Cryptogamie, Mycologie, 2014, 35 (1): 51-62
© 2014 Adac. Tous droits réservés
Over 200 new lichen records from Sri Lanka,
with three new species to science
Gothamie WEERAKOONa & André APTROOTb*
a
Department of Botany, Field Museum, 1400 South Lakeshore Drive,
Chicago, IL 60605-2496, U.S.A.
bABL
Herbarium, G.v.d.Veenstraat 107, NL-3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands
Abstract – Two hundred and seven lichen species are newly reported from Sri Lanka, eight
of which were previously thought to be endemic in India; 91 species are new to the Indian
subcontinent, and four to Asia, and three are described here as new to science: Astrothelium
nitidulum which has 7-septate ascospores with diamond-shaped lumina, mostly simple
ascomata in shiny olive pseudostromata and an inspersed hamathecium; Heterodermia
queensberryi which is similar to Heterodermia propagulifera but with a corona of lobules
around the apothecia; and Malmidea papillosa, which is similar to Malmidea granifera but
has regular warts and lacks medulla in the excipulum.
Indian subcontinent / Astrothelium / Heterodermia / Malmidea / Malmideaceae /
Physciaceae / Trypetheliaceae
INTRODUCTION
The lichen flora of Sri Lanka remains largely undescribed (Weerakoon et al.,
2012; Weerakoon & Aptroot, 2013).
This paper reports a large number of new records for the country and is
primarily based on the private collection of C. Cloonan (a naturalist living in
Chicago), which was recently donated to the first author. The specimens were
mainly collected in the early 90s in the Central province of Sri Lanka. They are
from the wet and dry zones as well as from the central mountains. Among these
specimens were also three species new to science that are described and
illustrated here.
One is a species of Astrothelium which has 7-septate ascospores with
diamond-shaped lumina, mostly simple ascomata in shiny olive pseudostromata
and an inspersed hamathecium.
The second new species found in the material is a Heterodermia
resembling H. propagulifera but with a spectacular corona of lobules around the
apothecia. It is somewhat surprising that a new species of Heterodermia was
found shortly after publishing a key to the species of Heterodermia known from
Sri Lanka (Weerakoon & Aptroot, 2013).
The last new species found is a species of Malmidea that resembles
Malmidea granifera but has regular warts with yellow medulla, but lacks medulla
* Corresponding author: andreaptroot@gmail.com
doi/10.7872/crym.v35.iss1.2014.51
52
G. Weerakoon & A. Aptroot
in the excipulum. In this way it is somewhat intermediary between the two major
groups within the genus, one with medulla in apothecium margin and thallus, and
one without these.
It is especially striking that in a previous recent paper (Weerakoon &
Aptroot, 2013), new species were described from Sri Lanka that belonged to two
of the genera from which here additional species are described, viz. Heterodermia
and Malmidea. Apparently, these genera are especially diverse in Sri Lanka.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Identification and descriptive work was carried out in Soest (the
Netherlands) using an Olympus SZX7 stereomicroscope and an Olympus BX50
compound microscope with interference contrast, connected to a Nikon Coolpix
digital camera. All measurements have been made on sections mounted in tap
water. The specimens from this study are primarily preserved in F, with some
duplicates in PDA, and (only isotypes of the newly described species) in ABL (see
table 1 for collecting numbers). The chemistry of the type specimen of each new
species has been investigated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using solvent
A and by observing extract recrystallization in acetone with a compound
microscope (Orange et al., 2001). Chemical reactions were applied directly on the
medulla and on acetone extracts on filter paper.
TAXONOMY
Table 1 lists 207 lichen species that are all new reports for Sri Lanka. Of
these, eight were previously thought to be endemic in India, 91 are new to the
Indian subcontinent, whereas Bulbothrix hypocraea (Vain.) Hale, Herpothallon
fertile Aptroot & Lucking, Megalotremis lateralis Aptroot, and Pyrenula
inframamillana Aptroot & M. Cácere are first records to Asia.
Table 1. New records for Sri Lanka
No.
