Fungal Diversity
DOI 10.1007/s13225-016-0360-2
Taxonomy and phylogeny of dematiaceous coelomycetes
Nalin N. Wijayawardene 1,2,3 & Kevin D. Hyde 2,3,4,5 & Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe 2,3,4,5 &
Moslem Papizadeh 6 & Ishani D. Goonasekara 2,3,4,5 & Erio Camporesi 7,8,9 &
D. Jayarama Bhat 10,11 & Eric H. C. McKenzie 12 & Alan J. L. Phillips 13 & Paul Diederich 14 &
Kazuaki Tanaka 15,23 & Wen Jing Li 2,3,4,5 & Narumon Tangthirasunun 2,3,16 &
Rungtiwa Phookamsak 2,3,4,5 & Dong-Qin Dai 2,3,4,5 & Asha J. Dissanayake 2,3,22 &
Gothamie Weerakoon 19 & Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura 20 & Akira Hashimoto 15,23 &
Misato Matsumura 15,23 & Ali H. Bahkali 21 & Yong Wang 1,17,18
Received: 11 January 2016 / Accepted: 2 March 2016
# School of Science 2016
Abstract Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic
group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e. conidiomata.
Coelomycetes comprise about, 1000 genera and 7000 species,
which can be endophytic, pathogenic or saprobic. Traditional
classification of coelomycetes was previously based on morphology, such as the shape of conidiomata and mode of
conidiogenesis, while it was treated as a distinct group i.e.
Deuteromycotina. Sequence based taxonomic studies has been
used to accommodate asexual fungi in a natural classification
system, resolve generic boundaries of polyphyletic genera and
species complexes, as well as establish asexual-sexual links.
Nevertheless, most of genera lack sequence data, thus, morphology based identification is still important when introducing
new genera or species. In this paper we illustrate, describe, and
provide taxonomic notes for 235 dematiaceous coelomycetous
genera, including five new genera viz. Apiculospora,
Didymellocamarosporium, Melanocamarosporium, Melnikia
and Paulkirkia. Phylogenetic analyses of combined sequence
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article
(doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0360-2) contains supplementary material,
which is available to authorized users.
* Yong Wang
yongwangbis@aliyun.com
Kevin D. Hyde
kdhyde3@gmail.com
1
Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou
University, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
2
School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100,
Thailand
3
4
Center of Excellence in Fungal Research and School of Science, Mae
Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography
of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, People’s
Republic of China
7
A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese, Antonio Cicognani, Via
Roma 18, Forlì, Italy
8
A.M.B. Circolo Micologico, Giovanni Carini, C.P. 314, Brescia, Italy
9
Società per gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna, C.P. 144,
Bagnacavallo, RA, Italy
10
No. 128/1-J, Azad Housing Society, Curca, P.O. Goa Velha 403108,
India
11
Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa 403 206, India
12
Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170,
Auckland, New Zealand
13
Faculty of Sciences, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute
(BioISI), University of Lisbon, Campo Grande,
1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
14
Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Munster,
L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
5
World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, 132 Lanhei Road,
Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
15
Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3
Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
6
Microorganisms Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC),
Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR),
Tehran, Iran
16
Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED),
Université Paris Diderot, 5 rue Thomas-Mann, Paris 75013,
France
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data are provided to show placements of dematiaceous
coelomycetes in Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes and
Sordariomycetes. One-hundred and fifty-two (65 %) of genera
have sequence data, thus, their taxonomic placement in a natural classification system, is listed as an outline. However, 83
genera still lack sequence data, hence, they are treated as
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis. In addition, separate analyses are provided where better taxonomic resolution is needed.
Living modes of coelomycetes
Introduction
Coelomycetes inhabit a wide range of ecological niches and
occur as pathogens of terrestrial plants (Cortinas et al. 2006;
Wikee et al. 2011; Udayanga et al. 2011; Maharachchikumbura
et al. 2011, 2013b; Hyde et al. 2014) or aquatic plants (AlSaadoon and Al-Dossary 2014), as endophytes (Rajagopal
et al. 2012), or saprobes (Wijayawardene et al. 2013a, 2014a,
b; Dai et al. 2012, 2014a, b). Some are found on organic debris in
soil (Someya et al. 1997), while others are lichenicolous
(Diederich et al. 2001, 2012; Lawrey et al. 2011) or mycorrhizal
(Oliveira et al. 2014). Some coelomycetous genera have been
reported as pathogens of insects and vertebrates, including
humans (de Hoog et al. 2000; El-Bassam et al. 2002; Cano
et al. 2004; Krockenberger 2010).
History
Pathogenic coelomycetes
Grove (1919) introduced the term coelomycetes, i.e. ‘fungi with
a coelom or a cavity’, to accommodate the genera Phyllosticta,
Phomopsis and Phloeospora, as they produce conidia within a
cavity (Sutton 1980). The initial concept was extended to embody all genera that produce conidia within a cavity or cushionlike fungal matrix (Grove 1935, 1937). Later mycologists realized that coelomycetes are an artificial group of fungi (e.g.
Taylor 1995) and the term was used purely for convenience
(Kendrick 2000). The conidiomata or fruitbodies range from
an enclosed cavity such as a pycnidium to a cushion-like
acervulus, with several intermediaries viz. sporodochium-like
and stroma (Fig. 1) (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993; Kirk et al.
2008; Wijayawardene et al. 2012b). Fungal tissues, host tissues
or a combination of both, line the cavities of a conidioma
(Sutton 1980). There are a large number of taxa now known
in the literature (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993; Kirk et al. 2008;
Wijayawardene et al. 2012b) and new taxa are continuously
being introduced (Dai et al. 2012; Wijayawardene et al.
2014d, 2015; Ariyawansa et al. 2015b; Liu et al. 2015).
Keywords Asexual fungi . Conidiogenesis . Morphology .
Multi-gene analyses
17
Guizhou Key Laboratory Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University,
Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People’s Republic of China
18
Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou
University, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
Several coelomycetous genera have been reported as pathogens
of various plants including agricultural crops, ornamental plants
and timber trees (Fig. 2). The impact of infection can extend to
post-harvest losses and they may also be of quarantine concern
(Hyde et al. 2014). Some genera are known to be seed pathogens causing discoloured areas, lesions on seed and seed mortality (Maden et al. 1975; Neergaard 1977). Because of their
ubiquity and economic importance, much research effort has
gone into their taxonomy, pathology, and detection methods,
based on molecular techniques, as well as more traditional techniques. Ascochyta, Colletotrichum, Diplodia, Harknessia,
Lasiodiplodia, Pestalotiopsis, Phaeophleospora, Phoma,
Phomopsis and Phyllosticta are some well-known pathogenic
genera, the species of which may cause considerable crop and
post-harvest losses or reduce the aesthetic value in ornamental
plants (Taylor and Crous 1999; Lee et al. 2004; Peever 2007;
Peever et al. 2007; Udayanga et al. 2011, 2014; Wikee et al.
2011, 2013a, b; Damm et al. 2012, 2013, 2014; O’Connell et al.
2012; Phillips et al. 2012; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2011,
2013b, 2014; Hyde et al. 2014; Nilsson et al. 2014).
Molecular techniques, in particular, have revealed that most
pathogenic genera are actually ‘species complexes’ (Damm
et al. 2012, 2013, 2014; Wikee et al. 2013a; Hyde et al. 2014).
19
Scientific Affiliate, Integrative Research Center, Science &
Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
Endophytic coelomycetes
20
Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiaohe District, Guiyang
City, Guizhou Province 550006, People’s Republic of China
21
College of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, King
Saud University, Riyadh 1145, Saudi Arabia
22
Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of
Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People’s
Republic of China
23
The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate
University, 18-8 Ueda 3 chome, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
The most accepted definition of plant endophytes was given by
Petrini (1991), i.e. ‘All organisms inhabiting plant organs that at
some time in their life, can colonize internal plant tissues without
causing apparent harm to the host’. Endophytic taxa are important to host plants in various roles, such as being involved in
mutualism, reducing herbivory, improving the ability of tolerance to drought conditions and diseases, plant health and eventually in decomposition after death (Frohlich et al. 2000; Sieber
2007; Hyde and Soytong 2008). Table 1 summarizes endophytic
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Fig. 1 Different shapes of conidiomata. a, b, e Sporodochium-like. c, f, i–p Pycnidia. d, h, q Acervuli. g Irregularly shaped conidiomata
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Fig. 2 Diseases and leaf spots caused by Colletotrichum spp., Diplodia spp., Phyllosticta spp., phoma-like spp., Phomopsis spp. and Pestalotiopsis spp
coelomycetes, which have been documented in recent studies.
Several recent research articles have reported taxa producing
chemicals such as taxol, viz. Seimatoantlerium sp. (Strobel
et al. 1999), Bartalinia (Gangadevi and Muthumary 2008), although this has been disputed by Heinig et al. (2013).
Table 1
Lichen forming and lichenicolous coelomycetes
Lichen-forming ascomycetes differ from most non-lichenized
ascomycetes in that the sexual state and the conidial state are
usually present simultaneously in one thallus. Almost all
Coelomycetous endophytic genera
Genera
References
Bartalinia
Gangadevi and Muthumary 2008; Senanayake et al. 2015
?Botryodiplodia (?Lasiodiplodia)
Colletotrichum
Kamalraj and Muthumary 2013
Suryanarayanan and Vijaykrishna 2001; Tayung et al. 2012; Kamalraj and Muthumary 2013
Fusicoccum
Suryanarayanan and Vijaykrishna 2001
Lasiodiplodia
Liberomyces
Suryanarayanan and Vijaykrishna 2001
Pazoutová et al. 2012
Pestalotia
Pestalotiopsis
Kamalraj and Muthumary 2013
Kamalraj and Muthumary 2013
Phoma
Vaz et al. 2012; Kamalraj and Muthumary 2013
Phomopsis
Udayanga et al. 2012; Vaz et al. 2012; Anitha et al. 2013; Kamalraj and Muthumary 2013
Phyllosticta
Suryanarayanan and Vijaykrishna 2001; Kamalraj and Muthumary 2013; Wikee et al. 2013a, b
Seimatoantlerium
Strobel et al. 1999
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Fig. 3 Fertile lichens with pycnidia. a Opegrapha flavocircularis. b Arthoniales sp. c Opegrapha conipycnidiata. d Lecanactis subabietina. e Opegrapha
subelevata. f Cladonia multiformis. g Anzia formosana. h Cetrelia nuda. i Punctelia stictica. (d, e photo credit to A. Aptroot)
fertile (ascoma-bearing) lichens may produce pycnidia on the
same thallus (Fig. 3). Vobis and Hawksworth (1981) discussed
four different types of conidiomata development in lichens;
Lecanactis-type, Lobaria-type, Roccella-type and Xanthoriatype. They produce eight different morphological types of
conidiophores (Fig. 4). There are no lichens that are strictlyspeaking lichen-forming coelomycetes, since all genera reported as such (e.g. Woessia) have also turned out to possess
occasionally also fertile apothecia. Some species (e.g.
Opegrapha spp.) often initially produce only pycnidia, and
develop apothecia only in a later stage.
Lichenicolous fungi ‘live exclusively on lichens, most commonly as host-specific parasites, but also as broad-spectrum
pathogens, saprotrophs or commensals’ (Lawrey and
Diederich 2015) (Fig. 5). Hawksworth (1981b) gave an overview of lichenicolous coelomycetes, accepting 22 genera and
42 species. Many species been added since, e.g. in the genera
Ascochyta (Alstrup and Hawksworth 1990; Hawksworth and
Kalb 1992), Cladoniicola (Diederich et al. 2001), Lichenodiplis
(Diederich 2003; Atienza et al. 2009; Knudsen and
Kocourkova 2009; Pérez-Vargas et al. 2013), Lichenoconium
(Sutton 1980; Diederich 2003; Cole and Hawksworth 2004;
Lawrey et al. 2011) and Microsphaeropsis (Etayo and Sancho
2008; Etayo and Yazici 2009; von Brackel 2014).
Fungicolous coelomycetes
Kirk et al. (2008) defined fungicolous fungi as ‘fungi growing
on other fungi as parasites (‘mycoparasites’), commensals, or
saprobes’. There are a few coelomycetes have been reported as
fungicolous taxa, such as Ampelomyces, Capitorostrum and
Neoheteroceras (Sutton 1980).
Mycorrhizal coelomycetes
Some species of coelomycetes have been reported from the
rhizosphere of some plants. As an example, Corniculariella
brasiliensis (Oliveira et al. 2014), Phomopsis columnaris and
Phoma schachtii (Vaz et al. 2012) have been reported from the
rhizosphere regions of Caesalpinia echinata and Sorghum
vulgare, respectively, and may have a close, mutualistic relationship with the plant. However, the available information for mycorrhizal coelomycetes lacks comparison with other life modes.
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Fig. 4 Different types of
conidiogenesis in lichen forming
coelomycetes (re-drawn from
Vobis and Hawksworth 1981)
Fig. 5 Lichenicolous taxa on different lichen thalli. a Nigropuncta
rugulosa on Bellemerea cinereorufescens. b Vouauxiella lichenicola on
Lecanora chlarotera. c Coniambigua phaeographidis on Leiorreuma
lyellii. d Lichenoconium lichenicola on Physcia tenella. e
Caeruleoconidia ochrolechiae on Ochrolechia pseudopallescens. f
Lichenodiplis lecanorae on apothecia of C. vitellinula
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Genera with intermediate conidiomatal morphologies
The major groups of asexual fungi, i.e. coelomycetes and hyphomycetes, are distinguished on the basis of their sporulating
structures (Kendrick and Nag Raj 1979). Kendrick (2000) stated
that ‘the production of conidia in enclosed structures or the
absence of such enclosure’ could be the basic criterion to define
a particular fungus as coelomycetous or hyphomycetous. Below
we quote the most accepted definitions for coelomycetes and
hyphomycetes and these are followed in this study.
Coelomycetes: ‘…conidia are formed within a cavity
lined by either fungal tissue, host tissue, or a combination
of both’ (Sutton 1980).
Hyphomycetes: ‘form their conidia on or from conidiophores that may be single or aggregated into synnemata
(coremia) or sporodochia, but never develop under the shelter
of any protective integument’ (Kendrick and Nag Raj 1979).
Placing genera with different types of conidiomata (viz.
pycnidia, acervuli, sporodochia, synnemata and other intermediate forms) in coelomycetes or hyphomycetes has been thoroughly discussed (Kendrick and Nag Raj 1979; Sutton 1980;
Nag Raj 1993; Kirk et al. 2008; Seifert et al. 2011). Kendrick
and Nag Raj (1979), Kendrick (2000) and Seifert et al. (2011)
clearly defined the boundaries and treated acervuli and
Fig. 6 Matured sporodochium-like conidiomata and their vertical
sections when immature. a Mature, sporodochium-like conidiomata of
Scolicosporium minkeviciusii. b Vertical section of immature
conidioma. c Different stages of maturity of conidiomata of
Phragmotrichum platanoidis. Arrow heads point to the immature
pycnidia as conidiomata of coelomycetes, while considering
sporodochia and synnemata as hyphomycetous.
Kendrick and Nag Raj (1979) listed four criteria to qualify
a conidioma as an acervulus:
1. The hymenium develops beneath an integument entirely
of host origin
2. Conidiogenous cells are restricted to the floor of the cavity
3. At maturity, there is usually a split of the host integument,
and considerable exposure of the relatively flat hymenium
4. The hymenium layer arises from a more or less welldeveloped pseudoparenchymatous stroma that forms at
some level within the tissue of the host
(Adopted from Kendrick and Nag Raj 1979)
Seifert et al. (2011) defined sporodochia as, ‘cushion-like
conidiomata with an open mass of conidia; usually with conidiophores arising from a basal mass of interwoven or
stromatic hyphae. Sporodochia are ‘usually superficial on
the host tissue, but can sometimes be subcuticular or semiimmersed, and are then difficult to distinguish from acervuli’
(Seifert et al. 2011). However, in cultures it is difficult to
differentiate acervuli from sporodochia (Seifert et al. 2011).
Sutton’s (1980) treatment partially agreed with the above
definitions, but he did regard a few genera with ‘erumpent and
sporodochial conidiomata’ (e.g. Phlyctema) as coelomycetes,
conidiomata beneath the host tissue. d Conidioma wall and host tissue.
e Mature, sporodochium-like conidiomata of Blastacervulus eucalypti. f
Vertical section of conidioma. Sporodochium-like mature conidioma on
left and acervular closed conidioma on right side
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thus accepting that in some fungi there is a transition between
sporodochia and acervuli. Sutton (1980) further mentioned
that there is no real generic distinction between acervular
and sporodochial fungi. By accepting this statement, several
species with acervular to sporodochial conidiomata (e.g.
Rhizosphaerina fide Sutton 1985; Lecanostictopsis fide
Sutton and Crous 1997) or with sporodochial-like
conidiomata (Minutoexcipula fide Atienza and Hawksworth
1994; Atienza et al. 2009) have been described as
coelomycetous. Thus, some species within a genus have been
regarded as hyphomycetes with sporodochia, while others in
the same genus are considered to be coelomycetes. Hence, we
consider that it is important to observe a series of vertical
sections of immature and mature conidiomata before they
can be regarded as sporodochia or acervuli (Fig. 6).
Classification and taxonomy
Historical classification
Hughes’ (1953) publication on conidiogenesis can be recognized as a significant landmark in traditional classification of
asexual fungi that helped to develop a new understanding in
the taxonomy of the conidial fungi. Even though Hughes
(1953) introduced his findings based on hyphomycetes,
Sutton (1971a, 1973) recognized similarities in conidium ontogeny with coelomycetous fungi. Hence, subsequent
Fig. 7 Different modes of conidiogenesis. a–d Arthric conidiogenesis in
Trullula sp. e–g Arthric conidiogenesis in Phragmotrichum with
basipetal conidial chains. h–k Blastic conidiogenesis in Asterosporium
publications in pycnidial fungi by Sutton (1980) and Nag
Raj (1981) considered conidiogenesis as a primary taxonomic
criterion in the classification of coelomycetes. Sutton (1980)
introduced six suborders based on conidiogenesis and other
important characters, such as types of conidiomata (Fig. 1),
conidiogenous cells (Fig. 7), origin of conidium wall, conidial
morphology (Fig. 8), conidial septation and behaviour of these
fungi in culture. However, Sutton’s (1980) classification is not
accepted as a natural classification scheme as it does not show
evolutionary relationships (de Gruyter et al. 2009; Aveskamp
et al. 2010). For example, Sutton (1980) grouped Lecanosticta
and Stilbospora together with 43 other genera (including seve r a l a pp en d ag e be ar i n g g e ne r a ) i n t he s ub or de r
Blastostromatineae. Recent sequence based phylogenetic
analyses have shown that these two genera have quite distinct
lineages, viz. Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales (Crous et al.
2009a; Quaedvlieg et al. 2014) and Stilbosporaceae,
Diaporthales (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014) respectively.
Nevertheless, Sutton (1980) was correct in some cases such
as with Stilbospora and Stegonsporium, which have been
shown as close relatives in Stilbosporaceae, Diaporthales
(Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014).
Plasticity in coelomycetous fungi resulted in poor delimitation and understanding of generic and species boundaries
(Sutton 1977, 1980; Nag Raj 1981; Wijayawardene et al.
2012b). Pilidiella and Coniella are good examples of such a
poor generic delimitation, where the former was treated as a
synonym of the latter by Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993).
sp. l–p Phialidic conidiogenesis in Pseudocamarosporium sp. p–s
Annellidic conidiogenesis in Botryosphaeria sp. (dichomera-like)
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Fig. 8 Morphology of conidia. a–f Aseptate conidia. g–m Conidia with
transverse septa (phragmosporous conidia). n–r Conidia with both
transverse and longitudinal septa (muriform conidia). s–u Conidia with
sheaths. v, w, y, z, 1, 2 Conidia with appendages. 3–5 Variously shaped
conidia (3 Digitate conidia. 4 Cheiroid conidia. 5 Stellate conidia)
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However, sequence based studies have clearly shown these to
be phylogenetically distinct genera in Schizoparmeaceae
(Castlebury et al. 2002; van Niekerk et al. 2004; Rossman
et al. 2007). Coniothyrium-like and microsphaeropsis-like
taxa are other examples of morphological plasticity among
coelomycetes (Sutton 1980). Thus, early morphology-based
identifications are questioned in recent studies (Verkley et al.
2004, 2014; de Gruyter et al. 2013). Besides Sutton’s (1973,
1980) criteria for determining suprageneric and generic
boundaries, Nag Raj (1993) considered the types of appendages as a key factor in establishing generic boundaries.
It has been a practice to delimit fungal taxa, based on conspicuous morphological characters. Swart and Williamson
(1983) established Vermisporium to accommodate several
Seimatosporium species with hyaline to sub-hyaline, uniformly
thin-walled conidia and 10–20 times as long as they are wide.
Nag Raj (1993) accepted Vermisporium as a distinct genus and
recognised ten species. However, Barber et al. (2011) showed
through sequence analyses that the type species of
Vermisporium, V. walkeri H.J. Swart & M.A. Will. and several
other species cluster with Seimatosporium sensu stricto and
thus were treated as a synonym of Seimatosporium.
Pilidiella eucalyptorum is an example of confusion in a
species. Although it has morphological characters similar to
Coniella, sequence analyses show that it is closer to Pilidiella
sensu stricto (van Niekerk et al. 2004). Thus, it is important to
rely on sequence based taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses
rather than solely on morphology. A polyphasic approach is
more reliable in many disciplines such as quarantine and plant
pathology (Cai et al. 2009; Aveskamp et al. 2010; Wang et al.
2012; Wijayawardene et al. 2012c; Hyde et al. 2014).
Coelomycetes and their sexual morphs
Ainsworth (1966) proposed to place asexual fungi in a separate
subdivision, Deuteromycotina which has been subdivided into
three classes, viz. Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes and
Agonomycetes (Mycelia sterilia) (Sutton 1980). However,
Kendrick (1979) emphasised the importance of integrating conidial fungi into the natural classification and Kendrick (1989)
considered Deuteromycotina to be a ‘fungal chimera’. Kendrick
(1989) emphasized that the whole fungus or holomorph can be
‘teleomorph + anamorph’ or ‘teleomorph’ or ‘anamorph’. The
last expression is an important phenomenon among taxonomists
who study the conidial fungi and it clearly shows the importance
of incorporating them in natural classification system (Kendrick
1989; Hyde et al. 2011, 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2012b, c;
Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).
Currently, more than 1000 coelomycetous genera have
been described and approximately 300 genera are linked with
sexual morphs or placed in various families, orders or classes
(Wijayawardene et al. 2012b). Thus, most of the known genera are treated as ‘orphan genera’ (Wijayawardene et al.
Fig. 9 The best scoring RAxML tree of species of Dothideomycetes,
Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes generated from analyses of
combined of LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF1-α sequence data. Bootstrap
values greater than 50 % are given above the nodes. The original strain
numbers are given after the species names. Classes are differentiated with
alternative colours in the right justified column. The tree is rooted to
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2012b). Recent studies based on sequence analyses have facilitated taxonomic placement of some of these orphan genera
(Wingfield et al. 2012; Wijayawardene et al. 2014d;
Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).
Polyphyletic genera, convergent evolution
Traditionally, taxonomists used culture-based methods or cooccurrence of different morphs on the same host to determine
sexual/ asexual links (Wijayawardene et al. 2014d;
Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). However, due to the morphological plasticity of coelomycetes, some genera have been linked
with several sexual morphs or assigned in different taxonomic
groups and thus are called as ‘polyphyletic genera’
(Wijayawardene et al. 2012b). For example, Camarosporium
was treated as an asexual genus in Botryosphaeriales (Liu et al.
2012; Wijayawardene et al. 2012b), Cucurbitariaceae (Doilom
et al. 2013) and Leptosphaeriaceae (Schoch et al. 2009). Based
on sequence data analyses, Wijayawardene et al. (2014d) showed
that camarosporium-like taxa are polyphyletic in Pleosporales,
but Camarosporium sensu stricto resides as a distinct clade in
Pleosporineae, Pleosporales. The genera such as Coniothyrium,
and Phoma were also treated as polyphyletic and recent sequence
based analyses have helped to demarcate generic boundaries and
thus introduce several new genera (Verkley et al. 2004; de
Gruyter et al. 2009, 2013; Crous et al. 2011b).
Molecular studies have also helped to understand convergent
evolution, i.e. ‘the independent origin of similar organismic
forms, as tantamount to experimental replication in the history
of life and indicative of the robust counterfactual resilience of
macro evolutionary pattern in the fungi’ (Powell 2008).
Morphologically similar Homortomyces and Stilbospora are extraordinary examples of convergent evolution, where the former
resides in class Dothideomycetes, while the latter is placed in
class Sordariomycetes (Crous et al. 2012b; Wijayawardene et al.
2014e).
Aim of the paper
Even though sequence analyses play an important role in the
identification of fungi in modern-day fungal taxonomy, morphology is still a key factor. Therefore, it is essential to consider
both molecular data and morphology when identifying fungi. As
most of described fungal genera lack sequence data, we have to
rely on morphological descriptions in the old literature before
deciding to introduce new genera or species. In their outstanding
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Fig. 9 (continued)
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Fig. 9 (continued)
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Fig. 9 (continued)
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Fig. 9 (continued)
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Fig. 9 (continued)
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Fig. 9 (continued)
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monograph, ‘The Genera of Hyphomycetes’, Seifert et al. (2011)
present all available data on hyphomycetous fungi including
illustrations, which helps to understand them at generic level.
There has been no overview of the coelomycetous fungi with
a compilation of taxonomic notes and other details, since Sutton
(1980). Nag Raj (1993) is useful for identification of appendage
bearing coelomycete genera. Some of the content of both works
needs to be revised, as both monographs are based only on
morphology and used an artificial classification system. Thus,
it is necessary to incorporate both morphological data and
known sequence data to obtain a natural classification.
In this paper, we list all dematiaceous coelomycetous genera as an outline and provide generic descriptions. Moreover,
illustrations and taxonomic notes are also provided. For the
genera and species where sequence data are available, phylogenetic analyses were carried out to determine taxonomic
placements in a natural classification system.
Materials and Methods
Literature and preparation of the list
Previous publications (including monographs, check lists, dictionaries) were divided in to two chronological groups for the
convenience of collecting data:
1. Prior to Sutton (1977, 1980), i.e. ‘Coelomycetes VI.
Nomenclature of generic names proposed for
coelomycetes’ and ‘The coelomycetes. Fungi imperfecti
with pycnidia, acervuli and stromata’ respectively.
2. Post Sutton (1980) until the end of 2015; including Nag
Raj (1993), Kirk et al. (2008, 2013), Hyde et al. (2011);
Wijayawardene et al. (2012a) and other publications introducing new genera or proving sexual-asexual links.
We used Sutton (1977, 1980) and Kirk et al. (2008) as baseline data for selecting valid generic names (see outline), while
eliminating synonyms from groups one and two respectively.
Besides the non-pleomorphic genera, we used the recently accepted generic names for pleomorphic genera (that is, they occur
as sexual and asexual states through their life history, but may be
separated in time and space fide Kendrick 1979) based on
Johnston et al. (2014), Stadler et al. (2014), Wijayawardene
et al. (2014c) and Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). For example, Teratosphaeria will be used instead of Colletogloeopsis
and Kirramyces. Basionyms and (putative) synonyms of the
genus are listed, except when there are more than three.
Layout of the paper
Each genus is provided with a generic description which is based
on the protologue and subsequent publications. Notes include the
genus history, comparisons with other morphologically similar
genera, sexual morph links, taxonomic placement and molecular
phylogeny, when available. The type species is illustrated in most
cases and taxonomic keys for species are provided where
possible.
Glossary
We followed Sutton (1980) and Kirk et al. (2008) as baselines
for terms used in this study.
Sample collection, specimen examination and isolation
Fresh collections were made in China, Germany, Italy and
Thailand. The collected samples were examined with a Motic
SMZ 168 stereo microscope and sterilized needles were used to
remove conidiomata, which were mounted in water. Sections of
conidiomata were made with a razor blade or freezing microtome. Photographs of micro characters (such as conidiomata
wall, paraphyses, conidiophores, conidiogenous cells, conidia)
were made from material mounted in water or lactophenol using
ECLIPSE 80i light microscope with a Cannon 450D digital
camera. Type and voucher specimens were deposited in the
herbarium of Mae Fah Luang University (MFLU), Chiang
Rai, Thailand, Kunming Institute of Botany (HKAS), China
and Agriculture College, Guizhou University (HGUP), China.
Isolation of fungus was carried out by single spore isolation
following the method of Chomnunti et al. (2014). Germinating
spores were transferred to PDA and incubated at 18 °C. The
cultural characteristics (e.g. colour, texture) were also determined.
The living ex-type cultures and authentic cultures were deposited
at the Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection (MFLUCC)
with duplicates at Kunming Institute of Botany Culture
Collection (KUMCC) and Guizhou University Culture
Collection (GUCC). Faces of Fungi numbers are provided as in
Jayasiri et al. (2015) and Index Fungorum numbers as in Index
Fungorum (2016). Type or representative specimens were studied
from Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
(BRIP), Australia, Landcare Research (PDD), New Zealand,
Hirosaki University (HHUF), Kunming Institute of Botany
Academia Sinica (HKAS), China, Research Institute of
Resource Insects (IFRD), U.S. National Fungus Collections
(BPI), U.S.A. Maryland and CABI Bioscience UK Centre
(IMI), U.K. England.
DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequencing
A modified protocol in BIOMIGA Fungus Genomic DNA
Extraction Kit (GD2416) was used to extract DNA from fresh
mycelium scraped from the colony margin of cultures grown on
PDA for 2–3 weeks at 18 °C. PCR amplification and sequencing
of LSU, SSU, ITS, TEF1-α and β-tubulin region using the primer pair LROR/LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990), NS1/NS4,
Fungal Diversity
Table 2
Summary of phylogenetic analyses carried out and used genes
Taxonomic group
Used genes
Reference
Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes and
Sordariomycetes
Botryosphaeriaceae
LSU, SSU, TEF1-α, RPB2,
In this study
SSU, LSU, ITS, TEF1-α, βtubulin
LSU, RPB2, ITS, β-tubulin,
TEF1-α
Phillips et al. 2013
Capnodiales
Crous et al. 2009a; Chomnunti et al. 2014; Quaedvlieg et al.
2014
Diaporthales
LSU, ITS
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014
dichomera-like taxa
ITS, TEF1-α
In this study
Diplodia
ITS, TEF1-α
Phillips et al. 2013
Floricolaceae
LSU, SSU, ITS
In this study
Massarineae
LSU, SSU, ITS
Liu et al. 2015
Seimatosporium
LSU, ITS
Barber et al. 2011
Seiridium
ITS
In this study
Xylariomycetidae
LSU, ITS, SSU, β-tubulin, RPB2 Senanayake et al. 2015
ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728 F/EF-2
(O’Donnell et al. 1998; Carbone and Kohn 1999) and
T1/Bt-2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995; O’Donnell and
Cigelnik 1997) respectively. Agarose electrophoresis gel
(1 %) stained with ethidium bromide was used to visualize DNA products. Amplified genes were sequenced by
SinoGenoMax Co., Beijing, China and the nucleotide sequences were deposited in GenBank.
Phylogenetic analyses
Additional sequences were downloaded from GenBank
(Supplementary Table 1) based on blast searches and recently published data. Separate phylogenetic analyses
were carried out for different nomenclature hierarchy
(Kirk et al. 2008) with different genes following recently
published literature (Table 2).
Sequences were initially aligned by MAFFT v. 7
(http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/ server/index.html) using
the default settings and improved manually where
necessary with MEGA v. 5.2.2 (Kumar et al. 2012) or
BioEdit v. 7.0.5.2 (Hall 1999). Evolutionary models for
phylogenetic analyses were selected independently for
each locus using MrModeltest v. 3.7 (Posada and
Crandall 1998) under the Akaike Information Criterion
(AIC) implemented in both PAUP v. 4.0b10 and
MrBayes v. 3. Phylogenetic reconstructions of combined
gene trees were performed by Bayesian Inference (BI) and
Maximum Likelihood (ML).
Maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis was performed in
RAxML (Stamatakis 2006) implemented in raxmlGUI
v.0.9b2 (Silvestro and Michalak 2010), employing mixed
models of evolution settings of the program and bootstrap
support was obtained by running 1000 pseudo replicates.
The online tool Findmodel was used to determine the best
nucleotide substitution (http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/
sequence/findmodel/findmodel.html) model for each
partition. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values (ML)
equal to or greater than 70 % are given above each node.
Bayesian analyses was conducted with MrBayes v.
3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001) to valuate
Posterior probabilities (PP) (Rannala and Yang 1996;
Zhaxybayeva and Gogarten 2002) by Markov Chain
Monte Carlo sampling (BMCMC). Two parallel runs were
conducted, using the default settings, but with the following adjustments:
Six simultaneous Markov chains were run for 2,000,
000 generations and trees were sampled every 100th generation and 20,000 trees were obtained. The first 4000
trees, representing the burn-in phase of the analyses and
discarded. The remaining 16,000 trees were used for calculating PP in the majority rule consensus tree
(Ariyawansa et al. 2015a). Branches with Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than 0.95 are given in bold.
Maximum-Parsimony (MP) analyses were carried out
using PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) using the heuristic
search option with 1000 random taxa addition and tree
bisection and reconnection (TBR) as the branch swapping
algorithm. All characters were unordered and of equal
weight. The gaps were treated as missing data. The Tree
Length (TL), Consistency Indices (CI), Retention Indices
(RI), Rescaled Consistency Indices (RC) and Homoplasy
Index (HI) were calculated for each tree generated.
Phylograms were visualized with Treeview v. 1.6.6
(Page 1996) or FigTree v1.4.0 program (Rambaut 2012)
and reorganized in Microsoft power point (2010) and
Adobe Illustrator® CS5 (Version 15.0.0, Adobe®, San
Jose, CA).
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 10 One of the 16 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from the
combined SSU, LSU, ITS, EF1-α and β-tubulin data set (CI = 0.527,
RI = 0.751, RC = 0.396, HI = 0.473). MP values (>70 %) resulting from
1000 bootstrap replicates and Bayesian posterior probabilities above 0.95
are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to Melanops tulasnei (CBS
116805). Ex-type strains are in bold and newly introduced species are in
blue. Genera are indicated in different colours to the right of the tree and
dematiaceous coelomycetous and holomorph with dematiaceous
coelomycetous genera are in red
Fungal Diversity
Results
Phylogenetic analyses
The classes Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes
and Sordariomycetes based on analyses of LSU, SSU, RPB2,
and TEF1-α sequence data
The combined LSU, SSU, RPB2, and TEF1-α data set consists of 903 strains with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the out
group taxon. The placements of dematiaceous coelomycetous
genera are listed in the outline (Fig. 9).
Botryosphaeriaceae based on analyses of SSU, LSU, ITS,
TEF1-α and β-tubulin sequence data
The combined SSU, LSU, ITS, TEF1-α and β-tubulin data set
consisted of 70 strains with Melanops tulasnei (CBS 116805)
as the outgroup taxon. The data set consisted of 3280 characters of which 2514 characters were constant, 179 variable
parsimony-uninformative characters and 587 parsimonyinformative characters. One of most parsimonious trees is
shown in Fig. 10 (CI = 0.527, RI = 0.751, RC = 0.396,
HI = 0.473). The tree comprises 21 genera viz.
Alanphillipsia, Barriopsis, Botryobambusa, Botryosphaeria,
Cophinforma, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Endomelanconiopsis,
E u t i a ro s p o re ll a , L a s i o d i p l o d i a , M a c ro p h o m i n a ,
Marasasiomyces, Mucoharknessia, Neodeightonia,
Neofusicoccum, Neoscytalidium, Phaeobotryon, Sakireeta,
Spencermartinsia, Sphaeropsis and Tiarosporella. Our results
agree with Phillips et al. (2013) and Crous et al. (2015b) but
neither of those publications included Alanphillipsia. Based
on our phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 10), we accept
Alanphillipsia as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae.
Dichomera-like taxa group in both Botryosphaeria and
Neofusicoccum clades. Hence, separate analyses were carried
out using only dichomera-like species, Botryosphaeria species and Neofusicoccum species.
Capnodiales based on analyses of LSU, RPB2, ITS, β-tubulin
and TEF1-α sequence data
The combined LSU, RPB2, ITS, β-tubulin and TEF1-α data
set consists of 83 strains with Parastagonospora nodorum
(CBS 110109) as the out group taxon. Our maximumlikelihood analyses (Fig. 11) agree with Wijayawardene
et al. (2014c) in which Capnodiales comprises eight families
viz. Capnodiaceae, Cladosporiaceae, Dissoconiaceae,
Extremaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae, Neodevriesiaceae,
Schizothyriaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae.
Teratosphaeriaceae comprises Camarosporula,
Readeriella sensu stricto, Leptomelanconium sensu lato (current name Teratosphaeria australiensis) and Teratosphaeria
sensu stricto (including Colletogloeopsis and Kirramyces)
and Xenoconiothyrium.
Phaeophleospora sensu stricto and Lecanosticta sensu lato
group in Mycosphaerellaceae. However, Phaeophleospora
eugeniae, the type species of Phaeophleospora separate with
moderate bootstrap support (75 %) from other
Phaeophleospora species which have hyaline conidia.
Readerielliopsis does not group in any family and is thus
treated as Capnodiales, genera incertae sedis. It could be a
new phylogenetic lineage in Capnodiales.
Diaporthales based on analyses of LSU and ITS sequence
data
The combined LSU and ITS data set consists of 73 strains
with Coniochaeta velutina (UAMH 10912) as the out group
taxon. The best scoring RAxML tree for species of
Diaporthales is shown in Fig. 12.
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) accepted twelve
families in Diaporthales viz. Cryphonectriaceae,
Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Harknessiaceae,
Melanconidaceae, Pseudoplagiostomataceae,
Pseudovalsaceae, Schizoparmeaceae, Stilbosporaceae,
Sydowiellaceae, Tirisporellaceae and Valsaceae. Crous
et al. (2015a) introduced Macrohilaceae to accommodate
Macrohilum. Our DNA sequence analyses agree with both
Crous et al. (2015a) and Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2015) and confirm that Diaporthales comprises 13 families. Apoharknessia, Greeneria and Lasmenia do not
cluster in any family, thus, are treated as Diaporthales,
genera incertae sedis.
Dichomera-like taxa in Botryosphaeriaceae based
on combined analyses of ITS and TEF1-α sequence data
The combined ITS and TEF1-α data set consists of 55
strains with Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (CBS 145.78,
PWQ2361) as the out group taxon. The data set consists
of 856 characters of which 636 are characters are constant, 30 are variable parsimony-uninformative characters
and 190 are parsimony-informative characters. One of the
12 equally most parsimonious trees is shown in Fig. 13.
Our new strain of dichomera-like taxon (MFLUCC 14–
0459) and Dichomera saubinetii (CBS 990.70) cluster in
Botryosphaeria, hence former strain introduce as
Botryosphaeria quercus. The type species of Dichomera,
D. saubinetii lacks an ex-type strain thus we do not treat
Dichomera as a synonym of Botryosphaeria. Dichomera
versiformis and D. ecucalypti group with Neofusicoccum,
hence, this confirms that dichomera-like taxa are
paraphyletic in Botryosphaeriaceae.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 11 The best scoring RAxML tree of species of Capnodiales
generated from analyses of combined of LSU, RPB2, ITS, β-tubulin
and TEF1-α sequence data. Bootstrap values greater than 70 % and
Bayesian posterior probabilities above 0.95 are given above the nodes.
The original strain numbers are given after the species names. Ex-type
strains are emphasized in bold. Families are differentiated with alternative
colours in the right justified column. The dematiaceous coelomycetous
genera are named in the column to the right of the main tree and indicated
with different colours. The tree is rooted to Parastagonospora nodorum
(CBS 110109)
Fungal Diversity
Floricolaceae based on combined analyses of LSU, SSU
and ITS sequence data
Xylariomycetidae based on combined analyses of LSU, ITS,
SSU, β-tubulin and RPB2 sequence data
The combined LSU, SSU and ITS data set consists of 25 strains
with Platystomum scabridisporum (BCC22835) as the out
group taxon. The best scoring RAxML tree is shown in Fig. 14.
In their analyses, Thambugala et al. (2015) showed that
Floricolaceae comprises nine genera i.e. Asymmetrispora,
Aurantiascoma, Floricola, Magnibotryascoma,
Misturatosphaeria, Neocurreya, Pseudoaurantiascoma,
Pseudomisturatosphaeria and Ramusculicola. Our results agree
with findings in Thambugala et al. (2015) and new strain of
coniothyrium-like taxon (MFLUCC 12–0328) clusters as a distinct clade in Floricolaceae, thus Paulkirkia is introduced.
Curreya acacia (CPC 24801) (Crous et al. 2015c) clusters in
Neocurreya sensu stricto thus Neocurreya acaciae is introduced
as a new combination.
The combined analyses of LSU, ITS, SSU, β-tubulin and
RPB2 dataset comprises 68 strains with Dothidea
hippophaeos (AFTOL-ID 919) and D. sambuci (DAOM
231303) as the out group taxa. The best scoring RAxML tree
is shown in Fig. 16. Xylariomycetidae comprises 16 families.
The clade of Bartaliniaceae is supported by high bootstrap
value and PP values (100 % and 1.00) and comprises
Bartalinia, Broomella, Hyalotiella, Morinia, Truncatella and
Zetiasplozna. Senanayake et al. (2015) did not include
Morinia as a genus in Bartaliniaceae but our analyses show
it is a well-established genus.
Senanayake et al. (2015) accepted Robillarda in
Amphisphaeriales, genera incertae sedis but Crous et al.
(2015a) showed Robillarda has a distinct phylogenetic lineage in Xylariales thus introduced Robillardaceae.
However, in our analyses, Robillardaceae clusters in
Amphisphaeriales.
Massarineae based on combined analyses of LSU, ITS
and SSU sequence data
The combined LSU, SSU and ITS data set consists of 83
strains with Pleospora herbarum (CBS 191.86 and
MFLUCC 13–0344) and Pleospora tarda (CBS 714.68)
as the out group taxa. The best scoring RAxML tree is
shown in Fig. 15. Our results agree with Tanaka et al.
(2015) and Massarineae comprises 12 families i.e.
Bambusicolaceae, Dictyosporiaceae,
Didymosphaeriaceae, Latoruaceae, Lentitheciaceae,
Morosphaeriaceae, Macrodiplodi opsidaceae ,
Massarinaceae, Parabambusicolaceae, Periconiaceae,
Sulcatisporaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae.
Didymosphaeriaceae comprises Alloconiothyrium,
Paracamarosporium, Paraconiothyrium,
Pseudocamarosporium, Verrucoconiothyrium and
Xenocamarosporium which have been reported as dematiaceous
coelomycetes (Ariyawansa et al. 2014b; Wijayawardene et al.
2014c, d; Tanaka et al. 2015). Further, Kalmusia and
Paraphaeosphaeria which were reported with brown spored
coelomycetous morphs also clustered in Didymosphaeriaceae
(Ariyawansa et al. 2014b; Liu et al. 2015).
Phragmocamarosporium and Suttonomyces group in
Massarinaceae and Lentitheciaceae respectively and
these results agree with Tanaka et al. (2015) and
Wijayawardene et al. (2015). Murilentithecium also
groups in Lentitheciaceae agreeing with Wanasinghe
et al. (2014). Magnicamarosporium and Sulcatispora
cluster in Sulcatisporaceae while Macrodiplodiopsis and
Camarographium koreanum groups in
Macrodiplodiopsidaceae as in Tanaka et al. (2015).
Fuscostagonospora did not cluster in any family, thus,
is treated as Massarineae, genus incertae sedis.
Taxonomy and outline for genera of dematiaceous
coelomycetes
The section starts with an account of the various structures and
terminology of coelomycetes which are illustrated with photomicrographs and/or line drawings. An outline of the
coelomycetes and their placement in the natural classification
is provided and is based on an update of recent publications on
Dothideomycetes (Hyde et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al.
2014c), Leotiomycetes (Johnston et al. 2014) and
Sordariomycetes (Stadler et al. 2014; Maharachchikumbura
et al. 2015; Senanayake et al. 2015). An account for each
genus is provided with a generic description, and the illustration of one or more species.
Outline for dematiaceous coelomycetes
Phylum ASCOMYCOTA Caval-Sm.
Subphylum PEZIZOMYCOTINA O.E.
Erikss. & Winka
Class Dothideomycetes sensu O.E. Erikss.
& Winka
Subclass Dothideomycetidae P.M. Kirk et
al. ex C.L. Schoch et al.
Asterinales M.E. Barr ex D. Hawksw. &
O.E. Erikss.
Asterinaceae Hansf.
Prillieuxina G. Arnaud (1918) [1917]
Capnodiales Woron.
Fungal Diversity
Extremaceae Quaedvlieg & Crous
Staninwardia B. Sutton 1971
Mycosphaerellaceae Lindau
Colletogloeum Petr. 1953
Davisoniella H.J. Swart 1988
Lecanosticta Syd. 1922 (H)
Phaeophleospora Rangel 1916
Sonderhenia H.J. Swart & J. Walker
1988
Teratosphaeriaceae Crous & U. Braun
Camarosporula Petr. 1954 (H)
?Leptomelanconium Petr. 1923
Readeriella Syd. & P. Syd. 1908
Teratosphaeria Syd. & P. Syd. 1912
(H)
Xenoconiothyrium Crous & Marinc
2011
Capnodiales, genus incertae sedis
Readerielliopsis Crous & Decock 2015
Subclass Pleosporomycetidae C.L. Schoch
et al.
Pleosporales Luttrell ex M.E. Barr
Massarineae Ying Zhang et al.
Bambusicolaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde
Bambusicola D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde
2012 (H)
Palmiascoma Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde
2015 (H)
Macrodiplodiopsis Petr. (1922) (H)
Massarinaceae Munk
Neottiosporina Subram. 1961
Suttonomyces Wijayaw. et al. 2015
Sulcatisporaceae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray.
Magnicamarosporium Kaz. Tanaka &
K. Hiray. 2015
Sulcatispora Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray.
2015
Massarineae, genus incertae sedis
Fuscostagonospora Kaz. Tanaka & K.
Hiray. 2015
Pleosporineae M.E. Barr
Coniothyriaceae W.B. Cooke
Coniothyrium Corda 1840
Didymellaceae Gruyter et al.
Didymellocamarosporium Wijayaw. &
K.D. Hyde 2016
?Endocoryneum Petr. 1922#
Microsphaeropsis Höhn. 1917
?Pseudohendersonia Crous & M.E.
Palm 1999#
Leptosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr
Chaetoplea (Sacc.) Clem. 1931 (H)
Lentitheciaceae Y. Zhang ter et al.
Murilentithecium Wanasinghe et al. 2014 (H)
Phragmocamarosporium Wijayaw. et al.
2015
Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr
?Amarenographium O.E. Erikss. 1982#
Ampelomyces Ces. ex Schltdl. 1852
Melnikia Wijayaw. et al. 2016
Neosetophoma Gruyter et al. 2010
Neosulcatispora Crous & M.J. Wingf.
2015
Phaeosphaeria I. Miyake 1909 (H)
Phaeosphaeriopsis M.P.S. Câmara et al.
2003
Phaeostagonospora A.W. Ramaley
1997
Pleoseptum A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr
1995 (H)
Poaceicola W.J. Li et al. 2015
?Scolicosporium Lib. ex Roum. 1880#
Septoriella Oudem. 1889
Tiarospora Sacc. & Marchal 1885
Wojnowiciella Crous et al. 2015
Macrodiplodiopsidaceae Voglmayr et al.
Pleosporineae, genus incertae sedis
Didymosphaeriaceae Munk
Alloconiothyrium Verkley et al. 2014
Kalmusia Niessl 1872 (H)
Paracamarosporium Wijayaw. et al.
2014
Paraconiothyrium Verkley 2004
Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss. 1967
Pseudocamarosporium Wijayaw. et al.
2014
Verrucoconiothyrium Crous 2015
Xenocamarosporium Crous & M.J.
Wingf. 2015
Fungal Diversity
Camarosporium Schulzer 1870
Pleosporales, family incertae sedis
Biatriosporaceae K.D. Hyde
Versicolorisporium Sat. Hatak. et al.
2008
Floricolaceae Thambug. et al.
Floricola Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
2000
Neocurreya Thambug. & K.D. Hyde
2015 (H)
Paulkirkia Wijayaw. et al. 2016
Lophiostomataceae Sacc.
Coelodictyosporium Thambug. & K.D.
Hyde 2015 (H)
Dimorphiopsis 2013 Crous
Melanommataceae G. Winter
Melanocamarosporium Wijayaw. et al.
2016
Pleomassariaceae M.E. Barr
?Myxocyclus Riess 1852
Prosthemium Kunze 1817 (H)
Pleosporaceae Nitschke
Neocamarosporium Crous & M.J.
Wingf. 2014
Roussoellaceae J.K. Liu et al.
?Cytoplea Bizz. & Sacc. 1885
Roussoella Sacc. 1888
Roussoellopsis I. Hino & Katum. 1965
Sporormiaceae Munk
Forliomyces Phukhamsakda. et al. 2016
Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis
Camarographium Bubák 1916
Cyclothyrium Petr. 1923
Gordonomyces Crous & Marinc. 2011
Sclerostagonospora Höhn. 1917
Shearia Petr. 1924
Lichenoconiales Diederich et al.
Lichenoconiaceae Diederich & Lawrey
Lichenoconium Petr. & Syd. 1927
Dothideomycetes, orders incertae sedis
Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch et al.
Aplosporellaceae Slippers et al.
Aplosporella Speg. 1880
Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & H. Syd.
Alanphillipsia Crous & M.J. Wingf.
2013
Barriopsis A.J.L. Phillips et al. 2008
(H)
Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not. 1863
(dichomera-like)
Diplodia Fr. 1834 (H)
Dothiorella Sacc. 1880 (H)
Endomelanconiopsis E.I. Rojas &
Samuels 2008
Lasiodiplodia Ellis & Everh. 1896 (H)
Macrophomina Petr. 1923
Mucoharknessia Crous et al. 2015
Neodeightonia C. Booth 1970
Neofusicoccum Crous et al. 2006
(dichomera-like)
Phaeobotryon Theiss. & Syd. 1915
Spencermartinsia A.J.L. Phillips et al.
2008
Sphaeropsis Sacc. 1880
Planistromellaceae M.E. Barr
Blastacervulus H.J. Swart 1988
Venturiales Yin. Zhang et al.
Venturiaceae E. Müll. & Arx ex M.E. Barr
?Piggotia Berk. & Broome 1851
Dothideomycetes, family incertae sedis
Englerulaceae Henn.
Capnodiastrum Speg. 1886
Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis
Botryohypoxylon Samuels & J.D.
Rogers 1986
Homortomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf.
2012
Class Eurotiomycetes Tehler ex O.E.
Eriksson & K. Winka
Subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae Doweld
Chaetothyriales, genus incertae sedis
Lichenodiplis Dyko & D. Hawksw. 1979
Eurotiomycetes, genus incertae sedis
Cirrosporium S. Hughes 1980
Class Lecanoromycetes O.E. Erikss. &
Winka
Fungal Diversity
Subclass Ostropomycetidae Reeb et al.
Agyriales Clem. & Shear
Trapeliaceae M. Choisy ex Hertel
Epithyrium (Sacc.) Trotter 1931
Class Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Helotiales Nannf.
Helotiaceae Rehm
Crumenulopsis J.W. Groves 1969 (H)
Phaeocytostroma Petr. 1921
Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al. 2014
Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd. 1917
Harknessiaceae Crous
Harknessia Cooke 1881
Macrohilaceae Crous
Macrohilum H.J. Swart 1988
Phacidiaceae Fr.
Coma Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. 1972
(H)
Melanconidaceae G. Winter
Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh. 1900
Melanconium Link 1809
Sclerotiniaceae Whetzel ex Whetzel
Amerosporium Speg. 1882
Pseudovalsaceae M.E. Barr
?Coryneum Nees 1816
Helotiales, genera incertae sedis
Apiculospora Wijayaw. 2016
Cheirospora Moug. & Fr. 1825
Schizoparmeaceae Rossman
Coniella Höhn. 1918
Pilidiella Petr. & Syd. 1927
Leotiomycetes, genera incertae sedis
Trinosporium Crous & Decock 2012
Trullula Ces. 1852
Unguiculariopsis Rehm 1909
Stilbosporaceae Link
Stegonsporium Corda 1827
Stilbospora Pers. 1794 (H)
Class Sordariomycetes sensu O.E. Erikss. &
Winka
Subclass Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss.
& Winka
Hypocreales Lindau
Stachybotriaceae L. Lombard & Crous
Alfaria Crous et al. 2014 (H)
Hypocreales, genus incertae sedis
?Hymenopsis Sacc. 1886
Subclass Sordariomycetidae O.E. Erikss. &
Winka
Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf et al.
Chaetosphaeriaceae Réblová et al.
Brunneodinemasporium Crous & R.F.
Castañeda 2012
Dinemasporium Lév. 1846
Diaporthales Nannf.
Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Prosopidicola Crous & C.L. Lennox
2004
Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm.
Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis
Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee 2004
Asterosporium Kunze 1819
Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary 1986
Greeneria Scribn. & Viala 1887
Lasmenia Speg. 1886
Subclass Xylariomycetidae sensu O.E.
Erikss. & Winka
Amphisphaeriales D. Hawksw. & O.E.
Erikss.
Bartaliniaceae Wijayaw. et al.
Bartalinia Tassi 1900
Broomella Sacc 1883 (H)
Doliomyces Steyaert 1961
Hyalotiella Papendorf 1967
Morinia Berl. & Bres. 1889
Truncatella Steyaert 1949
?Zetiasplozna Nag Raj 1993#
Discosiaceae Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde
Annellolacinia B. Sutton 1964
Discosia Lib. 1837
Seimatosporium Corda 1833
Pestalotiopsidaceae Maharachch. & K.D.
Hyde
Ciliochorella Syd. 1935
Fungal Diversity
Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch. 1902
Neopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al.
2014
Pestalotiopsis Steyaert 1949
Pseudopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al.
2014
Seiridium Nees 1816
Robillardaceae Crous
Robillarda Sacc. 1880
Amphisphaeriales, genera incertae sedis
?Bleptosporium Steyaert 1961
Griphosphaerioma Höhn. (H)
Hyalotiopsis Punith. 1970 (H)
Monochaetinula Muthumary et al. 1986
?Pestalotia De Not. 1841
Xylariales Nannf.
Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde et al.
Arthrinium Kunze 1817
Scyphospora L.A. Kantsch. 1928
Sordariomycetes, order incertae sedis
Phyllachorales M.E. Barr
Phyllachoraceae Theiss. & H. Syd.
Mycohypallage B. Sutton 1963
ASCOMYCOTA, genera incertae sedis
Acaroconium Kocourk. & D. Hawksw.
2008
Angiopomopsis Höhn. 1912
Ascochytulina Petr. 1922
Avettaea Petr. & Syd. 1927
Barnettella D. Rao & P.Rag. Rao 1964
Bellulicauda B. Sutton 1967
Brencklea Petrak1923
Caeruleoconidia Zhurb. & Diederich
2015
Callistospora Petr. 1955
Camarosporellum Tassi 1902
Camarosporiopsis Abbas et al. 2000
Capitorostrum Bat. 1957
Carnegieispora Etayo & F. Berger 2009
Ceratopycnis Höhn. 1915
Chaetodiplodia P. Karst. 1884
Chithramia Nag Raj 1988
Coniambigua Etayo & Diederich 1995
Didymosporina Höhn. 1916
Dothideodiplodia Murashk. 1927
Endobotrya Berk. & M.A. Curtis 1874
Endobotryella Höhn. 1909
Endomelanconium Petr. 1940
Enerthidium Syd. 1939
Fairmaniella Petr. & Syd. 1926
Gaubaea Petr. 1942
Gloeocoryneum Weindlm. 1964
Hendersonina E.J. Butler 1913
Hendersoniopsis Höhn. 1918
Hendersonula Speg. 1880
Hoehneliella Bres. & Sacc. 1902
Jubispora B. Sutton & H.J. Swart 1986
Kaleidosporium Van Warmelo & B.
Sutton 1981
Kamatella Anahosur 1969
Laeviomyces D. Hawksw. 1981
Lamproconium (Grove) Grove 1937
Lasmeniella Petr. & Syd. 1927
Lecanostictopsis B. Sutton & Crous
1997
Lichenohendersonia Calat. & Etayo 2001
Linochorella Syd. & P. Syd. 1912
Massariothea Syd. 1939
Melanophoma Papendorf & J.W. du
Toit 1967
Minutoexcipula V. Atienza & D.
Hawksw. 1994
Myrotheciastrum Abbas & B. Sutton
1988
Nagrajomyces Mel’nik 1984
Neohendersonia Petr. 1921
Neoheteroceras Nag Raj 1993
Neomelanconium Petr. 1940
Nigropuncta D. Hawksw. 1981
Nummospora E. Müll. & Shoemaker 1964
Obstipipilus B. Sutton 1968
Oncospora Kalchbr. 1880
Orphanocoela Nag Raj 1989
Paraaoria R.K. Verma & Kamal 1987
Parahyalotiopsis Nag Raj 1976
Peltistromella Höhn. 1907
Peltosoma Syd. 1925
Perizomella Syd. 1927
Phaeodomus Höhn. 1909
Phaeolabrella Speg. 1912
Phragmotrichum Kunze 1823
Placodiplodia Bubák 1916
Poropeltis Henn. 1904
Pseudodiplodia (P. Karst.) Sacc. 1884
Rhizosphaerina B. Sutton 1986
Rubikia H.C. Evans & Minter 1985
Schwarzmannia Pisareva 1968
Scolecosporiella Petr. 1921
Seimatosporiopsis B. Sutton et al. 1972
Shawiella Hansf. 1957
Sirothecium P. Karst. 1887
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 12
The best scoring RAxML tree for species of Diaporthales
generated from analyses of combined LSU and ITS sequence data.
Bootstrap values greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities
above 0.95 are given above the nodes. The original strain numbers are
given after the species names. Ex-type strains are emphasized in bold.
Families are differentiated with alternative colours in the right justified
column. The dematiaceous coelomycetous genera are named in the
column to the right of the main tree and indicated with different
colours. The tree is rooted to Coniochaeta velutina (UAMH 10912)
Stegonsporiopsis Van Warmelo & B.
