Zbomik in lesarstva69. s. l7l - 196 GDK I 8 1.9+182.48:228.81:(497 .12 Kodevska) Pispelo / Received: 03.12.2002 Spreleto / A cceptetl: 27 . 12.2002 Izvirni znanstveni dlanek Original scientiJic paper MACROFUNGI ON BEECH DEAD WOOD IN THE SLOVENIAN FOREST RESERVES RAJHENAVSKI ROG AND KROKAR Andrej PILTAVER', Neven MATOdEC", JoZeKOSEC', Du5anruRC"". Abstract Fungi, observed during the two-year inventory (2000-2001) on beech dead wood in the Slovenian tbrest reservesof Rajhenavski Rog and Krokar are listed. For the inventory 21 I falten trees were selected, 109 in Rajhenavski Rog and 102 in Krokar, representing all different decay phases and size categories. Lichenised fungi were not included in the inventory with the exception offew species.Corticiaceous fungi were collected and collections preserved but not classified. Altogether, 244 species including several rare species of macromyceteswere found on beech dead wood in the forest reserves.The results are compared with published inventoriesoffungi on beech wood in particular forest reserves. Key words: fungi, macromycetes,beech, Fagus sylvatica L., wood, coarse woody debris,forestreserve,Slovenia GLIVENA ODMRLEMBUKOVEMLESU V SLOVENSK]HGOZDNIH REZERVATIH RAJHENAVSK] ROGIN KROKAR tzvledek V prispevku so navedene glive, ki smo jih ugotovili v dveletni inventarizaciji (2000 - 2001) na otlmrlem iukovem lesu v slovenskih gozdnih rezervatih Rojhenavski Rog in Krokar. Za popis smo izbrali 2ll podrtih lreves (109 v Rajhenavskem Rogu. 102 v Krokarju), ki so bila razliinih dimenzij in v vseh fazah razgradnje. ?azennekaj izjem, liheniziranih gliv nismopopisali. Skorjasteglive smo nabrali injih shranili v zbirko, vendar ih nismo determinirali. Na odmrlem bukovem lesu smo v obeh gozdnih rezervatih skupaj popisali 244 vrst nakromicel, med njimi itevilne retlke vrste. Rezultatesmo primerjali z objavljenimi popisi gliv na bukovem lesu , obeh gozdnih rezervatih. fljuine besede: glive, makromicete,bukev, Fagus sylvatica L., les, veliki lesni ostanki, gozdni rezervat,Slovenija for the Systematicsof Higher Fungi, Zo{ke Kvedroveul. 24, 1000 Ljubljana,SVN .lnstitute '-lnstitute Rudjer BoSkovii, Bijenidka cesta54, 10000 Zagreb, CRO " Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vedna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, SMr,l t72 Zbornikgozdarstvain lesarstva,69 CONTENTS VSEBINA INTRODUCTION woD MATERIAL AI\D METHODS M A T E R I A LI N M E T O D E . . . . . . . . . . . . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REZULTATI IN RA2PRAVA............... CONCLUSIONS ............. zAKLrUeKr J 6 pov2ET8K.............. REFERENCES V I R I" " " " ' ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ZAHVALA APPENDICES P R IL OGE ' ....r73 ..............175 .,...177 .,..............18s ...............186 """"""""188 """""""193 """"""""194 173 Piltaver, A., lulgttoiec,N., Kosec,J., Jurc, D.: Macrofungi on beechdead wood ... INTRODUCTION WOD Mycota differs considerablyin nahual settingswhen comparedto managedforest stands (NORTH / TRAPPE / FRANKLIN 1997, CHRISTENSEN / EMBORG |996. O'DELL / LUOMA / MOLINA 1992, LUOMA / FRENKEL / TRAppE 1991, WATERS er a/. 1997). Wood produced in natural forests undergoesdecompositionin the forest while in managed forest stands most of it is removed as timber. Wood is the most significant element of total biomass produced in forest ecosystems. The diversity of wood decomposing biota and the overall flow of nutrients in managed forests is strongly affected and diminished by timber removal when compared to natural forests (CHRISTENSEN / EMBORG 1996). An abundanceof dead wood in all decay stagesin naturalforestsis critical to the successionof wood decomposingfungi and offers a range of habitats necessary for the growth of other fungi as well. However, the ratio of (ecto)myconhizal to saprobicfungi in natural forestsis low comparedto managedstands. Sporocarp inventory provides reliable insight into the fungal community structure and developmentin decaying wood as sporesare the most important dispersalagent of wood decayfungi (HEILMANN-CLAUSEN 2001). Two semi-nafuralforest reserves,Krokar and RajhenavskiRog in the Dinaric