Status
Anisomeridium albisedum (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
6125
New record for Indian subcontinent
Anisomeridium polycarpum (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
7003
New record for Indian subcontinent
Anisomeridium subprostans (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
9993
Anisomeridium tarmugliense (Makhija & Patw.) R.C. Harris 6007C
Arthonia calcicola Nyl.
Arthonia redingeri Grube
6990
New record for Indian subcontinent
9993G
New record for Indian subcontinent
Arthopyrenia cinchonae (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
6127
Arthopyrenia majuscula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
6871
Arthopyrenia planorbis (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Arthothelium confertum (A.L. Sm.) Makhija & Patw.
New record for Indian subcontinent
Not endemic to India
6778
6871B
New record for Indian subcontinent
Not endemic to India
Over 200 new lichen records from Sri Lanka, with three new species to science
Table 1. New records for Sri Lanka (continued)
No.
Status
Astrothelium cinnamomeum Müll. Arg.
6039
New record for Indian subcontinent
Astrothelium galbineum Kremp.
6111
New record for Indian subcontinent
Bacidia medialis (Tuck.) Zahlbr.
6136
Bacidia millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr.
6456
Bacidiopsora psorina (Nyl.) Kalb
6458
Bathelium feei (C.F.W. Meissn.) Aptroot
6459
New record for Indian subcontinent
Buellia morehensis Kr.P. Singh & S.R. Singh
6460
Not endemic to India
Buellia tincta H. Magn.
6461
New record for Indian subcontinent
Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale
6236
Bulbothrix hypocraea (Vain.) Hale
6237
Bulbothrix setschwanensis (Zahlbr.) Hale
6504F
Bunodophoron macrocarpum (Ohlsson) Wedin
6985C
Caloplaca crenularia (With.) J.R. Laundon
6400
Canoparmelia owariensis (Asahina) Elix
6530
Catillaria leptocheiloides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
6698
Cladonia cartilaginea Müll. Arg.
6402
Cladonia corniculata Ahti & Kashiw.
6403
Cladonia fruticulosa Kremp.
6271
Cladonia homchantarae Ahti & Parnmen
6949
Cladonia humilis (With.) J.R. Laundon
6995A
Cladonia kurokawae Ahti & S. Stenroos
6955B
Cladonia mauritiana Ahti & J.C. David
6955C
New record for Asia
New record for Indian subcontinent
New record for Indian subcontinent
Cladonia mongkolsukii Parnmen & Ahti
6525
New record for Indian subcontinent
Cladonia phyllopoda (Vain.) S. Stenroos
6859
New record for Indian subcontinent
Cladonia singhii Ahti & P.K. Dixit
6859B
Cladonia subdelicatula Vain. ex Asahina
6700
Cladonia submultiformis Asahina
6355
Coccocarpia stellata Tuck.
6802
Coenogonium isidiatum (G. Thor & V{zda) Lücking,
Aptroot & Sipman
6490
Coenogonium linkii Ehrenb.
0025B
Cratiria obscurior (Stirt.) Marbach & Kalb
6703
Cratiria rutilans Marbach
6918
Cresponea plurilocularis (Nyl.) Egea & Torrente
6920
Cresponea proximata (Nyl.) Egea & Torrente
Crocynia gossypina (Sw.) A. Massal.
New record for Indian subcontinent
New record for Indian subcontinent
New record for Indian subcontinent
New record for Indian subcontinent
0003B
6654
Crocynia pyxinoides Nyl.
0004C
New record for Indian subcontinent
Dictyonema thelephora (Spreng.) Zahlbr.
0005A
New record for Indian subcontinent
Dirinaria purpurascens (Vain.) B.J. Moore
6006A
New record for Indian subcontinent
Enterographa mesomela Sparrius, Saipunk. & Wolseley
7008
53
54
G. Weerakoon & A. Aptroot
Table 1. New records for Sri Lanka (continued)
No.
Fuscopannaria coerulescens P.M. Jørg.
6285A
Fuscopannaria dissecta P.M. Jørg.
