ISSN (Online): 2349-1183; ISSN (Print): 2349-9265 TROPICAL PLANT RESEARCH 7(2): 427–439, 2020 The Journal of the Society for Tropical Plant Research DOI: 10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i2.051 Research article Assessment of the lichen diversity from Koundinya wildlife sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India Gangadhar Pandava, Satish Mohabe, Anjali Devi B. and A. Madhusudhana Reddy* Lichenology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Yogi Vemana University, Vemanapuram-516005, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India *Corresponding Author: grassced@yahoo.com [Accepted: 10 August 2020] Abstract: The Present investigation revealed the occurrence of 69 species belonging to 36 genera and 21 families of lichens in Koundinya wildlife sanctuary. Out of which a saxicolous foliose lichen Xanthoparmelia tuberculiformis is reported as a new record to India and 6 species viz. Arthonia collectiva, Arthonia subvelata, Dictyographa varians, Opegrapha astrea, Pyrenula gibberulosa and Verrucaria elaeomelaena are new records to south India. While 6 species viz. Buellia quartziana, Buellia substigmea, Pyxine nilgiriensis, Physcia abuensis, Caloplaca subpoliotera, and Caloplaca tropica are found as endemic to India. The sanctuary also comprises of 10 new distributional records to Andhra Pradesh as well as to the Chittoor district. Among the different growth forms, crustose lichens showed maximum diversity represented by 40 (58%) species followed by 23 (33%) of foliose, 3 (4%) of leprose, 2(3%) of squamulose and single species (2%) of fruticose lichen. The sanctuary showed the maximum diversity of corticolous lichens represented by 47 (64%) species followed by 24 (33%) saxicolous lichens out of these 2 (3%) species were found commonly both on bark and rock substrata. The member of the lichen family Caliciaceae exhibit the maximum diversity represented by 11 (16%) species under 5 genera. Among the 36 genera, Lecanora exhibits the maximum diversity represented by 6 species. The phorophytes, Pongamia pinnata, and Premna tomentosa bears the luxuriant growth of lichens represented by 9 species. Among the 14 different altitude gradients, 17 species each were recorded at the altitudes on 592 and 602 m. Two foliose lichens, Dirinaria applanata and Pyxine petricola var. pallida bear luxuriant growth on both bark (Azadirachta indica, Premna tomentosa, Euphorbia antichoram) and rock. The effort will lay the foundation for future bio-monitoring studies on lichens from this unique habitat of Koundinya wildlife sanctuary and will act as baseline data for Eastern Ghats of India. Keywords: Eastern Ghats - Lichen taxonomy - New records - South India. [Cite as: Pandava G, Mohabe S, Anjali DB & Reddy AM (2020) Assessment of the lichen diversity from Koundinya wildlife sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India. Tropical Plant Research 7(2): 427–439] INTRODUCTION India has rich diversity of lichens comprising with 2,714 species (Sinha et al. 2018) and, few wildlife sanctuaries are available particularly with account of lichen diversity. Before one and half decade, Meghamalai wildlife sanctuary was explored in Tamil Nadu to generate baseline biodiversity information and to evaluate lichens conservation importance and were recorded 99 lichen species belonging to 39 genera and 22 families (Nayaka et al. 2001). Thereafter, an introductory observation was done on Bondla and Bhagwan Mahavir wildlife sanctuaries in Goa and recorded 21 species belonging to 9 genera under 8 families out of which 7 species were recorded from Bondla wildlife sanctuary (Nayaka et al. 2004). Later a large amount of lichen diversity presented with 99 species belonging to 43 genera and 25 families of which 21 species were new records for Cotigao wildlife sanctuary and 15 species were new to Goa. Also Lepraria jackii Tønsberg, a leprose lichen was reported as new to India (Pallavi et al. 2018). An ecological study was conducted in Mehao wildlife sanctuary of (Singh et al. 2004) Arunachal Pradesh to observe ecological diversity of lichens and calculated www.tropicalplantresearch.com 427 Received: 22 March 2020 Published online: 31 