region, were chosenfor this sfudy. Both are beech(Fagus sylvatica L.) and fir (Abies alba Mill.) dominatedforests with characteristicsof the terminal successionphase of a virgin forest becausethey were protected in 1894 and not previously exploited. The characteristicsof the two forest reserves and of the researchplots monitored for coarse woody debris (CWD) are presentedin I(RAIGHERet al. (2002). This study is part of a NAT-MAN (Nature-basedmanagement of beech in Europe QLRTI-CT99-1349) research project; its working package WP 6 focuses on the contribution of beech CWD to the plant and fungal diversity. General and detailed methodology was fixed in accordancewith all cooperatingresearchgroups. The aim of the study is to document fungal speciesdiversity on beechCWD in two forest reservesin Slovenia by the same methodology and in the same time span as in similar studies in lorest reservesin Denmark, Belgiur4 Hungary and The Netherlandsin the framework of the NAT-MAN project. Data about fungal speciescomposition is presentedhere. Results 174 Zbornikgozdarstvain lesarstva,69 offurther analysesoffungal succession,relations to wood decay stages,observationsand taxonomic treatment of species not included in NAT-MAN scope of research and comparisonto other investigatedforest reserveswill be presentedin future contributions. Previous research Extensive research of fungi, lichens and vegetation in Slovenian forest reserves was conductedfrom 1975 to 1985 GOCEVAR 1978, HOCEVAR er a/. 1980a,b,c,1985, 1995). In Dinaric forest reserves(Strmec, Pedka, Rajhenavski Rog, Krokar, Kopa and Bukov wh), 368 species of wood degrading, terricolous and biotrophic (pathogenic) speciesof fungi and 205 taxa of lichens (among these 13 on genuslevel and l1 on variety level) were revealed.The systematicstudieswere performed on researchplots on a 100 x 100 m grid and thus the results can be comparedwith the presentresearch. Valuable data about mycota of the Dinaric region was published by Milica Torti6, the noted Croatian mycologist whose career is devoted mostly to the research of wood degradingfungi. Only her work conceming beech wood inhabiting fungi is cited here. In her early works, shepublished lists of wood degrading,mycorrhizal and other terricolous fungi in forests of Gorski Kotar and National park Plitvidka jezera, which are ecologically similar to Slovene forest reservesin the Dinaric region and geographically close(TORTIC 1966a,b,1913,1979a).Later shepublishednew findings and taxonomic works on polypores(TORTIC 1970, 1974, 1977, 7979b,1980a,TORTIC I fOfl.,q.ee 1976)and on corticiaceoustungi (TORTIC 1980b,1982,1983,TORTIC t JELIC 1972). The majority of the cited locations are in the Dinaric forests of Croatia and Slovenia and include fungi on beech wood; some locations are in fu and beech dominated national parks in southem Dinaric region (TORTIC 1981, 1984). In spite of Tortii's numerous publications, fungi in Dinaric forests are still poorly known and under-investigated, especially in comparison to the knowledge of fungi in Central European beech and fir dominatedforests. 175 Piltaver, A., Matoiec, N., Kosec,J., Jurc, D.: Macrofungi on beechdead wood ... MATERIAL AND METHODS MATEzuAL IN METODE For the inventory,2ll fallen trees were selected,109 in RajhenavskiRog and 102 in Krokar. The number differs from that reported in KRAIGHER et al. (2002) becauseone tree in Krokar, leaning on its neighbour, was excluded from analyses,and four trees in RajhenavskiRog were not yet marked at the begiruringof fungal inventory. The selection was made in an attemptto evenly cover all the decayphases(l = least decomposedto 6 = most decomposed),and size categories of trees(diameter in cm: under 3 I , 3 I - 45, 46 60, 6l - 75, above 75). For the inventory of lignicolous fungi, parts of trees were noted separatelyincluding snags,logs, crowns, tree basesand uprooted parts as well as smaller broken fragmentstorn apart by fiee fall on hard rocky ground. A special attempt was also made to investigatethe undersideof smaller fragmentsof wood by overhrming them and carefully placing them to the original position. When such operation would