ORIGINAL ARTICLE
CONTROL OF SOME PATHOGENS BY USING SPECIAL FOLIAR FERTILIZERS
CONTROLUL UNOR PATOGENI LA GRÂU PRIN ÎNGĂŞĂMINTE FOLIARE
SPECIALE
OROIAN I.
REZUMAT
Lucrarea prezintă rezultatele interdisciplinare obţinute în câmpurile experimentale ale Departamentului de
Protecţia Plantelor şi Departamentului de Ştiinţa Solului, precum şi date care subliniază interdependenţa dintre
satisfacerea nevoilor trofice ale plantelor de grâu şi agresivitatea agenţilor fitopatogeni care cauzează bolile.
Rezultatele experimentale subliniază faptul că nivelul de atac exprimat prin intensitate şi grad de atac este
diferit atât la variantele fertilizate la sol cât şi la cele fertilizate extraradicular.
Concluziile care reies în urma studiului datelor obţinute reliefează faptul că aplicarea fertilizanţilor, indiferent
de metodă, determină creşterea sau reducerea gradului de atac şi manifestarea bolilor produse de ciupercile
Puccinia striformis f.sp. tritici, Blumeria graminis şi Septoria spp.
ABSTRACT
The present work points out to the interdisciplinary experimental results, obtained in the experimental fields
of the Plant Protection and Soil Science Department, as well as at data which stress upon the interdependency
between the satisfaction of the trophically needs of the wheat plants and the aggressiveness of the pathogens
which cause the disease.
The experimental results underline the fact that the attack level expressed through intensity and attack degree
is different, both with the “out of root” fertilized variants and with the soil fertilization variants.
The conclusions which come off the study of the obtained data point out at the fact that the fertilizer
application, no matter the method, determines the growth or the regress of the attack degree. They also have an
influence upon the Puccinia striformis f.sp. tritici, Blumeria graminis and, Septoria spp. fungus
manifestation.
KEY WORDS: wheat, diseases, ecological control, fertilization
Manuscript received: November 10, 2003
Review: November 10, 2003
Accepted for publication: November 24, 2003
OROIAN I.
DETAILED ABSTRACT
A bifactorial experience has been emplaced, using as biological material the Apullum wheat type. The
researched factors were: the a factor – foliar fertilization with 12 graduations and the b factor – soil
fertilization with 2 graduations: non-fertilized; N 100 P 100 K 100 .
During the experiment, soil and plant samples have periodically and at the end of the crop period been taken,
and observations have been made through specific phytopathological methods, in order to determine the
frequency, the intensity and the degree of the pathogens’ attack.
The experimental results analysis underline the fact that, per general, fundamental fertilization applied on soil
sensitivity the plants to pathogens’ attack through improving the life conditions of these, especially the
trophical needs, in the case of septoriosis and mildew. The basic fertilization applied to the soil in moderate
and equilibrated doses determines the reduction of the yellow rust attack degree as compared to the variants
which have not been soil-fertilized and where the incidence of the disease apparition is 30% higher, the
difference being very significant.
Regarding the effect of some “outside the root” fertilizers about diseases appearance and manifestation, as a
research result we can stand the fact that, some products especially created to complete in a balance way the
nutritional needs of the cultural plants, have a significant influence to increase or decrease the diseases attack
level.
From all “out of root” fertilizers experimented, its remarks as having the most important effect of protection
against septoriosis Chimopar and Basfoliar 36 Extra products, where the attack level registered in plant
growing period was 4%, respectively 3,13%, fact that recommend them to have a large utilization in
production and as a phytoprotection unconventional method of parasites control.
The “out of root” fertilizers Terra Sorb Foliar and Folplant 231 proved to have the biggest effect in reducing
the Blumeria graminis fungus attack. It should be remarked even the positively impact of the product Folgic
NPK, Fertililly, Fertiltell, Folplant 411, Biodor and Amonil in involution of the named disease.
The most important “protection” effect against the mildew seems to be attributed to the Terra Sorb Foliar şi
Folplant 231 products, where the frequency of attack registered during the vegetation period was below 1%,
fact which recommends them in order to be largely employed into the production processes and in
phytoprotection purpose.
As a result of our experiment we can stand the fact that the application of some un-polluting foliar fertilizers
represents an alternative and complementary method in integrated fight against the diseases produced by
pathogens, un-excluding, at least for the moment, the polluting chemical methods.