August 2020 https://doi.org/10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i2.051 Pandava et al. 2020 Importance Value Index of 106 species under 39 genera and 17 families (Pinokiyo et al. 2008). In Karnataka, Bhadra wildlife sanctuary was documented with 67 macrolichens 85 microlichens and later 152 lichens were recorded by calculating ecological parameters (Vinayaka et al. 2011) and in continuation of these studies again 111 species were encountered belonging to 41 genera under 22 families from Shettihalli wildlife sanctuary in the same state (Vinayaka 2016). Nayaka et al. (2011) recorded 42 lichens from Katarniyaghat wildlife sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh while the maximum numbers of species (214) were reported from Govind wildlife sanctuary in Uttarakhand where lichen family Parmeliaceae exhibits its dominance with 45 species (Karakoti et al. 2014, Mishra et al. 2016). Goni et al. (2015) listed 356 species of lichens belonging to 35 families and 91 genera from Jammu and Kashmir. Ingle et al. (2016) identified 66 species belonging to 27 genera and 16 families from Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary and national park in Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu. Mishra et al. (2017) assessed lichen diversity in Bhima Shankar wildlife sanctuary and recorded 58 species of lichens belonging to 27 genera and 17 families of which 24 species were added as new to Maharashtra. Recently, Chander & Chandel (2019) enumerated a total number of 16 species belonging to each 14 genera and 14 families of lichens from Bara Bhangal region of Dhauldhar wildlife sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh. The studies on lichen diversity indicates that since a decade most of the wildlife sanctuaries were explored from Western Ghats of Southern India while, Eastern Ghats are unexplored or underexplored for lichens diversity particular in wildlife sanctuaries especially from Andhra Pradesh. Recently, Bhitarkanika wildlife sanctuary and national park were explored in Odisha and recorded 49 lichen species with 26 genera and 14 families (Panda et al. 2017). From the past ten years, exploration of lichen diversity from the state of Andhra Pradesh has been made extensively from the districts such as YSR Kadapa, Chittoor and Anantapur districts of Rayalaseema forests represented (Anjali et al. 2013, Mohabe et al. 2016 & 2017) with a maximum diversity of 183 lichens belonging to 64 genera and 26 families with many new distributional records (Anjali 2016, Anjali et. al. 2017) but lichens from Koundinya wildlife sanctuary (KWS) was uncharted therefore present study paved a way to provide information on lichens diversity of KWS including some new distributional records. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present investigation is based on more than 100 lichen specimens collected from Koundinya wildlife sanctuary (KWS) which includes two major localities viz. Kaigal Water Fall and Syam Village. The altitude range from 582 m to 678 m [Kaigal Water Fall - (582–617 m) & Syam Village - (596–678 m)] in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh (Fig. 1). KWS is located in a region where the Kolar plateau end slopes down the plains of the Tamil Nadu state consists of many valleys and Ghats. It was established in 1990 and has been covered 357.60 km2 forests located in between 13°00.130′ N 78° 03.842′ E. There are two waterfalls, Kalyan Revu and Kaigal, located to North and West of Palamaner. These waterfalls are about 10 and 28 km away from Palamaner respectively in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. The habitat of this Sanctuary is rugged with high hills and deep dales which are covered by Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous and Thorn forests with small ponds and tanks (Fig. 2). The sanctuary comprises 102 tree species that are being used for various purposes, such as fuel, medicine, timber and fodder (Rao et al. 2010). Some of the important flora consists of Acacia sp., Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boiv., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Euphorbia antiquorum L., Ficus sp., Lagerstroemia