleja davidii Buddleja madagascariensis Caesalpinia decapetala Calliandra surinamensis Callisia fragrans Calotropis procera Cardiospermum grandiflorum Cardiospermum halicacabum Carludovica palmata Carpobrotus edulis Castilla elastica Casuarina glauca Cecropia obtusifolia Cecropia peltata Cedrela odorata Cenchrus ciliaris Cestrum diurnum Cestrum nocturnum Cestrum parqui Chrysobalanus icaco Chrysophyllum oliviforme Common Names English: azolla, large mosquito fern English: mosquito fern, ferny azolla, water velvet English: barleria, porcupine flower English: bocconia, plume-poppy, tree poppy, tree celandine, parrotweed English: boerhavia, hog weed, hog feed, red spiderling, wineflower, tar vine; Other: mata pavo, patagon Family Habit Azollaceae Azollaceae Acanthaceae aquatic fern aquatic fern shrub Papaveraceae shrub Nyctaginaceae herb English: chandelier plant English: dog tail; Other: huelo ‘ilio (Hawai'i) English: orange eye, butterfly bush, summer lilac Acanthaceae Crassulaceae Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae herb succulent shrub shrub English: butterfly bush, smoke bush Scrophulariaceae shrub Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae Commelinaceae tree herb Asclepiadaceae shrub Sapindaceae vine Sapindaceae vine Cyclanthaceae shrub Aizoaceae succulent Moraceae tree Casuarinaceae tree Cecropiaceae tree Cecropiaceae tree Meliaceae tree Poaceae grass Solanaceae shrub Solanaceae shrub Solanaceae shrub English: cat's claw, Mysore thorn, Mauritius thorn, wait-a-bit; French: bois sappan; Other: puakelekino (Hawai'i) English: Surinamese stickpea English: fragrant inch plant, basketplant, spironema English: calotropis, rubber bush, apple of Sodom, mudar, madar, king’s crown, roostertree; French: arbre à soie English: balloon vine; heart seed; Other: kopūpū takaviri? (Cook Islands) English: balloon vine, heart pea, love-in-a-puff; Other: wa niu, vo niu (Fiji); vinivinio (French Polynesia), poniu, haleakai‘a, ‘inalua, pohuehue uka (Hawai'i) English: Panama hat plant; French: carludovique palmée; Spanish: chidra, palma de sombrero, palma jipijapa, toquilla; Other: Panamā (Cook Islands) English: ice plant, pigface, hottentot fig English: Panama rubber tree, Mexican rubber tree, uletree; Other: pulu mamoe (American Samoa) English: swamp oak, saltmarsh ironwood, longleaf ironwood, gray sheoak English: trumpet tree, guarumo; Other: rau-māniota (Cook Islands) English: trumpet tree; French: parasolier, faux-ricin, pisse-roux, bois cannon English: cigar box cedar, Mexican cedar, West Indian cedar, Spanish cedar, Barbados cedar; French: cèdre acajou, cèdre des barbares; Spanish: cedro cubano (Galapagos Is.); Other: sita hina (Tonga) English: buffelgrass, African foxtail grass, anjan grass; French: cenchrus cilié English: inkberry, day jessamine, day cestrum, China berry; Other: ariki-va‘ine (Cook Islands); thauthau (Fiji); tinta ‘n-China, tentanchinu, tintan China (Guam, CNMI); makahala (Hawai'i); sugi vao, suni vao (Samoa); vaitohi (Tonga) English: night-flowering cestrum, night-flowering jasmine, queen (or lady) of the night; Other: teine o le po, ali‘i o le po (American Samoa and Samoa); tiare ariki-va‘ine, ariki-va‘ine (Cook Islands); thauthau, thauthau ni mbongi, kara (Fiji); dama-de-noche (Guam); ‘ala aumoe, kupaoa, onaona Iapana (Hawai‘i); joñoul ru awa (Marshall Islands); iki he po (Niue); lakau po‘uli (Tonga) English: green cestrum, willow-leaved jessamine, Chilean cestrum, green poison-berry English: coco plum, icaco; French: prunier coton, icacier, icaquier, icaque, prune colon; Other: apolo (Fiji) Chrysobalanaceae shrub English: satin leaf, wild star-apple, damson plum; Spanish: caimitillo Sapotaceae English: quinine tree, red cinchona; French: quinquina rouge; Spanish: cascarilla Cinnamomum burmannii English: padang cassia; French: cannelier de Malaisie Cinchona pubescens 42 tree Rubiaceae tree Lauraceae tree Table 1. Species that are invasive elsewhere in similar ecosystems but are not known to be present in Palau Scientific Name Common Names Cinnamomum camphora Cissus nodosa Citharexylum caudatum Citharexylum spinosum Clausena excavata English: camphor tree, camphor laurel; French: camphre, camphrier English: grape ivy English: juniper berry English: fiddlewood; Other: masese (Fiji) English: clausena English: Honolulu rose, stickbush, glory bower; Other: losa Honolulu, losa Onolulu (American Samoa and Samoa); pītate Clerodendrum chinense māma‘o, tiare tupapaku? (Cook Islands); pikake hohono, pikake wauke (Hawai'i) Clerodendrum japonicum English: glorybower English: signature tree, autograph tree, copey, Scotch attorney, Clusia rosea pitchapple English: ivy gourd, scarlet-fruited gourd; Other: kundru (Fiji); kiuri Coccinia grandis awia (Marshall Islands); aipikohr (Pohnpei) Conocarpus erectus English: sea mulberry, buttonwood, button mangrove English: laurel, Ecuador laurel, salmwood, Spanish elm; French: Cordia alliodora bois de Chypre, pardillo; Other: kotia (Samoa, Tonga) Cordia curassavica English: black sage Cordia glabra English: broad-leaved cordia Cortaderia jubata English: jubata grass, Andean pampas grass, purple pampas grass English: pampas grass, silver pampas grass, Uruguayan pampas Cortaderia selloana grass Corynocarpus laevigatus English: New Zealand laurel, karakara nut English: rubber vine, India rubber vine, Palay rubbervine; Other: Cryptostegia grandiflora liane de gatope (New Caledonia) Cupaniopsis English: carrotwood, tuckeroo anacardioides English: golden dodder, field dodder, five-angled dodder; Other: tiaea (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); navereverelangi, wa vereverelangi, Cuscuta campestris wa lawala, wa mbosuthu, wa ndanga, wa tikaivu, ndithangi (Fiji) English: Australian tree fern; French: fougère arborescente Cyathea cooperi d’Australia English: Indian dalbergia, Indian rosewood, sissoo, shisham; Dalbergia sissoo French: ébénier juane Delairea odorata English: German ivy, Italian ivy, cape ivy English: New Guinea creeper; Other: ‘ava niukini (American Samoa and Samoa); ‘ora pāpua, rakau papua (Cook Islands); nduva, tuva, Derris malaccensis nduva ni niukini (Fiji); hora papua (French Polynesia); akau niukini (Niue); kava fisi (Tonga) Desmodium Spanish: engorda-caballo, vara de arco, pie de paloma, vara larga, vara blanca, Juana de Arco, gutao, Juana Larga nicaraguense English: aroma, Kalahari Christmas tree, Chinese lantern tree, sickle bush, marabou-thorn, marabú, Sen Domeng, Saint Domingue, Dichrostachys cinerea acacia Saint Domingue Digitaria insularis English: cottongrass, sourgrass, feather-top grass Dillenia suffruticosa English: shrubby dillenia, shrubby simpoh Echinochloa polystachya English: aleman grass, carib grass, creeping rivergrass Egeria densa English: egeria, leafy elodea, dense waterweed Erigeron karvinskianus English: Mexican daisy, seaside daisy, daisy fleabane English: Surinam cherry, red Brazil cherry; French: cerisier carré, cerisier de Cayenne; Other: venevene (Cook Islands); menemene Eugenia uniflora (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); kafika, kafika palangi (Niue), pitanga (Brazil) Ficus altissima English: lofty fig, false banyan, council tree English: banyan, Indian banyan, vada tree; French: figuier des Ficus benghalensis pagodes; Other: pulu (Samoa) English: weeping fig, baka, Java fig, weeping fig, Benjamin tree; Ficus benjamina Other: ‘ovava Fisi (Tonga) Ficus macrophylla English: Moreton Bay fig Ficus nota English: tibig 43 Family Habit Lauraceae Vitaceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Rutaceae tree vine tree tree tree Lamiaceae shrub Lamiaceae shrub Clusiaceae tree Cucurbitaceae vine Combretaceae shrub/tree Boraginaceae tree Boraginaceae Boraginaceae Poaceae shrub tree grass Poaceae grass Corynocarpaceae tree Asclepiadaceae vine Sapindaceae tree Cuscutaceae vine Cyatheaceae fern Fabaceae tree Asteraceae vine Fabaceae vine Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae shrub Poaceae Dilleniaceae Poaceae Hydrocharitaceae Asteraceae grass shrub/tree grass aquatic herb herb Myrtaceae shrub/tree Moraceae tree Moraceae tree Moraceae tree Moraceae Moraceae tree tree Table 1. Species that are invasive elsewhere in similar ecosystems but are not known to be present in Palau Scientific Name Ficus rubiginosa Flacourtia jangomas Flindersia brayleyana Funtumia elastica Furcraea foetida Furcraea hexapetala Gmelina arborea Gmelina asiatica Gomphocarpus physocarpus Grevillea banksii Grevillea robusta Grewia asiatica Gymnocoronis spilanthoides Haematoxylum campechianum Harungana madagascariensis Hedychium flavescens Hedychium gardnerianum Heliocarpus popayanensis Hiptage benghalensis Hydrilla verticillata Hylocereus undatus Hymenachne amplexicaulis Hyparrhenia rufa Hypochoeris radicata Hyptis suaveolens Indigofera suffruticosa Jasminum fluminense Juncus spp. Justicia carnea Kunzea ericoides Kyllinga polyphylla Lablab purpureus Lemna spp. Common Names English: rusty-leaved fig, Port Jackson fig, littleleaf fig English: Indian-plum, runeala-plum; French: prunier d'Inde; Spanish: ciruela forastera; Other: venevene pāma (Cook Islands); palamu (Niue) English: Queensland maple, silkwood English: African rubber tree, silkrubber; French: arbre à caoutchouc; Other: pulu vao (Samoa) English: Mauritius hemp, sisal, maguey, giant cabuya; French: aloès vert, chanvre de Maurice; Other: piāni, rōpiāni (Cook Islands); malina (Hawai‘i (Ni‘ihau)); toua (Niue); faumalila, fau malila (Tonga) English: Cuban hemp, hemp; Other: cubuya (Galapagos Islands) English: gmelina, white teak, white beech; Spanish: melina; Other: yemane (Fiji, Philippines) English: badhara bush, Asiatic beechberry, oval-leafed gmelina Family Habit Moraceae tree Flacourtiaceae tree Rutaceae tree Apocynaceae tree Agavaceae succulent Agavaceae succulent Lamiaceae tree Lamiaceae shrub English: balloon plant, balloon cottonbush, bladderbush, wild cotton Asclepiadaceae shrub English: kahili flower, Banks grevillea; Other: ha‘iku, kahili (Hawai‘i); ‘oka pua ‘ula‘ula (Hawai‘i (Ni‘ihau)) English: silk oak, silky oak, he oak, silver oak, spider flower; Other: ‘oka kilika, ha‘iku ke‘oke‘o (Hawai'i), oke‘ (Tonga) English: phalsa Proteaceae tree Tiliaceae tree English: Senegal tea, temple plant Asteraceae herb English: logwood, bloodwood tree, campeachy wood, campeche Fabaceae tree English: harungana Clusiaceae tree Proteaceae English: yellow ginger, cream ginger; French: longoze; Other: teuila (American Samoa and Samoa); kōpī rengarenga, re‘a rengarenga Zingiberaceae (Cook Islands); opuhi rea rea (French Polynesia); ‘awapuhi melemele (Hawai'i) English: kahili ginger; Other: kōpī (Cook Islands); cevuga dromodromo (Fiji); kahili, ‘awapuhi kahili (Hawai‘i); sinter weitahta Zingiberaceae (Pohnpei) English: moho, white moho Tiliaceae tree herb herb tree English: hiptage; French: liane de cerf Malpighiaceae English: hydrilla, Florida elodea, water thyme Hydrocharitaceae English: night-blooming cereus, strawberry pear, red pitaya, dragon fruit, pitahaya; French: pitaya, pitahaya rouge; Spanish: flor de Caliz; Cactaceae Other: paniniokapunahou, papipi pua (Hawai'i) shrub herb English: hymenachne, trompetilla, West Indian marsh grass Poaceae grass English: jaragua grass, thatching grass English: hairy cat’s ear, gosmore English: wild spikenard, chan; French: gros baume, hyptis à odeur; Other: mumutun (Guam) English: indigo; Other: ‘initiko (Cook Islands); aniles (Guam); ‘iniko, inikoa, kolu (Hawai'i); la‘au mageso (Samoa); ‘akau veli (Tonga) English: Brazilian jasmine English: rush English: pink plume-flower, pink jacobinia English: tree manuka, tree manuba, kanuka (New Zealand), burgan, white teatree English: Navua sedge; Other: tuise tele, tuise fiti (Samoa) English: hyacinth bean, lablab, bonavist, Egyptian kidney bean, dolichos; French: dolique, dolique d'Egypte, pois nourrice; Other: ndralawa, natomba, tomba (Fiji); cheribilla apaka, chuchumeko (Guam--Chamorro); papapa, pi (Hawai'i); pini lae puaka (Tonga) English: duckweed; Other: fala‘o‘oto (Samoa) Poaceae Asteraceae grass herb Lamiaceae herb Fabaceae shrub Oleaceae Juncaceae Acanthaceae vine rush shrub Myrtaceae tree Cyperaceae sedge Fabaceae vine Lemnaceae herb 44 succulent Table 1. Species that are invasive elsewhere in similar ecosystems but are not known to be present in Palau Scientific Name Leonotis nepetifolia Leptospermum scoparium Licuala grandis Common Names Family Habit English: lion’s tail, lion’s ear, Christmas candlestick; French: gros bouton, gros tête Lamiaceae herb English: New Zealand tea; manuka (New Zealand) Myrtaceae tree English: ruffled fan palm; French: palmier-cuillère Arecaceae Ligustrum spp. English: privet Oleaceae Lophostemon confertus Ludwigia peruviana Macfadyena unguis-cati Maesopsis eminii English: brush box, Brisbane box, vinegar tree English: ludwigia, Peruvian primrose, water primrose English: cat's-claw climber English: umbrella tree, musizi English: chandelier tree, showy melastome, showy medinilla, Malaysian orchid English: holdtight English: Asian melastome, Indian rhododendron, Malabar melastome English: fox-tongued melastoma, red melastome English: Spanish lime English: Natal redtop, Natal grass, red Natal grass, Holme's grass, blanketgrass; French: herbe du Natal, herbe rose, herbe pappangue; tricholène (New Caledonia); Other: salapona (Tonga) Other: bundaya, bundahia, bundava (Fiji) Myrtaceae Onagraceae Bignoniaceae Rhamnaceae tree (palm) shrubs/small trees tree herb vine tree Melastomataceae shrub Melastomataceae shrub Melastomataceae tree Melastomataceae Sapindaceae shrub/tree tree Poaceae grass Sterculiaceae Melastomataceae shrub shrub Convolvulaceae vine Melastomataceae Poaceae tree grass Fabaceae shrub Asteraceae Myricaceae shrub tree Fabaceae vine Haloragidaceae Najadaceae Fabaceae Ochnaceae Ochnaceae Bombacaceae aquatic herb aquatic herb vine shrub shrub tree Acanthaceae shrub Oleaceae tree Convolvulaceae vine Melastomataceae Melastomataceae shrub shrub Rubiaceae vine Fabaceae shrub/tree Fabaceae tree Poaceae grass Passifloraceae Passifloraceae vine vine Medinilla magnifica Medinilla venosa Melastoma candidum Melastoma sanguineum Melicoccus bijugatus Melinis repens Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon floribundum English: wood rose, Spanish arborvine, yellow morning-glory; French: liane-à-tonelle, liane-jaune; Other: alarrak (Saipan); pilikai (Hawai‘i) Miconia calvescens English: miconia, velvetleaf, purple plague, bush currant Microlaena stipoides English: meadow ricegrass, weeping grass English: catclaw mimosa, thorny sensitiveplant, giant mimosa, giant sensitive plant, black mimosa, zaraz, dormilona, bashful plant, Mimosa pigra amourette violet; French: amourette riviére Montanoa hibiscifolia English: montanoa, tree daisy, Anzac flower Morella faya English: fayatree, firetree, firebush English: cow itch, velvet bean, Bengal bean, Mauritius bean; French: pois pouilleux, poil à gratter; Other: akangkang dangkulo Mucuna pruriens (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam) Myriophyllum aquaticum English: parrot's feather, water feather, Brazilian water milfoil Najas spp. English: naiad, pondweed, water nymph Neonotonia wightii English: glycine; French: soja pérenne Ochna kirkii English: Micky Mouse plant, bird’s-eye bush Ochna serrulata English: ochna, Mickey-Mouse plant, bird’s-eye bush Ochroma pyramidale English: balsa, corkwood, down tree English: fire spike, cardinal flower; Other: totoe (American Samoa Odontonema tubaeforme and Samoa) Olea europaea English: olive; Other: ‘oliwa, ‘oliwa haole (Hawai'i) English: paper rose, St. Thomas lidpod; Other: alalag (Guam); palulu Operculina ventricosa (Samoa); fue hina (Tonga) Ossaea marginata Oxyspora paniculata English: oxyspora, bristletips English: stink vine, skunk vine; Other: maile pilau, maile ka kahiki Paederia foetida (Hawai'i). Paraserianthes English: brush wattle, plume albizia, plume acacia, stink bean lophantha English: parkinsonia, Jerusalem thorn, horse-bean, retama; French: Parkinsonia aculeata arrêtenègre; Spanish: palo verde English: Vasey grass; French: herbe de Vasey, paspalum d'Urville; Paspalum urvillei Other: tinikarāti (Cook Islands (Mangaia)) Passiflora alata English: wild passion fruit, wingstem passionflower Passiflora caerulea English: blue passion flower Merremia tuberosa 45 Table 1. Species that are invasive elsewhere in similar ecosystems but are not known to be present in Palau Scientific Name Passiflora coccinea Passiflora laurifolia Passiflora ligularis Passiflora maliformis Passiflora pulchella Passiflora rubra Passiflora tarminiana Paulownia tomentosa Pennisetum clandestinum Philadelphus karwinskyanus Phormium tenax Phyllostachys bissetii Phyllostachys nigra Pimenta dioica Common Names Family Habit English: scarlet passion flower, red passion flower, red granadilla English: yellow granadilla, belle apple, yellow water-lemon; French: pomme-liane, pomme d'or; Other: pasio vao (Samoa); vaine 'ae kuma (Tonga) English: sweet granadilla, yellow passionfruit; French: granadille, grenadille douce, barbadine; French: granadille, grenadille douce, barbadine; Other: lemi wai, lani wai, lemona (Hawai‘i) English: hard-shelled passionfruit, sweet calabash, sweet cup; French: pomme calabas; Other: pārapōutini ‘enua, pārapōutini Maori (Cook Islands); ka‘atene Maori, katinga Maori (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); pasio (Samoa), vaine kai (Tonga) English: two-lobed passion flower, wingleaf passionfruit English: red passionfruit, Dutchman's laudanum; Other: pōkutekute (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)) English: banana poka, banana passionfruit, bananadilla English: paulownia, princess-tree, Chinese empress tree, karri-tree Passifloraceae vine Passifloraceae vine Passifloraceae vine Passifloraceae vine Passifloraceae vine Passifloraceae vine Passifloraceae Scrophulariaceae vine tree English: kikuyu grass, kikuyo Poaceae grass English: philadelphus, evergreen mock orange, syringa Saxifragaceae shrub English: New Zealand flax, New Zealand hemp, bush flax Agavaceae Poaceae Poaceae Myrtaceae herb shrub shrub tree Myrtaceae tree Pinaceae tree Piperaceae shrub/tree Piperaceae shrub Araceae aquatic herb Pittosporaceae shrub/tree Pittosporaceae shrub/tree Pittosporaceae tree Pittosporaceae Selaginellaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae Myrtaceae tree fern herb tree shrub/tree Bignoniaceae vine Myrtaceae shrub English: black bamboo; French: bambou noir English: pimento, allspice; Other: sipaisi (Tonga) English: bay tree, bay rum tree, bay oil tree, malagueta; Other: Pimenta racemosa sinamoni (Tonga) English: Caribbean pine, Bahamas pine; Other: paina papa‘ā (Cook Pinus caribaea Islands (Mangaia)); paina (Samoa); paini (Tonga) English: spiked pepper; Other: yaqona ni Onolulu, yanggona ni Piper aduncum Onolulu (Fiji) English: eared pepper, anise piper, Veracruz pepper; Spanish: hoja santa, anisillo, hinojo, sabalero, hoja de la estrella; Other: Hawaiian Piper auritum sakau, false sakau, false kava (Pohnpei); ‘ava Tonga (Samoa), kava Hawai‘i (Tonga) English: water lettuce, tropical duckweed; French: laitue d'eau, pistie; Pistia stratiotes Spanish: lechuguita de agua, repollo de agua Pittosporum pentandrum English: pittosporum, Taiwanese cheesewood, mamalis English: tobira, Japanese pittosporum, Japanese cheesewood, Pittosporum tobira mock orange, Australian laurel English: Victorian box, Victorian laurel, Australian cheesewood, Pittosporum undulatum mock orange, sweet pittosporum, orange pittosporum Pittosporum viridiflorum English: cape pittosporum Platycerium bifurcatum English: elkhorn fern, staghorn fern Praxelis clematidea English: praxelis Prosopis spp. English: mesquite, algaroba; Spanish: algarrobo Psidium guineense English: Brazilian guava, Guinea guava; French: goyavier du Brésil English: flame vine, flame flower, golden shower, orange trumpet Pyrostegia venusta vine English: rose myrtle, downy myrtle, Isenberg bush; French: myrteRhodomyrtus tomentosa groseille, feijoa Rhynchospora caduca English: baby pepper, bloodberry, coral berry, rouge plant; Other: Rivina humilis polo (Tonga) Rubus alceifolius English: giant bramble Rubus argutus English: prickly Florida blackberry; Other: ōhelo ‘ele ‘ele (Hawai‘i) English: Andean blackberry, Andean black raspberry; French: mûre des Andes; Spanish: mora, mora blanca, mora de Castilla, Rubus glaucus zarzamora azul 46 Cyperaceae herb Phytolaccaceae herb Rosaceae Rosaceae shrub shrub Rosaceae shrub Table 1. Species that are invasive elsewhere in similar ecosystems but are not known to be present in Palau Scientific Name Rubus moluccanus Rubus niveus Rubus rosifolius Rubus sieboldii Rubus spp. Ruellia brevifolia Ruellia prostrata Salvinia molesta Sanchezia nobilis Schinus molle Schinus terebinthifolius Schizachyrium condensatum Senecio madagascariensis Senna septemtrionalis Senna tora Sesbania punicea Setaria palmifolia Solandra maxima Solanum capsicoides Solanum mauritianum Solanum seaforthianum Solanum tampicense Solanum viarum Sporobolus elongatus Syncarpia glomulifera Terminalia myriocarpa Tetrazygia bicolor Thunbergia alata Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia laurifolia Tibouchina herbacea Tibouchina urvilleana Toona ciliata Common Names English: Molucca raspberry, broad leafed bramble, Molucca bramble, eelkek; French: piquant lou-lou (Mauritius); Other: kohkihl (Kosrae); soni, wa sori, wa ngandrongandro, wa votovotoa, (Fiji) English: Ceylon raspberry, hill raspberry, Mysore raspberry; Spanish: frambuesa English: roseleaf raspberry, thimbleberry, Mauritius raspberry; French: framboisier; Spanish: frambueso de Africa; Other: ōla‘a, ākala, ākalakala (Hawai‘i) English: Molucca raspberry English: raspberries, blackberries, brambles English: black weed, bell weed; Other: vao uli (American Samoa and Samoa); tītā ‘aruru (Cook Islands (Miti‘aro)) English: salvinia, water fern, kariba weed, African payal English: sanchezia. English: pepper tree, California pepper tree, Peruvian peppertree, pepperina; French: faux poivrier, molée des jardins, poivrier d'Amérique English: Christmas-berry, Brazilian pepper, Brazilian holly, Florida holly; French: faux poivrier, poivre du Brésil, poivre rose; Other: warui (Fiji); wilelaiki (Hawai‘i), naniohilo (Hawai‘i (Moloka‘i)) Family Habit Rosaceae shrub Rosaceae shrub Rosaceae shrub Rosaceae Rosaceae Acanthaceae shrub shrub herb Acanthaceae herb Salviniaceae Acanthaceae fern shrub Anacardiaceae tree Anacardiaceae tree English: little bluestem, bush beardgrass Poaceae grass English: fireweed Asteraceae herb Fabaceae shrub/tree Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae shrub Poaceae grass Solanaceae vine Solanaceae herb English: buttercup bush, yellow shower, laburnum; Other: mosimosi, naseni karakarawa, winivinikau (Fiji); kolomona, kalamona (Hawai'i) English: foetid cassia, stinking cassia, Java-bean, sickle senna, sicklepod, Chinese senna, peanut weed, sickle senna; French: cassier sauvage, pois puant, séné; Other: vao pinati (American Samoa and Samoa); pī ‘aungakino (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)); kaumoce, kaumothe, pini, tarota (Fiji); mumutun admelon, mumutun palaoan, amot-tumaga carabao (Guam), te’epulu, tengafefeka (Tonga) English: red sesbania, coffee weed, rattle-pod, sesban, red seine bean, Brazil rattlebox, coffee of the coast, tame acacia, false poinciana, black acacia, purple sesbane English: palmgrass, short pitpit, hailans pitpit, broadleaved bristlegrass; Other: vao ‘ofe‘ofe (Samoa) English: golden cup, cup of gold, chalice vine; Spanish: copa de oro English: cockroach berry, devil’s apple, soda apple; Other: poro‘iti taratara (Cook Islands); kikania kei, akaaka, akaka (Hawai'i) English: bugweed, wild tobacco, tree tobacco; Other: rau ‘ava‘ava (Cook Islands); pua nana honua (Hawai'i); pula (Tonga) English: potato creeper, Brazilian nightshade English: wetland nightshade, aquatic soda apple English: tropical soda apple English: wiregrass, rat-tail dropseed English: turpentine tree, lustre wood English: hollock, jhalna English: Florida clover ash English: black-eyed susan vine; French: suzanne aux yeux noirs English: white lady, white thunbergia, sweet clock-vine; Other: fue hina (Tonga) English: purple allamanda, laurel-leaved thunbergia, laurel clock vine English: glorybush, cane ti, tibouchina English: glorybush, lasiandra, princess flower English: Australian red cedar, toon, surian, Indian mahogany; Other: wood pikake (Hawai‘i); tuna (Samoa); sita kula (Tonga) 47 Solanaceae shrub Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Poaceae Myrtaceae Combretaceae Melastomataceae Acanthaceae vine aquatic herb herb? grass tree tree shrub/tree vine Acanthaceae vine Acanthaceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae vine shrub shrub Meliaceae tree Table 1. Species that are invasive elsewhere in similar ecosystems but are not known to be present in Palau Scientific Name Common Names English: Chinese tallow tree, popcorn tree, vegetable tallow, white wax berry, chicken tree, Florida aspen; French: arbre à suif, boiré English: puncture vine, caltrop, burrnut, Jamaican feverplant, goat’s Tribulus cistoides head; Spanish: cacho de chivo; Other: nohu, nohunohu (Hawai‘i); te maukinikini (Kiribati) Tribulus terrestris English: puncture vine, goat head; French: tribule terrestre English: limeberry, lemon China; Other: limon-China, lemon de Triphasia trifolia china, limoncito (Guam) Triplaris weigeltiana English: long john, long jack Tripsacum latifolium English: wideleaf gamagrass Triumfetta semitriloba English: Sacramento bur; Other: dadangsi, masiksik lahe (Guam) Turbina corymbosa English: turbina, Christmas vine, ololiuqui English: gorse, furze, whin; French: ajonc, bois jonc, jonc marin, Ulex europaeus vigneau Waterhousea floribunda English: weeping lilly pilly, weeping myrtle Zantedeschia aethiopica English: calla lily, arum lily English: Indian jujube, Chinese date, Chinee apple; Other: Ziziphus mauritiana manzanas, manzanita, jujube (Guam); baer, bahir, baher (Fiji) Triadica sebifera Family Habit Euphorbiaceae tree Zygophyllaceae herb Zygophyllaceae herb Rutaceae shrub Polygonaceae Poaceae Tiliaceae Convolvulaceae tree grass shrub vine Fabaceae shrub Myrtaceae Araceae tree herb Rhamnaceae tree NOTE: The common names in this and the following tables in Appendix 1 are from the PIER data base and Internet site and include names in use at various locations throughout the Pacific. Additional information on these species can be found in the individual species summaries at the PIER Internet site, http://www.hear.org/pier, or on the PIER CD. 48 Table 2. Species that are subjects of eradication programs Scientific Name Common Names English: blady grass, cogon grass, satintail; French: paille de dys, paillotte, impérata cylindrique, impérate; Other: gi, ngi (Fiji); alangalang, lalang (Indonesia, Malaysia); kasoring (Palau) English: mile-a-minute weed, Chinese creeper, American rope, bittervine; French: liane américaine, liane-serpent; Other: fue saina (American Samoa, Samoa and Niue); pōkutekute (Cook Islands Mikania micrantha (‘Atiu)); wa mbosuthu, wa mbosuvu, wa mbutako, wa ndamele, ovaova, wa bosucu, usuvanua (Fiji); fou laina (Niue), teb el yas (Palau); kwalo koburu, (from Ecoport, no source given) English: octopus tree, umbrella tree, ivy palm; French: arbre-pieuvre, *Schefflera actinophylla arbre ombelle English: African tulip tree, fireball, fountain tree; French: tulipier du Gabon, pisse-pisse; Spanish: tulipan africano; Other: kō‘ī‘ī, mimi, *Spathodea campanulata pātītī vai (Cook Islands); mata kō‘ī‘ī (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); apär (CNMI); taga mimi (Fiji); orsachel kui (Palau); tuhke dulip (Pohnpei); fa‘apasi (Samoa); tiulipe (Tonga); rarningobchey (Yap) Imperata cylindrica *Cultivated 49 Family Habit Poaceae grass Asteraceae vine Araliaceae tree Bignoniaceae tree Table 3. Introduced species that are invasive or potentially invasive in Palau Scientific Name *Acacia farnesiana Adenanthera pavonina Allamanda cathartica Alternanthera brasiliana Antigonon leptopus Arundo donax *Asparagus densiflorus Chromolaena odorata ††Cinnamomum verum Clerodendrum quadriloculare Clidemia hirta *Cyperus involucratus Dieffenbachia seguine Dissotis rotundifolia *Eichhornia crassipes ††Elaeocarpus angustifolius Epipremnum pinnatum cv. ‘Aureum’ Falcataria moluccana *Flemingia macrophylla Hedychium coronarium Common Names English: Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia; French: acacia jaune, cassie; Other: titima (Cook Islands); vaivai vaka-vatona, vaivai vakavotona, ban baburi, oki (Fiji); aroma, popinac, kandaroma (Guam, CNMI); kolu (Hawai'i); te kaibakoa (Kiribati); debena (Nauru) English: coral bean tree, red sandalwood tree, red bead tree, lopa, bead tree, false wiliwili, peacock flower-fence, Polynesian peanut; Other: lopa (American Samoa, French Polynesia, Samoa and Tonga); mata kōviriviri (Cook Islands); kōviriviri, tavara (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); pitipiti‘ō (Cook Islands ('Atiu)); lera, lere ndamu, vaivai, vaivai ni vavalangi (Fiji), pomea (Fiji, Niue), la‘au paina, pitipitio (French Polynesia); colales, culalis, kolales, kulales, kulalis (Guam, CNMI); hua‘ula‘ula (Hawai‘i); (metekam, metkam, metkem, mwetkwem (Kosrae); telengtúngd, telentundalel (Palau); kaikes (Pohnpei) English: yellow trumpet vine, golden trumpet, allamanda, brownbud allamanda, golden allamanda, golden cup;: pua taunofo (American Samoa and Samoa), tiare rengarenga, pua (Cook Islands); lani-ali‘i (Hawai‘i) Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat English: Mexican creeper, mountain rose, Confederate vine, chainof-love, hearts on a chain, love-vine, coral bells, coral vine, queen’s jewels, kadena de amor, corallita; Other: flores ka’dena (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands); dilngau (Palau); rohsapoak (Pohnpei) English: giant reed, Spanish reed, wild cane; roseau; Other: ngasau ni vavalangi (Fiji); fiso palagi (Samoa); kaho folalahi (Tonga) English: asparagus fern, sprengeri fern, smilax, regal fern English: Siam weed, triffid weed, bitter bush, Jack in the bush; Other: kesengesil, masigsig (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam); otuot (Chuuk), ngesngesil (Palau); wisolmatenrehwei (Pohnpei); mahsrihsrihk (Kosrae); hagonoy, agonoi, huluhagonoi (Philippines) English: cinnamon tree; Other: ochod ra ngebard (Palau). tinamoni, tigamoni (American Samoa and Samoa) English: bronze-leaved clerodendrum; Other: tirooj in belle (Marshall Islands); kleuang (Palau); tuhkehn palau (Pohnpei); bagauac (Philippines); losa, losa Fiti (American Samoa and Samoa) English: Koster’s curse, soap bush; Other: kauresinga, kaurasinga, roinisinga, ndraunisinga, mara na bulumakau, mbona na mbulamakau, vuti (Fiji); kui, kúi (Palau); la‘au lau mamoe (Samoa) English: umbrella sedge, umbrella plant, dwarf papyrus grass; Other: ‘ahu‘awa haole, pu‘uka‘a haole (Hawai‘i), deus (Palau) English: dieffenbachia, dumb cane; Other: yalu ni vavalagi (Fiji) English: dissotis, Spanish shawl, pink lady English: water hyacinth; Other: riri vai (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); mbekambekairanga, ndambendambe ni nga, jal khumbe, bekabekairaga, dabedabe ne ga (Fiji); bung el ralm (Palau) English: blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong (Australia); Other: sapatua, siapoatua, siapatua (American Samoa and Samoa) English: pothos, money plant; Other: ‘ara (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)); yalu, wa yalu, wa lu, halu, waloa, matha, nanggalanggala, nanggalinggali, tonga, tanga (Fiji); alu (Fiji, Tonga) English: Molucca albizia; Other: tamaligi palagi (American Samoa); ‘ārapitia (Cook Islands); tuhke kerosene, tuhkehn karisihn (Pohnpei); ukall ra ngebard (Palau); tamaligi paepae (Samoa) Family Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae tree Apocynaceae vine Amaranthaceae herb Polygonaceae vine Poaceae grass Liliaceae herb Asteraceae shrub Lauraceae tree Lamiaceae shrub Melastomataceae shrub Cyperaceae sedge Araceae herb Melastomataceae herb Pontederiaceae aquatic herb Elaeocarpaceae tree Araceae vine Fabaceae tree Fabaceae English: white ginger, butterfly lily, ginger lily, garland flower; Other: teuila paepae (American Samoa and Samoa); tunun, sinser (Chuuk); kōpī teatea, re‘a teatea (Cook Islands); ndrove, cevuga vula, Zingiberaceae dalasika (Fiji); thevunga (Fiji, Tonga); ‘awapuhi ke‘oke‘o (Hawai‘i); sinter pwetepwet (Pohnpei); tolon (Puluwat) 50 Habit tree herb Table 3. Introduced species that are invasive or potentially invasive in Palau Scientific Name Common Names English: hevea, Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree; Other: rapa (Fiji) English: comb hyptis, comb bushmint, mint weed, purple top; Other: miri tītā (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)); tamole ni veikau, tamoli ni vavalangi, timothi ni vavalangi, wavuwavu, ndamoli, ben tulsia (Fiji); mumutun Hyptis pectinata lahe, mumutun palaoan, mumutan ademelon (Guam); vao mini (Samoa) Inga edulis English: ice cream bean English: ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea, trompillo; French: Ipomoea hederifolia liseron hallier, liseron rouge English: lantana; Other: latana (American Samoa and Samoa); tātarāmoa papa‘ā (Cook Islands); tātarāmoa (Cook Islands, French Polynesia); kauboica, kaumboitha, mbonambulumakau, mbona ra mbulumakau, tokalau, waiwai, lanitana (Fiji); tarataramoa, taratara hamoa (French Polynesia); latora moa (French Polynesia (Tahiti)); Lantana camara lakana, la‘au kalakala, lanakana (Ni‘ihau), mikinolia hihiu, mikinolia hohono, mikinolia kuku (Hawai‘i); ros fonacni (Kosrae); te kaibuaka, te kaibuaja (Kiribati); migiroa (Nauru), landana, rantana, rahndana, tukasuweth (Pohnpei); talatala, talatala talmoa (Tonga) English: leucaena, wild tamarind, lead tree; Other: fua pepe (American Samoa and Samoa); nītō, mara‘inu (Cook Islands); vaivai, vaivai ni vavalangi, vaivai dina, balori (Fiji); atiku (French Polynesia (Marquesas)); ipel-ipel (Galapagos); tangantangan, tangan-tangan, Leucaena leucocephala talantayan (Guam, CNMI, Marshall Islands); talntangan (CNMI); koa haole, lili-koa, ekoa (Hawai‘i); te kaitetua (Kiribati); tuhngantuhngan, rohbohtin (Kosrae); tavahi kaku (Niue); pepe (Niue and Samoa); telengtungd (Palau); lusina (Samoa); siale mohemohe (Tonga); cassis (Vanuatu); ganitnityuwan tangantan (Yap) English: cow pea, phasey bean, wild bean; Spanish: frijolito de los Macroptilium lathyroides arrozales, pico de aura; Other: pini (Tonga) ‡Melaleuca English: melaleuca, cajeput, paper bark tree, punk tree; Other: niaouli (New Caledonia) quinquenervia English: Chinaberry, pride-of-India, indian lilac, Persian lilac, white cedar, margosa tree, tira; Other: tīra (Cook Islands); dake, bakain Melia azedarach (Fiji), paraiso, para'isu (Guam); ‘inia, ‘ilinia (Hawai‘i); sili, tili (Niue); lelah (Pohnpei); sita (Tonga); prais (Yap) English: melinis, molasses grass; French: mélinis, herbe molasses, †‡Melinis minutiflora herbe à miel; Other: puakatau (Tonga) English: giant sensitive plant, nila grass; Other: vao fefe palagi (American Samoa and Samoa); singbiguin sasa (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands); pikika‘a papa‘ā (Cook Islands Mimosa diplotricha (Aitutaki)); wa ngandrongandro levu, wa ngandrongandro ni wa ngalelevu, co gadrogadro (Fiji); mechiuaiu (Palau); limemeihr laud (Pohnpei); la'au fefe palagi (Samoa) Mimosa pudica English: Guinea grass, green panic, buffalograss; French: herbe de Guinéa, panic élevé, capime guiné, fataque; Other: vao kini Panicum maximum (American Samoa and Samoa); tinikarāti (Cook Islands); talapi? (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke); saafa (Tonga) English: mission grass, feathery pennisetum; French: queue de Pennisetum polystachion chat; Other: mechen katu (Chuuk), desum (Palau); pwokso, dipw rais (Pohnpei), o tamata (Fiji) *Pennisetum setaceum English: fountain grass Pluchea carolinensis English: sour bush English: strawberry guava, cherry guava, Cattley guava, Chinese guava; Other: tūava papa‘ā (Cook Islands); ngguava (Fiji), tuava †Psidium cattleianum tinito, tuvava tinito (French Polynesia); waiawi ‘ula‘ula (Hawai'i); kuahpa (Pohnpei); ku‘ava (Samoa) †Hevea brasiliensis 51 Family Habit Euphorbiaceae tree Lamiaceae herb Fabaceae tree Convolvulaceae vine Verbenaceae shrub Fabaceae tree Fabaceae herb Myrtaceae tree Meliaceae tree Poaceae grass Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae herb Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Poaceae Asteraceae grass shrub Myrtaceae tree Table 3. Introduced species that are invasive or potentially invasive in Palau Scientific Name Psidium guajava *Sesbania grandiflora Solanum torvum Stachytarpheta cayennensis Syngonium angustatum †Syzygium cumini Tecoma stans Tephrosia candida Thunbergia grandiflora Timonius timon Tradescantia spathacea Tradescantia zebrina *Turnera subulata Turnera ulmifolia †Vitex parviflora Wedelia trilobata Common Names English: guava; Other: ku‘ava (American Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, Fiji, Samoa); kuafa (Chuuk); tūava, tūvava (Cook Islands, French Polynesia); abas guayaba (Galapagos); abas, abas guayaba (Guam, Saipan-Chamorro, Yap); kuawa, kuawa ke‘oke‘o, kuawa lemi, kuawa momona, pauwa (Hawai‘i); kuhfahfah (Kosrae); te kuava, te kuawa (Kiribati); kuwawa (Nauru); kautoga, kautonga, kautoga tane, kautonga tane (Niue); guabang, kuabang (Palau); guahva, kuahpa (Pohnpei); apas (Saipan); abwas (Saipan-Carolinian) English: sesbania, hummingbird tree, sesban, scarlet wisteria tree, corkwood tree; French: agati a grandes fleurs; Other: agati, agathi (Fiji); oufai, ofai, ouai (French Polynesia); katurai (Guam, Palau); ohai ke‘oke‘o (Hawai‘i); sepania (Samoa) English: prickly solanum, devil's fig, turkeyberry, terongan; French: fausse aubergine, aubergine sauvage épineuse; Other: piko (Vanuatu); tisaipale (Tonga); kausoni, soni, kauvoto-votua, kaisurisuri, katai, bhankatiya, soni ni vavalagi (Fiji), lapiti (Samoa) English: blue rat's tail, dark-blue snakeweed, false verbena, nettleleaf velvetberry; Other: mautofu tai, mautofu vao, mautofu fualanumoana (American Samoa and Samoa);ouchung, sakura (Chuuk); tiāki (Cook Islands (Miti‘aro)); turulakaka, tumbutumbu, serakawa, lavenia, se karakarawa (Fiji), te uti (Kiribati); mautofu Samoa, motofu Samoa (Niue); louch beluu (Palau); hiku ‘i kuma, hiku‘kuma, ‘iku ‘i kuma, iku ‘ikuma (Tonga) English: arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant English: Java plum; jambolan plum; French: faux-pistachier, jamelonguier, jamélongue, jambolanier; Other: duhat (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam); pistati, ka‘ika (Cook Islands); paramu (Cook Islands (Aitutaki)); mesegerak, mesekerrak, mesekerrák, mesigerak (Palau); jamelonguier (New Caledonia); kavika ni India, jammun (Fiji) English: yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush; Other: tekoma (Cook Islands); piti (French Polynesia, Tonga); peeal (Puluwat) English: white tephrosia, white hoary-pea; French: indigo sauvage, indigo blanc English: Bengal trumpet, blue trumpet vine, clock vine, skyvine, large-flowerd thunbergia; Other: bung el etiu (Palau); palulu (Samoa) English: liberal (Palau); Other: sakosia (from Ecoport, no source given) English: oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, moses in a boat; Other: riri mangio (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)); riri raei (Cook Islands (Miti‘aro)); talotalo, laupapaki (Niue); kobesos (Palau); faina kula (Tonga) English: wandering zebrina, wandering jew, inchplant; Other: mauku papa‘ā (Cook Islands (Mangaia)) English: white alder English: yellow alder, sage rose, West Indian holly, ramgoat dashalong; Other: nõr in jiboñ (Marshall Islands) English: small-leaved vitex, smallflower chastetree; Other: lagundi (Guam); molauin, molave (Philippines); molave (Hawai'i) English: wedelia, trailing daisy, Singapore daisy, creeping ox-eye; Other: rosrangrang (Kosrae); ut mõkadkad, ut telia (Marshall Islands); ngesil ra ngebard (Palau); dihpw ongohng, tuhke ongohng (Pohnpei); atiat (Puluwat); ate (Tonga) *Cultivated †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) †† Reported to be present by Fosberg et al. (1979), no location given ‡Reported present by Raulerson et al. (1996) 52 Family Habit Myrtaceae tree Fabaceae small tree Solanaceae shrub Verbenaceae herb Araceae vine Myrtaceae tree Bignoniaceae small tree Fabaceae shrub Acanthaceae vine Rubiaceae tree Commelinaceae herb Commelinaceae herb Turneraceae shrub Turneraceae shrub Verbenaceae shrub/tree Asteraceae herb Table 4. Species that are reported as invasive or weedy elsewhere and are common, weedy or cultivated in Palau. Scientific Name †Abelmoschus moschatus Acacia auriculiformis *Acacia confusa Acacia mangium Agave sp. Agave sisalana *Albizia lebbeck Alpinia purpurata *Asystasia gangetica subsp. gangetica Bambusa spp. Barleria lupulina *Bauhinia acuminata *Bauhinia monandra *Bauhinia purpurea *Bauhinia variegata Bothriochloa bladhii Common Names English: fautia, musk mallow, musk okra; French: ambrette, gombo musqué, ketmie musquée, graine de musc; Other: ‘aute toga, fau tagaloa, fua samasama (American Samoa and Samoa); karereon, karereon nikapwerik nik, kareron, likonokon (Chuuk); vavai tara (Cook Islands); ta‘uri‘au (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); wakiwaki, wakewake, wakeke, vakeke, aukiki, okeoke, o‘e‘e (Fiji);kamang, ka‘mang (Guam); fou ingo (Niue), gongul (Palau); metei, mety, methey (Pohnpei); loa, fau‘ingo (Tonga); fau ingo (Wallis and Futuna); hathongethong, kamwayang, nikapwerik, setmwechin, sotumo (Yap) English: Papuan wattle, auri, earleaf acacia, northern black wattle, ear-pod wattle; Other: ākasia (Cook Islands); tuhkehn pwelmwahu (Pohnpei) English: Formosa koa, Formosa acacia; Other: sosigi, shoshigi, sosugi, boiffuring (Guam and CNMI–Chamorro); serepa, soschghi (CNMI–Carolinian); pilampwoia (Pohnpei); ianángi, yanangi (Palau) English: mangium, brown salwood, black wattle, hickory wattle; Other: ākasia (Cook Islands); tuhkehn pwelmwahu (Pohnpei) English: century plant English: sisal, sisal hemp; Other: ndali, natali (Fiji), malina (Hawai'i) English: siris-tree, rain tree, East Indian walnut, kokko, woman'stongue tree, soros-tree, raom tree; French: bois noir; Other: ‘arapitia (Cook Islands (Miti‘aro)); trongkon-mames, tronkon mames, mamis (Guam); kalaska, trongkon-kalaska (CNMI–Chamorro); schepil kalaska (CNMI–Carolinian); ukall ra ngebard (Palau); gumorningabchey; ngumorrningobchey (Yap); 'ohai (Hawai‘i); vaivai, vaivai ni vavalangi, vaivai ni vavalagi (Fiji); tamaligi pa’epa’e (Samoa); kasia (Tonga) English: red ginger; Other: kōpī muramura (Cook Islands); thevunga (Fiji); ‘awapuhi ‘ula‘ula (Hawai‘i); teuila (Samoa); tevunga (Tonga) English: Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel English: bamboo; French: bambou; Other: iich (Chuuk); ko‘e papa‘ā (Cook Islands); bitu (Fiji); ‘ohe (French Polynesia, Hawai‘i); ‘ofe (French Polynesia, Samoa), pi‘ao, pi‘ao palaoan (Guam and Northern Marianas-Chamorro); bwai (Guam and Northern MarianasCarolinian); bambu (Kosrae); te kaibaba (Kiribati); bae, koba (Marshall Islands); kaho palangi (Niue); pehri en sapahn (Pohnpei); bambuu, esel (Palau); ‘ofe Fiti, ‘ofe palagi (Samoa); kofe (Tonga, Tuvalu); pitu (Tonga); pampu (Tuvalu); moor (Yap) English: hophead, Philippine violet English: dwarf white bauhinia English: orchid-tree, St. Thomas-tree, Napoleon's plume; flamboyant (Pohnpei), mariposa (Guam); pink butterfly tree (Fiji); Other: vae povi (American Samoa and Samoa); flores mariposa (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands); pine (Cook Islands (Rarotonga), French Polynesia); pīpīpipi (Cook Islands (Aitu)); pī pi (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke and Miti‘aro)); pine fua loloa (Niue) English: purple orchid tree; purple butterfly tree, pink butterfly tree (Fiji); French: fleurs pourpres English: orchid tree; mountain ebony, butterfly tree (Fiji); French: bois de boeuf, sabot boeuf, arbre de Saint-Thomas English: blue grass, Australian beardgrass, Caucasian bluestem; Other: desum (Palau); latoka grass, thamboni grass (Fiji) 53 Family Habit Malvaceae herb Fabaceae tree Fabaceae tree Fabaceae tree Agavaceae Agavaceae succulent succulent Fabaceae tree Zingiberaceae herb Acanthaceae herb Poaceae tree Acanthaceae Fabaceae shrub tree Fabaceae tree Fabaceae tree Fabaceae tree Poaceae grass Table 4. Species that are reported as invasive or weedy elsewhere and are common, weedy or cultivated in Palau. Scientific Name Bryophyllum pinnatum ‡Calamus spp. *Calliandra calothyrsus *Calliandra haematocephala Calopogonium mucunoides *Calotropis gigantea Canna indica *Ceiba pentandra Cenchrus brownii Cenchrus echinatus Centrosema molle Chamaecrista mimosoides Chamaecrista nictitans Chloris barbata Chloris radiata Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax Clerodendrum paniculatum Common Names Family Habit Crassulaceae succulent English: life plant, air plant, resurrection plant, Canterbury bells, cathedral bells, Mexican love plant; Spanish: hoja del aire; Other: ngāngā‘ere toka (Cook Islands); bulatawamudu (Fiji); ‘oliwa ku kahakai (Hawai'i); teang (Kiribati); kibilia (Marshall Islands); tupu he lau, tupu noa (Niue); pagi (Samoa); pipi vao (Tonga) English: rattan; Other: rotan, bejuko-n-halumtano, rotan bejuro-nhalumtan (Guam); bangerenguis ra ngebard (Palau) English: powderpuff red calliandra; Other: kaliana (Samoa) Arecaceae shrub (palm) Fabaceae shrub English: red powder puff; French: pompon Fabaceae shrub English: calopo; Other: akankan-guakag (Guam) Fabaceae vine Ascelepiadaceae shrub Cannaceae herb Bombacaceae tree Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Fabaceae vine Fabaceae herb Fabaceae shrub English: calotrope, crown flower, madar; French: mercure végétal, mudar; Other: pua-kalaunu (Hawai'i); tahinu (French Polynesia) English: canna, canna lily, Indian shot; French: balisier comestible, tous-les-mois; Other: fanamanu, fagamanu, fa‘i masoa (American Samoa and Samoa); nūāenga (Cook Islands); tiare papa‘ā (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); pia renga (Cook Islands (Aitutaki)); gasau ni ga (Fiji); pia-raroto‘a (French Polynesia); fagafaga (Futuna); mongos halum-tano (Guam); ali‘ipoe, li'ipoe, poloka (Hawai'i); riti (Kiribati), luiuenwai (Pohnpei); apeellap, oruuru (Puluwat); te misimisi (Tonga) English: kapok, kapok tree, silk-cotton tree, pacae; French: kapokier, capoc, bois coton; Spanish: ceibo; Other: vavae (American Samoa, Samoa, Niue, Tonga); koton (Chuuk); algodon de Manila, atgodon di Manila, algidon, atgidon de Manila (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam); vavai (Cook Islands and French Polynesia); vavai mama‘u, vavai maori (Cook Islands); mama‘u (Cook Islands (Mangaia, Aitutaki?)); vauvau ni vavalangi, semar (Fiji); algodon de Manila, atgodon di Manila, algidon, atgidon de Manila (Guam); kuhtin, cutin (Kosrae); koatoa, atagodon, bulik, kotin (Marshall Islands); kalngebard, kalngebárd, kerrekar ngebard (Palau); cottin, koatun, koatoa (Pohnpei); arughuschel (Saipan), batte ni gan' ken (Yap); vavau ni lokoloko (from Ecoport, source not given) English: burr grass, burr grass, sand-bur, slimbristle sandbur English: burr grass, sand-bur, southern sandbur, Mossman River grass (Australia); French: herbe a cateaux (Mauritius); Other: tuitui, vao tuitui (American Samoa and Samoa); piripiri (Cook Islands); pārango (Cook Islands (Ngaputoru)); se mbulabula (Fiji); piri-piri, pipiri (French Polynesia); mau‘u kuku, ‘ume‘alu (Hawai'i); te anti, te kateketeke (Kiribati); cram-cram (New Caledonia); motie vihilago, mosie vihilango (Niue); lõklõk, kãlõklõk, lellik, lekelik, liklik, karmwijmwij, karumwij (Marshall Islands); cauit-cauitan (Philippines); hefa (Tonga) English: centro, butterfly-pea; French: fleur-languette, pois bâtard; Other: piriarero (Cook Islands (Miti‘aro)); pi ni ndola (Fiji) English: Japanese tea English: partridge pea, Japanese tea senna; Other: lauki (Hawai‘i); kobo-cha, nemu-cha (Japan) English: swollen fingergrass, purpletop chloris (Australia), airport grass (Fiji); Other: mau’u lei (Hawai'i) English: plush-grass, radiate fingergrass English: red clerodendrum, pagoda-flower; Other: rākau tupopoku (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)); talufe (Niue); lau‘awa (Hawai‘i); butcherechár, butecherechar (Palau); amo’ula, amo’ule (Tonga) English: pagoda plant, pagoda flower; Other: butcherechár, butecherechar (Palau); tukehn sousou (Pohnpei) 54 Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Lamiaceae shrub Lamiaceae shrub Table 4. Species that are reported as invasive or weedy elsewhere and are common, weedy or cultivated in Palau. Scientific Name Clitoria ternatea *Coffea arabica Commelina diffusa Crotalaria micans *Cryptostegia madagascariensis Cynodon dactylon Cyperus rotundus Derris elliptica Desmanthus virgatus Desmodium tortuosum Digitaria ciliaris Digitaria violascens Eleusine indica Episcia cupreata *Ficus elastica Flemingia strobilifera Common Names Family Habit English: butterfly pea, Asian pigeonwings; French: honte; Other: buikike, bukike, paokeke, bukike paokeke, capa de la reina, kapa de la raina (Guam); putitainubia (CNMI); pepe (Niue); kles (Palau); latoela, nawa (Fiji), paipa (Tonga) English: coffee; French: café, caféier d’ Arabie; Spanish: café, cafeto; Other: kaope, kaope Maori (Cook Islands); kove (Fiji); kofe (Fiji, Niue, Samoa), kafe (French Polynesia – Marquesas); kohi (Palau); kofi (Tonga); taofe (Tahiti) English: commelina, dayflower, wandering Jew, spiderwort; Spanish: chiriyuyo; Other: mau‘u toga, mau‘u Tonga (American Samoa and Samoa); mauku-vai, mauku ‘oro‘enua, mauku puakatoro (Cook Islands); ai rorongi, ai rongorongo, airogorogo, cobulabula, rongomatailevu, thombulambula, matembulambula, drano,duludauwere, ndrano, ndulandauwere, luna, tho nggalonggalo (Fiji), ma‘apape (French Polynesia); semprebiban-damalong (Guam); honohono (Hawai‘i); mohuku vai, musie matala pulu (Tonga) English: crotalaria; Other: pine kotalelia, pile (Niue) Fabaceae shrub English: Madagascar rubbervine Asclepiadaceae vine Poaceae grass Cyperaceae sedge