Sutton 1981
Stevensonula Petr. 1952
Stigmella Lév. 1842
Toxosporiella B. Sutton 1986
Toxosporiopsis B. Sutton & Sellar 1966
Tunicago B. Sutton & Pollack 1977
Uniseta Ciccar. 1948
Urohendersonia Speg. 1902
Urohendersoniella Petr. 1955
Vanderystiella Henn. 1908
Vouauxiella Petr. & Syd. 1927
Xepicula Nag Raj 1993
Xepiculopsis Nag Raj 1993
(H) indicates where genus shows holomorph
placement is based on sequence data of non-type species
#
Taxonomy
Acaroconium Kocourk. & D. Hawksw., Lichenologist 40(2):
105 (2008)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01416; Fig. 17
Ascomycota, genus incertae sedis
Lichenicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, single, or sometimes gregarious, immersed to partly erumpent, subglobose, black, ostiolate,
with a distinctly thickened, ostiolar collar. Conidiomata wall
composed of polyhedral angular pseudoparenchymatous cells.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells enteroblastic, not proliferating and lacking annellations,
broadly short-ampulliform, apex with a periclinal thickened collar, hyaline. Conidia single, ellipsoid, rounded at both ends,
aseptate, hyaline at maturity, becoming pale brown at maturity
while inside the pycnidial cavity, smooth-walled (description
modified from Kocourková and Hawksworth 2008).
Type species: Acaroconium punctiforme Kocourk. & D.
Hawksw., Lichenologist 40(2): 105 (2008); Fig. 17
Notes: Kocourková and Hawksworth (2008) introduced
Acaroconium with A. punctiforme as the type species.
Acaroconium morphologically resembles Phoma sensu lato
as both genera have ‘conidiomata with a deeply pigmented
region around the well-defined ostiole’ (Kocourková and
Hawksworth 2008). However, Phoma species have hyaline
conidia (de Gruyter et al. 2009, 2013), while Acaroconium
has brown conidia.
The comparison of Acaroconium with other lichenicolous
genera and taxonomic keys are provided under notes in
Lichenoconium. Sequence data is unavailable, thus the taxonomic status is unknown.
Alanphillipsia Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi 31: 197 (2013)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01417; Fig. 18
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Endophytic, saprobic or possibly pathogenic, associated
with leaf lesions. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, globose, central,
dark brown, ostiolate. Conidiomata wall composed of brownwalled cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses subcylindrical,
unbranched or branched at base, aseptate or transversely septate, with obtuse to subobtuse apices, hyaline, smooth-walled.
Conidiophores subcylindrical, flexuous or straight, septate,
hyaline, smooth-walled. Macroconidiogenous cells proliferating percurrently, subcylindrical to lageniform, terminal,
integrated, hyaline, smooth. Macroconidia ellipsoid to
obclavate or subcylindrical with truncate scar on hyaline
layer, solitary, hyaline when young, becoming goldenbrown to medium brown, verruculose, granular to
guttulate, surrounded by a persistent, hyaline outer layer
(absent in some species, or reduced to a basal frill or
basal and apical appendage). Microconidiogenous cells in
the same conidioma, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, proliferating inconspicuously percurrently at apex.
Microconidia subcylindrical to ellipsoid, apex obtuse, base
truncate, hyaline, smooth-walled, granular, with a minute
marginal frill (description modified from Crous et al.
2013, 2014c).
Type species: Alanphillipsia aloes Crous & M.J. Wingf.,
Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 31: 197 (2013); Fig. 18
Notes: Crous et al. (2013) introduced the genus
Alanphillipsia with A. aloes as the type species. In morphology, Alanphillipsia resembles Aplosporella (Sutton
1980; Slippers et al. 2013), but the former is somewhat
distinct as it has a hyaline outer layer (Crous et al. 2013).
Crous et al. (2013) compared Alanphillipsia with
Cytosphaera, but the latter genus has erumpent to superficial stromatic conidiomata and hyaline conidia (Sutton
1980).
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 13 One of the 12 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from
combined analyses set of ITS and EF1-α sequence data. (CI = 0.738,
RI = 0.941, RC = 0.695, HI = 0.262). MP values (>70 %) resulting from
1000 bootstrap replicates and Bayesian posterior probabilities above 0.95
are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
(CBS 145.78, PWQ2361). Ex-type strains are in bold and newly
introduced species are in blue
Based on a megablast search of NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database, Crous et al. (2013) concluded that
Alanphillipsia belongs in Botryosphaeriaceae.
Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) also listed Alanphillipsia under
Botryosphaeriaceae and our sequence analyses agree with
this (Figs. 9 and 10).
Alfaria Crous et al. Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 32: 239
(2014)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01780; Fig. 19
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 14 The best scoring RAxML tree of Floricolaceae generated from
the combined data set of LSU, SSU and ITS sequence data. Bootstrap
values greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities above 0.95
are given above the nodes. The original strain numbers are given after the
species names. Ex-type strains are emphasized in bold and newly
introduced species and combinations are in blue. The tree is rooted to
Platystomum scabridisporum (BCC 22835)
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 15
The best scoring RAxML tree of Massarineae generated from the
combined data set of LSU, SSU and ITS sequence data. Bootstrap values
greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities above 0.95 are given
above the nodes. The original strain numbers are given after the species
names. Ex-type strains are emphasized in bold and newly introduced
species and combinations are in blue. The dematiaceous coelomycetous
genera are named in the column to the right of the main tree and indicated
with different colours. The tree is rooted to Pleospora herbarum (CBS
191.86 and MFLUCC 13–0344) and Pleospora tarda (CBS 714.68)
Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae, Hypocreales,
Stachybotriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host or pathogenic on
spines of Rosa canina (Rosaceae). Sexual morph: see Crous
et al. (2014b). Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervuli, solitary
to gregarious, semi-immersed to immersed, slightly depressed,
globose to subglobose, unilocular, greenish dark brown to
black, with a centrally located ostiole. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, brown to dark green cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical, long, hyaline, aseptate,
unbranched. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, integrated, terminal, slightly tapering towards apex.
Conidia ellipsoidal, truncate base, aseptate, pale brown when
young, becoming dark brown at maturity, smooth and thickwalled, with an irregular mucilaginous appendages.
Type species: Alfaria cyperi-esculenti Crous et al.,
Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 32: 239 (2014)
Notes: The genus Alfaria was introduced by Crous
et al. (2014b) to accommodate a sexual taxon with
‘fusoid-ellipsoid, 0–3-septate, hyaline, ascospores with
mucoid sheaths or mucoid caps’ (Crous et al. 2014b). In
our sequence analyses (Figs. 9 and 20), a new collection
from Italy also grouped with the type species of Alfaria,
A. cyperi-esculenti with high bootstrap values (100 %)
and high PP values (1.00). Alfaria clusters in
Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales (Fig. 20).
Alloconiothyrium Verkley et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol.
Fungi 32: 33 (2014)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01418; Fig. 21
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Massarineae,
Didymosphaeriaceae
Saprobe isolated from soil. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial or stromatic, uni- or
multi-locular, black. Conidiomatal wall composed of an outer
layer of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and
an inner layer composed of thick-walled, hyaline cells of
textura angularis or textura globulosa. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, annellidic, broadly ampulliform, discrete, with
several distinct percurrent proliferations. Conidia globose to
irregularly ellipsoid, initially hyaline, after secession olivaceous-brown, orange-brown at maturity, aseptate,
verruculose, with 1 large oil-droplet. Chlamydospores
formed in the mycelium, terminal or intercalary, brown,
solitary, globose, with large droplets, smooth-walled
(description modified from Verkley et al. 2014).
Type species: Alloconiothyrium aptrootii Verkley et al.,
Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 32: 33 (2014); Fig. 21
Notes: Verkley et al. (2014) introduced Alloconiothyrium
with A. aptrootii as the type species. In their sequence analyses, Verkley et al. (2014) showed that their coniothyrium-like
collection from soil grouped in Didymosphaeriaceae,
Massarineae. Coniothyrium sensu stricto grouped in
Coniothyriaceae, Pleosporineae (de Gruyter et al. 2013;
Verkley et al. 2014; Wijayawardene et al. 2014d) and is
characterised by 1-septate conidia (Sutton 1980), thus the
new collection is morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from Coniothyrium sensu stricto. Paraconiothyrium and
Verrucoconiothyrium are also well-established genera in
Didymosphaeriaceae (Verkley et al. 2004, 2014;
Ariyawansa et al. 2014b; Wijayawardene et al. 2014d), but
Paraconiothyrium and Verrucoconiothyrium are phylogenetically distinct from Alloconiothyrium (Figs. 9 and 15).
Amarenographium O.E. Erikss., Mycotaxon 15: 199 (1982)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01419; Figs. 22 and 23
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Saprobic on various substrates on a range of plant
hosts. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, solitary, subglobose,
brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole central, circular.
Conidiomata wall outer layer composed brown-walled
cells of textura angularis or textura epidermoidea; inner
layer hyaline, flattened, cells forming a textura angularis.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, phialidic, ampulliform,
branched, or rarely unbranched, determinate, hyaline.
Conidia clavate, ellipsoid, ovoid or fusoid, apex rounded,
base acute or truncate, muriform, with or without constrictions at septa, yellowish brown to brown, with apical gelatinous sheath, with or without gelatinous basal sheath.
Microconidia present or absent, when present oval to ellipsoid, with broad rounded apex and truncate base, with
minute marginal frill, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled
(Eriksson 1982; Nag Raj 1989, 1993; Taylor and Hyde
2003; Abdel-Wahab et al. 2012).
Type species: Amarenographium metableticum (Trail)
O.E. Erikss., Mycotaxon 15: 199 (1982)
≡ Camarographium metableticum (Trail) Grove, British
Stem- and Leaf-Fungi (Coelomycetes) (Cambridge) 2: 108
(1937)
≡ Camarosporium metableticum Trail, Scott. Natural., N.S.
2 (‘8’): 267 (1886) [1885–1886]
Notes: Eriksson (1982) introduced Amarenographium to
accommodate Camarographium metableticum (Trail) Grove,
which is not congeneric with C. stephensii, the type species of
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 16 The best scoring RAxML tree of species of Xylariomycetidae
generated from analyses of the combined LSU, ITS, SSU, β-tubulin and
RPB2 data set. Bootstrap values greater than 70 % Bayesian posterior
probabilities above 0.95 are given above the nodes. The original strain
numbers are given after the species names. Ex-type strains are
emphasized in bold. Families are indicated in different colours and
named to the right of the tree. Dematiaceous coelomycetous genera are
emphasized with an asterix. The tree is rooted to Dothidea hippophaeos
(AFTOL-ID 919) and D. sambuci (DAOM 231303)
Camarographium. Amarenographium shows distinct morphology from Camarographium with branched and long
conidiogenous cells and appendage bearing conidia
(Eriksson 1982; Nag Raj 1993). Nag Raj (1993) stated that
Amarenographium metableticum also has a microconidial
stage.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 17 Acaroconium
punctiforme. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 20 μm, b = 10 μm (re-drawn
from Kocourková and
Hawksworth 2008)
Eriksson (1982) treated Amarenomyces ammophilae (Lasch)
O.E. Erikss. as the sexual morph of Amarenographium
metableticum as both species occur together and resemble each
other in morphology. Nag Raj (1993) also mentioned
Amarenomyces is the sexual morph of Amarenographium.
However, this connection is not confirmed by molecular data
or culture based methods, thus Phookamsak et al. (2014) and
Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) treated Amarenographium and
Amarenomyces as distinct genera in Phaeosphaeriaceae.
Amarenographium comprises three species viz.
A. metableticum, A. sinense Joanne E. Taylor et al. (Taylor
and Hyde 2003) and A. solium Abdel-Wahab et al. (AbdelWahab et al. 2012). Sequence data is available for A. solium
and for the new species we introduce here. However, in our
sequence analyses, A. solium groups as the sister clade to
Julella sensu stricto with low bootstrap support (60 % in
ML analysis) while our new strain groups in
Phaeosphaeriaceae. The type species of Amarenographium
lacks sequence data, hence, we treat Amarenographium as
polyphyletic in Pleosporales.
Amarenographium ammophilae Wanasinghe, Camporesi,
Wijayaw. & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fig. 18 Alanphillipsia aloeicola.
a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidia. Scale
bars: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Crous et al. 2014c)
Index Fungorum number: IF551944; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01895; Fig. 23
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 16–0240
Saprobic on various substrates on Ammophila arenaria.
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata 120–150 μm diam., 90–120 μm high, pycnidial,
stromatic, solitary, immersed in the host, uni-loculate, globose
to subglobose, dark brown to black, ostiolate, apapillate.
Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, blackish to dark
brown-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, phialidic, ampulliform to cylindrical, unbranched, septate,
hyaline, smooth. Conidia 30–50 × 12–18 μm (x
= 39.9 × 14.2 μm, n = 50), clavate, ellipsoid, ovoid or fusoid,
apex rounded, base acute or truncate, muriform, constrictions
at septa, yellowish brown to brown, with apical gelatinous
sheath, and basal gelatinous sheath.
Culture characteristics: Culture on PDA: Colonies slow
growing, reaching 30 mm diam., after three weeks, circular,
olivaceous-grey, spreading, flattened, felt-like, sparse, aerial,
surface, smooth with crenate edge, filamentous; reverse irongrey. Sporulating after 4 weeks.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 19 Coelomycetous morph of Alfaria cyperi-esculenti (Material
examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province, near Monte Pallareto –
Meldola, on spines of Rosa canina, E. Camporesi, 10 December 2014,
MFLU 15–3504). a Conidiomata on spine. b Vertical section of
conidioma. c, d Conidiomata walls. e–h Conidia attached to
conidiophores. i, j Mature, dark brown conidia. k, l Colony characters
on PDA medium (14 day old culture). Scale bars: b, c = 100 μm,
d = 50 μm, e–h = 25 μm, i, j = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 20 The phylogram generated from parsimony analysis based on
combined LSU and ITS sequence data of the order Hypocreales.
Parsimony bootstrap support values greater than 50 % and PP values
greater than 0.95 are indicated above the nodes. Only ex-type (exepitype) and voucher strains are used and the new isolates are in blue.
The tree is rooted with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides LC0555
Material examined: Italy, Ravenna [RA] Province, Lido di
Dante, dead stems of Ammophila arenaria (Poaceae), 8
December 2014, Erio Camporesi, IT 2293 (MFLU 16–0240,
holotype); ex-type living cultures MFLUCC 16–0296.
Fig. 21 Alloconiothyrium
aptrootii. a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidia. Scale
bars: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Verkley et al. 2014)
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 22 Amarenographium solium (Materail examined: SAUDI
ARABIA, Yanbu, on decayed wood of Avicennia marina (Forsk.)
Vierh., at mangrove stand on the Red Sea coast, 17 November 2011,
M.A. Abdel-Wahab, MFLU 12–0059, holotype). a Host material with
conidiomata. b Conidiomata. c Vertical section of conidioma. d Conidia
inside the conidioma. e, f immature conidia attached to conidiogenous
cells. g–i Immature conidia. j–l Mature conidia with apical gelatinous
sheath. Scale bars: c = 120 μm, d = 40 μm, e–l = 25 μm
Notes: Farr and Rossman (2016) reported
Amarenographium metableticum from Ammophila arenaria
(conidial dimensions: 22–30 × 9–13 μm fide Eriksson 1982).
Our collection has larger conidia, thus we introduce a new
species based on host association and morphology.
In phylogenetic analyses, Amarenographium ammophilae
groups in Phaeosphaeriaceae (Fig. 9).
greenish black. Conidiomata wall pseudoparenchymatous,
outer wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of
textura angularis; inner layer hyaline to pale brown. Setae
sparse, irregularly inserted, straight, or slightly curved,
unbranched, dark brown, verrucose, septate, thick-walled.
Paraphyses restricted to the lateral wall, incurved, septate,
hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical,
straight or slightly curved, determinate, discrete, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia fusiform, apex conical, base often flattened, pale brown to olivaceous, aseptate, smooth-walled
(Sutton 1980; Srivastava et al. 1981).
Type species: Amerosporium polynematoides Speg. [as
‘polinematoide’], Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 13(1): 21 (1882)
= Chaetomella cycadina Ramachandra Rao & Baheker,
Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 23: 266 (1964)
Notes: Spegazzini (1882) introduced Amerosporium with
A. polynematoides as the type species. Sutton (1980) accepted
Amerosporium Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 13(1): 20
(1882)
See Index Fungorum for synonyms
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01420; Fig. 24
Leotiomycetes, Helotiales, Sclerotiniaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of plant hosts, associated with leaf spots of Rosa alba (Rosaceae). Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
initially sphaerical, later collapsed irregularly, superficial,
separate, unilocular, dark brown to black, occasionally
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 23 Amarenographium ammophilae (holotype). a Conidiomata on
host material. b Vertical section through a conidioma. c Conidioma wall.
d–f Mature and immature conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. g
Germinated conidium. h–n Mature and immature conidia. Scale bars:
b = 50 μm, c–f, h–n = 10 μm, g = 20 μm
only one other species, A. caricum Lib. ex Sacc., while
Srivastava et al. (1981) introduced a third species,
A. circinatum G. Srivast. et al. Johnston and Gamundi (2000)
stated that Amerosporium patellarioides is the asexual morph of
Zoellneria because of their close association on the one host.
Sutton (1977, 1980) and Kirk et al. (2008) accepted
Amerosporium as a valid genus, but Kirk et al. (2013) did not
treat it as a valid name. Nevertheless, we conclude that
Amerosporium is a well established genus and should be treated
as a legitimate name.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 24 Amerosporium concinnum (Material examined: Portugal,
Oeiras, Quinta do Marquês, on dead cane of Vitis vinifera, January
1996, A.J.L. Phillips, LISE 94269). a Vertical section of conidioma. b–
d Different stages of conidiogenesis. e–g Conidia. (b–g stained by cotton
blue in lactophenol). Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b–g = 12 μm
Ampelomyces Ces. ex Schltdl., Bot. Ztg. 10: 303 (1852)
= Byssocystis Riess, Hedwigia 1: 23 (1853)
= Cicinobolus Ehrenb., Bot. Ztg. 11: 16 (1853)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01421; Fig. 25
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Hyperparasitic on Erysiphales. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial,
superficial, on or around hyphae of Erysiphales, solitary,
globose to elongated, occasionally pyriform, unilocular,
pale brown, occasionally papillate. Conidiomata wall
composed of thick-walled, pale brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, doliiform to
ampulliform, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia cylindrical to fusiform, straight or curved,
aseptate, pale brown, guttulate, thin and smooth-walled
(Clare 1964; Sutton 1980).
Type species: Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces., Bot. Ztg. 10:
301 (1852); Fig. 25
Notes: Schlechtendal (1852) introduced Ampelomyces with
A. quisqualis as the type species. This genus is well known as
mycoparasites and used as biocontrol agents (Sztejnberg et al.
1989; Tsay and Tung 1991; Falk et al. 1995; Szentiványi and
Kiss 2003).
In their sequence analyses, de Gruyter et al. (2009) and
Aveskamp et al. (2010) showed Ampelomyces quisqualis
grouped in Phaeosphaeriaceae. Phookamsak et al. (2014)
and Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) also confirmed this familial
placement and our sequence analyses also agree with their
findings (Fig. 9).
Angiopomopsis Hohn, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 121: 407
(1912)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01422; Fig. 26
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on dead leaves of Poaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed,
subepidermal, separate, globose to subglobose, dark
brown, ostiolate. Ostiole occasionally papillate, central.
Conidiomata wall outer layer thick, composed of thickwalled, dark brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer
thin-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Setae
ostiolar, straight or flexuous, unbranched, hyaline to
subhyaline, 1–4-septate, smooth. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, doliiform or short cylindrical, indeterminate,
discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia broadly cymbiform,
apex obtuse, base truncate, straight or slightly curved, 3-
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 25 Ampelomyces quisqualis (Material examined: New Zealand,
Solman Island, Guandalcanal, Dodo Creek, on Oidium sp. occuring on
Kalanchoe sp., 5 December 1983, E.H.C. McKenzie, PDD45000). a
Label of herbarium material. b Herbarium materials. c Leaf spots
caused by Oidium sp. d Conidiomata of Ampelomyces on Oidium sp.
e–h Squashed conidiomata. i Conidioma wall. j–o Conidia. Scale bars: e–
h = 50 μm, i = 25 μm, j–o = 5 μm
distoseptate, continuous, medium brown, thick-walled,
verrucose (Sutton 1975c, 1980).
Type species: Angiopomopsis lophostoma Höhn., Sber.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 121: 407
(1912); Fig. 26
Notes: Von Höhnel (1912) introduced Angiopomopsis with
A. lophostoma as the type species. Saccardo and Trotter (1913)
and Clements and Shear (1931) listed this genus as a synonym of
Wojnowicia Sacc. however, Sutton (1975c) re-described the type
species and treated it as a distinct genus. Angiopomopsis is a
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 26 Angiopomopsis lophostoma. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a–d = 5 μm (redrawn from Morgan-Jones 1977)
monotypic genus and sequences are not available; thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Annellolacinia B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 97: 31 (1964)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01423; Fig. 27
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Discosiaceae
Pathogenic on leaves of Bromeliaceae (Monocotyledons).
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
acervular, subcuticular, solitary. Conidiomata wall composed
of thin-walled, pale brown cells of textura angularis. Setae
mostly marginal, unbranched, straight, tapered to acute apices,
thick-walled, septate at the base, smooth, dark brown.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or branched,
septate. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, discrete,
indeterminate, cylindrical, hyaline to pale brown, smooth.
Conidia falcate, fusiform, apex tapered into a single, cellular
unbranched appendage, base truncate with a single, lateral, cellular, unbranched appendage, aseptate, pale brown, thin and
smooth-walled, guttulate (Morgan-Jones et al. 1972b; Sutton
1980; Fröhlich et al. 1993; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Annellolacinia dinemasporioides B. Sutton,
Mycol. Pap. 97: 33 (1964)
Notes: Sutton (1964) introduced Annellolacinia with
A. dinemasporioides as the type species. Fröhlich et al. (1993)
introduced Annellolacinia pandanicola J. Fröhl. et al. as the
second species. Sequences data is unavailable in but we tentatively place it in Discosiaceae based on its appendaged conidia.
Apiculospora Wijayaw., Camporesi, A.J.L. Phillips & K.D.
Hyde, gen. nov.
Fig. 27 Annellolacinia dinemasporioides. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars:
a, b = 50 μm, c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Morgan-Jones et al. 1972b)
Index Fungorum number: IF551761; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01425
Etymology: Named after its conspicuous apiculus on the
conidia
Leotiomycetes, Helotiales, genera incertae sedis
Saprobic on dead branches of Spartium sp. (Leguminosae,
Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, semi-erumpent
at maturity, solitary, scattered, unilocular, globose, black.
Conidiomata outer wall thin, composed of thick-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis, inner wall thin, almost reduced to conidiogenesis region. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic with percurrent proliferation, subcylindrical to
ovoid, discrete, indeterminate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, base
Fig. 28 Apiculospora spartii (holotype). a Conidiomata on Spartium
junceum. b, c Vertical sections of conidiomata. d Conidioma wall. e–k
Different stages of conidiogenesis. l–q Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 60 μm,
d = 20 μm, g–q = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
truncate, apex with apiculus, 1-septate, sometimes constricted
at septum, pale brown to dark brown, guttulate, thick-walled,
verruculose.
Type species: Apiculospora spartii Wijayaw., W.J. Li,
Camporesi, A.J.L. Phillips & K.D. Hyde
Notes: In morphology, our new genus resembles
Placodiplodia which also has enteroblastic, phialidic
conidiogenesis and 1-septate, brown conidia (Sutton 1980).
However, Apiculospora has a conspicuous apiculus and
guttulate conidia, while Placodiplodia lacks these characters.
In sequence analyses, Apiculospora spartii clusters in
Helotiales incertae sedis (Fig. 9).
Apiculospora spartii Wijayaw., W.J. Li, Camporesi, A.J.L.
Phillips & K.D. Hyde, sp nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551762; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01426; Fig. 28
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–3556
Saprobic on dead branches of Spartium junceum. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 160–
220 μm diam., 120–140 μm high, pycnidial, immersed, semierumpent at maturity, solitary, scattered, unilocular, globose,
black. Conidiomata outer wall 10–15 μm, composed of thinwalled, brown cells of textura angularis; inner wall thin, almost reduced to conidiogenesis region. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–8 × 2–
4 μm, subcylindrical to ovoid, enteroblastic, phialidic with
percurrent proliferation, discrete, indeterminate, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia 17–25 × 8–11 μm (x = 21.3 × 9.5 μm,
n = 20), ellipsoid to subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved,
base truncate, apex with apiculus, 1-septate, sometimes constricted at septum, pale brown to dark brown, guttulate, thickwalled, verruculose.
Culture characteristics: Culture on PDA: Colonies slow
growing, reaching 10 mm diam., after one week, circular,
whitened, spreading, flattened, felt-like, sparse, aerial, surface,
smooth with crenate edge, filamentous; reverse yellowish in
the central zone, whitened at the edge.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province,
Castello di Corniolino - Santa Sofia, dead branch of
Spartium junceum (Leguminosae), 25 October 2012, Erio
Cam poresi, IT 844 (MFLU 15 –3556, holotype);
(HKAS92537, isotype), ex-type living cultures MFLUCC
13–0400, ibid. IT844.
Notes: As far as we know, our taxon is morphologically
distinct from other taxa recorded from Spartium spp. (Sutton
1980; Ellis and Ellis 1985; Nag Raj 1993; Farr and Rossman
2016). Hence, we introduced it as a new species.
Aplosporella Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 10(5–6): 157
(1880)
See Index Fungorum for synonyms
Fig. 29 Aplosporella spp. (Material examined: a-o-Pakistan, Changa
Manga forest, on Prosopis juliflora, 18 November 1951, S. Ahmed,
PDD 38013, as Haplosporella prosopidina). a Label of herbarium
material. b, c Conidiomata on host. d Vertical section of conidioma. e
Conidioma wall. f–o Conidia. (Material examined: p-3- New Zealand,
Auckland, Wenderholm Regional park, Couldrey House track, on dead
wood, 10 June 2008, S.M Hundorf and P.R. Johnston, PDD 94316). p
Label of the herbarium material. q Host material. r Conidiomata on host.
s, t Vertical sections of conidiomata. u, v Conidioma wall. w Paraphyses.
x–3 Conidia. Scale bars: d = 100 μm, e = 75 μm, f–o, x–3 = 5 μm, s,
t = 150 μm, u = 60 μm, v = 40 μm, x = 25 μm
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01427; Fig. 29
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Aplosporellaceae
Saprobic or endophytic on various substrates on a
range of plant hosts. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed to
semi-immersed, erumpent at maturity, solitary, often gregarious, pulvinate, rarely applanate, carbonous, dark
brown, multilocular, ostiolate. Ostiole single, circular,
central. Conidiomata wall thick walled, outer layer composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis, inner wall thin, hyaline. Paraphyses filiform,
aseptate or septate, occasionally swollen at the apices,
smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, filiform or cylindrical or doliiform, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, with rounded ends,
aseptate, dark brown, occasionally guttulate, verrucose,
thick-walled (Sutton 1980; Damm et al. 2007b; Slippers
et al. 2013).
Type species: Aplosporella chlorostroma Speg., Anal. Soc.
cient. argent. 10(5–6): 158 (1880)
Notes: The genus Aplosporella was introduced by
Spegazzini (1880) with A. chlorostroma as the type species.
Over 350 names are given in this genus in Index Fungorum
(2016), but these names are mostly based on the host on which
they occur (Damm et al. 2007b).
Crous et al. (2006a), Schoch et al. (2006), Damm et al.
(2007b) and Liu et al. (2012) treated Aplosporella as a genus
in Botryosphaeriaceae. However, Slippers et al. (2013) introduced a new family, Aplosporellaceae to accommodate
Aplosporella and Bagnisiella as they group in a distinct clade
in Botryosphaeriales. Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) also confirmed this placement and accepted Aplosporellaceae as a
distinct family in Botryosphaeriales. Our sequence analyses
(Fig. 9) also confirm the placement of Aplosporellaceae in
Botryosphaeriales.
Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee, Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 239
(2004)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01428; Fig. 30
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Moreover, Crous et al. (2012e) showed both genera reside in
Diaporthales, but Apoharknessia is placed between
Pseudovalsaceae and Diaporthaceae. Our sequence analyses
also show that Apoharknessia is phylogenetically distinct
from Harknessia sensu stricto and resides as Diaporthales,
genera incertae sedis (Fig. 12).
Fig. 30 Apoharknessia insueta. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Developing conidia attach to conidiogenous cells. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 50 μm, c, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from Lee et al. 2004)
Endophytic or saprobic on Myrtaceae (Dicotyledons) or
associated with leaf spots, ?pathogenic. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, subepidermal to immersed, solitary to gregarious, subglobose to
irregular, unilocular, pale brown. Conidiomata wall outer layer
composed of thin-walled, pale brown cells of textura angularis,
inner layer pale yellow to hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lageniform to
ampulliform, hyaline, smooth, invested in mucus. Conidia conical, aseptate, brown, with a longitudinal band on the flat surface, thick and smooth-walled, guttulate, with short hyaline
apiculus; with small globule of mucus on base (description
modified from Nag Raj 1993 as Harknessia insueta).