damage or destroy the wooden remnant it was not overturned and left intact. The inventory was madeover two years(2000,2001). Eachof the 211 fallen treeswas visited at leastthree times. On average,each tree was inspectedfor about 15 minutes each visit. Actual inspection time differed considerably because of different number of sporocarps and other speciesfound on a particular tree. Early and late decay phases(1, 5 and 6) required lesstime than intermediatedecayphases(3 and 4). Datesof excursionsand visitors are listed in Table L Altogether, 22 dayswere spentfor the fieldwork. Most of the inventory was performed by the fust author alone as was reconrmendedby the NAT-MAN project work methods. The relative positions .of numbered dead trees were mapped for easier orientation. Special equipment was prepared and used,for the recording of data and for the acquisition of fungi for later classification in the laboratory. The data on fungal occurrenpewas recordedwith a voice-activatedtape recorder fixed on the operator's chest for hand-free operation. Copments about the site, position of the logs, hints finding a specific log, new eventson the plot (e. g. falling of stumps), weather conditions and olher details were also recorded. It was also found useful to record the observer'sgeneralimpressionof the daily work at the end of the inventory before leaving lhe site. It was found very important to have free hands at all times for moving through lhe young dense beech stand, climbing around the branches of fallen crowns of early lecay.stages,reachingdifficult accessiblepositions or for overhrrning wooden remnants. r76 Zbornik gozdarstva in lesarsfua, 69 Table l: Fieldwork data Preglednica l: Podatki o terenskemdelu D^te I Datum 30.08.2000 16.09.2000 .2000 24.09 24.1 3 1.10.2000 16.06.2001 17.06.2001 25.06.2001 01.07.2001 21.09.2001 29.09.2001 lnventory, PeterOdor and Klaas van Dort performing bryophye 30.09.2001 lnventory with JoZeKosec, PeterOdor and Klaas van Dort performing 14.10.2001 Inventory with MDrten Christensenand Jakob Heilmann - Clausen,Tine with Morten Christensenand Tobias Froeslev Collectedfungal specimenswere placedin coveredplasticboxes(18 x 9 x 3 cm) with l0 small compartments.Boxes and compartmentswere numbered. Two sets of 16 boxes were ananged, taking one set (for 160 specimens)in the field. Few specimensneeded more spaie and were stored separatelyin bigger boxes. For the collecting of samples,a sharp hand knife and larger hunting knife were used. The most interesting specimens (rare, new to the collector, etc.) were photographedon location when weather conditions allowed. Each hee was inspected by segmentsnoted separately,starting from snag or uprooted part going on to the fust part of log toward the crown and turning back on the other side of the log. The specimenswere identified in the laboratory working on fresh material when possible. The rest of the specimenswere dried and determined at the end of the fieldwork from t77 Piltaver,A., Matoiec,N., Kosec,J., Jurc,D.: Macrofungion beechdeadwood ... exiccata.For the classification of fungi, various taxonomical sourceswere used (BARAL / KRIEGLSTEINER 1985, BAS et al. 1990, BERNICCHIA 1990, BREITENBACH / KRAENZLIN 1984, 1986, I99I, 1995, 2OOO,CHRISTENSEN 2OOI, CITERIN / EYSSARTIER 1998, DENNIS I98I, DISSING 1966, DOI 1969, 1972, DONADINI 1979, 1981, 1984,HANSEN / KNUDSEN 1992, 1997,2000,HILBER / HILBER 1980, HJORTSAM / LARSSON / RYVARDEN 1988,HOHMEYER 1986,JAHN 1979, TU / ROGERS 1996,JULICH 1984,KITS VAN WAVEREN 1985,KRIEGLSTEINER 2OOO, L,€SSOE i GRANMO / SCHEUER 1999, L,€SSaE I HEILMANN-CLAUSEN / CHRISTENSEN2OOO, LE GAL 194I, MAAS GEESTERANUS 1992, MILLER 196I, MOSER 1978, MUNK 1957,NORDEN / LTTNDQUIST1993,NUSS / HTLBER 1977, PIERI / RIVOIRE 1997,POUZAR 1985a,b,c,ROGERS / JU 1998, ROSSMAN et c/. 1999, RYVARDEN / GILBERTSON 1993, SENN-IRLET 1995, STANGL 1989, SVRdEK 1970,WATLING / GREGORY 1993).The nomenclarurefollows HANSEN / KNUDSEN 1992, 1997,2000 and was adoptedaccording to the NAT-MAN proposal as a part of a common methodology. The most important sampleswere savedor their location on the CWD noted and marked for recollection. Polypores and some corticiaceousfungi were determined by the third author, ascomycetesby the secondauthor and the rest by the first author. The literature review and comparison of findings with published results was performed by the fourth author. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REZULTATI IN RAZPRAVA For the scope of the NAT-MAN project only selectedgroups of fungi were included for the inventory. other fungal speciesfound during the inventory (i. e. small ascomycetes with sporocarpsunder 3 mnr, most corticiaceousfungi, some lichens and fungi, growing on sporocarpsof bigger polypores) were excluded from the analysesand will be dealt with in further work. The number of fieldwork days performed in Krokar was 7 and in Rajhenavski rog 15. Neverthelessthe reliability of the results of the inventory from both forest reservesis the 178 Zbornikgozdarstvain lesarsMa,69 same.The difference in the duration of the fieldwork is the result of a higher number of fungal speciesand their higher frequency, and additionally it is also the result of much more heavily piled and in some casesalso scatteredbeech CWD in Rajhenavski Rog forest reserve. The total number of occurrences(i. e. all fungal speciesfound on all dead trees) is 2.040 for RajhenavskiRog and 889 for Krokar with the mean speciesrichness (i. e. number of fungal speciesper dead tree) 12,3 and 5,9 respectively.The number of speciesfound per tree was 0-55 in Rajhenavski Rog and 0-27 in Krokar. There is a striking difference between two sites, Rajhenavski Rog beirrg much more abundant in total number of speciesand in speciesrichnessper tree. A more even frequency distribution of species per tree is also characteristicfor RajhenavskiRog. Of the selectedfungal categoriesfor the NAT-MAN inventory, 244 fungal specieswere found: 138 in Krokar and 206 in Rajhenavski Rog; 36 of them were only in Krokar and 106 only in Rajhenavski Rog (Table2). The comparisonof fungal specieslist with previously published records of beech woody debris fungi in forest reservesKrokar and Rajhenavski Rog (Table 2) reveals that 61 speciesfound during this researchhave been already detectedin Krokar (48 %) and 62 speciesin RajhenavskiRog (30 %). On the other hand, there are 22 specieslisted for Krokar and 18 specieslisted for RajhenavskiRog (HOCEVAR et. al. 1985, 1995) that were not detectedin the presentsurvey. When the lists are .compared,the differences in nomenclaturaland taxonomical approachshould be taken in account.Differences among presentand previous lists of beech CWD fungi are, in our opinion, the result of broader ecological interest on fungal diversity in previous research.Thus, the results are less focussedon the beech CWD, which was the only survey object in the present research, although with NAT-MAN project restrictionson the fungal $oups. 179 Pilton"r,A., Motoie", N.,Kotr", J., Jurc, D.: Ma"rofungi on b""ch d"odrood ,.. Table 2: List of macrofungi on beech woody debris in forest reserves Krokar and Rajhenavski Rog. Numbers indicate the number of dead trees on which a particular fungal species was found, the + symbol indicates that the specieswas also found in previous research(HocEveR el o/. 1 9 8 5 ,1 9 9 5 ) . Preglednica2: Seznam makrogliv na bukovih lesnih ostankih v gazdnih rezervatih Krokar in Raihenavski Rog, ltevilke pomenijo itevila odmrlih dreves, na katerih je bila ugotovljena doloiena vrsta, oznaka + pomeni, da je bila vrsta ugotovljena ndi v prejinjih raziskavah (HOAEI/AR et al, t985, t995). / I/rsta Krokar Fr DC.:Fr 4ntrottiella 4rm i II ari a I utea Gillet 4scocorynecvlichnium(Tul.) Korf 4. sarcoides(Jacq.:Fr.) Groves& Wilson Peck)S nummularia(Bull.: Fr.) O.K. adusta(Willd.: Fr.) P.Karst. Raihenavski ros I I n + + l5 6 + + t2 + I ZJ + + Fr 3 43 + t Pers.)Krombh. Pers.:Fr.) Fr '.-alocera cornea (Batsch: Fr.