6284F
Haematomma accolens (Stirt.) Hillmann
6924B
Haematomma flexuosum Hillmann
0044F
Hafellia curatellae (Malme) Marbach
0055C
Hafellia parastata (Nyl.) Kalb
6918A
Herpothallon albidum (Fée) Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor
Status
6931
New record for Indian subcontinent
New record for Indian subcontinent
New record for Indian subcontinent
New record for Indian subcontinent
Herpothallon fertile Aptroot & Lücking
9976B
New record for Asia
Herpothallon philippinum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking
6665A
New record for Indian subcontinent
6019
New record for Indian subcontinent
Heterodermia circinalis (Zahlbr.) W.A. Weber
Heterodermia dactyliza (Nyl.) Swinscow & Krog
0025C
Heterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) W.L. Culb.
0038F
Hypogymnia fragillima (Hillmann) Rass.
8017
Hypotrachyna awasthii Hale & Patw.
8020
Hypotrachyna brevirhiza (Kurok.) Hale
8037
Hypotrachyna infirma (Kurok.) Hale
8040
Hypotrachyna physcioides (Nyl.) Hale
8047
Hypotrachyna rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale
8050
Laurera meristospora (Mont. & Bosch) Zahlbr.
Lecanora helva Stizenb.
Not endemic to India
6895
6631B
Lecanora leprosa Fée
9993C
Lecanora tropica Zahlbr.
0035A
Lepraria atrotomentosa Orange & Wolseley
9990B
Lepraria nigrocincta Diederich, Sérus. & Aptroot
9980B
New record for Indian subcontinent
Lepraria sipmaniana (Kümmerl. & Leuckert) Kukwa
9983B
New record for Indian subcontinent
Leptogium austroamericanum (Malme) C.W. Dodge
6622A
Leptogium azureum (Sw. ex Ach.) Mont.,
Leptogium cochleatum (Dicks.) P.M. Jørg. & P. James
New record for Indian subcontinent
8060
6705
Leptogium corticola (Taylor) Tuck.
8067A
Leptogium marginellum (Sw.) Gray
8002A
Leptogium milligranum Sierk
0022A
Leptogium streimannii Verdon
9991B
Letrouitia parabola (Nyl.) R. Sant. & Hafellner
9005A
New record for Indian subcontinent
Letrouitia sayeri (Müll. Arg.) Elix
6529A
New record for Indian subcontinent
Letrouitia transgressa (Malme) Hafellner & Bellem
6994F
Lithothelium obtectum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot
9994
Lobothallia alphoplaca (Wahlenb.) Hafellner,
8000
Malmidea aurigera (Fée) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
Malmidea badimioides (M. Cáceres & Lücking)
M. Cáceres & Kalb
New record for Indian subcontinent
8600
New record for Indian subcontinent
6128F
New record for Indian subcontinent
Over 200 new lichen records from Sri Lanka, with three new species to science
Table 1. New records for Sri Lanka (continued)
No.
Malmidea bakeri (Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
Status
6676D
New record for Indian subcontinent
Malmidea duplomarginata (Papong & Kalb) Kalb & Papong 7105B
New record for Indian subcontinent
Malmidea gyalectoides (Vain.) Kalb & Lücking
6516A
New record for Indian subcontinent
Malmidea hypomela (Nyl.) Kalb & Lücking
0033F
Malmidea leptoloma (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking
8021C
New record for Indian subcontinent
Malmidea sorsogona (Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
6969B
New record for Indian subcontinent
Malmidea subgranifera (Kalb & Elix) Kalb & Elix
9979B
Malmidea vinosa (Eschw.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
6193C
New record for Indian subcontinent
Mazosia carnea (Eckfeldt) Aptrot & M. Cáceres
6855P
New record for Indian subcontinent
Mazosia phyllosema (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
9979
Megalotremis biocellata Aptroot
6896D
Megalotremis lateralis Aptroot
6896E
Megalotremis pustulata Aptroot
Mycomicrothelia conothelena (Nyl.) D. Hawksw.
6673
0032F
Mycoporum eschweileri (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
8500
Ochrolechia africana Vain.
8564
Opegrapha subvulgata Nyl.
8539
Opegrapha viridis Pers.
8547
Parmeliella brisbanensis (C. Knight) P.M. Jørg.
