J I TAA Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture Accredited by Ditjen Penguatan Risbang No. 60/E/KPT/2016 J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. pISSN 2087-8273 eISSN 2460-6278 http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/jitaa 42(4):255-262, December 2017 DOI: 10.14710/jitaa.42.4.255-262 Effect of white kabesak (Acacia leucophloea Roxb) leaves level in the diet on feed intake and body weight gain of Kacang goat E.D.W. Lawa1,2, Marjuki1,*, Hartutik1 and S. Chuzaemi1 1Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145 - Indonesia 2Permanent adress Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Nusa Cendana University, Jl. Adisucipto, Penfui, Kupang-NTT 85001 - Indonesia *Corresponding E-mail:marjuki@ub.ac.id Received July 26, 2017; Accepted September 14, 2017 ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh tingkat penggunaan daun kabesak putih (Acacia leucophloea Roxb.) Willd. dalam pakan terhadap konsumsi, kecernaan pakan dan pertambahan bobot badan kambing Kacang. Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 5 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Perlakuan tersebut berupa 5 pakan konsentrat yang masing-masing mengandung 0, 10, 20, 30, dan 40% daun kabesak putih berdasarkan bahan kering (BK) secara berturutturut sebagai perlakuan T0, T1, T2, T3, dan T4. Semua pakan dibuat dengan kandungan protein kasar (PK) berkisar 11,5-12,5%. Masing-masing pakan konsentrat diberikan pada 5 ekor kambing Kacang jantan (umur 1-1,5 tahun, berat badan awal 16,7±5,0 kg) ditambah rumput lapangan kering dengan imbangan 60:40. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi BK, BO dan PK pada kambing yang diberi pakan T0 tidak berbeda nyata dengan kambing yang diberi pakan T 1 tetapi lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dibanding pada kambing yang diberi pakan T2, T3 dan T4.. Kecernaan BK, BO, PK dan SK serta pertambahan bobot badan kambing yang diberi pakan T2 secara nyata lebih tinggi dan mempunyai konversi pakan lebih baik (P<0,05) dibanding kambing dengan pakan perlakuan lain. penelitian ini adalah tingkat penggunaan daun kabesak putih yang paling optimal dalam pakan konsentrat adalah sebanyak 20% (T 2 ). Kata Kunci: pakan, konsentrat, suplemen, produktivitas, legium pohon ABSTRACT This study was conducted to analysis the effect of levels of white kabesak (Acacia leucophloea Roxb.) Willd. leaves in the diet on feed intake, digestibility and body weight gain of Kacang goats. The completely randomized block design using 5 treatments and 5 replications was used in this experiment. The treatments were 5 concentrate feeds containing different levels of white kabesak leaves i.e. 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% in the dry matter (DM) basis (representing T 0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments, respectively). The feeds were set up to contain 11.5-12.5% of crude protein (CP). Concentrate feed and native grass was fed at ratio of 60 : 40 was fed to 5 local male goats (age 1-1 .5 years old and initial weight of 16.7±5.0 kg). The results showed that DM, organic matter (OM), and CP intake of T 0 was not significantly different from those of T1 goats, but it was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of T 2, T3 and T4. The DM, OM, CP, and crude fiber (CF) digestibility as well as body weight gain in T 2 goats were significantly higher (P<0.05) and had feed conversion ratio that was significantly better (P<0.05) compared to those of the other feed treatments. In conclusion, the most optimum level of white kabesak (Acacia leucophloea Roxb.) Willd. leaves used in concentrate feed for goat was 20 %. Keywords: diet, concentrate, supplement, productivity, tree legumes Use of White Kabesak Leaves in Diet of Growing Kacang Goats (E.D.W. Lawa et al.) 255 INTRODUCTION Productivity of local goats in semi-arid region of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia is considerably very low. Body weight gain of Kacang goats in Timor island of NTT was 25 g/head/day, which was lower than those of goats in the Western parts of Indonesia (50 g/head/day) and also