338
Journal of Central European Agriculture (online), Volume 4 (2003) No 4
CONTROL OF SOME PATHOGENS BY USING SPECIAL FOLIAR FERTILIZERS
INTRODUCTION
researched factors were the following:
- the a factor – foliar fertilization with 12 graduations
;
- the b factor – soil fertilization with 2 graduations :
non-fertilized ; N 100 P 100 K 100 .
Relatively recent researches rendered obvious the
tight connection between the fertilization and the
protection of the agricultural cultures or the evolution
and the manifestation of the diseases (BORLAN Z.
and coll. 1995-1996), between the soil or the foliar
fertilizers and the optimization of the soil – plant –
environment system ( RUSU M. and coll., 1997-2002
; OROIAN I., 2002 ), as well as the relation between
the fertilizers in the fundamental proteosynthesis –
proteolise equilibrium, which is also determinant in
what concerns the apparition, the evolution and the
manifestation of the parasite diseases of the plants (
CHABOUSSOU, 1998 ).
The theoretical foundation of the elaborated
experiments is the idea according to which the
relations between the plant and the parasite are of
nutritional nature. The substances which induce the
sensitivity are those which produce soluble elements
from the intermediary metabolism (the soluble
nitrogen and the reductive glucides) the mentioned
fundamental equilibrium marking the resistance
degree of the plant.
The impact effects of the fertilizations have been
noticed, especially those of the “out of root” ones at
the incidence and at the level of the septoriosis
(induced by Septoria tritici), yellow rust (induced by
Puccinia striformis) and mildew (induced by
Blumeris graminis ) manifestation in what concerns
the wheat cultures.
During the experiment, soil and plant samples have
periodically and at the end of the crop period been
taken, and observations have been made through
specific phytopathological methods. It have been
noticed the attack frequency and intensity and we
have been calculated the degree of the pathogen’s
attack.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
I. The experimental results analysis underline the fact
that, per general, the soil fundamental fertilizations
increase the frequency of septoriosis appearance,
compare to unfertilized variants where the incidence
of disease appearance is with 78 percent lowest, the
difference being very significant (Table l). Thus,
confirm the bibliographical data concerning the
tackle theme, namely the abundant nutrition breaks
the physiological and biochemical balance of plants
metabolism, predisposing them to pathogens’ attack.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Under the pedoclimatic conditions of the
Transylvania Plain, on the fields of the Agricultural
Research Station from Turda, on a vertic clayilluvial
chernozome soil ( with a pH equivalent to 7,0 ;
humus in proportion of 4,80% ; P-AL equivalent to
10,5 ppm ; K-AL equivalent to 102 ppm) a
bifactorial experience has been emplaced, using as
biological material the Apullum wheat type. The
Table 1: The Influence of the Soil Fertilizations upon the Septoriosis
Variant
Unfertilized soil
Fertilized soil
Attack
degree%
6.48
11.54
%
Difference
Signification
100.00
178.08
0.00
5.06
***
DL 5 % = 0.54
DL 1 % = 0.72
DL 0.1 % = 0.95
Regarding the effect of some “outside the root”
fertilizers about Septoria spp. fungus appearance and
manifestation, as a research result we can stand the
fact that, some products especially created to
complete in a balance way the nutritional needs of
the cultural plants, have a significant influence to
increase or decrease the diseases attack level.
Thus, tables 2 and figure 1 reveal that from all
experimental 11 variants, 8 decrease very significant
the mildew attack (Folgic NPK, Chimopar 14-9-5,
Basfoliar 36 Extra, Fertililly, Fertiltell, Terra Sorb
Foliar, Uwafol and Folplant 231), one has no
influence (Biodor 2312) on the incidence of this
disease and foliar fertilizers Folplant 411 and Amonil
Journal of Central European Agriculture (online), Volume 4 (2003) No 4
339
OROIAN I.
increase identical in very significant manner the
mycosis manifestation.