Type species: Apoharknessia insueta (B. Sutton) Crous &
S.J. Lee, Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 240 (2004); Fig. 30
≡ Harknessia insueta B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 123: 20
(1971)
Notes: The genus Apoharknessia was introduced to accommodate Harknessia insueta as it clustered in a distinct phylogenetic lineage to Harknessia sensu stricto (Lee et al. 2004). In
conidiogenesis and conidial morphology, Apoharknessia is
similar to Harknessia, but it differs in culture characteristics
and in phylogenetic analyses. In culture, Apoharknessia does
not produce ‘fluffy aerial mycelium, but colonizes the agar by
growing within the medium’ and sporulates much earlier than
species of Harknessia (Lee et al. 2004). Lee et al. (2004) also
observed that Apoharknessia forms conidia directly on hyphae,
while Harknessia forms conidia in conidiomata.
Apoharknessia however, is phylogenetically distinct from
Harknessia sensu stricto (Lee et al. 2004; Crous et al. 2012e).
Arthrinium Kunze, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 9 (1817)
= Apiospora Sacc., Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.,
Padova, Sér. 4: 85(1875)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01781; Fig. 31
Sordariomycetes, Xylariales, Apiosporaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: see Senanayake et al. (2015).
Asexual morph: Coelomycetous or hyphomycetous.
Coelomycetous morph: Conidiomata acervuli, solitary to
gregarious, immersed, erumpent at maturity, irregular, black,
carbonaceous, coriaceous. Conidiomata basal stroma composed of dark brown to hyaline-walled cells of textura
angularis, with thick side walls, thin at upper and lower walls.
Setae absent, or rarely present. Conidiophores cylindrical, 1–
2-septate, verrucose, flexuous. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical, smooth or verrucose. Conidia globose to subglobose, dark
brown, smooth-walled or with minute wall ornamentations,
with a truncate basal scar (Crous and Groenewald 2013;
Senanayake et al. 2015).
Type species: Arthrinium caricicola Kunze & J.C.
Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 9 (1817)
Notes: The genus Arthrinium was introduced by Schmidt
and Kunze (1817) with A. caricicola as the type species, as a
hyphomycetous genus (Kirk et al. 2008; Seifert et al. 2011).
However, Senanayake et al. (2015) showed that a
coelomycetous species, A. hyphopodii D.Q. Dai et al., with
‘globose to subglobose, dark brown conidia’ has phylogenetic
lineage with Arthrinium in Apiosporaceae (Figs. 9 and 16).
Crous and Groenewald (2013) treated Apiospora as the
sexual morph of Arthrinium. Further, Crous and Groenewald
(2013) reduced younger sexual typified name i.e. Apiospora
under the older asexual typified name.
Ascochytulina Petr., Annls mycol. 20(5/6): 342 (1922)
= Clypeodiplodina F. Stevens, Mycologia 19(5): 235
(1927)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01429; Figs. 32 and 33
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on dead stems of Caprifoliaceae
(Dicotyledons), and associated with leaf lesions on Pinaceae
(Gymnosperm). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or confluent, dark
brown to black, globose or subglobose to irregular, to flattened
and collabent, immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 31 Arthrinium hyphopodii (Material examined: CHINA,
Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
on dead culm of Bambusa tuldoides, 7 July 2014, D.Q. Dai, MFLU 15–
0383, holotype). a, b Conidiomata on host. c, d Vertical sections of
conidiomata. e, f Conidiomata wall. g, h Conidiophores and
conidiogenous cells. i Conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. j, k
Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 100 μm, e, f = 50 μm, g–k = 5 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 32 Ascochytulina
deflectens. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
unilocular, clypeate, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, circular.
Conidiomata wall with two layers, outer wall composed of
thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of dark brown-walled cells of textura intricata.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells enteroblastic, phialidic, doliiform to ampulliform, discrete,
determinate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid, or cylindrical
to oblong, base truncate, apex obtuse, 1-septate, continuous,
pale green to pale brown, minutely verruculose (Sutton 1980;
Evans and Punithalingam 1985; Punithalingam 1988).
Type species: Ascochytulina deflectens (P. Karst.) Petr.,
Annls mycol. 20(5/6): 342 (1922); Fig. 32
≡ Diplodia deflectens P. Karst., Hedwigia 23(1): 18
(1884)
Notes: Petrak (1922) introduced Ascochytulina with
A. deflectens as the type species. Sutton (1980) accepted only
the type species and treated it as a close member of
Pseudodiplodia and Stenocarpella. Evans and Punithalingam
(1985) introduced A. pini-acicola H.C. Evans & Punith. and
discussed the similarities between Ascochytulina and
Pseudodiplodia. Punithalingam (1988) introduced A. smilacina
Punith. thus genus comprises 3 species. Sequence data is unavailable and taxonomic placement is uncertain.
The following key can be used to distinguish
Ascochytulina from Pseudodiplodia and Stenocarpella species based on morphology.
Key to distinguish Ascochytulina, Pseudodiplodia
and Stenocarpella
1. Conidia fusiform, 0–3-septate ............... Stenocarpella
1. Conidia ellipsoid or cylindrical to oblong, 1-septate
............... 2
2. Conidia pale green to pale brown, minutely
verruculose ............... Ascochytulina
2. Conidia pale brown, smooth ............... Pseudodiplodia
Asterosporium Kunze, Flora, Regensburg 1: 225 (1819)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01430; Figs. 34 and 35
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic, saprobic on Betulaceae, Fagaceae,
Juglandaceae and Sapindaceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
acervular, subepidermal, erumpent at maturity, solitary, or occasionally confluent, unilocular, dark brown to black. Conidiomata
wall composed of thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores cylindrical, branched at the base, septate, hyaline
to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical, unbranched, integrated, determinate, hyaline to pale brown,
smooth. Conidia terminal, transversely distoseptate, consisting
of four arms, lumina reduced, brown, smooth-walled.
Type species: Asterosporium asterospermum (Pers.)
Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 738(1958); Fig. 34
≡ Stilbospora asterosperma Pers. [as ‘asterospora’]
1801
= Asterosporium hoffmannii Kunze [as ‘hoffmanii’], Flora,
Regensburg 1: 225 (1819)
Notes: Kunze (1819) introduced Asterosporium with
A. hoffmannii as the type species. However, Hughes (1958) transferred the earlier named Stilbospora asterosperma Pers. to
Asterosporium and thus Sutton (1980) recognized
Asterosporium asterospermum as the accepted name for the type
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 33 Ascochytulina sp. (Material examined: Italy, Ravenna [RA]
Province, on dead stems of Salvia sp., 30 December 2012, E.
Camporesi, MFLU 16–0029). a Host material. b Conidiomata on host.
c Vertical section of conidioma. d Conidioma wall. e–g Different stages of
conidiogenesis. h–l Conidia. Scale bars: a = 80 μm, d = 25 μm, e–
l = 10 μm
species. Members in this genus have mainly been recorded as
endophytes from twigs of Alnus and Betula species in Betulaceae
(Sutton 1980; Kowalski and Kehr 1996; Tanaka et al. 2010).
Nine names are listed in Index Fungorum (2016) and eleven
species epithets are listed in Robert et al. (2013). However, these
records should be updated based on recent molecular results as
Asterosporium shares close morphological features with
Prosthemium (Kamiyama et al. 2009; Tanaka et al. 2010).
Sutton (1980) accepted two species, viz. Asterosporium
asterospermum and A. betulinum Peck in the genus. Two species have since been introduced A. attenuatum Murvan. &
Dekan. and A. orientale Mel’nik. Asterosporium orientale
and A. betulinum were shown to belong in Prosthemium,
based on sequence analyses (Kamiyama et al. 2009; Tanaka
et al. 2010). This confusion has occurred as both
Asterosporium and Prosthemium share several morphological
and ecological characters (Tanaka et al. 2010). Detailed taxonomic notes on Asterosporium and Prosthemium are provided
under genus Prosthemium.
Tanaka et al. (2010) showed that Asterosporium
asterospermum belongs to Diaporthales, genera incertae
sedis, the sexual morph was not determined. Our sequence
analyses also agree with Tanaka et al. (2010) (Figs. 9 and 12).
Asterosporium acerinum Wijayaw., Camporesi, McKenzie,
Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 34 Asterosporium asterospermum. (Material examined: Italy,
Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province, near Passo la Calla - Santa Sofia, on dead
branch of Fagus sylvatica, 29 September 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU
15–3555 = HKAS92536). a, b Conidiomata on host plant. c Vertical
section of conidioma. d, e Conidiomata wall. f–i Different stages of
conidiogenesis. j–o Conidia. Scale bars: c = 400 μm, d, e = 50 μm, f,
k–o = 20 μm, g–j = 30 μm
Index Fungorum number: IF551763; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01431; Fig. 35
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–3412
Saprobic on branches of Acer opalus (Sapindaceae). Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 130–
160 μm diam., 70–110 μm high, acervular, immersed, erumpent
at maturity, solitary, subglobose, unilocular, dark brown.
Conidiomatal wall multi-layered, composed of thin-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis, inner wall thin, hyaline.
Conidiophores 15–35 × 2–4 μm, cylindrical, septate, only
branched at the base, hyaline to pale brown, formed from the
upper pseudoparenchyma, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells
holoblastic, lacking percurrent proliferation, integrated, determinate, cylindrical, simple, hyaline to pale brown, smoothwalled. Conidia 35–50 × 42–50 μm (x = 39.4 × 45.4 μm,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 35 Asterosporium acerinum (holotype). a, b Conidiomata on Acer opalus. c Vertical section of a conidioma. d–g Different stages of
conidiogenesis. h–n Conidia. Scale bars: c = 50 μm, d, e = 10 μm, f–k = 20 μm
n = 20) between the widest points, stellate, terminal, transversely distoseptate, constricted at the septa, lumina reduced, pale
brown to brown, apical cell of each arm hyaline, consisting of 4
arms at 90° to each other, connected to the conidiogenous cell at
the point where they meet, smooth-walled.
Material examined: Italy, Firenze [FI] Province,
Vallombrosa, on dead branch of Acer opalus (Sapindaceae),
5 June 2012, Erio Camporesi, IT 406 (MFLU 15–3412,
holotype); (HKAS 92542, isotype).
Notes: Only Asterosporium attenuatum has been recorded from Acer spp. (from Acer campestris) (Sutton 1980;
Ellis and Ellis 1985; Murvanishvili and Dekanoidze 1992;
Farr and Rossman 2016; Index Fungorum 2016). The
conidia of A. acerinum are similar in shape to those of
A. attenuatum, but they are smaller (35–50 × 42–50 μm
vs. 57–84 × 21–24 μm). The conidiophores of
A. acerinum are also smaller, than those of A. attenuatum
(60–80 × 5.6 μm vs. 15–35 × 2–4 μm).
Several attempts of single conidial isolation were not successful. Moreover, we carried out direct sequencing but the
sequence data composed with several bands.
Avettaea Petr. & Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg.
42: 299 (1927)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01432; Fig. 36
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 36 Avettaea alcornii (Material examined: Australia, Queensland,
Brisbane, Mount Cotton, on stem of Xanthorrhoea preissii, 7 February
1995, L.I. Forsberg, BRIP 39816). a, b Herbarium label and material. c
Dried culture with conidiomata. d, e Vertical sections of conidiomata. f, g
Conidiomata wall. h Conidiogenous cell. i–m Different stages of
conidiogenesis. n, o Conidia. Scale bars: d, e = 50 μm, f, g, n,
o = 10 μm, h–m = 5 μm
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Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants.
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial to stromatic, solitary to gregarious, unilocular, sphaerical to oblong, dark brown to black,
occasionally ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, single, circular,
central. Conidiomata wall composed of two layers, outer
layer composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura
angularis, inner layer composed of thin-walled, hyaline
cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses present or absent,
when present cylindrical, straight to flexuous, hyaline.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or rarely
present, when present short, septate, hyaline, cylindrical,
smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, with periclinal
thickening, cylindrical, ampulliform to doliiform, discrete
or rarely integrated, hyaline. Conidia globose, oblong to
pyriform, truncate to obtuse base, aseptate, golden brown
to dark brown, thick-walled, verruculose or smoothwalled, covered by flexible, irregular, convoluted outer
wall when immature, becoming less conspicuous at maturity, with or without enclosed in mucilaginous sheath
(Sivanesan and Sutton 1985; Abbas and Sutton 1988a).
Type species: Avettaea philippinensis Petr. & Syd., Beih.
Rep. spec. nov. regn. veg. 42: 299 (1927)
Notes: Petrak and Sydow (1927) introduced Avettaea with
A. philippinensis as the type species. In morphology, Avettaea
resembles Aplosporella and Sphaeropsis. Taxonomic key is
provided under Sphaeropsis to distinguish Avettaea,
Aplosporella and Sphaeropsis. Besides the type species, the
genus comprises i.e. A. alcornii Sivan. & B. Sutton and
A. salvadorae (Petr.) Abbas & B. Sutton (Sivanesan and
Sutton 1985; Abbas and Sutton 1988a). Sequence data is unavailable, thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Key to distinguish species of Avettaea
1. Paraphyses absent ............... 2
1. Paraphyses present ............... A. salvadorae
2. Conidia without mucilaginous sheath at maturity
............... A. philippinensis
2. Conidia enclosed in mucilaginous sheath at maturity
............... A. alcornii
Bambusicola D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol. 33(3):
367 (2012)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01433; Figs. 37 and 38
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Massarineae, Bambusicolaceae
Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms Poaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: see Dai et al. (2012);
Hyde et al. (2013). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnothyrial,
solitary, scattered, immersed to half-immersed, erumpent at maturity, acerose or subglobose, unilocular. Conidiomata wall
multi layered, outer layer thick, composed of dark brown-
walled cells of textura angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic, annellidic, discrete, determinate, cylindrical,
smooth-walled. Conidia cylindrical, straight or slightly curved,
obtuse apex and base, 1–3-septate, continuous or rarely constricted at the septa, pale brown to dark brown, guttulate, thin
and smooth-walled (Dai et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2013).
Type species: Bambusicola massarinia D.Q. Dai & K.D.
Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol. 33(3): 370 (2012); Fig. 37
Notes: Dai et al. (2012) introduced Bambusicola with
B. massarinia as the type species. Currently the genus comprises four species (Dai et al. 2012; Index Fungorum 2016).
Sequence analyses of the genus showed distinct phylogenetic
lineage in Pleosporales (Dai et al. 2012), thus Hyde et al.
(2013) introduced Bambusicolaceae to accommodate the
members of Bambusicola (Fig. 9).
Key to species of Bambusicola*
1. Conidia pale brown to brown, cylindrical,
1-septate……......................................…………B.
massarinia
1. Conidia pale brown to brown, cylindrical,
3-septate……..........................................................……2
2. Conidia 20–30 × 3.5–5 μm……........……B. splendida
2. Conidia 15–18 × 1.5–3 μm……………B.
irregulispora
*Bambusicola bambusae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde was
described without an asexual morph and is thus not
included in the key
Barnettella D. Rao & P. Rag. Rao, Mycopath. Mycol. appl.
22: 56 (1964)
= Vinculum R.Y. Roy et al., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 48(1):
113 (1965)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01434; Fig. 39
Ascomycota, genus incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on Poaceae (Monocotyledons).
Sexual morph: Undeterm ined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic, acervuli, irregular, superficial or submerged, erumpent at maturity, brown. Conidiomata wall comprised of thin-walled, pale brown cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores meristematic, unbranched, straight, pale brown,
smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells holothallic, integrated,
fragmenting. Conidia formed in long, unbranched, basipetal
chains, muriform, globose, dark brown, smooth-walled (Rao
and Rao 1964; Sutton 1980; Nag Raj and DiCosmo 1981b).
Type species: Barnettella speciosa D. Rao & P. Rag. Rao,
Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 22: 56 (1964); Fig. 39
Notes: Rao and Rao (1964) introduced Barnettella with
B. speciosa as the type species. Subsequent studies by Rao
(1970), Rao and Rao (1973) added two more species. Sutton
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(1977, 1980) accepted Barnettella as a coelomycetous genus
and stated the conidiomata as ‘stromatic’, while the original
descriptions noted them as ‘acervuli’. Further, Sutton (1980)
stated, ‘the conidioma, is however, not typically acervular, for
it is superficial, neither it really strictly sporodochial for there
are certainly pseudolocular cavities in it’. Nag Raj and
DiCosmo (1981) re-described the type species and accepted
the conidiomata as stromatic.
Barnettella is listed in Kirk et al. (2008), but it is not included in Kirk et al. (2013). We suggest this as a wellestablished genus and should be included in protected list of
names.
Barriopsis A.J.L. Phillips et al., Persoonia 21: 39 (2008)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01679; Fig. 40
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: see Phillips et al. (2008, 2013); Doilom et al. (2015).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic or pycnidial, solitary
to gregarious, superficial to subepidermal, un- or multilocular, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole apapillate,
central, circular. Paraphyses present or absent, if present,
arising from the conidiogenous layer, extending above
the level of developing conidia, thin-walled, hyaline,
mostly aseptate. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to phialidic, or
proliferating at the apex, cylindrical, hyaline, thin and
smooth-walled, forming periclinal thickenings. Conidia
oval or cylindrical, both ends broadly rounded, thickwalled, initially hyaline, pale brown to brown, 0–3-septate, with longitudinal striations at maturity, smoothwalled. Chlamydospores present or absent, catenate, intercalary, brown, smooth and thick-walled, formed within the agar
medium (Phillips et al. 2008, 2013; Abdollahzadeh et al.
2009; Doilom et al. 2014).
Type species: Barriopsis fusca (N.E. Stevens) A.J.L.
Phillips et al., Persoonia 21: 39 (2008)
Notes: Phillips et al. (2008) introduced Barriopsis with
B. fusca as the type species. Abdollahzadeh et al. (2009)
introduced the first coelomycetous species in Barriopsis
i.e. B. iraniana Abdollahz. et al. Doilom et al. (2014)
introduced B. tectonae Doilom et al. with both sexual
and asexual morphs.
In morphology, Barriopsis resembles Lasiodiplodia as
both genera has oval or cylindrical conidia with longitudinal striations. However, in Barriopsis the striations are visible on young, hyaline conidia, at least in B. iraniana.
Nevertheless, both show distinct phylogenetic lineages in
Botryosphaeriaceae (Phillips et al. 2008, 2013; Fig. 10).
Bartalinia Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R. Univ. Siena 3:
4 (1900)
Fig. 37 Bambusicola massarinia (Material examined: Thailand, Chiang
Rai Province, Doi Fung, on decaying culm of bamboo, 4 May 2011, D.Q.
Dai, MFLU 12–0405, holotype). a Bamboo culm with fruiting bodies. b
Habit of immersed ascomata on host. c, d Section through ostiole with
periphyses. e Section of peridium at side. f Section of ascoma. g–i
Hyaline, 1-septate ascospores. k Ascospore with gelatinous sheath. i
Germinating ascospore. m Pseudoparaphyses above asci. n Asci with
ascospores. o Fissitunicate ascus. p Apex of asci. q–s Conidiomata
surrounded by mycelium. t, u, x Conidiophores and conidiogenous
cells producing conidia. v, w Conidiogenous cells with 1–5
annellations. y–5 1-sepate conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 mm, b, q–
s = 100 μm, c–f = 50 μm, j–l, t–5 = 5 μm, m–p = 10 μm
= Hyalotia Guba, Monograph of Monochaetia and
Pestalotia: 292 (1961)
= Pestalozzina P. Karst. & Roum., Revue mycol., Toulouse
12(no. 47): 126 (1890)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01435; Fig. 41
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Bartaliniaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of plant hosts. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial or variable, solitary to gregarious, subepidermal origin,
erumpent at maturity, globose, unilocular, brown to black,
lacking an ostiole. Conidiomata wall outer layer composed
of dark brown to black-walled cells of textura angularis, inner
wall thin, hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells ampulliform, discrete, determinate,
hyaline, smooth-walled, generated from inner layer of the
pycnidium wall. Conidia subcylindrical, 4-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, basal cell with truncate base, obconic, hyaline, bearing un-branched single appendage; 3 median cells subcylindrical, hyaline to pale
brown; apical cell conical, almost hyaline, bearing appendage with 3 branches, attenuated, flexuous (Sutton
1980; Nag Raj 1993; Anderson and Bianchinotti 1996;
Chi et al. 2002; Marincowitz et al. 2010; Senanayake
et al. 2015).
Type species: Bartalinia robillardoides Tassi, Bulletin
Labor. Orto Bot. de R. Univ. Siena 3: 4 (1900); Fig. 41
Notes: Tassi (1900) introduced Bartalinia, with
B. robillardoides as the type species. The genus comprises
19 species epithets (Index Fungorum 2016). Morgan-Jones
et al. (1972a) carried out a partial taxonomic revision for
Bartalinia and accepted only nine species. Morgan-Jones
et al. (1972a) stated that conidiogenesis of Bartalinia is
annellidic. Sutton (1980) also agreed with Morgan-Jones
et al. (1972a) and further stated that genus shows ‘holoblastic,
annellidic conidiogenesis’. At the same time Sutton (1980)
mentioned that the genus needs taxonomic revision and
described species must also be revised.
Von Arx (1981) synonymized Bartalinia under
Seimatosporium Corda but this redisposition was questioned
and rejected by Nag Raj (1993). Furthermore, Nag Raj (1993)
rejected the conidiogenesis process (i.e. annellidic) suggested
Fungal Diversity
by Morgan-Jones et al. (1972a) and mentioned it as ‘holoblastic’. In his generic revision, Nag Raj (1993) accepted only six
species including the type species viz. Bartalinia bischofiae
Nag Raj, B. lateripes (Ellis & Everh.) Nag Raj, B. laurina
(Mont.) Nag Raj, B. pistacina (J.L. Maas) Nag Raj and
B. tamarindi Nag Raj. Nag Raj (1993) listed another nine
Fungal Diversity
species which are not well described or with inadequate data
and six species which have been described as Hyalotia Guba.
(Nag Raj (1993) considered Hyalotia as a synonym of
Bartalinia).
Since the generic revision by Nag Raj (1993), five additional species have been described viz. Bartalinia ananatis Li
Zeng et al. (Chi et al. 2002), B. dracaenae P.G. Xi et al. (Xi
et al. 2000), B. goniolimonis Andrian. & Minter (Andrianova
and Minter 2007), B. mellea F. Anderson & Bianchin.
(Anderson and Bianchinotti 1996) and B. pondoensis
Marincowitz et al. (Marincowitz et al. 2010)
Based on morphological characters, Sutton (1980) grouped
Bartalinia in the suborder Blastopycnidiineae (annellidic).
However, this classification and not show a clear phylogenetic
relationship and most other members of this suborder
were not closely related to Bartalinia (Hyde et al. 2013;
Wijayawardene et al. 2014d). Jeewon et al. (2003) and
Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) showed that Bartalinia has
closer relationships with Pestalotiopsis, Seimatosporium and
Seiridium which are accepted genera in Amphisphaeriaceae
(Kirk et al. 2008; Wijayawardene et al. 2012a). However,
Senanayake et al. (2015) found that Bartalinia showed a
distinct phylogenetic lineage in Xylariomycetidae,
Amphisphaeriales. Hence, Bartaliniaceae was introduced
with Broomella, Hyalotiella and Truncatella as other members of the family (Senanayake et al. 2015).
No sexual morphs are yet linked with Bartalinia (Sutton
1980; Nag Raj 1993; Wijayawardene et al. 2012a;
Senanayake et al. 2015). Crous et al. (2014a) designated a
lectotype and epitype of B. robillardoides.
Bellulicauda B. Sutton, Can. J. Bot. 45(8): 1254 (1967)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01436; Fig. 42
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Pathogenic on Fabaceae, endophytic or saprobic on
Rosaceae sp. (Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, scattered, superficial, black, globose, unilocular, dark brown to black.
Conidiomata wall outer layer thick, composed of dark brown
to black cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of thinwalled, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic
to phialidic, long, cylindrical, discrete, determinate, hyaline,
aseptate, smooth-walled. Conidia clavate to ellipsoid, guttulate
when immature, occasionally guttulate at maturity, pale brown,
with or without the remains of the conidiogenous cell attached,
smooth-walled (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993; Pereira et al. 2005).
Type species: Bellulicauda dialii (Syd.) B. Sutton, Can. J.
Bot. 45(8): 1254 (1967)
≡ Diachorella dialii Syd., Annls mycol. 36(2/3): 193
(1938)
Notes: Sutton (1967) introduced Bellulicauda with B. dialii
as the type species. Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993)
Fig. 38 a–f. Bambusicola irregulispora (Material examined: Thailand,
Chiang Rai Province, Jiew Santonkok, on dead stem on Bamboo, 11
August 2011, D.Q Dai, MFLU 12–0407, holotype). a Vertical section
of conidioma. b, e, f Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Mature
conidium. d Germinating conidium. g–m. Bambusicola splendida
(Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on dead
stem of Bamboo, 1 September 2011, D.Q. Dai, MFLU 12–0408,
holotype). g Vertical section of conidioma. h, i Conidiogenesis. j–l
Conidia. m Germinating conidium. Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b–f, h–
m = 5 μm, g = 50 μm
provided comprehensive descriptions and illustrations. Nag
Raj (1993) treated Bellulicauda as an appendage-bearing genus, but Sutton (1980) stated only that ‘remains of the
conidiogenous cell attached’. Pereira et al. (2005) also provided detailed taxonomic notes and stated that conidia are with
‘unbranched frill’.
Pereira et al. (2005) recorded B. dialii from Brazil and from
Africa (Sierra Leone) and mentioned that the attempts to isolate the taxon were unsuccessful. Sequence data is unavailable
thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Bellulicauda sanguisorbae Wijayaw., Camporesi, McKenzie
& K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551764; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01437; Fig. 42
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–2654
Saprobic on stems of Sanguisorba minor. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 130–
160 μm diam., 120–150 μm high, pycnidial, solitary,
scattered, superficial, black, globose, unilocular,
apapillate. Conidiomata wall outer layer thick, 7–8 layered, composed of thick-walled dark brown to black cells
of textura angularis, innermost wall thin, 2–3 layered, becoming hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells 8–15 × 1–2 μm, phialidic, long
cylindrical, integrated, hyaline, aseptate, smooth. Conidia
11–16 × 6–9 μm (x = 13.82 × 7.54 μm, n = 20), clavate to
ellipsoid, globose, straight, aseptate, guttulate when immature, occasionally guttulate at maturity, pale brown, thick
and smooth-walled.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province,
Passo delle Forche - Galeata, dead stem of Sanguisorba minor
Scop. (Rosaceae), 23 April 2014, Erio Camporesi, IT 1831
(MFLU 15–2654, holotype).
Notes: Bellulicauda sanguisorbae has similar morphology to Bellulicauda in conidiogenesis and conidial characters although it does not have remains of the
conidiogenous cell attached or an unbranched frill. Other
conidial characters such as pigmentation, shape, lacking
septa are similar to the type species. Thus, we introduce
our collection as a new species in Bellulicauda.
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Fungal Diversity
Notes: Swart (1988) introduced Blastacervulus with
B. eucalypti as the type species. In conidiomata shape,
Blastacervulus resembles Colletogloeopsis (=
Teratosphaeria) however, conidia of the latter genus are not
in a chain. Cheewangkoon et al. (2009) re-described
B. eucalypti based on fresh collections and sequence
analysis showed B. eucalypti groups with Alysidiella
parasitica, Heteroconium eucalypti and H. kleinziense.
However, Cheewangkoon et al. (2009) did not confirm a familia l plac ement. In our ph ylogenetic ana ly ses,
Blastacervulus eucalypti clusters in Planistromellaceae
(Fig. 9).
Fig. 39 Barnettella speciosa. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Conidiophores. c, d Basipetal conidial chain. Scale bars: a = 100 μm,
b–d = 20 μm (re-drawn from Nag Raj and DiCosmo 1981b)
Key to species of Bellulicauda
1. Conidia clavate to ellipsoid, pale brown, 11–16 × 6–
9 μm, no basal appendage ..................... B. sanguisorbae
1. Conidia clavate to ellipsoid, pale brown, 9–13 × 4.
5 μm; with basal appendage 6–10 μm long .....................
B. dialii
Blastacervulus H.J. Swart, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(2): 289
(1988)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01438; Fig. 43
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Planistromellaceae
Endophytic or saprobic or associated with necrotic areas of
living leaves of Myrtaceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular,
subcuticular, becoming erumpent, circular to slightly oblong. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
mostly monoblastic, undifferentiated, determinate, shortsubcylindrical to ampulliform or subglobose, pale brown
to hyaline, verruculose, thin-walled. Conidia globose to
elliptical, slightly obtuse to truncate at the base, bright
brown or pale to medium brown, aseptate, thick-walled,
forming branched chains of acropetal conidia (Swart
1988; Cheewangkoon et al. 2009).
Type species: Blastacervulus eucalypti H.J. Swart, Trans.
