Mycological Progress (2019) 18:847–854 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-019-01494-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Bifusisporella sorghi gen. et sp. nov. (Magnaporthaceae) to accommodate an endophytic fungus from Brazil Rejane M. F. Silva 1 & Rafael J. V. Oliveira 1 & Jadson D. P. Bezerra 1 & José L. Bezerra 2 & Cristina M. Souza-Motta 1 & Gladstone A. Silva 1 Received: 4 November 2018 / Revised: 5 April 2019 / Accepted: 16 April 2019 # German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract An investigation of endophytic fungi on healthy leaves of Sorghum bicolor in Brazil led to the identification of an interesting fungus. Based on morphological features and multi-locus analyses, including ITS and LSU nrDNA, rpb1, and tef1 sequences, we propose a new genus, Bifusisporella, in the family Magnaporthaceae. The isolates exhibited a phialidic asexual morph with the following characteristics: curved conidiogenous cells, elongated, cylindrical or clavate, solitary or aggregate. Dimorphic conidia: macroconidia curved, falcate, hyaline, smooth, non-septate, guttulate, tapering at both ends; microconidia falcate, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, smooth, non-septate, hyphopodia are brown, smooth, elongated, and multi-lobulate. Keywords Endophytes . Fungal taxonomy . Phylogeny . Sorghum Introduction Classification of the family Magnaporthaceae was proposed by Cannon (1994) to accommodate the genus Magnaporthe and related genera, Buergenerula, Clasterosphaeria, Gaeumannomyces, Herbampulla, and Omnidemptus. In rece nt y ear s, th e n umbe r o f t ax a c lassif i ed und er Magnaporthaceae has increased with the introduction of new genera, such as Magnaporthiopsis (Luo and Zhang 2013); Bussabanomyces, Kohlmeyeriopsis, and Slopeiomyces (Klaubauf et al. 2014); Pseudophialophora (Luo et al. 2014); Falciphora (Luo et al. 2015); Neogaeumannomyces (Liu et al. 2015); Budhanggurabania (Crous et al. 2015); and Falciphoriella and Gaeumannomycella (HernándezRestrepo et al. 2016). Currently, the family includes 23 genera Responsible editor: Gerhard Rambold * Gladstone A. Silva gladstonesilva@yahoo.com 1 Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Centro de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-901, Brazil 2 Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Centro, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil and more than a 100 species (Thongkantha et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2011; Klaubauf et al. 2014; Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2016; Luo et al. 2017; Crous et al. 2017; Wijayawardene et al. 2018). Magnaporthaceous fungi are characterised by globose to subglobose perithecial ascomata with long necks. These ascomata, which are immersed in plant tissues, display setae, unitunicate cylindrical asci, and morphologically variable ascospores that are septate and filiform or spindle-shaped. The asexual morphs exhibit simple, unbranched, or branched conidiophores terminating in integrated conidiogenous cells that are pigmented and phialidic with collarettes, and denticulate conidia that are hyaline to pale brown, septate to aseptate, variable in shape and straight or curved. Lobed appressoria are usually present and sclerotia may be observed in some genera (Cannon 1994; Klaubauf et al. 2014). Magnaporthaceae are found in various plant parts, including leaves, stems, roots, and wood (Shearer 1989; Yuan et al. 2010). Most members are necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic parasites that infect the root systems of Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Nakataea and Gaeumannomyces are known pathogens of economic crops (Klaubauf et al. 2014). The family also includes saprobic species associated with the decomposition of debris in bamboo (Liu et al. 2015), dead branches of trees (Ma et al. 2014), and submerged wood (Shearer 1989; Luo et al. 2004). Several species of endophytes which do not cause disease symptoms have been found in association with 848 plants. For example, Pseudophialophora sorghi was described as a new endophyte of Sorghum bicolor roots in Brazil (Crous et al. 2017), and P. panicorum, P. eragrostis, P. schizachyrii, and Magnaporthiopsis panicorum were found in healthy grass roots in New Jersey, USA (Luo et al. 2014). Bussabanomyces longisporus, Gaeumannomyces amomi, and Harpophora oryzae are endophytic species found in leaves of Amomum siamense and roots of Oryza granulata, respectively (Bussaban et al. 2001; Yuan et al. 2010; Klaubauf et al. 2014). During our investigation of endophytic fungi in healthy leaves of Sorghum bicolor in Brazil, two isolates that were morphological and phylogenetically distinct from other known Magnaporthaceae genera were found. Based on these results, a new genus, Bifusisporella, is proposed. Materials and methods Fungal isolation Healthy leaves of Sorghum bicolor were collected from an experimental cultivation of the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco (Goiana, Pernambuco, Brazil). The leaves were transported to the laboratory and processed within 24 h. The samples were washed with tap water to remove dust particles from the surface. Discs of size 6 mm were cut from the leaves using a sterile cork perforator, disinfected with 70% alcohol for 30 s and 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 2 min, and washed twice with sterile distilled water to remove the sodium hypochlorite (Araújo et al. 2002; modified). The disinfected discs were plated on malt extract agar (MEA) containing chloramphenicol (50 mg/L) and incubated at room temperature (28 ± 2 °C). Fungal cultures were isolated and purified by subculturing from emergent hyphal tips. Morphological study Isolates were cultured on MEA and potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 °C under daylight conditions for up to 4 weeks. Following 7 and 25 days of incubation, the diameter of the colonies was measured, and its morphology was described. Colony colours on the surface and reverse were assessed according to the colour charts of Rayner (1970). Micromorphological descriptions were obtained via cultures grown for 10 days. At least 10 conidiogenous cells, 30 macroconidia and microconidia and 10 hyphopodia were measured for mean size. Reference strains are deposited in the URM culture collection (Micoteca URM Profa. Maria Auxiliadora Cavalcanti), and prepared microscope slides are deposited in the URM herbarium (Herbário URM Padre Camillle Torrend) at the Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. Mycol Progress (2019) 18:847–854 DNA extraction, amplification, and sequence analyses Biomass was obtained from cultures grown on MEA after 7 days at 25 °C. DNA was extracted using the CTAB method based on the protocol described by Griffiths et al. (2000). To amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the large subunit (LSU) of nuclear rDNA, the respective primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and LR0R/LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990) were used, and PCR conditions described by Oliveira et al. (2014) were followed. To amplify the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb1), the primer pair RPB1-Ac/ RPB1-Cr was used (Matheny et al. 2002; Castlebury et al. 2004). The translation elongation factor, 1-α (tef1), was amplified using the primer pair, EF1-983F/EF1–2218R (Carbone and Kohn 1999; Rehner and Buckley 2005). PCR-based amplification of rpb1 and tef1 genes was conducted under conditions described by Zhang et al. (2011). The same PCR primer sets were used with a BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit v.3.1 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) for amplicon sequencing, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Sequence assembly and editing were performed using Pregap4 and Gap4 in the Staden package (Staden et al. 2000) and deposited in GenBank (Table 1). Phylogenetic analyses In order to analyse phylogenetic relationships between the isolated Magnaporthaceae endophytes, the ITS and LSU nrDNA, rpb1 and tef1 sequences from members of the Magnaporthaceae and Pyriculariaceae were obtained from GenBank and aligned with the sequences generated in the present study (Table 1), using Ophioceras leptosporum (CBS 894.70) and