sp., Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Premna tomentosa Willd., Tamarindus indica L., Bamboos and Santalum album L. Out of these trees, some of the species are host for lichen growth. Figure 1. Map showing explored areas in Koundinya wildlife sanctuary from Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. www.tropicalplantresearch.com 428 Tropical Plant Research (2020) 7(2): 427–439 Figure 2. Tropical Dry Deciduous forests in Chittoor district: A, A beautiful view of Kaundinya wildlife sanctuary, Chittoor district; B, Kaigal Waterfalls; C, Rocky outcrops near at Syam Village. The collections were made during March and April 2018 and all the collected specimens were properly labelled and deposited in the Lichen Herbarium, Department of Botany, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh. In the sanctuary, both the localities Kaigal and Syam are randomly selected because earlier they were unexplored from Chittoor district even the range of Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve is well known for high lichen diversity comprising with 183 species (Anjali 2016). Also this wildlife sanctuary is one of the important habitat comprises of southern tropical dry deciduous and thorn forests including high hills and many vascular plants which supports growth of lichens. A stereomicroscope, Magnüs MS 24/13 was used for the observation of morphological features of lichen thallus including ascomata. Spot test for color reaction were carried out by 10% aqueous solution of Potassium Hydroxide (K), Steiner’s stable para-phenylenediamine solution (PD) and calcium Hypochlorite solution (C). Anatomical structures of fruiting bodies were observed under light microscope of ZEISS Axiostar plus. All the measurements of anatomical structures were taken in water and 10% aqueous solution of K. The chemical components present in lichen samples were identified by www.tropicalplantresearch.com 429 Pandava et al. 2020 Thin Layer Chromatography in solvent system ‘A’ following the procedures of White & James (1985) and Orange et al. (2001). Identification and classification of Lichens were done by following Anjali (2016), Awasthi (1991 & 2007), Mohabe (2016) and Lucking et al. (2017). All the genus and spp. are arranged alphabetically within each family. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The current study revealed the occurrence of 69 species belongs to 36 genera and 21 families of lichens. Out of which a foliose Saxicolous lichen Xanthoparmelia tuberculiformis Kurok is a New record to India (Singh & Sinha 2010) and other crustose lichens viz. Arthonia collectiva Stirt., Arthonia subvelata Nyl., Dictyographa varians (Mull. Arg.) Vain., Opegrapha astrea Tuck, Pyrenula gibberulosa (Mull.Arg.) Aptroot , Verrucaria elaeomelaena (A. Massal.) Arnold are new record to southern part of India (Pallavi et al. 2017, Singh & Sinha 2010, Mohabe et al. 2010, Nayaka et al. 2011) remaining 10 species are New additions to Andhra Pradesh as well as Chittoor district (Anjali et al. 2013, Anjali 2016, Mohabe et al. 2016 & 2017) and 6 species viz. Buellia quartziana S. R. Singh & D. D. Awasthi, Buellia substigmea S.R. Singh & D.D. Awashti, Pyxine nilgiriensis D. D. Awasthi, Physcia abuensis D. D. Awasthi & S. R. Singh, Caloplaca subpoliotera Y. Joshi & Upreti, and Caloplaca tropica Y. Joshi & Upreti found as endemic to India (Singh & Sinha 2010). Among the different growth forms, crustose lichens showed maximum diversity represented by 40 (58%) species followed by 23 (33%) foliose, 3 (4%) leprose, 2(3%) squamulose and single species (2%) of fruticose lichen. This wildlife sanctuary showed the maximum diversity of corticolous lichens represented by 47 (64%) species followed by 24 (33%) saxicolous lichens out of these 2 (3%) species were found common both on bark and rock. The member of lichen family Caliciaceae exhibit the maximum diversity represented by 11 (16%) species under 5 genera followed by Parmeliaceae and Physciaceae with 8 (12%) species each under 4 genera, Lecanoraceae with 6 (9%) species, Opegraphaceae with 5 (7%) species, Teloschistaceae with 4 (6%) species, Arthoniaceae and Ramalinaceae with 4 (6%) species each, Verrucarriaceae with 