Br. mycol. Soc. 90(2): 289 (1988); Fig. 43
Bleptosporium Steyaert, Darwiniana 12: 171 (1961)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01439; Fig. 44
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on dead twigs of Plantaginaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: ?Amphisphaeria fide Nag Raj
(1977b, 1993). Asexual morph: stromatic, erumpent, globose,
unilocular, dark brown to black. Conidiomata wall outer layer
thick, composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores branched or occasionally unbranched, sparsely septate, hyaline, invested in mucus,
smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical,
hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform, distoseptate, invested in
mucus, smooth-walled; apical cell flattened, bearing unbranched, attenuated, single appendage; medium cells dark
brown; basal cell hyaline to almost hyaline (Morgan-Jones
1974; Nag Raj 1977b, 1993).
Type species: Bleptosporium montteae Speg. ex Steyaert,
Darwiniana 12: 172 (1961)
Notes: Steyaert (1961) introduced Bleptosporium, with
B. montteae as the type species. Sutton (1963) introduced
Bleptosporium pleurochaetum (Speg.) B. Sutton but Sutton
(1980) and Nag Raj (1993) treated Bleptosporium as a monotypic genus. Von Arx (1981) listed Bleptosporium under
Seimatosporium however, Nag Raj (1993) treated
Bleptosporium as a distinct genus. Further, Nag Raj (1977b,
1993) stated Bleptosporium has an Amphisphaeria sexual
morph (A. argentinensis Nag Raj) based on close association
of both species. However, this link has not been proven by
cultural or sequence studies. Moreover, the sequence data is
unavailable thus, taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Botryohypoxylon Samuels & J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon 25(2):
631 (1986)
= Iledon Samuels & J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon 25(2): 633
(1986)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01440; Fig. 45
Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on trunk of Leguminose
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Botryohypoxylon fide
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 40 Barriopsis iraniana (Material examined: Iran, Hormozgan
Province, Minab, Hajikhademi, on twigs of Mangifera indica, 27
February 2007, J. Abdollahzadeh and A. Javadi, IRAN 13939 F). a, b
Conidiomata on pine needles in culture. c Paraphyses. d–h Different
stages of conidiogenesis. i–j Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm, c–
k = 10 μm. (Reproduced from Phillips et al. 2013 in Studies in
Mycology 76)
Samuels and Rogers (1986). Asexual morph: Conidiomata
stromatic, gregarious, unilocular, black. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic,
directly arising from conidiomata wall. Macroconidia ellipsoidal, septate, intercalary cells brown, terminal cell hyaline.
Microconidia unicellular, oblong, hyaline (description
modified from Samuels and Rogers 1986).
Type species: Botryohypoxylon amazonense Samuels &
J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon 25 (2): 633 (1986); Fig. 45
= Iledon versicolor Samuels & J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon 25
(2): 633 (1986)
Notes: Samuels and Rogers (1986) introduced
Botryohypoxylon amazonense and observed a coelomycetous
asexual morph in the culture; for this they introduced the new
genus Iledon. Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) and Rossman et al.
(2015) adopted the older sexual name, Botryohypoxylon over
the younger asexual name, Iledon.
Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital.
1(4): 211 (1863) (dichomera-like asexual morphs)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01441; Figs. 46 and 47
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on twigs, stems and leaves of a
range of host plants or pathogenic. Sexual morph: see Liu
et al. (2012); Phillips et al. (2013). Asexual morph:
fusicoccum-like fide Liu et al. (2012); Phillips et al. (2013)
or dichomera-like. Dichomera-like asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic, or pycnidial, immersed, erumpent at
maturity, solitary to gregarious, globose, multi-locular or unilocular, dark brown to black. Ostiole papillate, central, single.
Conidiomata wall outer layer thick-walled, composed of dark
brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline to
subhyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, simple, integrated
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 41 Bartalinia robillardoides (Material examined: Thailand, Chiang
Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University grounds, on leaves of
Eucalyptus sp., 30 June 2012, N. Wijayawardene, MFLU 13–0084). a
Conidiomata on leaf of Eucalyptus spp. b, c Vertical sections of
conidioma on leaf. d, f Developing conidia attach to conidiogenous
cells. e Vertical section of conidioma on PDA. g–i Conidia. j Conidia
grouped in a bunch. k Culture on PDA. l Germinating conidium. Scale
bars: b, c, e = 150 μm, d, f = 20 μm, g–j = 25 μm
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Fig. 42 Bellulicauda sanguisorbae (holotype). a, b Conidiomata on host material. c Vertical section of the conidioma. d, e Conidiomata walls. f, g
Immature conidia attach to conidiogenous cells. h–l Immature and mature conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 μm, d, e = 40 μm, f, g = 20 μm, h–l = 10 μm
or discrete, determinate, hyaline, doliiform to cylindrical,
smooth. Conidia pyriform or cylindrical, often variable and
irregular in shape, truncate base, globose, muriform, continuous or constricted at the septa, brown, smooth-walled (Rao
and Varghese 1980; Sutton 1980; Sutton and Dyko 1989;
Yuan et al. 2000; Barber et al. 2005). (Phillips et al. (2005)
reported brown conidia from some Botryosphaeria spp.)
Type species: Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.)
Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 212
(1863)
= Sphaeria dothidea Moug., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(2):
423 (1823)
Notes: Crous et al. (2006a) showed Botryosphaeria has
Fusicoccum asexual morphs. In this study we concentrate only
on Dichomera as Fusicoccum has hyaline spores (Liu et al.
2012; Phillips et al. 2013). (However, Fusicoccum Corda was
treated as a synonym of Botryosphaeria by Phillips et al. 2013)
Cooke (1878) introduced Dichomera with D. saubinetii as
the type species. There are 48 species epithets in Index
Fungorum (2016), but some have been transferred to other
genera, such as Camarosporium (Saccardo 1884). Funk and
Sutton (1972) and Sutton (1975a) provided taxonomic notes
and illustrations for Dichomera. Sutton (1980) compared
Dichomera with Camarosporium and stated that
‘Dichomera, which has usually been interpreted as the
stromatic analogue of Camarosporium Schulz.’
Butin (1993) examined the relationships between
Camarosporium and Dichomera based on their substrates
and types of conidiomata and agreed with Sutton (1980),
who treated Dichomera as a stromatic form of
Camarosporium. Butin (1993) examined oak-inhabiting
Camarosporium sp. (C. oreades (Durieu & Mont.) Sacc.)
and Dichomera sp. (D. saubinetii) to support his assumption
and concluded that the former species represents the pycnidial
form of the latter species. Butin (1993) also examined another
type of coelomycetous taxon adjacent to the stromata of
Dichomera saubinetii on bark of oak, but with hyaline, fusiform, one-celled conidia and identified it as Fusicoccum
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Fig. 43 Blastacervulus eucalypti (Material examined: Australia,
Queensland, Blackall, Airport, on leaves of Eucalyptus eremophila, 22
September 1997, M.H. Ivory, BRIP 39816). a Label of herbarium
specimen. b Herbarium material. c Conidiomata on leaves. d, e Vertical
sections of conidiomata. f Conidioma wall. g–j Different stages of
conidiogenesis. k, l Conidia. Scale bars: d–f = 50 μm, g–l = 5 μm
aesculi Corda. Further, Butin (1993) observed some
conidiomata of Dichomera saubinetii with hyaline, fusiform conidia, which is similar to Fusicoccum aesculi.
Hence Butin (1993) predicted a relationship between
fusicoccum-like taxa and dichomera-like taxa based on
cultural techniques.
Barber et al. (2005) observed dichomera-like conidia in the
cultures of several Botryosphaeria spp. and this was
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species groups with Botryosphaeria sensu stricto (see under
results of molecular data analyses).
Fig. 44 Bleptosporium pleurochaetum. a. Vertical section of
conidiomata. b, c. Different stages of conidiogenesis. d. Conidia. Scale
bars: a–d = 10 μm (re-drawn from Morgan-Jones 1974)
phylogenetically confirmed by Slippers et al. (2013) who
showed that Dichomera saubinetii, the type species of
Dichomera, grouped with Botryosphaeria. However, Slippers
et al. (2013) did not consider Dichomera to be a synonym of
Botryosphaeria as ex-type strains were not available.
In our phylogenetic analyses (Figs. 10 and 13), dichomeralike taxa are scattered in the Botryosphaeriaceae and the type
Fig. 45 Botryohypoxylon
amazonense. a
Macroconidiogenous cells with
immature macroconidia. b
Macroconidia. c
Microconidiogenous cells and
microconidia. Scale bars: a–
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Samuels and Rogers 1986)
Botryosphaeria quercus Wijayaw., A.J.L. Phillips,
Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551550; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01442; Fig. 47
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–3444
Endophytic or saprobic on dead leaves of Quercus sp.
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata 160–200 μm diam., 170–220 μm high, pycnidial, immersed, erumpent at maturity, gregarious to solitary,
dark brown to black, unilocular. Ostiole papillate, central.
Conidiomata wall outer layer thick, comprising of dark brown
cells of textura angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline to
subhyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells 10–35 × 4–6 μm, holoblastic, annellidic,
simple, determinate, hyaline, doliiform to cylindrical. Conidia
10–24 × 6–10 μm (x = 13.54 × 7.2 μm, n = 20), pyriform or cylindrical, truncate base, globose, muriform, with 1–5 transverse septa, 2–3 longitudinal septa, and with 1–2 oblique septa, constricted at the septa, brown, smooth-walled.
Culture characteristics: On PDA, slow growing, attaining
20 mm in 7 days at 18 °C, with thin mycelium, margin uneven, no zonate, yellowish brown from above, greyish white
from below.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province,
Polenta - Bertinoro, dead and land leaf of Quercus sp.
(Fagaceae), 30 December 2013, Erio Camporesi, IT 1615
(MFLU 15–3444, holotype); (HKAS92555, isotype), extype living cultures MFLUCC 14–0459, GUCC IT 1615.
Notes: Farr and Rossman (2016) reported Dichomera
saubinetii (conidial dimensions 11–13 × 7–10 μm fide Sutton
1980) from Quercus sp. However, our collection has longer
conidia than D. saubinetii. Moreover, our new collection and
the type species of Dichomera, D. saubinetii (CBS 990.70)
group in Botryosphaeria sensu stricto. Hence our new collection is introduced as a new species in Botryosphaeria.
Brencklea Petrak, Annls mycol. 21: 326 (1923)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01443; Fig. 48
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Fig. 46 Botryosphaeria sp. (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC]
Province, Passo delle Forche – Galeata, on dead stem of Sanguisorba
mino, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–2655 = HKAS92558). a Host material.
b Conidiomata on stem. c, d Vertical sections of conidiomata. e
Conidioma wall. f, g Different stages of conidiogenesis. h–r Conidia.
Scale bars: c, d = 100 μm, e = 20 μm, f–r = 10 μm
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves or culms of Iridaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, unilocular, glabrous, with slightly papillate ostiole.
Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, pale brown
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Fig. 47 Botryosphaeria quercus (holotype). a, b Conidiomata on
Quercus sp. c Vertical section of mature conidioma. d Different stages
of conidiogenesis. e–f Conidiogenous cells. g, i–m Conidia. h
Conidiogenous cells branched at the base. Scale bars: c = 100 μm, d–
h = 10 μm, i–m = 15 μm
to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, ampulliform, hyaline, smooth, invested in mucus. Macroconidia fusiform to naviculate, septate, almost hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, bearing attenuated, broad, cellular, filiform, long apical appendage. Microconidia short, cylindrical, unicellular, hyaline,
smooth-walled (Sutton 1968 as Scolecosporiella
sisyrinchii; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Brencklea sisyrinchii (Ellis & Everh.) Petr.,
Annales Mycologici 21 (3–4): 326 (1923); Fig. 48
Notes: Petrak (1923) introduced Brencklea with
B. sisyrinchii as the type species. Sutton (1968, 1977, 1980)
p l a c e d B re n c k l e a a n d U ro h e n d e r s o n i e l l a u n d e r
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Fig. 49 Coelomycetous morph of Broomella vitalbae (Material
examined: Italy, Arezzo [AR] Province, Stia, Montemezzano, on dead
branch of Clematis vitalba, 25 August 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–
0054, epitype). a Conidiomata on host material. b, c Vertical sections of
conidiomata. d Conidioma wall. e–k Conidiogenesis. l–t Conidia. Scale
bars: b = 100 μm, c, d = 50 μm, e–t = 10 μm
Fig. 48 Brencklea sisyrinchii. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis and conidiogenous cells. c Conidia.
Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b, c = 20 μm, (re-drawn from Sutton 1968 as
Scolecosporiella sisyrinchii)
Scolecosporiella. However, Nag Raj (1993) rejected this gen e r i c c o n ce p t a n d a c ce p t e d bo t h B re n c k l e a a n d
Urohendersoniella as distinct genera. We agree with Nag
Raj (1993) and the taxonomic key below can be used to distinguish these three genera. However, it is essential to carry
out sequence analyses and establish clear generic boundaries
among the three genera.
Key to distinguish Brencklea, Scolecosporiella
and Urohendersoniella
1. Microconidia present……..............................……… 2
1. Microconidia absent….......…………Scolecosporiella
2. Conidia narrowly fusiform, with mucoid appendages at
both ends……........................………Urohendersoniella
2. Conidia fusiform to naviculate, without mucoid appendages………….......................................…Brencklea
Broomella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 557 (1883)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 00626: Fig. 49
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Bartaliniaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: see Li et al. (2015b); Senanayake et al. (2015).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidioid, scattered
to gregarious, immersed to semi-immersed, rounded, oval or
elongated, black, unilocular, papillate, glabrous. Conidiomata
wall composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura
globulosa to textura angularis, outwardly pale brown to brown,
inwardly merging with relatively thin-walled and colourless
cells. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells cylindrical, phialidic, percurrently proliferating, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform to
aciculate, with acute ends, straight or slightly curved, 3-septate,
constricted at septa, pale brown or brown, verruculose, thickwalled; bearing a single tubular appendage at each end, or 2–5
appendages at apex and a single appendage at the base (Li et al.
2015b; Senanayake et al. 2015).
Type species: Broomella vitalbae (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.,
Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 558 (1883); Fig. 49
Notes: Saccardo (1883) introduced Broomella with
B. vitalbae as the type species. Shoemaker et al. (1989) and
Yuan and Zhao (1992) reported pestalotiod-like asexual morphs.
Broomella spp. with truncatella-like asexual morphs are not congeneric with the type species of Broomella (Senanayake et al.
2015). Based on sequence data, Li et al. (2015) showed
Broomella sensu stricto resides in Amphisphaeriaceae, and reported the asexual morph which has conidia with a single apical
and basal appendages. However, Senanayake et al. (2015) treated Broomella as a distinct genus in Bartaliniaceae and this
agrees with our phylogenetic sequence analyses (Figs. 9 and 16).
Brunneodinemasporium Crous & R.F. Castañeda, Persoonia,
Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 128 (2012)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01444; Fig. 50
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Chaetosphaeriales,
Chaetosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on decaying leaves. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
stromatic, solitary or gregarious, superficial, dark brown to
black, cupulate, unilocular, globose, setose. Conidiomata wall
basal stroma of textura angularis. Setae abundant, subulate to
cylindrical, unbranched, simple, septate, brown to black,
smooth, thick-walled, multi-septate. Conidiophores cylindrical, septate, brown, unbranched, thin-walled, smooth.
Conidiogenous cells phialidic, subcylindrical to lageniform,
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Fungal Diversity
Fig. 50 Brunneodinemasporium brasiliense. a Immature conidia attach to conidiogenous cells. b Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Crous et al. 2012f)
integrated, determinate, brown, smooth. Conidia fusiform,
slightly curved or straight, apex obtuse to sub obtusely rounded, base truncate, aseptate, hyaline to pale brown, thin and
smooth-walled, eguttulate or guttulate; with a single, cellular,
unbranched, flexuous, tubular appendage at each end,
delimited by a septum; basal appendage excentric
(description modified from Crous et al. 2012f).
Type species: Brunneodinemasporium brasiliense Crous
& R.F. Castañeda, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 129
(2012); Fig. 50
Notes: Crous et al. (2012f) introduced
Brunneodinemasporium with B. brasiliense and mentioned it has hyaline to pale brown conidia.
Brunneodinemasporium morphologically resembles
Dinemasporium which also has hyaline to pale brown,
aseptate conidia (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993), but is phylogenetically distinct from Dinemasporium sensu stricto
(Crous et al. 2012f). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015)
listed Brunneodinemasporium under Chaetosphaeriaceae,
Chaetosphaeriales. Our phylogenetic analyses, also agree
with Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) (Fig. 9).
Caeruleoconidia Zhurb. & Diederich, Herzogia 28(2): 264
(2015)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01787; Fig. 51
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Lichenicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata sporodochial to pulvinate, stromatic,
erumpent, convex to applanate, black, but sometimes with a
lateral ring-like rudimentary wall. Conidiophores reduced
conidiogenous cells, hyaline to light greenish blue, densely
aggregated in a compact basal stroma. Conidiogenous cells
holoblastic, hardly distinguishable. Conidia subglobose to
irregularly ellipsoid or rectangular, abundant, solitary to indistinctly catenate, subhyaline to moderate greenish blue becoming olivaceous green in KOH, dry, 0(−1)-septate, smoothwalled (Zhurbenko et al. 2015).
Type species: Caeruleoconidia ochrolechiae Zhurb. &
Diederich, Herzogia 28(2): 264; Fig. 51
Notes: Zhurbenko et al. (2015) introduced Caeruleoconidia
with C. ochrolechiae as the type species. Caeruleoconidia
ochrolechiae resembles Coniambigua phaeographidis, but the
latter has pycnidial-like conidiomata with a colourless wall,
and dark brown, aseptate conidia with a thin and
ornamented outer wall (Zhurbenko et al. 2015). The taxonomic key under Lichenoconium allows distinguishing
Caeruleoconidia from other lichenicolous genera. Sequence
data is unavailable, thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Conidiomata of Caeruleoconidia resemble sporodochia
and might therefore be referred to as hyphomycetes.
However, as these sporodochia-like structures are often
surrounded by a thin rudimentary wall, Caeruleoconidia
may as well be treated as a coelomycetous genus.
Callistospora Petr., Sydowia 9 (1–6): 571 (1955)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01445; Fig. 52
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
E n d o p h y t i c , s a p ro b i c o n c u l m s o f P o a c e a e
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic or pycnidial, immersed, globose, unilocular, dark brown to black, ostiolate.
Ostiole papillate, central, circular. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, black to dark brown cells of textura
globulosa in neck region, textura prismatica in venter,
i n n e r l a y e r b e c o m i n g t h i n - w a l l e d a n d p a l e r.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, invested
in mucus. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, ampulliform,
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Fig. 51 Caeruleoconidia ochrolechiae (Material examined: MEXICO,
Chihuahua, ridge crest area along a secondary dirt road to Casas Grandes
from Bavispé, Sonora, on Ochrolechia pseudopallescens, 18 July 1994,
T.H. Nash III 36366a, ASA, holotype). a Conidiomata of
Caeruleoconidia ochrolechiae on thallus of Ochrolechia
pseudopallescens. b Vertical section of conidioma in water. c Vertical
section of conidioma in 10 % KOH (colour reaction due to chemical
reaction is pointed by arrow). d Conidia in KOH. Scale bars:
a = 200 μm, b–d = 10 μm
occasionally conical to cylindrical, hyaline, smooth.
Macroconidia ellipsoidal or elongate-fusiform, transversely
distoseptate, rarely longitudinal septa or oblique septa,
constricted at the septa, brown to dark brown, smooth to
slightly verrucose, bearing mucoid appendages at each
end. Microconidia ovoid to ellipsoidal, with broad rounded
apex, narrow truncate base with basal marginal frills,
aseptate, smooth-walled (von Arx and Constantinescu
1983; Nag Raj 1989, 1993).
Type species: Callistospora gaubae Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6):
571 (1955); Fig. 52
Notes: Petrak (1955a) introduced Callistospora with
C. gaubae as the type species. However, Sutton (1980) did
not include this genus in his monograph. von Arx and
Constantinescu (1983) re-described the genus, but with several
omissions (viz. did not mention the presence of mucoid appendages of conidia, mucus in conidiophores and presence of
microconidia), thus Nag Raj (1989, 1993) remedied these omissions and provided detailed taxonomic notes.
Callistospora is a monotypic genus and sequence data is
unavailable, thus its taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Camarographium Bubák, Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 34: 306 (1916)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01446; Fig. 53
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales
genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or gregarious, immersed to
subepidermal, globose, unilocular, dark brown, ostiolate.
Ostiole papillate, central, circular. Conidiomata wall outer layer
thick, composed of pale brown-walled cells of textura
angularis, inner layer thin, composed of subhyaline-walled
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, ampulliform to doliiform, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Macroconidia ellipsoid or irregular in shape, globose, base obtuse, distoseptate, with up to 5 transverse septa,
numerous longitudinal or oblique septa, pale brown, guttulate,
smooth-walled. Microconidiogenous cells phialidic, holoblastic, non-proliferating, ampulliform to doliiform. Microconidia
subglobose to ellipsoidal, rounded at apex, truncate base
(Sutton 1980; Verkley et al. 2005; Crous et al. 2011b).
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 52 Callistospora gaubae
(a–c re-drawn from von Arx and
Constantinescu 1983; d Nag Raj
1993). a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c, d Conidia.
Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b–d =
20 μm
Type species: Camarographium stephensii (Berk. &
Broome) Bubák, Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 34: 306 (1916)
≡ Hendersonia stephensii Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat.
Hist., Ser. 2 5: 465 (1850)
≡ Camarosporium stephensii (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.,
Sylloge Fungorum 3: 469 (1884)
Notes: Bubák (1916) introduced Camarographium with
C. stephensii as the type species. Grove (1937) included
C. metableticum (Trail) Grove and C. abietis (Wils. &
Anders.) Grove in the genus, but Sutton (1980) questioned
the placement of these two species in Camarographium as their
conidiomata structures are not congeneric with the type species.
Verkley et al. (2005) and Crous et al. (2011b) introduced
C. koreanum Verkley et al. and C. carpini Mel’nik et al., respectively. Verkley et al. (2005) reported the presence of
microconidia in C. koreanum for the first time.
Key to species of Camarographium (modified key
from Crous et al. 2011b)
Crous et al. (2011b) included all accepted species following
Verkley et al. (2005) in their key for Camarographium.
However, we do not include C. atriplicis in the key or generic
description, which has been reported with hyaline conidia
(Golovin 1950).
1. Conidiomata in linear stromata, on petioles of
Pteridium aquilinum, conidia 22–28 μm
wide…........…..........................................…C. stephensii
1. Conidiomata pycnidial, on other substrata…….………2
2. Conidia more than 24 μm wide…………C. clematidis
2. Conidia up to 24 μm wide……...................…………3
3. Conidia 15–24 μm wide………......................………4
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Fig. 53 Camarographium clematisidis (holotype). a, b Conidiomata on host material. c Vertical section of conidioma. d–f Different stages of
conidiogenesis. g–j Conidia. Scale bars: c = 200 μm, d–j = 20 μm
3. Conidia less than 15 μm wide….............……………5
4. Conidia 52–62 × 17–19.5 μm, extruding in a white
conidial mass, immersed in bark of Cornus kousa,
m icr oc on id ia pr ese n t …… …… . .. .. .. .. .. …… C .
koreanum
4. Conidia 50–60 × 19–24 μm, extruding in a yellowish
brown conidial mass, immersed in bark of Carpinus
betulus, microconidia absent………....………C. carpini
5. Conidia 5.6–7.5 μm wide, on fruits of Prunus
domestica…….........................…....……C. fructicola
5. Conidia 7–12 μm wide, on spines of Acacia
sphaerocephala….......................……………C. indicum
Camarographium clematidis Wijayaw., Camporesi,
McKenzie, & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551767; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01447; Fig. 53
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–3444
Saprobic on twigs, branches and stems of Clematis
vitalba. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata 400–450 μm diam., 450–550 μm high, pycnidial, gregarious, immersed, globose, unilocular, dark
brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, single, central, circular. Conidiomata wall outer layer thick, 30–40 μm, composed of thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis,
inner layer thin, 3–4 μm, composed of subhyaline-walled
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–8 × 8–
10 μm, enteroblastic, phialidic, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 47–57 × 24–34 μm (x
= 49.6 × 28.6 μm, n = 20), pale brown, oblong to ellipsoid, globose, base obtuse, guttulate when immature,
distoseptate, with 2–4 transverse septa, numerous longitudinal or oblique septa, thin and smooth-walled,
guttulate when immature.
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Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province,
Collina di Pondo - Santa Sofia, dead branch of Clematis
vitalba L. (Ranunculaceae), 24 October 2013, Erio
Camporesi, IT 1488 (MFLU 15–3444, holotype);
(HKAS92551, isotype).
Notes: The distoseptate conidia of Camarographium species
separate them from camarosporium-like taxa. Based on morphology (Sutton 1980), we conclude our collection is properly placed
in Camarographium. Our collection has wide conidia and is
morphologically distinct from other described species (Crous
et al. 2011b) and it is thus introduced as a new species.
Single spore isolation of Camarographium clematidis was
successful, but germinated conidia did not grow further in
PDA or MEA. In morphology, Camarographium clematidis
resembles with Magnicamarosporium iriomotense, the type
species of Magnicamarosporium (Tanaka et al. 2015) however, our collection lacks paraphyses.
Camarosporellum Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R.
Univ. Siena 5: 62 (1902)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01448; Fig. 54
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed, sub-peridermal,
globose, unilocular, black, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, single,
circular. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
Fig. 54 Camarosporellum
nervisequum. a Vertical section
of conidioma. b Developing
conidia attach to conidiogenous
cells. c Conidia. Scale bars: a,
b = 20 μm, b = 50 μm (re-drawn
from Sutton and Pollack 1974)
ampulliform, determinate, discrete, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid
or obvoid, truncate base, apex obtuse, distoseptate, muriform,
brown to dark chocolate brown, smooth-walled (Sutton and
Pollack 1974; Sutton 1980; van Warmelo and Sutton 1981).
Type species: Camarosporellum nervisequum (Tassi)
Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R. Univ. Siena 5: 62 (1902)
≡ Camarosporium nervisequum Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto
Bot. de R. Univ. Siena 3: 19 (1900)
N o t e s : Ta s s i ( 1 9 0 2 ) e s t a b l i s h e d t h e g e n u s
Camarosporellum to accommodate Camarosporium
nervisequum. Sutton and Pollack (1974) lectotypified the
genus and introduced the second species, C. cercocarpi B.
Sutton & Pollack. Sutton (1980) compared both
C. nervisequum and C. cercocarpi and further stated that
C. eucalypti (G. Winter) Tassi (Tassi 1902) is not congeneric
with Camarosporellum sensu stricto. van Warmelo and Sutton
(1981) introduced a third species, C. heterospermum
(Vestergr.) Van Warmelo & B. Sutton. sequence data is unavailable, thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Camarosporiopsis Abbas et al., Pakist. J. Bot. 32(2): 239
(2000)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01449; Fig. 55
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Saprobic and endophytic on Capparaceae (Dicotyledons).
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
pycnidial to stromatic, immersed, solitary to gregarious, globose to oblong or irregular, black, ostiole papillate, single, circular, central. Conidiomata wall only one layer, composed of
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 55 Camarosporiopsis
capparis. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 50 μm, b = 8 μm (re-drawn
from Abbas et al. 2000)
thick-walled, brown cells of textura prismatica. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
enterogenous proliferation and progressively, ampulliform to
lageniform, hyaline, smooth. Conidia globose to oblong or
triangular, or irregular in shape, both ends obtuse, muriform,
brown, verruculose, enclosed in thick mucilaginous sheath
(description modified from Abbas et al. 2000)
Type species: Camarosporiopsis capparis (S. Ahmad)
Abbas et al., Pakist. J. Bot. 32(2): 241 (2000); Fig. 55
≡ Camarosporium capparis S. Ahmad [as ‘capparidis’],
Sydowia 5(3–6): 393 (1951)
Notes: Abbas et al. (2000) introduced Camarosporiopsis
with C. capparis as the type species. In conidial morphology,
Camarosporiopsis resembles Camarosporium and
Dichomera but conidia of the latter two genera are not
enclosed in a mucilaginous sheath. The morphology of
Camarosporiopsis is compared with other relative genera under Camarosporium. Sequence data is unavailable, hence the
taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Camarosporium Schulzer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 649
(1870)
= Piringa Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires, Ser. 3 13: 378
(1911)
= Sclerotheca Bubák & Vleugel, Svensk bot. Tidskr. 11:
314 (1917)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01450; Fig. 56
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, genera incertae sedis
Saprobic and endophytic on a range of plants, occasionally
pathogenic. Sexual morph: cucurbitaria-like fide
Wijayawardene et al. (2014a); Tibpromma et al. (2015).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed to
subperidermal, solitary to gregarious, globose, unilocular, dark
brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, single, circular, central. Conidiomata wall composed thick-walled, dark brown cells
of textura angularis, inner layer with hyaline cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, integrated to discrete,
doliiform, lageniform or cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, formed
from the inner cells of the pycnidial wall. Conidia variable in
shape, mostly ellipsoidal, curved to straight, truncate at the
base, obtuse at the apex, muriform, continuous or constricted
at the septa, medium brown to dark brown, thin and smoothwalled (Mirza 1968; Sutton and Pollack 1974; Sutton 1980;
Hyde et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2014b; Tibpromma
et al. 2015).
Type species: Camarosporium quaternatum (Hazsl.)