Fabaceae vine Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae herb Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Gesneriaceae herb Moraceae tree Fabaceae shrub English: Bermuda grass, giant Bermuda grass, bahama grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, grama, devilgrass, couchgrass, balama grass; French: chiendent, petit chiendent, chiendent pied-de-poule; Other: matie (Cook Islands); manini, manienie (Hawai‘i); motie molulu (Niue); kambuta, kabuta (Fiji); mosie molulu (Niue); herbe de couverture (New Caledonia); pasto bermuda, zacate bermuda, grama dulce, gramón, hierba fina, grama-seda, (from Ecoport, no source given) English: nut grass, nutsedge, purple nutsedge, cocograss; French: souchet rond, souchet à tubercules, herbe à oignon; Other: mauku ‘ōniāni, ‘ōniāni (Cook Islands); soro na kambani, sora na kambani, soro ni kabani, ivako, malanga, vucesa, motha, vuthesa mot ha (Fiji); chaguan humatag (Guam); kili'o'opu, mau‘u mokae (Hawai‘i); te mumute (Kiribati); tuteoneon (Marshall Islands); mumuta (Samoa, Tokelau); pakopako (Tonga) English: derris; Other: tuba, bagin (Guam); oop, op (Kosrae); up (Chuuk, Pohnpei); dub (Palau); peinuhp, uhp, upanai, upanyap, upkesetik (Pohnpei); yuub (Yap); nduva, duva ni vavalagi, nduva ni vavalangi (Fiji) English: slender mimosa, virgate mimosa; French: sensitive de montravel (New Caledonia); Other: anil, jureminha (Brazil) English: Florida beggarweed, Spanish clover, dixie ticktrefoil English: Henry's crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, tropical crab grass, large crab grass, southern crabgrass, fingergrass, summer grass; French: digitaire ciliée; Other: kukaepua'a (Hawai'i); Saulangi (Niue) English: smooth crabgrass, violet crabgrass; Other: sau (Palau) English: goosegrass, wiregrass, goose foot, crow's foot, bullgrass; French: pied de poule; Other: fahitalo, lau ta‘a ta‘a, ta‘a ta‘a (American Samoa and Samoa); mauku mārōki‘aki‘a (Cook Islands); kavoronaisivi, vorovoroisivi, ghoraya (Fiji); tamamau (French Polynesia), umog (Guam); manienie ali‘i (Hawaii); mahkwekwe (Kosrae); katejukjuk (Marshall Islands); mosie fahitalo (Niue); deskim, kelelamalk, keteketarmalk (Palau); reh takai (Pohnpei); takataka, takataka ‘a leala, mohuku siamane (Tonga); te uteute (from Ecoport, source not given) English: episcia, flame violet English: India rubber tree, rubber plant; Other: rapa (Cook Islands); komunokí (Palau); rapah (Pohnpei); gak‘iynigoma (Yap) English: luck plant, wild hops; French: sainfoin du bengale; Other: besungelaiei (Palau) 55 Fabaceae vine Rubiaceae tree Commelinaceae herb Table 4. Species that are reported as invasive or weedy elsewhere and are common, weedy or cultivated in Palau. Scientific Name *Gliricidia sepium *Heliconia spp. Hemigraphis alternata Hyptis capitata Ipomoea aquatica *Jacaranda mimosifolia *Jatropha curcas †Jatropha gossypiifolia Kyllinga brevifolia †Leonurus japonicus Macroptilium atropurpureum Muntingia calabura *Murraya paniculata *Nymphaea spp. Ocimum gratissimum Panicum repens Paspalum conjugatum Paspalum paniculatum *Passiflora edulis Common Names English: mother of cacao, quickstick, Mexican lilac; Spanish: madre de cacao; Other: rechesengel (Palau) English: heliconia, parrot's-flower, parrot's-plantain, crab claw, lobster claw; Other: tiare pārata‘ito (Cook Islands), vae paa (Samoa) English: metal leaf; red ivy, cemetery plant (Fiji); Other: suipi (American Samoa and Samoa) English: knobweed; Other: botones, batunes (Guam); t'aiegarabao, pathpath (Yap), maa uupo (French Polynesia) English: aquatic morning glory, swamp cabbage, water spinach, ung-choi, kang kong; French: liseron d'eau, patate aquatique; Other: aseri, seeri, seri (Chuuk); rukau taviri? (Cook Islands); ota karisa, ota karisi, wa kumala, ndrinikava, luve ne tombithi (Fiji), akankong, cancon, kangkun, kangkung, kankan (Guam); te kang kong (Kiribati); lorenzo (Nauru), kankum, kangum, kangkum (Palau); lili vai (Samoa); kangkong (Ulithi, Yap); kangking, kongkong (Yap) English: jacaranda English: physic nut, purging nut, Barbados nut; French: médicinier, pignon d'Inde, purghère; Other: tuitui pakarangi, pakarani (Cook Islands); fiki (Cook Islands, Fiji, Tonga); wiriwiri, wiriwiri ni vavalangi, uto ni vavalangi, banidakai, mbanindakai, manggele, maqele, ndrala (Fiji); tuba-tuba (Guam); kuku‘ihi (Hawai‘i), kuikui Pake (Hawai‘i (Ni‘ihau), laupata (Samoa) English: bellyache bush, cotton-leaved physic nut English: green kyllinga, green water sedge; Other: tuise (American Samoa and Samoa); tumu ‘enua (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)); kili‘o‘opu, kaluha, manunene, mau‘u mokae (Hawai‘i); esechesiding (Palau); pakopako (Tonga) English: lion’s tail, Chinese motherwort; Other: vavai tara (Cook Islands (Miti‘aro) English: siratro, purple bushbean English: jam tree, strawberry tree, Jamaican cherry, Singapore cherry, Panama cherry, Panama berry, ornamental cherry, calabura, sirsen; French: bois ramier; Other: venevene (Cook Islands (Penrhyn)); capulin (Fiji, French Polynesia); manzanilla, mansanita, manzanita (Guam, CNMI), budo (Palau, Yap) English: orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box, Hawaiian mock orange; Other: tiare ‘ānani (Cook Islands, French Polynesia) English: water lily; Other: riri vai (Cook Islands) English: wild basil, clove basil, tree basil; French: basilic, menthe gabonaise; Other: miri tītā, miri tūtae puaka, miri nganga‘ere, miri tūpāpaku (Cook Islands); miri papa‘ā, miri taratoni (Cook Islands, French Polynesia); la’au sauga (Samoa) English: torpedo grass, couch panicum, creeping panic; French: panic rampant, millet rampant; Other: wainaku grass (Hawai'i) English: T grass, ti grass, sour grass; sour palpalum, buffalo grass, carabao grass, Hilo grass (Hawai'i); French: herbe sure, herbe créole; herbe de tauère (New Caledonia); Other: vaolima, (American Samoa, Samoa, Tonga, Niue); fetin wumwune (Chuuk); mauku taravao, mauku katini (Cook Islands); mau‘u Hilo (Hawai‘i), muhsrasre (Kosrae); moise vaolima, motie vaolima (Niue and Tonga); udel ra ngebei (Palau); rehn wai (Pohnpei); vaolima matafao, vaolima papalagi (Samoa) English: Russell river grass, galmarra grass; Other: matie manutai (Cook Islands); taravao ‘uru‘uru (Cook Islands (Mangaia)) English: passion fruit, yellow passion fruit, purple passion fruit, qarandila, purple granadilla; French: grenadille; Spanish: maracuya (Galapagos Is.); Other: pārapōutini papa‘ā (Cook Islands); ka‘atene papa‘ā, katinga papa‘ā (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); liliko‘i (Hawai‘i), kudamono (Palau); pompom (Pohnpei); pasio (Samoa); vaine (Tonga) 56 Family Habit Fabaceae tree Heliconiaceae herb Acanthaceae herb Lamiaceae herb Convolvulaceae aquatic herb Bignoniaceae tree Euphorbiaceae shrub Euphorbiaceae shrub Cyperaceae sedge Lamiaceae herb Fabaceae vine Tiliaceae tree Rutaceae shrub/tree Nymphaeaceae herb Lamiaceae herb Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Passifloraceae vine Table 4. Species that are reported as invasive or weedy elsewhere and are common, weedy or cultivated in Palau. Scientific Name Passiflora foetida †Passiflora quadrangularis Passiflora suberosa Pennisetum purpureum †Pithecellobium dulce *Plectranthus amboinicus Pluchea indica ‡Pueraria phaseoloides *Quisqualis indica Ricinus communis *Samanea saman †Sambucus mexicana *Sanchezia parvibracteata Sansevieria trifasciata *Schefflera arboricola Senna alata Senna obtusifolia Senna siamea Common Names English: love-in-a-mist, wild passion fruit, passionflower, stinking passionflower; French: passiflore; Spanish: bedoca (Galapagos Is.); Other: pasio vao (American Samoa and Samoa); bombom (Chuuk), sou, loliloli ni kalavo, qaranidila (Fiji); pohapoha (Hawai‘i); lani wai (Hawai‘i (Ni‘ihau)); tea biku (Kiribati); vine vao (Niue); kudamono (Palau); pompom, pwomwpwomw (Pohnpei); kinahulo‘ atdao, dulce (Saipan); vaine ‘initia (Tonga); tomates (Yap) English: granadilla, giant granadilla; French: barbadine; Spanish: badea (Galapagos Is.); Other: papatini, pārapōtini, pārapōtini maata? (Cook Islands); kūukuma (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)); maratini (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke, Miti‘aro)); para pautini (French Polynesia); palasini, palatini, vine fua lalahi, vine palasini, tinitini (Niue); kudamono (Palau); pasio (Samoa); pasione (Tonga) English: wild passionfruit, devil's pumpkin, indigo berry, corky passionflower, corkstem passionflower; French: passiflore, grenadille; Spanish: uvilla (Galapagos Is.); Other: huehue haole (Hawai'i) English: elephant grass, napier grass, merker grass; French: herbe éléphant, fausse canne à sucre; Spanish: pasto elefante; Other: ‘erepani (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)); acfucsracsracsr (Kosrae); bokso (Palau); puk-soh (Pohnpei); vao povi (Samoa) English: Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, sweet inga; French: pois sucré; Other: kamachuri (Chuuk); camachili, kamachile, kamachiles, kamachili (Guam); kamachili, kamatire (CNMI Chamorro), ghamasiligh (CNMI-Carolinian); kamatsiri, kamatsíri, opiuma (Palau): 'opiuma (Hawai'i); kataiya (Fiji) English: Mexican mint, Spanish thyme, Cuban oregano; French: oreille; Other: rhaivoki, sage (Fiji); pasiole (Niue, Tonga); la‘au tai‘e, militini (Samoa); kaloni (Tonga) English: Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea, Indian camphorweed English: tropical kudzu, puero; Other: kūkū (Cook Islands (‘Aitu)) English: Rangoon creeper English: castor bean, castor-oil plant; French: ricin; Spanish: higuerilla; Other: lama palagi, lama papalagi (American Samoa and Samoa); tuitui papa‘ā (Cook Islands); mbele ni vavalagi, toto ni vavalagi, utouto (Fiji); agaliya (Guam); koli, pa‘aila, ka‘apeha, kamakou, la‘au, ‘aila (Hawai‘i); tuitui, tuitui fua ikiiki (Niue); gelug, maskerekur, uluchula skoki (Palau); lepo, lepohina (Tonga) English: monkeypod, rain tree, saman; French: arbre de pluie; Other: tronkon mames, trongkon-mames (CNMI-Chamorro); filinganga (CNMI-Carolinian); gumor ni spanis (Yap); 'ohai, pu ‘ohai (Hawai'i); vaivai ni vavalangi, vaivai ni vavalagi (Fiji), malapa (Samoa); kasia (Tonga) English: elderberry, Mexican elder English: sanchezia English: bowstring hemp, mother-in-law’s tongue; French: chanvre d'Afrique; Other: riri (Cook Islands); tigre (Guam), kitelel (Palau) English: dwarf brassia, dwarf schefflera, Hawaiian elf schefflera English: candle bush; candelabra bush, Roman candle tree, emperor's candlesticks, ringworm bush (Australia), alcapulco; French: epis d’or, bois dartre, dartres; Other: fa‘i lafa, la‘au fai lafa (American Samoa, Samoa and Tonga); arakak (Chuuk); mbai ni thangi (Fiji); akapuku, andadose, candalaria, take-biha (Guam); mulamula (Niue); iult, kerula besokel, yult (Palau); rakau honuki, truke-n-kili-n-wai, tuhkehn kilin wai, tirakahonuki (Pohnpei); bakau plant (Solomon Islands); te‘elango (Tonga); flay-n-sabouw (Yap) English: habucha, coffeeweed, sicklepod English: cassod tree, kassod tree, Siamese cassia, pheasantwood, Thailand shower; French: bois perdrix; Other: kasia (Tonga) 57 Family Habit Passifloraceae vine Passifloraceae vine Passifloraceae vine Poaceae grass Fabaceae tree Lamiaceae herb Asteraceae Fabaceae Combretaceae shrub vine vine Euphorbiaceae shrub Fabaceae tree Caprifoliaceae small tree Acanthaceae shrub Agavaceae herb Araliaceae shrub Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae herb Fabaceae tree Table 4. Species that are reported as invasive or weedy elsewhere and are common, weedy or cultivated in Palau. Scientific Name Common Names English: Johnson grass, Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass; French: sorgho d' Alep, sorgo de Alepo, herbe de Cuba; Spanish: cañuela, Don Carlos; Other: kola (Tonga) English: stylo, Brazilian lucerne, tropical lucerne, Nigerian stylo; Stylosanthes guianensis Other: mauku puakatoro (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)) English: malabar plum, rose apple, Malay apple; French: jambosier, pomme-rose, pommier rose; Spanish: pomarosa; Other: ka‘ika papa‘ā (Cook Islands except Ma‘uke), ka‘ika takataka (Cook Islands); ka‘ika varani (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); ka‘ika (Cook *Syzygium jambos Islands (‘Atiu)); kavika, kavika ni vavalangi, kavika ni India (Fiji), ahi‘a papa‘a, ahi‘a popa‘a (French Polynesia), ‘ohi‘a loke (Hawai‘i); iouen wai, youenwai, apel en wai (Pohnpei); seasea papalagi (Samoa); fekika papalangi (Tonga) English: pink tecoma, pink trumpet tree, white cedar; Other: calice du *Tabebuia heterophylla pape English: yellow oleander, be-still tree, lucky nut; French: oléandre jaune; Other: koneta (Chuuk); venevene (Cook Islands (Mangaia)), *Thevetia peruviana ‘enere (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke, Miti‘aro)); nohomalie (Hawai'i); irelepsech (Yap) English: tree marigold, shrub sunflower, Mexican sunflower, Japanese sunflower; Other: pua renga (Cook Islands); tiare *Tithonia diversifolia rengarenga (Cook Islands (Aitutaki)); kavakava, pua renga (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)); matala (Niue) English: Chinese burr, paroquet burr, burr bush; Other: mautofu, mautofu vao (American Samoa and Samoa); vavai tara tītā (Cook Islands); piripiri (Cook Islands (Aitutaki)); qatima (Fiji), urio (French Triumfetta rhomboidea Polynesia); dadangsi, masiksik lahe (Guam); mosipo (Niue); mo‘osipo (Tonga) English: California grass, para grass, buffalo grass, Mauritius grass, signal grass; French: herbe de Para; Other: mauku puakatoro (Cook Urochloa mutica Islands); puakatau (Tonga) English: brachiaria, green summer grass, tropical signalgrass, cori Urochloa subquadripara grass Sorghum halepense *Cultivated †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) ‡Reported present by Raulerson et al. (1996) 58 Family Habit Poaceae grass Fabaceae herb Myrtaceae tree Bignoniaceae tree Apocynaceae small tree Asteraceae shrub Tiliaceae shrub Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Table 5. Native species (or Micronesian introductions) that can exhibit aggressive behavior Scientific Name Common Names Family English: casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine, she-oak, horsetail tree, beefwood; Other: toa (American Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Hawai‘i, Niue, Samoa and Tonga); weeku (Chuuk); ‘aito (French Polynesia (Society Islands)); gagu, gago (Guam, CNMICasuarinaceae Chamorro); weighu (CNMI-Carolinian); pientri (pinetree), nidil, bû Casuarina equisetifolia ukam (bluegum on some atolls), nidõ (needle" on some atolls) burukam (Kiribati); mejinoki (Marshall Islands); agas, agasu, ngas, ngasu (Palau); ueuhir (Satawal); neokuk, ueoku, ueokuk (Satawan); lach (Ulithi); laash (Woleai); noc, nach (Yap) English: Mackie's pest, lovegrass, seed grass, golden beardgrass, seedy grass (Solomon Islands); Other: matie ‘enua, mauku ko‘eko‘e (Cook Islands); tuakura (Cook Islands (Ngaputoru)); papapa (French Poaceae Chrysopogon aciculatus Polynesia); inifuk, palaii (Guam); manienie ‘ula, pi‘ipi‘i, pilipili ‘ula (Hawai‘i); mosie fisi (Niue); iul (Palau); mutia tai, mutia vao (Samoa); matapekepeke, matapekapeka matapekepeka (Tonga); herbe plate (Vanuatu) Gmelina elliptica Other: kalngebard ra belau (Palau) Lamiaceae Ischaemum English: paddle grass; Other: mah (Kosrae); reh padil (Pohnpei) Poaceae polystachyum English: muraina grass, wrinkle duck-beak, saramatta grass; Other: Poaceae †Ischaemum rugosum tho muraina, co muraina (Fiji) English: centipede grass, stalkleaf murainagrass, lucuntu grass; Poaceae †Ischaemum timorense Other: waidoi grass (Fiji) English: white kyllinga, whitehead spikesedge, whitewater sedge; Other: neke ‘enua (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke, Ngaputoru?)); chaguan lemae, botoncillo (Guam—Chamorro); kili‘o‘opu (Hawai‘i), ta‘a ta‘a, Cyperaceae ‡Kyllinga nemoralis ta‘a ta‘a vili taliga, matie upo‘o, matie Tahiti, mo‘u upo‘onui, mo‘u upo‘o, tuise (Samoa); pakopako, pakopako ‘ae kuma (Tahiti); tuise (Tonga) English: merremia; Other: fue vae (American Samoa), fue lautetele (American Samoa and Samoa); fidau, fitau, fitaw, fitay (Chuuk); kūrima (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)); pohue (French Polynesia); lagon, lagoun, lagun (Guam); pala, pul, para, puhlah (Kosrae); fue, fue vao, Convolvulaceae Merremia peltata fue kula (Niue); kebeas (Palau); ceul, lohl, iol, yol, yool (Pohnpei); abui, grobihi, arosumou (Solomon Islands); fue mea (Tonga); wachathal (Yap) Operculina turpethum Other: ongucheta rekung (Palau) Convolvulaceae English: kudzu, Japanese arrowroot; Other: aka (American Samoa, Pueraria montana var. Tonga, Niue, Wallis and Futuna); a‘a (American Samoa and Samoa); Fabaceae lobata yaka , wa yaka, nggariaka (Fiji); akataha, fue‘aepuaka (Tonga); deday (Yap); acha, nepalem English: wild cane, false sugarcane; Other: to aheo (French Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum Polynesia); ac (Kosrae); banga ruchel (Palau); tebu salah; ahlek, ahlec, (Pohnpei); vao tolo (Samoa) †Sacciolepis indica English: glenwood grass Poaceae English: foxtail, garden bristle grass, hairy-tail grass, yellow Poaceae †Setaria pumila bristlegrass, Queensland pigeon grass (Australia), cat's tail grass (Fiji); French: sétaire glauque English: smutgrass, wiregrass, Indian dropseed; Other: fisihina Poaceae Sporobolus indicus (Tonga) English: hibiscus burr, aramina, caesarweed, pink Chinese burr, urena burr, bur mallow; Other: mautofu (American Samoa and Samoa); nognuk, ocher (Chuuk); qatima, gataya, nggatima (Fiji); vavai tara tītā (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)); piripiri (Cook Islands, French Malvaceae †Urena lobata Polynesia); dadangsi, dadangsi apaka, dadangsi machingat, dádangse (Guam); motipo, mosipo (Niue); chosuched e kui, osuched a rechui (Palau); karap, korop (Pohnpei); mo'osipo Tonga (Tonga) †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) ‡Reported present by Raulerson et al. (1996) 59 Habit tree grass shrub grass grass grass sedge vine vine vine grass grass grass grass shrub Appendix 2. Other invasive plant species, mostly ruderal weeds or of agricultural concern. Table 1. Other invasive plant species not seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name Abutilon grandiflorum Abutilon theophrasti Acacia sinuata Acalypha alopecuroides Acanthocereus tetragonus Acmella uliginosa Aeschynomene indica Alternanthera pungens Amaranthus blitum Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthus interruptus Ammannia auriculata Anagallis arvensis Axonopus fissifolius Blainvillea gayana Borreria verticillata Brachiaria eruciformis Brassica juncea Brugmansia suaveolens Cajanus scarabaeoides Calotis lappulacea Centaurea melitensis Centaurium spicatum Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodium murale Chloris divaricata Chloris gayana Chloris virgata Ciclospermum leptophyllum Common Names English: hairy abutilon English: abutilon-hemp, butterprint, buttonweed, China-jute, Indianmallow, Tientsin-jute, velvetleaf, velvetweed English: chikakai, piquant sappan, sappan, soap pod English: foxtail copperleaf Family Habit Malvaceae shrub Malvaceae herb Fabaceae Euphorbiaceae shrub herb English: barbed-wire cactus, sword-pear, triangle cactus Cactaceae succulent Other: mbotembotekoro (Fiji) English: budda pea, curly-indigo, hard sola, Indian joint-vetch, kat sola, northern joint-vetch, sensitive jointed vetch, sensitive vetch English: khaki weed; Spanish: hierba del pollo English: amaranth, livid amaranth, slender amaranth; French: amarante livide; Spanish: bledo; Other: tupu'a (Tonga) English: bush greens, purple amaranth, red amaranth, red shank; French: amarante étalée, queue de renard; Spanish: achita, bledo English: amaranth Asteraceae herb Fabaceae herb Amaranthaceae herb Amaranthaceae herb Amaranthaceae herb Amaranthaceae Lythraceae herb herb English: bird's-eye, poor-man's weatherglass, red chickweed, scarlet pimpernel, shepherd's-weatherglass; French: buglosse des champs, Primulaceae mouron des champs; Spanish: murajes English: caratao grass, narrow-leaved carpetgrass Poaceae Asteraceae Rubiaceae English: sweet signal grass Poaceae English: Chinese mustard, India mustard, Indian mustard, Oriental Brassicaceae mustard; Spanish: mostaza india; Other: sausi (Fiji); mostaza (Guam-Chamorro) Solanaceae English: peanut grass (Fiji), tropical clover (Fiji) Fabaceae English: bur daisy, yellow daisy burr Asteraceae English: Maltese cockspur, Maltese star thistle, Napa thistle, yellow Asteraceae star thistle; French: coix de Malte English: spiked centaury Gentianaceae English: American wormseed, bluebush, Jerusalem tea, Mexican tea, Spanish-tea, wormseed; French: ambroisie du Mexique, herbe a Chenopodiaceae puces; Spanish: apazote, aposote, epazote, hierba hormiguera, pazote, paico (Peru); Other: wai ni ukuwomu (Fiji); apasotes, alapasotes (Chamorro-Guam) English: Australian-spinach, green fat hen, nettle-leaf goosefoot, Chenopodiaceae salt-green, sowbane English: slender chloris, star grass, star windmill grass Poaceae English: Rhodes grass; French: chloris, herbe de Rhodes; Spanish: Poaceae grama de Rodas, pasto de Rodas English: feather finger grass, feathered chloris, feathertop Rhodes grass, feathery Rhodes grass, oldland grass, sweet grass; Spanish: Poaceae verdillo plumerito, zacate pluma English: fir-leaved celery, marsh parsley, slender celery English: spear thistle, Scotch thistle, bull thistle, black thistle, plume Cirsium vulgare thistle; Other: pua kali (Hawai'i) Cleome spinosa English: spiny spider-flower English: Benghal dayflower, dayflower, hairy wandering Jew, Commelina benghalensis wandering Jew; Other: hairy honohono (Hawai‘i); mau'u Tonga (Samoa); kanini, kaningi, musie matala pulu (Tonga) Conyza aegyptiaca English: fleabane 60 herb grass herb herb grass herb shrub vine herb herb fern herb herb grass grass grass Apiaceae herb Asteraceae herb Capparaceae Commelinaceae herb Asteraceae herb Table 1. Other invasive plant species not seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name Conyza sumatrensis Corchorus olitorius Corchorus trilocularis Coronopus didymus Cotula australis Crotalaria linifolia Crotalaria quinquefolia Crotalaria retusa Crotalaria verrucosa Cuphea carthagenensis Common Names English: broadleaf fleabane, tall fleabane; Other: wavuwavu, tho ni vavalangi, tho ni papalangi, tumbua, thovuka, matakaro (Fiji); pakaka (Tonga) English: Jew's mallow, jute, Nalta jute, tossa jute; French: corète potagère; Spanish: yute; Other: melokhia (Fiji) English: bittercress, swinecress, wart cress; Other: lesivao (Tonga) Engllish: bachelor's-button, carrotweed, common cotula, Australian brass buttons English: narrow-leaved crotalaria English: rattlepod; Other: mboa (Fiji); kaskabeles, cascanetas (Chamorro-Guam) English: devil-bean, wedge-leaf crotalaria, wedge-leaf rattlepod; Spanish: cascabel fétido; Other: piini? (Tonga) English: blue-flower rattlepod, tooth-leaf rattlepod English: Columbian cuphea, Colombian waxweed, tarweed; Other: lasahia, kerisi (Fiji); laau fau moti (Samoa) Cuscuta cassytoides Cyathula prostrata Cymbopogon refractus Cyperus cyperoides Cyperus gracilis Cyperus ligularis Cyrtococcum trigonum Dactylis glomerata Datura ferox Datura inoxia Datura stramonium English: cyathula; Other: mata kura (Cook Islands (Miti'aro?); tolomo'unga (Tonga) English: barbwire grass, soap grass; Other: ramga, othangithangi, thoyangiyangi (Fiji); aretu monoi, aretu noanoa (French Polynesia) Other: pako (Niue); tuise (Samoa); pako pako (Tonga) English: McCoy grass, slender sedge, whisker grass, whisker sedge; Other: mau‘u hunehune (Hawai‘i) English: rocket sedge, swamp flatsedge English: short-leaf cyrtococcum grass English: barnyard grass, cocksfoot, cockspur, orchard grass; French: dactyle pelotonné, gramen pelotonné; Spanish: jopillo English: fierce thorn-apple, large thorn-apple, long-spine thorn-apple English: angel's-trumpet, downy thorn-apple, Indian-apple, sacred datura, thorn-apple; French: datura innocente; Spanish: cacaito English: datura, jimsonweed, moonflower, purple thorn-apple, thornapple; French: datura stramoine, herbe des taupes, pomme épineuse; Spanish: datura manzana, estramonio, tapa; Other: hurhur (Fiji); lā’au hānō, kīkānia, kīkānia haole (Hawai‘i) Desmodium scorpiurus Family Asteraceae herb Tiliaceae herb Tiliaceae Brassicaceae herb herb Asteraceae herb Fabaceae herb Fabaceae herb Fabaceae herb Fabaceae herb Lythraceae herb Cuscutaceae herb Amaranthaceae herb Poaceae grass Cyperaceae sedge Cyperaceae sedge Cyperaceae Poaceae sedge grass Poaceae grass Solanaceae herb Solanaceae herb Solanaceae herb Fabaceae English: silverleaf desmodium, Spanish clover, Spanish tick-clover; Fabaceae Desmodium uncinatum Spanish: desmodio plateado, pega pega English: Angleton grass, bluestem, Diaz bluestem, Hindi grass, Poaceae Dichanthium annulatum Kleberg bluestem, marvel grass, sheda grass, vunda blue grass (Fiji) English: common finger grass, digit grass, pangola grass, woolly Poaceae Digitaria eriantha finger grass; French: digitaria; Spanish: pangola, pasto pangola Digitaria horizontalis Poaceae English: crab finger grass, hairy crabgrass, large crabgrass, manne Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis terrestre, panic sanguin, summer grass; Spanish: garrachuelo Diplotaxis muralis English: wall rocket Brassicaceae English: drymaria, tropical chickweed, West Indian chickweed; Caryophyllaceae Drymaria cordata French: mourron blanc; Other: pipili, pilipili (Hawai‘i) English: barnyard grass, burgu grass, hippo grass, long-awn water Poaceae Echinochloa stagnina grass; Other: bangara gaddi (Fiji) Eleutheranthera ruderalis Other: pakaka (Tonga) Asteraceae Emex australis English: doublegee, spiny emex, three-corner Jack Polygonaceae Emex spinosa Polygonaceae Emilia coccinea English: Flora’s paintbrush, tasselflower Asteraceae Emilia fosbergii Other: pualele (Hawai‘i—Ni‘ihau) Asteraceae Eragrostis elongata English: clustered lovegrass (Australia) Poaceae Eragrostis tenuifolia English: elastic grass, love grass Poaceae Eragrostis tremula Poaceae Eragrostis unioloides Poaceae 61 Habit herb herb grass grass grass grass herb herb grass herb herb herb herb herb grass grass grass Table 1. Other invasive plant species not seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name Erechtites valerianifolia Eryngium foetidum Euphorbia helioscopia Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia peplus Fallopia convolvulus Fleurya interrupta Foeniculum vulgare Galinsoga parviflora Gamochaeta pensylvanica Gamochaeta purpurea Gloriosa superba Glycine tabacina Gomphrena celosioides Gomphrena serrata Helianthus argophyllus Heterocentron subtriplinervium Hypochoeris glabra Indigofera hirsuta Indigofera linifolia Indigofera spicata Ipomoea alba Ipomoea cairica Ipomoea obscura Ipomoea ochracea Ipomoea purpurea Ischaemum indicum Justicia betonica Justicia procumbens Khaya senegalensis Kyllinga melanosperma Leontodon taraxacoides Lepidium ruderale Lepidium sativum Limonia acidissima Lindernia nummulariifolia Lobelia zeylanica Lygodium palmatum Common Names English: Brazilian fireweed, fireweed, fireweed daisy, Ceylon thistle; Other: co vuka, thovuka (Fiji); fua lele, pua lele (Samoa); fisi puna (Tonga) English: false coriander, shadow-beni, stinkweed; French: azier la fièvre, chardon étoilé; Spanish: culantro English: sun spurge English: Mexican fireplant, milkweed, painted euphorbia, painted spurge, paintedleaf, wild spurge; French: caca poule; Spanish: hierba de leche; Other: kaliko (Hawai‘i); te tarai (Kiribati) English: petty spurge English: black bindweed, wild buckwheat Other: salato, salato ni koro, salato vutivali (Fiji); hongohongo (Niue, Tonga); ongo ongo (Niue, Samoa); ogoogo (Samoa); akoako fuluma (Solomon Islands); nanggalat (Vanuatu); mangeo (Wallis and Futuna) English: fennel; French: fenouil; Spanish: hinojo; Other: taretare tui‘ei (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)); pan mauri, sonf? (Fiji); anis hinoho (Guam—Chamorro); taletale (Niue) English: gallant soldier, small-flower galinsoga, yellow weed Family Asteraceae Habit herb Apiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae Polygonaceae herb herb Urticaceae herb Apiaceae herb Asteraceae herb English: Pennsylvania cudweed Asteraceae herb English: purple cudweed English: climbing-lily, creeping-lily, flame-lily, glory-lily, gloriosa lily; Other: riri vavai-moa (Cook Islands ('Atiu)) Asteraceae herb Liliaceae herb English: gomphrena weed English: gamphrena (Guam) English: silverleaf sunflower; Other: siola'a (Samoa) Fabaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Asteraceae herb herb herb herb English: pearl flower Melastomataceae herb English: smooth cats-ear English: hairy indigo, rough hairy indigo Asteraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae herb shrub herb herb Convolvulaceae vine Convolvulaceae vine Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae vine vine herb Poaceae grass Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Meliaceae Cyperaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae shrub herb tree sedge herb herb Brassicaceae herb Rutaceae tree Scrophulariaceae herb Campanulaceae herb Schizaeaceae fern English: creeping indigo English: moonflower; Other: alaihai-tasi (Guam-Chamorro); koali pehu (Hawai‘i), fue sina, fue to (Samoa) English: Cairo morning glory, coastal morning glory, ivy-leaved morning glory, railroad-creeper; Other: koali ‘ai, koali, koali ‘ai‘ai (Ni‘ihau), koali lau manamana, kowali, pa‘ali (Hawai‘i), sefifi sea (Niue) English: common morning-glory, tall morning-glory English: batiki blue grass (Fiji), mbatiki blue grass (Fiji), mbalanga grass (Fiji) English: white shrimp plant, squirrel's tail English: African mahogany, Senegal mahogany English: rough hawkbit English: peppergrass English: garden cress; French: cresson alénois; Spanish: berro de huerta English: elephant-apple, Indian wood-apple, wood-apple English: white root; Other: vononiwai (Fiji) English: Hartford fern, American climbing fern, creeping fern, Windsor fern 62 Table 1. Other invasive plant species not seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name Malvastrum coromandelianum Marrubium vulgare Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicago polymorpha Melochia corchorifolia Merremia bracteata Merremia hirta Merremia pacifica Merremia umbellata Mikania scandens Monochoria hastata Monochoria vaginalis Nelumbo nucifera Nicandra physalodes Oldenlandia pumila Opuntia dillenii Opuntia stricta Ottelia ovalifolia Oxalis debilis Panicum decompositum Parthenium hysterophorus Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum fimbriatum Paspalum setaceum Passiflora subpeltata Pennisetum glaucum Phyllanthus tenellus Phyllanthus virgatus Physalis peruviana Phytolacca octandra Plantago debilis Plantago lanceolata Common Names English: false mallow, prickly malvastrum Other: purūmu (Cook Islands); te‘ehosi, te‘ehoosi (Tonga) English: common horehound, horehound, white horehound; French: marrube blanc, marrube vulgaire; Spanish: marrubio común English: devil's claw, iceplant, small-fruit devil's claw, tiger's-claw; French: Tête de mort English: black medic, hop-clover, nonesuch, yellow trefoil; French: lupuline, minette dorée; Spanish: mielga azafranada English: burr medic, California bur-clover, hairy medic, toothed burclover, toothed medic; French: luzerne hérissée; Spanish: carretón de amores, trébol de carretilla Other: bundaya, bundahia, bundava (Fiji) Other: ambui (Solomon Islands) Family Malvaceae herb Lamiaceae herb Martyniaceae herb Fabaceae herb Fabaceae herb Sterculiaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Other: veliyawa (Fiji) Convolvulaceae English: yellow wood rose; Other: sovivi (Fiji) Convolvulaceae English: climbing hempweed, climbing hempvine Asteraceae English: arrow-leaf monochoria, hastate-leaf pondweed, monochoria Pontederiaceae English: cordate monochoria, oval-leaf monochoria, oval-leafPontederiaceae pondweed, pickerel weed; Other: mbekambekairanga (Fiji) English: East Indian lotus, lotus, lotusroot, oriental lotus, sacred lotus; French: fève d'Egypte, lotus indien, lotus sacré; Spanish: loto Nelumbonaceae sagrado, rosa del Nilo English: apple of Peru, shooflyplant; French: nicandra; Spanish: Solanaceae capulí cimarró Rubiaceae English: dildo, Eltham indian fig, sweet prickly-pear Cactaceae English: erect prickly-pear, southern spineless cactus Cactaceae English: swamp lily (Australia) Hydrocharitaceae English: pink wood-sorrel, lilac oxalis; Other: ‘ihi pehu (Hawai‘i), ‘ii Oxalidaceae (Samoa) English: Australian millet, umbrella grass Poaceae English: bitterweed, carrot grass, false ragweed, feverfew, Asteraceae parthenium weed, ragweed parthenium, whitetop, Santa Maria English: paspalum, dallis grass, water grass; French: paspalum dilaté, herbe sirop, herbe de miel, herbe de dallis, millet bâtard; Poaceae Other: hiku nua (Niue) English: fimbriate paspalum, winged paspalum, Panama paspalum, Poaceae Panama crowngrass, Columbia grass Poaceae English: white passionflower; Spanish: granadina Passifloraceae English: bajra, bulrush millet, burr bristle grass, cat’s tail grass, cattail millet, mongoose tail grass (Fiji), pearl millet, yellow bristle Poaceae grass, yellow foxtail; French: millet à chandelles, millet perle; Spanish: mijo negro English: long-stalk phyllanthus, Mascarene Island leaf-flower Euphorbiaceae English: seed-under-leaf (Samoa); Other: moemoe 'enua? (Cook Euphorbiaceae Islands); tei ni niu (Fiji); 'avasa (Samoa) English: Cape gooseberry, goldenberry, gooseberry-tomato, Peruvian ground-cherry, Peruvian-cherry; French: capuli, coqueret du Peru, groseiller du cap; Spanish: alquequenje, capulí, uvilla (Ecuador); Other: tūpera (Cook Islands); botebote yadra, Solanaceae mbotembote yandra, kospeli, maulaqua, maulanggua, tukiyadra, tukiyandra (Fiji); tupere (French Polynesia), pohā, pa‘ina (Hawai‘i); manini (Niue); ku‘usi (Tonga) Engish: pokeweed, Southern pokeberry, ink weed (Australia) Phytolaccaceae Plantaginaceae English: buckhorn, buckhorn plantain, English plantain, narrowleaved plantain, plantain (Vanuatu), ribgrass, ribwort plantain; Plantaginaceae French: petit plantain; Spanish: llantén menor; Other: filo, filohako (Tonga) 63 Habit herb vine vine vine vine vine aquatic herb aquatic herb aquatic herb herb herb cactus cactus aquatic herb herb grass herb grass grass grass vine grass herb herb shrub shrub herb herb Table 1. Other invasive plant species not seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name Plantago major Common Names English: broadleaf plantain, common plantain, greater plantain; French: grand plantain, plantain majeur; Spanish: llantén, llantén común, llantén major; Other: laukahi, kūhēkili (Hawai‘i); filo, filomatolu (Tonga) Polygonum dichotomum Polygonum glabrum Other: kāmole (Hawai‘i) English: false elephant foot, tobacco weed (Vanuatu), Yasawa Pseudelephantopus tobacco weed (Fiji); French: faux tabac des Samoa; Spanish: hierba de caballo (Columbia); Other: vao elefane, vao maligi, vao malini spicatus (Samoa) Rhynchosia minima English: rhynchosia; Other: pine likku, pine Liku (Niue) Rottboellia English: guinea-fowl grass, itchgrass, Kelly grass, kokoma grass, cochinchinensis Raoul grass Rumex brownii English: brown dock, hooked dock, slender dock, swamp dock Rumex crispus English: curled dock, curly dock, sour dock, yellow dock Rumex pulcher English: fiddle dock English: red salvia, red sage, scarlet sage, Texas sage, tropical Salvia coccinea sage, wild salvia (Fiji); Other: titānia (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)); līlīlehua (Hawai‘i); momili (Niue); te'ekosi (Tonga) English: blue sage, West Indian sage; Other: mauku 'aunga-kino (Cook Islands (Ma'uke)); pupu elo, sealu (Niue); te'ekosi totolo Salvia occidentalis (Tonga) Senecio quadridentatus English: cotton fireweed Senna bicapsularis English: Christmasbush, moneybush, rambling cassia Senna hirsuta English: stinking cassia (Fiji) Senna multiglandulosa Senna sophera Other: matui (Tonga) Setaria barbata English: bristly foxtail grass English: foxtail millet, German millet, Hungarian millet, Italian millet; Setaria italica French: millet d'Italie, millet des oiseaux, petit mil, sétaire-d'Italie; Spanish: mijo de Italia, mijo menor, moha, panizo English: knotroot bristle grass, knotroot foxtail, perennial foxtail, Setaria parviflora slender pigeon grass, yellow foxtail; Other: mau‘u Kaleponi (Hawai‘i) Sida cordifolia English: flannelweed, heart-leaf sida Sida glomerata Other: mautofu (Samoa) Sida linifolia Sida paniculata Sida urens Sisymbrium erysimoides English: smooth mustard Sisyrinchium English: scourweed; Other: wa ma ndrala (Fiji) micranthum Solanum mammosum English: nipple fruit; French: pomme zombi Soliva anthemifolia English: dwarf jojo Sonchus arvensis English: corn sow thistle, field sow thistle, perennial sow thistle English: annual sow thistle, common sow thistle, hare's-lettuce, milk thistle, sow thistle; Spanish: cerraja; Other: pū‘ā (Cook Islands); Sonchus oleraceus pualele (Hawai‘i), pupe lele, puha, puna (Niue); longolongo'uha (Tonga) Sorghum arundinaceum English: common wild sorghum, kavirondo sorghum (Fiji) Sphenoclea zeylanica Sporobolus pyramidalis Stachys arvensis English: staggerweed Stapelia gigantea English: carrion flower, starfish flower, zulu-giant, giant toad plant Struchium sparganophorum English: common dandelion, dandelion, lion's-tooth; French: dent de lion, pissenlit vulgaire; Spanish: achicoria amarga, amargón, diente Taraxacum officinale de león; Other: laulele, lauhele (Hawai‘i) Tephrosia noctiflora Teucrium vesicarium 64 Family Habit Plantaginaceae herb Polygonaceae Polygonaceae herb Asteraceae herb Fabaceae herb Poaceae grass Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae herb herb herb Lamiaceae herb Lamiaceae herb Asteraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Poaceae herb shrub shrub shrub herb grass Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Brassicaceae shrub shrub herb shrub shrub herb Iridaceae herb Solanaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae shrub herb herb Asteraceae herb Poaceae Sphenocleaceae. Poaceae Lamiaceae Asclepiadaceae grass herb grass herb succulent Asteraceae herb Asteraceae herb Fabaceae Lamiaceae herb herb Table 1. Other invasive plant species not seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name Common Names English: ulla English: grader grass, habana grass, kangaroo grass; French: herbe kangourou English: Spanish moss, old man's beard, grandfather’s whiskers, air Tillandsia usneoides plant; French: cheveaux du roi, barbe grise, fille de l'air Trichodesma zeylanicum English: camel bush Other: lakanikasa, lakanirase, setamoli (Fiji); uluhenga? (Niue); Uraria lagopodioides iku‘ipusi (Tonga) Urochloa glumaris Urochloa humidicola English: creeping signal grass, koronivia grass English: purpletop, South American vervain, tall verbena; Other: Verbena bonariensis sekara, vunikuta (Fiji), momili vao (Niue) Verbena litoralis Other: ōwī, oī (Hawai‘i); ha‘uōwī, ha‘uōwī (Hawai‘i-Ni‘ihau) Verbena rigida English: veined verbena English: black-pod vetch, common vetch, narrow-leaf vetch, spring Vicia sativa ssp. nigra vetch; Spanish: averijilla Vigna radiata English: green gram, golden gram, mung, mung bean Other: ‘uhaloa, ‘ala‘ala pū loa, hal ‘uhaloa, hi‘aloa, kanakaloa Waltheria indica (Hawai‘i) English: Australian burr (Cook Islands), California-bur, cocklebur, noogoora burr; Other: ovuka, nggatima ni vavalangi, qatima ni Xanthium strumarium vavalagi (Fiji), kikania (Hawai‘i) English: daggerplant, Spanish-bayonet; French: bayonnette; Yucca aloifolia Spanish: yuca English: Chinese jujube, Chinese date, Chinese plum, common Ziziphus jujuba jujube; French: jujubier commun; Spanish: azufaifo; Other: ber (Fiji) Family Habit Themeda gigantea Poaceae grass Themeda quadrivalvis Poaceae grass Bromeliaceae bromeliad Sources: Swarbrick (1997), Waterhouse (1997) and Whistler (1988) 65 Boraginaceae herb Fabaceae herb Poaceae Poaceae grass grass Verbenaceae herb Verbenaceae Verbenaceae herb herb Fabaceae herb Fabaceae herb Sterculiaceae shrub Asteraceae herb Agavaceae shrub Rhamnaceae tree Table 2. Other invasive plant species seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name Acalypha indica Acalypha lanceolata Ageratum conyzoides Alysicarpus vaginalis Amaranthus dubius Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthus viridis Annona muricata Annona reticulata †Annona squamosa Argemone mexicana Asclepias curassavica Averrhoa bilimbi Axonopus compressus Common Names English: copperleaf, Indian-nettle, ricinela; Other: hierba del cancer (Guam-Chamorro) Other: puapua (Cook Islands (Miti'aro)); ongo ongo (Niue); ogo ogo (Samoa); hongohongo (Tonga English: billygoat-weed, chick week, goatweed, whiteweed; French: azier françois, baume, bouton; Spanish: chuva; Other: botebotekoro, mata mothemothe, mbotembotekoro, sogovanua, songovanua (Fiji); mumutung (Guam-Chamorro), maire vaihi (French Polynesia); maile hohono, maile honohono, maile kula (Hawai‘i); sekose sea (Niue); ngmak (Palau); a‘amia, tae‘oti (Samoa); te‘ehosi (Tonga) English: alyce-clover, buffalo-clover, one-leaf-clover; French: alysicarpus; Spanish: maní cimarrón English: amaranth, spleen amaranth; French: brède de Malabar; Spanish: bledo, bledos malezas, pira; Other: toyala (Fiji); te uekeueke (Kiribati) English: edlebur, needle burr, spiny amaranth, thorny pigweed; French: épinard cochon, épinard malabre; Spanish: bledo espinoso, espinaca de Malabar; Other: kulites, kuletes (Guam—Chamorro); pakai kuku (Hawai‘i) English: green amaranth, pigweed, slender amaranth; French: amarante verte; Spanish: bledo; Other: va‘ine ‘ara (Cook Islands); chauriya, chauraiya, choroiya, ndriti, ngasau ni vuaka, tumua (Fiji); kuletes apaka (Guam—Chamorro); pakai, ‘aheahea, pakaikai, pakapakai (Hawai‘i); te moota (Kiribati); ‘au tasi (Samoa); spinach (Solomon Islands); tupu‘a (Tonga) English: soursop, prickly custard apple; French: corossolier, cacheimantier épineux, cachiman épineux, corossol épineux; Other: syasyap (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands); kātara‘apa (Cook Islands); kātara‘apa papa‘ā (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); naponapo taratara (Cook Islands (Aitutaki)); saasaf, sasaf (Chuuk); tapotapo papaa (French Polynesia); laguana, laguaná, laguanaha, laguanaba, labuanaha (Guam); sosap (Kosrae); jojaab (Marshall Islands); talapo fotofoto (Niue); sausab (Palau); sei, sae, truka shai (Pohnpei); sasalapa (Samoa); ‘apele ‘initia (Tonga); sausau (Yap) English: bullock's-heart, custard-apple; French: annone réticulée, coeur de boeuf; Spanish: anona corazón, corazón de buey, mamán; Other: uto ni bulamakau, chotka sarifa (Fiji) English: sugar apple, sweetsop, custard apple, sugar apple; French: annone écailleuse, pomme-canelle; Other: tapotapo (Cook Islands, French Polynesia); tapotapo Māori (Cook Islands); kātara‘apa Māori (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); naponapo Māori (Cook Islands (Aitutaki)); atis, ates (Guam); ngel ra ngebard (Palau), ‘apele papalangi, ‘apele Tonga (Tonga), nameana (Tuvalu) English: Mexican prickly-poppy, Mexican poppy, prickly poppy, yellow thistle; French: argémone du Mexique; Spanish: adormidera espinosa, cardo santo, chicalote English: bastard ipecac, blood flower, bloodflower milkweed, butterfly weed, false ipecac, milkweed; French: herbe a gendarme, ipéca sauvage; Spanish: algodoncillo, corcalito, flor de sangre, yuquillo; Other: tirika, tiare moko (Cook Islands); false ipiciachuana, wathiwathi, vu ni lolia, madhar (Fiji); asuncion (Guam-Chamorro); laulele, lauhele, nu‘umela, pua ‘anuhe (Hawai‘i); pepetoa, vaomumu, vao fualele (Samoa); lou pepe, tu‘ulapepe (Tonga) English: bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree cucumber, tree sorrel; French: zibeline; Spanish: bilimbí, grosella China; Other: pikue (GuamChamorro) English: blanket grass, carpetgrass; Other: kambutu ni vavalangi (Fiji) ‡Bacopa procumbens 66 Family Habit Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Asteraceae herb Fabaceae herb Amaranthaceae herb Amaranthaceae herb Amaranthaceae herb Annonaceae tree Annonaceae tree Annonaceae tree Papaveraceae herb Asclepiadaceae herb Oxalidaceae tree Poaceae grass Scrophulariaceae herb Table 2. Other invasive plant species seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name Begonia × semperflorens-cultorum Bidens alba †Bidens pilosa Bixa orellana Blechum pyramidata Breynia disticha Caladium bicolor Cananga odorata Catharanthus roseus Celosia argentea Common Names English: bedding begonia, perpetual begonia, wax begonia; French: bégonia semperflorens; Spanish: perpetua English: beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs, romerillo; Other: ki, ki nehe, ki pipili, nehe (Hawai‘i) English: beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs; French: piquants noirs, bident hérissé, herbe d'aiguille, herbe villebague (Mauritius); Other: piripiri kerekere (Cook Islands); piripiri (Cook Islands, French Polynesia (Tahiti)); nīroa (Cook Islands (Aitutaki)); kamika tuarongo (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); tae puaka (Futuna); batimadramadra, mbatimandramandra, mbatikalawau, matakaro, matua kamate (Fiji); ki, ki nehe, ki pipili, nehe (Hawai'i); kofe tonga, kofetoga (Niue); fisi'uli (Tonga) English: anatto, annato, annatto, arnatto, lipstick tree; French: atole, roucou, roucouyer; Spanish: achiote, achote, bija; Other: ‘uaeva, tāmuramura (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)), nggisa, nggesa, qesa (Fiji), ‘uaefa (French Polynesia (Tahiti)), achiote (Guam—Chamorro); ‘alaea, ‘alaea la‘au, kumauna (Hawai‘i); burek (Palau) English: green shrimp plant, blackweed (Samoa), Browne’s blechum; Other: ererion , fetinin namocels (Chuuk); yetbas babney (CNMI— Alamagan); lasaga, yetbas babui (CNMI—Saipan); ligakoka (Faraulap); yerbas babui (Guam);, aurowra (Nomwin); vao uli (Samoa); atait (Satawal); gacel, malai, melai (Yap) English: snowbush, snowbush breynia, sweetpea bush, foliageflower; Other: maemae (Cook Islands (Miti‘aro)) English: caladium, elephant's-ear, fancy-leaf caladium, heart-ofJesus; Other: corazon de Santa Maria (Guam-Chamorro); kalokalakoa (Hawai'i) English: perfume tree; French: canang odorant; Other: moso‘oi (American Samoa and Samoa); pwanang, pwuur, pwalang (Chuuk); ylang-ylang, lengileng; (CNMI); moto‘oi, mata‘oi, mato‘oi (Cook Islands, Niue, Tahiti); makasoi, makosoi, makusui, mokohoi, mokosoi (Fiji); moto‘i (French Polynesia); ilang-ilang, alang-ilang (Guam, CNMI, Philippines); lanalana (Hawai‘i); ilanlang, ilahnglahng (Kosrae); ilanilan, ilañlañ (Marshall Islands); motoi (Niue); chiráng, irang (Palau); pur-n-wai, pwurenwai, sair-n-wai, seirin wai, seir en wai (Pohnpei); mohoki, mohokoi (Tonga) English: Cape periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle, old-maid, rose periwinkle, rosy periwinkle; French: pervenche de Madagascar; Spanish: chatas, chula, pervinca de Madagascar; Other: tiare tāpau (Cook Islands), tiare mākaru (Cook Islands (Mangaia, Oneroa Village)); tiare mākurūta (Cook Islands (Ngaputou)); tiare kimo (Cook Islands (eastern Rarotonga)); tiare akiaki (northern Cook Islands); taramea, tiara taramea (Cook Islands (Aitutaki?)); kātini (Cook Islands (Mangaia, Tamarua Villiage)); kihapai (Hawai‘i)) English: cockscomb; repe moa (French Polynesia); esechilamalk (Palau) Centratherum punctatum Family Habit Begoniaceae herb Asteraceae herb Asteraceae herb Bixaceae shrub Acanthaceae herb Euphorbiaceae shrub Araceae herb Annonaceae tree Apocynaceae herb Amaranthaceae herb Asteraceae herb Chamaesyce hirta English: asthma plant, garden spurge, pill-bearing spurge, hairy spurge, sneeze weed (Solomon Islands); French: herbe a dysenterie, herbe a verrues; Other: totototo titā (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)); ndeniose, ndeniosi, samunggawe, ovuka, ovoku (Fiji); Euphorbiaceae eaea, raau topau (French Polynesia); golondrina (Guam-Chamorro); koko kahiki (Hawai‘i); toto tane (Niue); udall (Palau); la‘au fai moti (Samoa); sakisi (Tonga) herb Chamaesyce hypericifolia English: beach spurge, graceful spurge; Other: ufi tamaiti? (Samoa) Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Chamaesyce prostrata Chamaesyce thymifolia English: creeping splurge, prostrate spurge, red caustic creeper; Other: bodulagas-chaca (Chamorro-Guam); te tarai (Kiribati); toto fifine, toto fefine? (Niue); laulili'i (Samoa); papati (French Polynesia (Society Islands)) English: red caustic creeper, thyme-leafed spurge 67 Table 2. Other invasive plant species seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name †Cleome gynandra Cleome viscosa †Coix lacryma-jobi †Conyza bonariensis Conyza canadensis Cosmos caudatus Crassocephalum crepidoides Crotalaria incana Crotalaria pallida Crotalaria spectabilis Crotalaria zanzibarica †Cyperus compressus †Cyperus difformis †Cyperus distans Dactyloctenium aegyptium Datura metel Delonix regia Common Names English: African spider-flower, bastard-mustard, cat's-whiskers, spider wisp, wild spider flower; French: feuilles caya, mozambé; Spanish: acaya, mouzambi, volatí; Other: honohina, ‘ili‘ohu (Hawai‘i) English: tickweed, spider flower; Other: monggos-paluma, mongos-paloma (Chamorro-Guam) English: adlay, adlay millet, Job's-tears; French: larmes de Job; Spanish: lágrimas de Job, lágrimas de San Pedro; Other: poepoe (Cook Islands, French Polynesia (Tahiti)), sila (Fiji); pū‘ohe‘ohe, kūkaekōlea, ‘ohe‘ohe, pūpū kōlea (Hawai‘i); tangatanga (Niue); demairuuch, tauiir (Palau); sanasana, sagasaga (Samoa); hana (Tonga) English: flax-leaf fleabane, hairy fleabane, hairy horseweed, wavyleaf fleabane; Other: lani wela (Hawai‘i) English: butterweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, hogweed, horseweed English: cosmos English: thickhead, fireweed, redflower ragleaf; Other: fua lele, pualele (American Samoa and Samoa); maraburubo (Solomon Islands); fisi puna (Tonga); se vuka (Fiji) English: fuzzy rattlepod, woolly rattlepod; Other: kūkaehoki, kolomona (Hawai‘i); kuroteraria (Palau) English: salts rattlebox, smooth crotalaria, smooth rattlebox, smooth rattlepod, streaked rattlepod, striped crotalaria; French: crotalaire mucronée; Other: maniva (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)); nggiringgiri, kaumothe, toela, pini (Fiji); pikakani, kolomona (Hawai‘i); pine kotalelia (Niue); pi'isi (Tonga) English: rattlebox, showy crotalaria, showy rattlebox, showy rattlepod; French: crotalaire remarquable; Other: kolomona (Hawai‘i); ha'apai (Tonga) English: curara-pea; Spanish: cascabel vivaz English: flat sedge; Other: pakopako (Tonga) English: dirty-Dora, one-arm sedge, rice sedge, small-flower umbrella-plant, variable flat sedge English: slender cyperus English: beach wiregrass, button grass, coast button grass, comb fringe grass, crowfoot grass, duck grass, finger comb grass English: datura, downy thorn-apple, Hindu datura, Hindu thorn-apple, hoary thorn-apple, horn-of-plenty, jimson-weed, purple thorn-apple; Spanish: burladora; Other: pūāve (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke, Ngaputoru?)); te uri ni tiana (Kiribati) English: flame tree, flamboyant, poinciana; French: pacayer; Spanish: flamboyan; Other: pātai (Cook Islands (Rarotonga, Mangaia, Aitutaki, Penrhyn, Manihiki, Rakahanga)); raākau taāmarumaru, taāmarumaru, (Cook Islands (Atiu)); pukakai (Cook Islands (Aitutaki)); puū piī (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)); marumaru (Cook Islands (Miti‘aro)); fayarbaw, nfayarbaw (CNMI–Carolinian); sekoula (Fiji); pakai, puke (Tahiti, French Polynesia); arbol del fuego, atbot, atbot det fuegu, atbut (Guam and CNMI–Chamorro); ‘ohai ‘ula (Hawai‘i); te tua (Kiribati); pine (Niue); nangiosákura, nangiosikura, nangyo (Palau); pilampwoia weitahta (Pohnpei); tamaligi (Samoa); ‘ohai (Tonga); fua tausaga (Tuvalu); sakuranirow (Yap) †Desmodium gangeticum †Desmodium English: hetero, Spanish clover; Other: senivakathengu, wakutu (Fiji) heterophyllum English: kaimi clover, Spanish clover; Other: ngātoro (Cook Islands Desmodium incanum (Ma‘uke)); ka‘imi (Hawai‘i) English: creeping tick trefoil, three-flower beggarweed, tropical trefoil; Spanish: hierba cuartillo; Other: olmud (Palau); konikoni, Desmodium triflorum vakathengu (Fiji); kihikihi (Tonga) †‡Digitaria bicornis English: southern crabgrass 68 Family Habit Capparaceae herb Capparaceae herb Poaceae grass Asteraceae herb Asteraceae herb Asteraceae herb Asteraceae herb Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae herb Fabaceae Cyperaceae herb sedge Cyperaceae sedge Cyperaceae sedge Poaceae grass Solanaceae herb Fabaceae tree Fabaceae herb Fabaceae herb Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae herb Poaceae grass Table 2. Other invasive plant species seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name Dioscorea bulbifera Duranta erecta Echinochloa colona Eclipta prostrata Elaeis guineensis †Eleocharis dulcis Elephantopus mollis Emilia sonchifolia Episcia cupreata Eragrostis amabilis †Eragrostis pilosa Euphorbia cyathophora †Eustachys petraea Gomphrena globosa Gossypium barbadense Common Names English: aerial yam, air-potato, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam; French: igname bulbifère, pousse en l'air; Spanish: ñame de gunda, papa voladora; Other: kaile, kaile ndranu, kaile nganga, kaile manu, sarau (Fiji); magnaheugo (Chamorro-Guam); hoi (Hawai‘i, Niue, Tonga); pi‘oi (Hawai‘i (Kaua‘i)), belloi (Palau); soi (Samoa, Wallis and Futuna); kwai kwasi (Solomon Islands) English: duranta, golden dewdrop, pigeon-berry, sky-flower; Other: ‘olive (Tonga) English: awnless barnyard grass (Australia), corn panic grass, Deccan grass, jungle ricegrass, jungle rice, millet-rice, pigeon millet (Samoa), shama millet; French: blé du Dekkan; Spanish: pasto del arroz; Other: chaguan-agaga (Chamorro – Guam); uaum (Palau); sefa (Samoa); muhuku'apopoa, matala'ulie (Tonga); riz de jungle (Vanuatu) English: eclipta, false daisy, swamp daisy, white eclipta; French: éclipte blanche; Spanish: hierba de tajo, yerba de tajo; Other: miri mapua (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)); tamudu, tamudi, tamandu, tumandu, tumundi, tholulu, colulu (Fiji); deberebelela tengadidik (Palau) English: African oil palm; French: palmier à huile d'Afrique; Other: nū tāmara (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); apwiraiasi (Pohnpei) English: Chinese water-chestnut, ground-chestnut, waternut; French: châtaigne d'eau; Spanish: cabezas de negrito, nuez china; Other: kuta, sasa, taria (Fiji); uchaga-lane (Guam-Chamorro); kerdikes (Palau); utu utu (Samoa); ngwaro (Solomon Islands) English: elephantopus, elephant’s foot, false tobacco, tobacco weed; French: faux tabac; Other: tapuvae ‘erepani, tapuae ‘erepani, vaevae ‘erepani, tapua ‘erepani? (Cook Islands); tavako ni veikau, jangli tambaku (Fiji); papago' vaca, papago' halom tano, papago' baka, papago' halomtano' (Guam); lata hina, lau veveli (Tonga) English: Cupid's shaving-brush, emilia, Flora's paint brush, purple sow thistle, sow thistle; French: émilie; Other: pupu lele (Niue); pualele (Niue, Samoa); fua lele, fua lele lili‘i (Samoa); longlongo‘uha (Tonga)) English: episcia, flame violet English: Bug's egg grass, Japanese love grass, love grass (Fiji, Guam), female grass (Kiribati); Other: te uteute naine (Kiribati), ouemoket (Palau) English: hairy love grass, Indian love grass, soft lovegrass; French: pâturin poilu; Spanish: barba de indio English: dwarf poinsettia, fire-on-the-mountain, Mexican fire plant, painted spurge, wild poinsettia; Other: te kabekan (Kiribati); deriba (Nauru) Impatiens balsamina vine Verbenaceae shrub Poaceae grass Asteraceae herb Arecaceae tree Cyperaceae sedge Asteraceae herb Asteraceae herb Gesneriaceae herb Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Euphorbiaceae herb Boraginaceae English: star of Bethlehem, fetia, madamfate; Other: pua hōkū Campanulaceae (Hawai‘i); udel ra badrei (Palau) English: impatiens, balsam, garden balsam, rose balsam, spotted snapweed, touch-me-not; French: balsamine des jardins, Balsaminaceae impatience; Other: kamantigi (Guam); hosengka (Palau); polosomo (Tonga) 69 Habit Dioscoreaceae Poaceae English: bachelor's-button, bozu, globe amaranth, pearly everlasting; French: amarantine; Spanish: amarantina, amor seco, eterna; Other: pōkai kura (Cook Islands); poe ura (French Polynesia); buton agaga Amaranthaceae (Guam-Chamorro); lehua mau loa, lehua, lehua pepa, leihua (Hawai‘i); malila (Niue, Samoa); botang (Palau) English: cotton, sea island cotton; French: coton; Spanish: algodón; Other: vavaī (Cook Islands); vauvau, vauvau ni vavalangi (Fiji); Malvaceae algodon, atgodon (Guam-Chamorro); kī‘ailana, pulupulu, pulupulu haole, (Hawai‘i); vavae (Niue) Heliotropium procumbens Hippobroma longiflora Family grass herb shrub herb herb succulent Table 2. Other invasive plant species seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name Impatiens walleriana Imperata conferta Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa Ipomoea quamoclit Ipomoea triloba †Jasminum sambac Lepidium virginicum †Leucas lavandulifolia Luffa aegyptiaca Lycopersicon esculentum •Malva parviflora Mitracarpus hirtus Momordica charantia Moringa oleifera Oldenlandia corymbosa Opuntia vulgaris Orthosiphon aristatus Oxalis barrelieri †Paspalum scrobiculatum Peperomia pellucida Persea americana ‡Phaseolus lunatus Phyla nodiflora Common Names Family Habit English: garden impatiens, balsam, busy lizzy, bizzy-lizzie, patient lucy; sultan’s flower, Japanese balsam (Fiji) English: plume grass; Other: ngi (Fiji) Poaceae grass English: bush morning glory, tree ipomoea Convolvulaceae shrub Convolvulaceae vine Convolvulaceae vine Oleaceae vine Brassicaceae herb Lamiaceae herb Cucurbitaceae vine Solanaceae herb Malvaceae herb Rubiaceae herb Cucurbitaceae vine Moringaceae tree Rubiaceae Cactaceae herb cactus Lamiaceae herb Oxalidaceae herb Poaceae grass Piperaceae herb Lauraceae tree Fabaceae herb Verbenaceae herb English: Cupid's flower, cypress vine, cypressvine morning-glory, star of Bethlehem, star-glory, sweet-willy; French: cheveux de Venus, liane rouge; Spanish: regadero; Other: cabello del angel (Guam--Chamorro); asangao (Palau) English: Aiea morning-glory, little bell; Other: fofgu-sabana (GuamChamorro); orech, torech (Palau) English: Arabian jasmine; French: jasmin d'Arabie; Spanish: jazmín de Arabia; Other: pītate papa‘ā (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)); sampagita (Guam—Chamorro) English: peppergrass, Virginia peppercress, Virginia pepperweed, wild peppercress; Spanish: cresón (Peru), mancuerno (Peru), escobilla (Venezuela); Other: naunau (Cook Islands (Aitutaki)) Other: guma (Fiji) English: dishrag gourd, loofah, rag gourd, smooth loofah, sponge gourd, vegetable sponge; French: courge torchon, pétole; Spanish: estropajo, paste; Other: pō‘ue (Cook Islands); mafai (Tonga) English: tomato, wild tomato; French: tomate sauvage (New Caledonia); Spanish: tomate, tomatera; Other: tōmāti (Cook Islands, French Polynesia (Tahiti)); tomate (Guam—Chamorro) English: cheeseweed, Egyptian mallow, little mallow, small-flower mallow; French: mauve à petites fleurs, mauve d'Egypte; Spanish: malva English: tropical girdlepod English: balsam-apple, bitter-melon, bitter gourd, balsam pear, squirting cucumber, cerasee, peria; French: momordique, margose (Réunion, Mauritius Islands), margose amère, momordique amère, concombre amer, concombre africain; Spanish: achoccha silvestre; Other: pōkutekute rengarenga (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)); kerala (Fiji); almagosa, atmagosu (Guam); atmagoso (Guam, CNMI); markoso, markosong (Palau); meleni 'ae kuma, vaine 'initia (Tonga) English: horseradish tree, drumstick tree, ben nut, morango; French: ben ailée, moringa ailée, pois quénique; Other: malungkai, marronggai, marungai, marunggai, malungay, katdes (Guam); sajina (Fiji); malungkai (Palau) English: drooping tree pear, prickly pear; Other: lauaufai va (Samoa) English: cat’s whiskers; Other: kumi ni pusi (Fiji), chemadecharebub, emadecharebub (Palau), ‘ava pusi (Samoa), kava ‘i pusi (Tonga) Other: a'aa'a'ii, vine (Samoa) English: rice grass; creeping paspalum, ditch millet, Indian paspalum, kodo millet, water couch; Spanish: mijo koda; Other: māatāa (Cook Islands); co duru levu, tho nduru levu, tho ndina, tho ni ndina (Fiji); mau‘u laiki (Hawai‘i); desum (Palau); karasi (Solomon Islands) Other: potpopot, podpod-lahi (Guam-Chamorro); rtertiil (Palau) English: avocado, alligator pear; French: l’avocat; Spanish: aguacate; Other: ‘āpuka, ‘āpoka (Cook Islands); pea (Fiji); avoka (Niue, Samoa, Tahiti, Tonga); ‘āvōta (Cook Islands (Ngaputoru)); bata (Palau); alageta (Chamorro, Guam) English: lima bean, butter bean, Burma bean, haricot bean, Madagascar bean, sieva bean, sugar bean; French: haricot de Lima, haricot du Cap, pois du Cap; Spanish: frijol de luna, haba lima, judía de Lima, pallar; Other: sem (Fiji), piini ‘ae puaka (Tonga) English: fogfruit, lippia, phyla 70 Balsaminaceae succulent Table 2. Other invasive plant species seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name Phyllanthus amarus †Phyllanthus debilis Physalis angulata Physalis minima Pilea microphylla †Piriqueta ovata Portulaca oleracea Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Ruellia tuberosa Russelia equisetiformis Scoparia dulcis Senna occidentalis Sesbania cannabina Sida acuta Sida rhombifolia Sida spinosa ‡Sigesbeckia orientalis Common Names Other: moemoe (Cook Islands); moemoe uouo (French Polynesia); maigo-lalo (Guam-Chamorro); te kaimatu (Kiribati); ukalla ruchel (Palau) Other: maigo-lalo? (Guam—Chamorro) English: annual ground cherry, bladder cherry (Solomon Islands), wild cape gooseberry (Fiji); Other: tūpera tāmaru-ariki (Cook Islands (Mangaia)); kospeli, mbotembote yandra, mburasu, mborosousou, mborosousou ni vavalangi, mokoai, thevuthevu (Fiji); tamanufairi, tamaru ha‘ari (French Polynesia); tomate chaca (Guam-Chamorro); te baraki (Kiribati); watomo (Nauru); manini (Niue); bubeubedul (Palau); vivao (Samoa); polopa (Tonga) English: sunberry; Spanish: vejiga de perro English: artillery plant, gunpowder plant, pistol plant, rockweed, Samoan fern (Samoa); Other: kiona topa (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)), pikimaka (Niue), tamole (Samoa) Family Habit Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Solanaceae herb Solanaceae herb Urticaceae herb Turneraceae English: pigweed, purslane; French: pourpier; Spanish: verdolaga; Other: pōkea papa‘ā (Cook Islands, French Polynesia (Tuamotus)); katuri (Cook Islands (Penrhyn)); ongoongo (Cook Islands (Pukapuka)); taukuku ni vuaka, taukuka ni vuaka, amlonia (Fiji); aturi Portulacaceae (French Polynesia (Tahiti); botdolagas, bodulagas, donkulu (GuamChamorro); ‘ākulikuli kula, ‘ākulikuli lau li‘i, ‘ihi (Hawai‘i); te boi (Kirbati); kamole (Niue); pokea (Niue, French Polynesia (Marquesas, Tuamotu)); tamole (Samoa, Tonga) herb Other: tiare ‘āpa-mata‘iti (Cook Islands) Acanthaceae shrub English: large bell-flower (Samoa); Other: vaouliuli lautele (Samoa) English: coralplant, fountainplant; French: plante corail; Other: menemene (Cook Islands (Ma‘uke)) English: scoparia, sweet broom; Spanish: escobilla English: antbush, coffee senna; French: bentamaré, café bâtard, casse-puante, dartrier; Spanish: bricho, brusca, frijolillo, guanina; Other: kau mothe, pini (Fiji); amot-tumaga karabao, mumutun-sable (Guam-Chamorro); ‘auko‘i, ‘au‘auko‘i, mikipalaoa, pī hohono (Hawai‘i); te atia (Kiribati); tan brava (Nauru); korriu (Palau); te‘epulu (Tonga) English: canicha, dhaincha, dhunchi, sesbania pea; French: sesbane chanvré English: broom weed, Paddy’s lucerne, southern sida, spiny-head sida, spiny sida; French: herbe à balais, herbe à paniers; Spanish: escoba blanca, escobilla; Other: purūmu (Cook Islands); deni vuaka, ndeni vuaka, ndeniosa (Fiji); escobilla papago, escobilla adumelon (Guam-Chamorro); mautofu (Niue, Samoa); keak (Palau); motofu, te‘ehoosi (Tonga) English: arrow-leaf sida, Cuban jute, Paddy's lucerne, Queenslandhemp, teaweed; French: faux thé, herbe à balais; Spanish: escoba; Other: purūmu (Cook Islands, French Polynesia (Tahiti)), thavuthindra, nggavi ni lawa, nggavi ni lathoi, ndenime, ndeniosa, ndeni vuaka, ndeni puaka, mbariara (Fiji); escobilla dalili, escobilla apaka, escobilla adumelon (Guam-Chamorro); motofu (Niue); keak (Palau); mautofu (Samoa, Niue?); mamafu‘ai (Solomon Islands); te‘ehosi, te‘ehoosi (Tonga) English: prickly sida, spiny sida English: Indian weed, small yellow crown-beard, yellow crown-head; Other: kamika (Cook Islands (Mangaia)), senikata (Fiji) ‘a‘ami‘a (Samoa), kakamika (Tonga, Wallis and Futuna) Acanthaceae herb 71 herb Scrophulariaceae shrub Scrophulariaceae herb Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae shrub Malvaceae herb Malvaceae shrub Malvaceae herb Asteraceae herb Table 2. Other invasive plant species seen or reported to be present in Palau Scientific Name †Solanum americanum Solanum nigrum Solenostemon scutellarioides †Sorghum bicolor Spermacoce assurgens †‡Spermacoce ernstii Spermacoce latifolia Spermacoce mauritiana Spermacoce ocymoides Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Stenotaphrum secundatum Synedrella nodiflora Tridax procumbens †Urochloa reptans Youngia japonica Common Names English: American nightshade, black nightshade, glossy nightshade; French: morelle noire; Other: poroporo (Cook Islands); mboro, mboro laukana, mboro ni veiwere, mboro ni yaloka ni ngata, mburosousou ni vavalangi, malhome, thevuthevu (Fiji); oupoo (French Polynesia (Marquesas)); pōpolo, ‘olohua, polopolo (Hawai‘i); pōpolohua (Hawai‘i (Ni‘ihau)); magalo, polo (Samoa); polo kai (Tonga) English: black-berry night shade (Australia), black nightshade, poisonberry; French: morelle noire; Spanish: hierba mora; Other: boro ni veiwere, malahome, boro ni yaloki ni gata (Fiji); polokai (Niue, Tonga); magalo, polo (Samoa) English: coleus; Other: terevete (Cook Islands); lata, lau lata (Fiji); weleweka (Hawai‘i); selevese (Niue); koramahd, koaramahd (Pohnpei); pate, patiale, la‘au fai sei (Samoa) English: Sudan grass; French: sorgho du Soudan, sorgho menu; Other: tarapī (Cook Islands), kola (Tonga) English: buttonweed; Other: okulabeluu (Palau) English: purple-leaved button weed English: bastard vervain, blue porterweed, Brazilian tea, Jamaica vervain, joee, light blue snakeweed; Other: ōwī, oī (Hawaii), te uti (Kiribati), louch beluu (Palau) English: buffalo grass, St. Augustine grass; French: chiendent de boeuf; Spanish: pasto San Augustín; Other: ‘aki‘aki haole, mānienie ‘aki‘aki, mānienie ‘aki‘aki haole, mānienie māhikihiki (Hawai‘i) English: Cinderella weed (Australia), porter bush, pig grass (Solomon Islands, Vanuatu), synedrella; Spanish: cerbatana; Other: ngaroiarui (Cook Islands (‘Atiu)); saigon (Guam—Chamorro); lau‘oti‘oti, tae‘oti (Samoa); pakaka, pakopako (Tonga) English: coat buttons, tridax daisy, wild daisy (Fiji, Guam); Other: tubua leka, voti (Fiji) English: creeping panic grass, running grass; Spanish: San Juan de Castillo English: oriental hawksbeard; Other: mosita ni Viti (Fiji) †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) ‡Reported present by Raulerson et al. (1996) •Reported present by Lorence & Flynn [unpublished checklist] (1998) 72 Family Habit Solanaceae herb Solanaceae herb Lamiaceae herb Poaceae grass Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae herb herb herb herb herb Verbenaceae herb Poaceae grass Asteraceae herb Asteraceae herb Poaceae grass Asteraceae herb Appendix 3. Invasive species present in Guam, Hawai‘i, Papua New Guinea or Yap but not present in Palau Table 1. Species of environmental concern Species present: Scientific Name Acacia mearnsii Acacia melanoxylon Acacia spp. Ailanthus altissima Albizia chinensis Aleurites moluccana Alstonia macrophylla Anacardium occidentale Andropogon glomeratus Andropogon virginicus Annona glabra Anredera cordifolia Ardisia crenata Ardisia elliptica Argyreia nervosa Aristolochia littoralis Arthrostemma ciliatum Asparagus setaceus Azadirachta indica Bocconia frutescens Boerhavia coccinea Bryophyllum delagoense Buddleja asiatica Buddleja davidii Buddleja madagascariensis Caesalpinia decapetala Calliandra surinamensis Callisia fragrans Calotropis procera Cardiospermum grandiflorum Cardiospermum halicacabum Carludovica palmata Castilla elastica Casuarina glauca Cecropia obtusifolia Cedrela odorata Cenchrus ciliaris Cestrum diurnum Cestrum nocturnum Chrysobalanus icaco Chrysophyllum oliviforme Cinchona pubescens Cinnamomum burmannii Cinnamomum camphora Citharexylum caudatum Citharexylum spinosum Clausena excavata Clerodendrum chinense Clerodendrum japonicum Clusia rosea Coccinia grandis . Guam . . . . . . . . cult. . . . . Hawai‘i Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . cult. . . cult. . . . . . . . cult. . . . . . . . cult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Yap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scientific Name Conocarpus erectus Cordia alliodora Cordia glabra Cortaderia jubata Cortaderia selloana Corynocarpus laevigatus Cryptostegia grandiflora Cupaniopsis anacardioides Cuscuta campestris Cyathea cooperi Delairea odorata Derris malaccensis Digitaria insularis Dillenia suffruticosa Echinochloa polystachya Egeria densa Erigeron karvinskianus Eugenia uniflora Ficus benghalensis Ficus macrophylla Ficus nota Ficus rubiginosa Flacourtia jangomas Flindersia brayleyana Furcraea foetida Gmelina arborea Gomphocarpus physocarpus Grevillea banksii Grevillea robusta Haematoxylum campechianum Hedychium flavescens Hedychium gardnerianum Heliocarpus popayanensis Hiptage benghalensis Hydrilla verticillata Hylocereus undatus Hyparrhenia rufa Hypochoeris radicata Hyptis suaveolens Indigofera suffruticosa Jasminum fluminense Juncus spp. Justicia carnea Kunzea ericoides Lablab purpureus Lemna spp. Leonotis nepetifolia Leptospermum scoparium Licuala grandis Ligustrum spp. Lophostemon confertus Macfadyena unguis-cati Maesopsis eminii Medinilla magnifica Medinilla venosa Melastoma candidum Melastoma sanguineum Melicoccus bijugatus Melinis repens Melochia corchorifolia Merremia tuberosa Miconia calvescens Guam Hawai‘i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cult. cult. . . cult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cult. . . . . . . . . . cult. cult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Papua New Guinea Yap . . . . . . . native . . . native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scientific Name Microlaena stipoides Mimosa pigra Montanoa hibiscifolia Morella faya Mucuna pruriens Myriophyllum aquaticum Najas spp. Neonotonia wightii Ochna kirkii Ochna serrulata Ochroma pyramidale Odontonema tubaeforme Olea europaea Operculina ventricosa Oxyspora paniculata Paederia foetida Paraserianthes lophantha Parkinsonia aculeata Paspalum urvillei Passiflora caerulea Passiflora laurifolia Passiflora ligularis Passiflora maliformis Passiflora pulchella Passiflora tarminiana Pennisetum clandestinum Philadelphus karwinskyanus Phormium tenax Phyllostachys nigra Pimenta dioica Pimenta racemosa Pinus caribaea Piper aduncum Piper auritum Pistia stratiotes Pittosporum pentandrum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporum undulatum Pittosporum viridiflorum Platycerium bifurcatum Prosopis spp. Psidium guineense Pyrostegia venusta Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Rhynchospora caduca Rivina humilis Rubus argutus Rubus glaucus Rubus niveus Rubus rosifolius Rubus sieboldii Rubus spp. Ruellia brevifolia Ruellia prostrata Salvinia molesta Sanchezia nobilis Schinus molle Schinus terebinthifolius Schizachyrium condensatum Senna septemtrionalis Senna tora Setaria palmifolia Guam Hawai‘i . . . . . . . cult. cult.? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Papua New Guinea Yap native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . native? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scientific Name Solandra maxima Solanum capsicoides Solanum mauritianum Solanum seaforthianum Sporobolus elongatus Syncarpia glomulifera Terminalia myriocarpa Tetrazygia bicolor Thunbergia alata Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia laurifolia Tibouchina herbacea Tibouchina urvilleana Toona ciliata Tribulus cistoides Tribulus terrestris Triphasia trifolia Triplaris weigeltiana Tripsacum latifolium Triumfetta semitriloba Ulex europaeus Zantedeschia aethiopica Ziziphus mauritiana Guam . . . cult. . . . . . Hawai‘i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cult. . . . cult. Papua New Guinea Yap . . . . . . . . . . . . . native native . . . . . . . cult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Presence in Guam and Yap determined by survey, Hawai‘i and Papua New Guinea as reported in the literature. 76 Table 2. Other species Species present: Scientific Name Abutilon grandiflorum Aeschynomene indica Alternanthera pungens Amaranthus blitum Amaranthus cruentus Anagallis arvensis Axonopus fissifolius Brachiaria eruciformis Brassica juncea Brugmansia suaveolens Cajanus scarabaeoides Centaurea melitensis Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodium murale Chloris divaricata Chloris gayana Chloris virgata Ciclospermum leptophyllum Cirsium vulgare Commelina benghalensis Corchorus olitorius Coronopus didymus Cotula australis Crotalaria linifolia Crotalaria quinquefolia Crotalaria retusa Crotalaria verrucosa Cuphea carthagenensis Cyathula prostrata Cymbopogon refractus Cyperus cyperoides Cyperus gracilis Cyperus ligularis Dactylis glomerata Datura stramonium Dichanthium annulatum Digitaria horizontalis Digitaria sanguinalis Drymaria cordata Emex spinosa Emilia coccinea Emilia fosbergii Eragrostis elongata Eragrostis tenuifolia Eragrostis unioloides Erechtites valerianifolia Eryngium foetidum Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia peplus Fleurya interrupta Foeniculum vulgare Galinsoga parviflora Gamochaeta purpurea Gloriosa superba Gomphrena celosioides Gomphrena serrata . Guam Hawai‘i Yap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Scientific Name Heterocentron subtriplinervium Hypochoeris glabra Indigofera spicata Ipomoea alba Ipomoea cairica Ipomoea obscura Ipomoea ochracea Ischaemum indicum Justicia betonica Lepidium sativum Malvastrum coromandelianum Marrubium vulgare Medicago lupulina Medicago polymorpha Melochia corchorifolia Merremia umbellata Mikania scandens Monochoria vaginalis Nelumbo nucifera Nicandra physalodes Oxalis debilis Parthenium hysterophorus Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum fimbriatum Paspalum setaceum Passiflora subpeltata Persicaria glabra Phyllanthus virgatus Physalis peruviana Phytolacca octandra Plantago debilis Plantago lanceolata Plantago major Pseudelephantopus spicatus Rhynchosia minima Rumex brownii Rumex crispus Salvia coccinea Salvia occidentalis Senna sophera Setaria parviflora Sida cordifolia Sida linifolia Sida paniculata Sida urens Solanum mammosum Sonchus oleraceus Sporobolus pyramidatus Stachys arvensis Stapelia gigantea Taraxacum officinale Tillandsia usneoides Verbena bonariensis Verbena litoralis Verbena rigida Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Vigna radiata Waltheria indica Xanthium strumarium Guam Hawai‘i Yap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . native? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . native? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sources: Field observations and Fosberg et al., (1979), Swarbrick (1997), Wagner et al. (1999), Waterhouse (1997) and Whistler (1988). Insufficient information for Papua New Guinea 78 Appendix 4. Invasive species of environmental concern by location Table 1. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Malakal Scientific Name *Acacia auriculiformis *Acacia confusa Adenanthera pavonina *Agave sp. Common Names (abridged) Family Papuan wattle, auri, earleaf acacia, northern black wattle, Fabaceae ear-pod wattle Formosa koa, Formosa acacia, ianángi (Palau), yanangi Fabaceae (Palau) coral bean tree, red sandalwood tree, red bead tree, lopa, bead tree, false wiliwili, telengtúngd (Palau), telentundalel Fabaceae (Palau)) American aloe, century plant Agavaceae siris-tree, rain tree, East Indian walnut, kokko, woman'sFabaceae tongue tree, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) yellow trumpet vine, golden trumpet, allamanda, brownbud Apocynaceae Allamanda cathartica allamanda, golden allamanda, golden cup *Albizia lebbeck Habit tree tree Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang succulent Koror, Ngerkebesang tree Koror vine red ginger Zingiberaceae Alternanthera brasiliana Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat Amaranthaceae herb Arundo donax *Asparagus densiflorus *Asystasia gangetica subsp. gangetica Bambusa spp. †(B. atra, B. blumeana, B. vulgaris) *Bauhinia acuminata *Bauhinia monandra *Bauhinia purpurea Mexican creeper, mountain rose, Confederate vine, chainof-love, hearts on a chain, love-vine, coral bells, coral vine, Polygonaceae dilngau (Palau) giant reed, Spanish reed, wild cane Poaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang tree Alpinia purpurata Antigonon leptopus Locations herb Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang vine Koror grass Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang asparagus fern, sprengeri fern, smilax, regal fern Liliaceae herb Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel Acanthaceae herb bamboo, bambuu (Palau), esel (Palau) Poaceae tree dwarf white bauhinia orchid-tree, St. Thomas-tree, Napoleon's plume purple orchid tree; purple butterfly tree blue grass, Australian beardgrass, Caucasian bluestem, desum (Palau) Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae tree tree tree Poaceae grass life plant, air plant, resurrection plant, Canterbury bells, cathedral bells, Mexican love plant Crassulaceae succulent red powder puff Fabaceae shrub calopo Fabaceae vine *Calotropis gigantea calotrope, crown flower, madar Ascelepiadacea shrub e *Canna indica canna, canna lily, Indian shot Cannaceae herb Casuarinaceae tree Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Bombacaceae tree Koror, Malakal Poaceae grass Malakal Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal Koror, Ngerkebesang Bothriochloa bladhii Bryophyllum pinnatum *Calliandra haematocephala Calopogonium mucunoides Cenchrus brownii casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine, she-oak, horsetail tree, beefwood, agas (Palau), agasu (Palau), ngas (Palau), ngasu (Palau) kapok, kapok tree, silk-cotton tree, kalngebard (Palau), kalngebárd (Palau), kerrekar ngebard (Palau) burr grass, burr grass, sand-bur, slimbristle sandbur Cenchrus echinatus burr grass, sand-bur, southern sandbur Poaceae grass Centrosema molle †Chamaecrista mimosoides centro, butterfly-pea Fabaceae vine Japanese tea Fabaceae herb **Casuarina equisetifolia *Ceiba pentandra 79 Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror (cult.), Malakal, Ngerkebesang (cult.) Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Table 1. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Malakal Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Habit Chamaecrista nictitans partridge pea, Japanese tea senna Fabaceae shrub Chloris barbata swollen fingergrass Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Asteraceae shrub Poaceae grass Lamiaceae shrub Lamiaceae shrub Lamiaceae shrub Chloris radiata plush-grass, radiate fingergrass Siam weed, triffid weed, bitter bush, Jack in the bush, Chromolaena odorata ngesngesil (Palau) **Chrysopogon Mackie's pest, lovegrass, seed grass, golden beardgrass, iul (Palau) aciculatus Clerodendrum red clerodendrum, pagoda-flower, butcherechár (Palau), buchananii var. fallax butecherechar (Palau) Clerodendrum pagoda plant, pagoda flower, butcherechár (Palau), butecherechar (Palau) paniculatum Clerodendrum bronze-leaved clerodendrum, kleuang (Palau) quadriloculare Clidemia hirta Koster’s curse, soap bush, kui (Palau), kúi (Palau) Melastomatacea shrub e Locations Koror, Malakal Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang Malakal Clitoria ternatea butterfly pea, Asian pigeonwings, kles (Palau) Fabaceae *Coffea arabica Commelina diffusa *Cryptostegia madagascariensis coffee, kohi (Palau) commelina, dayflower, wandering Jew, spiderwort Rubiaceae tree Commelinaceae herb Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror, Malakal Madagascar rubbervine Asclepiadaceae vine Koror vine *Cyperus involucratus Bermuda grass, giant Bermuda grass, bahama grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, grama, devilgrass, Poaceae couchgrass, balama grass umbrella sedge, umbrella plant, dwarf papyrus grass, deus Cyperaceae (Palau) Cyperus rotundus nut grass, nutsedge, purple nutsedge, cocograss Cyperaceae sedge Derris elliptica derris Fabaceae vine Desmanthus virgatus slender mimosa, virgate mimosa Fabaceae shrub Desmodium tortuosum Florida beggarweed, Spanish clover, dixie ticktrefoil Fabaceae herb Koror Dieffenbachia seguine dieffenbachia, dumb cane Araceae herb Koror, Malakal (cult.), Ngerkebesang (cult.) Cynodon dactylon grass Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang sedge Koror Henry's crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, tropical crab grass, large crab grass, southern crabgrass, fingergrass, summer Poaceae grass grass Melastomatacea herb Dissotis rotundifolia dissotis, Spanish shawl, pink lady e aquatic *Eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth, bung el ralm (Palau) Pontederiaceae herb goosegrass, wiregrass, goose foot, crow's foot, bullgrass, Poaceae grass Eleusine indica deskim(Palau), kelelamalk (Palau), keteketarmalk (Palau) Epipremnum pothos, money plant Araceae vine pinnatum cv. ‘Aureum’ Falcataria moluccana Molucca albizia, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) Fabaceae tree Digitaria ciliaris *Ficus elastica India rubber tree, rubber plant, komunokí (Palau) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror (cult.), Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Moraceae tree *Flemingia macrophylla Fabaceae tree Koror Flemingia strobilifera luck plant, wild hops, besungelaiei (Palau) Fabaceae shrub Koror, Ngerkebesang 80 Table 1. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Malakal Scientific Name *Gliricidia sepium **Gmelina elliptica Hedychium coronarium *Heliconia spp. †( H. latispatha, H. psittacorum) Hemigraphis alternata *†Hevea brasiliensis Common Names (abridged) Family Habit mother of cacao, quickstick, Mexican lilac, rechesengel (Palau) kalngebard ra belau (Palau) Fabaceae tree Lamiaceae shrub white ginger, butterfly lily, ginger lily, garland flower Zingiberaceae herb heliconia, parrot's-flower, parrot's-plantain, crab claw, lobster claw Heliconiaceae herb metal leaf; red ivy Acanthaceae herb Locations Koror, Ngerkebesang Malakal Koror, Ngerkebesang (cult.) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang hevea, Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree Euphorbiaceae tree Hyptis capitata knobweed Lamiaceae herb Inga edulis ice cream bean aquatic morning glory, swamp cabbage, water spinach, ung-choi, kang kong, kankum (Palau), kangum (Palau), kangkum (Palau) Fabaceae tree Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror? Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Convolvulaceae aquatic herb Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang paddle grass Poaceae grass Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang jacaranda Bignoniaceae tree Koror physic nut, purging nut, Barbados nut Euphorbiaceae shrub Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Ipomoea aquatica **Ischaemum polystachyum *Jacaranda mimosifolia *Jatropha curcas †Jatropha gossypiifolia †Kyllinga brevifolia **†Kyllinga nemoralis bellyache bush, cotton-leaved physic nut Euphorbiaceae shrub green kyllinga, green water sedge, esechesiding (Palau) white kyllinga, whitehead spikesedge, whitewater sedge Cyperaceae Cyperaceae sedge sedge Lantana camara lantana Verbenaceae shrub †Leonurus japonicus lion’s tail, Chinese motherwort Lamiaceae herb Leucaena leucocephala leucaena, wild tamarind, lead tree, telengtungd (Palau) Fabaceae tree Melia azedarach Chinaberry, pride-of-India, indian lilac, Persian lilac, white cedar, margosa tree Meliaceae tree **Merremia peltata merremia, kebeas (Palau) Convolvulaceae vine Mikania micrantha mile-a-minute weed, Chinese creeper, American rope, bittervine, teb el yas (Palau) Asteraceae vine Mimosa diplotricha giant sensitive plant, nila grass, mechiuaiu (Palau) Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae herb Mimosa pudica Muntingia calabura *Murraya paniculata *Nymphaea spp. *Ocimum gratissimum **Operculina turpethum Panicum maximum Panicum repens Paspalum conjugatum Paspalum paniculatum *Passiflora edulis jam tree, strawberry tree, Jamaican cherry, Singapore tree cherry, Panama cherry, Panama berry, ornamental cherry, Tiliaceae calabura, sirsen, budo (Palau) orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box, Hawaiian Rutaceae shrub/tree mock orange water lily Nymphaeaceae herb wild basil, clove basil, tree basil Lamiaceae herb Other: ongucheta rekung (Palau) Convolvulaceae vine Guinea grass, green panic, buffalograss Poaceae torpedo grass, couch panicum, creeping panic Poaceae T grass, ti grass, sour grass; sour palpalum, buffalo grass, Poaceae carabao grass, Hilo grass (Hawai'i), udel ra ngebei (Palau) grass grass Russell river grass, galmarra grass Poaceae grass passion fruit, yellow passion fruit, purple passion fruit, qarandila, purple granadilla, kudamono (Palau) Passifloraceae vine 81 grass Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal†, Ngerkebesang† Koror Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Table 1. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Malakal Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Habit Locations Passiflora foetida love-in-a-mist, wild passion fruit, passionflower, stinking passionflower, kudamono (Palau) Passifloraceae vine Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang †Passiflora quadrangularis granadilla, giant granadilla, kudamono (Palau) Passifloraceae vine Koror Passiflora suberosa wild passionfruit, devil's pumpkin, indigo berry, corky passionflower, corkstem passionflower Passifloraceae vine Malakal, Koror mission grass, feathery pennisetum, desum (Palau) Poaceae grass elephant grass, napier grass, merker grass, bokso (Palau) Poaceae grass fountain grass Poaceae grass Ngerkebesang Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, sweet inga, kamatsiri (Palau), kamatsíri (Palau), opiuma (Palau) Fabaceae tree Koror Mexican mint, Spanish thyme, Cuban oregano Lamiaceae herb Koror †Psidium cattleianum strawberry guava, cherry guava, Cattley guava, Chinese guava Myrtaceae tree Koror Psidium guajava guava, guabang (Palau), kuabang (Palau) Myrtaceae tree Pennisetum polystachion Pennisetum purpureum *Pennisetum setaceum †Pithecellobium dulce *Plectranthus amboinicus *Quisqualis indica Rangoon creeper **Saccharum wild cane, false sugarcane, banga ruchel (Palau) spontaneum **†Sacciolepis indica glenwood grass Combretaceae vine Poaceae grass Poaceae grass *Samanea saman Fabaceae tree monkeypod, rain tree, saman †Sambucus mexicana elderberry, Mexican elder *Sanchezia sanchezia parvibracteata Sansevieria trifasciata bowstring hemp, mother-in-law’s tongue, kitelel (Palau) *Schefflera octopus tree, umbrella tree, ivy palm actinophylla *Schefflera arboricola dwarf brassia, dwarf schefflera, Hawaiian elf schefflera candle bush; candelabra bush, Roman candle tree, emperor's candlesticks, ringworm bush (Australia), Senna alata alcapulco †Senna obtusifolia habucha, coffeeweed, sicklepod sesbania, hummingbird tree, sesban, scarlet wisteria tree, *Sesbania grandiflora corkwood tree, katurai (Palau) Caprifoliaceae small tree Acanthaceae shrub Agavaceae herb Araliaceae tree Araliaceae shrub Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae herb Fabaceae small tree Sorghum halepense Johnson grass, Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass Poaceae grass *Spathodea campanulata **Sporobolus indicus var. major Stachytarpheta cayennensis Syngonium angustatum African tulip tree, fireball, fountain tree, orsachel kui (Palau) Bignoniaceae tree smutgrass, wiregrass, Indian dropseed Poaceae grass blue rat's tail, dark-blue snakeweed, false verbena, nettleleaf velvetberry, louch beluu (Palau) Verbenaceae herb arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant Araceae vine *?†Syzygium cumini *Syzygium jambos *Tabebuia heterophylla *Tecoma stans Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal (cult.), Ngerkebesang Koror (eradicated?) Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang (cult.) Koror, Malakal Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Java plum; jambolan plum, mesegerak (Palau), mesekerrak (Palau), mesekerrák (Palau), mesigerak (Palau) malabar plum, rose apple, Malay apple Myrtaceae tree Koror Myrtaceae tree pink tecoma, pink trumpet tree, white cedar Bignoniaceae tree yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush Bignoniaceae small tree Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang 82 Table 1. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Malakal Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Habit Locations *Thevetia peruviana yellow oleander, be-still tree, lucky nut Apocynaceae small tree Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Thunbergia grandiflora Bengal trumpet, blue trumpet vine, clock vine, skyvine, large-flowerd thunbergia,: bung el etiu (Palau) Acanthaceae vine Koror *Timonius timon liberal (Palau) Rubiaceae tree Ngerkebesang (cult.) *Tithonia diversifolia tree marigold, shrub sunflower, Mexican sunflower, Japanese sunflower Asteraceae shrub Koror Tradescantia spathacea oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, moses in a boat, kobesos Commelinaceae herb (Palau) Koror, Malakal (cult.), Ngerkebesang (cult.) Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang *Tradescantia zebrina wandering zebrina, wandering jew, inchplant Commelinaceae herb *Turnera subulata white alder Turneraceae shrub Turnera ulmifolia yellow alder, sage rose, West Indian holly Turneraceae shrub Malvaceae shrub Koror Poaceae grass Koror, Malakal Poaceae grass Malakal Asteraceae herb Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang **†Urena lobata Urochloa mutica Urochloa subquadripara Wedelia trilobata hibiscus burr, aramina, caesarweed, pink Chinese burr, urena burr, bur mallow, chosuched e kui (Palau), osuched a rechui (Palau) California grass, para grass, buffalo grass, Mauritius grass, signal grass brachiaria, green summer grass, tropical signalgrass, cori grass wedelia, trailing daisy, Singapore daisy, creeping ox-eye, ngesil ra ngebard (Palau) *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 83 Table 2. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Babeldaob Scientific Name †Abelmoschus moschatus Common Names (abridged) fautia, musk mallow, musk okra, gongul (Palau) Papuan wattle, auri, earleaf acacia, northern black wattle, ear-pod wattle *Acacia confusa Formosa koa, Formosa acacia, ianángi (Palau), yanangi (Palau) *Acacia farnesiana Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia Acacia mangium mangium, brown salwood, black wattle, hickory wattle coral bean tree, red sandalwood tree, red bead tree, lopa, bead tree, Adenanthera pavonina false wiliwili, telengtúngd (Palau), telentundalel (Palau)) Agave sp. American aloe, century plant Agave sisalana sisal, sisal hemp yellow trumpet vine, golden trumpet, allamanda, brownbud allamanda, Allamanda cathartica golden allamanda, golden cup Alpinia purpurata red ginger Alternanthera brasiliana Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat Mexican creeper, mountain rose, Confederate vine, chain-of-love, *Antigonon leptopus hearts on a chain, love-vine, coral bells, coral vine, dilngau (Palau) Arundo donax giant reed, Spanish reed, wild cane *Asystasia gangetica Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel subsp. gangetica Bambusa spp. bamboo, bambuu (Palau), esel (Palau) †(B. vulbaris) Barleria lupulina hophead, Philippine violet *Bauhinia monandra orchid-tree, St. Thomas-tree, Napoleon's plume *Bauhinia purpurea purple orchid tree; purple butterfly tree *Bauhinia variegata orchid tree; mountain ebony Bothriochloa bladhii blue grass, Australian beardgrass, Caucasian bluestem, desum (Palau) life plant, air plant, resurrection plant, Canterbury bells, cathedral bells, Bryophyllum pinnatum Mexican love plant ‡Calamus spp. rattan, bangerenguis ra ngebard (Palau) *Calliandra calothyrsus powderpuff red calliandra Calopogonium calopo mucunoides *Calotropis gigantea calotrope, crown flower, madar Canna indica canna, canna lily, Indian shot **Casuarina casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine, she-oak, horsetail tree, beefwood, agas (Palau), agasu (Palau), ngas (Palau), ngasu (Palau) equisetifolia kapok, kapok tree, silk-cotton tree, kalngebard (Palau), kalngebárd *Ceiba pentandra (Palau), kerrekar ngebard (Palau) Cenchrus echinatus burr grass, sand-bur, southern sandbur Centrosema molle centro, butterfly-pea Chamaecrista Japanese tea mimosoides Chamaecrista nictitans partridge pea, Japanese tea senna Chloris barbata swollen fingergrass Chloris radiata plush-grass, radiate fingergrass Siam weed, triffid weed, bitter bush, Jack in the bush, ngesngesil Chromolaena odorata (Palau) **Chrysopogon Mackie's pest, lovegrass, seed grass, golden beardgrass, iul (Palau) aciculatus Clerodendrum red clerodendrum, pagoda-flower, butcherechár (Palau), butecherechar buchananii var. fallax (Palau) Clerodendrum pagoda plant, pagoda flower, butcherechár (Palau), butecherechar (Palau) paniculatum Clerodendrum bronze-leaved clerodendrum, kleuang (Palau) quadriloculare Clidemia hirta Koster’s curse, soap bush, kui (Palau), kúi (Palau) Clitoria ternatea butterfly pea, Asian pigeonwings, kles (Palau) *Coffea arabica coffee, kohi (Palau) Acacia auriculiformis 84 Family Habit Malvaceae herb Fabaceae tree Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae tree shrub tree Fabaceae tree Agavaceae Agavaceae succulent succulent Apocynaceae vine Zingiberaceae Amaranthaceae herb herb Polygonaceae vine Poaceae grass Acanthaceae herb Poaceae tree Acanthaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Poaceae shrub tree tree tree grass Crassulaceae succulent Arecaceae Fabaceae shrub (palm) shrub Fabaceae vine Ascelepiadaceae shrub Cannaceae herb Casuarinaceae tree Bombacaceae tree Poaceae Fabaceae grass vine Fabaceae herb Fabaceae Poaceae Poaceae shrub grass grass Asteraceae shrub Poaceae grass Lamiaceae shrub Lamiaceae shrub Lamiaceae shrub Melastomataceae shrub Fabaceae vine Rubiaceae tree Table 2. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Babeldaob Scientific Name †Commelina diffusa Crotalaria micans *Cryptostegia madagascariensis Cynodon dactylon Cyperus rotundus Derris elliptica Desmanthus virgatus Desmodium tortuosum Dieffenbachia seguine Digitaria ciliaris ‡Digitaria violascens Dissotis rotundifolia *Eichhornia crassipes Eleusine indica Epipremnum pinnatum cv. ‘Aureum’ Falcataria moluccana *Flemingia macrophylla Flemingia strobilifera *Gliricidia sepium **Gmelina elliptica *Heliconia spp. †( H. psittacorum) Hemigraphis alternata *?Hevea brasiliensis Hyptis capitata Hyptis pectinata Imperata cylindrica Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea hederifolia **Ischaemum polystachyum **†Ischaemum rugosum **†Ischaemum timorense ‡Jatropha curcas Kyllinga brevifolia **†‡Kyllinga nemoralis Lantana camara Leucaena leucocephala Macroptilium atropurpureum Macroptilium lathyroides ‡Melaleuca quinquenervia Melia azedarach †Melinis minutiflora **Merremia peltata Mikania micrantha Mimosa diplotricha Mimosa pudica Common Names (abridged) Family Habit commelina, dayflower, wandering Jew, spiderwort crotalaria Commelinaceae Fabaceae herb shrub Madagascar rubbervine Asclepiadaceae vine Poaceae grass Cyperaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Araceae sedge vine shrub herb herb Poaceae grass Bermuda grass, giant Bermuda grass, bahama grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, grama, devilgrass, couchgrass, balama grass nut grass, nutsedge, purple nutsedge, cocograss derris slender mimosa, virgate mimosa Florida beggarweed, Spanish clover, dixie ticktrefoil dieffenbachia, dumb cane Henry's crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, tropical crab grass, large crab grass, southern crabgrass, fingergrass, summer grass smooth crabgrass, violet crabgrass, sau (Palau) dissotis, Spanish shawl, pink lady water hyacinth, bung el ralm (Palau) goosegrass, wiregrass, goose foot, crow's foot, bullgrass, deskim(Palau), kelelamalk (Palau), keteketarmalk (Palau) Poaceae grass Melastomataceae herb Pontederiaceae aquatic herb Poaceae grass pothos, money plant Araceae vine Molucca albizia, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) luck plant, wild hops, besungelaiei (Palau) mother of cacao, quickstick, Mexican lilac, rechesengel (Palau) kalngebard ra belau (Palau) Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae tree tree shrub tree shrub heliconia, parrot's-flower, parrot's-plantain, crab claw, lobster claw Heliconiaceae herb metal leaf; red ivy hevea, Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree knobweed comb hyptis, comb bushmint, mint weed, purple top blady grass, cogon grass, satintail, kasoring (Palau) aquatic morning glory, swamp cabbage, water spinach, ung-choi, kang kong, kankum (Palau), kangum (Palau), kangkum (Palau) ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea, trompillo Acanthaceae Euphorbiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Poaceae herb tree herb herb grass Convolvulaceae aquatic herb Convolvulaceae vine paddle grass Poaceae grass muraina grass, wrinkle duck-beak, saramatta grass Poaceae grass centipede grass, stalkleaf murainagrass, lucuntu grass Poaceae grass physic nut, purging nut, Barbados nut green kyllinga, green water sedge, esechesiding (Palau) white kyllinga, whitehead spikesedge, whitewater sedge lantana leucaena, wild tamarind, lead tree, telengtungd (Palau) Euphorbiaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Verbenaceae Fabaceae shrub sedge sedge shrub tree siratro, purple bushbean Fabaceae vine cow pea, phasey bean, wild bean Fabaceae herb melaleuca, cajeput, paper bark tree, punk tree Myrtaceae tree Chinaberry, pride-of-India, indian lilac, Persian lilac, white cedar, margosa tree melinis, molasses grass merremia, kebeas (Palau) mile-a-minute weed, Chinese creeper, American rope, bittervine, teb el yas (Palau) giant sensitive plant, nila grass, mechiuaiu (Palau) 85 Meliaceae tree Poaceae Convolvulaceae grass vine Asteraceae vine Fabaceae Fabaceae shrub herb Table 2. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Babeldaob Scientific Name Muntingia calabura *Murraya paniculata Ocimum gratissimum Panicum maximum Paspalum conjugatum Paspalum paniculatum *Passiflora edulis Passiflora foetida †Passiflora quadrangularis Pennisetum polystachion Pennisetum purpureum *Pennisetum setaceum Psidium guajava *Quisqualis indica **Saccharum spontaneum **†Sacciolepis indica *Samanea saman *Sanchezia parvibracteata Sansevieria trifasciata Senna alata Senna obtusifolia Senna siamea *Sesbania grandiflora **‡Setaria pumila Solanum torvum Sorghum halepense *Spathodea campanulata **Sporobolus indicus var. major Stachytarpheta cayennensis Stylosanthes guianensis Syngonium angustatum Common Names (abridged) jam tree, strawberry tree, Jamaican cherry, Singapore cherry, Panama cherry, Panama berry, ornamental cherry, calabura, sirsen, budo (Palau) orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box, Hawaiian mock orange wild basil, clove basil, tree basil Guinea grass, green panic, buffalograss T grass, ti grass, sour grass; sour palpalum, buffalo grass, carabao grass, Hilo grass (Hawai'i), udel ra ngebei (Palau) Russell river grass, galmarra grass passion fruit, yellow passion fruit, purple passion fruit, qarandila, purple granadilla, kudamono (Palau) love-in-a-mist, wild passion fruit, passionflower, stinking passionflower, kudamono (Palau) Family Habit Tiliaceae tree Rutaceae Lamiaceae Poaceae shrub/tree herb grass Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Passifloraceae vine Passifloraceae vine granadilla, giant granadilla, kudamono (Palau) Passifloraceae vine mission grass, feathery pennisetum, desum (Palau) Poaceae grass elephant grass, napier grass, merker grass, bokso (Palau) fountain grass guava, guabang (Palau), kuabang (Palau) Rangoon creeper Poaceae Poaceae Myrtaceae Combretaceae grass grass tree vine wild cane, false sugarcane, banga ruchel (Palau) Poaceae grass glenwood grass monkeypod, rain tree, saman Poaceae Fabaceae grass tree sanchezia Acanthaceae shrub bowstring hemp, mother-in-law’s tongue, kitelel (Palau) candle bush; candelabra bush, Roman candle tree, emperor's candlesticks, ringworm bush (Australia), alcapulco habucha, coffeeweed, sicklepod cassod tree, kassod tree, Siamese cassia, pheasantwood, Thailand shower sesbania, hummingbird tree, sesban, scarlet wisteria tree, corkwood tree, katurai (Palau) foxtail, garden bristle grass, hairy-tail grass, yellow bristlegrass, Queensland pigeon grass (Australia) prickly solanum, devil's fig, turkeyberry, terongan Johnson grass, Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass Agavaceae herb Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae herb Fabaceae tree Fabaceae small tree Poaceae grass Solanaceae Poaceae shrub grass African tulip tree, fireball, fountain tree, orsachel kui (Palau) Bignoniaceae tree smutgrass, wiregrass, Indian dropseed Poaceae grass blue rat's tail, dark-blue snakeweed, false verbena, nettleleaf velvetberry, louch beluu (Palau) Verbenaceae herb stylo, Brazilian lucerne, tropical lucerne, Nigerian stylo arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant Java plum; jambolan plum, mesegerak (Palau), mesekerrak (Palau), *†‡Syzygium cumini mesekerrák (Palau), mesigerak (Palau) *Syzygium jambos malabar plum, rose apple, Malay apple *Tabebuia heterophylla pink tecoma, pink trumpet tree, white cedar *Tecoma stans yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush Tephrosia candida white tephrosia, white hoary-pea *Thevetia peruviana yellow oleander, be-still tree, lucky nut Bengal trumpet, blue trumpet vine, clock vine, skyvine, large-flowerd Thunbergia grandiflora thunbergia,: bung el etiu (Palau) tree marigold, shrub sunflower, Mexican sunflower, Japanese *Tithonia diversifolia sunflower Tradescantia spathacea oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, moses in a boat, kobesos (Palau) 86 Fabaceae herb Araceae vine Myrtaceae tree Myrtaceae Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae Fabaceae Apocynaceae tree tree small tree shrub small tree Acanthaceae vine Asteraceae shrub Commelinaceae herb Table 2. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Babeldaob Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) *Tradescantia zebrina †Triumfetta rhomboidea *Turnera subulata Turnera ulmifolia wandering zebrina, wandering jew, inchplant Chinese burr, paroquet burr, burr bush white alder yellow alder, sage rose, West Indian holly hibiscus burr, aramina, caesarweed, pink Chinese burr, urena burr, bur mallow, chosuched e kui (Palau), osuched a rechui (Palau) California grass, para grass, buffalo grass, Mauritius grass, signal grass wedelia, trailing daisy, Singapore daisy, creeping ox-eye, ngesil ra ngebard (Palau) **†Urena lobata Urochloa mutica Wedelia trilobata *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) ‡Reported present by Raulerson et al. (1996) 87 Family Habit Commelinaceae Tiliaceae Turneraceae Turneraceae herb shrub shrub shrub Malvaceae shrub Poaceae grass Asteraceae herb Table 3. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Angaur Scientific Name Acacia auriculiformis *Agave sp. Alpinia purpurata Bothriochloa bladhii **Casuarina equisetifolia †Cenchrus brownii †Cenchrus echinatus Chloris barbata Chromolaena odorata Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax *Clerodendrum paniculatum *Clerodendrum quadriloculare Common Names (abridged) Family Habit Papuan wattle, auri, earleaf acacia, northern black wattle, ear-pod wattle American aloe, century plant red ginger blue grass, Australian beardgrass, Caucasian bluestem, desum (Palau) casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine, she-oak, horsetail tree, beefwood, agas (Palau), agasu (Palau), ngas (Palau), ngasu (Palau) burr grass, burr grass, sand-bur, slimbristle sandbur burr grass, sand-bur, southern sandbur swollen fingergrass Siam weed, triffid weed, bitter bush, Jack in the bush, ngesngesil (Palau) Fabaceae Agavaceae Zingiberaceae Poaceae tree succulent herb grass Casuarinaceae tree Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Asteraceae grass grass grass shrub red clerodendrum, pagoda-flower; butcherechár, butecherechar (Palau) Lamiaceae shrub pagoda plant, pagoda flower, butcherechár (Palau), butecherechar (Palau) Lamiaceae shrub bronze-leaved clerodendrum, kleuang (Palau) Lamiaceae shrub Bermuda grass, giant Bermuda grass, bahama grass, devil's grass, couch Cynodon dactylon grass, Indian doab, grama, devilgrass, couchgrass, balama grass Cyperus rotundus nut grass, nutsedge, purple nutsedge, cocograss Henry's crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, tropical crab grass, large crab Digitaria ciliaris grass, southern crabgrass, fingergrass, summer grass goosegrass, wiregrass, goose foot, crow's foot, bullgrass, deskim(Palau), Eleusine indica kelelamalk (Palau), keteketarmalk (Palau) †Hyptis pectinata comb hyptis, comb bushmint, mint weed, purple top aquatic morning glory, swamp cabbage, water spinach, ung-choi, kang †Ipomoea aquatica kong, kankum (Palau), kangum (Palau), kangkum (Palau) Lantana camara lantana Leucaena leucocephala leucaena, wild tamarind, lead tree, telengtungd (Palau) Mimosa diplotricha giant sensitive plant, nila grass, mechiuaiu (Palau) Mimosa pudica jam tree, strawberry tree, Jamaican cherry, Singapore cherry, Panama Muntingia calabura cherry, Panama berry, ornamental cherry, calabura, sirsen, budo (Palau) **Operculina turpethum Other: ongucheta rekung (Palau) T grass, ti grass, sour grass; sour palpalum, buffalo grass, carabao grass, Paspalum conjugatum Hilo grass (Hawai'i), udel ra ngebei (Palau) Paspalum paniculatum Russell river grass, galmarra grass love-in-a-mist, wild passion fruit, passionflower, stinking passionflower, Passiflora foetida kudamono (Palau) Pluchea indica Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea, Indian camphorweed Psidium guajava guava, guabang (Palau), kuabang (Palau) castor bean, castor-oil plant, gelug (Palau), maskerekur (Palau), uluchula Ricinus communis skoki (Palau) *Samanea saman monkeypod, rain tree, saman **Sporobolus indicus smutgrass, wiregrass, Indian dropseed var. major Stachytarpheta blue rat's tail, dark-blue snakeweed, false verbena, nettleleaf velvetberry, louch beluu (Palau) cayennensis Syngonium angustatum arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant *Tecoma stans yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush Timonius timon liberal (Palau) Tradescantia spathacea oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, moses in a boat, kobesos (Palau) Tradescantia zebrina wandering zebrina, wandering jew, inchplant Turnera ulmifolia yellow alder, sage rose, West Indian holly hibiscus burr, aramina, caesarweed, pink Chinese burr, urena burr, bur **†Urena lobata mallow, chosuched e kui (Palau), osuched a rechui (Palau) wedelia, trailing daisy, Singapore daisy, creeping ox-eye, ngesil ra Wedelia trilobata ngebard (Palau) *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 88 Poaceae grass Cyperaceae sedge Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Lamiaceae herb Convolvulaceae aquatic herb Verbenaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae shrub tree shrub herb Tiliaceae tree Convolvulaceae vine Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Passifloraceae vine Asteraceae Myrtaceae shrub tree Euphorbiaceae shrub Fabaceae tree Poaceae grass Verbenaceae herb Araceae Bignoniaceae Rubiaceae Commelinaceae Commelinaceae Turneraceae vine small tree tree herb herb shrub Malvaceae shrub Asteraceae herb Table 4. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Kayangel Scientific Name Acacia auriculiformis **Casuarina equisetifolia *?Ceiba pentandra Cenchrus echinatus †Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax Clerodendrum quadriloculare Common Names (abridged) Papuan wattle, auri, earleaf acacia, northern black wattle, ear-pod wattle casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine, she-oak, horsetail tree, beefwood, agas (Palau), agasu (Palau), ngas (Palau), ngasu (Palau) kapok, kapok tree, silk-cotton tree, kalngebard (Palau), kalngebárd (Palau), kerrekar ngebard (Palau) burr grass, sand-bur, southern sandbur red clerodendrum, pagoda-flower, butcherechár (Palau), butecherechar (Palau) bronze-leaved clerodendrum, kleuang (Palau) goosegrass, wiregrass, goose foot, crow's foot, bullgrass, †Eleusine indica deskim(Palau), kelelamalk (Palau), keteketarmalk (Palau) **Merremia peltata merremia, kebeas (Palau) jam tree, strawberry tree, Jamaican cherry, Singapore cherry, Panama Muntingia calabura cherry, Panama berry, ornamental cherry, calabura, sirsen, budo (Palau) **Operculina turpethum Other: ongucheta rekung (Palau) *Samanea saman monkeypod, rain tree, saman Stachytarpheta blue rat's tail, dark-blue snakeweed, false verbena, nettleleaf cayennensis velvetberry, louch beluu (Palau) Bengal trumpet, blue trumpet vine, clock vine, skyvine, large-flowerd Thunbergia grandiflora thunbergia,: bung el etiu (Palau) *?Timonius timon liberal (Palau) *?Tradescantia oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, moses in a boat, kobesos (Palau) spathacea *?Tradescantia zebrina wandering zebrina, wandering jew, inchplant *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 89 Family Habit Fabaceae tree Casuarinaceae tree Bombacaceae tree Poaceae grass Lamiaceae shrub Lamiaceae shrub Poaceae grass Convolvulaceae vine Tiliaceae tree Convolvulaceae Fabaceae vine tree Verbenaceae herb Acanthaceae vine Rubiaceae tree Commelinaceae herb Commelinaceae herb Table 5. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Peleliu Scientific Name †Abelmoschus moschatus *Acacia auriculiformis *Agave sp. Bothriochloa bladhii *?†Bryophyllum pinnatum *Calotropis gigantea **Casuarina equisetifolia †Cenchrus brownii Cenchrus echinatus Chloris barbata Chromolaena odorata **Chrysopogon aciculatus Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax Clerodendrum paniculatum Clerodendrum quadriloculare Cynodon dactylon Cyperus rotundus *Dieffenbachia seguine Digitaria ciliaris Eleusine indica †Ipomoea aquatica Common Names (abridged) fautia, musk mallow, musk okra, gongul (Palau) Papuan wattle, auri, earleaf acacia, northern black wattle, ear-pod wattle American aloe, century plant blue grass, Australian beardgrass, Caucasian bluestem, desum (Palau) life plant, air plant, resurrection plant, Canterbury bells, cathedral bells, Mexican love plant calotrope, crown flower, madar casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine, she-oak, horsetail tree, beefwood, agas (Palau), agasu (Palau), ngas (Palau), ngasu (Palau) burr grass, burr grass, sand-bur, slimbristle sandbur burr grass, sand-bur, southern sandbur swollen fingergrass Siam weed, triffid weed, bitter bush, Jack in the bush, ngesngesil (Palau) Mackie's pest, lovegrass, seed grass, golden beardgrass, iul (Palau) Family Malvaceae herb Fabaceae tree Agavaceae Poaceae succulent grass Crassulaceae succulent Ascelepiadaceae shrub Casuarinaceae tree Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae grass grass grass Asteraceae shrub Poaceae grass red clerodendrum, pagoda-flower, butcherechár (Palau), butecherechar Lamiaceae (Palau) pagoda plant, pagoda flower, butcherechár (Palau), butecherechar Lamiaceae (Palau) bronze-leaved clerodendrum, kleuang (Palau) Bermuda grass, giant Bermuda grass, bahama grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, grama, devilgrass, couchgrass, balama grass nut grass, nutsedge, purple nutsedge, cocograss dieffenbachia, dumb cane Henry's crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, tropical crab grass, large crab grass, southern crabgrass, fingergrass, summer grass goosegrass, wiregrass, goose foot, crow's foot, bullgrass, deskim(Palau), kelelamalk (Palau), keteketarmalk (Palau) aquatic morning glory, swamp cabbage, water spinach, ung-choi, kang kong, kankum (Palau), kangum (Palau), kangkum (Palau) **†Ischaemum centipede grass, stalkleaf murainagrass, lucuntu grass timorense Lantana camara lantana Leucaena leucocephala leucaena, wild tamarind, lead tree, telengtungd (Palau) mile-a-minute weed, Chinese creeper, American rope, bittervine, teb el Mikania micrantha yas (Palau) jam tree, strawberry tree, Jamaican cherry, Singapore cherry, Panama cherry, Panama berry, ornamental cherry, calabura, sirsen, budo Muntingia calabura (Palau) **Operculina turpethum Other: ongucheta rekung (Palau) T grass, ti grass, sour grass; sour palpalum, buffalo grass, carabao †Paspalum conjugatum grass, Hilo grass (Hawai'i), udel ra ngebei (Palau) love-in-a-mist, wild passion fruit, passionflower, stinking passionflower, Passiflora foetida kudamono (Palau) Pennisetum mission grass, feathery pennisetum, desum (Palau) polystachion Pennisetum purpureum elephant grass, napier grass, merker grass, bokso (Palau) Pluchea carolinensis sour bush Pluchea indica Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea, Indian camphorweed Psidium guajava guava, guabang (Palau), kuabang (Palau) castor bean, castor-oil plant, gelug (Palau), maskerekur (Palau), Ricinus communis uluchula skoki (Palau) **Saccharum wild cane, false sugarcane, banga ruchel (Palau) spontaneum 90 Habit shrub shrub Lamiaceae shrub Poaceae grass Cyperaceae Araceae sedge herb Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Convolvulaceae aquatic herb Poaceae grass Verbenaceae Fabaceae shrub tree Asteraceae vine Tiliaceae tree Convolvulaceae vine Poaceae grass Passifloraceae vine Poaceae grass Poaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Myrtaceae grass shrub shrub tree Euphorbiaceae shrub Poaceae grass Table 5. Invasive species of environmental concern present on Peleliu Scientific Name *Samanea saman *Sansevieria trifasciata Senna obtusifolia **Sporobolus indicus var. major Stachytarpheta cayennensis *Syngonium angustatum *Tecoma stans *Thevetia peruviana Timonius timon Tradescantia spathacea Tradescantia zebrina Turnera ulmifolia Wedelia trilobata Common Names (abridged) Family Habit monkeypod, rain tree, saman bowstring hemp, mother-in-law’s tongue, kitelel (Palau) habucha, coffeeweed, sicklepod Fabaceae Agavaceae Fabaceae tree herb herb smutgrass, wiregrass, Indian dropseed Poaceae grass blue rat's tail, dark-blue snakeweed, false verbena, nettleleaf velvetberry, louch beluu (Palau) Verbenaceae herb arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant Araceae vine yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush yellow oleander, be-still tree, lucky nut liberal (Palau) oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, moses in a boat, kobesos (Palau) wandering zebrina, wandering jew, inchplant yellow alder, sage rose, West Indian holly wedelia, trailing daisy, Singapore daisy, creeping ox-eye, ngesil ra ngebard (Palau) Bignoniaceae Apocynaceae Rubiaceae Commelinaceae Commelinaceae Turneraceae small tree small tree tree herb herb shrub Asteraceae herb *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 91 Table 6. Invasive species of environmental concern present on the Rock Islands Scientific Name *Acacia auriculiformis *Agave sp. Alternanthera brasiliana Common Names (abridged) Papuan wattle, auri, earleaf acacia, northern black wattle, ear-pod wattle American aloe, century plant Family Fabaceae Habit tree Locations Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Agavaceae succulent Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Amaranthaceae herb Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Poaceae grass Bkul a Chesemiich Crassulaceae succulent Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Casuarinaceae tree Most islands Poaceae grass Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Asteraceae shrub Ngidech Clerodendrum red clerodendrum, pagoda-flower, butcherechár Lamiaceae buchananii var. fallax (Palau), butecherechar (Palau) shrub Aulupse‘el, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngchelobel, Ngeanges, Ngeremdiu, Ngidech, Ulong, Urukthapel *Clerodendrum quadriloculare Lamiaceae shrub Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Cyperaceae sedge Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Poaceae grass Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Ngidech Poaceae grass Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngeanges, Ngeremdiu, Urukthapel Poaceae grass Aulupse‘el lantana Verbenaceae leucaena, wild tamarind, lead tree, telengtungd Fabaceae (Palau) jam tree, strawberry tree, Jamaican cherry, Singapore cherry, Panama cherry, Panama Tiliaceae berry, ornamental cherry, calabura, sirsen, budo (Palau) shrub Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong tree Ngercheu (Carp Resort) **†Operculina turpethum Other: ongucheta rekung (Palau) Convolvulaceae vine Aulupse‘el Paspalum conjugatum T grass, ti grass, sour grass; sour palpalum, buffalo grass, carabao grass, Hilo grass (Hawai'i), udel ra ngebei (Palau) Poaceae grass Ngerchong, Ngeanges, Urukthapel, Ulong Psidium guajava guava, guabang (Palau), kuabang (Palau) Myrtaceae tree Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngerchong *Sansevieria trifasciata bowstring hemp, mother-in-law’s tongue, kitelel (Palau) Agavaceae herb Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Poaceae grass Bablomekang, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngerchong, Ngeanges (Neco) Verbenaceae herb Ngidech, Urukthapel Myrtaceae tree Aulupse‘el Bignoniaceae small tree Ngerchong Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat blue grass, Australian beardgrass, Caucasian bluestem, desum (Palau) life plant, air plant, resurrection plant, *Bryophyllum Canterbury bells, cathedral bells, Mexican love pinnatum plant casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine, she-oak, **Casuarina horsetail tree, beefwood, agas (Palau), agasu equisetifolia (Palau), ngas (Palau), ngasu (Palau) Cenchrus echinatus burr grass, sand-bur, southern sandbur Siam weed, triffid weed, bitter bush, Jack in the Chromolaena odorata bush, ngesngesil (Palau) Bothriochloa bladhii Cyperus rotundus Digitaria ciliaris Eleusine indica **Ischaemum polystachyum *Lantana camara *Leucaena leucocephala *Muntingia calabura bronze-leaved clerodendrum, kleuang (Palau) nut grass, nutsedge, purple nutsedge, cocograss Henry's crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, tropical crab grass, large crab grass, southern crabgrass, fingergrass, summer grass goosegrass, wiregrass, goose foot, crow's foot, bullgrass, deskim(Palau), kelelamalk (Palau), keteketarmalk (Palau) paddle grass **Sporobolus indicus smutgrass, wiregrass, Indian dropseed var. major Stachytarpheta cayennensis *?†Syzygium cumini *Tecoma stans blue rat's tail, dark-blue snakeweed, false verbena, nettleleaf velvetberry, louch beluu (Palau) Java plum; jambolan plum, mesegerak (Palau), mesekerrak (Palau), mesekerrák (Palau), mesigerak (Palau) yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush 92 tree Table 6. Invasive species of environmental concern present on the Rock Islands Scientific Name Timonius timon Common Names (abridged) liberal (Palau) Family *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 93 Locations tree Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Ngchelobel, Ngeanges (Neco) Commelinaceae herb Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Commelinaceae herb Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Rubiaceae *Tradescantia oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, moses in a boat, kobesos (Palau) spathacea *Tradescantia zebrina wandering zebrina, wandering jew, inchplant Habit Table 7. Invasive species of environmental concern present in Sonsorol State Scientific Name Bambusa spp. †(B. vulgaris) Bryophyllum pinnatum *Canna indica Chrysopogon aciculatus Digitaria sp. Eleusine indica Kyllinga nemoralis Leucaena leucocephala Muntingia calabura Common Names (abridged) bamboo, bambuu (Palau), esel (Palau) Family Poaceae life plant, air plant, resurrection plant, Canterbury bells, cathedral bells, Mexican love plant canna, canna lily, Indian shot Mackie's pest, lovegrass, seed grass, golden beardgrass, iul (Palau) Henry's crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, tropical crab grass, large crab grass, southern crabgrass, fingergrass, summer grass goosegrass, wiregrass, goose foot, crow's foot, bullgrass, deskim(Palau), kelelamalk (Palau), keteketarmalk (Palau) white kyllinga, whitehead spikesedge, whitewater sedge leucaena, wild tamarind, lead tree, telengtungd (Palau) tree succulent Sonsorol herb Sonsorol Poaceae grass Sonsorol Poaceae grass Pulo Ana Poaceae grass Cyperaceae sedge Merir, Pulo Ana, Sonsorol Sonsorol Fabaceae tree Sonsorol tree Merir, Sonsorol grass Sonsorol tree Sonsorol Poaceae grass Sonsorol Bignoniaceae small tree Pulo Ana, Sonsorol yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush Tradescantia spathacea oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, moses in a boat, kobesos Commelinaceae herb (Palau) 94 Sonsorol Crassulaceae Tecoma stans *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) Locations Cannaceae jam tree, strawberry tree, Jamaican cherry, Singapore cherry, Panama cherry, Panama berry, ornamental cherry, Tiliaceae calabura, sirsen, budo (Palau) T grass, ti grass, sour grass; sour palpalum, buffalo grass, Poaceae carabao grass, Hilo grass (Hawai'i), udel ra ngebei (Palau) guava, guabang (Palau), kuabang (Palau) Myrtaceae Paspalum conjugatum *Psidium guajava **Sporobolus indicus smutgrass, wiregrass, Indian dropseed var. major Habit Sonsorol Table 8. Invasive species of environmental concern present in Hatohobei State Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) *Acacia auriculiformis *Canna indica Papuan wattle, auri, earleaf acacia, northern black wattle, ear-pod wattle canna, canna lily, Indian shot casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine, she-oak, horsetail Casuarina tree, beefwood, agas (Palau), agasu (Palau), ngas equisetifolia (Palau), ngasu (Palau) Cenchrus echinatus burr grass, sand-bur, southern sandbur Chrysopogon Mackie's pest, lovegrass, seed grass, golden beardgrass, iul (Palau) aciculatus Bermuda grass, giant Bermuda grass, bahama grass, Cynodon dactylon devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, grama, devilgrass, couchgrass, balama grass goosegrass, wiregrass, goose foot, crow's foot, bullgrass, Eleusine indica deskim(Palau), kelelamalk (Palau), keteketarmalk (Palau) mother of cacao, quickstick, Mexican lilac, rechesengel *Gliricidia sepium (Palau) Ocimum gratissimum wild basil, clove basil, tree basil Paspalum T grass, ti grass, sour grass; sour palpalum, buffalo grass, carabao grass, Hilo grass (Hawai'i), udel ra ngebei (Palau) conjugatum *Sansevieria bowstring hemp, mother-in-law’s tongue, kitelel (Palau) trifasciata **Sporobolus indicus smutgrass, wiregrass, Indian dropseed var. major Tecoma stans yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 95 Family Habit Locations Fabaceae tree Tobi Cannaceae herb Tobi Casuarinaceae tree Helen's Reef, Tobi Poaceae grass Tobi Poaceae grass Tobi Poaceae grass Tobi Poaceae grass Tobi Fabaceae tree Tobi Lamiaceae herb Tobi Poaceae grass Tobi Agavaceae herb Tobi Poaceae grass Tobi Bignoniaceae small tree Tobi Appendix 5. Other invasive species by location Table 1. Other invasive species present on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Malakal Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Ageratum conyzoides billygoat-weed, chick week, goatweed, whiteweed, ngmak Asteraceae (Palau) **†Alternanthera sessilis joyweed, sessile joyweed, okula beluulechad (Palau) Habit herb Amaranthaceae herb Alysicarpus vaginalis alyce-clover, buffalo-clover, one-leaf-clover Fabaceae Amaranthus dubius amaranth, spleen amaranth Amaranthaceae herb Amaranthus viridis green amaranth, pigweed, slender amaranth Amaranthaceae herb *Annona muricata soursop, prickly custard apple, sausab (Palau) Annonaceae †Asclepias curassavica bastard ipecac, blood flower, bloodflower milkweed, butterfly weed, false ipecac, milkweed Asclepiadaceae herb †Averrhoa bilimbi bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree cucumber, tree sorrel Oxalidaceae tree blanket grass, carpetgrass Poaceae grass bedding begonia, perpetual begonia, wax begonia Begoniaceae herb beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs, romerillo anatto, annato, annatto, arnatto, lipstick tree, burek (Palau) green shrimp plant, Browne’s blechum snowbush, snowbush breynia, sweetpea bush, foliageflower Asteraceae herb Bixaceae shrub Acanthaceae herb Euphorbiaceae shrub Axonopus compressus *Begonia × semperflorenscultorum Bidens alba *Bixa orellana Blechum pyramidata *Breynia disticha herb tree Caladium bicolor caladium, elephant's-ear, fancy-leaf caladium, heart-ofJesus Araceae herb *Cananga odorata perfume tree, chiráng (Palau), irang (Palau) Annonaceae tree Cape periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle, old-maid, rose *Catharanthus roseus periwinkle, rosy periwinkle Apocynaceae herb *Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae herb **Centella asiatica Chamaesyce hirta Chamaesyce prostrata †Chamaesyce thymifolia †Cleome gynandra †Coix lacryma-jobi Cosmos sp. Crassocephalum crepidoides †Crotalaria incana †Crotalaria pallida †Crotalaria spectabilis †Cyperus compressus cockscomb, esechilamalk (Palau) Asiatic pennywort, Indian pennywort, marsh pennywort, pennyweed, elisichur (Palau), elsichur (Palau) asthma plant, garden spurge, pill-bearing spurge, hairy spurge, udall (Palau) Apiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb creeping splurge, prostrate spurge, red caustic creeper Euphorbiaceae herb red caustic creeper, thyme-leafed spurge Euphorbiaceae herb Capparaceae herb Poaceae grass African spider-flower, bastard-mustard, cat's-whiskers, spider wisp, wild spider flower adlay, adlay millet, Job's-tears, demairuuch (Palau), tauiir (Palau) cosmos Locations Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal Koror, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror Koror, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror Koror Malakal, Koror Koror Koror; Ngerekebesang (cult.) Koror, Ngerekebesang Koror, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Ngerekebesang Koror Asteraceae herb Koror, Ngerekebesang Koror thickhead, fireweed, redflower ragleaf Asteraceae herb Koror fuzzy rattlepod, woolly rattlepod, kuroteraria (Palau) salts rattlebox, smooth crotalaria, smooth rattlebox, smooth rattlepod, streaked rattlepod, striped crotalaria rattlebox, showy crotalaria, showy rattlebox, showy rattlepod Fabaceae shrub Koror Fabaceae shrub Koror Fabaceae herb Koror, Ngerekebesang flat sedge Cyperaceae sedge Koror, Malakal 96 Table 1. Other invasive species present on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Malakal Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Habit Locations **†Cyperus cyperinus long-headed sedge dirty-Dora, one-arm sedge, rice sedge, small-flower †Cyperus difformis umbrella-plant, variable flat sedge †Cyperus distans slender cyperus **†Cyperus haspan grasshopper’s cyperus, rice flat sedge, umbrella sedge, **†Cyperus iria badel aus (Palau) **†Cyperus pilosus **†Cyrtococcum long-leaf cyrtococcum grass oxyphyllum beach wiregrass, button grass, coast button grass, comb Dactyloctenium fringe grass, crowfoot grass, duck grass, finger comb aegyptium grass datura, downy thorn-apple, Hindu datura, Hindu thornapple, hoary thorn-apple, horn-of-plenty, jimson-weed, *Datura metel purple thorn-apple flame tree, flamboyant, poinciana, nangiosákura (Palau), *Delonix regia nangiosikura (Palau), nangyo (Palau) †Desmodium gangeticum **†Desmodium okula beluu (Palau) heterocarpon Desmodium incanum kaimi clover, Spanish clover creeping tick trefoil, three-flower beggarweed, tropical Desmodium triflorum trefoil, olmud (Palau) †Digitaria bicornis southern crabgrass **Digitaria Y grass fuscescens aerial yam, air-potato, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam, Dioscorea bulbifera belloi (Palau) Cyperaceae sedge Koror Cyperaceae sedge Malakal Cyperaceae Cyperaceae sedge sedge Koror Koror Cyperaceae sedge Koror, Malakal Cyperaceae sedge Koror Poaceae grass Koror Poaceae grass Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Solanaceae herb Malakal Fabaceae tree Koror Fabaceae herb Ngerekebesang Fabaceae herb Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae herb Poaceae grass Koror, Ngerekebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Ngerekebesang Poaceae grass Koror Dioscoreaceae vine *Duranta erecta Verbenaceae shrub Poaceae grass Asteraceae herb Arecaceae Cyperaceae tree sedge Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror Asteraceae herb Koror, Malakal Echinochloa colona Eclipta prostrata *Elaeis guineensis †Eleocharis dulcis Emilia sonchifolia duranta, golden dewdrop, pigeon-berry, sky-flower awnless barnyard grass (Australia), corn panic grass, Deccan grass, jungle ricegrass, jungle rice, millet-rice, pigeon millet eclipta, false daisy, swamp daisy, white eclipta, deberebelela tengadidik (Palau) African oil palm Chinese water-chestnut, ground-chestnut, waternut Cupid's shaving-brush, emilia, Flora's paint brush, purple sow thistle, sow thistle Koror, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal Episcia cupreata episcia, flame violet Gesneriaceae herb **Eragrostis amabilis †Eragrostis pilosa **Eriochloa procera **†Fimbristylis autumnalis **†Fimbristylis littoralis **†Fuirena umbellata Bug's egg grass, Japanese love grass, ouemoket (Palau) hairy love grass, Indian love grass, soft lovegrass Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae grass grass grass Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror Koror Koror, Malakal slender fimbristylis Cyperaceae sedge Koror Cyperaceae sedge Koror Cyperaceae sedge Koror Koror, Ngerekebesang grass-like fimbristylis, lesser fimbristylis, kerngimes (Palau), kederang (Palau) desum ra mesei (Palau) bachelor's-button, bozu, globe amaranth, pearly *Gomphrena globosa everlasting, botang (Palau) **†Heliotropium Indian heliotrope, turnsole indicum Hippobroma star of Bethlehem, udel ra badrei (Palau) longiflora impatiens, balsam, garden balsam, rose balsam, spotted *Impatiens balsamina snapweed, touch-me-not, hosengka (Palau) garden impatiens, balsam, busy lizzy, bizzy-lizzie, patient *Impatiens walleriana lucy; sultan’s flower 97 Amaranthaceae herb Boraginaceae herb Koror Campanulaceae herb Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Balsaminaceae succulent Koror Balsaminaceae succulent Koror, Ngerekebesang Table 1. Other invasive species present on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Malakal Scientific Name †Imperata conferta *Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa Common Names (abridged) Family Habit plume grass Poaceae grass Koror bush morning glory, tree ipomoea Convolvulaceae shrub Koror Cupid's flower, cypress vine, cypressvine morning-glory, Convolvulaceae vine star of Bethlehem, star-glory, sweet-willy, asangao (Palau) Aiea morning-glory, little bell, orech (Palau), torech Convolvulaceae vine Ipomoea triloba (Palau) **†Isachne globosa Poaceae grass †Jasminum sambac Arabian jasmine Oleaceae vine Scrophulariacea herb **†Lindernia antipoda ilemelakel (Palau) e **Ludwigia Onagraceae herb hyssopifolia willow primrose, false primrose, yellow willow herb, erur Onagraceae herb **Ludwigia octovalvis (Palau) Ipomoea quamoclit Mitracarpus hirtus Locations tropical girdlepod balsam-apple, bitter-melon, bitter gourd, balsam pear, Momordica charantia squirting cucumber, cerasee, peria, markoso (Palau), markosong (Palau) horseradish tree, drumstick tree, ben nut, morango, *Moringa oleifera malungkai (Palau) Oldenlandia corymbosa **†Oplismenus basket grass, woods grass hirtellus Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang herb Cucurbitaceae vine Koror, Malakal Moringaceae tree Koror, Malakal Rubiaceae herb Poaceae grass drooping tree pear, prickly pear Cactaceae cactus *Orthosiphon aristatus cat’s whiskers, chemadecharebub (Palau), emadecharebub (Palau) Lamiaceae herb Oxalidaceae herb Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Ngerekebesang Koror Euphorbiaceae herb Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal Euphorbiaceae herb Koror †Paspalum scrobiculatum rice grass; creeping paspalum, ditch millet, Indian paspalum, kodo millet, water couch, desum (Palau) Poaceae grass Peperomia pellucida rtertiil (Palau) Piperaceae herb *Persea americana avocado, alligator pear, bata (Palau) Lauraceae tree Phyllanthus amarus ukalla ruchel (Palau) Euphorbiaceae herb †Phyllanthus debilis **†Phyllanthus urinaria Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror Koror Rubiaceae *Opuntia sp. Oxalis barrelieri Koror Physalis angulata annual ground cherry, bubeubedul (Palau) Solanaceae herb Pilea microphylla artillery plant, gunpowder plant, pistol plant, rockweed Urticaceae herb Turneraceae herb Polygala paniculata island snake-root, keskus ra mekesong (Palau) Polygalaceae herb Portulaca oleracea Pseuderanthemum carruthersii **Pueraria montana var. lobata Russelia equisetiformis †Senna occidentalis †Sesbania cannabina pigweed, purslane Portulacaceae herb Koror†, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror Acanthaceae shrub Ngerkebesang Fabaceae vine Koror †Piriqueta ovata Sida rhombifolia kudzu, Japanese arrowroot Scrophulariacea shrub e Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae shrub coralplant, fountainplant antbush, coffee senna, korriu (Palau) canicha, dhaincha, dhunchi, sesbania pea arrow-leaf sida, Cuban jute, Paddy's lucerne, QueenslandMalvaceae hemp, teaweed, keak (Palau) 98 shrub Koror, Malakal Koror, Malakal Koror, Malakal Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Table 1. Other invasive species present on Koror, Ngerkebesang and Malakal Scientific Name †Solanum americanum *Solenostemon scutellarioides †Sorghum bicolor Spermacoce assurgens †Spermacoce ernstii Common Names (abridged) Family Habit American nightshade, black nightshade, glossy nightshade Solanaceae herb coleus Lamiaceae herb Sudan grass Poaceae grass buttonweed, okulabeluu (Palau) Rubiaceae herb Rubiaceae herb Rubiaceae herb herb Spermacoce latifolia Locations Koror, Malakal Malakal Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Stachytarpheta jamaicensis **†Stictocardia tiliifolia Synedrella nodiflora bastard vervain, blue porterweed, Brazilian tea, Jamaica vervain, joee, light blue snakeweed, louch beluu (Palau) Verbenaceae stictocardia, crimson morning-glory Convolvulaceae vine Koror Cinderella weed (Australia), porter bush, synedrella Asteraceae herb **Vernonia cinerea ironweed, little ironweed, vernonia Asteraceae herb Youngia japonica oriental hawksbeard Asteraceae herb Koror, Malakal Koror, Malakal, Ngerekebesang Koror *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 99 Koror, Malakal Table 2. Other invasive species present on Babeldaob Scientific Name ‡Acalypha indica †Acalypha lanceolata **Achyranthes aspera Ageratum conyzoides **†Alternanthera sessilis Alysicarpus vaginalis Amaranthus dubius Amaranthus viridis *Annona muricata Common Names (abridged) copperleaf, Indian-nettle, ricinela Family Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Habit herb herb chaff-flower, devil's horsewhip; prickly chaff-flower, louch beluu (Palau), Amaranthaceae louch el beluu (Palau) billygoat-weed, chick week, goatweed, whiteweed, ngmak (Palau) Asteraceae herb joyweed, sessile joyweed, okula beluulechad (Palau) Amaranthaceae herb Fabaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Annonaceae herb herb herb tree Asclepiadaceae herb Oxalidaceae Poaceae Scrophulariaceae Asteraceae Bixaceae Acanthaceae Euphorbiaceae Araceae Annonaceae tree grass herb herb shrub herb shrub herb tree Apocynaceae herb Amaranthaceae herb Apiaceae herb Asteraceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Capparaceae Poaceae Asteraceae herb grass herb Asteraceae herb Asteraceae herb alyce-clover, buffalo-clover, one-leaf-clover amaranth, spleen amaranth green amaranth, pigweed, slender amaranth soursop, prickly custard apple, sausab (Palau) bastard ipecac, blood flower, bloodflower milkweed, butterfly weed, Asclepias curassavica false ipecac, milkweed Averrhoa bilimbi bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree cucumber, tree sorrel Axonopus compressus blanket grass, carpetgrass ‡Bacopa procumbens Bidens alba beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs, romerillo *Bixa orellana anatto, annato, annatto, arnatto, lipstick tree, burek (Palau) Blechum pyramidata green shrimp plant, Browne’s blechum *Breynia disticha snowbush, snowbush breynia, sweetpea bush, foliage-flower Caladium bicolor caladium, elephant's-ear, fancy-leaf caladium, heart-of-Jesus *Cananga odorata perfume tree, chiráng (Palau), irang (Palau) Cape periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle, old-maid, rose periwinkle, ‡Catharanthus roseus rosy periwinkle Celosia argentea cockscomb, esechilamalk (Palau) Asiatic pennywort, Indian pennywort, marsh pennywort, pennyweed, **Centella asiatica elisichur (Palau), elsichur (Palau) *Centratherum punctatum asthma plant, garden spurge, pill-bearing spurge, hairy spurge, udall Chamaesyce hirta (Palau) Chamaesyce beach spurge, graceful spurge hypericifolia Chamaesyce prostrata creeping splurge, prostrate spurge, red caustic creeper ‡Chamaesyce red caustic creeper, thyme-leafed spurge thymifolia Cleome viscosa tickweed, spider flower †Coix lacryma-jobi adlay, adlay millet, Job's-tears, demairuuch (Palau), tauiir (Palau) †Conyza bonariensis flax-leaf fleabane, hairy fleabane, hairy horseweed, wavy-leaf fleabane butterweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, hogweed, Conyza canadensis horseweed Cosmos sp. cosmos Crassocephalum thickhead, fireweed, redflower ragleaf crepidoides Crotalaria incana fuzzy rattlepod, woolly rattlepod, kuroteraria (Palau) salts rattlebox, smooth crotalaria, smooth rattlebox, smooth rattlepod, Crotalaria pallida streaked rattlepod, striped crotalaria Crotalaria spectabilis rattlebox, showy crotalaria, showy rattlebox, showy rattlepod Crotalaria zanzibarica curara-pea †Cyperus compressus flat sedge **†Cyperus cyperinus long-headed sedge dirty-Dora, one-arm sedge, rice sedge, small-flower umbrella-plant, †Cyperus difformis variable flat sedge †Cyperus distans slender cyperus **†Cyperus haspan grasshopper’s cyperus, rice flat sedge, umbrella sedge, badel aus **†Cyperus iria (Palau) **†Cyperus pilosus 100 herb Asteraceae herb Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae Fabaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae herb herb sedge sedge Cyperaceae sedge Cyperaceae Cyperaceae sedge sedge Cyperaceae sedge Cyperaceae sedge Table 2. Other invasive species present on Babeldaob Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) **†Cyrtococcum long-leaf cyrtococcum grass oxyphyllum **†Cyrtococcum patens Dactyloctenium beach wiregrass, button grass, coast button grass, comb fringe grass, crowfoot grass, duck grass, finger comb grass aegyptium datura, downy thorn-apple, Hindu datura, Hindu thorn-apple, hoary *Datura metel thorn-apple, horn-of-plenty, jimson-weed, purple thorn-apple flame tree, flamboyant, poinciana, nangiosákura (Palau), nangiosikura *Delonix regia (Palau), nangyo (Palau) †Desmodium gangeticum **†Desmodium okula beluu (Palau) heterocarpon †Desmodium hetero, Spanish clover heterophyllum Desmodium incanum kaimi clover, Spanish clover creeping tick trefoil, three-flower beggarweed, tropical trefoil, olmud Desmodium triflorum (Palau) ‡Digitaria bicornis southern crabgrass **†Digitaria fuscescens Y grass aerial yam, air-potato, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam, belloi Dioscorea bulbifera (Palau) *Duranta erecta duranta, golden dewdrop, pigeon-berry, sky-flower awnless barnyard grass (Australia), corn panic grass, Deccan grass, Echinochloa colona jungle ricegrass, jungle rice, millet-rice, pigeon millet eclipta, false daisy, swamp daisy, white eclipta, deberebelela Eclipta prostrata tengadidik (Palau) *Elaeis guineensis African oil palm †Eleocharis dulcis Chinese water-chestnut, ground-chestnut, waternut Elephantopus mollis elephantopus, elephant’s foot, false tobacco, tobacco weed Cupid's shaving-brush, emilia, Flora's paint brush, purple sow thistle, Emilia sonchifolia sow thistle Episcia cupreata episcia, flame violet **Eragrostis amabilis Bug's egg grass, Japanese love grass, ouemoket (Palau) **Eriochloa procera dwarf poinsettia, fire-on-the-mountain, Mexican fire plant, painted Euphorbia cyathophora spurge, wild poinsettia **†Fimbristylis slender fimbristylis autumnalis grass-like fimbristylis, lesser fimbristylis, kerngimes (Palau), kederang **†Fimbristylis littoralis (Palau) **†Fuirena umbellata desum ra mesei (Palau) Gossypium barbadense cotton, sea island cotton ‡Heliotropium procumbens Hippobroma longiflora star of Bethlehem, udel ra badrei (Palau) impatiens, balsam, garden balsam, rose balsam, spotted snapweed, *Impatiens balsamina touch-me-not, hosengka (Palau) garden impatiens, balsam, busy lizzy, bizzy-lizzie, patient lucy; sultan’s *Impatiens walleriana flower Imperata conferta plume grass Ipomoea carnea subsp. bush morning glory, tree ipomoea fistulosa Cupid's flower, cypress vine, cypressvine morning-glory, star of Ipomoea quamoclit Bethlehem, star-glory, sweet-willy, asangao (Palau) Ipomoea triloba Aiea morning-glory, little bell, orech (Palau), torech (Palau) **†Isachne globosa †Leucas lavandulifolia ‡Lindernia antipoda ilemelakel (Palau) **Ludwigia hyssopifolia 101 Family Habit Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Poaceae grass Solanaceae herb Fabaceae tree Fabaceae herb Fabaceae herb Fabaceae herb Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae herb Poaceae Poaceae grass grass Dioscoreaceae vine Verbenaceae shrub Poaceae grass Asteraceae herb Arecaceae Cyperaceae Asteraceae tree sedge herb Asteraceae herb Gesneriaceae Poaceae Poaceae herb grass grass Euphorbiaceae herb Cyperaceae sedge Cyperaceae sedge Cyperaceae Malvaceae sedge shrub Boraginaceae herb Campanulaceae herb Balsaminaceae succulent Balsaminaceae succulent Poaceae grass Convolvulaceae shrub Convolvulaceae vine Convolvulaceae Poaceae Lamiaceae Scrophulariaceae Onagraceae vine grass herb herb herb Table 2. Other invasive species present on Babeldaob Scientific Name **Ludwigia octovalvis •Malva parviflora Momordica charantia *Moringa oleifera Oldenlandia corymbosa **†Oplismenus hirtellus *Opuntia sp. *Orthosiphon aristatus Oxalis barrelieri †Paspalum scrobiculatum Peperomia pellucida *Persea americana *‡Phaseolus lunatus Phyllanthus amarus Physalis angulata Physalis minima Pilea microphylla †Piriqueta ovata Polygala paniculata Pseuderanthemum carruthersii **Pueraria montana var. lobata *‡Pueraria phaseoloides Ruellia tuberosa Russelia equisetiformis Scoparia dulcis Senna occidentalis Sesbania cannabina Common Names (abridged) willow primrose, false primrose, yellow willow herb, erur (Palau) English: cheeseweed, Egyptian mallow, little mallow, small-flower mallow; French: mauve à petites fleurs, mauve d'Egypte; Spanish: malva balsam-apple, bitter-melon, bitter gourd, balsam pear, squirting cucumber, cerasee, peria, markoso (Palau), markosong (Palau) horseradish tree, drumstick tree, ben nut, morango, malungkai (Palau) Family Habit Onagraceae herb Malvaceae herb Cucurbitaceae vine Moringaceae Rubiaceae Poaceae Cactaceae Lamiaceae Oxalidaceae tree herb grass cactus herb herb Poaceae grass Piperaceae Lauraceae herb tree Fabaceae herb Euphorbiaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Urticaceae Turneraceae Polygalaceae herb herb herb herb herb herb Acanthaceae shrub kudzu, Japanese arrowroot Fabaceae vine tropical kudzu, puero Fabaceae Acanthaceae Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae vine herb shrub herb shrub shrub Malvaceae herb Malvaceae shrub basket grass, woods grass drooping tree pear, prickly pear cat’s whiskers, chemadecharebub (Palau), emadecharebub (Palau) rice grass; creeping paspalum, ditch millet, Indian paspalum, kodo millet, water couch, desum (Palau) rtertiil (Palau) avocado, alligator pear, bata (Palau) lima bean, butter bean, Burma bean, haricot bean, Madagascar bean, sieva bean, sugar bean ukalla ruchel (Palau) annual ground cherry, bubeubedul (Palau) sunberry artillery plant, gunpowder plant, pistol plant, rockweed island snake-root, keskus ra mekesong (Palau) coralplant, fountainplant scoparia, sweet broom antbush, coffee senna, korriu (Palau) canicha, dhaincha, dhunchi, sesbania pea broom weed, Paddy’s lucerne, southern sida, spiny-head sida, spiny Sida acuta sida, keak (Palau) arrow-leaf sida, Cuban jute, Paddy's lucerne, Queensland-hemp, Sida rhombifolia teaweed, keak (Palau) ‡Sigesbeckia orientalis Indian weed, small yellow crown-beard, yellow crown-head Solenostemon coleus scutellarioides Spermacoce assurgens buttonweed, okulabeluu (Palau) ‡Spermacoce ernstii Spermacoce latifolia Spermacoce mauritiana Spermacoce ocymoides purple-leaved button weed Stachytarpheta bastard vervain, blue porterweed, Brazilian tea, Jamaica vervain, joee, light blue snakeweed, louch beluu (Palau) jamaicensis Synedrella nodiflora Cinderella weed (Australia), porter bush, synedrella Tridax procumbens coat buttons, tridax daisy **Vernonia cinerea ironweed, little ironweed, vernonia *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) •Reported present by Lorence & Flynn [unpublished checklist] (1998) 102 Asteraceae herb Lamiaceae herb Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae herb herb herb herb herb Verbenaceae herb Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae herb herb herb Table 3. Other invasive species present on Angaur Scientific Name Acalypha indica Acalypha lanceolata Common Names (abridged) copperleaf, Indian-nettle, ricinela Family Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae chaff-flower, devil's horsewhip; prickly chaff-flower, louch beluu (Palau), louch el beluu (Palau) Ageratum conyzoides billygoat-weed, chick week, goatweed, whiteweed, ngmak (Palau) †Amaranthus spinosus edlebur, needle burr, spiny amaranth, thorny pigweed *Annona muricata soursop, prickly custard apple, sausab (Palau) †Averrhoa bilimbi bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree cucumber, tree sorrel Axonopus compressus blanket grass, carpetgrass Bidens alba beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs, romerillo Blechum pyramidata green shrimp plant, Browne’s blechum *Caladium bicolor caladium, elephant's-ear, fancy-leaf caladium, heart-of-Jesus Cape periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle, old-maid, rose periwinkle, *Catharanthus roseus rosy periwinkle Asiatic pennywort, Indian pennywort, marsh pennywort, pennyweed, **†Centella asiatica elisichur (Palau), elsichur (Palau) asthma plant, garden spurge, pill-bearing spurge, hairy spurge, udall Chamaesyce hirta (Palau) Chamaesyce beach spurge, graceful spurge hypericifolia †Chamaesyce prostrata creeping splurge, prostrate spurge, red caustic creeper Chamaesyce thymifolia red caustic creeper, thyme-leafed spurge †Conyza bonariensis flax-leaf fleabane, hairy fleabane, hairy horseweed, wavy-leaf fleabane butterweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, hogweed, Conyza canadensis horseweed Cosmos sp. cosmos †Crassocephalum thickhead, fireweed, redflower ragleaf crepidoides salts rattlebox, smooth crotalaria, smooth rattlebox, smooth rattlepod, Crotalaria pallida streaked rattlepod, striped crotalaria †Cyperus compressus flat sedge Dactyloctenium beach wiregrass, button grass, coast button grass, comb fringe grass, crowfoot grass, duck grass, finger comb grass aegyptium datura, downy thorn-apple, Hindu datura, Hindu thorn-apple, hoary *?