3 (4%) species, Graphidaceae, Chrysothricaceae, Peltulaceae, and Pyrenulaceae with 2 (3%) species each, while Lichinaceae, Candelariaceae, Collemataceae, Haematommataceae, Ochrolechiaceae, Porinaceae, Ramboldiaceae, Stereocaulaceae shows poor diversity of lichens each represented by single (1%) species. Among the 36 genera, Lecanora exhibits the maximum diversity represented by 6 species followed by 5 species of Parmotrema, 4 species each of Arthonia and Pyxine, 3 species each of Heterodermia, Opegrapha, Physcia and Verrucaria, 2 species each of Bacidia, Buellia, Chrysothrix, Dirinaria, Peltula and Pyrenula while maximum number of 19 genera represents poor diversity each with single species (Fig. 3). Among the different Phorophytes found in the Sanctuary, Pongamia pinnata and Premna tomentosa, bears the luxuriant growth of lichens represented by 9 species each followed by Euphorbia antiquorum and Albizia amara with 7 species each, Strychnos nux-vomica L. with 5 species, Tamarindus indica with 4 species, Ziziphus sp. with 2 species while Azadirachta indica, Pavetta tomentosa Roxb. ex Sm and Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K. Schum exhibit poor to scare growth of lichens with single species each while 9 species were observed on unidentified trees. Figure 3. Representation of genus and species diversity within different lichen families. www.tropicalplantresearch.com 430 Tropical Plant Research (2020) 7(2): 427–439 In this wildlife sanctuary Syam village shows maximum diversity of lichens represented by 46 species followed by Kaigal Water Fall represents 34 species out of which 11 species were found commonly in both the areas. Among the 14 altitudinal gradients between the 582–678 msl, the maximum diversity were recorded around the Kaigal water fall at an altitude ranges of 592 and 591 m represented by 17 and 10 species followed by 617 (5), 584 (6) and 582(4). Similarly, in Syam village maximum diversity were represented at an altitude ranges on 602 and 645 m with 17 and 14 species followed by 661 (13), 596 (9), 641 (5), 669 (5), 614 (3), 598 (3) and 678 with only single species. The area shows higher diversity in middle altitude and lower diversity in higher and lower altitudes. The altitude ranges in different areas with their lichen diversity in relation with number of species are provided in (Fig. 4). Koundinya wildlife sanctuary bear the luxuriant growth of two lichen species Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi and Pyxine petricola var. pallida Swinscow both on bark (Azadirachta indica, Premna tomentosa and Euphorbia antichoram) and rocks represented by 6 and 3 altitudinal gradient ranges followed by a saxicolous species Lecanora subimmersa (Fée) Vain and corticolous species Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach. (Strychnos nux-vomica and Pongamia pinnata) represented by 5 and 4 altitudinal gradient ranges. A complete list of identified species from KWS is provided in alphabetical order under the families with their distribution in Appendix I. Figure 4. Diversity of lichens from different altitudinal ranges in Koundinya wildlife sanctuary. New record to India Xanthopermelia tuberculiformis Kurok., J. Jap. Bot. 64(10): 291(1989). [Fig. 5A-B] Thallus saxicolous, foliose, closely adnate, yellowish green, dark in center, orbicular, upto 2 cm in diameter, heteromerous, upper cortex hyaline to greyish, 15–30 µm thick, algal layer 30–70 µm thick, lobes branched, sublinear, 0.3–1.0 mm wide, apices black margined, thallus isidiate, isidia sub-globose, simple or coralloid black tipped, 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm in long medulla white, 60–90 µm thick, lower cortex brown to black 20–35 µm thick, rhizines brown, 0.15 mm long, 20–35 µm thick, apothecia absent. Spot Test: Medulla K-, C-, KC- P+ orange red, TLC: fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acids present. Remarks: The species is morphologically resembling to Xanthoparmelia keralensis Hale having simple isidia and black lower side but latter the species differs by P+ orange to red medulla containing fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acid. Distribution: Earlier the species is reported