compared to the goats that are kept under the experiment conditions (157 g/head/day) as reported by Johnson et al. (1986). The main factors causing low goat productivity in those area is due to the low availability and quality of forages which are mostly composed of native grass and crop residues especially in the dry season (Brown et al, 2017). According to Muir et al. (2014) tree legumes may complement the grass-based diet by providing protein during the dry season. Utilization of feed supplement to the low quality feeds has been reported by many researchers to improve the quality and ruminant productivity. Rodriquez et al. (2014) stated that tropical grass feeding that are generally low in protein content must be supplemented by protein feed in order to improve the productivity of ruminants. The local protein source from forage shrubs and trees can be used to replace imported protein feed such as soybean meal (Traiyakun et al., 2011). Ondiek et al. (2013) reported that leguminous trees and shrubs are potential as protein supplement feeds as these feeds contained high protein and minerals. Ruminant productivity can be improved by combining basal feed with foliage of legume trees and shrubs available in the region as proposed by Olivares-Perez et al. (2011). Legume tree forages are generally a source of better feed quality for grazing and as a supplement to increase the productivity of ruminants fed low-quality feed, especially under harsh environmental conditions (Belachew et al., 2013; Abdalla et al., 2014). Isah et al. (2013) reported that supplementation with legume feeds for goats helped to improve utilization of low quality forage during the dry season. Jamala et al. (2013) and Sollenberger et al. (2014) indicated that leguminous species were contained 25 to 50% more crude protein than non-leguminous plants because it has capacity to fix atmospheric N2. In addition, Fuah and Pattie (2013) reported that during the dry season, local goat in Timor island fed native grass supplemented with acacia maintained their body weight gain better than goats fed only native grass. Gebeyew et al. (2015) reported that the chemical composition of acacia is an indication of the potenty as feed supplement for livestock production. White kabesak (Acacia leucophloea, Roxb.) Willd. (Figure 1) is a leguminous trees with an important role as a source of feed for goats and other ruminants on the island of Timor especially during the dry-season. This plant is an endemic plant and grows naturally in the island of Timor and produces leaves (Figure 2) throughout the year. In addition, Orwa et al. (2009) reported that white kabesak is an important source of fodder in Figure 1 and 2. White Kabesak Tree and Its Leaves (personal document) 256 J.Indonesian Trop.Anim.Agric. 42(4):255-262, December 2017 the dry season containing 15% of crude protein and 18% of crude fiber. According to Amanullah et al. (2006), the leaves of white kabesak contain DM 31.21%, CP 15.13%, crude fiber (CF) 18.46% and nitrogen free extract (NFE) 56.11%. White kabesak leaves contain tannin, the anti nutritive factors that may affect the use of feed. Sharifi et al. (2013) reported that the presence of tannins has been associated with lower nutritive value and lower biological availability of macromolecules like proteins and carbohydrates, but Bhat et al. (2013) reported that mixing legumes with grass hay-based diets has been hypothesized as an efficient way of diluting the negative effects of undesirable secondary compounds, such as tannins. However, so far there was no yet scientific data and report about the utilization of white kabesak leaves and its effect on goats performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of white kabesak leaves as feed component of diet on feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of Kacang goat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research Sites The research was conducted in the Center for Training Ranch, Agency for Education and Human Resource Development of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Noelbaki, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Research Design Twenty-five male Kacang goats aged 1-1.5 years old with an average body weight of block I = 11.82 kg, II = 13.54 kg, III = 15.4 kg, IV = 18.04 kg, V = 24.82 kg were used in this study. The goats were divided into five groups based on their initial body weight and allotted into a completely randomized block design (Steel and Torrie, 1980) using five treatments and five replications. Management of Feeding The treatments were diet composed of natural grass hay and five different concentrate feeds containing different levels of white kabesak leaves, i.e. 