O. dolichostomum (CBS 114926) (Ophioceraceae) as the outgroup. Alignment was generated using the MAFFT v.7 interface (Katoh and Standley 2013) and adjusted using MEGA v.7 (Kumar et al. 2016). Bayesian inference (BI) was performed with MrBayes on XSEDE in the CIPRES science gateway (http://www. phylo.org/), and maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was performed using the RAxML-HPC BlackBox (8.2.8) (Stamatakis et al. 2008) in the CIPRES science gateway. The best nucleotide model was estimated using MrModelTest v.2.3 (Nylander 2004). The BI was conducted with 1 million generations and a burning value of 25%, and the ML was analysed using 1000 bootstrap replications. Branches with full support in BI posterior probability (BPP) and ML bootstrap (ML-BS) were thickened. Values less than 0.95 BPP and 70% ML-BS are not shown. The alignment was deposited in TreeBASE (study ID S23947). GenBank accession numbers of type and/or references strains used in this study Taxa Strain numbersa Country: locality Host, substrate GenBank accession numbers ITS Barretomyces calatheae Bambusicularia brunnea Bifusisporella sorghi Bussabanomyces longisporus LSU RPB1 TEF1 CBS 129274 = CPC 18464 CBS 133599 = MAFF 240225 = INA-B-92-45(Ss-1J) CBS 133600 = MAFF 240226 = INA-B-93-19(Ph-1 J) URM 7442 Brazil: Minas Gerais Japan: Aichi Calathea longifolia Sasa sp. KM484831 KM484950 KM485045 – KM484830 KM484948 KM485043 – Japan: Aichi Phyllostachys bambusoides AB274436 Brazil: Pernambuco MK060155 MK060153 MK060159 MK060157 URM 7864 Brazil: Pernambuco CBS 125232 Thailand Sorghum bicolor, endophyte from leaves Sorghum bicolor, endophyte from leaves Amomum siamense, leaves KM484832 KM484951 KM485046 KM009202 USA China Netherlands Spartina alterniflora, leaves Oryza sativa, root, endophyte Soil in potato field JX134666 DQ341492 JX134720 JX134692 EU636699 KJ026705 KJ026706 JN857963 KM484842 KM484959 KM485058 – KM484837 KM484854 KM485053 KX306681 KX306495 KX306565 KX306630 KX306698 KX306478 KX306548 KX306671 KX306675 Buergenerula spartinae ATCC 22848 Falciphora oryzae CBS 125863 = R5-6-1 Falciphoriella solaniterrestris CBS 117.83 KM484949 KM485044 – MK060156 MK060154 MK060160 MK060158 Gaeumannomyces arxii CBS 903.73 = DAR 23471 Australia G. graminis CPC 26020 = CBS 141384 USA G. graminicola Gaeumannomycella caricis CPC 26025 = CBS 141381 CPC 26262 = CBS 141374 USA UK Pennisetum clandestinum, (kikuyu grass), stolon Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis Stenotaphrum secundatum Carex rostrata Kohlmeyeriopsis medullaris Macgarvieomyces borealis CBS 388.81 CBS 117849 = JK5528S CBS 461.65 UK USA UK: Scotland Carex rostrata Juncus roemerianus Juncus effusus, leaf spots KM484843 KM484960 – KX306674 KM484852 KM484968 KM485068 – MH858669 DQ341511 KM485070 KM009198 M. juncicola Magnaporthaceae, incertae sedis Magnaporthiopsis sp. CBS 610.82 CPC 26284 = GP57 Netherlands UK Juncus effusus, stem base Triticum aestivum KM484855 KM484970 KM485071 KM009201 KX306546 KX306616 – KX306677 CPC 26038 USA Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis KX306545 KX306615 KX306672 KX306676 M. incrustans M. maydis M35 CBS 133165 = ATCC MYA-3356 CBS 662.82A M23 M48 CBS 332.53 CBS 252.34 CBS 288.52 – Israel Egypt – USA USA: Arkansas Burma Japan: Takada M. poae Nakataea sp. N. oryzae Thailand South Korea: Hongcheon Dead culm of bamboo (Bambusae) Commelina communis, leaves KX306498 KX306568 KX306633 KX306701 JF414843 KX306544 KM484856 JF414834 JF414837 KM484867 KM484862 KM484864 JF414892 KX306614 KM484971 JF414846 – KM484981 KM484976 KM484978 JF710437 – KM485072 JF710432 JF710434 KM485083 KM485078 KM485080 – – – – – – – – KP744449 KP744492 – – FJ850125 KM484984 KM485086 KM009199 849 Neogaeumannomyces MFLUCC11-0390 bambusicola Neopyricularia commelinicola CBS 128307 = KACC 44083 Zea mays Zea mays Poa pratensis Poa pratensis Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Oryza sativa, stem Mycol Progress (2019) 18:847–854 Table 1 850 Table 1 (continued) Taxa Strain numbersa CBS 128308 Country: locality Omnidemptus affinis ATCC 200212 South Korea: Hongcheon Australia Ophioceras dolichostomum O. leptosporum CBS 114926 = HKUCC 3936 = KM 8 CBS 