from Japan, Korea and now the species is new record to India collected from Koundinya wildlife sanctuary which is a part of Eastern Ghats in India. Specimen examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Koundinya Wildlife Sancturary, Kaigal Water Fall, N 13º 03.918′ E 078º 33.625′, alt. 592 m, on rock, 02.03.2018, Gangadhar Pandava, Satish Mohabe & A. Madhusudhana Reddy 6741 (YVUH). www.tropicalplantresearch.com 431 Pandava et al. 2020 Figure 5. Xanthoparmelia tuberculiformis Kurok.: A, Habit of the thallus; B, V.S. of Thallus portion showing different layers (uc = upper cortex, al = algal layer, m = medulla, rh = rhizines). [Scale Bars: A= 1 mm, B= 50 µm] New record to South India Arthonia collectiva Stirt. [Fig. 6A] Specimen examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, Kamgorudindu, N 13º 02.378′ E 078º 33.324′, alt. 669 m, on bark, 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7070 (YVUH). Distribution: Earlier the species is reported from Arunachal Pradesh and Assam and now the species is new record to South India. Arthonia subvelata Nyl. [Fig. 6B] Specimen examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, Majjigunta, N 13º 02.399′ E 078º 33.778′, alt. 661 m, on bark of Ziziphus sp., 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7084 (YVUH). Distribution: Earlier the species is reported from West Bengal-plains and now the species is new record to South India. Dictyographa varians (Mull. Arg.) Vain. [Fig. 6C] Specimens examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, Yerrakuppaleru, N 13º 02.083′ E 078º 34.248′, alt. 602 m, on bark of Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntz ex. K. Schum, 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7134 & 7135 (YVUH). Distribution: Earlier the species is reported from Gujarath and now the species is new record to South India. Opegrapha astrea Tuck [Fig. 6D] Specimen examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam (Yerrakuppaleru), N 13º 02.123′ E 078º 34.327′, alt. 596 m, on bark of Strychnos nux-vomica L., 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7177 (YVUH). Distribution: Earlier the species is reported from Uttar Pradesh and now the species is new record to South India. Pyrenula gibberulosa (Mull.Arg.) Aptroot [Fig. 6E] Specimen examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, N 13º 02.172′ E 078º 33.643′, alt. 641 m, on bark of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, 02.03.2018, Gangadhar Pandava, Satish Mohabe & A. Madhusudhana Reddy 6839 (YVUH). Distribution: Earlier the species is reported from Goa and now the species is a new record to South India. Verrucaria elaeomelaena (A. Massal.) Arnold [Fig. 6F] Specimen examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, Yerrakuppaleru, N 13º 02.083′ E 078º 34.248′, alt. 602 m, on rock, 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7144 (YVUH). Distribution: Earlier the species is reported from Manipur, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and now the species is a new record to South India. www.tropicalplantresearch.com 432 Tropical Plant Research (2020) 7(2): 427–439 Figure 6. New distributional records to South India: A, Arthonia collectiva Stirt.; B, A. subvellata Nyl.; C, Dictyographa varians (Müll. Arg.) Vain; D, Opegrapha astrea Tuck; E, Pyrenula gibberulosa (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot; F, Verrucaria elaeomelaena (A. Massal.) Arnold. Indian distribution of new additions from Andhra Pradesh (updated) Arthonia catenatula Nyl. Specimen examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, Yerrakuppaleru, N 13º 02.123′ E 078º 34.327′, alt. 596 m, on bark of Strychnos nux-vomica L., 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7179 (YVUH). Distribution: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Singh & Sinha 2010) and Andhra Pradesh. Canoparmelia cinerascens (Lynge) Elix & Hale Specimen examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam (Majjigunta), N 13º 02.399′ E 078º 33.778′, alt. 661 m, on bark, 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7087 (YVUH). Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu Chapsa leprocarpa (Nyl.) Frisch. Specimen examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, Yerrakuppaleru, N 13º 02.123′ E 078º 34.327′, alt. 596 m, on bark of Strychnos nux-vomica L., 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7173 (YVUH). Distribution: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttarakhand. Dirinaria papillulifera (Nyl.) D. D. Awasthi. Specimens examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, N 13º 02.172′ E 078º 33.643′, alt. 641 m, on bark of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, 02.03.2018, Gangadhar Pandava, Satish Mohabe & A. Madhusudhana Reddy 6839 & 6840 (YVUH). Distribution: Assam, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal - plains. Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Massal Specimens examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, Majjigunta, N 13º 02.399′ E 078º 33.778′, alt. 661 m, on bark, 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7088, 7091 & 7093 (YVUH); India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, Majjigunta, N 13º 02.399′ E 078º 33.778′, alt. 661 m, on twigs, 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7095 & 7097 (YVUH). Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Manipur, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand. www.tropicalplantresearch.com 433 Pandava et al. 2020 Opegrapha cinerea Chavall. Specimens examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, N 13º 02.172′ E 078º 33.643′, alt. 641 m, on bark of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, 02.03.2018, Gangadhar Pandava, Satish Mohabe & A. Madhusudhana Reddy 6833, 6842, 6843 & 6846 (YVUH). Distribution: Andaman & Nikobar Islands and Andhra Pradesh. Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach. Specimens examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, N 13º 02.172′ E 078º 33.643′, alt. 641 m, on bark of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, 02.03.2018, Gangadhar Pandava, Satish Mohabe & A. Madhusudhana Reddy 6845 (YVUH); India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam (Yerrakuppaleru), N 13º 02.123′ E 078º 34.327′, alt. 596 m, on bark of Strychnos nux-vomica L., 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7175, 7176 & 7180 (YVUH). Distribution: Andaman & Nikobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnaka, Tamil Nadu and West Bengalplains. Physcia aipola (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Furnr. Specimen examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Kaigal, N 13º 04.351′ E 078º 33.775′, alt. 591 m, on bark of Premna tomentosa Willd., 02.03.2018, Gangadhar Pandava, Satish Mohabe & A. Madhusudhana Reddy 6708 (YVUH). Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Khasmir, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Pyrenula immisa (Stirt.) Zahlbr. Specimen examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam, N 13º 02.172′ E 078º 33.643′, alt. 641 m, on bark of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, 02.03.2018, Gangadhar Pandava, Satish Mohabe & A. Madhusudhana Reddy 6839 (YVUH); India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Syam (Yerrakuppaleru), N 13º 02.123′ E 078º 34.327′, alt. 596 m, on bark of Strychnos nux-vomica L., 29.04.2018, Gangadhar Pandava 7177 (YVUH). Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Pyxine nilgiriensis D. D. Awasthi. Specimens examined: India, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor District, Kaigal, N 13º 03.918' E 078º 33.625′, alt. 592 m, on rock, 02.03.2018, Gangadhar Pandava, Satish Mohabe & A. Madhusudhana Reddy 6734 & 6736 (YVUH). Distribution: Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. CONCLUSION In the State of Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor district is well known for lichen exploration work and high lichen diversity. Earlier, an appraisal of lichen biota was provided with 75 species belonging to 33 genera and 17 families from Chittoor district (Mohabe et al. 2016) later, Anjali (2016) concluded maximum lichen diversity represented by 160 species with 59 genera with 25 families. Despite lichens from Koundinya wildlife sanctuary were not recorded even single species therefore present