Schulz., Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 20: 641 (1870)
Notes: The genus Camarosporium was introduced by
Schulzer (1870) with C. quaternatum as the type species.
There are approximately 500 records listed in Index
Fungorum (2016), but most of them have not been reexamined since they were introduced (Sutton 1980).
Camarosporium was treated as a polyphyletic genus (Sutton
1980; Kirk et al. 2008; Wijayawardene et al. 2012b) and
linked to several phylogenetically distinct families viz.
Leptosphaeriaceae (Schoch et al. 2009), Cucurbitariaceae
(Doilom et al. 2013) and Botryosphaeriales, genera incertae
sedis (Liu et al. 2012). However, Wijayawardene et al.
(2014a) showed that Camarosporium sensu stricto belongs
to Pleosporineae, Pleosporales and predicts its placement as
a new family. Wijayawardene et al. (2014a) and Tibpromma
et al. (2015) showed that Camarosporium sensu stricto has
cucurbitaria-like sexual morphs.
Camarosporula Petr., Sydowia 8(1–6): 99 (1954)
= Anthracostroma Petr., Sydowia 8(1–6): 96 (1954)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01424; Fig. 57
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales,
Teratosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of range of
host plants. Sexual morph: see Crous et al. (2011c). Asexual
morph: Conidiomata acervular, subcuticular, epidermal to
subepidermal, solitary to confluent. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown globose to angular cells.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
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Fig. 56 Camarosporium elaeagnellum (Material examined: Germany,
near Berlin, on branches and twigs of Elaeagnus angustifolia, 6
May 2013, René K. Schumacher, MFLU 15–3551). a Conidiomata on
branches of Elaeagnus angustifolia. b, c Vertical sections of conidiomata.
d Conidioma wall. e–g Different stages of conidiogenesis. h–o Conidia. p
Germinating conidium. Scale bars: b = 75 μm, c, h = 20 μm, d = 30 μm,
e–g, i–p = 10 μm
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical to doliiform, integrated, hyaline to pale brown, smooth or minutely
verruculose. Conidia cylindrical, clavate, obclavate or
irregular, truncate base, muriform, distoseptate, medium to
dark brown, thick and smooth-walled (Petrak 1954; Sutton
1980; Swart 1985; Crous et al. 2011d).
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Fig. 57 Camarosporula persooniae (Australia, N. S. W., forest between
Marulan and Berrima, on unidentified leave, 31 March 1950, E. Gauba,
PDD 61731). a Label of herbarium material. b Herbarium materials. c
Conidiomata on host. d Conidioma wall. e, f Different stages of
conidiogenesis. g–p Conidia. Scale bars: d = 20 μm, e–p = 10 μm
Type species: Camarosporula persooniae (Henn.) Petr.,
Sydowia 8(1–6): 99 (1954); Fig. 57
≡ Hendersonia persoonii Henn., Hedwigia 40(4): 97
(1901)
= Anthracostroma persooniae (Henn.) Petr., Sydowia 8
(1–6): 97 (1954)
Notes: Petrak (1954) introduced Camarosporula to accommodate the asexual morph of Anthracostroma. Sutton (1980)
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provided a description and illustrations of the type species and
accepted A. persooniae as the sexual morph. Crous et al.
(2011d) phylogenetically confirmed this established link.
Hence, Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) proposed to synonymize
the younger asexual typified name under older sexual typified
name. However, Rossman et al. (2015) contrary with
Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) suggested to adopt
Camarosporula over Anthracostroma as former has been reported frequently (Farr and Rossman 2016) and as it was used
in recent literature (Crous et al. 2011d).
I n m o r p h o l o g y, C a m a r o s p o r u l a r e s e m b l e s
camarosporium-like taxa, but it is phylogenetically quite distinct and is accommodated in Teratosphaeriaceae (Crous et al.
2011d; Figs. 9 and 11).
Capitorostrum Bat., Revta Biol., Lisb. 1(2): 140 (1957)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01451; Fig. 58
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Fungicolous on colonies of Asteridiella fraseriana, associated with leaf spots of Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae,
Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, superficial to immersed, solitary to gregarious, separate, globose to subglobose at the base, with a long neck, thin-walled, ostiolate. Ostiole single circular. Conidiomata wall basal region composed of thinwalled, pale brown cells of textura angularis, neck region
composed of parallel textura prismatica. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
Fig. 58 Capitorostrum
asteridiellae. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Developing conidia.
c Conidia. Scale bars: b,
c = 10 μm, a = 50 μm (re-drawn
from Sutton 1980)
enteroblastic, phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline, smooth, channel and collarette minute. Conidia ellipsoid, aseptate, pale
brown, eguttulate, smooth-walled (Sutton 1980; Hyde and
Philemon 1991).
Type species: Capitorostrum asteridiellae Bat., Revta
Biol., Lisb. 1(2): 140 (1957) Fig. 58
Notes: Batista and Maia (1957) introduced Capitorostrum
with C. asteridiellae. The genus comprises two species after
Hyde and Philemon (1991) introduced the second species,
Capitorostrum cocoës K.D. Hyde & Philemon. Sequence data
is unavailable in GenBank, thus the taxonomic placement of
Capitorostrum is uncertain.
Capnodiastrum Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 22(4): 192
(1886)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01452; Fig. 59
Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, Englerulaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, superficial, solitary, globose, unilocular, dark brown. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled
cells of textura angularis or textura globulosa. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, doliiform, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia obovoid, base truncate, apex obtuse to conic, 1-septate, with a central guttule, median transverse hyaline band;
apical cell small, pale brown, lower cell much larger (Sutton
1980; Kheyrodin and Ghazvinian 2012).
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 59 a, b Conidia of
Capnodiastrum guaraniticum. c
Conidia of C. sawadae. Scale
bars: a–c = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Sutton 1980 and Kheyrodin and
Ghazvinian 2012 respectively)
Type species: Capnodiastrum guaraniticum Speg., Anal.
Soc. cient. argent. 22(2): 145 (1886)
Notes: Spegazzini (1886) introduced Capnodiastrum with
C. guaraniticum as the type species. Petrak (1952) transferred
four species into the genus viz. C. leptaleum (Petr.) Petr.,
C. macarangae (Petr.) Petr., C. stylosporum (Cooke) Petr.
and C. trematis (Syd.) Petr. Arnaud (1918) and Farr (1973)
re-described the genus and Sutton (1980) accepted 12 species.
Wijayawardene et al. (2012b) and Dai et al. (2014a)
treated Capnodiastrum as a genus in Englerulaceae and
stated it is the asexual morph of Englerula. Sequence
data is unavailable, thus taxonomic placement of
Capnodiastrum is uncertain.
Fig. 60 Carnegieispora
rimeliae. a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidia. Scale
bars: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Etayo and Berger 2009)
C a r n e g i e i sp o r a E t a yo & F. B erge r, O p us cu l a
Philolichenum 7: 17 (2009)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01680; Fig. 60
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Lichenicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata when immature appear as pycnidial,
immersed, erumpent at maturity, acervular. Conidiophores
formed on a paraplechtenchyma of subhyaline to brownish
cells at the base of the conidiomata, subsphaerical.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, with 1(−2)
percurrent proliferations, ellipsoid or elongate-cylindrical, terminal, grey, smooth. Conidia digitate, basally truncate, arising
singly, irregularly branched, branches not arranged in a single
Fungal Diversity
plane, dry, acrogenous, grey, thin, smooth-walled; stem 0–2septate, arms simple or rarely with 1 septum, constricted at the
base, with obtuse apex (description modified from Etayo and
Berger 2009).
Type species: Carnegieispora rimeliae Etayo & F. Berger,
Opuscula Philolichenum 7: 18 (2009); Fig. 60
Notes: Etayo and Berger (2009) introduced Carnegieispora
with C. rimeliae as the type species. Carnegieispora shows
distinct conidial morphological characters as it has digitate
(finger-like) conidia, and therefore clearly differs from other
common lichenicolous genera such as Lichenoconium or
Lichenodiplis, which have obvate, obpyriform, ellipsoid to
sub-sphaerical (Hawksworth 1977) or subcylindrical to cylindrical conidia, respectively (Hawksworth and Dyko 1979). A
taxonomic key to distinguish lichenicolous taxa is provided
under the notes of Lichenoconium.
The genus is monotypic and sequence data is unavailable. Thus, taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Ceratopycnis Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw.
Kl., Abt. 1 124: 86 (1915)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01453; Fig. 61
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on stems of Ranunculaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, rostrate, solitary to gregarious, immersed, globose to subglobose, unilocular, dark brown
to black, ostiolate. Ostiole at the apex of the rostrum, central,
Fig. 61 Ceratopycnis pseudoclematidis (holotype). a Immersed conidiomata on Clematis vitalba. b Vertical section of conidioma. c Conidioma wall. d–
f Different stages of conidiogenesis. g–o Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 70 μm, d–o = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
single, circular. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled,
brown cells of textura prismatica. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, doliiform to cylindrical, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia cylindrical, truncate at base, obtuse at
apex, narrow in the middle, straight, 3-septate, continuous or
constricted at septa, golden brown to dark brown, thickwalled, smooth to verrucose (Morgan-Jones et al. 1972c;
Morgan-Jones 1975; Sutton 1980).
Type species: Ceratopycnis clematidis Höhn., Sber. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 124: 88 (1915)
Notes: Von Höhnel (1915) introduced the genus
Ceratopycnis with C. clematidis as the type species.
Morgan-Jones et al. (1972c), Morgan-Jones (1975) and
Sutton (1980) revisited the type species. Sutton (1980) mentioned that the two other species introduced by Racovitza
(1959) (viz. C. bryophila Racov. and C. muscorum Racov.)
are not congeneric with the type species, and thus treated the
genus as monotypic.
During our collecting program in Italy, we found a specimen which is morphologically similar to Ceratopycnis, but
differs from the type species and hence introduce it as a new
species.
Ceratopycnis pseudoclematidis Wijayaw., Camporesi, D.J.
Bhat & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551768; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01454; Fig. 61
Etymology: Named because of its morphological resemblance to Ceratopycnis clematidis
Holotype: MFLU 15–3446
Fig. 62 Chaetodiplodia caulina.
a Surface view of conidioma. b
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
Saprobic on dead branches of Clematis vitalba
(Ranunculaceae). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata 120–150 μm diam., 140–170 μm high,
pycnidial, immersed, solitary, black, globose to subglobose,
unilocular. Ostiole papillate, central, single, circular.
Conidiomata wall multi-layered, with thick outer layer, 10–
20 μm wide, composed of brown-walled cells of textura
angularis, with thin, hyaline, inner layer, 5–7 μm wide.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells 3–7 × 1–3 μm, holoblastic, phialidic, indeterminate, integrated, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 14–21 × 5–
8 μm (x = 17.7 × 6.2 μm, n = 20), cylindrical or rarely oblong,
obtuse at apex, truncate at base, occasionally tapered to the
base, straight to slightly curved, rarely sigmoid, occasionally
wider at the middle, 3-septate, golden brown to dark brown,
continuous or constricted at the septa, thin and smooth-walled.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province,
Cabelli - Santa Sofia, on dead branch of Clematis vitalba L.
(Ranunculaceae), 23 January 2014, Erio Camporesi, IT 1866
(MFLU 15–3446, holotype).
Notes: Ceratopycnis clematidis has also been reported from
Clematis spp. (Farr and Rossman 2016), but its conidia are
larger than in our collection (i.e. 18.5–28.5 × 8.5–9.5 μm fide
Sutton 1980).
Chaetodiplodia P. Karst., Hedwigia 23: 62 (1884)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01455; Fig. 62
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Saprobic or endophytic on various substrates of a range of
host plants or associated with leaf lesions of Rutaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
Fungal Diversity
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, superficial, dark brown to
black, globose, solitary or occasionally gregarious, unilocular,
ostiolate. Ostiole single, circular, central. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Setae
numerous, covering whole pycnidium, straight or flexuous,
smooth, pale brown, usually aseptate, becoming septate at maturity, with obtuse apices, not markedly tapered. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, discrete, determinate, hyaline, smooth,
ampulliform to doliiform, with narrow channel, minute
collarette, periclinal wall thickening. Conidia cylindrical to ellipsoid, obtuse at apex, occasionally truncate at base, 1-septate, with
prominent septum, continuous or occasionally slightly constricted, pale brown, eguttulate or guttulate, thin and smooth-walled
(Sutton 1980; Tiwari and Rai 2009).
Type species: Chaetodiplodia caulina P. Karst., Hedwigia
23: 62 (1884); Fig. 62
Notes: Karsten (1884) introduced Chaetodiplodia with
C. caulina as the type species. Currently, the genus comprises
27 epithets in Index Fungorum (2016) however, Sutton (1980)
stated that the genus needs revision. van der Aa and van
Kesteren (1979) treated the type species of Chaetodiplodia as
a synonym of Ascochyta caulina (P. Karst.) Aa & Kesteren
which is followed in Species Fungorum.
De Gruyter et al. (2009, 2013) included two Chaetodiplodia
strains (CBS 568.88, CBS 453.68) and two Ascochyta caulina
strains (CBS 246.79, CBS 343.78) in their phylogenetic analyses. Chaetodiplodia sp. (CBS 568.88) clustered in
Leptosphaeriaceae, while both Ascochyta caulina strains and
Chaetodiplodia sp. (CBS 453.68) grouped in Pleosporaceae.
De Gruyter et al. (2013) treated Ascochyta caulina as a synonym of Pleospora calvescens (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. following de
Gruyter et al. (2009) who stated that the former species is the
asexual morph of the latter. van der Aa and van Kesteren (1979)
mentioned Ascochyta caulina has ‘sub-hyaline to yellowishgreen, olivaceous or rarely brownish’ conidia, thus contradicting with the generic concept of Ascochyta sensu stricto, which
has hyaline conidia (Sutton 1980). Furthermore, Ascochyta
sensu stricto belongs in Didymellaceae (de Gruyter et al.
2009, 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2014d) and we assume
Chaetodiplodia caulina as the most appropriate name for this
taxon. Thus, based on current morphological and sequence data
analyses, the type species of Chaetodiplodia caulina remains a
synonym of Pleospora calvescens (de Gruyter et al. 2013).
De Gruyter et al. (2013) mentioned that ‘Phoma betae
clearly groups with other pycnidial fungi pathogenic on
Chenopodiaceae, including Ascochyta obiones,
A. hyalospora and A. caulina and Chaetodiplodia sp. All species produce similar hairy pycnidia, but are classified in
Ascochyta or Coniothyrium due to conidial septation, or
brown pigmentation of conidia, respectively’, based on their
observations and sequence data analyses. P.W. Crous (personal communication) mentioned that the strain based on CBS
453.68 is not similar to Chaetodiplodia and hence it should be
placed in a new genus. Therefore, naming this group of taxa
based on names in GenBank is not wise. Further fresh collections and morpho-molecular analyses are essential to clarify
the generic concept of Chaetodiplodia.
Chaetoplea (Sacc.) Clem., Gen. fung., Edn 2 (Minneapolis):
275 (1931)
Faces of Fungi number: FoF00280; Fig. 63
≡ Pyrenophora subgen. Chaetoplea Sacc., Syll. fung.
(Abellini) 2: 279 (1883)
= Parahendersonia A.W. Ramaley, Aliso 14(2): 152
(1995)
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Leptosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: see Phookamsak et al. (2014). Asexual morph:
Conidiomata co-occurring with sexual morph, pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, semi-immersed to erumpent, unilocular,
ellipsoidal to broadly fusiform, with rounded apex, globose,
dark brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central.
Conidiomata wall thick, outer layer composed of thickwalled, dark brown to black cells of textura angularis, inner
layer composed of thin-walled, hyaline to pale brown cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, phialidic, ampulliform
or lageniform, discrete, hyaline, aseptate, smooth. Conidia
oblong to ellipsoidal, with rounded or obtuse ends, brown,
1-septate, smooth-walled.
Type species: Chaetoplea calvescens (Fr. ex Desm.) Clem.,
Gen. fung., Edn 2 (Minneapolis): 275 (1931); Fig. 63
Notes: Clements and Shear (1931) introduced Chaetoplea
with C. calvescens as the type species. The asexual morph of
Chaetoplea was reported as Dendryphion comosum Walk.
(for Pyrenophora calvescens (Fr.) Sacc.) fide Saccardo
1 8 8 3 ) , w h i l e We b s t e r a n d L u ca s ( 1 9 5 9 ) t r ea t e d
Microdiplodia henningsii Staritz. as the asexual morph.
Crous et al. (2006a) however, treated Microdiplodia as an
asexual morph in Didymosphaeriaceae (The generic concept
of Microdiplodia is problematic. See notes under
Microdiplodia). Further, Ramaley (1995) reported
Parahendersonia as the asexual morph of Chaetoplea.
Phookamsak et al. (2014) however, observed a coelomycetous
asexual morph closely associated with the sexual morph on
the lectotype and described the holomorph of Chaetoplea
based on co-occurrence of both morphs on same host material.
Phookamsak et al. (2014) treated Chaetoplea as a member
of Leptosphaeriaceae based on morphological characters.
Cheirospora Moug. & Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 365
(1825)
See Index Fungorum for synonyms.
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01456; Fig. 64
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Fig. 63 Chaetoplea calvescens (= Parahendersonia dasylirii) (Material
examined: Sweden, on dead wood, 1822, E.M. Fries, no. 401 (Fries
Sbarbaro Collection), BPI). a Label and specimen of Chaetoplea
calvescens. b Conidiomata on host material. c Vertical section of
conidioma. d Conidioma wall. e Conidiogenous cells stained in cotton
blue. f, g Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. h–l Conidia. Scale
bars: c = 50 μm, d, h = 20 μm, e = 10 μm, f–g, i–l = 5 μm
Leotiomycetes, Helotiales, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata acervular, sub-epidermal or subperidermal, solitary. Conidiomata wall composed of pale,
t h i n - w a ll e d , b r o w n c e l l s o f t e x t u r a a n g u l a r i s .
Conidiophores cylindrical, straight or slightly curved,
branched only at the base, septate, hyaline, expanding
towards the apices, smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, polyblastic, cylindrical, determinate, integrated,
hyaline, smooth. Conidia sphaerical, proliferating with
several, short, lateral, acropetal, branched chains; primary
branches in turn develop secondary branches which
eventually form a globose to cylindrical mass of small,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 64 Cheirospora botryospora (Material examined: Germany, on
branches of Tilia sp., 05 March 2013, René K. Schumacher, MFLU 15–
3550). a Label and specimen. b Conidia outside the conidiomata. c
Conidioma. d Vertical section of conidioma. e–g Conidia attach to
conidiophores. h Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 1 mm, d = 200 μm, e–
g = 150 μm, h = 30 μm
thick-walled, dark brown, septate, eguttulate, smooth,
cheiroid, conidium-complex, enclosed in a gelatinous
sheath (Sutton 1980; Shabunin 2007; Crous et al. 2015c).
Type species: Cheirospora botryospora (Mont.) Berk.
& Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 2 5: 455 (1850);
Fig. 64
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≡ Stilbospora botryosporum Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot.,
sér. 2 6: 338 (1836)
Notes: Fries (1825) introduced Cheirospora with
C. botryospora (Mont.) Berk. & Br. as the type species.
Currently, nine epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (2016).
However, two names have been transferred to Endobotryella
and Taeniolella (Von Höhnel 1909; Hughes 1958). Sutton
(1980) stated that ‘the several generic synonyms and wide
spread occurrence on many different substrates of the described species has resulted in many nomenclatural changes
and synonyms’. Thus it is essential to epitypify the genus and
deposit ex-type strains in GenBank.
Shabunin (2007) introduced Cheirospora alni Shabunin as
a new species, while C. botryospora has been reported by
several authors (Dennis 1986; Ginns 1986; Mel’nik and
Popushoi 1992; Chlebicki 2002; Mulenko et al. 2004, 2008;
Ono and Kobayashi 2005; Chlebicki and Chmiel 2006;
Huseyin and Selcuk 2007; Kobayashi 2007; Legon 2012).
Crous et al. (2015c) placed Cheirospora botryospora in
Helotiales and reported a Phialophora synasexual morph in
culture.
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, solitary to gregarious, occasionally confluent, erumpent, globose to subglobose, unilocular, brown to dark brown. Conidiomata wall with outer layer
composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis or
textura intricata, pale brown to subhyaline in the inner layers.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, invested in
mucus. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical to
ampulliform, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoidal, 1-septate,
brown, verrucose; bearing an unbranched, attenuated, apical
appendage and 6–8 lateral appendages (description modified
from Nag Raj 1988, 1993).
Type species: Chithramia elegantissima Nag Raj, Can. J.
Bot. 66(5): 903 (1988)
Notes: Nag Raj (1988) introduced the genus Chithramia with
C. elegantissima as the type species. Chithramia has distinct
conidia, bearing 6–8 unbranched appendages ‘which arise as
extrusions through pores in the wall’ (Nag Raj 1993).
Neoheteroceras also has appendages similar to Chithramia,
but conidia in the former genus are falcate or oblong or fusiform.
Kirk et al. (2008, 2013) accepted Chithramia, but its taxonomic
placement remains uncertain. Currently, the genus is monotypic.
Chithramia Nag Raj, Can. J. Bot. 66(5): 903 (1988)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01457; Fig. 65
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on glumes of Poaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
Ciliochorella Syd., Annls mycol. 33(1/2): 62 (1935)
= Phaeociliospora Bat. & Peres, Atas Inst. Micol. Univ.
Recife 5: 152 (1967)
= Plagionema Subram. & K. Ramakr., J. Indian bot. Soc.
32: 135 (1953)
Fig. 65 Chithramia
elegantissima. a Vertical section
of conidioma. b, c Different
stages of conidiogenesis. d
Conidium. Scale bars:
a = 100 μm, b, c = 5 μm (redrawn from Nag Raj 1988)
Fungal Diversity
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01458; Fig. 66
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Pestalotiopsidaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic or indeterminate to pycnidial, amphigenous, solitary or gregarious, subcuticular
to epidermal, flattened, lenticular, unilocular, oval, circular or irregular, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole
rarely papillate, central, circular. Conidiomata wall upper
and lower walls are composed of thick-walled, dark reddish brown cells of textura prismatica. Conidiophores
usually reduced to conidiogenous cells, when present
branched or unbranched, sparsely septate, hyaline,
smooth. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic or holoblastic,
phialidic, determinate, discrete, ampulliform, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia cylindrical or subfusiform, straight or
slightly curved, 3-septate, continuous or constricted,
two median cells very pale brown, end cells hyaline,
thin-walled, basal cell with an eccentric, short, cellular
appendage, apical cell with one ± straight and one lateral
cellular, unbranched appendage (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj
1993; Allegrucci et al. 2011; Tangthirasunun et al. 2015).
Type species: Ciliochorella mangiferae Syd., Annls
mycol. 33(1/2): 63 (1935)
Notes: Sydow and Mitter (1935) introduced Ciliochorella
with C. mangiferae as the type species. Currently, there are
seven records listed in Index Fungorum (2016). However,
Allegrucci et al. (2011) accepted only four species including
the type viz. C. buxifoliae Allegr. et al., C. castaneae Munjal
and C. splendida Nag Raj & R.F. Castañeda.
Endo et al. (2011) showed Ciliochorella castaneae
grouped in Amphisphaeriaceae. However, Senanayake et al.
(2015) found Ciliochorella clusters in Pestalotiopsidaceae
with five other genera. Our multi-gene analyses (Figs. 9 and
16), agree with the findings in Senanayake et al. (2015).
Cirrosporium S. Hughes, N.Z. Jl Bot. 18(3): 329 (1980)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01459; Fig. 67
Eurotiomycetes, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on trunk of Cunoniaceae
(Dicotyledons) and Podocarpaceae (Gymnosperm). Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
pycnidial, cylindrical, unilocular, upright, sometimes slightly
flexuous, dark brown, glabrous or with rings of sterile,
straight or slightly curved, dark brown to black.
Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of brown-walled
cells of textura angularis or textura prismatica, inner layer
is composed of loose, hyaline, longitudinally arranged cells
of textura porrecta. Conidiogenous hyphae hyaline, unbranched, deeply staining. Conidia glabrous, columnar cirrus, borne in chains, straight, fragile, 3-septate, darker at the
septa, central cells dark brown to almost opaque, end cells
smaller, pale brown to subhyaline (Hughes 1980; Réblova
and Seifert 2012).
Type species: Cirrosporium novae-zelandiae S. Hughes,
N.Z. Jl Bot. 18(3): 329 (1980); Fig. 67
Notes: Hughes (1980) introduced Cirrosporium with
C. novae-zelandiae as the type species. Conidial
Fig. 66 Ciliochorella mangiferae (Material examined: Italy, on dead
stem, 17 March 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 13–0326, holotype). a
Conidiomata on dead leaf. b, c Vertical sections of conidiomata. d
Developing conidia attach to conidiogenous cells. e–h Conidia. Scale
bars: b, c = 50 μm, d–h = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 67 Cirrosporium novae-zelandiae (Material examined: New
Zealand, West Land, 5 km SW from Fox Glacier, Westland National
park, Lake Matheson, on decayed bark of trunk, 13 April 2005, M.
Re’blova, PDD 94361). a Label of herbarium material. b Herbarium
materials. c Conidiomata from side view. d Conidioma from surface. e,
f Vertical sections of conidioma. g Conidiogenesis. h Conidium attach to
conidiogenous cell. i An initial stage of forming basipatal chain. j
Basipetal chain of conidia. k Matured conidia as a chain. l–o Conidia.
Scale bars: c, d = 4 mm, e–g = 500 μm, h–o = 25 μm
development (conidiogenesis) of Cirrosporium is similar
to Phragmotrichum, Neozythia and Vouauxiella
(Réblova and Seifert 2012). Réblova and Seifert
(2012) re-described and carried out phylogenetic
studies of the type species and showed it resides in
Eurotiomycetes.
Key to distinguish Cirrosporium and related genera
1. Conidia hyaline……….........................……Neozythia
1. Conidia pigmented……..........................................…2
2. Conidia aseptate…………........................Vouauxiella
2. Conidia septate............................................…………3
Fungal Diversity
3. Conidia with several transverse, longitudinal and
oblique septa………….........................Phragmotrichum
3. Conidia with only 3-transverse septa…...…Cirrosporium
Fig. 69 Colletogloeum simmondsii (Material examined: Australia,
Queensland, Isla Gorge, on leaf spots of Acacia complanta, August
1973, J.H. Simmonds, BRIP 8881). a, b Label of herbarium material
and specimens. c, d Conidiomata on leaf spots. e, f Vertical sections of
conidiomata. g Conidioma wall. h–k Conidiogenous cell and developing
conidia. l–p Conidia. Scale bars: e, f = 80 μm, g = 20 μm, h–q = 30 μm
Coelodictyosporium Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal
Diversity 74: 218 (2015)
Index Fungorum Number: IF551286; Facesoffungi
number: FoF00801; Fig. 68
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
family incertae sedis, Lophiostomataceae
Saprobic on dead branches. Sexual morph: see
Thambugala et al. (2015). Asexual morph: Colonies growing
on dead branches. Conidiomata pycnidial, on the upper surface of stems, solitary, scattered, superficial, globose to
subglobose, black. Conidiomata wall thin at the apex, base a
single layer, composed of thin-walled, brown to black cells of
textura angularis. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cupshaped or doliiform, integrated, smooth, brown. Conidia digitate, medium brown, complanate, dictyosporous, regularly
consisting of 6–8 rows of cells, each row comprising 5–7 cells
(Liu et al. 2015; Thambugala et al. 2015).
Type species: Coelodictyosporium pseudodictyosporium
(Qing Tian et al.) Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers.
74: 218 (2015); Fig. 68
≡ Lophiostoma pseudodictyosporium Qing Tian et al., in
Liu et al., Fungal Diversity 72(1): 114 (2015)
Notes: Liu et al. (2015) introduced Lophiostoma
pseudodictyosporium Qing Tian et al. as a new coelomycetous
species belonging in Lophiostomataceae. Thambugala et al.
(2015) showed it groups with one of their new strains and
introduced it as a new genus, Coelodictyosporium. In conidial
morphology, Coelodictyosporium resembles Psammina
(Sutton 1980), but Psammina was treated as hyphomycetous
by Earland-Bennett and Hawksworth (1999, 2005), although
Sutton (1980) treated Psammina as coelomycetous (see notes
under Psammina).
Fig. 68 Coelodictyosporium pseudodictyosporium (Material examined:
Italy, of Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province, Fiumicello, Premilcuore, on branch
of Spartium junceum, 6 March 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 14–0737,
holotype). a, b Conidiomata on host material. c, d Vertical sections of
conidiomata. e Conidioma wall. f, g Different stages of conidiogenesis.
h–j Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 50 μm, e–g = 20 μm, h–j = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Colletogloeum Petr., Sydowia 7(5–6): 368 (1953)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01460; Fig. 69
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales,
Mycosphaerellaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants or associated with leaf lesions, or pathogenic.
Sexual morph: ?mycosphaerella-like fide Crous et al.