Table 2: The Influence of the Foliar Fertilizers upon the Septoriosis
Variant
Witness unfertilized foliar
Folgic NPK 1%
Chimopar 14-9-5 1%
Basfoliar 36 Extra 1%
Fertililly 1%
Fertiltell 1%
Terra Sorb Foliar 0,5%
Uwafol 1%
Folplant 231 1%
Folplant 411 1%
Biodor 2312 0,5%
Amonil 1%
Attack degree
%
12.50
7.00
4.0
3.13
7.50
10.00
6.50
15.00
10.00
15.00
12.50
15.00
%
100.0
56.0
32.0
25.0
60.0
80.0
52,0
40.0
80.0
120.0
100.0
120.0
Difference
100
-5.50
-8.50
-9.38
-5.00
-2.50
-6.00
-7.50
-2.50
2.50
0.00
2.50
Signification
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
***
***
DL 5% = 1.36
DL 1% = 1.82
DL 0.1% = 2.41
Figure 1: The influence of foliar fertilization about septoriosis manifestation upon wheat (Apullum variety,
Turda 2000-2001)
Fertilized soil
Unfertilized soil
20
18
Attack degree %
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
W
340
s
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
5%
1%
1%
es
,5%
l-1
ll-1
il-1
1-1
1-1
a-1
5-1
Kly-0,
itn
2-0
on
afo
23
41
xtr
tilil
-9iar
tilte
1
NP
r
l
t
t
r
w
E
m
4
3
e
o
n
n
e
c
1
U
A
2
F
F
F
36
lgi
ar
or
lpla
lpla
rb
Fo
iar
op
Fo
Fo
iod
So
fol
B
im
a
s
h
r
r
C
Ba
Te
Journal of Central European Agriculture (online), Volume 4 (2003) No 4
CONTROL OF SOME PATHOGENS BY USING SPECIAL FOLIAR FERTILIZERS
From all “out of root” fertilizers experimented, its
remarks as having the most important effect of
protection against septoriosis Chimopar and
Basfoliar 36 Extra products, where the attack level
registered in plant growing period was 4%,
respectively 3,13%, fact that recommend them to
have a large utilization in production and as a
phytoprotection unconventional method of parasites
control.
II. The obtained experimental results regarding the
yellow rust, stress upon the fact that generally, the
basic fertilization applied to the soil in moderate and
equilibrated doses determines the reduction of the
yellow rust attack degree as compared to the variants
which have not been soil-fertilized and where the
incidence of the disease apparition is 30% higher, the
difference being very significant (Table 3).
Table 3: The Influence of the Soil Fertilizations upon the Yellow Rust Attack
Variant
Unfertilized soil
Fertilized soil
Attack
degree %
8.79
6.21
%
Difference
Signification
100
70.64
0.00
-2.58
000
DL 5% = 0.53
DL 1% = 0.70
DL 0.1% = 0.93
These results are different as compared to those
obtained under the same experimental conditions in
the cases of the mildew and of the septoriosis, where
the more abundant nutrition due to the soil
fertilization one single time, breaks the fundamental
physiological and biochemical equilibrion of the
plant and predispose them to the attach of the
pathogens (OROIAN I., 1998-2002).
In the case of the Puccinia striformis fungus,
hemiform species very well spread in the more humid
and chilly areas, where it has a rapid evolution, the
data obtained are explained by the moderate N-doses
applied, completed by moderate and equilibrated P
and K-doses, which counterbalance the unfavorable
effects of the N in case this one would have applied
alone. The phosphorus and the potassium moderate
the unilateral effect of the N in what concerns the
plant growth, they produce the thickening of the
cellular walls and of the sustain tissues. They also
determine the hardening of the cuticula, the
accumulation of substances having a protective role
in the leaf mezophil, accelerates the growth rhythm
of the plants inducing thus their resistance at
different diseases (rusts, septoriosis and mildew of
the wheat).
In what concerns the effect of certain fertilizer upon
the apparition and the manifestation of the Puccinia
striformis fungus, as a consequence of the researches
conducted, we can appreciate the fact that certain
product created especially in order to equilibrate
complete the nutritive substances necessary of the
culture plants have a significant influence in reducing
the attach degree of the disease.
Thus, the analysis of the forth table and of the second
figure, clearly show the fact that from the eleven
experimental variants, 9 very significantly reduce the
attach of the yellow rust (Folgic NPK, Chimopar 149-5, Bastofoliar 36 Extra, Fertililly, Fertiltell Terra
Sorb Foliar, Uwafol, Folplant231, Biodor 2312), two
of them having absolutely no influence upon the
disease, the values being practically equal (Folplant
411 and Amonil).
Between the experimented “out of root” fertilizers,
the most important “protection” effect against the
rust seems to be attributed to the following products:
Folgic NPK, Terra Sorb Foliar and Folplant 231, fact
which recommends them in order to be largely
employed into the production processes also because
of the fact that in the cases of the enumerated
variants the most important productions were
obtained (Table 4).