& D.J. Galloway
New record for Indian subcontinent
New record for Asia
New record for Indian subcontinent
Not endemic to India
New record for Indian subcontinent
8004A
Parmeliella isidiophora Zahlbr.
8090
New record for Indian subcontinent
Parmeliella mariana (Fr.) P.M. Jørg. & D.J. Galloway
7890
New record for Indian subcontinent
Parmeliella stylophora (Vain.) P.M. Jørg.
0007B
Parmelinella simplicior (Hale) Elix & Hale
0008C
Parmelinopsis spumosa (Asahina) Elix & Hale
8096A
Parmotrema abessinicum (Nyl. ex Kremp.) Hale
0054D
Parmotrema andinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale
0053D
Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale
0063A
Parmotrema clavuliferum (Räsänen) Streimann
0053B
Parmotrema cooperi (J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Sérus.
0052B
Parmotrema durumae (Krog & Swinscow) Krog & Swinscow 0055A
Parmotrema grayanum (Hue) Hale
New record for Indian subcontinent
New record for Indian subcontinent
8096A
Parmotrema latissimum (Fée) Hale
8077B
Parmotrema mellissii (C.W. Dodge) Hale
8054A
Parmotrema poolii (C.W. Dodge) Krog & Swinscow
0045A
Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale
0034A
New record for Indian subcontinent
Parmotrema subtinctorium (Zahlbr.) Hale
0065C
New record for Indian subcontinent
Parmotrema uberrimum (Hue) Hale
0045B
New record for Indian subcontinent
Parmotrema zollingeri (Hepp) Hale
0042A
Pertusaria commutata Müll. Arg.
6865
New record for Indian subcontinent
55
56
G. Weerakoon & A. Aptroot
Table 1. New records for Sri Lanka (continued)
No.
Pertusaria lacerans Müll. Arg.
Pertusaria nigrata Kremp.
Status
6521
New record for Indian subcontinent
6534A
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pertusaria porinella Nyl.
8932
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pertusaria substerescens Zahlbr.
8278
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pertusaria tropica Vain.
6322
Pertusaria truncata Kremp.
0038C
New record for Indian subcontinent
Phaeocalicium curtisii (Tuck.) Tibell
0039C
New record for Indian subcontinent
6589
New record for Indian subcontinent
Phlyctis brasiliensis Nyl.
Phlyctis himalayensis (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi
6064E
Phlyctis monosperma S. Joshi & Upreti
8087A
Phyllopsora borbonica Timdal & Krog
9012A
Phyllopsora breviuscula (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
6927D
New record for Indian subcontinent
Phyllopsora confusa Swinscow & Krog
9013A
Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.
9017B
Phyllopsora dolichospora Timdal & Krog
6402B
New record for Indian subcontinent
6938
New record for Indian subcontinent
Phyllopsora foliata (Stirt.) Gotth. Schneid.
Phyllopsora furfuracea Zahlbr.
8307
New record for Indian subcontinent
Phyllopsora kiiensis (Vain.) Gotth. Schneid.
9013B
New record for Indian subcontinent
Physcia alba (Fée) Müll. Arg.
0039E
Physcia atrostriata Moberg
0048A
Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl.
0030B
Physcia integrata Nyl.
6219
Physcia poncinsii Hue
8267
Physcia sorediosa (Vain.) Lynge
8268
Physcia verrucosa Moberg
New record for Indian subcontinent
New record for Indian subcontinent
8271
New record for Indian subcontinent
Polychidium dendriscum (Nyl.) Henssen
9035C
New record for Indian subcontinent
Polymeridium quinqueseptatum (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
0021A
Porina africana Müll. Arg.
0008A
Porina americana Fée
0011A
Porina bellendenica Müll. Arg.
0015A
New record for Indian subcontinent
Porina conspersa Malme
0017C
New record for Indian subcontinent
Porina internigrans (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
6623
Porina mastoidella (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
0911A
Porina nucula Ach.
6830
Porina nuculastrum (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
8021B
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pseudopyrenula subgregaria Müll. Arg.
8026B
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll. Arg.
6300
Pyrenula acutispora Kalb & Hafellner
8511
Pyrenula anomala (Ach.) A. Massal.