(2009b). Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, epidermal to sub-epidermal, erumpent, solitary or occasionally
confluent. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled,
pale brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores cylindrical or slightly irregular, short,
sparsely branched, mostly at the base, hyaline or very
pale brown, septate, smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, cylindrical or doliiform, integrated or
discrete, indeterminate. Conidia straight, curved or irregular, truncate at the base, obtuse at the apex hyaline or
pale brown, multi septate, usually thin and smoothwalled or verruculose, guttulate or eguttulate (Sutton
1980; Sutton and Swart 1986; Sivanesan 1987;
Morgan-Jones and Phelps 1995; Braun and Scheuer
2007; Zhao and Zhao 2012).
Type species: Colletogloeum sissoo (Syd.) B. Sutton,
Mycol. Pap. 97: 14 (1964)
≡ Cercospora sissoo Syd., Annls mycol. 31(1/2): 92 (1933)
= Septogloeum dalbergiae S. Ahmad, Sydowia 7(1–4):
269 (1953)
= Colletogloeum dalbergiae (S. Ahmad) Petr., Sydowia
7(5–6): 369 (1953)
Table 3 Conidial pigmentation
of Colletogloeum spp
Notes: Petrak (1953a) introduced Colletogloeum with
C. dalbergiae as the type species. However, Sutton (1964)
recognized that the earlier described Cercospora sissoo Syd.
belongs to Colletogloeum and its conidia are similar in morphology to those of C. dalbergiae. Thus, Sutton transferred
Cercospora sissoo to Colletogloeum and introduced the new
combination, Colletogloeum sissoo.
Ahmad and Lodhi (1953) (as Septogloeum dalbergiae) and
Petrak (1953a) mentioned Colletogloeum dalbergiae has hyaline conidia, but Sutton (1964, 1980) stated that
Colletogloeum sissoo has hyaline or very pale brown conidia.
Subsequently introduced species by Pollack and Sutton
(1972), Sutton (1975a, 1980), Sutton and Mehrotra (1982),
Sutton and Swart (1986) were described with pale brown to
medium brown conidia. Conidial pigmentation of known species of Colletogloeum spp. are summarized in Table 3.
Crous et al. (2009b) stated that the taxonomic placement of Colletogloeum is confused as some species
show relationships with Teratosphaeria, while ITS sequence data from the type species (C. sissoo IMI
119162) show it is allied with Pseudocercospora complex in the Mycosphaerellaceae. The genus needs to be
resolved and generic boundaries must be established by
using molecular data.
In GenBank, there are only 10 sequences available, but
none are identified to species level. We used two strains in
our phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 11) and both strains reside in
Mycosphaerellaceae. However, Crous et al. (2012a) did not
recognize Colletogloeum as an accepted genus in
Species
Colour of conidia
Reference
C. acaciae (Cooke & Massee)
B. Sutton & H.J. Swart
C. acaciicola B. Sutton & H.J. Swart
Yellow brown
Sutton and Swart (1986)
Very pale brown
Sutton and Swart (1986)
C. dalbergiae (S. Ahmad) Petr.
Hyaline
Ahmad and Lodhi (1953);
Petrak (1953a)
C. dovyalidis (Van der Byl) B. Sutton
C. feroniae (T. S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.)
B. Sutton
C. fici G.C. Zhao & R.L. Zhao
C. fouquieriae Pollack & B. Sutton
C. glochidiicola (Seshadri) B. Sutton
Pale brown
Very pale brown
Sutton (1975a)
Sutton (1980)
Hyaline
Very pale brown
Pale brown
Zhao and Zhao (2012)
Pollack and Sutton (1972)
Sutton (1975a)
C. obtusum B. Sutton
C. olacis B. Sutton
C. perseae Sivan.
Pale brown
Pale brown
Hyaline to pale brown
Sutton (1980)
Sutton (1980)
Sivanesan (1987)
C. protii B. Sutton & M.D. Mehrotra
C. rhois (Halst.) B. Sutton
C. simmondsii B. Sutton & H.J. Swart
C. sissoo (Syd.) B. Sutton
Pale brown
Pale brown
Medium brown
Hyaline or very pale brown
Sutton and Mehrotra (1982)
Sutton (1975a)
Sutton and Swart (1986)
Sutton (1964)
C. veratri (Ellis & Everh.)
Morgan-Jones & R.A. Phelps
C. veratri-albi U. Braun & Scheuer
Sub-hyaline
Morgan-Jones and Phelps (1995)
Hyaline
Braun and Scheuer (2007)
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 70 Coma circularis (Material examined: Australia, Queesland,
Brisbane, Capalaba, saprobic on Eucalyptus leaf, April 1985, J. Irwin
and M. Cox, BRIP 14753). a, b Label of herbarium material and
specimens. c Conidiomata on host material. d Vertical section of
conidioma with setae. e–i Conidia. Scale bars: d = 70 μm, e–j = 30 μm
(Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells were not observed)
Fungal Diversity
Mycosphaerellaceae. Hence, it is essential to re-collect and
carry out further culture and molecular data assay to confirm
the status of the genus.
Coma Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr., Can. J. Bot. 50: 614 (1972)
= Ascocoma H.J. Swart, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 87(4): 606
(1987) [1986]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01461; Fig. 70
Leotiomycetes, Helotiales, Phacidiaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on Myrtaceae (Dicotyledons).
Sexual morph: Ascoma fide Swart (1986). Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, gregarious, subcuticular to
intraperidermal, erumpent, unilocular, globose. Conidiomata
wall outer layer thick-walled, dark brown, basal and parietal
tissue composed of brown-walled cells of textura angularis,
inner layer composed of thin-walled, paler cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores mostly reduced to conidiogenous
cells, when present sparsely septate, unbranched, cylindrical
hyaline, smooth, invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical to doliiform, discrete, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia cylindrical, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, lower cell 3–4 times long as the upper cell, pale brown,
verruculose, bearing a single, tubular, unbranched, flexuous basal appendage; lower cell with 1–3 lateral appendages (Nag Raj and Kendrick 1972b; Sutton 1974; Swart
1986; Nag Raj 1993).
Fig. 71 Coniambigua phaeographidis (Material examined: Spain,
Navarra, Oronoz-Mugarie, Senorio de Bertiz, on thallus of Leiorreuma
lyellii growing on Alnus glutinosa, 22 July 1991, P. Diederich, Diederich
9748). a Thallus of Leiorreuma lyellii with conidiomata of Coniambigua
Type species: Coma circularis (Cooke & Massee) Nag Raj
& W.B. Kendr., Can. J. Bot. 50: 614 (1972); Fig. 70
≡ Pestalozziella circularis Cooke & Massee, Grevillea
18(no. 88): 80 (1890)
Notes: Nag Raj and Kendrick (1972b) introduced
Coma with C. circularis as the type species. Sutton
(1974) re-described the type species and it was accepted
by Swart (1986). Furthermore, Swart (1986) established
Ascocoma Swart as the sexual morph of Coma, based
on co-occurrence of both morphs on same host material.
Beilharz and Pascoe (2005) also accepted this relationship by observing several fresh collections. Hence,
Johnston et al. (2014) proposed to adopt Coma over
Ascocoma in their list of recommended generic names
for use in Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota).
Coniambigua Etayo & Diederich, Flechten Follmann,
Contributions to Lichenology in Honour of Gerhard
Follmann (Cologne): 207 (1995)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01782; Fig. 71
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Lichenicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, dark coloured, opening irregularly. Conidiomata wall composed of hyaline cells.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic, irregular in shape, terminal, integrated, hyaline.
phaeographidis (pointed by arrows). b Vertical section of mature
conidioma. c Conidia inside the cavity of young conidioma. d–i
Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 50 μm, d, e = 20 μm, f–i = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 72 Coniella fragariae (Material examined: Australia, Queensland,
Mena Creek, pathogenic on Eucalyptus pellita, 19 February 1997, M.
Ramsden, BRIP 50736). a Label of herbarium specimen. b Herbarium
material. c Conidiomata on host. d, e Vertical sections of conidiomata. f, g
Conidiomata wall. h–j Different stages of conidiogenesis (conidiophores
are pointed by arrows). k–p Conidia. Scale bars: d, e = 50 μm, f,
g = 20 μm, h–p = 8 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Fig.
73 Coniella musaiaensis var. hibisci (Material examined:
Australia, Queensland, South Johnstone, South Johnston Research
Centre, pathogenic on Hibiscus cannabinus, 11 April 1975, W. Pont,
BRIP 50736). a Label of herbarium specimen and material. b
Conidiomata on host. c, e Vertical section of conidiomata. d Conidioma
wall. f, g Different stages of conidiogenesis. h–l Conidia. Scale bars: c,
e = 50 μm, d, h–l = 10 μm, f, g = 5 μm
Conidia simple, variable in shape, acrogenous, dark brown,
aseptate, with thin and indistinctly ornamented outer wall
(description modified from Etayo and Diederich 1995).
Type species: Coniambigua phaeographidis Etayo &
Diederich, Flechten Follmann, Contributions to Lichenology
in Honour of Gerhard Follmann (Cologne): 208 (1995);
Fig. 71
Notes: Etayo and Diederich (1995) introduced
Coniambigua with C. phaeographidis as the type species.
Etayo and Diederich (1995) stated that mature conidiomata
lack conidiogenous cells, but immature stages show hyaline
structures which are variable in form and treated as
conidiogenous cells.
The genus remains monotypic and sequence data is unavailable. Thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Coniella Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 36: 316 (1918)
See Index Fungorum for synonyms
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01462; Figs. 72 and 73
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Schizoparmeaceae
Endophytic, saprobic or pathogenic on different substrates
of a range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, initially
appearing hyaline with a dark brown, internal conidial mass,
becoming brown, osiolate. Ostiole papillate, central.
Conidiomata wall composed of medium brown-walled cells
of textura angularis. Conidiophores densely aggregated,
slender, subulate, simple, frequently branched above, reduced to conidiogenous cells, or with 1–2 supporting cells.
Conidiogenous cells simple, tapering, hyaline, smooth, wide
at apex, surrounded by a gelatinous coating, apex with visible periclinal thickening, rarely with percurrent proliferation. Conidia ellipsoidal, apex obtuse, base subtruncate,
inequilateral, multi-guttulate when young, bi-guttulate when
mature, hyaline to pale brown, becoming dark brown at
maturity, smooth, germ slits present or absent; small, hyaline, mucoid basal appendage frequently present.
Microconidia also rarely observed, cylindrical, hyaline,
straight with obtuse ends (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993; van
Niekerk et al. 2004).
Type species: Coniella pulchella Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges.
36: 316 (1918)
Notes: Von Höhnel (1917) introduced Coniella with
C. pulchella as the type species. The genus has been re-
visited by von Arx (1981) who used pigmentation of conidia
as a criterion to distinguish Pilidiella from Coniella.
However, Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993) treated
Pilidiella as a synonym of Coniella. Nevertheless, recent
molecular based analyses confirmed that Pilidiella and
Coniella have two distinct phylogenetic lineages in
Schizoparmeaceae, Diaporthales (Castlebury et al.
2002; van Niekerk et al. 2004; Rossman et al. 2007;
Fig. 12). Detailed taxonomic notes are provided for both
Coniella and Pilidiella under Pilidiella.
Coniothyrium Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 4: 38 (1840)
See Index Fungorum for synonyms
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01463; Fig. 74
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Coniothyriaceae
Endophytic ostigmella
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a
range of host plants, associated with leaf spots, or
?pathogenic. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary to gregarious,
scattered, immersed, globose, unilocular, dark or pale
brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, circular, central.
Conidiomata wall thin, composed of thick-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis or globulosa. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, indeterminate, discrete, doliiform or
ampulliform, hyaline or pale brown, smooth, formed
from the inner cells of the pycnidial wall. Conidia elliptical or broadly clavate, apex obtuse, base truncate, cylindrical, sphaerical, 0–1-septate, constricted at the septum,
hyaline to brown, thin, smooth-walled, or verruculose
(Sutton 1980; Taylor and Crous 2001; Crous et al. 2013;
de Gruyter et al. 2013).
Type species: Coniothyrium palmarum Corda, Icon. fung.
(Prague) 4: 38 (1840)
Notes: The genus Coniothyrium was introduced by Corda
(1840) with C. palmarum as the type species. Approximately
900 records have been listed in Index Fungorum (2016), but
their accuracy is uncertain. Most of the introduced species are
based on host and most of the described species lack cultural
studies or molecular data (Verkley et al. 2004). De Gruyter
et al. (2013) showed that several phoma-like taxa cluster with
Coniothyrium sensu stricto hence treated them as
Coniothyrium spp.
Taxonomists have faced difficulties identifying
coniothyrium-like taxa such as Coniothyrium, Cyclothyrium,
Cytoplea and Microsphaeropsis (Sutton 1971a, 1980; Verkley
et al. 2004, 2014; Damm et al. 2008; de Gruyter et al. 2013).
Coniothyrium and Microsphaeropsis share similar morphological characters, thus Sutton (1971a) mentioned that ‘the
majority of species described in Coniothyrium were not congeneric with the type species’.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 74 Coniothyrium sp. (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC]
Province, Strada San Zeno – Galeata, on dead branch of Clematis vitalba,
15 Febrary 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–3447 = HKAS92547). a
Conidiomata on the host material. b, c Vertical sections of conidiomata.
d Conidioma wall. e, f Immature conidia attach to conidiogenous cells. g,
h Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 80 μm, d = 20 μm, e–h = 8 μm
The below key is based on Sutton (1980) however, recent
phylogenetic analyses expand the generic concepts of
coniothyrium-like taxa and included several phoma-like species (Verkley et al. 2004, 2014; de Gruyter et al. 2013).
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 75 Coryneum pruni (holotype). a, b Conidiomata on stems of Prunus sp. c Vertical section of matured conidioma. d, e Different stages of
conidiogenesis. f–i Conidia attached to conidiophores. j–o Conidia. Scale bars: c = 70 μm, d–h = 20 μm, j–o = 15 μm
Key to distinguish Coniothyrium and related genera*
1. Conidiomata pycnidial or acervuli………….………2
1. Conidiomata stromatic………………....................…3
2. Annellidic conidiogenesis, with septate conidia……...............................……………Coniothyrium
Fungal Diversity
2. Phialidic conidiogenesis, with aseptate conidia……….........................…………Microsphaeropsis
3. Conidiophores absent; oval to ellipsoid conidia…………........................................………Cytoplea
3. Conidiophores present; short cylindrical, apex obtuse,
base truncate conidia……......……………Cyclothyrium
* We d i d n o t i n c l u d e p h o m a - l i k e s p e c i e s a n d
Colletogloeopsis, Paraconiothyrium which are morphologically
similar to Coniothyrium sensu stricto, but distinct in phylogeny
(Cortinas et al. 2006; Verkley et al. 2014).
Coryneum Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 34 (1816) [1816–17]
= Murogenella Goos & E.F. Morris, Mycologia 57(5): 776
(1965)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01464; Fig. 75
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Pseudovalsaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata acervular, solitary to gregarious, sub-epidermal,
erumpent at maturity, dark brown to black. Conidiomata wall
brown, composed of thin-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical, hyaline, septate,
branched at the base, smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, integrated, determinate, hyaline, extending at
the apices. Conidia narrow to broadly fusiform, straight or
curved, transversely distoseptate, truncate at the base, rounded
at the apex, apical and median cells brown to pale brown, 2–3
basal cells hyaline, guttulate, smooth-walled (Sutton 1975a,
1980; Orsenigo et al. 1998).
Type species: Coryneum umbonatum Nees, Syst. Pilze
(Würzburg): 34 (1816) [1816–17]
Notes: Nees von Esenbeck (1817) introduced Coryneum
with C. umbonatum Nees. as the type species. Currently more
than 200 names are listed in Index Fungorum (2016). Sutton
(1975a) accepted only 19 species and one variety under
Coryneum sensu stricto in his monograph of Coryneum and
related fungi. Subsequently, Sutton (1986) accepted an addition species, Coryneum terrophilum (Goos & E.F. Morris) B.
Sutton.
Sutton (1980) grouped Coryneum in suborder
Blastostromatineae (Annellidic) based on morphology and
conidiogenesis. However, this genus have not been treated
by modern sequence based techniques and there are no sequences in GenBank. During our re-collecting programs, we
collected one Coryneum sp. but isolation process based on
single spore method was not successful.
Coryneum pruni Wijayaw., Camporesi, McKenzie & K.D.
Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551770; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01465; Fig. 75
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–3448
Endophytic or saprobic on twigs and branches of Prunus
sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata 180–240 μm diam., 115–185 μm high,
acervulus, sporodochial-like at maturity, solitary, scattered,
sub-epidermal, erumpent at maturity, dark brown to black.
Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, dark brown cells
of textura angularis. Conidiophores 18.5–23 × 3.5–5 μm,
long, cylindrical, hyaline, septate, branched at the base,
smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, simple,
integrated, determinate, hyaline, extended at the apices.
Conidia 14–23 × 5.5–9 μm (x = 23.79 × 7.84 μm, n = 20), narrow to broadly fusiform, straight or curved, 4–5-transversely
distoseptate, truncate at the base, rounded at the apex, with
apical and 2–3 median cells, brown to pale brown, 2–3 basal
cells, hyaline, guttulate, smooth-walled.
Material examined: Italy, Arezzo Province, Madonna di
Montalto - Stia, on branch of Prunus sp. (Rosaceae), 24
December 2013, E. Camporesi, NNW IT 1593 (MFLU 15–
3448, holotype); (HKAS92553, isotype).
Fig. 76 Crumenulopsis sororia (= Digitosporium piniphilum). a
Conidia. b Different stages of conidiogenesis. Scale bars: a, b = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
Fungal Diversity
Notes: Coryneum nigrellum Lacroix was reported from
Prunus persica in France, but, Sutton (1975a) mentioned that
the type material was not available in Paris herbarium for
examination and therefore did not include C. nigrellum as an
accepted species. Hence, we introduce our collection as a new
species, which is distinct in morphology from known species.
Crumenulopsis J.W. Groves, Can. J. Bot. 47: 48 (1969)
= Digitosporium Gremmen, Acta bot. neerl. 2(2): 233
(1953)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01466; Figs. 76 and 77
Fig. 77 Crumenulopsis sp. (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC]
Province, Passo la Calla - Santa Sofia, on dead branch of Clematis
vitalba, 25 September 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–
Leotiomycetes, Helotiales, Helotiaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on bark and cones of Pinaceae
(Gymnosperms), Ranunculaceae (Dicotyledons) or
pathogenic on Pinaceae. Sexual morph: see Groves (1969).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, immersed to semiimmersed, erumpent at maturity, solitary or gregarious, unilocular or multilocular, occasionally irregular, medium brown to
black. Conidiomata wall composed of irregular, thick-walled,
dark brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores usually
reduced to conidiogenous cells, when present branched, septate, pale brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
3557 = HKAS92550). a, b Conidiomata on host material. c–e Vertical
section of conidioma. f Conidiomata wall. g–i Conidia attach to
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Groves 1969). Johnston et al. (2014) accepted this relationship
and proposed to use Crumenulopsis over Digitosporium.
cylindrical to doliiform, discrete or integrated, pale
brown to hyaline, smooth. Conidia digitate, with several
branches of unequal length, septate, apical cell long,
conic, pale brown, smooth-walled (Sutton 1980;
Chalkley 2015).
Type species: Crumenulopsis pinicola (Rebent.) J.W.
Groves, Can. J. Bot. 47: 48 (1969)
≡ Peziza pinicola Rebent., Prodr. fl. neomarch. (Berolini):
385 (1804)
= Digitosporium piniphilum Gremmen, Acta bot. neerl.
2(2): 233 (1953)
Notes: van Vloten and Gremmen (1953) introduced
Digitosporium with D. piniphilum as the type species and treated it as the conidial state of Crumenula sororia Karst. (current
name Crumenulopsis sororia (P. Karst.) J.W. Groves fide
Cyclothyrium Petr., Annls mycol. 21(1/2): 5 (1923)
= Coniothyriopsiella Bender, Mycologia 24 (4): 410
(1932) fide Kirk et al. 2008
= Coniothyriopsis Petr., Annls mycol. 21(1/2): 5 (1923)
fide Kirk et al. 2008
= Kirschsteiniella Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 331 (1923)
fide Kirk et al. 2008
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01762; Fig. 78
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Fig. 78 Cyclothyrium juglandis (Material examined: Czechoslovakia,
Mahrisch-Weisskirchen, on Ribes aureum, June 1913, F. Petrak, PDD
38132). a, b Herbarium label and material. c Conidiomata on host. d
Vertical section of conidioma. e–g Different stages of conidiogenesis
(arrow head shows conidiogenous cell without attaching conidium). h
Immature conidia. i, j Mature conidia. Scale bars: d = 50 μm, e–
j = 5 μm. (Herbarium material was deposited as Cytoplea juglandis, but
Sutton (1975, 1980) transferred this species to Cyclothyrium)
Fungal Diversity
Conidiomata stromatic, immersed to sub-peridermal, solitary,
multilocular and convoluted, dark brown to black, ostiolate.
Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of thin-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of
hyaline-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores hyaline, branched at the base, septate, smooth, hyaline.
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, indeterminate, integrated or discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia
cylindrical, apex obtuse, base truncate or not, aseptate, pale
brown, medianly guttulate, thick and smooth-walled
(description modified from Sutton 1980).
Lectotype species: Cyclothyrium juglandis (Schum. ex
Rabenh.) Sutton (syn. Cytospora juglandis Schum. ex
Rabenh.) fide Sutton (1977, 1980)
Notes: Petrak (1923a) introduced Cyclothyrium with
C. ulmigenum as the type species but Petrak and Sydow
(1927) treated Cyclothyrium as a sub generic rank within
Cytoplea. Sutton (1977, 1980) rejected this concept and
further Sutton (1977) designated the lectotype. Sutton (1980)
stated that Cyclothyrium juglandis is the asexual morph of
Thyridaria rubronotata (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. However, the latter species is not the type species of Thyridaria thus
Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) concluded that Cyclothyrium
has thyridaria-like sexual morphs.
Verkley et al. (2004), Damm et al. (2008) and de Gruyter
et al. (2013) showed its taxonomic placement in Pleosporales
by analysis of SSU sequence data. Our phylogenetic analyses
also agree with results in Verkley et al. (2004) and de Gruyter
et al. (2013). However, Thyridaria / Cyclothyrium clade does
not belong in Massarineae or Pleosporineae (Fig. 9).
Cytoplea Bizz. & Sacc., Atti dell’Istituto Veneto Scienze 3:
307 (1885)
Fig. 79 a, b Cytoplea orientalis.
c, d C. arundinacea. a, c Different
stages of conidiogenesis. b, d
Conidia. Scale bars: a–d = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
= Neopycnodothis Tak. Kobay., Ann. phytopath. Soc.
Japan 30: 154 (1965)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01788; Fig. 79
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
family incertae sedis, Roussoellaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: roussoella-like fide Hyde et al.
(1996). Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, immersed,
epidermal or sub-epidermal, erumpent at maturity, multilocular,
black, ostiolate, indistinct. Conidiomata upper wall composed of sclerotioid, brown-walled cells of textura
angularis, extending over the whole area of conidioma,
often become as a clypeate. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, ampulliform or short cylindrical, determinate,
discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia oval to ellipsoid,
aseptate, brown, guttulate, thin or thick-walled, verrucose
(Sutton 1980; Hyde et al. 1996).
Type species: Cytoplea arundinacea (Sacc.) Petr. & Syd.,
Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg. 42: 439 (1927)
≡ Coniothyrium arundinaceum Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini)
3: 319 (1884)
= Clisosporium arundinaceum (Sacc.) Kuntze, Revis. gen.
pl. (Leipzig) 3(2): 458 (1898)
= Cytoplea arundinicola Bizz. & Sacc., in Bizzozero, Atti
Inst. Veneto Sci. lett., ed Arti, Sér. 6 3: 307 (1885)
Notes: Bizzozero (1885) introduced Cytoplea with
C. arundinicola. However, Petrak and Sydow (1927) transferred Coniothyrium arundinaceum to Cytoplea as
C. arundinacea. Sutton (1980) recognized the oldest taxon,
Cytoplea arundinacea as the type species and listed Cytoplea
arundinicola as a synonym of former species. Verkley et al.
(2004) also accepted Cytoplea arundinacea as the type
Fungal Diversity
species of Cytoplea. A key is provided under Coniothyrium to
distinguish Cytoplea and related genera.
Based on culture methods, Hyde et al. (1996) revealed that
Roussoella hysterioides (Ces.) Höhn. has asexual morphs in
Cytoplea (viz. C. hysterioides K.D. Hyde). Kang et al. (1998)
and Verkley et al. (2004) showed that Roussoella hysterioides
and Cytoplea hysterioides have close relationship based on sequence data. Hence, Liu et al. (2014) listed Cytoplea as a synonym of Roussoella. However, Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) did
not agree with Liu et al. (2014) as the sequences of type species
of Cytoplea is unavailable. Thus, Wijayawardene et al. (2014c)
proposed continued use of Cytoplea and Roussoella.
Davisoniella H.J. Swart, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(2): 289
(1988)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01467; Fig. 80
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales,
Mycosphaerellaceae
Associated with leaf spots of Myrtaceae (Dicotyledons).
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
stromatic, abaxial, solitary to gregarious, subepidermal,
erumpent, multi-locular at maturity. Conidiomata wall composed
of brown-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
percurrent proliferation, flask-shaped. Conidia oval, apex
Fig. 80 Davisoniella eucalypti. a, b Vertical section of multi-locular
conidioma. c Different stages of conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale bars:
a, b = 100 μm, c, d = 10 μm (re-drawn from Swart 1988)
rounded, base truncate, with marginal frill, brown, verruculose
(modified description from Swart 1988)
Type species: Davisoniella eucalypti H.J. Swart, Trans. Br.
mycol. Soc. 90(2): 289 (1988); Fig. 80
Notes: Swart (1988) introduced Davisoniella with
D. eucalypti which was found on leaf spots of saplings and
on the foliage of recently felled trees. Swart (1988) compared
Davisoniella with Coniothyrium and doubted former as
stromatic counterpart of latter. However, Swart (1988)
established Davisoniella as previous studies did not mention
about stromatic states of Coniothyrium. In morphology,
Davisoniella can be placed in Colletogloeopsis (current name
Teratosphaeria) which also has ‘medium brown, aseptate conidia’ (Crous and Wingfield 1997). Colletogloeopsis spp. have
been reported as pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. (Crous and
Wingfield 1997; Cortinas et al. 2006) Hence, we doubt whether
Davisoniella belongs in Teratosphaeria sensu stricto, however,
this must be confirmed based on sequence data analyses.
Didymellocamarosporium Wijayaw., Camporesi, D.J. Bhat
& K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551771; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01468; Fig. 81
Etymology: Named for its morphological similarity to the
genus Camarosporium and its placement in Didymellaceae
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Didymellaceae
Saprobic on dead branches of Tamaricaceae (Dicotyledons).
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
pycnidial, immersed, globose, unilocular, solitary to gregarious,
dark brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, single,
circular. Conidiomata wall with outer layer composed of thickwalled, dark brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer with
hyaline cells. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, annellidic, discrete, determinate, smooth, hyaline, formed from the innermost layer of pycnidial wall cells. Conidia oblong, muriform, with 3–5 transverse
and 1–5 longitudinal septa, continuous or occasionally constricted at septa, straight to slightly curved, rounded at both ends,
medium to dark brown, smooth-walled.
Notes: Our strain is a camarosporium-like taxon (MFLUCC
14–0241) that groups in Didymellaceae and does not cluster with
other species (Fig. 9). Currently there are no camarosporium-like
taxa reported in Didymellaceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2014c),
thus we introduce Didymellocamarosporium.
Type species: Didymellocamarosporium tamaricis
Wijayaw., Camporesi, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde
Didymellocamarosporium tamaricis Wijayaw., Camporesi,
D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551772; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01469: Fig. 81
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 81 Didymellocamarosporium tamaricis (holotype). a, b Appearance of conidiomata on host. c–g Vertical sections of conidiomata. h–k
Developing conidia attach to conidiogenous cells. l–n Conidia. Scale bars: c–g = 150 μm, h–k = 10 μm, l–n = 15 μm
Holotype: MFLU 15–3548
Saprobic on dead branches and stems of Tamarix sp.
(Tamaricaceae). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata 290–330 μm diam., 310–350 μm high,
pycnidial, immersed, gregarious, dark brown to black, unilocular. Ostiole papillate, central, single, central, circular.
Conidiomata outer wall layer composed of thick-walled, medium brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer with hyaline to
sub hyaline cells. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, determinate, discrete, smooth, hyaline, formed from the innermost layer of pycnidial wall cells. Conidia 13–21.5 × 7–9.5 μm (x
= 16.12 × 8.36 μm, n = 20), oblong, muriform, with 3–5 transverse and 1–3 longitudinal septa, slightly constricted at septa,
straight to slightly curved, wide at the center, rounded at both
ends, medium to dark brown, smooth-walled.
Fungal Diversity
Culture characteristics: on PDA greyish white from above
and light brown from below, with thin mycelium, margin uneven, slow growing, attaining a diam. of 2 cm in 7 days at 18 °C.
Material examined: Italy, Ravenna (RA) Province, Lido di
Dante, on twigs of Tamarix sp., 19 February 2013, Erio
Camporesi, NNW IT 1070 (MFLU 15–3548, holotype), living cultures MFLUCC 14–0241, GUCC 15.