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% in DM basis representing for T0 to T4 diet as treatment, respectively. All diets were formulated to contain 11.5 to 12.5% of CP (NRC, 2007). Feed composition of each treatment diet is presented in Table 1. The goats were adapted to the treatment diets for two weeks prior to the daily data collection that was done for 75 days. The data collected in this study were DM, OM, CP and CF intake and digestibility, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Feed offered, refusal and feces of each goat were daily measured and the samples were collected for DM, OM, CP, and CF laboratory analysis (AOAC, 2000). Each goat was weighed every week to measure body weight change during the study. Statistical Analysis The data were subjected to analysis of variance according to a completely randomized block design and Duncan's multiple range test using SPSS software for Windows 17 series (Stell Table 1. Feed Composition of Each Treatment Diet Feed Ingredients Treatments T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Native grass (%) 60 60 60 60 60 Soybean meal (%) 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 Coconut cake (%) 8.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 0.0 Rice bran (%) 15.0 10.0 7.0 2.0 0.0 Corn flour (%) 12.0 10.0 5.0 2.0 0.0 Kabesak white leaves (%) 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Use of White Kabesak Leaves in Diet of Growing Kacang Goats (E.D.W. Lawa et al.) 257 and Torrie, 1980) was used in this study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS White Kabesak Leaves Table 2 showed that white kabesak leaves collected from those area is fairly good as protein source feed with CP content of 14.72%. The CP content of white kabesak leaves was slightly lower than of reported by Arulnathan and Chellapandian (2016) that was 16.20%. However, the CP content of white kabesak leaves was lower than CP content of other leguminous tree leaves, such as Calliandra (18.45%) (Jayaprakash et al., 2016). White kabesak leaves contains 0.97 % total tannins with 0.49 % condensed tannins (CT) and total phenol 3.52%. Total tannins, CT and total phenols contents were lower than those in Calliandra calothyrsus (total tannins 5.06-13.3% DM, CT 3.74% DM) and Acacia villosa (total tannins 3.21-16.4% DM, CT 1.26% DM) as reported by Wina (2010). The CT and total phenol content of Acacia siberiana were 1.68 and 1.63% DM) and those in Acacia hebeclada were 1.56 and 0.58% DM (Mokoboki, 2011). Chemical Composition All treatment diets contained a comparable DM, OM, and CP content (Table 3), but increasing level of white kabesak leaves in the diet (T0 to T4) increased slightly OM and CF content of the diets. Based on those data, it was shown that white kabesak leaves had potential to be used as concentrate feed component substituting commercial feed protein such as soybean meal, coconut cake, rice bran, and corn flour, which are commonly high in price. Nutrient Intake, Digestibility, Body Weight Gain and Feed Conversion Ratio Data of feeding trial included nutrients intake and digestibility of diet, live weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of goats fed concentrate feed containing different levels of white kabesak leaves were presented in Table 4. The DMI in this study ranged from 49.6 to 68.7g/kg BW0.75/d or 2.68 to 3.91% of body weight from T4 to T0. The DMI was still in the range of those stated by NRC (2006) that was 2-3% of body weight and those reported by Sultana et al. (2015) that DMI of goats fed on grass supplemented with