Pyrenula bahiana Malme
New record for Indian subcontinent
6400A
6774
New record for Indian subcontinent
Over 200 new lichen records from Sri Lanka, with three new species to science
Table 1. New records for Sri Lanka (continued)
No.
Pyrenula breutelii (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot
8731
Pyrenula circumfiniens Vain.
8456
Status
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer) Schaer.
9062
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pyrenula fetivica (Kremp.) Müll. Arg.
6877
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pyrenula globifera (Eschw.) Aptroot
7556
Pyrenula inframamillana Aptroot & M. Cáceres
7558
New record for Asia
Pyrenula leucotrypa (Nyl.) Upreti
7553
Not endemic to India
Pyrenula massariospora (Starbäck) R.C. Harris
7554
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pyrenula micheneri R.C. Harris
7568
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pyrenula microcarpa Müll. Arg.
6728
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pyrenula nitidula (Bres.) R.C. Harris
7569
New record for Indian subcontinent
Pyrenula parvinuclea (Meyen & Flot.) Aptroot
7536
Pyrenula quassiaecola Fée
Pyrenula submastophora Ajay Singh & Upreti
6774A
7543
Pyxine meissnerina Nyl.
8774
Pyxine retirugella Nyl.
8444
Pyxine subcinerea Stirt.
8358
Ramalina conduplicans Vain.
6339
Ramalina inflata (Hook. f. & Taylor) Hook. f. & Taylor
6349
Ramboldia haematites (Fée) Kalb, Lumbsch & Elix
0001B
Ramboldia russula (Ach.) Kalb, Lumbsch & Elix
0002C
Remototrachyna costaricensis (Nyl.) A. Crespo et al.
0008D
Not endemic to India
Siphula decumbens Nyl.
9349
New record for Indian subcontinent
Sporopodium flavescens (R. Sant.) V{zda
9125
New record for Indian subcontinent
Stereocaulon foliolosum Nyl.
0027B
Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach.
6354
Sticta platyphylloides Nyl.
8423
Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner
Thysanothecium scutellatum (Fr.) D.J. Galloway
Topeliopsis muscigena (Stiz.) Kalb
0050C
6910
1413
Trypetheliopsis gigas (Zahlbr.) Aptroot
6340B
Trypethelium eluteriae Spreng.
6147A
Trypethelium epileucodes Nyl.
6148
Tylophoron moderatum Nyl.
6128
Usnea bismolliuscula Zahlbr.
6254U
Usnea complanata (Müll. Arg.) Motyka
6234U
New record for Indian subcontinent
Not endemic to India
New record for Indian subcontinent
New record for Indian subcontinent
Usnea cornuta Körb.
8265U
New record for Indian subcontinent
Usnea pangiana Stirt.
8010U
New record for Indian subcontinent
Usnea steineri Zahlbr.
8011U
New record for Indian subcontinent
8882
New record for Indian subcontinent
Vainionora flavovirens (Fée) Kalb
57
58
G. Weerakoon & A. Aptroot
The three new species are described below:
Astrothelium nitidulum Weerakoon & Aptroot, sp. nov.
Figs 1-2
MycoBank: MB808083
Thallus crustose, corticate, shiny, olivaceous brown, surrounded by a
black prothallus line. Algae trentepohlioid. Ascomata pyriform, 0.6-0.9 mm diam,
immersed single or with 2-3 aggregated in rather undifferentiated shiny olive
brown hemispherical pseudostromata of 0.9-1.9 mm diam.; ascomata only visible
from above by a black ostiole with a whitish centre; upper half of pseudostromata
filled with whitish medulla. Hamathecium inspersed with hyaline oil droplets.
Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 7-septate, fusiform, 40-49 × 12-15 µm, lumina
diamond-shaped, ends pointed. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–. TLC: no substances detected.
Type: SRI LANKA. Central Province, Coolbone tea estate Matale,
7°01’ N, 80°28’ E, C. Cloonan 083/53, 1982 (F-holotypus).
Etymology: After the shiny ascomata
Ecology and distribution: On smooth bark. Known only from Sri Lanka.