The experimental results analysis underlines the fact
that generally, the basis fertilized applied on soil
enhances the frequency of mildew appearance,
compare to unfertilized moment, where the incidence
of disease appearance is with 34.2 percent lower, the
difference being very significant (table 5). Thus,
confirm the bibliographical general data regarding
the approached theme, which means that an
excessive nutrition breaks the physiological and
biochemical balance of plants and bent them for
pathogens’ attack.
Journal of Central European Agriculture (online), Volume 4 (2003) No 4
341
OROIAN I.
Figure 2: The Influence of Foliar Fertilizers about Yellow Rust Manifestation upon Wheat Apullum variety,
Turda 2000-2001)
Attack degree %
16
14
12
10
fertilizat
8
nefertilizat
6
4
2
0
2
L
A
K
L
Y
R
ar
-5
411 ONIL
231
FO
231
fol i IC NP 14- 9 EXTR TILILL TITEL OLIA
NT
WA LAN T DOR
F
zat
R
AM
i
A
G
R
R
6
U
l
B
i
A
L
L
3
t
E
E
P
F
F
fer
FO IM OP LIAR
OR
BIO FOLP
OL
S
F
Ne
A
CH ASFO
RR
TE
B
Table 4: The Influence of the Foliar Fertilizers upon theYellow Rust Attach
Nr.
crt.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
342
Variant
Witness unfertilized foliar
Folgic Npk
Chimopar 14-9-5
Basfoliar 36 Extra
Fertililly
Fertiltell
Terra Sorb Foliar
Uwafol
Folplant 231
Biodor 2312
Folplant 411
Amonil
Attack
%
degree %
12.50
100.0
3.50
28.0
8.00
64.0
7.50
60.0
5.00
40.0
5.00
40.0
3.50
28.0
10.00
80.0
4.00
32.0
12.50
100.0
6.50
52.0
12.00
96.0
DL 5% = 1.21
DL 1% = 1.63
DL 0.1% = 2.15
Difference
Signification
0.00
-9.00
-4.50
-5.00
-7.50
-7.50
-9.00
-2.50
-8.50
0.00
-6.00
-0.50
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
-
Journal of Central European Agriculture (online), Volume 4 (2003) No 4
CONTROL OF SOME PATHOGENS BY USING SPECIAL FOLIAR FERTILIZERS
Table 5: The Influence of the Soil Fertilizations upon the Mildew
Attack
%
Difference
Signification
Variant
degree%
Unfertilized soil
5.20
100.0
0.00
3.42
65.8
- 1.78
000
Fertilized soil
DL 5% = 0.44
DL 1% = 0.59
DL 0.1% = 0.78
III. Regarding the effect of some “outside the root”
fertilizers about Blumeria graminis fungus
appearance and manifestation, as a research result we
can stand the fact that, some products especially
created to complete in a balance way the nutritional
needs of the cultural plants, have a significant
influence to increase or decrease the diseases attack
level.
Thus, the analysis of the sixth table and of the third
figure, show the fact that from the eleven
experimental variants, 8 very significantly reduce the
attach of the mildew (Folgic NPK, Fertililly, Fertitell,
Terra Sorb Foliar, Folplant 231, Folplant 411,
Biodor şi Amonil), two of them reduce the incidence
of disease in a distinctively significant maner
(Chimopar 14–9–5, Basfoliar 36 Extra), only one
(Uwafol) enhancing distinctively significant the
disease manifestation with over 11% compared to the
watering witness.
Between the above mentioned fertilizers, an
important “protection” effect against the mildew
seems to be attributed to the Terra Sorb Foliar and
Folplant 231 products, where the frequency of attack
registered during the vegetation period was below
1%, fact which recommends them in order to be
largely employed into the production processes and
in phytoprotection purpose.
Table 6: The Influence of the Foliar Fertilizers upon the Mildew
Variant
Witness unfertilized foliar
Folgic NPK 1%
Chimopar 14-9-5 1%
Basfoliar 36 Extra 1%
Fertililly 1%
Fertiltell 1%
Terra Sorb Foliar 0,5%
Uwafol 1%
Folplant 231 1%
Folplant 411 1%
Biodor 2312 0,5%
Amonil 1%
Attack
degree %
11.25
0.01
10.01
10.00
0.50
2.44
0.25
12.50
0.25
3.00
1.00
0.50
%
Difference
Signification
100.0
0.1
88.9
88.9
4.5
21.7
2.3
111.1
2.3
26.7
8.9
4.5
0.00
- 11.24
- 0.24
- 1.25
- 10.74
- 8.81
- 10.99
- 1.25
- 10.99
- 8.25
- 10.24
- 10.74
000
00
00
000
000
000
**
000
000
000
000
DL 5% = 0.76
DL 1% = 1.02
DL 0.1% = 1.34
Journal of Central European Agriculture (online), Volume 4 (2003) No 4
343
OROIAN I.