moringa oleifera was 3.39-3.97% of body weight. Data on Table 4 showed that increasing level of white kabesak leaves in the diet decreased total DM, OM, CP and CF intake significantly (P<0.05) and consistently. The highest DM intake was T0 Table 2. Proximate Analysis and Tannin Content of White Kabesak Leaves Parameter Content (%) Dry matter 90.2 Organic matter 93,3 Crude protein 14.7 Crude fiber 30.4 Ether extract 0.07 NFE 48.1 Total Tannins 0.97 Condensed Tannins 0.49 Total phenol 3.52 NFE = Nitrogen free extract Table 3. Dry Matter, Organic Matter, Crude Protein and Crude Fiber Content of Each Treatment Diet Treatments Feed Ingredients T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Dry matter (%) 89.8 89.9 89.8 89.9 90.1 Organic Matter (% DM) 87.9 87.9 88.2 88.5 88.5 Crude protein (% DM) 12.1 12.1 12.3 12.4 11.7 Crude fiber (% DM) 27.9 28.3 28.6 31.2 34.5 258 J.Indonesian Trop.Anim.Agric. 42(4):255-262, December 2017 Table 4. Average Nutrients Intake, Digestibility, Body Weight Gain and Feed Conversion by Goats Fed on Treatment Diets Containing Different Proportion of Concentrate and White Kabesak Leaves Variable Treatment T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Nutrient intake (g/kg BW0.75/day) : DMI Native grass DMI Concentrate DMI White kabesak Total DMI 49.9 ± 6.56 18.8 ± 0.93 0 68.7 ± 7.14b 38.7 ± 6.98 13.8 ± 1.53 4.74 ± 0.53 57.2 ± 5.04ab 38.4 ± 6.06 8.78 ± 1.07 9.08 ± 1.10 56.30 ± 4.52a 32.1 ± 5.92 4.74 ± 0.24 14.8 ± 0.72 51.6 ± 6.22a 30.6±4.22 0 19.0±1.53 49.6±5.40a OMI Native grass OMI Concentrate OMI White kabesak leaves Total OMI 42.9 ± 4.49 17.4 ± 0.86 0 60.3 ±15.05b 33.3 ± 6.21 12.7 ± 1.41 4.43 ± 0.49 50.40 ± 4.41ab 33.30 ± 5.41 8.14 ± 0.99 8.43 ± 1.03 49.9 ± 4.01a 27.6 ± 5.40 4.39 ± 0.22 13.8 ± 0.67 45.8 ± 5.68a 26.4 ± 3.77 0 17.8 ± 1.43 44.2 ± 4.86a CPI Native grass CPI Concentrate CPI White kabesak leaves Total CPI 3.83 ± 1.27 3.50 ± 0.17 0 7.33 ± 1.38b 2.96 ± 0.54 3.28 ± 0.36 0.70 ± 0.07 6.94 ± 0.17b 2.94 ± 0.46 3.31 ± 0.07 1.44 ± 0.06 7.69 ± 0.56a 2.46 ± 0.45 3.17 ± 0.26 2.04 ± 0.12 7.66 ± 0.60b 2.35 ± 0.33 0 2.80 ± 0.23 5.15 ± 0.51a CFI Native grass CFI Concentrate CFI White kabesak leaves Total CFI 20.3 ± 5.50 1.95 ± 0.10 0 22.3 ± 5.56b 17.0 ± 1.97 1.45 ± 0.16 1.44 ± 0.16 19.90 ± 1.67b Digestibility of nutrients: DM digestibility (%) OM digestibility(%) CP digestibility (%) CF digestibility (%) 69.3 ± 7.76ab 68.9 ± 7.71ab 77.8 ± 7.20b 63.3 ±10.5b 69.8 ± 5.12b 69.7 ± 4.78ab 77.5 ± 4.36b 66.5 ± 6.29bc Digestible nutrients intake (g/kg BW0.75/d): 47.4 ± 2.34b DDMI 41.4 ± 0.78c DOMI 5.71 ± 1.52b DCPI DCFI 13.9 ± 3.92b 466.18 ± 3.20 DMI (g/h/d) BWG (g/h/d) Feed conversion 75.7 ± 4.89b 75.3 ± 5.10b 82.4 ± 4.91b 73.6 ± 6.32c 63.8 ± 6.96a 62.8 ± 7.20a 75.4 ± 5.54b 61.5 ± 7.71b 67.1 ± 6.44a 66.4 ± 6.78a 65.9 ± 4.97a 52.0 ± 12.3a 39.9 ± 4.20ab 42.5 ± 3.50ab 33.1 ± 7.05a 33.4 ± 5.88a 35.1 ± 3.41ab 37.5 ± 3.14bc 28.9 ± 6.40a 29.4 ± 5.34a b b 5.38 ± 0.53 6.03 ± 0.39 5.93 ± 0.66b 3.39 ± 0.43a 13.2 ± 1.38b 15.10 ± 1.65b 12.10 ± 2.98b 7.31 ± 2.51a 459.10±3.19 458.90 ± 3.26 443.29 ± 5.04 434.89 ± 5.51 65.20 ± 4.57bc 64.03 ± 4.84bc 7.15 ± 0.70bc 16.90 ± 2.06 14.6 ± 2.68 8.10 ± 1.62 0.87 ± 0.11 0.46 ± 0.03 0 2.76 ± 0.33 4.48 ± 0.22 5.79 ± 0.47 20.50 ± 1.81b 19.50 ± 2.75b 13. 90 ± 1.91a 7.14 ± 0.66b 66.7 ± 6.27c 62.70 ± 5.54b 56.70 ± 6.64a 6.88 ± 0.52a 7.07 ± 0.91b 7.67 ± 0.83 a, b, c Means within same row with different superscripts were significantly different (P <0.05). DMI = Dry matter intake, OMI = organic matter intake, CPI = crude protein intake, CFI = crude fiber intake, DDMI = digestible dry matter intake, DOMI = digestible organic matter intake, DCPI = digestible crude protein intake, DCFI = digestible crude fiber intake, BWG = body weight gain Use of White Kabesak Leaves in Diet of Growing Kacang Goats (E.D.W. Lawa et al.) 259 (68.7±7.14 g/kg BW0.75/day) and the lowest was T4 (49.6±5.40 g/kg BW0.75/day). The decrease of those nutrients intake was not only due to the decrease of concentrate feed intake but more importantly also due to the decrease of native grass intake as a basal diet. The decrease of nutrients intake due to the increase of white kabesak leaves