Discussion: This species is characterized by 7-septate ascospores with
diamond-shaped lumina, simple black, shiny ascomata and an inspersed
hamathecium. This species is much closer to the type of Astrothelium (A conicum
Eschw.) than to the type of Trypethelium (T. eluteriae Spreng.) even though it has
pseudostromata with simple ascomata with apical ostioles. Therefore it is here
described in the genus Astrothelium, just as e.g. A. inspersaeneum (Lima et al.,
2013).
Also, recent phylogenetic studies (Nelsen et al., 2014) of the family
Trypetheliaceae show that only species with rounded (not diamond-shaped)
lumina cluster around the type of Trypethelium, while species with ascospores
with diamond-shaped lumina form another cluster around the Astrothelium
conicum-group, regardless of their ascoma organization.
Figs 1-2. Astrothelium nitidulum (holotype); 1. habitus; 2. hamathecium with asci and scospores.
Scales: 1 = 0.5 mm; 2 = 50 µm.
Over 200 new lichen records from Sri Lanka, with three new species to science
59
So far about 60 species are known in the genus, a number that will
undoubtedly rise with the anticipated wider, more natural circumscription of the
group. The centre of diversity is and will remain South America.
Heterodermia queensberryi Weerakoon & Aptroot, sp. nov.
Figs 3-7
MycoBank: MB808084
Thallus foliose, forming tufts up to 7 cm diam., divided into linear, grey
lobes up to 1 cm long and 0.7-1.2 mm wide, at tips tapering slightly recurved,
mostly dichotomously branched every 2 mm; upper surface smooth, not shiny, flat;
tips with white spotted pruina; lower surface without cortex or rhizines, arachnoid,
spotted yellow-orange, blackening towards the centre of the thallus. Cilia black,
dull, marginal, simple or with many perpendicular branchlets, 0.1 mm thick and up
to 3 mm long; soredia granular, grey, at upturned lobed tips, both in the centre of
the thallus and on the margins; soralia confluent in up to 5 mm long marginal
groups; rhizines, isidia and pseudocyphellae absent. Apothecia common, 1-4 mm
diam., laminal on the upper surface of the thallus lobes, not terminal, at their
margins developing tapering lobes similar to the normal thallus lobes in
morphology; these lobes up to 1 mm wide and up to 2 mm long, much incised,
grey, white pruinose and with yellow-orange arachnoid lower surface; disc 1-3 mm
Figs 3-7. Heterodermia queensberryi (holotype); 3. lower surface with pigment; 4-5. upper surface
with apothecia with phyllidia; 6-7. ascospores with sporoblastidia. Scales: 3-5 = 0.5 mm;
6-7 = 10 µm.
60
G. Weerakoon & A. Aptroot
diam., brown, not pruinose. Hymenium 120-160 µm high, not inspersed;
Epihymenium fuscous brown, granular; hypothecium hyaline, c. 30 µm high.
Ascospores 8 per ascus, brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, with
0-3 sporoblastidia at each apex, 30-35.5 × 14-17.5 µm. Pycnidia not seen.
Chemistry: cortex K+ yellow, medulla K+ faintly yellow, yellow-orange
pigment on lower surface K+ blood red; TLC: atranorin in the cortex, zeorin in
the medulla, red anthraquinone (probably emodin) on the lower surface.
Type: SRI LANKA. Sabaragamuwa Province, Queensberry tea estateDilmah Co. Pvt, 6°59’ N, 80°35’ E, G. Weerakoon 8880, 2 January 2014,
(PDA-holotypus; F, ABL-isotypus).
Etymology: After the collecting locality.
Ecology and distribution: On smooth bark in high mountain forest.
Known only from Sri Lanka.
Discussion: The genus Heterodermia is often common and species-rich in
tropical mountain regions (Elix 2010, 2011a, 2011b). Sri Lanka is no exception in
this regard and Heterodermia may even be the most speciose genus of foliose
lichens in the country. A key to all species known from Sri Lanka is given by
Weerakoon & Aptroot (2013). We apply the now often accepted restricted species
concept in the genus (Elix 2010, 2011a, 2011b), accepting species that are
morphologically and chemically rather uniform. This accounts for the findings by
Lücking et al. (2008) that the presence or absence of norstictic acid is
phylogenetically informative within at least part of the genus Heterodermia.