894.70 = ATCC 24161 = HME 2955 Hong Kong UK: England CBS 132355 = MAFF 240221 = HYZiM101-11-1 (Z-1J) CBS 133594 = MAFF 240222 = HYZiM201-0-1 (Z-2J) Pseudophialophora eragrostis CM12m9 Pseudopyricularia cyperi CBS 133595 = MAFF 240229 = HYCI201-1-1(Ci-1J) P. kyllingae CBS 133597 = MAFF 240227 = HYKB202-1-2(K-1J) Pyricularia grisea BR0029 CR0024 Proxipyricularia zingiberis Host, substrate Commelina communis, leaves GenBank accession numbers ITS LSU RPB1 TEF1 FJ850122 JX134674 KX134686 JX134728 JX134677 JX134678 JX134689 JX134690 Japan: Hyogo Panicum effusum var. effusum grass leaves Wood Dead stem of dicot plant (probably Urtica dioica) Zingiber mioga AB274433 KM484987 KM485090 – Japan: Hyogo Zingiber mioga AB274434 KM484988 KM485091 – USA Japan: Hyogo Eragrostis sp. Cyperus iria KF689648 KF689638 KF689618 KM484872 KM484990 AB818013 Japan: Hyogo Kyllinga brevifolia KM484876 KM484992 KM485096 KT950880 Brazil: Goias, Goiana South Korea: Suwon Digitaria sanguinalis Lolium perenne Ctenanthe oppenheimiana KM484880 KM484995 KM485100 – KM484882 KM484997 KM485102 – KM484878 KM484994 KM485098 – KM484890 KM485000 KM485110 – KM484944 KM485040 KM485158 JX134693 KM484946 KM485042 KM485160 KM009203 P. ctenantheicola GR0001 = Ct-4 = ATCC 200218 P. oryzae Slopeiomyces cylindrosporus CBS 365.52 = MUCL 9451 CBS 609.75 Greece: Almyros, imported from Brazil via Netherlands Japan: Nagano UK Utrechtiana cibiessia CBS 128780 = CPC 18916 Netherlands: Utrecht – Grass root, associated with Phialophora graminicola Phragmites australis, leaves Xenopyricularia zizaniicola CBS 132356 = MAFF 240220 = KYZL201-1-1 (Zz-2J) Japan: Kyoto Zizania latifolia JF951153 KM484985 KM485087 – JX134700 JF951176 JX134731 JX134732 JX134703 JX134704 KF689628 – KM485047 – Sequences obtained in this study are shown in bold a Mycol Progress (2019) 18:847–854 ATCC: American Type Culture Collection, Virginia, USA. CBS: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands. CPC: Culture collection of Pedro Crous, housed at Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. DAR: Plant Pathology Herbarium, Orange Agricultural Institute, Forest Road, Orange. HKUCC: The University of Hong Kong Culture Collection, Hong Kong, China. MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Ria, Thailand. MUCL: Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. KACC: Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea. MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. URM: Culture collection Prof. Maria Auxiliadora Cavalcanti, Recife, Brazil. For other codes, see the GenBank submissions and references Mycol Progress (2019) 18:847–854 Results A Bayesian inference tree was constructed using concatenated alignment with ITS and LSU nrDNA, rpb1, and tef1 markers (Fig. 1). A total of 2589 nucleotide characters, including gaps, were used (683 for ITS, 820 for LSU, 630 for rpb1, and 470 for tef1). MrModeltest proposed the GTR + I + G model for each locus (ITS, LSU, rpb1, and tef1) which was used as the Fig. 1 Bayesian inference (BI) tree obtained by phylogenetic analysis using a combined ITS and LSU nrDNA, rpb1, and tef1 sequences of 41 members of Magnaporthaceae and Pyriculariaceae. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) above 0.95 and bootstrap support values from maximum likelihood (ML-BS) above 70% are indicated at the nodes (BPP/ 851 most optimal substitution model in the BI and ML analyses for each gene and combined dataset. Phylogenetic analyses based on the ML method and BI using ITS, LSU, rpb1, and tef1 as independent datasets were also performed (data not shown), and yielded similar topologies as presented in the combined tree. The BI tree showed that the sequences obtained from the endophytic fungi were clustered, forming a single well-supported clade in Magnaporthaceae (BPP = 1 and ML-BS = ML-BS). Branches with full support in BPP and ML-BS are thickened. Species with sequences obtained in this study are in boldface. Ophioceras dolichostomum (CBS 114926) and O. leptosporum (CBS 894.70) (Ophioceraceae) were used as outgroup 852 100%), close to Omnidemptus, which was also a distinct lineage. Taxonomy Bifusisporella