\ Fr tubulina (Alb. & Schw.) Shear I ) n + + Parm. zl 2 Bull.:Fr.)Fr excelsa 23 30 2 9 L Fr.) Donk + Hoffm.: Fr.) Dom. ilvescens(Bres.) Dom. ). mucida (Pers.:Fr.)Gilb. & ). pannocincta (Rom.) Gilb. & )errena unicolor (Bull.: Fr.) Mun llawlina coralloides 1L. : Fr.) J. Schroet nebularis (Basch: Fr.) P 6 10 7 + + 1 J Fr.)P.Kumm ]. scyihoides (Fr.: Fr.) S B u l l . :F r . ) P J.D.Amold Il.: ). hariolorum (DC.: Fr. -.peronata(Bolt.: Fr.) P.Kumm Kits Wav. P.D. disseminalus(Pers.:Fr + 2 I 9 2 2 ll r80 Zbornik gozdarstvs in lesarstva,69 Table 2: (continuation) Preglednica 2: (nadaljevanje) Soecies I Yrsta C. micaceus(Bull.: Fr.) Fr, C. radians (Desm.: Fr.) Fr. Coninarius anomalus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. Krokar 8 + Raihenavski roe + 23 I I ,) C. o/rovirens Kalchbr C. battailei Moser) Hziland 2 (Fr.\ Fr. C. venetus , C. violaceus(L.: Fr.) S. F. Gray I l4 C reDidotus aDDldndtus (Pers.) P.Kumm. C. epibryus(Fr.:Fr.) Qu6l. C. mollis (Schaeff.: Fr.) Staude C. variabilis (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm. C. versutus(Peck) Sacc, Cvstodermacarciarios (Pers.)Konr. & Maubl. Cvstolepiota seminuda (Lasch\ Bon Datronia mollis (Sommerf.: Fr.) Donk Denrioellis frasilis {Pers.: Fr.) Donk Discina oarma J.Breitenb.& Maas Geest. Elaohomvcessranulntus Ft Entoloma rhotlopoliun (Fr.: Fr.) P.Kumm, EutyDasDinosa(Pers.:Fr.) Tul. & C.Tul. Exidia slandulosa (Bull: Fr.) Fr. Flnmmulaster limrzlalus(Fr.) Watlins Flammulinavelutipes(Curt.: Fr.) P.Karst. Fomesfomentarius (L.: Fr.) Fr, Fomiloosis oinicola (Swartz: Fr.) P.Karst. Galerina camerina (Fr.) Ktihn G. ceina Smith & Sine. G. marsinata {Batsch) Kuhner G. mniophila (I-asch) Kiihn, G. pallida (Pikit) Horak & Moser G. stylifera (Atk.) Smith & Sine. G. triscopa (Fr.) Kuhner Ganoderma lipsiensis(Batsch) Atk. Hebeloma radicosum (Bull.: Fr.) Ricken H. sinapizans(Paul.)Gillet Helvella cnspa Scoo.: Fr. H. elastics Bull. H. laannosaAfz.: Fr. H. nigricans Perc. Henninssomycescandidus (Pers.:Fr.) O.K. Heterobasidio n annosum (Fr.) Bref. 2 z 1 + I 7 z 6 6 6 t 3 J + + + I I ,l 5 + + t2 + o/ + z6 + + 2 3 42 2 + + I I l 3 t2 25 2 I I 2 + l9 I L I z z I I Hohenbuehel[d llLxilis (lr.'. Fr.) P.D. Orton H. mastrucata (Fr.; Fr.) Sineer Humaria hemisphaerica (Wigg.: Fr.) Fuckel Hvdnum ruf?scenstr. Hvproohorus pudorinus (Fr: Fr.) Fr. Hvphodontia llavipora (svn. Schizpora f H. paradoxu (Schrad.: Fr.) E.l:nger & Vesterh + + I I I 3 I I + Piltaver, A., Mstoiec,4, Table 2: (continuafion) Preglednica 2: (nadaljevanje) 181 Kosec,J., Jurc, D.: Macrofungi on beechdesd wood ... Species/ I/rsta Hypholoma cdpnoides (Fr.: Fr.) P.Kumm. H. fasciculnre(Huds.:Fr.) P.Kumm. H. tatenttum(Schaetl.:Fr.) P.Kumm. Hypocrea albofulvaBerk. & Broome H. gelatinosa (Tode: Fr.) Fr. H. lutea Tode (Petch\ H. rufa (Pets.\ Fr. Hypoxylon cohaerens(Pers.:Fr.) Fr. H.fmgiftrme(Pers.: Fr.)Kickx Krokar Raihenavski 4 2 + I I + 2 + l ) 6 8 20 l0 + + IE I + t0 + t I + H. macrocamumPouz, H. multiforne(Fr.:Fr.) Fr H. rubiginosum (Pers.:Fr.) Fr tessulotus(Bull.: Fr. Weinm.)Oudl. I. luscidula Vel, I Fr.) Oillet Inonotus nodulosus (Fr.) P.Karsr restnosun amethystinaCooke L. Ioccdta(Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br + l8 l0 I t) 7 l Lactarius acris (Bolt.: Fr.) Cra L, Fr.:Fr Fr L. p lutinopallens Britzelm. L. pallidus (Pers.:Fr.) Fr L. rubrocinctus Ft salmonicolor R.Heim & Lecl. ll.:Fr. Loxitextum bicolor (Perc.: Fr.) trntz I I I I I 2 2 5 q ll + Fr 2 t7 : Fr.) Comer Lenzitesbetulinus (L.: Fr.) Fr Leotia lubrica Scoo-:Fr cristota (Bolt.: Fr.\ P Pers.:Pers. + ) + l6 2l Pers.: .: Pers. .: Fr.)Fr 9 20 M. bulliardii Berk.& Br 2 2 I ylla (Pers.:Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz. + + + ; Fr. Mutinus caninus (Huds.: Pers.)Fr. acicula Fr.) P M. a/64 (Bres.) Kiihn. Bres. M. M. crocata (Schrad.: Fr.) P.Kumm. I 2 t2 6 + l8 I l9 + 182 Zboruik gozdarstvain lesarstva,69 Table 2: (continuation) Preglednica 2:' (nadaljevanje) Krokar Raihenavski ros 6 M. M. Fr M. haematopus(Pen.: Fr.) P 1A t2 9 29 3 :Fr M. minutula (Peck) Sacc M. polypramma (Bull.: Fr.) Gray rcorticolaKuhn. M. pura (Pers.:Fr.) P.Kumm. M. renati Ou€l M. sansuinolenta (Alb. & Schw.: Fr.) P.Kumm. M. speirea(Fr.: Fr.) Gillet + 5 z J l0 + 5 6 5 (Pers.;Fr.)P.Kumm. M. stvlobates M. tintinabulum J + .; Fr.)Donk Nemania atroourpurea (Fr.: Fr.) Pouzar N. carbonaceaPouztt sii (Rogers & Wha N. colliculosa (Schwein.: Fr.) Granmo 3 N. seroens(Pers.: Fr.) Gra Fr.)Petrak thnlina enichvsiun + t6 8 + + (Pers.: Fr.) Ou6l. : Fr.) Redhead& Outlemansiellamucida (Schrad.:Fr.) Htthn Panellus serotinas (Pers.:Fr.) Kuhn. P. stiDticus(Bull.: Fr.l P.Karst incarnota (Pers.:Fr.) P,Karst. Pezizaamernensis Boud. P. nus ferntpinosus (Schrad.:Fr.) Pat. livida (Pers.:Fr.) Bres P. radiola Fr.: Fr. P. o o :Fr Ieosenafapinea lFr.: Fr.) Link oliota mutabilis (Scop.: Fr.) Kumm. Peck)Sacc. Phvllotoosis nidulaas (Pers.:Fr. P turotils oslreatus (Jaco.:Fr.) P.Kumm. Fr. P. )ers.:Fr.) Reid Pluteus ff. Sacc. P. P. hisoidulus (Fr.: Fr.) Gillet P. nanus (Pers.:Fr.) P.Kumm. Fr.)P.Kumm, Gillet q T 35 + JJ + 6 I + + 8 I I 1 I 5 I IJ z 7 3 I + 4 f 7 + 4 3 J + 7 I a 2 + ) J + 6 + )) 10 t') I 4 I 9 2 183 Piltaver, A., MatoCec,N., Kosec,J., Jurc, D.: Macrofungi of dead wood ... Wgch Table 2: (continuation) Preglednica2: (nadaljevanje) Species/ Vrsta P. podospileus Sacc. & Cub P. romellii (Bntz.\ Sacc. P. thomsonii (Berk. & Br.) Dennis Krokar Raihenavski ros 4 2 z (Fr.)P,Kumm. P. umbrosus Podolbmestosii (Fr.) Pouzar Polyporus arcularias Batsch.: Fr. P. brumalis (Pers.)Fr.: Fr. P. ciliatus Fr.: Fr. P. squamosus(Huds.:Fr.) Fr. P. varius(Pers.)Fr.: Fr. Postia caesia {Schrad.:Fr.) P P. subcaesia David) Jiilich 'mobunda(Bull.: Fr.) Moser I 6 ? 5 + + J + 5 6 + + l6 I Fr.) P P. pyrotricha (Holmski. : Fr.) Moser I Fr.)Si t4 'orellus fulsens (Fr.) Donk )cnoporus cinnabarinus(Jacq.:Fr,) P.Karst. Ramaria llavosalmonicolor Fr-) Gra nitellina (Fr. Fr.) Raith. R. Jwdrrzii(Fr.: Fr.) Ku tricholoma(Alb. & Schw.:Fr.) P.Karst Russulaanthracina R. badia R. Bntz. R. R. Fr. ,nnocuo Bon .R. + + + Pers 2 z l0 2 5 I J D R. undulataYel. cenlunculus (Fr.'. Fr s nivea (Junsh.)Keller nitidum (Pers.:Fr.) Vesterh S. ochraceum (Pers.: Slereum Fr s S. rasosum (Pers.:Fr.) Fr. & Schwein.: Fr.) Fr ,s z Wallr.: Fr.) Donk Fr.) Qudl. S. cyanea (Bull.) Tuomikoski TaEetta + 2 I I + J + l8 3 t4 + I I 5 + 26 I + a I + + + t84 Zbornikgozdarstvain lesarstva,69 lable2: Preglednica2: (continuation) (nadaljevanje) Fieldwork revealedinsight in fungal chorology. Many small discomycetesappearonly in the spring. Small agaricales growing on CWD with large diameters appeared in hot surnmer months. The collection of resupinatepollporaceous and pyrenomycetous fungi in summer was not fruitful becausesporocarpslacked developedspores and hence were unclassifiable.Late autumn is generally the most fruitful time for collection. In the fust year of the inventory, the autumn weather without snow lasted until mid December and surprisingly high speciesrichnesswas observedin November. Some fungal speciesfirst appearedafter the first frosts or snow and lasteduntil heavy snow cover and freezing cold in the forest. Some groups were under-collected(Mycena, Pluteus) as more time would be neededfor the {ieldwork. The genusMycena, mostly consisting of specieswith minute sporocarps appearing in hundreds after a prolonged rainy period in late October, would deserve special attention. Even more effort would be neededfor the inventory of white, whitish, and dull coloured thin layered corticiaceousfungi, consisting of sporocarpsonly a few hyphal layers thick, appearing on the wooden surface of the logs, looking like the ))renmantsof old paint<. Interesting mycota also appear on dead, partly decomposed lBs Piltaver, A., Matoiec, N., Kosec,J., Jurc, D.: Macrofungi on beechdead wood .., sporocarps of bigger polypores, especially on Fomes fomentarius and Fomitopsis pinicola. A significant number of mycorhizal species in these forest reserves connected to fir (Cortinarius atrovirens, Elaphomyces granulatus, Hygrophorus pudorinus, Lactarius glutinopallens, L. salmonicolor, Podofomes trogii, Russula badia, R. cavipes and R. queletii) are present growing on the late decay stages (5, 6) of the decomposedbeech wood. Some speciesreported on conifers were found to grow on beech. Pycnoporellus fulgens and some small discomycetes(not included in the present study) show this feature. Fomitopsis pinicola is also known primarily growing on conifers, but in RajhenavskiRog it was recorded on23 %oof all deadbeechtreesbeing monitored. CONCLUSIONS ZAKLJUEKI The inventory revealed important segments of fungal diversity in Krokar and RajhenavskiRog. It gavesomeinsightto fungal sociologyand