level in the concentrate feed was mostly due to the increase of anti nutritive factors (phenolic compound) and CF. Abdu et al. (2012) stated that the presence of anti nutritive factors especially condensed tannin in some tree leaves decreased feed intake and livestock performance, mainly when the tree leaves are fed in large quantity. However Sedighi-Vesagh et al. (2015) reported feeding diet containing 32% Pistachioby product was not affect significantly by DMI of goat. Significant and decreasing of DM, OM, CP, and CF digestibility and consequently intake of digestible DM, OM, CP, and CF took place also due to the increase of level of white kabesak leaves in the diet from T0 to T4. However, the increase of level of white kabesak leaves in the diet from T0 to T4 affected significantly but not consistently body weight gain, and feed conversion. Body weight gain increased and feed conversion decreased from T0 to T2, but body weight gain decreased and consequently feed conversion increased from T3 to T4. In the other words, goat fed on diet containing 20% white kabesak leaves (T2) showed significantly (P<0.05) highest body weight gain and the lowest feed conversion compared to other treatment feeds. These phenomenon on all variables was most presumably due to the increase of tannin or total phenolic content of the diet with the increase of level of white kabesak leaves in the diet. Sandoval-Castro et al. (2005) reported that phenolic compounds, alkaloids, tannins and aromatic compounds in the diet are known to depress feed palatability hence decreased feed intake, regardless the nutrients content of the feed. Lamy et al. (2011) reported that selection of cattle to feed depends mainly on the palatability of the feed and tannins are usually associated with the decrease of palatability which results in decreased vigor grazing of livestock.Total tannin content of white kabesak leaves in this study is 0.97% and condensed tannin is 0.49% it means that total condensed tannins intake by goat in this research increased from 0; 0.20 ± 0.03; 0.41 ± 0.06; 0.61 ± 0.09;and 0.82 ± 0.13 g/kg DM from T0 to T4, respectively. According Amanullah et al. (2006) 260 and Orwa et al. (2009) white kabesak leaves were poorly given as a single feed for ruminants because it contains fairly nutritious. In addition lower body weight gain on treatment T3 and T4 must also be caused by lower feed intake and digestibility as also reported by Pineiro-Vasquez et al. (2015). The results of this study were not different from those reported by Traiyakun et al. (2011) in goats given feed containing different levels of lamtoro leaf meal 0, 25, 50 and 75 percent as a substitute for soybean meal in feed concentrates; but lower than the goats given legume leaf of Serecia terminalia, Combretum apiculatum and Eulea schimperi as a supplement in the buffel grass basal ration (Aganga and Monyatsiwa, 1999). OM, CP, and CF intake showed also the same phenomenon with the dry material in which the control treatment showed significantly higher consumption than the treatment using white kabesak leaves. Average body weight gain of goats was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the use of white kabesak leaves in feed. Goats fed on feed containing 20% white kabesak leaves (T2) showed the highest body weight gain followed by goats that received rations T0, T1, T3 and T4. The results of this study were similar to that found by Mousa (2011) who reported that the use of acacia forage in the ration of growing sheep up to 40% improved growth performance, economic efficiency, carcass percentage and lower feed costs per kg of body weight. Abegunde et al. (2017) found the best level of combination of Tithonia diversivolia and Veronia amygdalyna in the concentrate feed of 10% as feed supplement for low quality grass fed to goat. Even Rahman et al. (2015) concluded from their research that supplementation with green trees in the feeding system of goats produced higher weight gain, digestibility and nitrogen balance than goats fed on only grass. CONCLUSION The use of white kabesak leaves in the diet of goats at level of 20% showed the best results in feed intake, digestibility, body weight gain and feed conversion. REFERENCES Abdallah, M.S., I.A. Babiker, J.S. Al-Abrahim, A.E. Mohammed, M.M. Elobeid and K.F. J.Indonesian Trop.Anim.Agric. 