R.M.F. Silva, R.J.V. Oliveira, J.D.P. Bezerra, J.L. Bezerra, C.M. Souza-Motta, & G.A. Silva, gen. nov. MycoBank: MB828222. Etymology: Name refers to the capacity of the fungus to produce dimorphic conidia. Mycelium is septate, branched, smooth, and hyaline to pale brown. Conidiophores are reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells are phialidic, curvate, elongated, cylindrical or clavate, pale brown, and solitary or aggregate. Conidia are dimorphic. Macroconidia are curved, falcate, hyaline, smooth, non-septate, guttulate, and tapering to pointed ends. Microconidia are falcate, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, smooth, and non-septate. Hyphopodia are brown, smooth, elongate, and multi-lobulate. Type of species: Bifusisporella sorghi. Bifusisporella sorghi R.M.F. Silva, R.J.V. Oliveira, J.D.P. Bezerra, J.L. Bezerra, C.M. Souza-Motta & G.A. Silva, sp. nov. (Fig. 2). MycoBank: MB828223. Etymology: Name refers to the host plant, Sorghum bicolor, from which the fungus was isolated. Description on MEA. Hyphae are hyaline when young and turn pale brown with age, occasionally producing structures similar to trapping loops and 2–3 μm in diameter. Conidiophores are reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells are curvate, elongated, cylindrical or Mycol Progress (2019) 18:847–854 clavate, slightly curved at the apex, pale brown, solitary or aggregate, and ((5) 9.5–14.5 (19.5) × 3–4) μm. Conidia are dimorphic. Macroconidia are curved, falcate, hyaline, smooth, non-septate, guttulate, tapering to pointed ends, and ((19) 23–30 (34) × 3–4). Microconidia are falcate, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, smooth, non-septate, produced either from a conidiogenous cell or directly from the hyphae, and ((7) 10–11.5 (14.5) × 1–2) μm. Chlamydospores are rarely observed, globose to subglobose, intercalary, terminal, single, and pale brown. Hyphopodia are brown, smooth, elongated, multi-lobulate, and (15) 18–20 (27.5) × 7.5–10 (12.5) μm. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA after 7 days at 25 °C, reaching 28 mm in diameter. Aerial mycelia are sparse, with an olivaceous-grey surface and a pale brown reverse. Colonies on MEA reached 28 mm in diameter, and are floccose greyish, and a pale buff reverse. Material examined: Brazil, Pernambuco state, Goiana municipality, Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco (IPA), isolated as an endophyte from leaves of Sorghum bicolor, Aug. 2013, R.M.F. Silva (holotype URM 91354, ex-type culture URM 7442); ibid. URM 7864. Discussion The family Magnaporthaceae consists of several genera, including Magnaporthe, Gaeumannomyces, and Buergenerula, that are pathogens of monocotyledonous plants (Cannon 1994). Magnaporthaceae also includes endophytic taxa, such as Bussabanomyces (Klaubauf et al. 2014), Pseudophialophora (Luo et al. 2014), and Falciphora (Luo et al. 2015). The new genus Bifusisporella was isolated living Fig. 2 Bifusisporella sorghi (URM 7442). a, b Conidiogenous cells and macroconidia. c Conidiogenous cells and macroconidia and microconidia. d, e Conidiogenous cells and microconidia. f Microconidia. g–i Hyphopodia. Scale bars 10 μm Mycol Progress (2019) 18:847–854 as an endophyte of healthy sorghum leaves in Brazil. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, rpb1, and tef1, using sequences of 43 representative taxa belonging to 24 genera distributed amongst Magnaporthaceae, Pyriculariaceae, and Ophioceraceae, including asexual morphological characters such as macroconidia and microconidia production, confirmed that Bifusisporella is a separate genus, even when compared to Omnidemptus, which is the phylogenetically closest genus. By current phylogenetic inference, Bifusisporella is closely related to Omnidemptus (Fig. 1). The genus Omnidemptus differs from Bifusisporella by having an asexual morph with sporodochial conidiomata (Cannon and Alcorn 1994). Other genera belonging to Magnaporthaceae can be morphologically and ecologically differentiated from Bifusisporella, as such as Neogaeumannomyces described by Liu et al. (2015), which was reported as saprobic on decaying bamboo culms in Thailand and having sexual