successionon deadwood of beech,but this field of work will be coveredin the scopeof other NAT-MAN project activities. The comparisonbefweenpresentand previous lists offungi in both forest reservesshows that the number of freld days was not decisive for thorough insight into fungal diversity. Although in previous research, 22 field days (from 1976 to 1982) were spent in Rajhenavski Rog and 14 in Krokar (from 1975 to 1982), fewer fungi were revealed on beech CWD. In our opinion the methodsof inspection are critical for fungal biodiversity studies; these must be detailed, focussedon the object of research and must not be a general,overall collection offungi. The differencesbetweenpresentand previous results of fungal inventories can also be partially explained by different time spans of observation(two years in this researchand 6 and 7 years in previous inventories). The comparisonbetween number of speciesin Krokar and Rajhenav reveals significant differences.Although thesedifferencescan, at fust sight, be athibuted to fewer field days spent on the inventory in Krokar, the reason most probably lies in unfavourable r86 Zbomik gozdarstvain lesarstva,69 ecological conditions for sporocarpproduction in this forest reserve. A similar ratio of speciesas was found for fungi was also establishedfor mosses(ODOR / VAN DORT 2002). Direct held observationsrevealedthat in Krokar, becauseof its top position on a high plateau exposedto direct and frequent winds, the microclimate differs much from the situation in RajhenavskiRog, being surroundedby vast areaofclosed forest. The fungal biodiversity revealedrepresentsonly a part of the total fungal biodiversity of selectedsites, becauseimportant groups (Corticiaceae,small Ascomycetes) and special habitats were not included. When the evaluation of the biodiversity of fungi in Dinaric forests is attempted,anothervery important part of the fungal biodiversity in relation to fu should be taken into account. POVZETEK Glive se v naravnih gozdovih zelo razlikujejo od gliv v gospodarskih gozdovih. Les, ki nastaja v naravnih gozdovih, je podvrien naravnim procesom razkroja v gozdu; v gospodarskihgozdovih ga odvzamemoiz gozda kot hlodovino in ga uporabimo drugje. Ker je les najpomembnejii del celotne proizvedene biomase v gozdu, sta raznolikost organizmov, ki ga razkrajajo, in pretok hranil v gospodarskemgozdu s tem odvzemom moino spremenjenaoziroma zmanjiana. Velika koliiina odmrlega lesa v vseh stopnjah razkroja je kljuinega pomena za nemotenosukcesijo gliv razkrojevalk lesa; nudi tudi celo vrsto posebnih bivaliii za druge glive. Popis trosnjakov daje zanesljiv vpogled v strukturo glivne skupnosti in njenega razvoja v razkrajajoiem se lesu, sai so trosi najpomembnejii dejavnik za razJirjanje gliv razgraievalk lesa. Za popis gliv smo izbrali 109 drevesv RajhenavskemRogu in 102 drevesi na Krokarju. V okviru projekta NAT-MAN smo raziskovali le izbrane skupine gliv. Druge glive, ki smo jih naili pri popisu (majhne zaprtotrosnice s trosnjaki <3 mm, veiina skorjastih gliv, nekateri liiaji, glive na trosnjakih velikih lukniiiark), niso bile upoitevane in bodo obravnavanev naslednjihprispevkih. Skupno itevilo najdb (t. j. vse vrste gliv na vseh velikih lesnih ostankih)je bilo 2040 v RajhenavskemRogu in 889 v Krokarju; v prvem gozdnemrezervatusmo na posameznem odmrlem drevesuv povpreiju naili 12,3 (oz. med 0 in 55), v dragempa 5,9 (0 - 27) vrst. r87 Med oberna lokacijama obstaja izrazita razlika - v RajhenavskemRogu smo ugotovili bistveno veije skupnoitevilo vrst in veijo raznolikostgliv na posameznemdrevesu; za ta rezervatje znaiilna tudi enqkomernejiarazporeditevwst na lesnih ostankih. Od izbranih skupin gliv za NAT-MAN projekt smo ugotovili 244 vrst gliv - 138 na Krokarju in 206 v RajhenavskemRogu (od tega 36 vrst samo na Krokarju, 106 pa samo v Rajhenavskem Rogu; preglednica 2). Primerjava seznamagliv z objavfenimi podatki o glivah na bukavem lesu v gozdnih rezervatihKrokarin RajhenavskiRog (HOCEVARet al. 1985, 1995)kaie, da je 6l vrst iz priiujoie raziskave ie bilo ugotovljenih na Krokarju (48 %"),62 pa v Rajhenavskem Rogu (30 %"). V objavljenih delih je navedenih 22 vrst gliv