42(4):255-262, December 2017 Elkhalifa. 2014. Fodder potential and chemical composition of Acacia nilotica fruits for livestock in the drylands of Sudan. Int. J. Plant, Anim. and Environt. Sci.. 4 (1): 366-369. Abdu, S.B., M.R. Hasan, H.Y. Adamu, S.M. Yashimi and M.J. Abdullahi. 2012. Intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance of Acacia auriculate, Gmelina arborea, Albizia lebbeck and Butryos permum parkii by Yankasa bucks. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 2 (2): 121-125. Abegunde, T.O., F.T. Ajayi, J.F. Olona and F. Balogun. 2017. Supplemental value of leaf based concentrates with Panicum maximum hay on performance of West African Dwarf goats. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 12 (9): 723-729. Aganga, A.A. and C.B. Monyatsiwa. 1999. Use of browses (Terminalia serecia, Conbretum apiculatum or Euclea schrimperi) as supplement for growing Tsawana goats. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 31: 295-305. Amanullah, M.M., E. Somasundaram, A. Alagesan, K. Vaiyapuri, S. Pazhanivelan and K. Sathyamoorthi. 2006. Evaluation of some tree species for leaf fodders in Tamil Nadu. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 2(6):552-553. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th Edition. AOAC: Washington, DC. Arulnathan, N. and M. Chellapandian. 2016. Chemical composition of thorney tree leaves available during dry season in North Western zone of Tamil Nadu for goats. Int. J. Sci. Environt. Technol. 5(3):1381-1383. Belachew, Z., K. Yisehak, T. Taye and G.P.C. Janssens. 2013. Chemical composition and in sacco ruminal degradation of tropical trees rich in condensed tannins. Czech. J. Anim. Sci. 58(4):176-192. Bhat, T.K., A. Kannan, B. Singh and O.P. Sharma. 2013. Value addition of feed and fodder by allevating the anti-nutritional effects of tannins. Agric. Res. 2:189-206. Brown, D., J.W. Ng’ambi and D. Norris. 2017. Effect of tanniniferous acacia karroo leaf meal inclusion level on fed intake, digestibility and live weight gain of goats fed a setaria verticillata grass hay-based diet. J. Appl. Anim. Res. (online), 1-6. Fasae, O.S and J.A. Alokan. 2006. Growth performance of weaner Yankassa sheep fed varying levels of Leucaena leucocephala leaf residues. ASSES SERIES A6. 2:323328. Fuah, A.M. and W.A. Pattie. 2013. Productivity of local goats supplemented with Acacia villosa and Corypha gebanga. Med. Pet. 36(1): 4044. Gebeyew, K., K. Beriso, A. Mohamed, G.G/silassie and S. Melaku. 2015. Review on the nutritive value of some selected acacia species for livestock production in dry land areas. J. Adv. Dairy Res. 3:139. Isah, O.A., S.A. Oguntuyo, O. Dawodu, O.O. Diya, M.O. Afolabi and L.A. Ominiyi. 2013. Feed utilization, rumen parameters and microbial profile of goats fed different tropical browse plants with Pennisetum purpureum as basal diet. The Pacific J. Sci. Technol. 14:397-405. Jamala, G.Y., I.L. Tarinbuka, D. Moris and S. Mahai. 2013. The scope and potentials of fodder trees shrubs in agroforestry. IOSRJAVS. 5:11-17. Jayaprakash, G., K. Shyama, P. Gangadevi, K. Ally, K.S. Anil, K. A. K. Raj, M. Sathiyabarathi and M.A. Robert. 2016. Biomass yield and chemical composition of calliandra calothyrsus, Desmanthus virgatus and Stylosanthes hamata. Int. J. Sci, Environt. and Technol. 5 (4):2290-2295. Johnson, W.L., J.A. Van Eys and H.A. Fitzhugh. 1986. Sheep and goats in tropical and subtropical agricultural systems. J. Anim Sci. 63:1587-1599. Lamy, E., H. Rawel, F.J. Schweigert, F.C.E. Silva, A. Ferreira, A. R. Costa, C. Antunes, A.M. Almeida, A.V. Coelho and E. Sales-Baptista. 2011. The effect of tannins on Mediterranean ruminant ingestive behavior: The role of the oral cavity. Molecules. 16:2766-2784. Mokoboki, H.K. 2011. Effect of species within season on techniques used to measure nutritive value and anti-nutritional factors in browse tree leaves. Life Sci. Journal. 