morphological characters and asexual morph undetermined. The genera Slopeiomyces and Kohlmeyeriopsis, originally described in grass roots in the UK (Hornby et al. 1977) and dead culms of Juncus roemerianus in North Carolina (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1995), respectively, are phylogenetically related to Bifusisporella. Species of Slopeiomyces may be distinguished from Bifusisporella by their asexual morphs phialophora-like, conidiogenous cells developing on hyphae with flared collarette, producing conidia curved or sigmoid. Members of Kohlmeyeriopsis differ from Bifusisporella by possessing a trichocladium-like asexual morph, with ellipsoidal conidia (Klaubauf et al. 2014). B i f u s i s p o re l l a i s m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y s i m i l a r t o Gaeumannomyces since it produces conidiophores that are reduced to phialidic conidiogenous cells, dimorphic conidia, falcate, and by the presence of hyphopodia. On the other hand, Bifusisporella differs from Gaeumannomyces by the absence of conidiogenous cells with funnel-shaped collarettes and branched and verticillate conidiophores. The species that is morphologically closest to Bifusisporella sorghi is G. walkeri, which also produces dimorphic conidia and phialidic conidiogenous cells. However, G. walkeri differs from B. sorghi by producing branched seminematous to macronematous, often verticillate conidiophores and conidiogenous cells with a funnel-shaped collarette. Besides G. walkeri possesses conidia which are initially fusiform and, after 14 days, lunate, slightly to strongly curved (HernándezRestrepo et al. 2016), whilst B. sorghi macroconidia are curved and falcate and its microconidia are also falcate. Despite Bifusisporella sharing morphological similarities with Gaeumannomyces, they are phylogenetically very distant. Bifusisporella also resembles Gaeumannomycella spp. and Falciphoriella spp. in their phialidic asexual morphs. However, Gaeumannomycella species have slightly differentiated, hyaline conidiophores, lunate or cylindrical conidia and 853 conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous collarettes. Falciphoriella species can be distinguished from Bifusisporella by branched conidiophores, mainly fusiform and sometimes obovoid conidia and conidiogenous cells with a cylindrical- to funnel-shaped collarette (HernándezRestrepo et al. 2016). Bussabanomyces, Falciphora, and Pseudophialophora were described as fungal endophytes of Amomum siamense leaves, Oryza spp. roots, and Poaceae roots, respectively (Klaubauf et al. 2014; Luo et al. 2014, 2015). Bussabanomyces is mainly characterised by macronematous conidiophores and obclavate and septate conidia. Falciphora produce branched conidiophores, conidiogenous cells with collarettes and conidia aggregated in slimy heads. Pseudophialophora produce single or branched conidiophores and oblong to ellipsoidal conidia aggregated in slimy heads. These characteristics are different from those of Bifusisporella, which has conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells and dimorphic conidia. All these genera are phylogenetically very distant from Bifusisporella. Magnaporthaceae contains many economically important species. The new genus described here apparently does not cause disease in the host, suggesting that future studies are needed to better understand the ecological function of sorghum-fungus interaction. A deeper knowledge of the diversity of endophytic fungi associated with crop plant tissues is important, and these studies may provide information, which may be useful in further improving the current understanding of worldwide fungal biodiversity. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Finance Code 001), the Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (FACEPE), and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for providing fellowships (PQ Processes 312186/ 2016-9 and 312146/2014-0) and financial support to this research. References Araújo WL, Lima AOS, Azevedo JL, Marcon J, Sobral JLP (2002) Manual: isolamento de microrganismos endofíticos. 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