study focused on to explore this area as a new locality in Andhra Pradesh to fill the gap of lichen diversity and now the wildlife sanctuary includes 17 species to Andhra Pradesh and out of these a new record Xanthoparmelia tuberculiformis Kurok is recorded for India. After this study, the lichen diversity of Andhra Pradesh will represent 217 species according to the published literatures and Chittoor district will reach with 177 species belonging to 61 Genera and 26 families which includes 2 generic records Dictyographa and Alyxoria and one family Lichinaceae first time from the Chittoor district. The wildlife sanctuary also includes some fruticose and foliose lichens which are medicinally important and earlier found from the Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve (Anjali et al. 2014, 2015, 2016). The possible reason for the higher diversity in Syam village includes 4 sub localities viz. Yarrakuppaleru, Kamgordindu, Majjigunta and Yelonerayi under forest cover with more number of trees (7) which supports the luxuriant growth of corticolous lichens. The Kaigal Water Fall is a tourist place which shows poor lichen diversity due to cutting of trees for fuel purpous. The continous anthropogenic activity harmed the subtle plants by crushing under the feet of people and animals especially those that grows on rocks such as saxicolous lichens. In this area a few trees (3) are found supporting the growth of lichen which is one of the reasons for the less lichen diversity. The study will lay www.tropicalplantresearch.com 434 Tropical Plant Research (2020) 7(2): 427–439 forward for future bio-monitoring studies on lichens from this unique habitat of Koundinya wildlife sanctuary and will act as baseline data for Eastern Ghats of India. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors are very grateful to Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa for providing necessary assistance for research work and second author is very thankful to University Grants Commission, New Delhi for financial assistance under the scheme of UGC-Post Doctoral Fellowship for SC/ST candidates 2015–17 (F./PDFSS-201517-MAD-12168) and to the Forest official of Andhra Pradesh for giving permission to collect the samples. REFERENCES Anjali DB (2016) Biodiversity Assessment and Bioprospection of lichen of Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve Andhra Pradesh, India, (Ph. D. Thesis). Yogi Vemana University, Andhra Pradesh, India. Anjali DB, Mohabe S, Reddy A. M & Nayaka S (2017) Lichens wealth in Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Andhra Pradesh. The Eastern Ghats, EPTRI-ENVIS Newsletter 23(1): 2–5. Anjali DB, Mohabe S, Reddy AM & Nayaka S (2015) Efficacy of a Potential lichen Parmotrema andinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale against pathogenic microorganisms Journal on New Biological Reports 4(2): 149–156. 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Caliciaceae 5 Buellia maculata Tuck 6 B. quartziana S. R. Singh & D.D. Awasthi# 7 B. substigmea S.R. Singh & D.D. Awashti# 8 Cratiria obscurior (Stirt.) Marbach & Kal. 9 Dirinaria applanata (Fee) D.D. Awasthi 10 D. papulifera (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi* 11 Hafellia curtelae (Malme) Marbach 12 Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. 13 P. nilgiriensis D. D. Awasthi*# 14 P. petricola Nyl. 15 P. petricola var. pallida Swinscow Candelariaceae 16 Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein Chrysothricaceae 18 Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R. Laundon 19 C. chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon Collaemataceae 20 Collema subnigrescens Degel Graphidaceae 21 Graphis leptocarpa Fée 22 Chapsa leprocarpa (Nyl.) Frisch* Haematommataceae 23 Haematomma punicuum (Ach.) A. Massal. Lecanoraceae 24 Lecanora achroa Nyl. 25 L. alba Lumbsch www.tropicalplantresearch.com KWF 584 591 592 617 Localities YAR 596 598 602 YEL 614 SYV 641 645 MAJ 661 KAM 669 678 Specimens No. Cr Cr Cr Cr C C C C - - - - - + + - - - - - + - + + - - 7179 7070 7078 7177 Cr Cr Cr Cr Fl Fl Cr Fl Fl Fl Fl S S S S C, S C C C S C C, S - + + + + + + + + + + - + + - - - - - + + + - + + + - + + - + - + - 