†Datura metel thorn-apple, horn-of-plenty, jimson-weed, purple thorn-apple flame tree, flamboyant, poinciana, nangiosákura (Palau), nangiosikura *Delonix regia (Palau), nangyo (Palau) Desmodium incanum kaimi clover, Spanish clover creeping tick trefoil, three-flower beggarweed, tropical trefoil, olmud Desmodium triflorum (Palau) aerial yam, air-potato, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam, belloi Dioscorea bulbifera (Palau) *Duranta erecta duranta, golden dewdrop, pigeon-berry, sky-flower awnless barnyard grass (Australia), corn panic grass, Deccan grass, †Echinochloa colona jungle ricegrass, jungle rice, millet-rice, pigeon millet Cupid's shaving-brush, emilia, Flora's paint brush, purple sow thistle, Emilia sonchifolia sow thistle dwarf poinsettia, fire-on-the-mountain, Mexican fire plant, painted Euphorbia cyathophora spurge, wild poinsettia †Eustachys petraea bachelor's-button, bozu, globe amaranth, pearly everlasting, botang Gomphrena globosa (Palau) Imperata conferta plume grass Ipomoea triloba Aiea morning-glory, little bell, orech (Palau), torech (Palau) **†Lindernia antipoda ilemelakel (Palau) **†Ludwigia hyssopifolia **†Ludwigia octovalvis willow primrose, false primrose, yellow willow herb, erur (Palau) **†Achyranthes aspera 103 Habit herb herb Amaranthaceae herb Asteraceae Amaranthaceae Annonaceae Oxalidaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Acanthaceae Araceae herb herb tree tree grass herb herb herb Apocynaceae herb Apiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Asteraceae herb herb herb Asteraceae herb Asteraceae herb Asteraceae herb Fabaceae shrub Cyperaceae sedge Poaceae grass Solanaceae herb Fabaceae tree Fabaceae shrub Fabaceae herb Dioscoreaceae vine Verbenaceae shrub Poaceae grass Asteraceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Poaceae grass Amaranthaceae herb Poaceae grass Convolvulaceae vine Scrophulariaceae herb Onagraceae herb Onagraceae herb Table 3. Other invasive species present on Angaur Scientific Name Momordica charantia Common Names (abridged) balsam-apple, bitter-melon, bitter gourd, balsam pear, squirting cucumber, cerasee, peria, markoso (Palau), markosong (Palau) Oldenlandia corymbosa *Opuntia sp. Peperomia pellucida Phyla nodiflora Phyllanthus amarus Physalis angulata Pilea microphylla Polygala paniculata **Polygonum minus Portulaca oleracea †Senna occidentalis drooping tree pear, prickly pear rtertiil (Palau) fogfruit, lippia, phyla ukalla ruchel (Palau) annual ground cherry, bubeubedul (Palau) artillery plant, gunpowder plant, pistol plant, rockweed island snake-root, keskus ra mekesong (Palau) smartweed pigweed, purslane antbush, coffee senna, korriu (Palau) broom weed, Paddy’s lucerne, southern sida, spiny-head sida, spiny Sida acuta sida, keak (Palau) arrow-leaf sida, Cuban jute, Paddy's lucerne, Queensland-hemp, Sida rhombifolia teaweed, keak (Palau) †Sida spinosa prickly sida, spiny sida Spermacoce assurgens buttonweed, okulabeluu (Palau) †Spermacoce ernstii Stachytarpheta bastard vervain, blue porterweed, Brazilian tea, Jamaica vervain, joee, light blue snakeweed, louch beluu (Palau) jamaicensis Synedrella nodiflora Cinderella weed (Australia), porter bush, synedrella Tridax procumbens coat buttons, tridax daisy †Urochloa reptans creeping panic grass, running grass **Vernonia cinerea ironweed, little ironweed, vernonia *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 104 Family Habit Cucurbitaceae vine Rubiaceae Cactaceae Piperaceae Verbenaceae Euphorbiaceae Solanaceae Urticaceae Polygalaceae Polygonaceae Portulacaceae Fabaceae herb cactus herb herb herb herb herb herb herb herb shrub Malvaceae herb Malvaceae shrub Malvaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae herb herb herb Verbenaceae herb Asteraceae Asteraceae Poaceae Asteraceae herb herb grass herb Table 4. Other invasive species present on Kayangel Scientific Name †Acalypha lanceolata Bidens alba **†Centella asiatica †Eclipta prostrata Common Names (abridged) beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs, romerillo Asiatic pennywort, Indian pennywort, marsh pennywort, pennyweed, elisichur (Palau), elsichur (Palau) eclipta, false daisy, swamp daisy, white eclipta, deberebelela tengadidik (Palau) Bug's egg grass, Japanese love grass, ouemoket (Palau) ukalla ruchel (Palau) pigweed, purslane **†Eragrostis amabilis Phyllanthus amarus Portulaca oleracea †Solenostemon coleus scutellarioides Spermacoce assurgens buttonweed, okulabeluu (Palau) †Spermacoce ernstii †Synedrella nodiflora Cinderella weed (Australia), porter bush, synedrella *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 105 Family Habit Euphorbiaceae Asteraceae herb herb Apiaceae herb Asteraceae herb Poaceae Euphorbiaceae Portulacaceae grass herb herb Lamiaceae herb Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Asteraceae herb herb herb Table 5. Other invasive species present on Peleliu Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Acalypha lanceolata chaff-flower, devil's horsewhip; prickly chaff-flower, louch beluu (Palau), **†Achyranthes aspera louch el beluu (Palau) bastard ipecac, blood flower, bloodflower milkweed, butterfly weed, †Asclepias curassavica false ipecac, milkweed Axonopus compressus blanket grass, carpetgrass Bidens alba beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs, romerillo †Bidens pilosa beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs Blechum pyramidata green shrimp plant, Browne’s blechum *Caladium bicolor caladium, elephant's-ear, fancy-leaf caladium, heart-of-Jesus Cape periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle, old-maid, rose periwinkle, *Catharanthus roseus rosy periwinkle asthma plant, garden spurge, pill-bearing spurge, hairy spurge, udall Chamaesyce hirta (Palau) Chamaesyce beach spurge, graceful spurge hypericifolia †Coix lacryma-jobi adlay, adlay millet, Job's-tears, demairuuch (Palau), tauiir (Palau) †Conyza bonariensis flax-leaf fleabane, hairy fleabane, hairy horseweed, wavy-leaf fleabane butterweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, hogweed, Conyza canadensis horseweed **†Cyperus cyperinus long-headed sedge Dactyloctenium beach wiregrass, button grass, coast button grass, comb fringe grass, crowfoot grass, duck grass, finger comb grass aegyptium datura, downy thorn-apple, Hindu datura, Hindu thorn-apple, hoary *Datura metel thorn-apple, horn-of-plenty, jimson-weed, purple thorn-apple flame tree, flamboyant, poinciana, nangiosákura (Palau), nangiosikura *Delonix regia (Palau), nangyo (Palau) Desmodium incanum kaimi clover, Spanish clover *Duranta erecta duranta, golden dewdrop, pigeon-berry, sky-flower eclipta, false daisy, swamp daisy, white eclipta, deberebelela Eclipta prostrata tengadidik (Palau) **†Eragrostis amabilis Bug's egg grass, Japanese love grass, ouemoket (Palau) dwarf poinsettia, fire-on-the-mountain, Mexican fire plant, painted Euphorbia cyathophora spurge, wild poinsettia Heliotropium procumbens Imperata conferta plume grass peppergrass, Virginia peppercress, Virginia pepperweed, wild Lepidium virginicum peppercress **Ludwigia octovalvis willow primrose, false primrose, yellow willow herb, erur (Palau) balsam-apple, bitter-melon, bitter gourd, balsam pear, squirting Momordica charantia cucumber, cerasee, peria, markoso (Palau), markosong (Palau) *Moringa oleifera horseradish tree, drumstick tree, ben nut, morango, malungkai (Palau) Oldenlandia corymbosa *Opuntia sp. drooping tree pear, prickly pear †Paspalum rice grass; creeping paspalum, ditch millet, Indian paspalum, kodo millet, water couch, desum (Palau) scrobiculatum Peperomia pellucida rtertiil (Palau) Phyla nodiflora fogfruit, lippia, phyla Phyllanthus amarus ukalla ruchel (Palau) Physalis angulata annual ground cherry, bubeubedul (Palau) †Physalis minima sunberry Pilea microphylla artillery plant, gunpowder plant, pistol plant, rockweed Polygala paniculata island snake-root, keskus ra mekesong (Palau) **†Polygonum minus smartweed Portulaca oleracea pigweed, purslane Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Scoparia dulcis scoparia, sweet broom 106 Family Habit Euphorbiaceae herb Amaranthaceae herb Asclepiadaceae herb Poaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Acanthaceae Araceae grass herb herb herb herb Apocynaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Poaceae Asteraceae grass herb Asteraceae herb Cyperaceae sedge Poaceae grass Solanaceae herb Fabaceae tree Fabaceae Verbenaceae shrub shrub Asteraceae herb Poaceae grass Euphorbiaceae herb Boraginaceae herb Poaceae grass Brassicaceae herb Onagraceae herb Cucurbitaceae vine Moringaceae Rubiaceae Cactaceae tree herb cactus Poaceae grass Piperaceae Verbenaceae Euphorbiaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Urticaceae Polygalaceae Polygonaceae Portulacaceae herb herb herb herb herb herb herb herb herb Acanthaceae shrub Scrophulariaceae herb Table 5. Other invasive species present on Peleliu Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) arrow-leaf sida, Cuban jute, Paddy's lucerne, Queensland-hemp, teaweed, keak (Palau) Spermacoce assurgens buttonweed, okulabeluu (Palau) †Spermacoce ernstii Stachytarpheta bastard vervain, blue porterweed, Brazilian tea, Jamaica vervain, joee, light blue snakeweed, louch beluu (Palau) jamaicensis Synedrella nodiflora Cinderella weed (Australia), porter bush, synedrella Tridax procumbens coat buttons, tridax daisy **Vernonia cinerea ironweed, little ironweed, vernonia Sida rhombifolia *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 107 Family Habit Malvaceae shrub Rubiaceae Rubiaceae herb herb Verbenaceae herb Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae herb herb herb Table 6. Other invasive species present on the Rock Islands Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) **†Achyranthes aspera chaff-flower, devil's horsewhip; prickly chaff-flower, louch beluu (Palau), louch el beluu (Palau) billygoat-weed, chick week, goatweed, whiteweed, Ageratum conyzoides ngmak (Palau) †Alysicarpus alyce-clover, buffalo-clover, one-leaf-clover vaginalis Amaranthus viridis green amaranth, pigweed, slender amaranth *Annona muricata soursop, prickly custard apple, sausab (Palau) †Averrhoa bilimbi bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree cucumber, tree sorrel asthma plant, garden spurge, pill-bearing spurge, †Chamaesyce hirta hairy spurge, udall (Palau) Chamaesyce creeping splurge, prostrate spurge, red caustic creeper prostrata butterweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian Conyza canadensis fleabane, hogweed, horseweed †Crassocephalum thickhead, fireweed, redflower ragleaf crepidoides aerial yam, air-potato, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato †Dioscorea bulbifera yam, belloi (Palau) *Duranta erecta duranta, golden dewdrop, pigeon-berry, sky-flower awnless barnyard grass (Australia), corn panic grass, †Echinochloa colona Deccan grass, jungle ricegrass, jungle rice, milletrice, pigeon millet Cupid's shaving-brush, emilia, Flora's paint brush, †Emilia sonchifolia purple sow thistle, sow thistle *Eragrostis amabilis Bug's egg grass, Japanese love grass, ouemoket (Palau) Euphorbia cyathophora Family Habit Locations Amaranthaceae herb Ngeanges Asteraceae herb Ngchus Fabaceae herb Aulupse‘el Amaranthaceae Annonaceae Oxalidaceae herb tree tree Euphorbiaceae herb Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Ngchus Aulupse‘el Urukthapel, Ngeanges, Ngerchong Euphorbiaceae herb Ngchus Asteraceae herb Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong Asteraceae herb Urukthapel Dioscoreaceae vine Aulupse‘el Verbenaceae shrub Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Poaceae grass Aulupse‘el Asteraceae herb Aulupse‘el Poaceae grass Bablomekang, Mecherchar (Eil Malk), Ngeanges Euphorbiaceae herb Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Amaranthaceae herb Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Acanthaceae herb Aulupse‘el, Urukthapel dwarf poinsettia, fire-on-the-mountain, Mexican fire plant, painted spurge, wild poinsettia bachelor's-button, bozu, globe amaranth, pearly *Gomphrena globosa everlasting, botang (Palau) **†Hemigraphis reptans Hippobroma star of Bethlehem, udel ra badrei (Palau) longiflora †Imperata conferta plume grass balsam-apple, bitter-melon, bitter gourd, balsam pear, *Momordica charantia squirting cucumber, cerasee, peria, markoso (Palau), markosong (Palau) *Opuntia sp. drooping tree pear, prickly pear Phyllanthus amarus ukalla ruchel (Palau) Euphorbiaceae Pilea microphylla artillery plant, gunpowder plant, pistol plant, rockweed Urticaceae Portulaca oleracea pigweed, purslane arrow-leaf sida, Cuban jute, Paddy's lucerne, Queensland-hemp, teaweed, keak (Palau) Spermacoce assurgens Poaceae grass Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngerchong Aulupse‘el Cucurbitaceae vine Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Cactaceae Portulacaceae cactus Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Bkul a Chesemiich, herb Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong Ngercheu (Carp Resort), herb Ngerchong, Urukthapel herb Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Malvaceae shrub Ngerchong buttonweed, okulabeluu (Palau) Rubiaceae herb Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngchus †Stachytarpheta jamaicensis bastard vervain, blue porterweed, Brazilian tea, Jamaica vervain, joee, light blue snakeweed, louch beluu (Palau) Verbenaceae herb Aulupse‘el Stenotaphrum secundatum buffalo grass, St. Augustine grass Poaceae grass Ngerchong Sida rhombifolia *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 108 Campanulaceae herb Table 7. Other invasive species present in Sonsorol State Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) **†Abutilon indicum albutilon, Indian abutilon, Indian mallow chaff-flower, devil's horsewhip; prickly chaff-flower, louch **Achyranthes aspera beluu (Palau), louch el beluu (Palau) Amaranthus viridis green amaranth, pigweed, slender amaranth *†Annona muricata soursop, prickly custard apple, sausab (Palau) Asclepias bastard ipecac, blood flower, bloodflower milkweed, butterfly weed, false ipecac, milkweed curassavica Bidens alba beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs, romerillo *Celosia argentea cockscomb, esechilamalk (Palau) Asiatic pennywort, Indian pennywort, marsh pennywort, **Centella asiatica pennyweed, elisichur (Palau), elsichur (Palau) asthma plant, garden spurge, pill-bearing spurge, hairy Chamaesyce hirta spurge, udall (Palau) Cyperus compressus flat sedge beach wiregrass, button grass, coast button grass, comb Dactyloctenium fringe grass, crowfoot grass, duck grass, finger comb aegyptium grass aerial yam, air-potato, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam, †Dioscorea bulbifera belloi (Palau) *Duranta erecta duranta, golden dewdrop, pigeon-berry, sky-flower **?Eragrostis Bug's egg grass, Japanese love grass, ouemoket (Palau) amabilis †Hippobroma star of Bethlehem, udel ra badrei (Palau) longiflora Peperomia pellucida rtertiil (Palau) Family Malvaceae Habit shrub Locations Sonsorol Amaranthaceae herb Merir, Sonsorol Amaranthaceae herb Annonaceae tree Sonsorol Pulo Ana, Sonsorol Asclepiadaceae herb Pulo Ana, Sonsorol Asteraceae herb Amaranthaceae herb Merir, Sonsorol Sonsorol Merir?, Pulo Ana?, Sonsorol? Apiaceae herb Euphorbiaceae herb Merir, Sonsorol Cyperaceae sedge Sonsorol Poaceae grass Fanna, Sonsorol Dioscoreaceae vine Sonsorol Verbenaceae shrub Sonsorol Poaceae grass Sonsorol Campanulaceae herb Sonsorol Piperaceae herb Phyllanthus amarus ukalla ruchel (Palau) Euphorbiaceae herb †Pilea microphylla Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Synedrella nodiflora artillery plant, gunpowder plant, pistol plant, rockweed Urticaceae herb Sonsorol Fanna, Merir, Pulo Ana, Sonsorol Sonsorol Acanthaceae shrub Sonsorol Cinderella weed (Australia), porter bush, synedrella Asteraceae herb **Vernonia cinerea ironweed, little ironweed, vernonia Asteraceae herb Sonsorol Merir, Pulo Ana, Sonsorol *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 109 Table 8. Other invasive species present in Hatohobei State Scientific Name **†Achyranthes aspera **Centella asiatica Chamaesyce hirta *Opuntia sp. Phyllanthus amarus Portulaca oleracea *Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Spermacoce assurgens **Vernonia cinerea Common Names (abridged) chaff-flower, devil's horsewhip; prickly chaff-flower, louch beluu (Palau), louch el beluu (Palau) Asiatic pennywort, Indian pennywort, marsh pennywort, pennyweed, elisichur (Palau), elsichur (Palau) asthma plant, garden spurge, pill-bearing spurge, hairy spurge, udall (Palau) drooping tree pear, prickly pear ukalla ruchel (Palau) pigweed, purslane Family Habit Locations Amaranthaceae herb Tobi Apiaceae herb Tobi Euphorbiaceae herb Tobi Cactaceae Euphorbiaceae Portulacaceae cactus Tobi herb Helen's Reef, Tobi herb Tobi Acanthaceae shrub Tobi buttonweed, okulabeluu (Palau) Rubiaceae herb Tobi ironweed, little ironweed, vernonia Asteraceae herb Tobi *Cultivated **Native/Micronesian introduction †Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) 110 Appendix 6. Presence of invasive species of environmental concern within Palau Table 1. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Koror, Ngerkebesang or Malakal Scientific Name Abelmoschus moschatus Acacia farnesiana Acacia mangium Agave sisalana Barleria lupulina Bauhinia variegata Calamus spp. Calliandra calothyrsus Cinnamomum verum Crotalaria micans Digitaria violascens Elaeocarpus angustifolius Hyptis pectinata Imperata cylindrica Ipomoea hederifolia Ischaemum rugosum Ischaemum timorense Macroptilium atropurpureum Macroptilium lathyroides Melaleuca quinquenervia Melinis minutiflora Pluchea carolinensis Pluchea indica Ricinus communis Senna siamea Setaria pumila Solanum torvum Stylosanthes guianensis Tephrosia candida Triumfetta rhomboidea Vitex parviflora Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: fautia, musk mallow, musk okra, gongul (Palau) Malvaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia mangium, brown salwood, black wattle, hickory wattle sisal, sisal hemp hophead, Philippine violet orchid tree; mountain ebony rattan, bangerenguis ra ngebard (Palau) powderpuff red calliandra Fabaceae Fabaceae Agavaceae Acanthaceae Fabaceae Arecaceae Fabaceae siratro, purple bushbean Fabaceae Babeldaob cow pea, phasey bean, wild bean Fabaceae Babeldaob melaleuca, cajeput, paper bark tree, punk tree Myrtaceae Babeldaob melinis, molasses grass sour bush Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea, Indian camphorweed castor bean, castor-oil plant, gelug (Palau), maskerekur (Palau), uluchula skoki (Palau) cassod tree, kassod tree, Siamese cassia, pheasantwood, Thailand shower foxtail, garden bristle grass, hairy-tail grass, yellow bristlegrass, Queensland pigeon grass (Australia) prickly solanum, devil's fig, turkeyberry, terongan Poaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Babeldaob Peleliu Angaur, Peleliu Euphorbiaceae Angaur, Peleliu Fabaceae Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Reported present by Fosberg cinnamon tree Lauraceae et al.(1979), no location given crotalaria Fabaceae Babeldaob smooth crabgrass, violet crabgrass, sau (Palau) Poaceae Babeldaob Reported present by Fosberg blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong (Australia) Elaeocarpaceae et al.(1979), no location given comb hyptis, comb bushmint, mint weed, purple top Lamiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur blady grass, cogon grass, satintail, kasoring (Palau) Poaceae Babeldaob ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea, trompillo Convolvulaceae Babeldaob muraina grass, wrinkle duck-beak, saramatta grass Poaceae Babeldaob centipede grass, stalkleaf murainagrass, lucuntu grass Poaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Poaceae Babeldaob Solanaceae Babeldaob stylo, Brazilian lucerne, tropical lucerne, Nigerian stylo Fabaceae Babeldaob white tephrosia, white hoary-pea Chinese burr, paroquet burr, burr bush Fabaceae Tiliaceae small-leaved vitex, smallflower chastetree) Verbenaceae Babeldaob Babeldaob Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) in Malakal (Toirechuil) 111 Table 2. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Babeldaob Scientific Name Albizia lebbeck Asparagus densiflorus Bauhinia acuminata Calliandra haematocephala Cenchrus brownii Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: siris-tree, rain tree, East Indian walnut, kokko, woman's-tongue tree, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) asparagus fern, sprengeri fern, smilax, regal fern dwarf white bauhinia Fabaceae Koror Liliaceae Fabaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror red powder puff Fabaceae burr grass, burr grass, sand-bur, slimbristle sandbur Poaceae Koror Malakal, Angaur, Peleliu Reported present by Fosberg et al.(1979), no location given Cinnamomum verum cinnamon tree Lauraceae Cyperus involucratus umbrella sedge, umbrella plant, dwarf papyrus grass, deus (Palau) Cyperaceae blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong (Australia) Elaeocarpaceae India rubber tree, rubber plant, komunokí (Palau) white ginger, butterfly lily, ginger lily, garland flower ice cream bean jacaranda bellyache bush, cotton-leaved physic nut lion’s tail, Chinese motherwort water lily torpedo grass, couch panicum, creeping panic wild passionfruit, devil's pumpkin, indigo berry, corky passionflower, corkstem passionflower Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, sweet inga, kamatsiri (Palau), kamatsíri (Palau), opiuma (Palau) Moraceae Zingiberaceae Fabaceae Bignoniaceae Euphorbiaceae Lamiaceae Nymphaeaceae Poaceae Reported present by Fosberg et al.(1979), no location given Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang (cult.) Koror Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror Koror Passifloraceae Malakal, Koror Fabaceae Koror Mexican mint, Spanish thyme, Cuban oregano Lamiaceae Koror sour bush Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea, Indian camphorweed strawberry guava, cherry guava, Cattley guava, Chinese guava castor bean, castor-oil plant, gelug (Palau), maskerekur (Palau), uluchula skoki (Palau) elderberry, Mexican elder octopus tree, umbrella tree, ivy palm dwarf brassia, dwarf schefflera, Hawaiian elf schefflera Asteraceae Peleliu Asteraceae Angaur, Peleliu Myrtaceae Koror Elaeocarpus angustifolius Ficus elastica Hedychium coronarium Inga edulis Jacaranda mimosifolia Jatropha gossypiifolia Leonurus japonicus Nymphaea spp. Panicum repens Passiflora suberosa Pithecellobium dulce Plectranthus amboinicus Pluchea carolinensis Pluchea indica Psidium cattleianum Ricinus communis Sambucus mexicana Schefflera actinophylla Schefflera arboricola Koror Euphorbiaceae Angaur, Peleliu Caprifoliaceae Araliaceae Koror Koror (eradicated?) Araliaceae Koror Timonius timon liberal (Palau) Rubiaceae Ngerkebesang, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Ngchelobel, Ngeanges (Neco) Urochloa subquadripara brachiaria, green summer grass, tropical signalgrass, cori grass Poaceae Malakal Vitex parviflora small-leaved vitex, smallflower chastetree) Verbenaceae Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) in Malakal (Toirechuil) 112 Table 3. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Angaur Scientific Name Abelmoschus moschatus Acacia confusa Acacia farnesiana Acacia mangium Adenanthera pavonina Agave sisalana Albizia lebbeck Allamanda cathartica Common Names (abridged) fautia, musk mallow, musk okra, gongul (Palau) Formosa koa, Formosa acacia, ianángi (Palau), yanangi (Palau) Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia mangium, brown salwood, black wattle, hickory wattle coral bean tree, red sandalwood tree, red bead tree, lopa, bead tree, false wiliwili, telengtúngd (Palau), telentundalel (Palau)) sisal, sisal hemp siris-tree, rain tree, East Indian walnut, kokko, woman's-tongue tree, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) yellow trumpet vine, golden trumpet, allamanda, brownbud allamanda, golden allamanda, golden cup Alternanthera brasiliana Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat Family Malvaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Present on: Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Agavaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror Apocynaceae Amaranthaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Mexican creeper, mountain rose, Confederate vine, chain-of-love, hearts on a chain, love-vine, coral bells, coral vine, dilngau (Palau) giant reed, Spanish reed, wild cane asparagus fern, sprengeri fern, smilax, regal fern Polygonaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Liliaceae Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel Acanthaceae Bambusa spp. bamboo, bambuu (Palau), esel (Palau) Poaceae Barleria lupulina Bauhinia acuminata Bauhinia monandra Bauhinia purpurea Bauhinia variegata hophead, Philippine violet dwarf white bauhinia orchid-tree, St. Thomas-tree, Napoleon's plume purple orchid tree; purple butterfly tree orchid tree; mountain ebony Acanthaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum life plant, air plant, resurrection plant, Canterbury bells, cathedral bells, Mexican love plant Crassulaceae Calamus spp. Calliandra calothyrsus Calliandra haematocephala Calopogonium mucunoides rattan, bangerenguis ra ngebard (Palau) powderpuff red calliandra Arecaceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Babeldaob Koror Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort, Sonsorol Babeldaob Babeldaob red powder puff Fabaceae Koror calopo Fabaceae Calotropis gigantea calotrope, crown flower, madar Ascelepiadaceae Antigonon leptopus Arundo donax Asparagus densiflorus Asystasia gangetica subsp. gangetica Ceiba pentandra Centrosema molle Chamaecrista mimosoides Chamaecrista nictitans Chloris radiata Chrysopogon aciculatus kapok, kapok tree, silk-cotton tree, kalngebard (Palau), kalngebárd (Palau), kerrekar ngebard (Palau) centro, butterfly-pea Japanese tea partridge pea, Japanese tea senna plush-grass, radiate fingergrass Mackie's pest, lovegrass, seed grass, golden beardgrass, iul (Palau) Cinnamomum verum cinnamon tree Clidemia hirta Koster’s curse, soap bush, kui (Palau), kúi (Palau) Clitoria ternatea butterfly pea, Asian pigeonwings, kles (Palau) 113 Bombacaceae Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Kayangel Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Poaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Poaceae Sonsorol, Tobi Reported present by Fosberg Lauraceae et al.(1979), no location given Melastomataceae Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Fabaceae Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Table 3. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Angaur Scientific Name Coffea arabica Commelina diffusa Crotalaria micans Cryptostegia madagascariensis Cyperus involucratus Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: coffee, kohi (Palau) commelina, dayflower, wandering Jew, spiderwort crotalaria Rubiaceae Commelinaceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Babeldaob Madagascar rubbervine Asclepiadaceae Koror, Babeldaob umbrella sedge, umbrella plant, dwarf papyrus grass, Cyperaceae deus (Palau) Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Desmanthus virgatus slender mimosa, virgate mimosa Fabaceae Ngerekbesang, Babeldaob Desmodium tortuosum Florida beggarweed, Spanish clover, dixie ticktrefoil Fabaceae Koror Koror, Malakal, Dieffenbachia seguine dieffenbachia, dumb cane Araceae Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Digitaria violascens smooth crabgrass, violet crabgrass, sau (Palau) Poaceae Babeldaob Dissotis rotundifolia dissotis, Spanish shawl, pink lady Melastomataceae Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang, Eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth, bung el ralm (Palau) Pontederiaceae Babeldaob Elaeocarpus Reported present by Fosberg blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong (Australia) Elaeocarpaceae et al.(1979), no location given angustifolius Koror (cult.), Malakal, Epipremnum pinnatum pothos, money plant Araceae Ngerkebesang cv. ‘Aureum’ Falcataria moluccana Molucca albizia, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) Fabaceae Koror Koror, Malakal, Ficus elastica India rubber tree, rubber plant, komunokí (Palau) Moraceae Ngerkebesang Flemingia macrophylla Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Flemingia strobilifera luck plant, wild hops, besungelaiei (Palau) Fabaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang, mother of cacao, quickstick, Mexican lilac, Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium Babeldaob, Tobi rechesengel (Palau) Gmelina elliptica kalngebard ra belau (Palau) Lamiaceae Malakal, Babeldaob Hedychium coronarium white ginger, butterfly lily, ginger lily, garland flower Zingiberaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang (cult.) Koror, Malakal, heliconia, parrot's-flower, parrot's-plantain, crab claw, Heliconiaceae Heliconia spp. Ngerkebesang lobster claw Koror, Malakal, Hemigraphis alternata metal leaf; red ivy Acanthaceae Ngerkebesang Hevea brasiliensis hevea, Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree Euphorbiaceae Koror?, Babeldaob? Koror, Malakal, Hyptis capitata knobweed Lamiaceae Ngerkebesang Imperata cylindrica blady grass, cogon grass, satintail, kasoring (Palau) Poaceae Babeldaob Inga edulis ice cream bean Fabaceae Koror Ipomoea hederifolia ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea, trompillo Convolvulaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ischaemum paddle grass Poaceae Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, polystachyum Aulupse‘el Ischaemum rugosum muraina grass, wrinkle duck-beak, saramatta grass Poaceae Babeldaob centipede grass, stalkleaf murainagrass, lucuntu Poaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Ischaemum timorense grass Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Bignoniaceae Koror Jatropha curcas physic nut, purging nut, Barbados nut Euphorbiaceae Koror, Babeldaob Jatropha gossypiifolia bellyache bush, cotton-leaved physic nut Euphorbiaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang green kyllinga, green water sedge, esechesiding Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Kyllinga brevifolia (Palau) white kyllinga, whitehead spikesedge, whitewater Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Kyllinga nemoralis sedge Leonurus japonicus lion’s tail, Chinese motherwort Lamiaceae Koror Macroptilium siratro, purple bushbean Fabaceae Babeldaob atropurpureum Macroptilium cow pea, phasey bean, wild bean Fabaceae Babeldaob lathyroides Derris elliptica derris Fabaceae 114 Table 3. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Angaur Scientific Name Melaleuca quinquenervia Common Names (abridged) melaleuca, cajeput, paper bark tree, punk tree Family Present on: Myrtaceae Babeldaob Meliaceae Koror Melinis minutiflora Chinaberry, pride-of-India, indian lilac, Persian lilac, white cedar, margosa tree melinis, molasses grass Poaceae Merremia peltata merremia, kebeas (Palau) Convolvulaceae Mikania micrantha mile-a-minute weed, Chinese creeper, American rope, bittervine, teb el yas (Palau) Asteraceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Kayangel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Tobi Koror Koror Melia azedarach Nymphaea spp. orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box, Hawaiian mock orange water lily Nymphaeaceae Ocimum gratissimum wild basil, clove basil, tree basil Lamiaceae Panicum maximum Panicum repens Guinea grass, green panic, buffalograss Poaceae torpedo grass, couch panicum, creeping panic Poaceae passion fruit, yellow passion fruit, purple passion fruit, Passifloraceae qarandila, purple granadilla, kudamono (Palau) Murraya paniculata Passiflora edulis Rutaceae Passiflora quadrangularis granadilla, giant granadilla, kudamono (Palau) Passiflora suberosa wild passionfruit, devil's pumpkin, indigo berry, corky Passifloraceae passionflower, corkstem passionflower Pennisetum polystachion mission grass, feathery pennisetum, desum (Palau) Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum elephant grass, napier grass, merker grass, bokso (Palau) Poaceae Pennisetum setaceum Pithecellobium dulce Plectranthus amboinicus Pluchea carolinensis Psidium cattleianum Quisqualis indica Passifloraceae fountain grass Poaceae Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, sweet inga, kamatsiri Fabaceae (Palau), kamatsíri (Palau), opiuma (Palau) Asteraceae Peleliu Myrtaceae Koror Combretaceae Araliaceae Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort, Tobi Koror (eradicated?) Araliaceae Koror Fabaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang (cult.) Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Poaceae Caprifoliaceae sanchezia Acanthaceae bowstring hemp, mother-in-law’s tongue, kitelel (Palau) Agavaceae Senna obtusifolia Senna siamea Sesbania grandiflora Koror sour bush strawberry guava, cherry guava, Cattley guava, Chinese guava Rangoon creeper glenwood grass elderberry, Mexican elder Senna alata Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Koror Sacciolepis indica Sambucus mexicana Sanchezia parvibracteata Schefflera arboricola Malakal, Koror Lamiaceae Poaceae Schefflera actinophylla Koror, Babeldaob Mexican mint, Spanish thyme, Cuban oregano Saccharum spontaneum wild cane, false sugarcane, banga ruchel (Palau) Sansevieria trifasciata Koror, Babeldaob octopus tree, umbrella tree, ivy palm dwarf brassia, dwarf schefflera, Hawaiian elf schefflera candle bush; candelabra bush, Roman candle tree, emperor's candlesticks, ringworm bush (Australia), alcapulco habucha, coffeeweed, sicklepod cassod tree, kassod tree, Siamese cassia, pheasantwood, Thailand shower sesbania, hummingbird tree, sesban, scarlet wisteria tree, corkwood tree, katurai (Palau) 115 Table 3. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Angaur Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Solanum torvum foxtail, garden bristle grass, hairy-tail grass, yellow bristlegrass, Queensland pigeon grass (Australia) prickly solanum, devil's fig, turkeyberry, terongan Sorghum halepense Johnson grass, Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass Setaria pumila Family Poaceae Babeldaob Solanaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Poaceae Syzygium jambos African tulip tree, fireball, fountain tree, orsachel kui (Palau) stylo, Brazilian lucerne, tropical lucerne, Nigerian stylo Java plum; jambolan plum, mesegerak (Palau), mesekerrak (Palau), mesekerrák (Palau), mesigerak (Palau) malabar plum, rose apple, Malay apple Tabebuia heterophylla pink tecoma, pink trumpet tree, white cedar Bignoniaceae Tephrosia candida white tephrosia, white hoary-pea Fabaceae Thevetia peruviana yellow oleander, be-still tree, lucky nut Apocynaceae Spathodea campanulata Stylosanthes guianensis Syzygium cumini Bignoniaceae Fabaceae Babeldaob Myrtaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Myrtaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Triumfetta rhomboidea Bengal trumpet, blue trumpet vine, clock vine, skyvine, large-flowerd thunbergia,: bung el etiu (Palau) tree marigold, shrub sunflower, Mexican sunflower, Japanese sunflower Chinese burr, paroquet burr, burr bush Turnera subulata white alder Turneraceae Thunbergia grandiflora Tithonia diversifolia Acanthaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel Asteraceae Koror, Babeldaob Tiliaceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob California grass, para grass, buffalo grass, Mauritius Poaceae grass, signal grass brachiaria, green summer grass, tropical signalgrass, Poaceae Urochloa subquadripara cori grass Urochloa mutica Vitex parviflora small-leaved vitex, smallflower chastetree) 116 Present on: Verbenaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Malakal Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) in Malakal (Toirechuil) Table 4. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel Scientific Name Abelmoschus moschatus Common Names (abridged) fautia, musk mallow, musk okra, gongul (Palau) Agave sisalana Formosa koa, Formosa acacia, ianángi (Palau), yanangi (Palau) Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia mangium, brown salwood, black wattle, hickory wattle coral bean tree, red sandalwood tree, red bead tree, lopa, bead tree, false wiliwili, telengtúngd (Palau), telentundalel (Palau)) sisal, sisal hemp Agave sp. American aloe, century plant Acacia confusa Acacia farnesiana Acacia mangium Adenanthera pavonina Albizia lebbeck Allamanda cathartica Alpinia purpurata Arundo donax Asparagus densiflorus Asystasia gangetica subsp. gangetica Malvaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Fabaceae Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Agavaceae siris-tree, rain tree, East Indian walnut, kokko, Fabaceae woman's-tongue tree, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) yellow trumpet vine, golden trumpet, allamanda, Apocynaceae brownbud allamanda, golden allamanda, golden cup red ginger Present on: Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Fabaceae Agavaceae Zingiberaceae Alternanthera brasiliana Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat Antigonon leptopus Family Amaranthaceae Mexican creeper, mountain rose, Confederate vine, chain-of-love, hearts on a chain, love-vine, coral Polygonaceae bells, coral vine, dilngau (Palau) giant reed, Spanish reed, wild cane Poaceae asparagus fern, sprengeri fern, smilax, regal fern Liliaceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror, Babeldaob Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel Acanthaceae Bambusa spp. bamboo, bambuu (Palau), esel (Palau) Poaceae Barleria lupulina Bauhinia acuminata Bauhinia monandra Bauhinia purpurea Bauhinia variegata hophead, Philippine violet dwarf white bauhinia orchid-tree, St. Thomas-tree, Napoleon's plume purple orchid tree; purple butterfly tree orchid tree; mountain ebony Acanthaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Bothriochloa bladhii blue grass, Australian beardgrass, Caucasian bluestem, desum (Palau) Poaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum life plant, air plant, resurrection plant, Canterbury bells, cathedral bells, Mexican love plant Crassulaceae Calamus spp. Calliandra calothyrsus Calliandra haematocephala Calopogonium mucunoides rattan, bangerenguis ra ngebard (Palau) powderpuff red calliandra Arecaceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Babeldaob Koror Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Bkul a Chesemiich Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort, Sonsorol Babeldaob Babeldaob red powder puff Fabaceae Koror calopo Fabaceae Calotropis gigantea calotrope, crown flower, madar Ascelepiadaceae Canna indica canna, canna lily, Indian shot Cannaceae Cenchrus brownii Centrosema molle Chamaecrista mimosoides Chamaecrista nictitans burr grass, burr grass, sand-bur, slimbristle sandbur Poaceae centro, butterfly-pea Fabaceae Japanese tea Fabaceae partridge pea, Japanese tea senna Fabaceae 117 Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Sonsorol, Tobi Malakal, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Table 4. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel Scientific Name Chloris barbata Chloris radiata Chromolaena odorata Chrysopogon aciculatus Cinnamomum verum Clerodendrum paniculatum Clidemia hirta Clitoria ternatea Coffea arabica Commelina diffusa Crotalaria micans Cryptostegia madagascariensis Cynodon dactylon Cyperus involucratus Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu plush-grass, radiate fingergrass Poaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Siam weed, triffid weed, bitter bush, Jack in the Asteraceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, bush, ngesngesil (Palau) Ngidech Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Mackie's pest, lovegrass, seed grass, golden Poaceae Sonsorol, Tobi beardgrass, iul (Palau) Reported present by Fosberg cinnamon tree Lauraceae et al.(1979), no location given Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, pagoda plant, pagoda flower, butcherechár (Palau), Lamiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu butecherechar (Palau) Koster’s curse, soap bush, kui (Palau), kúi (Palau) Melastomataceae Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, butterfly pea, Asian pigeonwings, kles (Palau) Fabaceae Babeldaob coffee, kohi (Palau) Rubiaceae Koror, Babeldaob commelina, dayflower, wandering Jew, spiderwort Commelinaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob crotalaria Fabaceae Babeldaob swollen fingergrass Poaceae Madagascar rubbervine Asclepiadaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Tobi Cyperaceae Koror Bermuda grass, giant Bermuda grass, bahama grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, grama, devilgrass, couchgrass, balama grass umbrella sedge, umbrella plant, dwarf papyrus grass, deus (Palau) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Derris elliptica derris Fabaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerekbesang, Desmanthus virgatus slender mimosa, virgate mimosa Fabaceae Babeldaob Desmodium tortuosum Florida beggarweed, Spanish clover, dixie ticktrefoil Fabaceae Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Dieffenbachia seguine dieffenbachia, dumb cane Araceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Henry's crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, tropical crab Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, grass, large crab grass, southern crabgrass, Poaceae Digitaria ciliaris Ngercheu (Carp Resort), fingergrass, summer grass Ngerchong, Ngidech, Pulo Ana Digitaria violascens smooth crabgrass, violet crabgrass, sau (Palau) Poaceae Babeldaob Dissotis rotundifolia dissotis, Spanish shawl, pink lady Melastomataceae Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang, Eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth, bung el ralm (Palau) Pontederiaceae Babeldaob Elaeocarpus Reported present by Fosberg blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong (Australia) Elaeocarpaceae et al.(1979), no location given angustifolius Koror (cult.), Malakal, Epipremnum pinnatum pothos, money plant Araceae Ngerkebesang cv. ‘Aureum’ Falcataria moluccana Molucca albizia, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) Fabaceae Koror Ficus elastica India rubber tree, rubber plant, komunokí (Palau) Moraceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Flemingia macrophylla Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob Flemingia strobilifera luck plant, wild hops, besungelaiei (Palau) Fabaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang, mother of cacao, quickstick, Mexican lilac, Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium Babeldaob, Tobi rechesengel (Palau) Gmelina elliptica kalngebard ra belau (Palau) Lamiaceae Malakal, Babeldaob Hedychium coronarium white ginger, butterfly lily, ginger lily, garland flower Zingiberaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang heliconia, parrot's-flower, parrot's-plantain, crab Heliconiaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Heliconia spp. claw, lobster claw Hemigraphis alternata metal leaf; red ivy Acanthaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Hevea brasiliensis hevea, Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree Euphorbiaceae Koror?, Babeldaob? Hyptis capitata knobweed Lamiaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Cyperus rotundus nut grass, nutsedge, purple nutsedge, cocograss 118 Cyperaceae Table 4. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel Scientific Name Hyptis pectinata Imperata cylindrica Inga edulis Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea hederifolia Ischaemum polystachyum Ischaemum rugosum Ischaemum timorense Jacaranda mimosifolia Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypiifolia Kyllinga brevifolia Kyllinga nemoralis Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: comb hyptis, comb bushmint, mint weed, purple top blady grass, cogon grass, satintail, kasoring (Palau) ice cream bean aquatic morning glory, swamp cabbage, water spinach, ung-choi, kang kong, kankum (Palau), kangum (Palau), kangkum (Palau) ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea, trompillo Lamiaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Babeldaob, Angaur Babeldaob Koror Convolvulaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, paddle grass Poaceae muraina grass, wrinkle duck-beak, saramatta grass centipede grass, stalkleaf murainagrass, lucuntu grass jacaranda physic nut, purging nut, Barbados nut bellyache bush, cotton-leaved physic nut green kyllinga, green water sedge, esechesiding (Palau) white kyllinga, whitehead spikesedge, whitewater sedge Poaceae Convolvulaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Babeldaob Poaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Bignoniaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Koror Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Sonsorol Lantana camara lantana Verbenaceae Leonurus japonicus lion’s tail, Chinese motherwort Lamiaceae Leucaena leucocephala leucaena, wild tamarind, lead tree, telengtungd (Palau) Fabaceae siratro, purple bushbean Fabaceae Babeldaob cow pea, phasey bean, wild bean Fabaceae Babeldaob melaleuca, cajeput, paper bark tree, punk tree Myrtaceae Babeldaob Macroptilium atropurpureum Macroptilium lathyroides Melaleuca quinquenervia Melia azedarach Melinis minutiflora Mikania micrantha Mimosa diplotricha Chinaberry, pride-of-India, indian lilac, Persian lilac, Meliaceae white cedar, margosa tree melinis, molasses grass Poaceae mile-a-minute weed, Chinese creeper, American Asteraceae rope, bittervine, teb el yas (Palau) giant sensitive plant, nila grass, mechiuaiu (Palau) Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Fabaceae Nymphaea spp. orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box, Hawaiian mock orange water lily Nymphaeaceae Ocimum gratissimum wild basil, clove basil, tree basil Lamiaceae Panicum repens torpedo grass, couch panicum, creeping panic Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum T grass, ti grass, sour grass; sour palpalum, buffalo grass, carabao grass, Hilo grass (Hawai'i), udel ra Poaceae ngebei (Palau) Paspalum paniculatum Russell river grass, galmarra grass Murraya paniculata Passiflora edulis Passiflora foetida Rutaceae Poaceae passion fruit, yellow passion fruit, purple passion Passifloraceae fruit, qarandila, purple granadilla, kudamono (Palau) love-in-a-mist, wild passion fruit, passionflower, Passifloraceae stinking passionflower, kudamono (Palau) 119 Koror Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Tobi Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngerchong, Ngeanges, Urukthapel, Ulong, Sonsorol, Tobi Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Table 4. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Passiflora quadrangularis granadilla, giant granadilla, kudamono (Palau) Passiflora suberosa wild passionfruit, devil's pumpkin, indigo berry, corky Passifloraceae passionflower, corkstem passionflower Pennisetum polystachion mission grass, feathery pennisetum, desum (Palau) Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum setaceum Pithecellobium dulce Plectranthus amboinicus Pluchea carolinensis Pluchea indica Psidium cattleianum Passifloraceae elephant grass, napier grass, merker grass, bokso Poaceae (Palau) fountain grass Poaceae Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, sweet inga, Fabaceae kamatsiri (Palau), kamatsíri (Palau), opiuma (Palau) Present on: Koror, Babeldaob Malakal, Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Mexican mint, Spanish thyme, Cuban oregano Lamiaceae Koror sour bush Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea, Indian camphorweed strawberry guava, cherry guava, Cattley guava, Chinese guava Asteraceae Peleliu Asteraceae Angaur, Peleliu Myrtaceae Koror Psidium guajava guava, guabang (Palau), kuabang (Palau) Myrtaceae Quisqualis indica Rangoon creeper castor bean, castor-oil plant, gelug (Palau), maskerekur (Palau), uluchula skoki (Palau) Combretaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngerchong, Sonsorol Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Euphorbiaceae Angaur, Peleliu Ricinus communis Araliaceae Araliaceae Koror Fabaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Poaceae Babeldaob Solanum torvum octopus tree, umbrella tree, ivy palm dwarf brassia, dwarf schefflera, Hawaiian elf schefflera candle bush; candelabra bush, Roman candle tree, emperor's candlesticks, ringworm bush (Australia), alcapulco habucha, coffeeweed, sicklepod cassod tree, kassod tree, Siamese cassia, pheasantwood, Thailand shower sesbania, hummingbird tree, sesban, scarlet wisteria tree, corkwood tree, katurai (Palau) foxtail, garden bristle grass, hairy-tail grass, yellow bristlegrass, Queensland pigeon grass (Australia) prickly solanum, devil's fig, turkeyberry, terongan Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort, Tobi Koror (eradicated?) Solanaceae Sorghum halepense Johnson grass, Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass Poaceae Spathodea campanulata African tulip tree, fireball, fountain tree, orsachel kui Bignoniaceae (Palau) Sporobolus indicus smutgrass, wiregrass, Indian dropseed Poaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Bablomekang, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngerchong, Ngeanges (Neco), Sonsorol, Tobi Stylosanthes guianensis stylo, Brazilian lucerne, tropical lucerne, Nigerian stylo Fabaceae Saccharum spontaneum wild cane, false sugarcane, banga ruchel (Palau) Poaceae Sacciolepis indica Sambucus mexicana Sanchezia parvibracteata glenwood grass elderberry, Mexican elder Poaceae Caprifoliaceae sanchezia Acanthaceae bowstring hemp, mother-in-law’s tongue, kitelel (Palau) Agavaceae Sansevieria trifasciata Schefflera actinophylla Schefflera arboricola Senna alata Senna obtusifolia Senna siamea Sesbania grandiflora Setaria pumila 120 Babeldaob Table 4. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Syngonium angustatum arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant Family Araceae Syzygium jambos Java plum; jambolan plum, mesegerak (Palau), mesekerrak (Palau), mesekerrák (Palau), mesigerak Myrtaceae (Palau) malabar plum, rose apple, Malay apple Myrtaceae Tabebuia heterophylla pink tecoma, pink trumpet tree, white cedar Bignoniaceae Tecoma stans yellow bells, yellow-elder, yellow trumpetbush Bignoniaceae Tephrosia candida white tephrosia, white hoary-pea Fabaceae Thevetia peruviana yellow oleander, be-still tree, lucky nut Apocynaceae Syzygium cumini Present on: Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngerchong, Pulo Ana, Sonsorol, Tobi Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Asteraceae Koror, Babeldaob Triumfetta rhomboidea tree marigold, shrub sunflower, Mexican sunflower, Japanese sunflower Chinese burr, paroquet burr, burr bush Tiliaceae Turnera subulata white alder Turneraceae Turnera ulmifolia yellow alder, sage rose, West Indian holly Turneraceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Tithonia diversifolia hibiscus burr, aramina, caesarweed, pink Chinese Malvaceae burr, urena burr, bur mallow, chosuched e kui (Palau), osuched a rechui (Palau) California grass, para grass, buffalo grass, Mauritius Poaceae Urochloa mutica grass, signal grass brachiaria, green summer grass, tropical Poaceae Urochloa subquadripara signalgrass, cori grass Urena lobata Vitex parviflora small-leaved vitex, smallflower chastetree) Verbenaceae Wedelia trilobata wedelia, trailing daisy, Singapore daisy, creeping ox-eye, ngesil ra ngebard (Palau) Asteraceae 121 Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Malakal Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) in Malakal (Toirechuil) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Table 5. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Peleliu Scientific Name Acacia confusa Acacia farnesiana Acacia mangium Adenanthera pavonina Agave sisalana Albizia lebbeck Allamanda cathartica Alpinia purpurata Common Names (abridged) Formosa koa, Formosa acacia, ianángi (Palau), yanangi (Palau) Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia mangium, brown salwood, black wattle, hickory wattle coral bean tree, red sandalwood tree, red bead tree, lopa, bead tree, false wiliwili, telengtúngd (Palau), telentundalel (Palau)) sisal, sisal hemp siris-tree, rain tree, East Indian walnut, kokko, woman's-tongue tree, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) yellow trumpet vine, golden trumpet, allamanda, brownbud allamanda, golden allamanda, golden cup red ginger Arundo donax Asparagus densiflorus Asystasia gangetica subsp. gangetica Present on: Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Agavaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror Fabaceae Apocynaceae Zingiberaceae Alternanthera brasiliana Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat Antigonon leptopus Family Amaranthaceae Mexican creeper, mountain rose, Confederate vine, Polygonaceae chain-of-love, hearts on a chain, love-vine, coral bells, coral vine, dilngau (Palau) giant reed, Spanish reed, wild cane Poaceae asparagus fern, sprengeri fern, smilax, regal fern Liliaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror, Babeldaob Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel Acanthaceae Bambusa spp. bamboo, bambuu (Palau), esel (Palau) Poaceae Barleria lupulina Bauhinia acuminata Bauhinia monandra Bauhinia purpurea Bauhinia variegata Calamus spp. Calliandra calothyrsus Calliandra haematocephala Calopogonium mucunoides hophead, Philippine violet dwarf white bauhinia orchid-tree, St. Thomas-tree, Napoleon's plume purple orchid tree; purple butterfly tree orchid tree; mountain ebony rattan, bangerenguis ra ngebard (Palau) powderpuff red calliandra Acanthaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Arecaceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Babeldaob Koror Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob red powder puff Fabaceae Koror calopo Fabaceae Canna indica canna, canna lily, Indian shot Cannaceae Ceiba pentandra Centrosema molle Chamaecrista mimosoides Chamaecrista nictitans Chloris radiata kapok, kapok tree, silk-cotton tree, kalngebard (Palau), kalngebárd (Palau), kerrekar ngebard (Palau) centro, butterfly-pea Bombacaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Sonsorol, Tobi Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Kayangel Cinnamomum verum cinnamon tree Clidemia hirta Koster’s curse, soap bush, kui (Palau), kúi (Palau) Clitoria ternatea butterfly pea, Asian pigeonwings, kles (Palau) Coffea arabica Commelina diffusa Crotalaria micans Cryptostegia madagascariensis coffee, kohi (Palau) commelina, dayflower, wandering Jew, spiderwort crotalaria Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Poaceae Koror, Babeldaob Reported present by Fosberg Lauraceae et al.(1979), no location given Melastomataceae Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Fabaceae Babeldaob Rubiaceae Koror, Babeldaob Commelinaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Fabaceae Babeldaob Madagascar rubbervine Asclepiadaceae Japanese tea Fabaceae Fabaceae partridge pea, Japanese tea senna plush-grass, radiate fingergrass 122 Koror, Babeldaob Table 5. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Peleliu Scientific Name Cyperus involucratus Common Names (abridged) umbrella sedge, umbrella plant, dwarf papyrus grass, deus (Palau) Family Cyperaceae Present on: Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerekbesang, Desmanthus virgatus slender mimosa, virgate mimosa Fabaceae Babeldaob Desmodium tortuosum Florida beggarweed, Spanish clover, dixie ticktrefoil Fabaceae Koror Digitaria violascens smooth crabgrass, violet crabgrass, sau (Palau) Poaceae Babeldaob Dissotis rotundifolia dissotis, Spanish shawl, pink lady Melastomataceae Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang, Eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth, bung el ralm (Palau) Pontederiaceae Babeldaob Elaeocarpus Reported present by Fosberg blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong (Australia) Elaeocarpaceae et al.(1979), no location given angustifolius Koror (cult.), Malakal, Epipremnum pinnatum pothos, money plant Araceae Ngerkebesang cv. ‘Aureum’ Falcataria moluccana Molucca albizia, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) Fabaceae Koror Ficus elastica India rubber tree, rubber plant, komunokí (Palau) Moraceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Flemingia macrophylla Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob Flemingia strobilifera luck plant, wild hops, besungelaiei (Palau) Fabaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang, mother of cacao, quickstick, Mexican lilac, Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium Babeldaob, Tobi rechesengel (Palau) Gmelina elliptica kalngebard ra belau (Palau) Lamiaceae Malakal, Babeldaob Hedychium coronarium white ginger, butterfly lily, ginger lily, garland flower Zingiberaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang heliconia, parrot's-flower, parrot's-plantain, crab Heliconiaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Heliconia spp. claw, lobster claw Hemigraphis alternata metal leaf; red ivy Acanthaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Hevea brasiliensis hevea, Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree Euphorbiaceae Koror?, Babeldaob? Hyptis capitata knobweed Lamiaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Hyptis pectinata comb hyptis, comb bushmint, mint weed, purple top Lamiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur Imperata cylindrica blady grass, cogon grass, satintail, kasoring (Palau) Poaceae Babeldaob Inga edulis ice cream bean Fabaceae Koror Ipomoea hederifolia ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea, trompillo Convolvulaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Ischaemum paddle grass Poaceae Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el polystachyum Ischaemum rugosum muraina grass, wrinkle duck-beak, saramatta grass Poaceae Babeldaob Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Bignoniaceae Koror Jatropha curcas physic nut, purging nut, Barbados nut Euphorbiaceae Koror, Babeldaob Jatropha gossypiifolia bellyache bush, cotton-leaved physic nut Euphorbiaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang green kyllinga, green water sedge, esechesiding Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Kyllinga brevifolia (Palau) white kyllinga, whitehead spikesedge, whitewater Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Kyllinga nemoralis sedge Leonurus japonicus lion’s tail, Chinese motherwort Lamiaceae Koror Macroptilium siratro, purple bushbean Fabaceae Babeldaob atropurpureum Macroptilium cow pea, phasey bean, wild bean Fabaceae Babeldaob lathyroides Melaleuca melaleuca, cajeput, paper bark tree, punk tree Myrtaceae Babeldaob quinquenervia Chinaberry, pride-of-India, indian lilac, Persian lilac, Meliaceae Koror Melia azedarach white cedar, margosa tree Melinis minutiflora melinis, molasses grass Poaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Merremia peltata merremia, kebeas (Palau) Convolvulaceae Babeldaob, Kayangel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Mimosa diplotricha giant sensitive plant, nila grass, mechiuaiu (Palau) Fabaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Ngerkebesang, orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box, Rutaceae Murraya paniculata Babeldaob Hawaiian mock orange Derris elliptica derris Fabaceae 123 Table 5. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Peleliu Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: Nymphaea spp. water lily Nymphaeaceae Ocimum gratissimum wild basil, clove basil, tree basil Lamiaceae Panicum maximum Panicum repens Guinea grass, green panic, buffalograss torpedo grass, couch panicum, creeping panic Poaceae Poaceae Paspalum paniculatum Russell river grass, galmarra grass Poaceae Passiflora edulis passion fruit, yellow passion fruit, purple passion Passifloraceae fruit, qarandila, purple granadilla, kudamono (Palau) Koror, Babeldaob Passiflora quadrangularis granadilla, giant granadilla, kudamono (Palau) Koror, Babeldaob, Passiflora suberosa Pennisetum setaceum Pithecellobium dulce Plectranthus amboinicus Passifloraceae wild passionfruit, devil's pumpkin, indigo berry, corky Passifloraceae passionflower, corkstem passionflower fountain grass Poaceae Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, sweet inga, Fabaceae kamatsiri (Palau), kamatsíri (Palau), opiuma (Palau) Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Tobi Koror Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Malakal, Koror Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Mexican mint, Spanish thyme, Cuban oregano Lamiaceae strawberry guava, cherry guava, Cattley guava, Chinese guava Rangoon creeper glenwood grass elderberry, Mexican elder Myrtaceae Koror Combretaceae Poaceae Caprifoliaceae sanchezia Acanthaceae Araliaceae Araliaceae Koror Fabaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang (cult.) Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Solanum torvum octopus tree, umbrella tree, ivy palm dwarf brassia, dwarf schefflera, Hawaiian elf schefflera candle bush; candelabra bush, Roman candle tree, emperor's candlesticks, ringworm bush (Australia), alcapulco cassod tree, kassod tree, Siamese cassia, pheasantwood, Thailand shower sesbania, hummingbird tree, sesban, scarlet wisteria tree, corkwood tree, katurai (Palau) foxtail, garden bristle grass, hairy-tail grass, yellow bristlegrass, Queensland pigeon grass (Australia) prickly solanum, devil's fig, turkeyberry, terongan Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror (eradicated?) Sorghum halepense Johnson grass, Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass Poaceae Psidium cattleianum Quisqualis indica Sacciolepis indica Sambucus mexicana Sanchezia parvibracteata Schefflera actinophylla Schefflera arboricola Senna alata Senna siamea Sesbania grandiflora Setaria pumila Koror Poaceae Babeldaob Solanaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Syzygium jambos African tulip tree, fireball, fountain tree, orsachel kui (Palau) stylo, Brazilian lucerne, tropical lucerne, Nigerian stylo Java plum; jambolan plum, mesegerak (Palau), mesekerrak (Palau), mesekerrák (Palau), mesigerak (Palau) malabar plum, rose apple, Malay apple Tabebuia heterophylla pink tecoma, pink trumpet tree, white cedar Bignoniaceae Tephrosia candida Fabaceae Acanthaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel Asteraceae Koror, Babeldaob Triumfetta rhomboidea white tephrosia, white hoary-pea Bengal trumpet, blue trumpet vine, clock vine, skyvine, large-flowerd thunbergia,: bung el etiu (Palau) tree marigold, shrub sunflower, Mexican sunflower, Japanese sunflower Chinese burr, paroquet burr, burr bush Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Tiliaceae Turnera subulata white alder Turneraceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Spathodea campanulata Stylosanthes guianensis Syzygium cumini Thunbergia grandiflora Tithonia diversifolia 124 Bignoniaceae Fabaceae Babeldaob Myrtaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Myrtaceae Table 5. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on Peleliu Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family hibiscus burr, aramina, caesarweed, pink Chinese Malvaceae burr, urena burr, bur mallow, chosuched e kui (Palau), osuched a rechui (Palau) California grass, para grass, buffalo grass, Mauritius Poaceae Urochloa mutica grass, signal grass brachiaria, green summer grass, tropical Poaceae Urochloa subquadripara signalgrass, cori grass Urena lobata Vitex parviflora small-leaved vitex, smallflower chastetree) 125 Verbenaceae Present on: Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Malakal Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) in Malakal (Toirechuil) Table 6. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on the Rock Islands Scientific Name Abelmoschus moschatus Acacia confusa Acacia farnesiana Acacia mangium Adenanthera pavonina Agave sisalana Albizia lebbeck Allamanda cathartica Alpinia purpurata Antigonon leptopus Arundo donax Asparagus densiflorus Asystasia gangetica subsp. gangetica Common Names (abridged) fautia, musk mallow, musk okra, gongul (Palau) Formosa koa, Formosa acacia, ianángi (Palau), yanangi (Palau) Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia mangium, brown salwood, black wattle, hickory wattle coral bean tree, red sandalwood tree, red bead tree, lopa, bead tree, false wiliwili, telengtúngd (Palau), telentundalel (Palau)) sisal, sisal hemp siris-tree, rain tree, East Indian walnut, kokko, woman's-tongue tree, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) yellow trumpet vine, golden trumpet, allamanda, brownbud allamanda, golden allamanda, golden cup red ginger Family Malvaceae Present on: Babeldaob, Peleliu Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Agavaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror Fabaceae Apocynaceae Zingiberaceae Mexican creeper, mountain rose, Confederate vine, chain-of-love, hearts on a chain, love-vine, coral Polygonaceae bells, coral vine, dilngau (Palau) giant reed, Spanish reed, wild cane Poaceae asparagus fern, sprengeri fern, smilax, regal fern Liliaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel Acanthaceae Bambusa spp. bamboo, bambuu (Palau), esel (Palau) Poaceae Barleria lupulina Bauhinia acuminata Bauhinia monandra Bauhinia purpurea Bauhinia variegata Calamus spp. Calliandra calothyrsus Calliandra haematocephala Calopogonium mucunoides hophead, Philippine violet dwarf white bauhinia orchid-tree, St. Thomas-tree, Napoleon's plume purple orchid tree; purple butterfly tree orchid tree; mountain ebony rattan, bangerenguis ra ngebard (Palau) powderpuff red calliandra Acanthaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Arecaceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Babeldaob Koror Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob red powder puff Fabaceae Koror calopo Fabaceae Calotropis gigantea calotrope, crown flower, madar Ascelepiadaceae Canna indica canna, canna lily, Indian shot Cannaceae Ceiba pentandra Cenchrus brownii Centrosema molle Chamaecrista mimosoides Chamaecrista nictitans kapok, kapok tree, silk-cotton tree, kalngebard Bombacaceae (Palau), kalngebárd (Palau), kerrekar ngebard (Palau) burr grass, burr grass, sand-bur, slimbristle sandbur Poaceae centro, butterfly-pea Fabaceae Japanese tea Fabaceae partridge pea, Japanese tea senna Fabaceae Chloris barbata swollen fingergrass Poaceae Chloris radiata Chrysopogon aciculatus plush-grass, radiate fingergrass Mackie's pest, lovegrass, seed grass, golden beardgrass, iul (Palau) Poaceae Cinnamomum verum cinnamon tree Lauraceae Clerodendrum paniculatum pagoda plant, pagoda flower, butcherechár (Palau), Lamiaceae butecherechar (Palau) 126 Poaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Sonsorol, Tobi Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Kayangel Malakal, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi Reported present by Fosberg et al.(1979), no location given Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Table 6. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on the Rock Islands Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: Clidemia hirta Koster’s curse, soap bush, kui (Palau), kúi (Palau) Melastomataceae Clitoria ternatea butterfly pea, Asian pigeonwings, kles (Palau) Fabaceae Coffea arabica Commelina diffusa Crotalaria micans Cryptostegia madagascariensis coffee, kohi (Palau) commelina, dayflower, wandering Jew, spiderwort crotalaria Rubiaceae Commelinaceae Fabaceae Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Babeldaob Madagascar rubbervine Asclepiadaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Tobi Cyperaceae Koror Cynodon dactylon Cyperus involucratus Bermuda grass, giant Bermuda grass, bahama grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, grama, devilgrass, couchgrass, balama grass umbrella sedge, umbrella plant, dwarf papyrus grass, deus (Palau) Lamiaceae Zingiberaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerekbesang, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Babeldaob Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Reported present by Fosberg et al.(1979), no location given Koror (cult.), Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Tobi Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Heliconiaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Acanthaceae Euphorbiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror?, Babeldaob? Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Babeldaob, Angaur Babeldaob Koror Convolvulaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Convolvulaceae Poaceae Babeldaob Babeldaob Poaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Bignoniaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Koror Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Lamiaceae Koror Derris elliptica derris Fabaceae Desmanthus virgatus slender mimosa, virgate mimosa Fabaceae Desmodium tortuosum Florida beggarweed, Spanish clover, dixie ticktrefoil Fabaceae Dieffenbachia seguine dieffenbachia, dumb cane Araceae Digitaria violascens Dissotis rotundifolia smooth crabgrass, violet crabgrass, sau (Palau) dissotis, Spanish shawl, pink lady Poaceae Melastomataceae Eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth, bung el ralm (Palau) Pontederiaceae blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong (Australia) Elaeocarpaceae pothos, money plant Araceae Molucca albizia, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) India rubber tree, rubber plant, komunokí (Palau) Fabaceae Moraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Elaeocarpus angustifolius Epipremnum pinnatum cv. ‘Aureum’ Falcataria moluccana Ficus elastica Flemingia macrophylla Flemingia strobilifera luck plant, wild hops, besungelaiei (Palau) mother of cacao, quickstick, Mexican lilac, Gliricidia sepium rechesengel (Palau) Gmelina elliptica kalngebard ra belau (Palau) Hedychium coronarium white ginger, butterfly lily, ginger lily, garland flower heliconia, parrot's-flower, parrot's-plantain, crab Heliconia spp. claw, lobster claw Hemigraphis alternata metal leaf; red ivy Hevea brasiliensis hevea, Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree Hyptis capitata knobweed Hyptis pectinata comb hyptis, comb bushmint, mint weed, purple top Imperata cylindrica blady grass, cogon grass, satintail, kasoring (Palau) Inga edulis ice cream bean aquatic morning glory, swamp cabbage, water spinach, ung-choi, kang kong, kankum (Palau), Ipomoea aquatica kangum (Palau), kangkum (Palau) Ipomoea hederifolia ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea, trompillo Ischaemum rugosum muraina grass, wrinkle duck-beak, saramatta grass centipede grass, stalkleaf murainagrass, lucuntu Ischaemum timorense grass Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Jatropha curcas physic nut, purging nut, Barbados nut Jatropha gossypiifolia bellyache bush, cotton-leaved physic nut green kyllinga, green water sedge, esechesiding Kyllinga brevifolia (Palau) white kyllinga, whitehead spikesedge, whitewater Kyllinga nemoralis sedge Leonurus japonicus lion’s tail, Chinese motherwort 127 Fabaceae Table 6. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on the Rock Islands Scientific Name Macroptilium atropurpureum Macroptilium lathyroides Melaleuca quinquenervia Common Names (abridged) Family siratro, purple bushbean Fabaceae Babeldaob cow pea, phasey bean, wild bean Fabaceae Babeldaob melaleuca, cajeput, paper bark tree, punk tree Myrtaceae Babeldaob Melinis minutiflora Chinaberry, pride-of-India, indian lilac, Persian lilac, Meliaceae white cedar, margosa tree melinis, molasses grass Poaceae Merremia peltata merremia, kebeas (Palau) Convolvulaceae Mikania micrantha mile-a-minute weed, Chinese creeper, American rope, bittervine, teb el yas (Palau) Asteraceae Mimosa diplotricha giant sensitive plant, nila grass, mechiuaiu (Palau) Fabaceae Melia azedarach Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Nymphaea spp. orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box, Hawaiian mock orange water lily Nymphaeaceae Ocimum gratissimum wild basil, clove basil, tree basil Lamiaceae Panicum maximum Panicum repens Guinea grass, green panic, buffalograss torpedo grass, couch panicum, creeping panic Poaceae Poaceae Paspalum paniculatum Russell river grass, galmarra grass Poaceae Murraya paniculata Passiflora edulis Passiflora foetida Rutaceae passion fruit, yellow passion fruit, purple passion Passifloraceae fruit, qarandila, purple granadilla, kudamono (Palau) love-in-a-mist, wild passion fruit, passionflower, Passifloraceae stinking passionflower, kudamono (Palau) Passiflora quadrangularis granadilla, giant granadilla, kudamono (Palau) Passiflora suberosa wild passionfruit, devil's pumpkin, indigo berry, corky Passifloraceae passionflower, corkstem passionflower Pennisetum polystachion mission grass, feathery pennisetum, desum (Palau) Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum setaceum Pithecellobium dulce Plectranthus amboinicus Pluchea carolinensis Pluchea indica Psidium cattleianum Quisqualis indica Ricinus communis Present on: Passifloraceae elephant grass, napier grass, merker grass, bokso Poaceae (Palau) fountain grass Poaceae Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, sweet inga, Fabaceae kamatsiri (Palau), kamatsíri (Palau), opiuma (Palau) Koror Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Kayangel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Tobi Koror Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Malakal, Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Mexican mint, Spanish thyme, Cuban oregano Lamiaceae sour bush Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea, Indian camphorweed strawberry guava, cherry guava, Cattley guava, Chinese guava Rangoon creeper castor bean, castor-oil plant, gelug (Palau), maskerekur (Palau), uluchula skoki (Palau) Asteraceae Peleliu Asteraceae Angaur, Peleliu Myrtaceae Koror Combretaceae Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Euphorbiaceae Angaur, Peleliu Saccharum spontaneum wild cane, false sugarcane, banga ruchel (Palau) Poaceae Sacciolepis indica glenwood grass Poaceae Samanea saman monkeypod, rain tree, saman Fabaceae Sambucus mexicana Sanchezia parvibracteata elderberry, Mexican elder Caprifoliaceae sanchezia Acanthaceae 128 Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Table 6. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not on the Rock Islands Scientific Name Schefflera actinophylla Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: Araliaceae Koror (eradicated?) Araliaceae Koror Fabaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Solanum torvum octopus tree, umbrella tree, ivy palm dwarf brassia, dwarf schefflera, Hawaiian elf schefflera candle bush; candelabra bush, Roman candle tree, emperor's candlesticks, ringworm bush (Australia), alcapulco habucha, coffeeweed, sicklepod cassod tree, kassod tree, Siamese cassia, pheasantwood, Thailand shower sesbania, hummingbird tree, sesban, scarlet wisteria tree, corkwood tree, katurai (Palau) foxtail, garden bristle grass, hairy-tail grass, yellow bristlegrass, Queensland pigeon grass (Australia) prickly solanum, devil's fig, turkeyberry, terongan Sorghum halepense Johnson grass, Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass Poaceae Schefflera arboricola Senna alata Senna obtusifolia Senna siamea Sesbania grandiflora Setaria pumila Spathodea campanulata Stylosanthes guianensis Poaceae Babeldaob Solanaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob African tulip tree, fireball, fountain tree, orsachel kui Bignoniaceae (Palau) stylo, Brazilian lucerne, tropical lucerne, Nigerian Fabaceae stylo Syngonium angustatum arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant Araceae Syzygium jambos malabar plum, rose apple, Malay apple Myrtaceae Tabebuia heterophylla pink tecoma, pink trumpet tree, white cedar Bignoniaceae Tephrosia candida white tephrosia, white hoary-pea Fabaceae Thevetia peruviana yellow oleander, be-still tree, lucky nut Apocynaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Asteraceae Koror, Babeldaob Triumfetta rhomboidea Bengal trumpet, blue trumpet vine, clock vine, skyvine, large-flowerd thunbergia,: bung el etiu (Palau) tree marigold, shrub sunflower, Mexican sunflower, Japanese sunflower Chinese burr, paroquet burr, burr bush Tiliaceae Turnera subulata white alder Turneraceae Turnera ulmifolia yellow alder, sage rose, West Indian holly Turneraceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Thunbergia grandiflora Tithonia diversifolia Acanthaceae hibiscus burr, aramina, caesarweed, pink Chinese burr, urena burr, bur mallow, chosuched e kui Malvaceae (Palau), osuched a rechui (Palau) California grass, para grass, buffalo grass, Mauritius Poaceae Urochloa mutica grass, signal grass brachiaria, green summer grass, tropical Poaceae Urochloa subquadripara signalgrass, cori grass Urena lobata Vitex parviflora small-leaved vitex, smallflower chastetree) Verbenaceae Wedelia trilobata wedelia, trailing daisy, Singapore daisy, creeping ox-eye, ngesil ra ngebard (Palau) Asteraceae 129 Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Malakal Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) in Malakal (Toirechuil) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Table 7. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Sonsorol State Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Abelmoschus moschatus fautia, musk mallow, musk okra, gongul (Palau) Malvaceae Acacia auriculiformis Papuan wattle, auri, earleaf acacia, northern black wattle, ear-pod wattle Fabaceae Agave sisalana Formosa koa, Formosa acacia, ianángi (Palau), yanangi (Palau) Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia mangium, brown salwood, black wattle, hickory wattle coral bean tree, red sandalwood tree, red bead tree, lopa, bead tree, false wiliwili, telengtúngd (Palau), telentundalel (Palau)) sisal, sisal hemp Agave sp. American aloe, century plant Acacia confusa Acacia farnesiana Acacia mangium Adenanthera pavonina Albizia lebbeck Allamanda cathartica Alpinia purpurata Antigonon leptopus Arundo donax Asparagus densiflorus Asystasia gangetica subsp. gangetica Barleria lupulina Bauhinia acuminata Bauhinia monandra Bauhinia purpurea Bauhinia variegata Fabaceae Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Fabaceae Agavaceae siris-tree, rain tree, East Indian walnut, kokko, Fabaceae woman's-tongue tree, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) yellow trumpet vine, golden trumpet, allamanda, Apocynaceae brownbud allamanda, golden allamanda, golden cup Zingiberaceae Alternanthera brasiliana Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Tobi Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Agavaceae red ginger Present on: Amaranthaceae Mexican creeper, mountain rose, Confederate vine, chain-of-love, hearts on a chain, love-vine, coral Polygonaceae bells, coral vine, dilngau (Palau) giant reed, Spanish reed, wild cane Poaceae asparagus fern, sprengeri fern, smilax, regal fern Liliaceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror, Babeldaob Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel Acanthaceae hophead, Philippine violet dwarf white bauhinia orchid-tree, St. Thomas-tree, Napoleon's plume purple orchid tree; purple butterfly tree orchid tree; mountain ebony Acanthaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae blue grass, Australian beardgrass, Caucasian bluestem, desum (Palau) Poaceae Calamus spp. Calliandra calothyrsus Calliandra haematocephala Calopogonium mucunoides rattan, bangerenguis ra ngebard (Palau) powderpuff red calliandra Arecaceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Bkul a Chesemiich Babeldaob Babeldaob red powder puff Fabaceae Koror calopo Fabaceae Calotropis gigantea calotrope, crown flower, madar Ascelepiadaceae Casuarina equisetifolia casuarina, ironwood, Australian pine, she-oak, horsetail tree, beefwood, agas (Palau), agasu (Palau), ngas (Palau), ngasu (Palau) Casuarinaceae Bothriochloa bladhii Ceiba pentandra Cenchrus brownii kapok, kapok tree, silk-cotton tree, kalngebard (Palau), kalngebárd (Palau), kerrekar ngebard Bombacaceae (Palau) burr grass, burr grass, sand-bur, slimbristle sandbur Poaceae 130 Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, most Rock Islands, Helen's Reef, Tobi Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Kayangel, Malakal, Angaur, Peleliu Table 7. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Sonsorol State Scientific Name Cenchrus echinatus Centrosema molle Chamaecrista mimosoides Chamaecrista nictitans Chloris barbata Chloris radiata Chromolaena odorata Cinnamomum verum Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax Clerodendrum paniculatum Clerodendrum quadriloculare Clidemia hirta Clitoria ternatea Coffea arabica Commelina diffusa Crotalaria micans Cryptostegia madagascariensis Cynodon dactylon Cyperus involucratus Cyperus rotundus Derris elliptica Desmanthus virgatus Desmodium tortuosum Dieffenbachia seguine Digitaria violascens Dissotis rotundifolia Eichhornia crassipes Elaeocarpus angustifolius Epipremnum pinnatum cv. ‘Aureum’ Falcataria moluccana Ficus elastica Flemingia macrophylla Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, burr grass, sand-bur, southern sandbur Poaceae Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Tobi centro, butterfly-pea Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Japanese tea Fabaceae Babeldaob partridge pea, Japanese tea senna Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, swollen fingergrass Poaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu plush-grass, radiate fingergrass Poaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Siam weed, triffid weed, bitter bush, Jack in the Asteraceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, bush, ngesngesil (Palau) Ngidech Reported present by Fosberg et cinnamon tree Lauraceae al.(1979), no location given Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, red clerodendrum, pagoda-flower, butcherechár Peleliu, Aulupse‘el, Ngercheu Lamiaceae (Palau), butecherechar (Palau) (Carp Resort), Ngchelobel, Ngeanges, Ngeremdiu, Ngidech, Ulong, Urukthapel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, pagoda plant, pagoda flower, butcherechár (Palau), Lamiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu butecherechar (Palau) Koror, Ngerkebesang, bronze-leaved clerodendrum, kleuang (Palau) Lamiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koster’s curse, soap bush, kui (Palau), kúi (Palau) Melastomataceae Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, butterfly pea, Asian pigeonwings, kles (Palau) Fabaceae Babeldaob coffee, kohi (Palau) Rubiaceae Koror, Babeldaob commelina, dayflower, wandering Jew, spiderwort Commelinaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob crotalaria Fabaceae Babeldaob Madagascar rubbervine Bermuda grass, giant Bermuda grass, bahama grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, grama, devilgrass, couchgrass, balama grass umbrella sedge, umbrella plant, dwarf papyrus grass, deus (Palau) Asclepiadaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Tobi Cyperaceae Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, derris Fabaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerekbesang, slender mimosa, virgate mimosa Fabaceae Babeldaob Florida beggarweed, Spanish clover, dixie ticktrefoil Fabaceae Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, dieffenbachia, dumb cane Araceae Babeldaob, Peleliu smooth crabgrass, violet crabgrass, sau (Palau) Poaceae Babeldaob dissotis, Spanish shawl, pink lady Melastomataceae Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang, water hyacinth, bung el ralm (Palau) Pontederiaceae Babeldaob Reported present by Fosberg et blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong (Australia) Elaeocarpaceae al.(1979), no location given Koror (cult.), Malakal, pothos, money plant Araceae Ngerkebesang Molucca albizia, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) Fabaceae Koror India rubber tree, rubber plant, komunokí (Palau) Moraceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, nut grass, nutsedge, purple nutsedge, cocograss 131 Cyperaceae Table 7. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Sonsorol State Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Flemingia strobilifera luck plant, wild hops, besungelaiei (Palau) mother of cacao, quickstick, Mexican lilac, Gliricidia sepium rechesengel (Palau) Gmelina elliptica kalngebard ra belau (Palau) Hedychium coronarium white ginger, butterfly lily, ginger lily, garland flower heliconia, parrot's-flower, parrot's-plantain, crab Heliconia spp. claw, lobster claw Hemigraphis alternata metal leaf; red ivy Hevea brasiliensis hevea, Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree Hyptis capitata knobweed Hyptis pectinata comb hyptis, comb bushmint, mint weed, purple top Imperata cylindrica blady grass, cogon grass, satintail, kasoring (Palau) Inga edulis ice cream bean aquatic morning glory, swamp cabbage, water Ipomoea aquatica spinach, ung-choi, kang kong, kankum (Palau), kangum (Palau), kangkum (Palau) Ipomoea hederifolia ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea, trompillo Ischaemum paddle grass polystachyum Ischaemum rugosum muraina grass, wrinkle duck-beak, saramatta grass centipede grass, stalkleaf murainagrass, lucuntu Ischaemum timorense grass Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Jatropha curcas physic nut, purging nut, Barbados nut Jatropha gossypiifolia bellyache bush, cotton-leaved physic nut green kyllinga, green water sedge, esechesiding Kyllinga brevifolia (Palau) Family Fabaceae Present on: Lamiaceae Zingiberaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Tobi Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Heliconiaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Acanthaceae Euphorbiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror?, Babeldaob? Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Babeldaob, Angaur Babeldaob Koror Convolvulaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Fabaceae Convolvulaceae Poaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Babeldaob Poaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Bignoniaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Koror Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Lantana camara lantana Verbenaceae Leonurus japonicus Macroptilium atropurpureum Macroptilium lathyroides Melaleuca quinquenervia lion’s tail, Chinese motherwort Lamiaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror siratro, purple bushbean Fabaceae Babeldaob cow pea, phasey bean, wild bean Fabaceae Babeldaob melaleuca, cajeput, paper bark tree, punk tree Myrtaceae Babeldaob Melinis minutiflora Chinaberry, pride-of-India, indian lilac, Persian lilac, Meliaceae white cedar, margosa tree melinis, molasses grass Poaceae Merremia peltata merremia, kebeas (Palau) Convolvulaceae Mikania micrantha mile-a-minute weed, Chinese creeper, American rope, bittervine, teb el yas (Palau) Asteraceae Mimosa diplotricha giant sensitive plant, nila grass, mechiuaiu (Palau) Fabaceae Melia azedarach Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Nymphaea spp. orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box, Hawaiian mock orange water lily Nymphaeaceae Ocimum gratissimum wild basil, clove basil, tree basil Lamiaceae Operculina turpethum Other: ongucheta rekung (Palau) Convolvulaceae Panicum maximum Panicum repens Guinea grass, green panic, buffalograss torpedo grass, couch panicum, creeping panic Poaceae Poaceae Paspalum paniculatum Russell river grass, galmarra grass Poaceae Murraya paniculata 132 Rutaceae Koror Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Kayangel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Tobi Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Aulupse‘el Koror Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Table 7. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Sonsorol State Scientific Name Passiflora edulis Passiflora foetida Common Names (abridged) Family passion fruit, yellow passion fruit, purple passion Passifloraceae fruit, qarandila, purple granadilla, kudamono (Palau) love-in-a-mist, wild passion fruit, passionflower, Passifloraceae stinking passionflower, kudamono (Palau) Passiflora quadrangularis granadilla, giant granadilla, kudamono (Palau) Passiflora suberosa wild passionfruit, devil's pumpkin, indigo berry, corky Passifloraceae passionflower, corkstem passionflower Pennisetum polystachion mission grass, feathery pennisetum, desum (Palau) Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum setaceum Pithecellobium dulce Plectranthus amboinicus Pluchea carolinensis Pluchea indica Psidium cattleianum Quisqualis indica Ricinus communis Passifloraceae elephant grass, napier grass, merker grass, bokso Poaceae (Palau) fountain grass Poaceae Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, sweet inga, Fabaceae kamatsiri (Palau), kamatsíri (Palau), opiuma (Palau) Present on: Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Malakal, Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Mexican mint, Spanish thyme, Cuban oregano Lamiaceae Koror sour bush Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea, Indian camphorweed strawberry guava, cherry guava, Cattley guava, Chinese guava Rangoon creeper castor bean, castor-oil plant, gelug (Palau), maskerekur (Palau), uluchula skoki (Palau) Asteraceae Peleliu Asteraceae Angaur, Peleliu Myrtaceae Koror Combretaceae Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Euphorbiaceae Angaur, Peleliu Araliaceae Araliaceae Koror Fabaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Poaceae Babeldaob Solanum torvum octopus tree, umbrella tree, ivy palm dwarf brassia, dwarf schefflera, Hawaiian elf schefflera candle bush; candelabra bush, Roman candle tree, emperor's candlesticks, ringworm bush (Australia), alcapulco habucha, coffeeweed, sicklepod cassod tree, kassod tree, Siamese cassia, pheasantwood, Thailand shower sesbania, hummingbird tree, sesban, scarlet wisteria tree, corkwood tree, katurai (Palau) foxtail, garden bristle grass, hairy-tail grass, yellow bristlegrass, Queensland pigeon grass (Australia) prickly solanum, devil's fig, turkeyberry, terongan Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort, Tobi Koror (eradicated?) Solanaceae Sorghum halepense Johnson grass, Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass Poaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngidech, Urukthapel Saccharum spontaneum wild cane, false sugarcane, banga ruchel (Palau) Poaceae Sacciolepis indica glenwood grass Poaceae Samanea saman monkeypod, rain tree, saman Fabaceae Sambucus mexicana Sanchezia parvibracteata elderberry, Mexican elder Caprifoliaceae sanchezia Acanthaceae bowstring hemp, mother-in-law’s tongue, kitelel (Palau) Agavaceae Sansevieria trifasciata Schefflera actinophylla Schefflera arboricola Senna alata Senna obtusifolia Senna siamea Sesbania grandiflora Setaria pumila African tulip tree, fireball, fountain tree, orsachel kui Bignoniaceae Spathodea campanulata (Palau) Stachytarpheta cayennensis blue rat's tail, dark-blue snakeweed, false verbena, nettleleaf velvetberry, louch beluu (Palau) Verbenaceae Stylosanthes guianensis stylo, Brazilian lucerne, tropical lucerne, Nigerian stylo Fabaceae 133 Babeldaob Table 7. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Sonsorol State Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Syngonium angustatum arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant Family Araceae Present on: Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Syzygium jambos Java plum; jambolan plum, mesegerak (Palau), mesekerrak (Palau), mesekerrák (Palau), mesigerak Myrtaceae (Palau) malabar plum, rose apple, Malay apple Myrtaceae Tabebuia heterophylla pink tecoma, pink trumpet tree, white cedar Bignoniaceae Tephrosia candida white tephrosia, white hoary-pea Fabaceae Thevetia peruviana yellow oleander, be-still tree, lucky nut Apocynaceae Thunbergia grandiflora Bengal trumpet, blue trumpet vine, clock vine, skyvine, large-flowerd thunbergia,: bung el etiu (Palau) Acanthaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel Syzygium cumini Koror, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Timonius timon liberal (Palau) Rubiaceae Ngerkebesang, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Ngchelobel, Ngeanges (Neco) Tithonia diversifolia tree marigold, shrub sunflower, Mexican sunflower, Japanese sunflower Asteraceae Koror, Babeldaob Tradescantia zebrina wandering zebrina, wandering jew, inchplant Commelinaceae Triumfetta rhomboidea Chinese burr, paroquet burr, burr bush Tiliaceae Turnera subulata white alder Turneraceae Turnera ulmifolia yellow alder, sage rose, West Indian holly Turneraceae hibiscus burr, aramina, caesarweed, pink Chinese burr, urena burr, bur mallow, chosuched e kui Malvaceae Urena lobata (Palau), osuched a rechui (Palau) California grass, para grass, buffalo grass, Mauritius Poaceae Urochloa mutica grass, signal grass brachiaria, green summer grass, tropical Poaceae Urochloa subquadripara signalgrass, cori grass Vitex parviflora small-leaved vitex, smallflower chastetree) Verbenaceae Wedelia trilobata wedelia, trailing daisy, Singapore daisy, creeping ox-eye, ngesil ra ngebard (Palau) Asteraceae 134 Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Malakal Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) in Malakal (Toirechuil) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Table 8. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State Scientific Name Abelmoschus moschatus Common Names (abridged) fautia, musk mallow, musk okra, gongul (Palau) Agave sisalana Formosa koa, Formosa acacia, ianángi (Palau), yanangi (Palau) Ellington curse, klu, sweet acacia mangium, brown salwood, black wattle, hickory wattle coral bean tree, red sandalwood tree, red bead tree, lopa, bead tree, false wiliwili, telengtúngd (Palau), telentundalel (Palau)) sisal, sisal hemp Agave sp. American aloe, century plant Acacia confusa Acacia farnesiana Acacia mangium Adenanthera pavonina Albizia lebbeck Allamanda cathartica Alpinia purpurata Arundo donax Asparagus densiflorus Asystasia gangetica subsp. gangetica Malvaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Fabaceae Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Agavaceae siris-tree, rain tree, East Indian walnut, kokko, Fabaceae woman's-tongue tree, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) yellow trumpet vine, golden trumpet, allamanda, Apocynaceae brownbud allamanda, golden allamanda, golden cup red ginger Present on: Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Fabaceae Agavaceae Zingiberaceae Alternanthera brasiliana Brazilian joyweed, Joseph’s coat Antigonon leptopus Family Amaranthaceae Mexican creeper, mountain rose, Confederate vine, chain-of-love, hearts on a chain, love-vine, coral Polygonaceae bells, coral vine, dilngau (Palau) giant reed, Spanish reed, wild cane Poaceae asparagus fern, sprengeri fern, smilax, regal fern Liliaceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror, Babeldaob Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel Acanthaceae Bambusa spp. bamboo, bambuu (Palau), esel (Palau) Poaceae Barleria lupulina Bauhinia acuminata Bauhinia monandra Bauhinia purpurea Bauhinia variegata hophead, Philippine violet dwarf white bauhinia orchid-tree, St. Thomas-tree, Napoleon's plume purple orchid tree; purple butterfly tree orchid tree; mountain ebony Acanthaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Bothriochloa bladhii blue grass, Australian beardgrass, Caucasian bluestem, desum (Palau) Poaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum life plant, air plant, resurrection plant, Canterbury bells, cathedral bells, Mexican love plant Crassulaceae Calamus spp. Calliandra calothyrsus Calliandra haematocephala Calopogonium mucunoides rattan, bangerenguis ra ngebard (Palau) powderpuff red calliandra Arecaceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Babeldaob Koror Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Bkul a Chesemiich Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort, Sonsorol Babeldaob Babeldaob red powder puff Fabaceae Koror calopo Fabaceae Calotropis gigantea calotrope, crown flower, madar Ascelepiadaceae Ceiba pentandra Cenchrus brownii Centrosema molle Chamaecrista mimosoides Chamaecrista nictitans kapok, kapok tree, silk-cotton tree, kalngebard (Palau), kalngebárd (Palau), kerrekar ngebard Bombacaceae (Palau) burr grass, burr grass, sand-bur, slimbristle sandbur Poaceae centro, butterfly-pea Fabaceae Japanese tea Fabaceae partridge pea, Japanese tea senna Fabaceae 135 Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Kayangel Malakal, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Table 8. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: Chloris barbata swollen fingergrass Poaceae Chloris radiata plush-grass, radiate fingergrass Poaceae Chromolaena odorata Siam weed, triffid weed, bitter bush, Jack in the bush, ngesngesil (Palau) Asteraceae Cinnamomum verum cinnamon tree Lauraceae Clerodendrum buchananii var. fallax red clerodendrum, pagoda-flower, butcherechár (Palau), butecherechar (Palau) Lamiaceae Clerodendrum paniculatum pagoda plant, pagoda flower, butcherechár (Palau), Lamiaceae butecherechar (Palau) Clerodendrum quadriloculare bronze-leaved clerodendrum, kleuang (Palau) Lamiaceae Clidemia hirta Koster’s curse, soap bush, kui (Palau), kúi (Palau) Melastomataceae Clitoria ternatea butterfly pea, Asian pigeonwings, kles (Palau) Fabaceae Coffea arabica Commelina diffusa Crotalaria micans Cryptostegia madagascariensis coffee, kohi (Palau) commelina, dayflower, wandering Jew, spiderwort crotalaria Rubiaceae Commelinaceae Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngidech Reported present by Fosberg et al.(1979), no location given Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Aulupse‘el, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngchelobel, Ngeanges, Ngeremdiu, Ngidech, Ulong, Urukthapel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Babeldaob Madagascar rubbervine Asclepiadaceae Koror, Babeldaob Cyperus involucratus umbrella sedge, umbrella plant, dwarf papyrus grass, deus (Palau) Cyperaceae Koror Cyperus rotundus nut grass, nutsedge, purple nutsedge, cocograss Cyperaceae Derris elliptica derris Fabaceae Desmanthus virgatus slender mimosa, virgate mimosa Fabaceae Desmodium tortuosum Florida beggarweed, Spanish clover, dixie ticktrefoil Fabaceae Dieffenbachia seguine dieffenbachia, dumb cane Araceae Digitaria ciliaris Henry's crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, tropical crab grass, large crab grass, southern crabgrass, fingergrass, summer grass Poaceae Digitaria violascens Dissotis rotundifolia smooth crabgrass, violet crabgrass, sau (Palau) dissotis, Spanish shawl, pink lady Poaceae Melastomataceae Eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth, bung el ralm (Palau) Pontederiaceae blue fig, blue marble tree, quandong (Australia) Elaeocarpaceae pothos, money plant Araceae Molucca albizia, ukall ra ngebard (Palau) India rubber tree, rubber plant, komunokí (Palau) Fabaceae Moraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Zingiberaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerekbesang, Babeldaob, Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Ngidech, Pulo Ana Babeldaob Koror Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Reported present by Fosberg et al.(1979), no location given Koror (cult.), Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang Heliconiaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Acanthaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Elaeocarpus angustifolius Epipremnum pinnatum cv. ‘Aureum’ Falcataria moluccana Ficus elastica Flemingia macrophylla Flemingia strobilifera Gmelina elliptica Hedychium coronarium Heliconia spp. Hemigraphis alternata luck plant, wild hops, besungelaiei (Palau) kalngebard ra belau (Palau) white ginger, butterfly lily, ginger lily, garland flower heliconia, parrot's-flower, parrot's-plantain, crab claw, lobster claw metal leaf; red ivy 136 Table 8. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State Scientific Name Hevea brasiliensis Hyptis capitata Hyptis pectinata Imperata cylindrica Inga edulis Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea hederifolia Ischaemum polystachyum Ischaemum rugosum Ischaemum timorense Jacaranda mimosifolia Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypiifolia Kyllinga brevifolia Kyllinga nemoralis Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: hevea, Brazilian rubber tree, Para rubber tree knobweed comb hyptis, comb bushmint, mint weed, purple top blady grass, cogon grass, satintail, kasoring (Palau) ice cream bean aquatic morning glory, swamp cabbage, water spinach, ung-choi, kang kong, kankum (Palau), kangum (Palau), kangkum (Palau) ivy-leaf morning glory, star ipomoea, trompillo Euphorbiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Koror?, Babeldaob? Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang Babeldaob, Angaur Babeldaob Koror Convolvulaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu paddle grass Poaceae muraina grass, wrinkle duck-beak, saramatta grass centipede grass, stalkleaf murainagrass, lucuntu grass jacaranda physic nut, purging nut, Barbados nut bellyache bush, cotton-leaved physic nut green kyllinga, green water sedge, esechesiding (Palau) white kyllinga, whitehead spikesedge, whitewater sedge Convolvulaceae Poaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Babeldaob Poaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Bignoniaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Koror Koror, Babeldaob, Koror, Ngerkebesang Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Sonsorol Lantana camara lantana Verbenaceae Leonurus japonicus lion’s tail, Chinese motherwort Lamiaceae Leucaena leucocephala leucaena, wild tamarind, lead tree, telengtungd (Palau) Fabaceae siratro, purple bushbean Fabaceae Babeldaob cow pea, phasey bean, wild bean Fabaceae Babeldaob melaleuca, cajeput, paper bark tree, punk tree Myrtaceae Babeldaob Macroptilium atropurpureum Macroptilium lathyroides Melaleuca quinquenervia Melinis minutiflora Chinaberry, pride-of-India, indian lilac, Persian lilac, Meliaceae white cedar, margosa tree melinis, molasses grass Poaceae Merremia peltata merremia, kebeas (Palau) Convolvulaceae Mikania micrantha mile-a-minute weed, Chinese creeper, American rope, bittervine, teb el yas (Palau) Asteraceae Mimosa diplotricha giant sensitive plant, nila grass, mechiuaiu (Palau) Fabaceae Melia azedarach Mimosa pudica Muntingia calabura Fabaceae jam tree, strawberry tree, Jamaican cherry, Singapore cherry, Panama cherry, Panama berry, ornamental cherry, calabura, sirsen, budo (Palau) Tiliaceae Nymphaea spp. orange jessamine, satin-wood, Chinese box, Hawaiian mock orange water lily Nymphaeaceae Operculina turpethum Other: ongucheta rekung (Palau) Convolvulaceae Panicum maximum Panicum repens Guinea grass, green panic, buffalograss torpedo grass, couch panicum, creeping panic Poaceae Poaceae Paspalum paniculatum Russell river grass, galmarra grass Poaceae Murraya paniculata 137 Rutaceae Koror Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Kayangel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Merir, Sonsorol Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Aulupse‘el Koror Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Table 8. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State Scientific Name Passiflora edulis Passiflora foetida Common Names (abridged) Family passion fruit, yellow passion fruit, purple passion Passifloraceae fruit, qarandila, purple granadilla, kudamono (Palau) love-in-a-mist, wild passion fruit, passionflower, Passifloraceae stinking passionflower, kudamono (Palau) Passiflora quadrangularis granadilla, giant granadilla, kudamono (Palau) Passiflora suberosa wild passionfruit, devil's pumpkin, indigo berry, corky Passifloraceae passionflower, corkstem passionflower Pennisetum polystachion mission grass, feathery pennisetum, desum (Palau) Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum setaceum Pithecellobium dulce Plectranthus amboinicus Pluchea carolinensis Passifloraceae elephant grass, napier grass, merker grass, bokso Poaceae (Palau) fountain grass Poaceae Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, sweet inga, Fabaceae kamatsiri (Palau), kamatsíri (Palau), opiuma (Palau) Present on: Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Malakal, Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Mexican mint, Spanish thyme, Cuban oregano Lamiaceae Koror sour bush Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea, Indian camphorweed strawberry guava, cherry guava, Cattley guava, Chinese guava Asteraceae Peleliu Asteraceae Angaur, Peleliu Myrtaceae Koror Psidium guajava guava, guabang (Palau), kuabang (Palau) Myrtaceae Quisqualis indica Rangoon creeper castor bean, castor-oil plant, gelug (Palau), maskerekur (Palau), uluchula skoki (Palau) Combretaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngerchong, Sonsorol Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Euphorbiaceae Angaur, Peleliu Pluchea indica Psidium cattleianum Ricinus communis sanchezia Acanthaceae Araliaceae Araliaceae Koror Fabaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu Fabaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Solanum torvum octopus tree, umbrella tree, ivy palm dwarf brassia, dwarf schefflera, Hawaiian elf schefflera candle bush; candelabra bush, Roman candle tree, emperor's candlesticks, ringworm bush (Australia), alcapulco habucha, coffeeweed, sicklepod cassod tree, kassod tree, Siamese cassia, pheasantwood, Thailand shower sesbania, hummingbird tree, sesban, scarlet wisteria tree, corkwood tree, katurai (Palau) foxtail, garden bristle grass, hairy-tail grass, yellow bristlegrass, Queensland pigeon grass (Australia) prickly solanum, devil's fig, turkeyberry, terongan Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror (eradicated?) Sorghum halepense Johnson grass, Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass Poaceae Spathodea campanulata African tulip tree, fireball, fountain tree, orsachel kui Bignoniaceae (Palau) Stachytarpheta cayennensis blue rat's tail, dark-blue snakeweed, false verbena, nettleleaf velvetberry, louch beluu (Palau) Verbenaceae Stylosanthes guianensis stylo, Brazilian lucerne, tropical lucerne, Nigerian stylo Fabaceae Saccharum spontaneum wild cane, false sugarcane, banga ruchel (Palau) Poaceae Sacciolepis indica glenwood grass Poaceae Samanea saman monkeypod, rain tree, saman Fabaceae Sambucus mexicana Sanchezia parvibracteata Schefflera actinophylla elderberry, Mexican elder Caprifoliaceae Schefflera arboricola Senna alata Senna obtusifolia Senna siamea Sesbania grandiflora Setaria pumila 138 Poaceae Babeldaob Solanaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngidech, Urukthapel Babeldaob Table 8. Species of environmental concern present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Syngonium angustatum arrowhead plant, goosefoot plant Family Araceae Present on: Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Syzygium jambos Java plum; jambolan plum, mesegerak (Palau), mesekerrak (Palau), mesekerrák (Palau), mesigerak Myrtaceae (Palau) malabar plum, rose apple, Malay apple Myrtaceae Tabebuia heterophylla pink tecoma, pink trumpet tree, white cedar Bignoniaceae Tephrosia candida white tephrosia, white hoary-pea Fabaceae Thevetia peruviana yellow oleander, be-still tree, lucky nut Apocynaceae Thunbergia grandiflora Bengal trumpet, blue trumpet vine, clock vine, skyvine, large-flowerd thunbergia,: bung el etiu (Palau) Acanthaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel Syzygium cumini Koror, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Timonius timon liberal (Palau) Rubiaceae Ngerkebesang, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Ngchelobel, Ngeanges (Neco) Tithonia diversifolia tree marigold, shrub sunflower, Mexican sunflower, Japanese sunflower Asteraceae Koror, Babeldaob Tradescantia spathacea oyster plant, boat plant, boat lily, moses in a boat, kobesos (Palau) Commelinaceae Tradescantia zebrina wandering zebrina, wandering jew, inchplant Commelinaceae Triumfetta rhomboidea Chinese burr, paroquet burr, burr bush Tiliaceae Turnera subulata white alder Turneraceae Turnera ulmifolia yellow alder, sage rose, West Indian holly Turneraceae hibiscus burr, aramina, caesarweed, pink Chinese Malvaceae burr, urena burr, bur mallow, chosuched e kui (Palau), osuched a rechui (Palau) California grass, para grass, buffalo grass, Mauritius Poaceae Urochloa mutica grass, signal grass brachiaria, green summer grass, tropical Poaceae Urochloa subquadripara signalgrass, cori grass Urena lobata Vitex parviflora small-leaved vitex, smallflower chastetree) Verbenaceae Wedelia trilobata wedelia, trailing daisy, Singapore daisy, creeping ox-eye, ngesil ra ngebard (Palau) Asteraceae 139 Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Sonsorol Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Malakal Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979) in Malakal (Toirechuil) Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Appendix 7. Presence of other invasive species within Palau Table 1. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Koror, Ngerkebesang or Malakal Scientific Name Abutilon indicum Acalypha indica Common Names (abridged) albutilon, Indian abutilon, Indian mallow copperleaf, Indian-nettle, ricinela Acalypha lanceolata Achyranthes aspera Amaranthus spinosus Annona squamosa Bacopa procumbens Bidens pilosa Centratherum punctatum Chamaesyce hypericifolia Cleome viscosa Conyza bonariensis Conyza canadensis Crotalaria zanzibarica Cyrtococcum patens Desmodium heterophyllum Family Malvaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae chaff-flower, devil's horsewhip; prickly chaff-flower, louch beluu (Palau), louch el beluu (Palau) edlebur, needle burr, spiny amaranth, thorny pigweed sugar apple, sweetsop, custard apple, sugar apple, ngel ra ngebard (Palau) beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Present on: Sonsorol Babeldaob, Angaur Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngeanges, Merir, Sonsorol, Tobi Angaur Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979), no location given Scrophulariaceae Babeldaob Asteraceae Peleliu Annonaceae Asteraceae Babeldaob beach spurge, graceful spurge Euphorbiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu tickweed, spider flower flax-leaf fleabane, hairy fleabane, hairy horseweed, wavy-leaf fleabane Capparaceae Babeldaob Asteraceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu curara-pea Fabaceae Poaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong Babeldaob Babeldaob hetero, Spanish clover Fabaceae Babeldaob Asteraceae Babeldaob butterweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, hogweed, horseweed elephantopus, elephant’s foot, false tobacco, Elephantopus mollis tobacco weed dwarf poinsettia, fire-on-the-mountain, Mexican fire Euphorbia cyathophora plant, painted spurge, wild poinsettia Eustachys petraea Gossypium barbadense cotton, sea island cotton Heliotropium procumbens Hemigraphis reptans peppergrass, Virginia peppercress, Virginia Lepidium virginicum pepperweed, wild peppercress Leucas lavandulifolia cheeseweed, Egyptian mallow, little mallow, smallMalva parviflora flower mallow; lima bean, butter bean, Burma bean, haricot bean, Phaseolus lunatus Madagascar bean, sieva bean, sugar bean Phyla nodiflora fogfruit, lippia, phyla Physalis minima sunberry Polygonum minus smartweed Pueraria phaseoloides tropical kudzu, puero Ruellia tuberosa Scoparia dulcis scoparia, sweet broom broom weed, Paddy’s lucerne, southern sida, spinySida acuta head sida, spiny sida, keak (Palau) Sida spinosa prickly sida, spiny sida Indian weed, small yellow crown-beard, yellow Sigesbeckia orientalis crown-head Spermacoce mauritiana Spermacoce ocymoides purple-leaved button weed 140 Asteraceae Poaceae Malvaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Angaur Babeldaob Boraginaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Euphorbiaceae Acanthaceae Aulupse‘el, Urukthapel Brassicaceae Peleliu Lamiaceae Babeldaob Malvaceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Babeldaob Verbenaceae Solanaceae Polygonaceae Fabaceae Acanthaceae Scrophulariaceae Angaur, Peleliu Babeldaob, Peleliu Angaur, Peleliu Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob, Peleliu Malvaceae Babeldaob, Angaur Malvaceae Angaur Asteraceae Babeldaob Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Babeldaob Babeldaob Table 1. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Koror, Ngerkebesang or Malakal Scientific Name Stenotaphrum secundatum Tridax procumbens Urochloa reptans Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: buffalo grass, St. Augustine grass Poaceae Ngerchong coat buttons, tridax daisy creeping panic grass, running grass Asteraceae Poaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Angaur 141 Table 2. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Babeldaob Scientific Name Abutilon indicum Amaranthus spinosus Annona squamosa Common Names (abridged) albutilon, Indian abutilon, Indian mallow edlebur, needle burr, spiny amaranth, thorny pigweed sugar apple, sweetsop, custard apple, sugar apple, ngel ra ngebard (Palau) Begonia × bedding begonia, perpetual begonia, wax begonia semperflorens-cultorum Bidens pilosa beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs African spider-flower, bastard-mustard, cat'sCleome gynandra whiskers, spider wisp, wild spider flower Eragrostis pilosa hairy love grass, Indian love grass, soft lovegrass Eustachys petraea bachelor's-button, bozu, globe amaranth, pearly Gomphrena globosa everlasting, botang (Palau) Heliotropium indicum Indian heliotrope, turnsole Hemigraphis reptans Jasminum sambac Arabian jasmine peppergrass, Virginia peppercress, Virginia Lepidium virginicum pepperweed, wild peppercress Phyla nodiflora fogfruit, lippia, phyla Phyllanthus debilis Phyllanthus urinaria Polygonum minus smartweed Family Present on: Malvaceae Sonsorol Amaranthaceae Angaur Annonaceae Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979), no location given Begoniaceae Koror Asteraceae Peleliu Capparaceae Koror Poaceae Poaceae Boraginaceae Acanthaceae Oleaceae Koror Angaur Koror, Ngerkebesang, Angaur, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror Aulupse‘el, Urukthapel Koror Brassicaceae Peleliu Verbenaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Polygonaceae Amaranthaceae Portulaca oleracea pigweed, purslane Portulacaceae Sida spinosa prickly sida, spiny sida American nightshade, black nightshade, glossy nightshade Sudan grass Malvaceae Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal Koror Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Tobi Angaur Solanaceae Koror, Malakal Poaceae Malakal buffalo grass, St. Augustine grass Poaceae Ngerchong stictocardia, crimson morning-glory creeping panic grass, running grass oriental hawksbeard Convolvulaceae Koror Poaceae Angaur Asteraceae Koror Solanum americanum Sorghum bicolor Stenotaphrum secundatum Stictocardia tiliifolia Urochloa reptans Youngia japonica 142 Table 3. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Angaur Scientific Name Abutilon indicum Alternanthera sessilis Alysicarpus vaginalis Amaranthus dubius Amaranthus viridis Annona squamosa Asclepias curassavica Common Names (abridged) albutilon, Indian abutilon, Indian mallow joyweed, sessile joyweed, okula beluulechad (Palau) Family Malvaceae Sonsorol Amaranthaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el amaranth, spleen amaranth Amaranthaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, green amaranth, pigweed, slender amaranth Amaranthaceae Babeldaob, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Sonsorol sugar apple, sweetsop, custard apple, sugar apple, Reported present by Fosberg Annonaceae et al. (1979), no location given ngel ra ngebard (Palau) Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Pulo bastard ipecac, blood flower, bloodflower milkweed, Asclepiadaceae Ana, Sonsorol butterfly weed, false ipecac, milkweed Scrophulariaceae Babeldaob alyce-clover, buffalo-clover, one-leaf-clover Bacopa procumbens Begonia × bedding begonia, perpetual begonia, wax begonia semperflorens-cultorum Bidens pilosa beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs anatto, annato, annatto, arnatto, lipstick tree, burek Bixa orellana (Palau) snowbush, snowbush breynia, sweetpea bush, Breynia disticha foliage-flower Fabaceae Begoniaceae Koror Asteraceae Peleliu Bixaceae Koror, Babeldaob Euphorbiaceae Koror, Babeldaob Cananga odorata perfume tree, chiráng (Palau), irang (Palau) Annonaceae Celosia argentea cockscomb, esechilamalk (Palau) Amaranthaceae Centratherum punctatum Cleome gynandra Cleome viscosa Coix lacryma-jobi Crotalaria incana Crotalaria spectabilis Crotalaria zanzibarica Cyperus cyperinus Cyperus difformis Cyperus distans Cyperus haspan Cyperus iria Cyperus pilosus Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum Cyrtococcum patens Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium heterocarpon Desmodium heterophyllum Digitaria bicornis Digitaria fuscescens Eclipta prostrata Elaeis guineensis Eleocharis dulcis Present on: Asteraceae African spider-flower, bastard-mustard, cat'swhiskers, spider wisp, wild spider flower tickweed, spider flower adlay, adlay millet, Job's-tears, demairuuch (Palau), tauiir (Palau) fuzzy rattlepod, woolly rattlepod, kuroteraria (Palau) rattlebox, showy crotalaria, showy rattlebox, showy rattlepod curara-pea long-headed sedge dirty-Dora, one-arm sedge, rice sedge, small-flower umbrella-plant, variable flat sedge slender cyperus grasshopper’s cyperus, rice flat sedge, umbrella sedge, badel aus (Palau) long-leaf cyrtococcum grass Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Babeldaob Capparaceae Koror Capparaceae Fabaceae Cyperaceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerekebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu Cyperaceae Malakal, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Fabaceae Babeldaob Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Poaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae okula beluu (Palau) Fabaceae hetero, Spanish clover Fabaceae Babeldaob southern crabgrass Y grass eclipta, false daisy, swamp daisy, white eclipta, deberebelela tengadidik (Palau) African oil palm Chinese water-chestnut, ground-chestnut, waternut Poaceae Poaceae Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob 143 Asteraceae Arecaceae Cyperaceae Table 3. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Angaur Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Elephantopus mollis elephantopus, elephant’s foot, false tobacco, tobacco weed Asteraceae Episcia cupreata episcia, flame violet Gesneriaceae Eragrostis amabilis Bug's egg grass, Japanese love grass, ouemoket (Palau) Poaceae Eragrostis pilosa hairy love grass, Indian love grass, soft lovegrass Eriochloa procera Fimbristylis autumnalis slender fimbristylis grass-like fimbristylis, lesser fimbristylis, kerngimes Fimbristylis littoralis (Palau), kederang (Palau) Fuirena umbellata desum ra mesei (Palau) Gossypium barbadense cotton, sea island cotton Heliotropium indicum Indian heliotrope, turnsole Heliotropium procumbens Hemigraphis reptans Hippobroma longiflora Impatiens balsamina Impatiens walleriana star of Bethlehem, udel ra badrei (Palau) Poaceae Poaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Malvaceae Boraginaceae Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror Boraginaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Acanthaceae Aulupse‘el, Urukthapel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngerchong, Sonsorol Campanulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Convolvulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Convolvulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Oleaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror Brassicaceae Peleliu Lamiaceae Babeldaob Malvaceae Babeldaob Mitracarpus hirtus tropical girdlepod Rubiaceae Moringa oleifera horseradish tree, drumstick tree, ben nut, morango, Moringaceae malungkai (Palau) Oplismenus hirtellus basket grass, woods grass Poaceae Orthosiphon aristatus cat’s whiskers, chemadecharebub (Palau), emadecharebub (Palau) Lamiaceae Oxalis barrelieri Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel, Peleliu, Bablomekang, Mecherchar (Eil Malk), Ngeanges, Sonsorol Koror Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob impatiens, balsam, garden balsam, rose balsam, Balsaminaceae spotted snapweed, touch-me-not, hosengka (Palau) garden impatiens, balsam, busy lizzy, bizzy-lizzie, Balsaminaceae patient lucy; sultan’s flower Ipomoea carnea subsp. bush morning glory, tree ipomoea fistulosa Cupid's flower, cypress vine, cypressvine morningIpomoea quamoclit glory, star of Bethlehem, star-glory, sweet-willy, asangao (Palau) Isachne globosa Jasminum sambac Arabian jasmine peppergrass, Virginia peppercress, Virginia Lepidium virginicum pepperweed, wild peppercress Leucas lavandulifolia cheeseweed, Egyptian mallow, little mallow, smallMalva parviflora flower mallow; Present on: Oxalidaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Paspalum scrobiculatum rice grass; creeping paspalum, ditch millet, Indian paspalum, kodo millet, water couch, desum (Palau) Poaceae Persea americana avocado, alligator pear, bata (Palau) Lauraceae Phaseolus lunatus lima bean, butter bean, Burma bean, haricot bean, Madagascar bean, sieva bean, sugar bean Fabaceae Babeldaob Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Solanaceae Turneraceae Koror, Malakal Koror Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi Phyllanthus debilis Phyllanthus urinaria Physalis minima Piriqueta ovata Pseuderanthemum carruthersii sunberry Acanthaceae 144 Table 3. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Angaur Scientific Name Pueraria montana var. lobata Pueraria phaseoloides Ruellia tuberosa Russelia equisetiformis Scoparia dulcis Sesbania cannabina Sigesbeckia orientalis Solanum americanum Solenostemon scutellarioides Sorghum bicolor Common Names (abridged) Present on: kudzu, Japanese arrowroot Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob tropical kudzu, puero Fabaceae Acanthaceae Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae Fabaceae Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Asteraceae Babeldaob Solanaceae Koror, Malakal coralplant, fountainplant scoparia, sweet broom canicha, dhaincha, dhunchi, sesbania pea Indian weed, small yellow crown-beard, yellow crown-head American nightshade, black nightshade, glossy nightshade coleus Lamiaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel Sudan grass Poaceae Malakal Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Spermacoce latifolia Spermacoce mauritiana Spermacoce ocymoides Stenotaphrum secundatum Stictocardia tiliifolia Youngia japonica Family Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae purple-leaved button weed buffalo grass, St. Augustine grass Poaceae Ngerchong stictocardia, crimson morning-glory oriental hawksbeard Convolvulaceae Asteraceae Koror Koror 145 Table 4. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Abutilon indicum Acalypha indica albutilon, Indian abutilon, Indian mallow copperleaf, Indian-nettle, ricinela Malvaceae Euphorbiaceae Achyranthes aspera chaff-flower, devil's horsewhip; prickly chaff-flower, louch beluu (Palau), louch el beluu (Palau) Amaranthaceae Ageratum conyzoides Alternanthera sessilis billygoat-weed, chick week, goatweed, whiteweed, ngmak (Palau) joyweed, sessile joyweed, okula beluulechad (Palau) Asteraceae Amaranthaceae Present on: Sonsorol Babeldaob, Angaur Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngeanges, Merir, Sonsorol, Tobi Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Ngchus Koror, Babeldaob Alysicarpus vaginalis alyce-clover, buffalo-clover, one-leaf-clover Fabaceae Amaranthus dubius amaranth, spleen amaranth edlebur, needle burr, spiny amaranth, thorny pigweed Amaranthaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Amaranthaceae Angaur Amaranthus spinosus Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Sonsorol Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Annona muricata soursop, prickly custard apple, sausab (Palau) Annonaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Ngchus, Pulo Ana, Sonsorol sugar apple, sweetsop, custard apple, sugar apple, Reported present by Fosberg Annonaceae Annona squamosa et al. (1979), no location given ngel ra ngebard (Palau) Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Pulo bastard ipecac, blood flower, bloodflower milkweed, Asclepiadaceae Asclepias curassavica Ana, Sonsorol butterfly weed, false ipecac, milkweed Koror, Ngerkebesang, Averrhoa bilimbi bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree cucumber, tree sorrel Oxalidaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Axonopus compressus blanket grass, carpetgrass Poaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Bacopa procumbens Scrophulariaceae Babeldaob Begonia × bedding begonia, perpetual begonia, wax begonia Begoniaceae Koror semperflorens-cultorum Bidens pilosa beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs Asteraceae Peleliu anatto, annato, annatto, arnatto, lipstick tree, burek Bixaceae Koror, Babeldaob Bixa orellana (Palau) Malakal, Koror, Babeldaob, Blechum pyramidata green shrimp plant, Browne’s blechum Acanthaceae Angaur, Peleliu, Sonsorol snowbush, snowbush breynia, sweetpea bush, Euphorbiaceae Koror, Babeldaob Breynia disticha foliage-flower Koror; Ngerkebesang, caladium, elephant's-ear, fancy-leaf caladium, heartAraceae Caladium bicolor Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu of-Jesus Koror, Ngerkebesang, Cananga odorata perfume tree, chiráng (Palau), irang (Palau) Annonaceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Cape periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle, old-maid, Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu rose periwinkle, rosy periwinkle Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Celosia argentea cockscomb, esechilamalk (Palau) Amaranthaceae Babeldaob, Sonsorol Centratherum Asteraceae Babeldaob punctatum Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, asthma plant, garden spurge, pill-bearing spurge, Urukthapel, Ngeanges, Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce hirta hairy spurge, udall (Palau) Ngerchong, Merir, Sonsorol, Tobi Chamaesyce beach spurge, graceful spurge Euphorbiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu hypericifolia Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, creeping splurge, prostrate spurge, red caustic Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce prostrata Babeldaob, Angaur, Ngchus creeper Koror, Ngerkebesang, Chamaesyce thymifolia red caustic creeper, thyme-leafed spurge Euphorbiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur Amaranthus viridis green amaranth, pigweed, slender amaranth 146 Amaranthaceae Table 4. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel Scientific Name Cleome gynandra Cleome viscosa Coix lacryma-jobi Conyza bonariensis Common Names (abridged) African spider-flower, bastard-mustard, cat'swhiskers, spider wisp, wild spider flower tickweed, spider flower adlay, adlay millet, Job's-tears, demairuuch (Palau), tauiir (Palau) flax-leaf fleabane, hairy fleabane, hairy horseweed, wavy-leaf fleabane Family Present on: Capparaceae Koror Capparaceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerekebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Poaceae Asteraceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu cosmos Asteraceae thickhead, fireweed, redflower ragleaf Asteraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Crotalaria zanzibarica fuzzy rattlepod, woolly rattlepod, kuroteraria (Palau) salts rattlebox, smooth crotalaria, smooth rattlebox, smooth rattlepod, streaked rattlepod, striped crotalaria rattlebox, showy crotalaria, showy rattlebox, showy rattlepod curara-pea Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Urukthapel Koror, Babeldaob Cyperus compressus flat sedge Cyperaceae Cyperus cyperinus long-headed sedge Cyperaceae dirty-Dora, one-arm sedge, rice sedge, small-flower Cyperaceae umbrella-plant, variable flat sedge slender cyperus Cyperaceae Cyperaceae grasshopper’s cyperus, rice flat sedge, umbrella Cyperaceae sedge, badel aus (Palau) Cyperaceae Conyza canadensis Cosmos sp. Crassocephalum crepidoides Crotalaria incana Crotalaria pallida Crotalaria spectabilis Cyperus difformis Cyperus distans Cyperus haspan Cyperus iria Cyperus pilosus Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum Cyrtococcum patens Dactyloctenium aegyptium Datura metel Delonix regia butterweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, hogweed, horseweed long-leaf cyrtococcum grass beach wiregrass, button grass, coast button grass, comb fringe grass, crowfoot grass, duck grass, finger comb grass datura, downy thorn-apple, Hindu datura, Hindu thorn-apple, hoary thorn-apple, horn-of-plenty, jimson-weed, purple thorn-apple flame tree, flamboyant, poinciana, nangiosákura (Palau), nangiosikura (Palau), nangyo (Palau) Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium okula beluu (Palau) heterocarpon Desmodium hetero, Spanish clover heterophyllum Desmodium incanum Desmodium triflorum Digitaria bicornis Digitaria fuscescens Asteraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Fanna, Sonsorol Poaceae Solanaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Poaceae Poaceae Dioscorea bulbifera aerial yam, air-potato, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam, belloi (Palau) Dioscoreaceae Duranta erecta duranta, golden dewdrop, pigeon-berry, sky-flower Verbenaceae Echinochloa colona awnless barnyard grass (Australia), corn panic grass, Deccan grass, jungle ricegrass, jungle rice, millet-rice, pigeon millet Poaceae 147 Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Fabaceae creeping tick trefoil, three-flower beggarweed, tropical trefoil, olmud (Palau) southern crabgrass Y grass Malakal, Babeldaob Poaceae Fabaceae kaimi clover, Spanish clover Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Sonsorol Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el, Sonsorol Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Sonsorol Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Table 4. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel Scientific Name Elaeis guineensis Eleocharis dulcis Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: African oil palm Chinese water-chestnut, ground-chestnut, waternut elephantopus, elephant’s foot, false tobacco, tobacco weed Cupid's shaving-brush, emilia, Flora's paint brush, purple sow thistle, sow thistle Arecaceae Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Asteraceae Babeldaob Episcia cupreata episcia, flame violet Gesneriaceae Eragrostis pilosa Eriochloa procera hairy love grass, Indian love grass, soft lovegrass Poaceae Poaceae Elephantopus mollis Emilia sonchifolia Euphorbia cyathophora dwarf poinsettia, fire-on-the-mountain, Mexican fire plant, painted spurge, wild poinsettia Eustachys petraea Fimbristylis autumnalis slender fimbristylis grass-like fimbristylis, lesser fimbristylis, kerngimes Fimbristylis littoralis (Palau), kederang (Palau) Fuirena umbellata desum ra mesei (Palau) bachelor's-button, bozu, globe amaranth, pearly Gomphrena globosa everlasting, botang (Palau) Gossypium barbadense cotton, sea island cotton Heliotropium indicum Indian heliotrope, turnsole Heliotropium procumbens Hemigraphis reptans Hippobroma longiflora Impatiens balsamina Impatiens walleriana Imperata conferta star of Bethlehem, udel ra badrei (Palau) plume grass Mitracarpus hirtus Momordica charantia Moringa oleifera Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Malvaceae Boraginaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Angaur, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Babeldaob Koror Boraginaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Acanthaceae Aulupse‘el, Urukthapel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngerchong, Sonsorol Amaranthaceae Campanulaceae Poaceae Ludwigia hyssopifolia Malva parviflora Cyperaceae Euphorbiaceae impatiens, balsam, garden balsam, rose balsam, Balsaminaceae spotted snapweed, touch-me-not, hosengka (Palau) garden impatiens, balsam, busy lizzy, bizzy-lizzie, Balsaminaceae patient lucy; sultan’s flower Ipomoea carnea subsp. bush morning glory, tree ipomoea fistulosa Cupid's flower, cypress vine, cypressvine morningIpomoea quamoclit glory, star of Bethlehem, star-glory, sweet-willy, asangao (Palau) Aiea morning-glory, little bell, orech (Palau), torech Ipomoea triloba (Palau) Isachne globosa Jasminum sambac Arabian jasmine peppergrass, Virginia peppercress, Virginia Lepidium virginicum pepperweed, wild peppercress Leucas lavandulifolia Lindernia antipoda ilemelakel (Palau) Ludwigia octovalvis Poaceae Cyperaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Asteraceae willow primrose, false primrose, yellow willow herb, erur (Palau) cheeseweed, Egyptian mallow, little mallow, smallflower mallow; tropical girdlepod Koror, Babeldaob Convolvulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Oleaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Koror Brassicaceae Peleliu Convolvulaceae Lamiaceae Babeldaob Scrophulariaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Onagraceae Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Onagraceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Malvaceae balsam-apple, bitter-melon, bitter gourd, balsam pear, squirting cucumber, cerasee, peria, markoso Cucurbitaceae (Palau), markosong (Palau) horseradish tree, drumstick tree, ben nut, morango, Moringaceae malungkai (Palau) Rubiaceae 148 Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Aulupse‘el Convolvulaceae Rubiaceae Oldenlandia corymbosa Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Table 4. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Oplismenus hirtellus basket grass, woods grass Poaceae Opuntia sp. drooping tree pear, prickly pear Cactaceae Orthosiphon aristatus cat’s whiskers, chemadecharebub (Palau), emadecharebub (Palau) Lamiaceae Oxalis barrelieri Oxalidaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum rice grass; creeping paspalum, ditch millet, Indian paspalum, kodo millet, water couch, desum (Palau) Poaceae Peperomia pellucida rtertiil (Palau) Piperaceae Persea americana avocado, alligator pear, bata (Palau) Lauraceae Phaseolus lunatus Phyla nodiflora Phyllanthus debilis Phyllanthus urinaria lima bean, butter bean, Burma bean, haricot bean, Madagascar bean, sieva bean, sugar bean fogfruit, lippia, phyla Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Tobi Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Sonsorol Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Fabaceae Babeldaob Verbenaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Urukthapel, Sonsorol Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Angaur, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi Physalis angulata annual ground cherry, bubeubedul (Palau) Solanaceae Physalis minima sunberry Solanaceae Pilea microphylla artillery plant, gunpowder plant, pistol plant, rockweed Urticaceae Piriqueta ovata Present on: Turneraceae Polygala paniculata island snake-root, keskus ra mekesong (Palau) Polygalaceae Polygonum minus Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pueraria montana var. lobata Pueraria phaseoloides Ruellia tuberosa Russelia equisetiformis Scoparia dulcis smartweed Polygonaceae Acanthaceae kudzu, Japanese arrowroot Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob tropical kudzu, puero coralplant, fountainplant scoparia, sweet broom Fabaceae Acanthaceae Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae Senna occidentalis antbush, coffee senna, korriu (Palau) Fabaceae Sesbania cannabina canicha, dhaincha, dhunchi, sesbania pea Fabaceae broom weed, Paddy’s lucerne, southern sida, spinyMalvaceae head sida, spiny sida, keak (Palau) Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Sida acuta Sida rhombifolia Sida spinosa Sigesbeckia orientalis Solanum americanum Sorghum bicolor arrow-leaf sida, Cuban jute, Paddy's lucerne, Queensland-hemp, teaweed, keak (Palau) prickly sida, spiny sida Indian weed, small yellow crown-beard, yellow crown-head American nightshade, black nightshade, glossy nightshade Sudan grass Malvaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngerchong Angaur Asteraceae Babeldaob Solanaceae Koror, Malakal Poaceae Malakal Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Malvaceae Spermacoce latifolia Rubiaceae Spermacoce mauritiana Spermacoce ocymoides purple-leaved button weed Rubiaceae Rubiaceae 149 Babeldaob, Angaur Table 4. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Kayangel Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: bastard vervain, blue porterweed, Brazilian tea, Jamaica vervain, joee, light blue snakeweed, louch beluu (Palau) Verbenaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Aulupse‘el buffalo grass, St. Augustine grass Poaceae Ngerchong stictocardia, crimson morning-glory coat buttons, tridax daisy creeping panic grass, running grass Convolvulaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Vernonia cinerea ironweed, little ironweed, vernonia Asteraceae Youngia japonica oriental hawksbeard Asteraceae Koror Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Merir, Pulo Ana, Sonsorol, Tobi Koror Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Stenotaphrum secundatum Stictocardia tiliifolia Tridax procumbens Urochloa reptans 150 Table 5. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Peleliu Scientific Name Abutilon indicum Acalypha indica Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: albutilon, Indian abutilon, Indian mallow copperleaf, Indian-nettle, ricinela billygoat-weed, chick week, goatweed, whiteweed, ngmak (Palau) joyweed, sessile joyweed, okula beluulechad (Palau) Malvaceae Euphorbiaceae Alysicarpus vaginalis alyce-clover, buffalo-clover, one-leaf-clover Fabaceae Amaranthus dubius amaranth, spleen amaranth edlebur, needle burr, spiny amaranth, thorny pigweed Amaranthaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Amaranthaceae Angaur Amaranthus viridis green amaranth, pigweed, slender amaranth Amaranthaceae Annona muricata soursop, prickly custard apple, sausab (Palau) Annona squamosa sugar apple, sweetsop, custard apple, sugar apple, ngel ra ngebard (Palau) Averrhoa bilimbi bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree cucumber, tree sorrel Ageratum conyzoides Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthus spinosus Bacopa procumbens Begonia × bedding begonia, perpetual begonia, wax begonia semperflorens-cultorum anatto, annato, annatto, arnatto, lipstick tree, burek Bixa orellana (Palau) snowbush, snowbush breynia, sweetpea bush, Breynia disticha foliage-flower Asteraceae Amaranthaceae Begoniaceae Koror Bixaceae Koror, Babeldaob Euphorbiaceae Koror, Babeldaob perfume tree, chiráng (Palau), irang (Palau) Annonaceae Celosia argentea cockscomb, esechilamalk (Palau) Amaranthaceae Centella asiatica Asiatic pennywort, Indian pennywort, marsh pennywort, pennyweed, elisichur (Palau), elsichur (Palau) Apiaceae Chamaesyce prostrata Asteraceae creeping splurge, prostrate spurge, red caustic creeper Chamaesyce thymifolia red caustic creeper, thyme-leafed spurge Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Sonsorol Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Annonaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Ngchus, Pulo Ana, Sonsorol Reported present by Fosberg Annonaceae et al. (1979), no location given Koror, Ngerkebesang, Oxalidaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Scrophulariaceae Babeldaob Cananga odorata Centratherum punctatum Sonsorol Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Ngchus Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Merir?, Pulo Ana?, Sonsorol?, Tobi Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Ngchus Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur African spider-flower, bastard-mustard, cat'swhiskers, spider wisp, wild spider flower tickweed, spider flower cosmos Capparaceae Koror Capparaceae Asteraceae thickhead, fireweed, redflower ragleaf Asteraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Crotalaria zanzibarica fuzzy rattlepod, woolly rattlepod, kuroteraria (Palau) salts rattlebox, smooth crotalaria, smooth rattlebox, smooth rattlepod, streaked rattlepod, striped crotalaria rattlebox, showy crotalaria, showy rattlebox, showy rattlepod curara-pea Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Urukthapel Koror, Babeldaob Cyperus compressus flat sedge Cyperaceae Cleome gynandra Cleome viscosa Cosmos sp. Crassocephalum crepidoides Crotalaria incana Crotalaria pallida Crotalaria spectabilis Cyperus difformis Cyperus distans Fabaceae Fabaceae dirty-Dora, one-arm sedge, rice sedge, small-flower Cyperaceae umbrella-plant, variable flat sedge slender cyperus Cyperaceae 151 Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Sonsorol Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Table 5. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Peleliu Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Cyperus haspan Cyperus iria grasshopper’s cyperus, rice flat sedge, umbrella sedge, badel aus (Palau) Cyperus pilosus Cyrtococcum long-leaf cyrtococcum grass oxyphyllum Cyrtococcum patens Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium okula beluu (Palau) heterocarpon Desmodium hetero, Spanish clover heterophyllum creeping tick trefoil, three-flower beggarweed, Desmodium triflorum tropical trefoil, olmud (Palau) Digitaria bicornis southern crabgrass Digitaria fuscescens Y grass Dioscorea bulbifera Echinochloa colona Elaeis guineensis Eleocharis dulcis Elephantopus mollis Emilia sonchifolia Episcia cupreata aerial yam, air-potato, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam, belloi (Palau) awnless barnyard grass (Australia), corn panic grass, Deccan grass, jungle ricegrass, jungle rice, millet-rice, pigeon millet African oil palm Chinese water-chestnut, ground-chestnut, waternut elephantopus, elephant’s foot, false tobacco, tobacco weed Cupid's shaving-brush, emilia, Flora's paint brush, purple sow thistle, sow thistle episcia, flame violet Family Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Fabaceae Babeldaob Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Poaceae Poaceae Dioscoreaceae Arecaceae Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Asteraceae Babeldaob Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Cyperaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Angaur, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Babeldaob Koror Aulupse‘el, Urukthapel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngerchong, Sonsorol Asteraceae Malvaceae Boraginaceae Acanthaceae Hippobroma longiflora Campanulaceae Impatiens walleriana Amaranthaceae impatiens, balsam, garden balsam, rose balsam, Balsaminaceae spotted snapweed, touch-me-not, hosengka (Palau) garden impatiens, balsam, busy lizzy, bizzy-lizzie, Balsaminaceae patient lucy; sultan’s flower Ipomoea carnea subsp. bush morning glory, tree ipomoea fistulosa Cupid's flower, cypress vine, cypressvine morningglory, star of Bethlehem, star-glory, sweet-willy, Ipomoea quamoclit asangao (Palau) Aiea morning-glory, little bell, orech (Palau), torech Ipomoea triloba (Palau) Isachne globosa Jasminum sambac Arabian jasmine Leucas lavandulifolia Lindernia antipoda ilemelakel (Palau) 152 Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el, Sonsorol Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Eragrostis pilosa hairy love grass, Indian love grass, soft lovegrass Eriochloa procera Eustachys petraea Fimbristylis autumnalis slender fimbristylis grass-like fimbristylis, lesser fimbristylis, kerngimes Fimbristylis littoralis (Palau), kederang (Palau) Fuirena umbellata desum ra mesei (Palau) bachelor's-button, bozu, globe amaranth, pearly Gomphrena globosa everlasting, botang (Palau) Gossypium barbadense cotton, sea island cotton Heliotropium indicum Indian heliotrope, turnsole Hemigraphis reptans Impatiens balsamina Babeldaob Poaceae Gesneriaceae star of Bethlehem, udel ra badrei (Palau) Present on: Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Convolvulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Convolvulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Poaceae Koror, Babeldaob Oleaceae Koror Lamiaceae Babeldaob Scrophulariaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Convolvulaceae Table 5. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on Peleliu Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Ludwigia hyssopifolia Family Onagraceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Babeldaob Malva parviflora cheeseweed, Egyptian mallow, little mallow, smallflower mallow; Malvaceae Mitracarpus hirtus tropical girdlepod Rubiaceae Oplismenus hirtellus basket grass, woods grass Poaceae Orthosiphon aristatus cat’s whiskers, chemadecharebub (Palau), emadecharebub (Palau) Lamiaceae Oxalis barrelieri Present on: Oxalidaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Persea americana avocado, alligator pear, bata (Palau) Lauraceae Phaseolus lunatus lima bean, butter bean, Burma bean, haricot bean, Madagascar bean, sieva bean, sugar bean Fabaceae Babeldaob Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Turneraceae Koror, Malakal Koror Koror, Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob Phyllanthus debilis Phyllanthus urinaria Piriqueta ovata Pueraria montana var. kudzu, Japanese arrowroot lobata Pueraria phaseoloides tropical kudzu, puero Ruellia tuberosa Russelia equisetiformis coralplant, fountainplant Senna occidentalis antbush, coffee senna, korriu (Palau) Sesbania cannabina canicha, dhaincha, dhunchi, sesbania pea broom weed, Paddy’s lucerne, southern sida, spinyhead sida, spiny sida, keak (Palau) prickly sida, spiny sida Indian weed, small yellow crown-beard, yellow crown-head American nightshade, black nightshade, glossy nightshade Sida acuta Sida spinosa Sigesbeckia orientalis Solanum americanum Solenostemon scutellarioides Sorghum bicolor Malvaceae Babeldaob, Angaur Malvaceae Angaur Asteraceae Babeldaob Solanaceae Koror, Malakal coleus Lamiaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel Sudan grass Poaceae purple-leaved button weed Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Malakal Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob buffalo grass, St. Augustine grass Poaceae Ngerchong stictocardia, crimson morning-glory creeping panic grass, running grass oriental hawksbeard Convolvulaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Koror Angaur Koror Spermacoce latifolia Spermacoce mauritiana Spermacoce ocymoides Stenotaphrum secundatum Stictocardia tiliifolia Urochloa reptans Youngia japonica Fabaceae Babeldaob Acanthaceae Babeldaob Scrophulariaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Fabaceae Angaur Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Rubiaceae 153 Table 6. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on the Rock Islands Scientific Name Abutilon indicum Acalypha indica Common Names (abridged) albutilon, Indian abutilon, Indian mallow copperleaf, Indian-nettle, ricinela Acalypha lanceolata Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthus dubius Amaranthus spinosus Annona squamosa Asclepias curassavica Bacopa procumbens Begonia × bedding begonia, perpetual begonia, wax begonia semperflorens-cultorum Bidens pilosa Bixa orellana Blechum pyramidata Breynia disticha Caladium bicolor Malvaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae joyweed, sessile joyweed, okula beluulechad (Palau) amaranth, spleen amaranth edlebur, needle burr, spiny amaranth, thorny pigweed sugar apple, sweetsop, custard apple, sugar apple, ngel ra ngebard (Palau) bastard ipecac, blood flower, bloodflower milkweed, butterfly weed, false ipecac, milkweed Axonopus compressus blanket grass, carpetgrass Bidens alba Family beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs, romerillo beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs anatto, annato, annatto, arnatto, lipstick tree, burek (Palau) green shrimp plant, Browne’s blechum Koror, Babeldaob Amaranthaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Amaranthaceae Angaur Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979), no location given Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Pulo Asclepiadaceae Ana, Sonsorol Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Poaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Scrophulariaceae Babeldaob Annonaceae Begoniaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Koror, Babeldaob Acanthaceae Annonaceae Catharanthus roseus Cape periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle, old-maid, rose periwinkle, rosy periwinkle Apocynaceae Celosia argentea cockscomb, esechilamalk (Palau) Amaranthaceae Centella asiatica Asiatic pennywort, Indian pennywort, marsh pennywort, pennyweed, elisichur (Palau), elsichur (Palau) Apiaceae Cleome gynandra Cleome viscosa Coix lacryma-jobi Conyza bonariensis Cosmos sp. Crotalaria incana Crotalaria pallida Crotalaria spectabilis African spider-flower, bastard-mustard, cat'swhiskers, spider wisp, wild spider flower tickweed, spider flower adlay, adlay millet, Job's-tears, demairuuch (Palau), tauiir (Palau) flax-leaf fleabane, hairy fleabane, hairy horseweed, wavy-leaf fleabane cosmos fuzzy rattlepod, woolly rattlepod, kuroteraria (Palau) salts rattlebox, smooth crotalaria, smooth rattlebox, smooth rattlepod, streaked rattlepod, striped crotalaria rattlebox, showy crotalaria, showy rattlebox, showy rattlepod 154 Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Merir, Sonsorol Peleliu Malakal, Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Sonsorol perfume tree, chiráng (Palau), irang (Palau) Chamaesyce thymifolia red caustic creeper, thyme-leafed spurge Koror Bixaceae snowbush, snowbush breynia, sweetpea bush, Euphorbiaceae foliage-flower caladium, elephant's-ear, fancy-leaf caladium, heartAraceae of-Jesus beach spurge, graceful spurge Sonsorol Babeldaob, Angaur Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu Amaranthaceae Cananga odorata Centratherum punctatum Chamaesyce hypericifolia Present on: Koror, Babeldaob Koror; Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Sonsorol Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Merir?, Pulo Ana?, Sonsorol?, Tobi Asteraceae Babeldaob Euphorbiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Euphorbiaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Capparaceae Koror Capparaceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerekebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Poaceae Asteraceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Asteraceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Fabaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Table 6. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on the Rock Islands Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Family Crotalaria zanzibarica curara-pea Fabaceae Cyperus compressus flat sedge Cyperaceae Cyperus cyperinus long-headed sedge Cyperaceae dirty-Dora, one-arm sedge, rice sedge, small-flower Cyperaceae umbrella-plant, variable flat sedge slender cyperus Cyperaceae Cyperaceae grasshopper’s cyperus, rice flat sedge, umbrella Cyperaceae sedge, badel aus (Palau) Cyperaceae Cyperus difformis Cyperus distans Cyperus haspan Cyperus iria Cyperus pilosus Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum Cyrtococcum patens Dactyloctenium aegyptium Datura metel Delonix regia long-leaf cyrtococcum grass beach wiregrass, button grass, coast button grass, comb fringe grass, crowfoot grass, duck grass, finger comb grass datura, downy thorn-apple, Hindu datura, Hindu thorn-apple, hoary thorn-apple, horn-of-plenty, jimson-weed, purple thorn-apple flame tree, flamboyant, poinciana, nangiosákura (Palau), nangiosikura (Palau), nangyo (Palau) Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium okula beluu (Palau) heterocarpon Desmodium hetero, Spanish clover heterophyllum Desmodium incanum Desmodium triflorum Digitaria bicornis Digitaria fuscescens Eclipta prostrata Elaeis guineensis Eleocharis dulcis Elephantopus mollis Episcia cupreata Poaceae Solanaceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Arecaceae Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Asteraceae Babeldaob Fabaceae Poaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Gesneriaceae 155 Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Fabaceae Eragrostis pilosa hairy love grass, Indian love grass, soft lovegrass Eriochloa procera Eustachys petraea Fimbristylis autumnalis slender fimbristylis grass-like fimbristylis, lesser fimbristylis, kerngimes Fimbristylis littoralis (Palau), kederang (Palau) Fuirena umbellata desum ra mesei (Palau) Gossypium barbadense cotton, sea island cotton Heliotropium indicum Indian heliotrope, turnsole Heliotropium procumbens impatiens, balsam, garden balsam, rose balsam, Impatiens balsamina spotted snapweed, touch-me-not, hosengka (Palau) garden impatiens, balsam, busy lizzy, bizzy-lizzie, Impatiens walleriana patient lucy; sultan’s flower Ipomoea carnea subsp. bush morning glory, tree ipomoea fistulosa Cupid's flower, cypress vine, cypressvine morningIpomoea quamoclit glory, star of Bethlehem, star-glory, sweet-willy, asangao (Palau) Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Fanna, Sonsorol Fabaceae episcia, flame violet Malakal, Babeldaob Poaceae Fabaceae creeping tick trefoil, three-flower beggarweed, tropical trefoil, olmud (Palau) southern crabgrass Y grass eclipta, false daisy, swamp daisy, white eclipta, deberebelela tengadidik (Palau) African oil palm Chinese water-chestnut, ground-chestnut, waternut elephantopus, elephant’s foot, false tobacco, tobacco weed Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Sonsorol Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu Poaceae Fabaceae kaimi clover, Spanish clover Present on: Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Cyperaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Malvaceae Boraginaceae Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror Boraginaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Balsaminaceae Koror, Babeldaob Balsaminaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Convolvulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Convolvulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Table 6. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on the Rock Islands Scientific Name Ipomoea triloba Isachne globosa Jasminum sambac Lepidium virginicum Leucas lavandulifolia Lindernia antipoda Common Names (abridged) Aiea morning-glory, little bell, orech (Palau), torech Convolvulaceae (Palau) Poaceae Arabian jasmine Oleaceae peppergrass, Virginia peppercress, Virginia Brassicaceae pepperweed, wild peppercress Lamiaceae ilemelakel (Palau) Scrophulariaceae Ludwigia hyssopifolia Ludwigia octovalvis Malva parviflora Family Onagraceae willow primrose, false primrose, yellow willow herb, erur (Palau) cheeseweed, Egyptian mallow, little mallow, smallflower mallow; Onagraceae Malvaceae Mitracarpus hirtus tropical girdlepod Rubiaceae Moringa oleifera horseradish tree, drumstick tree, ben nut, morango, Moringaceae malungkai (Palau) Oldenlandia corymbosa Rubiaceae Oplismenus hirtellus basket grass, woods grass Poaceae Orthosiphon aristatus cat’s whiskers, chemadecharebub (Palau), emadecharebub (Palau) Lamiaceae Oxalis barrelieri Oxalidaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum rice grass; creeping paspalum, ditch millet, Indian paspalum, kodo millet, water couch, desum (Palau) Poaceae Peperomia pellucida rtertiil (Palau) Piperaceae Persea americana avocado, alligator pear, bata (Palau) Lauraceae Phaseolus lunatus Phyla nodiflora Phyllanthus debilis Phyllanthus urinaria lima bean, butter bean, Burma bean, haricot bean, Madagascar bean, sieva bean, sugar bean fogfruit, lippia, phyla Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Sonsorol Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Verbenaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Angaur, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi Solanaceae Physalis minima Piriqueta ovata sunberry Solanaceae Turneraceae Polygala paniculata island snake-root, keskus ra mekesong (Palau) Polygalaceae Polygonum minus Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pueraria montana var. lobata Pueraria phaseoloides Ruellia tuberosa Russelia equisetiformis Scoparia dulcis smartweed Polygonaceae Senna occidentalis antbush, coffee senna, korriu (Palau) Fabaceae Sesbania cannabina canicha, dhaincha, dhunchi, sesbania pea broom weed, Paddy’s lucerne, southern sida, spinyhead sida, spiny sida, keak (Palau) prickly sida, spiny sida Indian weed, small yellow crown-beard, yellow crown-head Sigesbeckia orientalis Peleliu Babeldaob annual ground cherry, bubeubedul (Palau) Sida spinosa Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Koror Fabaceae Physalis angulata Sida acuta Present on: Acanthaceae kudzu, Japanese arrowroot Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob tropical kudzu, puero Fabaceae Acanthaceae Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae Fabaceae Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Malvaceae Babeldaob, Angaur Malvaceae Angaur Asteraceae Babeldaob coralplant, fountainplant scoparia, sweet broom 156 Table 6. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not on the Rock Islands Scientific Name Solanum americanum Solenostemon scutellarioides Sorghum bicolor Common Names (abridged) Family Present on: American nightshade, black nightshade, glossy nightshade Solanaceae coleus Lamiaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel Sudan grass Poaceae Malakal Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Sonsorol Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Merir, Pulo Ana, Sonsorol, Tobi Koror Spermacoce ernstii Rubiaceae Spermacoce latifolia Rubiaceae Spermacoce mauritiana Spermacoce ocymoides purple-leaved button weed Stictocardia tiliifolia stictocardia, crimson morning-glory Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Convolvulaceae Synedrella nodiflora Cinderella weed (Australia), porter bush, synedrella Asteraceae Tridax procumbens Urochloa reptans coat buttons, tridax daisy creeping panic grass, running grass Asteraceae Poaceae Vernonia cinerea ironweed, little ironweed, vernonia Asteraceae Youngia japonica oriental hawksbeard Asteraceae 157 Koror, Malakal Table 7. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not in Sonsorol State Scientific Name Acalypha indica Common Names (abridged) copperleaf, Indian-nettle, ricinela Euphorbiaceae Acalypha lanceolata Ageratum conyzoides Alternanthera sessilis Family Euphorbiaceae billygoat-weed, chick week, goatweed, whiteweed, ngmak (Palau) joyweed, sessile joyweed, okula beluulechad (Palau) Asteraceae Amaranthaceae Present on: Babeldaob, Angaur Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Ngchus Koror, Babeldaob Alysicarpus vaginalis alyce-clover, buffalo-clover, one-leaf-clover Fabaceae Amaranthus dubius amaranth, spleen amaranth edlebur, needle burr, spiny amaranth, thorny pigweed sugar apple, sweetsop, custard apple, sugar apple, ngel ra ngebard (Palau) Amaranthaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Amaranthaceae Angaur Amaranthus spinosus Annona squamosa Averrhoa bilimbi bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree cucumber, tree sorrel Axonopus compressus blanket grass, carpetgrass Bacopa procumbens Begonia × bedding begonia, perpetual begonia, wax begonia semperflorens-cultorum Bidens pilosa beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs anatto, annato, annatto, arnatto, lipstick tree, burek Bixa orellana (Palau) Blechum pyramidata green shrimp plant, Browne’s blechum snowbush, snowbush breynia, sweetpea bush, Breynia disticha foliage-flower caladium, elephant's-ear, fancy-leaf caladium, heartCaladium bicolor of-Jesus Reported present by Fosberg et al. (1979), no location given Koror, Ngerkebesang, Oxalidaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Poaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Scrophulariaceae Babeldaob Annonaceae Begoniaceae Koror Asteraceae Peleliu Bixaceae Koror, Babeldaob Acanthaceae Sonsorol Euphorbiaceae Koror, Babeldaob Araceae Cananga odorata perfume tree, chiráng (Palau), irang (Palau) Annonaceae Catharanthus roseus Cape periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle, old-maid, rose periwinkle, rosy periwinkle Apocynaceae Centratherum punctatum Chamaesyce hypericifolia Chamaesyce prostrata Asteraceae Babeldaob beach spurge, graceful spurge Euphorbiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu creeping splurge, prostrate spurge, red caustic creeper Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce thymifolia red caustic creeper, thyme-leafed spurge Cleome gynandra Cleome viscosa Coix lacryma-jobi Conyza bonariensis Conyza canadensis Cosmos sp. Crassocephalum crepidoides Crotalaria incana Crotalaria pallida Crotalaria spectabilis Koror; Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu African spider-flower, bastard-mustard, cat'swhiskers, spider wisp, wild spider flower tickweed, spider flower adlay, adlay millet, Job's-tears, demairuuch (Palau), tauiir (Palau) flax-leaf fleabane, hairy fleabane, hairy horseweed, wavy-leaf fleabane Euphorbiaceae Capparaceae Koror Capparaceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerekebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Poaceae Asteraceae butterweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, hogweed, horseweed Asteraceae cosmos Asteraceae thickhead, fireweed, redflower ragleaf Asteraceae fuzzy rattlepod, woolly rattlepod, kuroteraria (Palau) Fabaceae salts rattlebox, smooth crotalaria, smooth rattlebox, smooth rattlepod, streaked rattlepod, striped Fabaceae crotalaria rattlebox, showy crotalaria, showy rattlebox, showy Fabaceae rattlepod 158 Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Ngchus Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Urukthapel Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Table 7. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not in Sonsorol State Scientific Name Crotalaria zanzibarica Cyperus cyperinus Cyperus difformis Cyperus distans Cyperus haspan Cyperus iria Cyperus pilosus Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum Cyrtococcum patens Datura metel Delonix regia Common Names (abridged) curara-pea long-headed sedge dirty-Dora, one-arm sedge, rice sedge, small-flower umbrella-plant, variable flat sedge slender cyperus grasshopper’s cyperus, rice flat sedge, umbrella sedge, badel aus (Palau) long-leaf cyrtococcum grass datura, downy thorn-apple, Hindu datura, Hindu thorn-apple, hoary thorn-apple, horn-of-plenty, jimson-weed, purple thorn-apple flame tree, flamboyant, poinciana, nangiosákura (Palau), nangiosikura (Palau), nangyo (Palau) Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium okula beluu (Palau) heterocarpon Desmodium hetero, Spanish clover heterophyllum Desmodium incanum Desmodium triflorum Digitaria bicornis Digitaria fuscescens Echinochloa colona Eclipta prostrata Elaeis guineensis Eleocharis dulcis Elephantopus mollis Emilia sonchifolia Family Fabaceae Cyperaceae Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu Cyperaceae Malakal, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Babeldaob Solanaceae Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae kaimi clover, Spanish clover Fabaceae creeping tick trefoil, three-flower beggarweed, tropical trefoil, olmud (Palau) southern crabgrass Y grass awnless barnyard grass (Australia), corn panic grass, Deccan grass, jungle ricegrass, jungle rice, millet-rice, pigeon millet eclipta, false daisy, swamp daisy, white eclipta, deberebelela tengadidik (Palau) African oil palm Chinese water-chestnut, ground-chestnut, waternut elephantopus, elephant’s foot, false tobacco, tobacco weed Cupid's shaving-brush, emilia, Flora's paint brush, purple sow thistle, sow thistle Fabaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Babeldaob Poaceae Cyperaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Malvaceae Boraginaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Angaur, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Babeldaob Koror Boraginaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Acanthaceae Aulupse‘el, Urukthapel Balsaminaceae Koror, Babeldaob Balsaminaceae Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Asteraceae Eragrostis pilosa Eriochloa procera hairy love grass, Indian love grass, soft lovegrass Poaceae Poaceae 159 Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Asteraceae Gesneriaceae Eustachys petraea Fimbristylis autumnalis slender fimbristylis grass-like fimbristylis, lesser fimbristylis, kerngimes Fimbristylis littoralis (Palau), kederang (Palau) Fuirena umbellata desum ra mesei (Palau) bachelor's-button, bozu, globe amaranth, pearly Gomphrena globosa everlasting, botang (Palau) Gossypium barbadense cotton, sea island cotton Heliotropium indicum Indian heliotrope, turnsole Heliotropium procumbens Hemigraphis reptans impatiens, balsam, garden balsam, rose balsam, Impatiens balsamina spotted snapweed, touch-me-not, hosengka (Palau) garden impatiens, balsam, busy lizzy, bizzy-lizzie, Impatiens walleriana patient lucy; sultan’s flower Babeldaob Arecaceae Cyperaceae episcia, flame violet dwarf poinsettia, fire-on-the-mountain, Mexican fire plant, painted spurge, wild poinsettia Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Asteraceae Episcia cupreata Euphorbia cyathophora Present on: Euphorbiaceae Amaranthaceae Table 7. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not in Sonsorol State Scientific Name Imperata conferta Common Names (abridged) plume grass Ipomoea carnea subsp. bush morning glory, tree ipomoea fistulosa Cupid's flower, cypress vine, cypressvine morningglory, star of Bethlehem, star-glory, sweet-willy, Ipomoea quamoclit asangao (Palau) Aiea morning-glory, little bell, orech (Palau), torech Ipomoea triloba (Palau) Isachne globosa Jasminum sambac Arabian jasmine peppergrass, Virginia peppercress, Virginia Lepidium virginicum pepperweed, wild peppercress Leucas lavandulifolia Lindernia antipoda ilemelakel (Palau) Ludwigia hyssopifolia Ludwigia octovalvis Malva parviflora Mitracarpus hirtus Momordica charantia Moringa oleifera willow primrose, false primrose, yellow willow herb, erur (Palau) cheeseweed, Egyptian mallow, little mallow, smallflower mallow; tropical girdlepod Family Poaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Aulupse‘el Convolvulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Convolvulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Oleaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Koror Brassicaceae Peleliu Convolvulaceae Lamiaceae Babeldaob Scrophulariaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Onagraceae Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Onagraceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Malvaceae Rubiaceae balsam-apple, bitter-melon, bitter gourd, balsam pear, squirting cucumber, cerasee, peria, markoso Cucurbitaceae (Palau), markosong (Palau) horseradish tree, drumstick tree, ben nut, morango, Moringaceae malungkai (Palau) Oldenlandia corymbosa Rubiaceae Oplismenus hirtellus basket grass, woods grass Poaceae Opuntia sp. drooping tree pear, prickly pear Cactaceae Orthosiphon aristatus cat’s whiskers, chemadecharebub (Palau), emadecharebub (Palau) Lamiaceae Oxalis barrelieri Oxalidaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum rice grass; creeping paspalum, ditch millet, Indian paspalum, kodo millet, water couch, desum (Palau) Poaceae Persea americana avocado, alligator pear, bata (Palau) Lauraceae Phaseolus lunatus Phyla nodiflora Phyllanthus debilis Phyllanthus urinaria lima bean, butter bean, Burma bean, haricot bean, Madagascar bean, sieva bean, sugar bean fogfruit, lippia, phyla Present on: Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Tobi Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Fabaceae Babeldaob Verbenaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Tobi Physalis angulata annual ground cherry, bubeubedul (Palau) Solanaceae Physalis minima Piriqueta ovata sunberry Solanaceae Turneraceae Polygala paniculata island snake-root, keskus ra mekesong (Palau) Polygalaceae Polygonum minus smartweed Polygonaceae Portulaca oleracea pigweed, purslane Portulacaceae kudzu, Japanese arrowroot Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob tropical kudzu, puero Fabaceae Babeldaob Pueraria montana var. lobata Pueraria phaseoloides 160 Table 7. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not in Sonsorol State Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Ruellia tuberosa Russelia equisetiformis coralplant, fountainplant Scoparia dulcis scoparia, sweet broom Family Acanthaceae Babeldaob Scrophulariaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Scrophulariaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Fabaceae Angaur Fabaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Senna occidentalis antbush, coffee senna, korriu (Palau) Sesbania cannabina canicha, dhaincha, dhunchi, sesbania pea broom weed, Paddy’s lucerne, southern sida, spinyMalvaceae head sida, spiny sida, keak (Palau) Sida acuta Sida rhombifolia Sida spinosa Sigesbeckia orientalis Solanum americanum Solenostemon scutellarioides Sorghum bicolor Present on: Babeldaob, Angaur Malvaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngerchong Angaur Asteraceae Babeldaob Solanaceae Koror, Malakal coleus Lamiaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel Sudan grass Poaceae Malakal Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngchus, Tobi Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Babeldaob arrow-leaf sida, Cuban jute, Paddy's lucerne, Queensland-hemp, teaweed, keak (Palau) prickly sida, spiny sida Indian weed, small yellow crown-beard, yellow crown-head American nightshade, black nightshade, glossy nightshade Malvaceae Spermacoce assurgens buttonweed, okulabeluu (Palau) Rubiaceae Spermacoce ernstii Rubiaceae Spermacoce latifolia Rubiaceae Spermacoce mauritiana Spermacoce ocymoides purple-leaved button weed bastard vervain, blue porterweed, Brazilian tea, Stachytarpheta Jamaica vervain, joee, light blue snakeweed, louch jamaicensis beluu (Palau) Stenotaphrum buffalo grass, St. Augustine grass secundatum Stictocardia tiliifolia stictocardia, crimson morning-glory Tridax procumbens coat buttons, tridax daisy Urochloa reptans creeping panic grass, running grass Youngia japonica oriental hawksbeard Rubiaceae Rubiaceae 161 Verbenaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Aulupse‘el Poaceae Ngerchong Convolvulaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Asteraceae Koror Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Angaur Koror Table 8. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State Scientific Name Abutilon indicum Acalypha indica Common Names (abridged) albutilon, Indian abutilon, Indian mallow copperleaf, Indian-nettle, ricinela Acalypha lanceolata Ageratum conyzoides Alternanthera sessilis Family Malvaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae billygoat-weed, chick week, goatweed, whiteweed, ngmak (Palau) joyweed, sessile joyweed, okula beluulechad (Palau) Asteraceae Amaranthaceae Present on: Sonsorol Babeldaob, Angaur Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Ngchus Koror, Babeldaob Alysicarpus vaginalis alyce-clover, buffalo-clover, one-leaf-clover Fabaceae Amaranthus dubius amaranth, spleen amaranth edlebur, needle burr, spiny amaranth, thorny pigweed Amaranthaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Amaranthaceae Angaur Amaranthus spinosus Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Sonsorol Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Annona muricata soursop, prickly custard apple, sausab (Palau) Annonaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Ngchus, Pulo Ana, Sonsorol sugar apple, sweetsop, custard apple, sugar apple, Reported present by Fosberg Annonaceae Annona squamosa et al. (1979), no location given ngel ra ngebard (Palau) Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu, Pulo bastard ipecac, blood flower, bloodflower milkweed, Asclepiadaceae Asclepias curassavica Ana, Sonsorol butterfly weed, false ipecac, milkweed Koror, Ngerkebesang, Averrhoa bilimbi bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree cucumber, tree sorrel Oxalidaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Axonopus compressus blanket grass, carpetgrass Poaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Bacopa procumbens Scrophulariaceae Babeldaob Begonia × bedding begonia, perpetual begonia, wax begonia Begoniaceae Koror semperflorens-cultorum Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs, Asteraceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Bidens alba romerillo Peleliu, Merir, Sonsorol Bidens pilosa beggar’s tick, Spanish needle, cobbler's pegs Asteraceae Peleliu anatto, annato, annatto, arnatto, lipstick tree, burek Bixaceae Koror, Babeldaob Bixa orellana (Palau) Malakal, Koror, Babeldaob, Blechum pyramidata green shrimp plant, Browne’s blechum Acanthaceae Angaur, Peleliu, Sonsorol snowbush, snowbush breynia, sweetpea bush, Euphorbiaceae Koror, Babeldaob Breynia disticha foliage-flower Koror; Ngerkebesang, caladium, elephant's-ear, fancy-leaf caladium, heartAraceae Caladium bicolor Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu of-Jesus Koror, Ngerkebesang, Cananga odorata perfume tree, chiráng (Palau), irang (Palau) Annonaceae Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Cape periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle, old-maid, Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu rose periwinkle, rosy periwinkle Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Celosia argentea cockscomb, esechilamalk (Palau) Amaranthaceae Babeldaob, Sonsorol Centratherum Asteraceae Babeldaob punctatum Chamaesyce beach spurge, graceful spurge Euphorbiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu hypericifolia Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, creeping splurge, prostrate spurge, red caustic Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce prostrata Babeldaob, Angaur, Ngchus creeper Koror, Ngerkebesang, Chamaesyce thymifolia red caustic creeper, thyme-leafed spurge Euphorbiaceae Babeldaob, Angaur African spider-flower, bastard-mustard, cat'sCapparaceae Koror Cleome gynandra whiskers, spider wisp, wild spider flower Cleome viscosa tickweed, spider flower Capparaceae Babeldaob Amaranthus viridis green amaranth, pigweed, slender amaranth 162 Amaranthaceae Table 8. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State Scientific Name Coix lacryma-jobi Conyza bonariensis Common Names (abridged) Family adlay, adlay millet, Job's-tears, demairuuch (Palau), Poaceae tauiir (Palau) flax-leaf fleabane, hairy fleabane, hairy horseweed, Asteraceae wavy-leaf fleabane Present on: Koror, Ngerekebesang, Babeldaob, Peleliu Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu butterweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, hogweed, horseweed Asteraceae cosmos Asteraceae thickhead, fireweed, redflower ragleaf Asteraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Crotalaria zanzibarica fuzzy rattlepod, woolly rattlepod, kuroteraria (Palau) salts rattlebox, smooth crotalaria, smooth rattlebox, smooth rattlepod, streaked rattlepod, striped crotalaria rattlebox, showy crotalaria, showy rattlebox, showy rattlepod curara-pea Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Urukthapel Koror, Babeldaob Cyperus compressus flat sedge Cyperaceae Cyperus cyperinus long-headed sedge Cyperaceae dirty-Dora, one-arm sedge, rice sedge, small-flower Cyperaceae umbrella-plant, variable flat sedge slender cyperus Cyperaceae Cyperaceae grasshopper’s cyperus, rice flat sedge, umbrella Cyperaceae sedge, badel aus (Palau) Cyperaceae Conyza canadensis Cosmos sp. Crassocephalum crepidoides Crotalaria incana Crotalaria pallida Crotalaria spectabilis Cyperus difformis Cyperus distans Cyperus haspan Cyperus iria Cyperus pilosus Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum Cyrtococcum patens Dactyloctenium aegyptium Datura metel Delonix regia long-leaf cyrtococcum grass beach wiregrass, button grass, coast button grass, comb fringe grass, crowfoot grass, duck grass, finger comb grass datura, downy thorn-apple, Hindu datura, Hindu thorn-apple, hoary thorn-apple, horn-of-plenty, jimson-weed, purple thorn-apple flame tree, flamboyant, poinciana, nangiosákura (Palau), nangiosikura (Palau), nangyo (Palau) Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium okula beluu (Palau) heterocarpon Desmodium hetero, Spanish clover heterophyllum Desmodium incanum Desmodium triflorum Digitaria bicornis Digitaria fuscescens Fabaceae Fabaceae Poaceae Solanaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Poaceae Poaceae aerial yam, air-potato, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam, belloi (Palau) Dioscoreaceae Duranta erecta duranta, golden dewdrop, pigeon-berry, sky-flower Verbenaceae Eclipta prostrata Elaeis guineensis 163 Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Fanna, Sonsorol Fabaceae awnless barnyard grass (Australia), corn panic grass, Deccan grass, jungle ricegrass, jungle rice, millet-rice, pigeon millet eclipta, false daisy, swamp daisy, white eclipta, deberebelela tengadidik (Palau) African oil palm Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Poaceae Dioscorea bulbifera Echinochloa colona Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Fabaceae creeping tick trefoil, three-flower beggarweed, tropical trefoil, olmud (Palau) southern crabgrass Y grass Malakal, Babeldaob Poaceae Fabaceae kaimi clover, Spanish clover Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Sonsorol Koror, Babeldaob, Peleliu Poaceae Asteraceae Arecaceae Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el, Sonsorol Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Sonsorol Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror, Babeldaob Table 8. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State Scientific Name Eleocharis dulcis Elephantopus mollis Emilia sonchifolia Common Names (abridged) Family Chinese water-chestnut, ground-chestnut, waternut Cyperaceae elephantopus, elephant’s foot, false tobacco, Asteraceae tobacco weed Cupid's shaving-brush, emilia, Flora's paint brush, Asteraceae purple sow thistle, sow thistle Episcia cupreata episcia, flame violet Gesneriaceae Eragrostis amabilis Bug's egg grass, Japanese love grass, ouemoket (Palau) Poaceae Eragrostis pilosa Eriochloa procera Euphorbia cyathophora hairy love grass, Indian love grass, soft lovegrass dwarf poinsettia, fire-on-the-mountain, Mexican fire plant, painted spurge, wild poinsettia Eustachys petraea Fimbristylis autumnalis slender fimbristylis grass-like fimbristylis, lesser fimbristylis, kerngimes Fimbristylis littoralis (Palau), kederang (Palau) Fuirena umbellata desum ra mesei (Palau) bachelor's-button, bozu, globe amaranth, pearly Gomphrena globosa everlasting, botang (Palau) Gossypium barbadense cotton, sea island cotton Heliotropium indicum Indian heliotrope, turnsole Heliotropium procumbens Hemigraphis reptans Hippobroma longiflora Impatiens balsamina Impatiens walleriana Imperata conferta star of Bethlehem, udel ra badrei (Palau) plume grass Poaceae Cyperaceae willow primrose, false primrose, yellow willow herb, erur (Palau) cheeseweed, Egyptian mallow, little mallow, smallflower mallow; Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Aulupse‘el Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel, Peleliu, Bablomekang, Mecherchar (Eil Malk), Ngeanges, Sonsorol Koror Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Cyperaceae Koror, Babeldaob Malvaceae Boraginaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Angaur, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Babeldaob Koror Boraginaceae Babeldaob, Peleliu Acanthaceae Aulupse‘el, Urukthapel Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Bkul a Chesemiich, Ngerchong, Sonsorol Amaranthaceae Campanulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Aulupse‘el Convolvulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Convolvulaceae Koror, Babeldaob Poaceae Oleaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Babeldaob Koror Brassicaceae Peleliu Convolvulaceae Lamiaceae Babeldaob Scrophulariaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Onagraceae Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Onagraceae Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Malvaceae Mitracarpus hirtus tropical girdlepod Rubiaceae Momordica charantia balsam-apple, bitter-melon, bitter gourd, balsam pear, squirting cucumber, cerasee, peria, markoso (Palau), markosong (Palau) Cucurbitaceae 164 Koror, Babeldaob Babeldaob Cyperaceae Poaceae Ludwigia hyssopifolia Malva parviflora Euphorbiaceae impatiens, balsam, garden balsam, rose balsam, Balsaminaceae spotted snapweed, touch-me-not, hosengka (Palau) garden impatiens, balsam, busy lizzy, bizzy-lizzie, Balsaminaceae patient lucy; sultan’s flower Ipomoea carnea subsp. bush morning glory, tree ipomoea fistulosa Cupid's flower, cypress vine, cypressvine morningIpomoea quamoclit glory, star of Bethlehem, star-glory, sweet-willy, asangao (Palau) Aiea morning-glory, little bell, orech (Palau), torech Ipomoea triloba (Palau) Isachne globosa Jasminum sambac Arabian jasmine peppergrass, Virginia peppercress, Virginia Lepidium virginicum pepperweed, wild peppercress Leucas lavandulifolia Lindernia antipoda ilemelakel (Palau) Ludwigia octovalvis Poaceae Poaceae Present on: Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort) Table 8. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State Scientific Name Moringa oleifera Common Names (abridged) Family horseradish tree, drumstick tree, ben nut, morango, Moringaceae malungkai (Palau) Oldenlandia corymbosa Rubiaceae Oplismenus hirtellus basket grass, woods grass Poaceae Orthosiphon aristatus cat’s whiskers, chemadecharebub (Palau), emadecharebub (Palau) Lamiaceae Oxalis barrelieri Oxalidaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum rice grass; creeping paspalum, ditch millet, Indian paspalum, kodo millet, water couch, desum (Palau) Poaceae Peperomia pellucida rtertiil (Palau) Piperaceae Persea americana avocado, alligator pear, bata (Palau) Lauraceae Phaseolus lunatus Phyla nodiflora Phyllanthus debilis Phyllanthus urinaria lima bean, butter bean, Burma bean, haricot bean, Madagascar bean, sieva bean, sugar bean fogfruit, lippia, phyla Present on: Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Sonsorol Koror, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Fabaceae Babeldaob Verbenaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Polygala paniculata island snake-root, keskus ra mekesong (Palau) Polygalaceae Polygonum minus Pueraria montana var. lobata Pueraria phaseoloides Ruellia tuberosa Russelia equisetiformis Scoparia dulcis smartweed Polygonaceae Angaur, Peleliu Koror, Malakal Koror Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngercheu (Carp Resort), Ngerchong, Urukthapel, Sonsorol Koror, Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Angaur, Peleliu kudzu, Japanese arrowroot Fabaceae Koror, Babeldaob tropical kudzu, puero coralplant, fountainplant scoparia, sweet broom Fabaceae Acanthaceae Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae Senna occidentalis antbush, coffee senna, korriu (Palau) Fabaceae Sesbania cannabina canicha, dhaincha, dhunchi, sesbania pea Fabaceae broom weed, Paddy’s lucerne, southern sida, spinyMalvaceae head sida, spiny sida, keak (Palau) Babeldaob Babeldaob Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Babeldaob, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob Physalis angulata annual ground cherry, bubeubedul (Palau) Solanaceae Physalis minima sunberry Solanaceae Pilea microphylla artillery plant, gunpowder plant, pistol plant, rockweed Urticaceae Piriqueta ovata Sida acuta Sida rhombifolia Sida spinosa Sigesbeckia orientalis Solanum americanum Solenostemon scutellarioides Sorghum bicolor Turneraceae Babeldaob, Angaur Malvaceae Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Ngerchong Angaur Asteraceae Babeldaob Solanaceae Koror, Malakal coleus Lamiaceae Koror, Babeldaob, Kayangel Sudan grass Poaceae Malakal Koror, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Babeldaob Babeldaob arrow-leaf sida, Cuban jute, Paddy's lucerne, Queensland-hemp, teaweed, keak (Palau) prickly sida, spiny sida Indian weed, small yellow crown-beard, yellow crown-head American nightshade, black nightshade, glossy nightshade Malvaceae Spermacoce ernstii Rubiaceae Spermacoce latifolia Rubiaceae Spermacoce mauritiana Rubiaceae 165 Table 8. Other species present elsewhere in Palau but not in Hatohobei State Scientific Name Common Names (abridged) Spermacoce ocymoides purple-leaved button weed bastard vervain, blue porterweed, Brazilian tea, Stachytarpheta Jamaica vervain, joee, light blue snakeweed, louch jamaicensis beluu (Palau) Stenotaphrum buffalo grass, St. Augustine grass secundatum Stictocardia tiliifolia stictocardia, crimson morning-glory Family Rubiaceae Babeldaob Verbenaceae Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu, Aulupse‘el Poaceae Ngerchong Convolvulaceae Koror Koror, Malakal, Babeldaob, Angaur, Kayangel, Peleliu, Sonsorol Babeldaob, Angaur, Peleliu Angaur Koror Synedrella nodiflora Cinderella weed (Australia), porter bush, synedrella Asteraceae Tridax procumbens Urochloa reptans Youngia japonica coat buttons, tridax daisy creeping panic grass, running grass oriental hawksbeard Asteraceae Poaceae Asteraceae 166 Present on: Appendix 8. Scientific name synonyms (species of environmental concern only) This table lists commonly used scientific name synonyms of the listed invasive species of environmental concern. Names sometimes change because better information is available on the taxonomy of a species or precedence is given to an earlier author. Synonym Acacia adansonii Acacia adstringens Acacia arabica Acacia lebbeck Adenanthera falcataria Adenoropium gossypiifolium Agave cubensis Agave gigantea Agave rigida Agrostis indica Albizia distachya Albizia falcataria Albizia lophantha Albizia saman Albizia stipulata Aleurites triloba Allamanda hendersonii Andropogon bladhii Andropogon condensatus Andropogon halepensis Andropogon intermedius Andropogon marcrourus Andropogon rufus Antelaea azadirachta Araujia hortorum Ardisia humilis Ardisia solanacea Ardisia squamulosa Argyreia speciosa Aristolochia elegans Arum seguine Asclepias physocarpa Asclepias procera Asparagopsis densiflora Asparagus plumosus Asparagus sprengeri Axonopus affinis Axonopus poiretii Bambusa nigra Bignonia stans Bignonia venusta Blechum brownei Blochmannia weigeltiana Boerhavia diffusa Bothriochloa caucasica Boussingaultia baselloides Boussingaultia cordifolia Brachiaria mutica Brachiaria purpurascens Brachiaria subquadripara Brassaia actinophylla Breynia nivosa Bryonia grandis Bryophyllum verticillatum Listed as Acacia nilotica Acacia nilotica Acacia nilotica Albizia lebbeck Falcataria moluccana Jatropha gossypiifolia Furcraea hexapetala Furcraea foetida Agave sisilana Sporobolus indicus Paraserianthes lophantha Falcataria moluccana Paraserianthes lophantha Samanea saman Albizia chinensis Aleurites moluccana Allamanda cathartica Bothriochloa bladhii Schizachyrium condensatum Sorghum halepense Bothriochloa bladhii Andropogon glomeratus Hyparrhenia rufa Azadirachta indica Araujia sericifera Ardisia elliptica Ardisia elliptica Ardisia elliptica Argyreia nervosa Aristolochia littoralis Dieffenbachia seguine Gomphocarpus physocarpus Calotropis procera Asparagus densiflorus Asparagus setaceus Asparagus densiflorus Axonopus fissifolius Sporobolus indicus Phyllostachys nigra Tecoma stans Pyrostegia venusta Blechum pyramidata Triplaris weigeltiana Boerhavia coccinea Bothriochloa bladhii Anredera cordifolia Anredera cordifolia Urochloa mutica Urochloa mutica Urochloa subquadripara Schefflera actinophylla Breynia disticha Coccinia grandis Bryophyllum delagoense 167 Family Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Euphorbiaceae Agavaceae Agavaceae Agavaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Euphorbiaceae Apocynaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Meliaceae Asclepiadaceae Myrsinaceae Myrsinaceae Myrsinaceae Convolvulaceae Aristolochiaceae Araceae Asclepiadaceae Asclepiadaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae Acanthaceae Polygonaceae Nyctaginaceae Poaceae Basellaceae Basellaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Araliaceae Euphorbiaceae Cucurbitaceae Crassulaceae Synonym Buddleia asiatica Buddleia davidii Buddleia madagascarienses Caesalpinia sepiaria Calla aethiopica Caryophyllus racemosus Cascabela thevetia Cassia aeschinomene Cassia alata Cassia laevigata Cassia lechenaultiana Cassia leschenaultiana Cassia nictitans Cassia obtusifolia Cassia septemtrionalis Cassia siamea Cassia tora Castilloa elastica Casuarina litorea Casuarina littorea Cecropia palmata Cedrela australis Cedrela toona Cenchrus brevisetus Cenchrus pungens Cenchrus quinquevalvis Cenchrus setosus Cenchrus viridis Centrosema pubescens Chalcas paniculata Chloris inflata Chloris paraguayensis Chlorocyperus rotundus Cinchona succirubra Cinnamomum zeylanicum Citharexylum quadrangulare Clerodendrum fragrans Clerodendrum philippinum Clerodendrum speciosissimum Clidemia marginata Coccinia cordifolia Coleus amboinicus Coleus blumei Coleus scutellarioides Convolvulus corymbosus Cordia collococca Cordia macrostachya Cordia taguahyensis Costus sericeus Cotoneaster angustifolia Cracca candida Crotalaria anagyroides Crotalaria macrophylla Croton moluccanus Cyperus alternifolius Cyperus aromaticus Cyperus brevifolius Cyperus flabelliformis Cyperus kyllingia Cyperus purpuro-variegatus Cyperus stoloniferum pallidus Cyperus tetrastachyos Cyperus tuberosus Daubentonia punicea Desmanthus virgatus Listed as Buddleja asiatica Buddleja davidii Buddleja madagascarienses Caesalpinia decapetala Zantedeschia aethiopica Pimenta racemosa Thevetia peruviana Chamaecrista nictitans Senna alata Senna septemtrionalis Chamaecrista nictitans Chamaecrista nictitans Chamaecrista nictitans Senna obtusifolia Senna septemtrionalis Senna siamea Senna tora Castilla elastica Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina equisetifolia Cecropia palmata Toona ciliata Toona ciliata Cenchrus echinatus Cenchrus echinatus Cenchrus echinatus Pennisetum polystachion Cenchrus echinatus Centrosema molle Murraya paniculata Chloris barbata Chloris barbata Cyperus rotundus Cinchona pubescens Cinnamomum verum Citharexylum spinosum Clerodendrum chinense Clerodendrum chinense Clerodendrum buchananii Ossaea marginata Coccinia grandis Plectranthus amboinicus Solenostemon scutellarioides Solenostemon scutellarioides Turbina corymbosa Cordia glabra Cordia curassavica Cordia glabra Costus speciosus Pyracantha angustifolia Tephrosia candida Crotalaria micans Flemingia macrophylla Aleurites moluccana Cyperus involucratus Kyllinga polyphylla Kyllinga brevifolia Cyperus involucratus Kyllinga nemoralis Cyperus rotundus Cyperus rotundus Cyperus rotundus Cyperus rotundus Sesbania punicea Desmanthus pernambucanus 168 Family Loganiaceae Loganiaceae Loganiaceae Fabaceae Araceae Myrtaceae Apocynaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Moraceae Casuarinaceae Casuarinaceae Cecropiaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Rutaceae Poaceae Poaceae Cyperaceae Rubiaceae Lauraceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Melastomataceae Cucurbitaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Convolvulaceae Boraginaceae Boraginaceae Boraginaceae Zingiberaceae Rosaceae Fabaceaae Fabaceae Fabaceae Euphorbiaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Synonym Desmodium purpureum Dichanthium bladhii Dichrostachys glomerata Dichrostachys natans Dieffenbachia maculata Dieffenbachia picta Dipteracanthus prostrata Dolichos lablab Dolichos lobatus Dolichos phaseoloides Dolichos pruriens Dolilchos purpureus Doxantha unguis-cati Duranta repens Ehrharta stipoides Elaeocarpus grandis Elaeocarpus parkinsonii Elephantopus scaber Eugenia cumini Eugenia jambos Eupatorium catarium Eupatorium inulaefolium Eupatorium odoratum Eupatorium riparium Ficus thonningii Furcraea cubensis Furcraea gigantea Gliricidia maculata Glycine javanica Glycine wightii Grewia subinaequalis Gynura crepidioides Hemigraphis colorata Heptapleurum arboricola Hibiscus abelmoschus Hiptage madablota Imperata arundinacea Ipomoea burmannii Ipomoea peltata Ipomoea tuberosa Ischaemum digitatum var. polystachyum Isotoma longiflora Jacobinia carnea Jasminum azoricum Jussiaea grandiflora Jussiaea peruviana Kalanchoe delagoense Kalanchoë pinnata Kalanchoe tubiflora Kunzea scoparium Kyllinga aromatica Kyllinga cephalotes Kyllinga monocephala Laurentia longiflora Leonurus sibiricus Leptospermum ericoides Leucaena glauca Leucorhaphis lamium Meibomia nicaraguensis Meibomia rensonii Melastoma decemfidum Melastoma marginata Melia azadirachta Melicoccus bijuga Melochia compacta Listed as Desmodium tortuosum Bothriochloa bladhii Dichrostachys cinerea Dichrostachys cinerea Dieffenbachia seguine Dieffenbachia seguine Ruellia prostrata Lablab purpureus Pueraria montana var. lobata Pueraria phaseoloides Mucuna pruriens Lablab purpureus Macfadyena unguis-cati Duranta erecta Microlaena stipoides Elaeocarpus angustifolius Elaeocarpus angustifolius Elephantopus mollis Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Praxelis clematidea Austroeupatorium inulaefolium Chromolaena odorata Ageratina riparia Ficus microcarpa Furcraea hexapetala Furcraea foetida Gliricidia sepium Neonotonia wightii Neonotonia wightii Grewia asiatica Crassocephalum crepidioides Hemigraphis alternata Schefflera arboricola Abelmoschus moschatus Hiptage benghalensis Imperata cylindrica Turbina corymbosa Merremia peltata Merremia tuberosa Ischaemum polystachyum Hippobroma longiflora Justicia carnea Jasminum fluminense Ludwigia peruviana Ludwigia peruviana Bryophyllum delagoense Bryophyllum pinnatum Bryophyllum delagoense Leptospermum scoparium Kyllinga polyphylla Kyllinga nemoralis Kyllinga nemoralis Hippobroma longiflora Leonurus japonicus Kunzea ericoides Leucaena leucocephala Brillantaisia lamium Desmodium nicaraguense Desmodium nicaraguense Melastoma sanguineum Ossaea marginata Azadirachta indica Melicoccus bijugatus Melochia umbellata 169 Family Fabaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Araceae Araceae Acanthaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Bignoniaceae Verbenaceae Poaceae Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpaceae Asteraceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Moraceae Agavaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Tiliaceae Asteraceae Acanthaceae Araliaceae Malvaceae Malpighiaceae Poaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Poaceae Campanulaceae Acantaceae Oleaceae Onagraceae Onagraceae Crassulaceae Crassulaceae Crassulaceae Myrtaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Campanulaceae Lamiaceae Myrtaceae Fabaceae Acanthaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Meliaceae Sapindaceae Sterculiaceae Synonym Melochia indica Memecylon caeruleum Merremia nymphaeifolia Metrosideros glomulifera Miconia magnifica Mimosa cinerea Mimosa dulcis Mimosa invisa Mimosa lebbeck Miscanthus japonicus Moghania macrophylla Moghania strobilifera Moringa pterygosperma Murraya exotica Myrica faya Myrtus dioica Myrtus pimenta Notonia wightii Ochroma lagopus Ocimum scutellarioides Odontonema callistachyum Odontonema strictum Operculina peltata Oplismenus polystachyus Orthosiphon stamineus Paederia scandens Panicum barbinode Panicum guadeloupense Panicum melinis Panicum minutiflora Panicum muticum Panicum palmaefolium Panicum purpurascens Panicum subquadriparum Paraserianthes falcataria Paspalum cartilagineum Paspalum scrobiculatum Passiflora mollissima Pennisetum cenchroides Pennisetum ciliare Pennisetum polystachyon Pennisetum ruppelii Pennisetum setosum Phaseolus atropurpureus Phlomis nepetaefolia Phyllanthus nivosus Physianthus albens Pimenta officinalis Piscidia punicea Pithecellobium saman Plectranthus scutellarioides Poinciana regia Pongamia elliptica Pothos aureus Proasparagus plumosus Pseudechinolaena polystachya Psidium aracá Psidium littorale Psidium molle Psidium schiedeanum Pueraria lobata Pueraria thunbergiana Pueraria triloba Rhamnus zeyheri Rhaphidophora aurea Listed as Melochia umbellata Memecylon floribundum Merremia peltata Syncarpia glomulifera Miconia calvescens Dichrostachys cinerea Pithecellobium dulce Mimosa diplotricha Albizia lebbeck Miscanthus floridulus Flemingia macrophylla Flemingia strobilifera Moringa oleifera Murraya paniculata Morella faya Pimenta dioica Pimenta dioica Neonotonia wightii Ochroma pyramidale Solenostemon scutellarioides Odontonema tubaeforme Odontonema tubaeforme Merremia peltata Echinochloa polystachya Orthosiphon aristatus Paederia foetida Urochloa mutica Urochloa mutica Melinis minutiflora Melinis minutiflora Urochloa mutica Setaria palmifolia Urochloa mutica Urochloa subquadripara Falcataria moluccana Paspalum orbiculare Paspalum orbiculare Passiflora tarminiana Cenchrus ciliaris Cenchrus ciliaris Pennisetum polystachion Pennisetum setaceum Pennisetum polystachion Macroptilium atropurpureum Leonotis nepetaefolia Breynia disticha Araujia sericifera Pimenta dioica Sesbania punicea Samanea saman Solenostemon scutellarioides Delonix regia Derris elliptica Epipremnum pinnatum cv. ‘Aureum’ Asparagus setaceus Echinochloa polystachya Psidium guineense Psidium cattleianum Psidium guineense Psidium guineense Pueraria montana var. lobata Pueraria montana var. lobata Pueraria montana var. lobata Berchemia zeyheri Epipremnum aureum cv. aureum 170 Family Sterculiaceae Melastomataceae Convolvulaceae Myrtaceae Melostomataceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Moringaceae Rutaceae Myricaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Fabaceae Bombacaceae Lamiaceae Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Convolvulaceae Poaceae Lamiaceae Rubiaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Poaceae Poaceae Passifloriaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Euphorbiaceae Asclepiadaceae Myrtaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Araceae Liliaceae Poaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Rhamnaceae Araceae Synonym Rhoeo discolor Rhoeo spathacea Rhynchelytrum repens Rivea corymbosa Rivina laevis Ruellia alternata Ruellia graecizans Backer Saccharum floridulum Salvinia auriculata Sanchezia speciosa Scindapsus aureus Senecio mikanioides Setaria pallide-fusca Solandra hartwigii Solandra nitida Solanum auriculatum Solanum houstonii Solanum verbascifolium Sphaeropteris cooperi Sphagneticola trilobata Sporobolus diander Sporobolus poiretii Stachytarpheta dichotoma Stachytarpheta urticaefolia Stachytarpheta urticifolia Stenolobium brachycarpum Stenolobium stans Stephanophysum longifolium Stipa cernua Stizolobium aterrimum Stizolobium deeringianum Stizolobium niveum Stizolobium pruriens Stylosanthes erecta Stylosanthes gracilis Stylosanthes guineensis Swietenia senegalensis Syncarpia laurifolia Syzygium floribundum Tabebuia pallida Tabebuia pentaphylla Terminalia erecta Thelechitonia trilobata Thevetia nerifolia Thunbergia harrisii Toona australis Trachypogon rufus Tradescantia discolor Trema cannabina Trichachne insularis Tricholaena repens Tricholaena rosea Trifolium guianense Triplaris surinamensis Triumfetta bartramia Urena sinuata Wedelia gossweileri Zebrina pendula Listed as Tradescantia spathacea Tradescantia spathacea Melinis repens Turbina corymbosa Rivina humilis Hemigraphis alternata Ruellia brevifolia Miscanthus floridulus Salvinia molesta Sanchezia nobilis Epipremnum aureum cv. aureum Delairea odorata Setaria pumila Solandra maxima Solandra maxima Solanum mauritianum Solanum tampicense Solanum mauritianum Cyathea cooperi Wedelia trilobata Sporobolus indicus Sporobolus indicus Stachytarpheta cayennensis Stachytarpheta cayennensis Stachytarpheta cayennensis Calopogonium mucunoides Tecoma stans Ruellia brevifolia Nassella cernua Mucuna pruriens Mucuna pruriens Mucuna pruriens Mucuna pruriens Stylosanthes guianensis Stylosanthes guianensis Stylosanthes guianensis Khaya senegalensis Syncarpia glomulifera Waterhousia floribunda Tabebuia heterophylla Tabebuia heterophylla Conocarpus erectus Wedelia trilobata Thevetia peruviana Thunbergia laurifolia Toona ciliata Hyparrhenia rufa Tradescantia spathacea Trema orientalis Digitaria insularis Melinis repens Melinis repens Stylosanthes guianensis Triplaris weigeltiana Triumfetta rhomboidea Urena lobata Blainvillea gayana Tradescantia zebrina 171 Family Commelinaceae Commelinaceae Poaceae Convolvulaceae Phytolaccaceae Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Poaceae Salviniaceae Acanthaceae Araceae Asteraceae Poaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Cyatheaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Poaceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Fabaceae Bignoniaceae Acanthaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Meliaceae Myrtaceae Myrtraceae Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae Combretaceae Asteraceae Apocynaceae Acanthaceae Meliaceae Poaceae Commelinaceae Ulmaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Polygonaceae Tiliaceae Malvaceae Asteraceae Commelinaceae Appendix 9. 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