za Krokar in 18 za Rajhenavski Rog, ki jih v naii raziskavi nismo ugotovili. Pri primerjanju podatkov moramo upoitevati nomenklaturnerazlike, zato bo popolna primerjava obeh seznamov narejena s taksonomskimdelom v prihodnosti. V preteklih raziskavahje bil raziskovalni cilj iirii, saj so bile obravnavaneglive na vsehvrstah lesnih gostiteljev in tudi mikorizne ter druge talne glive. Terensko delo je razkrilo tudi nekatere horoloike zaninivosti. Stevilne majhne diskomicetepolenejo samo spamladi. Vroii poletni meseciso lahko zanimivi za majhne listiiarke, ki rastejo na lesnih ostankih z velikim pren erom. Zbiranje resupinatnih luknjiiark in pirenomicet poleti ni bilo uspeino, ker so bili trosnjaki nedozoreli in ie niso oblikovali trosov, po katerih bi jih doloiili. Poznajesen je na sploino najuspe{nejia za nabiranje. V pwem letu popisa je jesensko vreme brez snega trajalo do sredine decembra; v novembruje bila opaiena presenetljivo velika vrstna raznolikost. Nekatere glive se pojavrjo takoj po pmih zmrzalih ali po prvem snegu in jih najdemo, dokler jih ne prekrije debela sneina odeja oziroma ne prinese mraz v gozd zimski poiitek. Nekatere skupine gliv so bile nqbrane premalo obseino (Mycena, Pluteus), saj bi bilo za njihovo nataninejio obrawtavopotrebno dolgotrajnejie terenskodelo. Posebnopozornost bi bilo treba posvetiti rodu ieladic (Mycena), katerih drobni trosnjaki poZenejo v stotinah po dolgih deieujih v poznem oktobru. Se vei naporov bi zahtevala inventarizacija belih, belkastih in tetnnih tankoslojnih trosnjakov skorjastih gliv, ki so sestavljeni iz le nekaj hifnih slojev (na powiini lesa so vidni kot >ostanki stare barver). Zanimiva mikota se pojavlja tudi na trosnjakih velikih luknjiiark, Je posebno na Fomes fomentarius in Fomitopsispinicola. 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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ZAHVALA The work was a part of European5FW project entitled "Natural Managementof Beech in Europe" (acronym NAT-MAN, QLRTI-CT99-1349). The authors appreciate the work done by Matej Rupel preparing precis€ detailed field maps of fallen trees, which greatly facilitated the inventory. Special thanks to Gregor Podgornik for his contribution to the freldwork as well as for providing some critical literature sources.The authors thank two anonymousrefereesfor highly useful improvementsof the manuscript. 194 Zbornik gozdarstva in lesarstva, 69 7 APPENDICES PRILOGE Figure l: Lentarta albavinqcea (designatedas L. epichnoa in Table 2) on CWD 66/2, decay phase213.an CWD 66 the highest number of fungal species(55) was recorded(RajhenavskiRog, 30.09.2001,photo J.K.) Slika l: Lentaria albovinacea (oznaiena kot L. epichnoa v preglednici 2) na CI(D 66/2, razkrojnafaza 2/3; na CIYD 66je bilo ugotovljeno najveije itevilo (55) glivnih wst (RojhenavskiRog,30.09.2001, foto J.K.) Figure 2: CWD 71, decayphase2 - with 31 fungal speciesrecorded (RajhenavskiRog, 29.A7.2A0l, photo A.P.) Slika2: CWD 71, razkrojna faza 2 - zabeleienih 3l vrst gliv (Rajhenavski Rog, 29.07.2001, foto A.P.) Figure 3: CWD ll/2, decay phase 2, with Lentaria mucida (Rajhenavski Rog, 02.12.2000,photo A.P.) Slika j: razlwojna faza 2, z Lentaria mucida (Rajhenavski Rog, 02.t2.2000,fotoA.P.) CWD 1l/2, Figure4: CWD 2712, decay phase 3 to 4, with Discina panna (RajhenavskiRog, l, photoA.P.) I 6.06.200 Slika 4: CWD 27/2, razlcrojna faza j do 4, z Discina parma (Rajhenavski Rog, 16.06.2001,foto A.P.) Figure 5: Dentipellisfragilis canbe found only in unmanagedseminaturalvirgin forests (Krokar, 04.11.2000,photo A.P.) Sliks 5: fragilis lahko najdemo le v negospodarjenih pragozdovih (Krokar, 04.11.2000,foto A.P.) Dentipellis drugotnih Figure 6: Phyllotopsis nidulans - another species, characteristical for unmanaged Slika 6: seminaturalvirgin forests(Krokar, 04.11.2000,photo A.P.) Phyllotopsis nidulans - ie ena vrsta, ki je znaiilna za negospodarjene drugotnepragozdove (Krokar, 04.11.2000,foto A.P.) 195 Piltave\ A., Matotec, N., Kosec,J., Jurc, D.: Macrofungi on beechdead wood ... FigtrellSlikal Figure2 /Slika2 Figure3 / Slika 3 Figure4/Slikal 196 Zbornik gozdarstva in lesarstva, 69 Figure5/Slika5 Figure6lSlika6