6847 6728 6751 6744 6732 6839 6829 6706 6734 6829 6872 Fl C - - - - - - - - - - - + - - 7091 Lp Lp C C - - - + - - - - - - - + - + + - - 6809 7096 Fl C + - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6684 Cr Cr C C - - - - - + + - + - + - - - + - - - 7097 7173 Cr C - - + - - - - - - - - - - - 6704 Cr Cr C C - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - 6829 6808 437 Pandava et al. 2020 26 L. interjecta Müll. Arg. 27 L. leprosa Fée 28 L. subimmersa (Fée) Vain 29 L. tropica Zahlbr. Lichinaceae 30 Anema decipiens (A. Massal.) Forssell Ochrolechiaceae 31 Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Massal* Opegraphaceae 32 Dictyographa varians (Müll. Arg.) Vain** 33 Opegrapha astraea Tuck.** 34 O. vulgata (Ach.) Ach.* 34 O. cinerea Chevall* 35 Alyxoria varia Pers. Parmeliaceae 36 Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale 37 Canoparmelia cinerascens (Lynge) Elix & Hale* 38 Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale 39 P. crinitoides J. C Wei 40 P. mesotropum (Mull. Arg.) Hale 41 P. praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale 42 P. tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale 43 Xanthoparmelia tuberculiformis Kurok.*** Peltulaceae 44 Peltula euploca (Ach.) Poelt ex Pisut 45 P. placodizans Zahlbr. Physciaceae 46 Heterodermia albicans (Pers.) Swinscow & Krog. 47 H. isidiophora (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi 48 H. pseudospeciosa (Kurk.) W. L. Culb. 49 Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Florke) H. Mayerhofer & Poelt 50 Physcia abuensis D.D. Awasthi & S. R. Singh# www.tropicalplantresearch.com Cr Cr Cr Cr C C S C + - - - - + - + - + - + - + - - + + + - - - 6829 6829 6853 6884 Cr S - + - - - - - - - - - - - - 6690 Cr C - - - - - - - - - - - + - - 7088 Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr C C C C C + - - - - + + - - + + - - + + - + + - - - - 7134 7177 7175 6848 6817 Fl Fl C C - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - 7088 7087 Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl C C C C C S - - + - + + + + - - - + + - - - - + + - + - - 6772 7128 6808 6815 7125 6741 Sq Sq S S - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - 6690 6690 Fl S - + - - - - - - - - - - - - 6871 Fl Fl Fl C C S - - - - - - + + + + - - - - - - 7127 7128 7147 Fl C - - + + - - - - - - - - - - 6708 438 Tropical Plant Research (2020) 7(2): 427–439 51 P. aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Furnr.* 52 P. tribacioides Nyl. 53 Rinodina oxydata (A. Massal.) A. Massal. Porinaceae 54 Porina subinterestes (Fée) Vain Pyrenulaceae 55 Pyrenula gibberulosa (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot** 56 P. immissa (Stirt.) Zahlbr.* Ramalinaceae 57 Ramalina conduplicans Vain. 58 B. convexula (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. 59 B. incongruens (Stirt.) Zahlbr. 60 Lecania expallescens (Nyl.) Oksner Ramboldiaceae 61 Ramboldia russula (Ach.) Kalb. Stereocaulaceae 62 Lepraria coriensis (Hue) Sipman Teloschistaceae 63 Caloplaca bassiae (Willd.ex Ach.) Zahlbr. 64 C. cupulifera (Vain.) Zahlbr. 65 C. subpoliotera Y. Joshi & Upreti# 66 C. tropica Y. Joshi & Upreti# Verrucarriaceae 67 Verrucaria acrotella Ach. 68 V. elaeomelaena (A. Massal.) Arnold** 69 V. margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb. Fl Fl Cr C C S - - + + - + - - - - + - - - - - - 6708 6706 7144 Cr S - - - - - + - + - - - - - - 7193 Cr C - - - - - - - - - + - - - - 6839 Cr C - - - - - + - + - - - - - - 7131 Fr Cr Cr Cr C C C S - - + - - - - - + - - - + + + - - - 6715 6884 7120 6856 Cr C - - - - - - - - - - - + + - 7071 Lp S - - - + - - - - - - - - - - 6716 Cr Cr Cr Cr C S S S + - + - - + + + - - + - + - - - + - - - - 6880 6683 6720 6736 Cr Cr Cr S S S - - - - - - - + + + - - + - - - - 6856 7144 7163 Note: GF= Growth Forms, HBT= Habitat, Cr= Crustose, Fl= Foliose, Fr= Fruticose, Sq= Squamulose, LP= Leprose, C= Corticolous, S= Saxicolous; (+)= Present, (-)= Absent, (*)= New additions, (**)= New to South India, (***)= New to India, (#)= Endemic to India. Localities: KWF= Kaigal Water Fall; YAR= Yarrakuppaleru; YEL= Yelonerayi; SYV= Syam Village; MAJ= Majjigunta; KAM= Kamgordindu. www.tropicalplantresearch.com 439