The new species is closely related to Heterodermia propagulifera (Vain.)
J.P. Dey, but with a spectacular corona of lobules around the apothecia. Such
structures were so far only reported from two non-sorediate species in the genus,
viz. Heterodermia coronata (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi and H. lamelligera (Kurok.)
Follmann & Redón. The structures differ from the crenate apothecium margins
which more commonly occur in the genus, because the lobules do originate from
the thallus, not from the apothecium margin.
Malmidea papillosa Weerakoon & Aptroot, sp. nov.
Figs 8-9
MycoBank: MB808085
Thallus thin, dull to almost shiny, seemingly thickly corticated, olive
brown, with numerous corticate grey warts of 0.1 mm diam. of which the medulla
is pale yellow, surrounded by a thin dark brown prothallus. Warts hemispherical
to somewhat higher than wide, sometimes abraded at the top, but not developing
into soralia. Apothecia sessile, 0.4-2.2 mm diam.; disc flat, smooth, dull, fuscous
brown. Margin dull, c. 0.1 mm wide, mottled greyish and pale brownish, overall
darker than the disc, somewhat translucent, without medulla. Hymenium hyaline,
not inspersed, 75-95 µm high; epihymenium pale brownish in an iregular layer of
4-10 µm high; hypothecium dark brown, radiating into the inner excipulum, 3550 µm thick, up to 100 µm thick at the sides; excipulum not corticate, cellular,
hyaline, with some extruding hyphae, without medulla or crystals. Paraphyses
unbranched, not thickened at the tips, c. 1 µm wide. Ascospores hyaline, IKI–,
simple, ellipsoid, 15.5-17.5 × 9-10.5 µm, ends rounded, not thickened. Pycnidia not
observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–. Thallus medulla K+ orange.
TLC: xantholepinone in thallus medulla.
Type: SRI LANKA. Central Province. Coolbone tea estate Matale,
7°01’ N, 80°28’ E, C. Cloonan 145, 1982 (F-holotypus, ABL-isotypus).
Etymology: After the papillae on the thallus.
Over 200 new lichen records from Sri Lanka, with three new species to science
61
Figs 8-9. Malmidea papillosa (holotype), 8. habitus; 9. section through apothecium. Scales:
8 = 0.5 mm; 9 = 50 µm.
Ecology and distribution: On smooth bark of trees in primary montane
forest. Known only from Sri Lanka.
Discussion: The genus Malmidea in family Malmideaceae was only
recently described and groups presently 44 known species worldwide (Lücking,
2008; Kalb et al., 2011; 2012; Cáceres et al., 2012; 2013; Schumm & Aptroot, 2012;
Weerakoon & Aptroot, 2013), yet, some additional species in this group genus
may still hidden under Lecidea and new species are now described quite regularly
(see above).
The new species resembles Malmidea granifera (Ach.) Kalb, Rivas Plata
& Lumbsch, but has regular warts with yellow medulla, but lacks medulla in the
excipulum. In this way it is somewhat intermediary between the two major groups
within the genus, one with medulla in apothecium margin and thallus, and one
without these.
Acknowledgements. A Scholarship from the Field Museum, Chicago, USA
enabled the first author to work on material at the Field Museum. The NSF-funded project
‘‘ATM – Assembling a taxonomic monograph: The lichen family Graphidaceae’’ (DEB1025861 to The Field Museum; PI T. Lumbsch, CoPI R. Lücking) as well as the Dilmah tea
company funded travel expenses of the first author, which she gratefully acknowledges.
Thorsten Lumbsch and Robert Lücking are warmly thanked for some identifications, and
for helping to make the stay of the first author at the Field Museum pleasant and
productive. Ms. Pat Wolseley is warmly thanked for some identifications, and for all her
help over the years. Dan Blanchon, Kong Parnmen, Dr. Ohmura, Alan Orange, and
Matt Nelsen are also thanked for various identifications. The first author likes to thank
Mr. C. Cloonan for donating many specimens from their private family collection.
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