8 (52):112-119 Mousa, M.R.M. 2011. Effect of feeding acacia as supplements on the nutrient digestion, growth performance, carcass traits and some blood constituents of Awassi lambs under the conditions of North Sinai. Asian J. Anim. Sci. 5(2):102-117. Muir, J.P., W.D. Pitman, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr. and J.L. Foster. 2014. The future of warmseason, tropical and subtropical forage Use of White Kabesak Leaves in Diet of Growing Kacang Goats (E.D.W. Lawa et al.) 261 legumes in sustainable pastures and ranglands. African. J. Range & Forage Sci. 31:187-198. National Research Council. 2006. Nutrient requirements of sheep and goats. Committee on Nutrient Requirement of Small Ruminants. National Academies Press, Washington DC. National Research Council. 2007. Nutrient Requirement of Small Ruminant. National Academic Press. Olivares-Perez, J., F. Aviles-Nova, S. RojasHernandez, B. Albarran-Portilo and O.A. C.Ortega. 2011. Identification uses and measurement of foffers legumes trees in southfarmers of the State of Mexico. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems.14:739-748. Ondiek, J.O., P.B. Ogore, E.K. Shakala and G.M. Kaburu. 2013. Feed intake, digestibility and performance of growing small East African goats offered maize (Zea mays) stover supplemented with Balanites aegyptiaca and Acacia tortilis leaf forages. Basic Res. J. Agric. Sci. Rev. 2 (1) : 21-22. Orwa, C., A. Mutua, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass and A. Simons. 2009. Agroforestree database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya. Pinero-Vazquez, A.T., J.R. Canul-Solis, J.A. Alayon-Gamboa, A.J. Chay-Canul, A.J. Ayala-Burgos, C.F. Aguilar-Perez, F.J. Solorio-Sanchez and J.C. Ku-Vera. 2015. Potential of condensed tannins for the reduction of emission of enteric methane and their effect on ruminant productivity. Arch. Med. Vet. 47:263-272. Rahman, Z., A. Akbar, A. Hossain and Y. Ali. 2015. Effect of tree forage supplementation on growth performance of goats. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 1(2):2009-2015. Rodriquez, R., N. Gonzalez, A. Ramirez, S. Gomes, O. Moreira, L. Sarduy and Y. Medina. 2014. Tannins of tropical shurb like legumes: their effect on protein protection of 262 soybean meal. Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 48(3): 247-252. Sandoval-Castro, C.A., H.L. Lizarraga-Sanchez and F.J. Solorio-Sanchez. 2005. Assesment of tree fodders preference by cattle using chemical composition, in vitro gas production and in situ degradability. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 123-124:277-289. Sedighi-Vesagh, R., A.A. Naserian., M.H. Ghaffari and H.V. Petit. 2015. Effects of Pistachio by-product on digestibility, milk production, milk fatty acids profile and blood metabolites in Saanen dairy goats. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 99: 777-787. Sharifi, M., A.A. Naserin and H. Khorasani. 2013. Effect of tannin extract from Pistachiobyproduct on in vitro gas production. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 3 (4): 667-671. Sollenberger, L.E., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr. and J.P. Muir. 2014. Establishment and management of legume-grass pastures. In : O.G. Pereira, D.M. da Fonseca, K.G. Ribeiro, F.H.M. Chizzotti (eds.), 7th Symposium on Strategic Management of Pasture/5th International Symposium on Animal Production Under Grazing. Visconde do Rio Branco: Superma 2014. P. 135-178. Sultana, N., A.R. Alimun, K.S. Huque, M. Baba and J. Hossain. 2015. Evaluation of Moringa foliage (Moringa oleifera) as goat fed. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 5 (4): 865-871. Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics with Special Reference to the Biological Sciences. McGraw Hill, New York. Traiyakun, S., W. Harakord, C. Yuangklang and P. Paengkoum. 2011. Leucaena leucocephala meal as replacement to soybean meal in growing goat diets. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. A. 1:1150-1154. Wina, E. 2010. Utilization of tannin containing shrub legumes for small ruminant production in Indonesia. Wartazoa. 20(1): 21-30. J.Indonesian Trop.Anim.Agric. 42(4):255-262, December 2017