Figure 3 The influence of foliar fertilization about mildew manifestation upon wheat (Apullum variety, Turda
2000-2001)
Fertilizat sol
Nefertilizat sol
20
Attack degree %
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
V3
V2
-F
ol
gi
c
V1
-M
ar
to
r
-C
N
hi
P
m
K
op
V4
-1
ar
%
-B
1
4
as
9fo
5lia
1%
r3
6
Ex
tra
V5
-1
%
-F
er
tili
lly
V6
V7
-1
-F
-T
%
er
er
tilt
ra
el
So
l-1
rb
%
Fo
lia
r-0
V8
,5
%
-U
V9
wa
-F
fo
l-1
ol
pl
%
an
V1
t2
0
-F
31
-1
ol
pl
%
V1
a
nt
1
-B
41
io
1do
1%
r2
31
2V1
0,
5%
2
-A
m
on
il1%
0
CONCLUSIONS
Fundamental fertilization applied on soil sensitivity
the plants to pathogens attack through improving the
life conditions of these, especially the trophical
needs.
The basic fertilization applied to the soil in
moderate and equilibrated NPK-doses constitutes a
simple, but important measure in what concerns the
reduction of the attach degree of the Puccinia
striformis f.sp.tritici fungus.
The foliar fertilizers FOLGIC NPK, TERRA SORB
FOLIAR and FOLPLANT 231 have proved to the
have a remarkable effect in what concerns the
reduction of the yellow rust attach. Yet, one should
also notice the very significant impact of the
following
products;
CHIMOPAR
14-9-5,
BASOFOLIAR
36
EXTRA,
FERTILILLY,
FERTITEL, UWAFOL and BIODOR 2321 in
controlling the studied disease.
344
Chimopar and Basfoliar 36 Extra “outside the root”
fertilizers proved to have an important effect in
reducing the fungus attack but we have also
remarked a very significant impact of FOLGIC
NPK,
CHIMOPAR 14-9-5, BASFOLIAR 36
EXTRA, FERTILILLY, FERTILTELL, TERRA
SORB FOLIAR, UWAFOL and FOLPLANT 231
products in the septoriosis control.
The “out of root” fertilizers TERRA SORB
FOLIAR and FOLPLANT 231 proved to have a
reducing effect upon the Blumeria graminis fungus
attack. It should be remarked even the positively
impact of the product Folgic NPK, FERTILILLY,
FERTILTELL, FOLPLANT 411, BIODOR and
AMONIL in involution of the named disease.
The application of some un-polluting foliar
fertilizers
represents
an
alternative
and
complementary method in integrated fight against the
diseases produced by pathogens un-excluding, at
least for the moment, the polluting chemical
methods.
Journal of Central European Agriculture (online), Volume 4 (2003) No 4
CONTROL OF SOME PATHOGENS BY USING SPECIAL FOLIAR FERTILIZERS
REFERENCES
[1]. Borlan Z. and col., 1995 – Simple and Complex
Foliar Fertilizers, Ceres Publishing House,
Bucharest.
[2]. Borlan Z., 1996 – Foliar Fertilizers with
Protection Effect of Plants against the Diseases
Induced by Microscopically Fungus, A.S.A.S.
Bulletin, Bucharest.
[3]. Chaboussou F.C., 1998 – La fertilization et la
santé; Nature et progress, Château de
Chamarande, p. 82-96.
[4]. Oroian I., 2002, PhD Thesis, USAMV ClujNapoca.
[5]. Rusu M and col., 1997-2000– Research Reports
Concerning the Foliar Fertilizers Effect at
Agricultural Cultures, I.C.P.A Archive,
Bucharest.
ADDRESS OF AUTHORS
Ioan Oroian: neluoroian@yahoo.fr
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,
Faculty of Agriculture, Phytopathological Discipline Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Tel: +40-264-596385
Fax: +40-264-593792
Journal of Central European Agriculture (online), Volume 4 (2003) No 4
345
OROIAN I.
346
Journal of Central European Agriculture (online), Volume 4 (2003) No 4
IOAN OROIAN