Notes: Four Camarosporium spp. are recorded on Tamarix
species, viz. C. tamaricis Hollós on branches of Tamarix
africanae (18–24 × 8–10 μm fide Hollós 1906), C. potebniae
Sacc. & Trotter (28 × 12 μm fide Saccardo and Trotter 1913)
on branches of Tamarix gallicae, C. tamaricum Mekht. (7–
21 × 7–17 μm) on branches of Tamarix hohenackeri and an
unidentified Camarosporium species from Tamarix sp. (Farr
and Rossman 2016). Our collection is morphologically
distinct from these species of Tamarix and phylogenetic
analyses show it belongs in Didymellaceae. Hence,
Didymellocamarosporium is introduced to accommodate
our new collection.
Didymosporina Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 125(1–2): 83 (1916)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01470: Fig. 82
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves of Anacardiaceae
(Dicotyledons) or associated with leaf spots of Acer spp. or
?pathogenic. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata acervular, epidermal, solitary, or occasionally confluent. Conidiomata wall composed of thinwalled, pale brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, annellidic, short cylindrical to doliiform, discrete, indeterminate, pale brown, smooth. Conidia cuneiform
to cylindrical, base wide or truncate, apex obtuse, 1-septate,
continuous, olivaceous to pale brown, thin, smooth-walled
(description modified from Sutton 1980).
Type species: Didymosporina aceris (Lib.) Höhn., Sber.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 125(1–2): 83
(1916); Fig. 82
Fig. 82 Didymosporina aceris (Material examined: Austria, Styria,
Graz, Innere Stadt district, steep W-exposed, slopes of the Schloss-berg,
along parth “Felsensteig”, on leaf spots of Acer campestre, 27 August
2008, C. Scheuer, PDD 99427). a Label of herbarium specimen. b
Herbarium specimens. c Conidiomata on leaf spot. d Vertical section of
conidioma. e Conidiogenous cells. f, g Different stages of conidiogenesis.
h–k Conidia. Scale bars: d = 25 μm, e–k = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Notes: Von Höhnel (1916) introduced Didymosporina with
D. aceris as the type species. Currently two species epithets
are listed in Index Fungorum (2016) and Sutton (1980) stated
the genus needs reassessment. Species Fungorum (2016)
listed Didymosporina aceris as a synonym of Phloeospora
aceris (Lib.) Sacc. However, Phloeospora Wallr. has hyaline
conidia (Sutton 1980) and Verkley et al. (2013) listed P. aceris
as a synonym of Sphaerulina aceris (Lib.) Verkley et al.
Dimorphiopsis Crous, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 31:
217 (2013)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01783; Fig. 83
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
family incertae sedis, Lophiostomataceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of
Leguminosae (Dicotyledons). Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata vary from
pycnidia to sporodochia, immersed to superficial, globose
to irregular. Conidiomatal wall not clearly distinguishable, composed of globose, aseptate, medium brown cells.
Conidiogenous cells phialidic, ampulliform to globose,
aggregated, hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid, with obtuse ends, 1-distoseptate, golden to dark
brown, thick-walled, with flattened basal scar
(description modified from Crous et al. 2013).
Type species: Dimorphiopsis brachystegiae Crous,
Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 31: 217 (2013); Fig. 83
Notes: Crous et al. (2013) introduced Dimorphiopsis with
D. brachystegiae as the type species and further said, ‘it is debatable if this odd fungus is a coelomycetes or hyphomycete’.
Mega blast results of LSU rDNA sequences show it has close
relationship with Lophiostoma sp. (Crous et al. 2013). Our phylogenetic analyses show it belongs to Lophiostomataceae,
Pleosporales (Fig. 9).
Dinemasporium Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 5: 274
(1846)
= Stauronema (Sacc.) Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler, Annls
mycol. 14(3/4): 217 (1916)
= Pycnidiochaeta Sousa da Câmara, Agron. lusit. 12: 109
(1950)
Fig. 83 Dimorphiopsis
brachystegiae. a Conidiogenous
cell and developing conidium. b
Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Crous et al. 2013)
= Diarimella B. Sutton, The Coelomycetes (Kew): 452
(1980)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01763; Fig. 84
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Chaetosphaeriales,
Chaetosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata ?sporodochial, solitary or gregarious, superficial,
globose, black. Conidiomata wall basal area composed of
brown, textura angularis, periphery walls are composed of either textura angularis or textura porrecta, or textura intricata.
Setae abundant or sparse, brown, septate, acuminate.
Conidiophores cylindrical or tapered to the apices, septate, simple or branched, smooth. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, cylindrical to tapered or subcylindrical to lageniform,
integrated, determinate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform,
straight or allantoid, aseptate, guttulate or eguttulate, thin and
smooth-walled; with a single unbranched appendage at each
end (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993; Duan et al. 2007; Crous
et al. 2012f; Hashimoto et al. 2015).
Type species: Dinemasporium strigosum (Pers.) Sacc.,
Michelia 2(no. 7): 281 (1881)
≡ Dematium aureum var. strigosum Pers., Tent. disp. meth.
fung. (Lipsiae): 75 (1797)
= Dinemasporium graminum (Lib.) Lév., Annls Sci. Nat.,
Bot., sér. 3 5: 274 (1846)
For additional synonyms see Sutton (1980), Nag Raj
(1993) and Crous et al. (2012f).
Notes: Léveillé (1846) introduced Dinemasporium with
D. graminum as the type species. However, Saccardo (1881)
introduced D. strigosum (≡ Dematium aureum var.
strigosum), thus Sutton (1980) treated D. strigosum as the
type species as it is the oldest name. This was accepted by
Nag Raj (1993) and Crous et al. (2012f).
Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993) stated that Dinemasporium
has ‘hyaline or pale brown conidia’ but only Dinemasporium
aberrans B. Sutton (Sutton 1969b) has been listed with pale
brown conidia (Duan et al. 2007). There have been several species published since Sutton (1980), but all species have hyaline
conidia (Matsushima 1995; Duan et al. 2007; Crous et al. 2012f,
2014c; Hashimoto et al. 2015). Hence, we conclude that the
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 84 Dinemasporium nelloi (Material examined: Italy, Province of
Forlì-Cesena [FC], Castrocaro Terme, Converselle, on dead stem of
Dactylis glomerata, 1 December 2012, E. Camporesi, HKAS 83970,
isotype). a Herbarium label and material. b Conidiomata on specimen.
c Close up of conidioma. d Vertical section of conidioma. e Setae. f–h
Different stages of conidiogenesis. i–l Conidia. Scale bars: d = 100 μm,
e = 50 μm, f–l = 10 μm. (Dinemasporium nelloi has hyaline conidia but
we illustrate it to show other morphological characters)
generic concept of Dinemasporium must be revised and probably it can be heterogeneous as predicted by Sutton (1980).
Moreover, Crous et al. (2012f) showed that dinemasporiumlike taxa are polyphyletic in Chaetosphaeriaceae,
Chaetosphaeriales, hence introduced Brunneodinemasporium.
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) also accepted
Dinemasporium as a distinct genus in Chaetosphaeriaceae,
Chaetosphaeriales.
et al. (2013). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, occasionally confluent, formed in uni- or
multi-loculate stromata, immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, circular.
Conidiomata wall thick, composed of thick-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis; inner layer thin, hyaline.
Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells, when
present hyaline, simple, occasionally septate, rarely branched,
cylindrical, arising from the cells lining the pycnidial cavity.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical, discrete
or occasionally integrated, determinate or proliferating at the
same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently and forming two or three annellations.
Conidia oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends, broadly rounded,
initially hyaline, aseptate when immature, 1–2-septate and
pale brown at maturity; or brown, aseptate, even from an early
stage of development, even before discharge from
conidiomata, thick-walled (Sutton 1980; Alves et al. 2004,
2006, 2014; Phillips et al. 2008, 2013; Liu et al. 2012).
Type species: Diplodia mutila (Fr. : Fr.) Fr., Summa Veg.
Scand. 2: 417 (1849); Fig. 85
Diplodia Fr., in Montagne, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2 1: 302
(1834)
= Cryptosphaeria Grev., Scott. crypt. fl. (Edinburgh) 1: pl.
13 (1822)
= Holcomyces Lindau, Verh. bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 45:
155 (1904) [1905]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01735; Figs. 85, 86, 87, 88
and 89
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Pathogenic, endophytic or saprobic, on leaves, twigs,
stems of a range of host plants. Sexual morph: see Phillips
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 85 Diplodia mutila (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC]
Province, Collinaccia - Castrocaro e Terra del Sole, on dead branch of
Cupressus glabra, 25 Febrary 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–3549). a
Conidiomata on host material. b, c Vertical sections of conidiomata. d–f
Immature conidia attach to conidiogenous cells. g Immature conidia. h–j
Mature conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 300 μm, d–f = 30 μm, g–j = 20 μm
Notes: Montagne (1834) introduced Diplodia with
D. mutila as the type species. However, Montagne (1834)
indicated Sphaeria mutila as the type of the new genus
Diplodia, the 1834 protologue did not make any definite association of “mutila” with “Diplodia”, as required for a valid
comb. nov. Therefore, the frequently cited date of 1834 for
publication of the combination Diplodia mutila is incorrect.
Fries (1823) described Sphaeria mutila and distributed two
exsiccati under that name as Scler. Suec. 164 and 385.
Stevens (1933) and Sutton (1980) reported that these two
exsiccati in BPI and K had no spores. Alves et al. (2004)
examined material of the same two exsiccati in STR and
also found no spores. Montagne sent Fries a fungus that was
identified as S. mutila. The record was listed under S. mutila
Fr. by Montagne (1834) with the note that this would become
the type of a new genus, Diplodia, later characterized by Fries
(1849). Thus, the binomial Diplodia mutila was first
introduced by Fries (1849). Montagne distributed this fungus
in his exsiccatus No. 498. According to Alves et al. (2004) no
material of this exsiccatus could be found in STR. Alves et al.
(2004) examined Montagne’s specimen of D. mutila in Kew,
K(M) 99664 (presumed to be an isotype) and found it to agree
in all aspects with Stevens’ (1933) account of Montagne’s exs.
498. Stevens (1933) described Physalospora mutila as the
sexual morph of D. mutila referring to BPI 599151, but this
name was invalid because it lacked a Latin description. Alves
et al. (2004) examined this specimen and could find no sexual
morph, but they did find ample material of the sexual morph
on BPI 599153, which is a specimen on apple collected by
Stevens from the same locality at same time he collected BPI
599151. Shoemaker (1964) considered the sexual morph to be
a species of Botryosphaeria and since the name B. mutila was
already taken, he proposed the name Botryosphaeria stevensii.
After Crous et al. (2006a) revised Botryosphaeria reducing it
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Fungal Diversity
Fig. 86
Most parsimonious tree generated from the analysis of combined
data set of ITS and EF1-α sequences of Diplodia species accepted in
Phillips et al. (2013) (CI = 0.787, RI = 0.889, RC = 0.700, HI = 0.213).
Bootstrap values are above for maximum parsimony greater than 50 %
and Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than 0.95 are above the
nodes. Ex-type strains are in bold and newly introduced species are in
blue. The tree is rooted with Lasiodiplodia theobromae (CBS 164.96)
to B. dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not. and B. corticis
(Demaree & Wilcox) Arx & E. Müll., the fungus known as
B. stevensii was referred to only by its asexual name D. mutila.
Some species of Diplodia, are known to be pathogens while
others are recoded as endophytes and saprobes on a wide range
of hosts and have a worldwide distribution (Sutton 1980; Crous
et al. 2006a). Diplodia pinea, D. mutila, D. seriata are some
important pathogens and other known pathogenic species are
listed in Table 4. It is one of the largest genera among
coelomycetous fungi and currently comprises more than 1200
names in Index Fungorum (2016). Traditionally, species in
Diplodia were described based on host association, which resulted in proliferation of species names (Phillips et al. 2012).
Slippers et al. (2004) rejected this concept and mentioned host
association is not an important criterion in species differentiation of genera of Botryosphaeriaceae.
Several species of Diplodia and Dothiorella share similar
morphological characters, which can cause some confusion
for taxonomists and pathologists. Slippers et al. (2013) showed
that strains of Diplodia juglandis and D. coryli in GenBank
grouped in Dothiorella sensu stricto. Thus Diplodia was restricted to taxa with uni- or multilocular conidiomata ‘lined
with conidiogenous cells that form hyaline, aseptate, thickwalled conidia at their tips’ (Phillips et al. 2005, 2012).
Further, Phillips et al. (2005) mentioned that most of
the known Diplodia spp. have hyaline conidia for a
long period, before they turn brown and 1-septate.
However, some species (D. pinea, D. scrobiculata and
D. seriata) produce conidia which become pigmented
before release from the pycnidia and typically remain
aseptate (Phillips et al. 2005, 2012).
Recent phylogenetic studies reveal and delimit generic
boundaries between Diplodia and Dothiorella (Phillips et al.
2008, 2013; Liu et al. 2012; Slippers et al. 2013, 2014), which
is an important distinction in plant pathology and plant
Fig. 87 Diplodia huaxii (holotype). a Branches of Platanus sp. b Conidiomata on host material. c, d Vertical sections of conidiomata. e–g Different
stages of conidiogenesis. h–n Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 300 μm, e–h = 20 μm, i–n = 15 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 88 Diplodia pseudoplatani (holotype). a Branches of Platanus sp. b Conidiomata on host material. c Vertical section of conidiomata. d–e Different
stage of conidiogenesis. f–j Conidia. Scale bars: a = 200 μm, d–j = 10 μm
quarantine (Arzanlou and Bakhshi 2012). Furthermore,
Phillips et al. (2012) discussed the significance of molecular
data to resolve species complexes of Diplodia on apple and
other Rosaceae hosts. Figure 86 shows the back bone tree for
Diplodia species based on ITS and EF1-αsequences.
Diplodia huaxii Wijayaw., A.J.L. Phillips, Yong Wang bis. &
K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551773; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01471; Fig. 87
Etymology: Named after the city, Huaxi, where it was
collected
Holotype: HGUP NNW 0922–1
Saprobic on dead branches of Platanus sp. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 300–400 μm
diam., 150–200 μm high, pycnidial to irregular, solitary,
scattered, globose to subglobose, unilocular, immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity, ostiolate, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole
papillate, central, circular, single. Conidiomata wall with outer
wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis, inner wall composed of thin-walled, hyaline cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–10 × 2–3 μm, long, holoblastic,
phialidic, discrete, determinate, cylindrical, hyaline. Conidia
18–25 × 6.5–10 μm (x = 21.1 × 7.87 μm, n = 20), oblong to
ovoid, straight, broadly rounded at both ends, cylindrical, 1-septate, brown to dark brown, smooth and thick-walled.
Culture characteristics: On PDA fast growing, attaining
4 cm in 4 days at 18 °C, greyish white from above, grey from
below, margin uneven, cottony, with thick mycelium.
Material examined: China, Guizhou Province, Huaxi, near
Guizhou University, on dead stems of Platanus sp., 30
June 2012, Nalin Wijayawardene, NNW 0922-1 (HGUP
NNW 0922-1, holotype), living cultures GUCC 0922–1
Notes: Cooke (1878) and Farr and Rossman (2016) reported several Diplodia species from Platanus spp., with distinguishable conidial dimensions, viz. D. ditior Sacc. & Roum.
(25–30 × 10–12 μm), D. fulvella Cooke (30 × 14 μm),
D. myxosporioides Sacc. (22 × 15 μm) and D. platanicola
Sacc. (16–20 × 8–11 μm). In phylogenetic analyses, our new
strain groups as a sister clade to D. seriata (Fig. 86). The
conidia of D. seriata (22–27 × 11.5–14.5 μm fide Phillips
et al. 2013) are aseptate and wider than our collection, while
in our collection conidia are 1-septate. Moreover, our collection is morphologically distinct from other species reported
from Platanus spp. and hence, we introduce it as a new species of Diplodia.
Diplodia pseudoplatani Wijayaw., A.J.L. Phillips, D.J. Bhat
& K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551774; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01472; Fig. 88
Etymology: Named as its morphological similarity with
Diplodia platani
Holotype: HGUP NNW 603-1
Saprobic or endophytic on branches of Platanus sp. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 350–
420 μm diam., 150–200 μm high, pycnidial, solitary to confluent, globose, unilocular, immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, single,
circular. Conidiomata outer wall composed of thick-walled, dark
brown to black cells of textura angularis, inner wall composed
of thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 10–15 × 4–6 μm,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 89 Diplodia italica (holotype). a, b Immersed conidiomata on host material. c Vertical section of conidioma. d Conidioma wall. e–i Different stages
of conidiogenesis. j–o Conidia. Scale bars: c = 150 μm, d = 30 μm, e–i = 5 μm, j = 10 μm, k–o = 8 μm
long, holoblastic, phialidic, discrete, determinate, doliiform, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 19–26 × 10–12 μm
(x = 22.1 × 11.27 μm, n = 20), oblong to ovoid, straight, rounded at both ends, sometimes truncate at base, cylindrical,
aseptate, pale brown to brown, smooth and thick-walled,
eguttulate.
Culture characteristics: On PDA fast growing, attaining
4.5 cm in 4 days at 18–25 °C, cottony, margin uneven, circular,
Fungal Diversity
Table 4
Pathogenic species of Diplodia
Species
Disease and affected host
Literature
D. corticola
Canker and dieback of cork and other oaks, rarely on grapevines
Alves et al. 2004
D. cupressi
Stem canker of Cupressus, Juniperus
Alves et al. 2006
D. mutila
D. pinea
D. seriata
Black rot and canker of apples
Crown wilt, dieback, cankers, shoot and tip blight, and root disease on pines
Frog-eye leaf spot, black rot and canker of apple
Stevens 1933; Brown and Britton 1986
Eldridge 1961
Brown-Rytlewski and McManus 2000
zonate, greenish black from above, dark brown to black from
below.
Material examined: China, Guizhou Province, Huaxi, near
Guizhou University, on twigs of Platanus sp., 30 June 2012,
Nalin Wijayawardene, NNW 603–1 (HGUP NNW 603–1,
holotype), living cultures GUCC G603-1
Notes: Our second collection from Platanus spp. clusters as
a sister clade to D. pseudoseriata and D. alatafructa. Phillips
et al. (2013) treated D. pseudoseriata and D. alatafructa clade
as an unresolved clade. However, in phylogenetic analyses,
both species separate with moderate bootstrap values
(Fig. 86). In conidial morphology, our collection is distinct
from both D. pseudoseriata (25.5–26.5 × 11.5–12 μm fide
Phillips et al. 2013) and D. alatafructa (21.5–25 × 10–
12.5 μm fide Phillips et al. 2013), thus the new species is
proposed to accommodate our collection.
Diplodia italica Wijayaw., A.J.L. Phillips, Camporesi & K.D.
Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551775; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01473; Fig. 89
Etymology: Named after the country where it was collected, Italy
Holotype: MFLU 15–3300
Saprobic on aerial litter of Crataegus sp. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 280–310 μm
diam., 260–280 μm high, pycnidial, immersed, erumpent at maturity, globose, unilocular, immersed, black, ostiolate. Ostiole
papillate, central, circular, single. Conidiomata wall composed
of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells 4–12 × 3–5 μm, cylindrical, long, enteroblastic, phialidic,
discrete, determinate, hyaline. Conidia 13–16 × 8–11 μm (x
= 14.52 × 9.34 μm, n = 20), oblong to ovoid, broadly rounded,
rarely truncate at base, aseptate, brown to dark brown, thick
and smooth-walled, guttulate.
Culture characteristics: On PDA fast growing, attaining
3 cm in 4 days at 18 °C, white from above, greyish white from
below, margin uneven, cottony, thick mycelium.
Material examined: Italy, Arezzo [AR] Province, Papiano Stia, on dead branch of Crataegus sp. 11 May 2014, Erio
Camporesi, IT 1863 (MFLU 15–3300, holotype), living cultures MFLUCC 14–1007, GUCC 1863.
Notes: In phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 86), this new collection
groups as the sister clade to Diplodia crataegicola which has
close morphology with our collection (conidia 11–16 × 6–
10 μm). However, D. crataegicola has larger conidiogenous
cells (10–22 μm × 4–6 μm), while our collection has comparatively smaller conidiogenous cells (4–12 × 3–5 μm). Hence,
based on both morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we
introduce a new species.
Discosia Lib., Pl. crypt. Arduenna, fasc. (Liège) 4: no. 346
(1837)
= Adisciso Kaz. Tanaka et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol.
Fungi 26: 90 (2011)
See Index Fungorum for synonyms
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01777; Fig. 90
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Discosiaceae
Saprobic or pathogenic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: see Tanaka et al. (2011). Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, solitary or gregarious,
occassionaly confluent, flattened, black, superficial, unilocular
or multi-locular, papillate ostiole, circular, Conidiomata wall
thick at the base, composed of thin-walled, pale brown cells
of textura angularis, upper wall thinner, composed of thickwalled, dark brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, discrete, determinate, conical, hyaline to pale brown,
smooth, only in basal conidiomatal wall. Conidia dorsiventral,
straight or slightly curved, 3–4-transverse septate, tapered to a
truncate base, apex obtuse, hyaline to pale brown, smoothwalled, apical and basal cells each with a subapical and
suprabasal unbranched cellular appendage (Sutton 1980; Nag
Raj 1993; Vanev 1995; Matsushima 1996; Tanaka et al. 2011;
Crous et al. 2013; Senanayake et al. 2015).
Type species: Discosia strobilina Lib., PI. Crypt. Ard. exs.
346 (1837)
Notes: Libert (1837) introduced Discosia with D. strobilina as
the type species. Subramanian and Reddy (1974) recognized four
sections in Discosia, and five described species (D. strobilina
Lib., D. vagans de Not., D. julia Speg., D. aquatica Fautr. and
D. grammita Berk. & Curt.) based on conidial septation and size,
and the varying proportional lengths of the conidial cells.
However, Subramanian and Reddy (1974) did not examine the
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 90 Discosia pseudoceanothi (holotype). a Conidiomata on branch of Medicago sp. b, c Vertical sections of conidiomata. d–f Different stages of
conidiogenesis. g–j Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 150 μm, d = 20 μm, e, f = 10 μm, g–j = 20 μm
type of D. artocreas (Sutton 1980), which is treated as the type
species of Discosia in Index Fungorum (2016).
Subramanian and Reddy (1974) treated D. theae Cavara,
D. virginiana and D. himalayensis as synonyms of
D. strobilina. Sutton (1980) agreed with the synonomies of
Subramanian and Reddy (1974), but Nag Raj (1993) rejected
this.
Morphological characters between some species of Discosia
and Seimatosporium (such as Discosia grammita Berk. &
M.A. Curtis) are unclear and thus phylogenetic analyses are
important to distinguish them (Tanaka et al. 2011). Jeewon
et al. (2002) showed that Discosia and Seimatosporium are
distinct clades in Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales based on
LSU and ITS sequence data. Tanaka et al. (2011) carried out
extensive molecular data analyses (based on LSU, ITS and βtubulin) on both Discosia and Seimatosporium and showed
discosia-like taxa are polyphyletic in Amphisphaeriaceae as
predicted by Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993). Hence,
Tanaka et al. (2011) introduced Immersidiscosia Kaz. Tanaka
et al. based on I. eucalypti (Pat.) Kaz. Tanaka et al. which has
similar morphological characters with Discosia sensu stricto
except for its hyaline conidia. Furthermore, Tanaka et al.
(2011) introduced the sexual morph of Discosia sensu stricto
viz. Adisciso Kaz. Tanaka et al., but here in we treat Adisciso as
a synonym of Discosia agreeing with the ‘one fungus one
name’ concept (Hawksworth 2012).
Senanayake et al. (2015) showed that Discosia sensu
stricto groups with Adisciso, Discostroma, Sarcostroma and
Seimatosporium as a distinct clade in Amphisphaeriales, and
hence, introduced Discosiaceae Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde to
accommodate these genera (Fig. 16).
Discosia pseudoceanothi Wijayaw., Camporesi, D.J. Bhat &
K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551776; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01474; Fig. 90
Etymology: Named after its morphological similarity with
Discosia ceanothi
Holotype: MFLU 15–3449
Saprobic on dead stem of Medicago sp. (Fabaceae). Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 450–
500 μm diam., 60–120 μm high, stromatic, solitary to gregarious, flattened, black, superficial to subepidermal, unilocular,
with papillate, circular ostiole. Conidiomata wall thick at the
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 91 Doliomyces
senegalensis. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 50 μm, b, c = 10 μm (redrawn from Morgan-Jones et al.
1972b)
base, composed of thin-walled, pale brown textura angularis.
Conidiogenous cells 3.5–10 × 3–4 μm, holoblastic, discrete, determinate, conical, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, developing
only from basal conidiomatal wall. Conidia 19–25 × 4–6 μm (x
= 22.7 × 5.3 μm, n = 20), subcylindrical, tapered to a truncate
base, obtuse at apex, slightly curved or occasionally straight,
dorsiventral, 3-transverse septate, continuous or constricted at
septa, 2 median cells pale brown, apical and basal cells
subhyaline to hyaline, smooth-walled, bearing 4 appendages;
2 apical appendages 16–18 μm, long, tubular, unbranched; 2
basal appendage, 15–17 μm, long, tubular, unbranched.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province,
Rocca delle Caminate - Predappio, on dead stem of
Medicago sp. (Fabaceae), 11 June 2012, Erio Camporesi, IT
427 (MFLU 15–3449, holotype).
Notes: We compared our collection with other Discosia
species in Nag Raj (1993), Crous et al. (2013) and
Senanayake et al. (2015). Although Discosia pseudoceanothi
morphologically resembles D. ceanothi (A.W. Ramaley) Nag
Raj (conidial dimensions = 18–24 × 3–3.5 μm), the former has
wider conidia, and thus we introduce a new species based on
differences in morphology.
Doliomyces Steyaert, Darwiniana 12(2): 169 (1961)
= Bartaliniopsis S.S. Singh, Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India, B,
Biol. Sci. 42(4): 395 (1974) [1972]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01475; Fig. 91
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Bartaliniaceae
Saprobic or pathogenic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed, globose, unilocular,
dark brown. Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of thickwalled, dark brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer thinner,
paler. Conidiophores branched, septate, hyaline, smooth-walled.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, cylindrical, integrated, indeterminate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia cylindrical to navicular or fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 3–5-septate, constricted, median cells dark brown, thick-walled; basal cell hyaline to pale brown, thin and smooth-walled, with single unbranched appendage; apical cell hyaline, with flexuous,
branched appendages, variable in number (Nag Raj and
Kendrick 1972a; Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Doliomyces senegalensis (Speg.) Steyaert,
Darwiniana 12(2): 169 (1961); Fig. 91
≡ Pestalotia senegalensis Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires
26: 131 (1914)
Notes: Steyaert (1961) introduced Doliomyces with
D. senegalensis as the type species. Nag Raj and Kendrick
(1972a) re-described the type species and introduced
D. mysorensis Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. Nag Raj (1993) added
a third species, D. saksenaensis (S.S. Singh) Nag Raj and only
these three species are listed in Index Fungorum (2016).
Kirk et al. (2008) stated Doliomyces belongs in
Amphisphaeriaceae, but sequence data is unavailable. Thus
its placement is uncertain. However, Senanayake et al. (2015)
listed Doliomyces under Amphisphaeriales, genera incertae
sedis. However, we prefer to keep Doliomyces as a member
of Bartaliniaceae, as it shows closer morphologies with other
genera of the family.
Dothideodiplodia Murashk., Trudy Sibitsk. Inst. Sel’sk.
Khoz. Lesov. 9: 3 (1927)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01476; Fig. 92
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Fig. 92 Dothideodiplodia agropyri. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Dveloping conidia. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 10 μm (Nag
Raj and DiCosmo 1982)
Fungal Diversity
Endophytic or saprobic on dead culms of Fabaceae
(Dicotyledons) and Poaceae (Monocotyledons). Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
stromatic, immersed at immaturity, multilocular, dark brown
to black, ostiolate. Ostiole single in each locule, apapillate,
circular. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, cylindrical, discrete, indeterminate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid to obovoid, truncate base, apex obtuse, 1–2-septate, pale brown,
eguttulate, thick and smooth-walled (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj
and DiCosmo 1982).
Type species: Dothideodiplodia agropyri Murashk., Mater.
Mycol. Phytopath. Jcz. 6(1): 67 (1927); Fig. 92
Notes: Murashkinsky and Ziling (1927) introduced
Dothideodiplodia with D. agropyri as the type species.
In conidial morphology, Dothideodiplodia resembles
diplodia-like taxa, but sequence data is unavailable to
establish generic boundaries among Dothideodiplodia
and other diplodia-like genera. Currently, two epithets
are listed in Index Fungorum (2016), but taxonomic
placement is uncertain (Wijayawardene et al. 2012b).
Dothiorella Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 5 (1880)
= Botryophoma (P. Karst.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 125(1–2): 72 (1916)
= Phoma subgen. Botryophoma P. Karst., Hedwigia 23: 62
(1884)
= ?Sclerodothiorella Died., Krypt.-Fl. Brandenburg
(Leipzig) 9: 299 (1912)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01681; Fig. 93
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Pathogenic or saprobic on leaves, stems and
branches of various plants. Sexual morph: see Phillips
et al. (2013). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial,
solitary to gregarious, immersed, uni-or multi-locular,
globose to subglobose, dark brown, papillate or
apapillate ostiole. Conidiomata wall composed of
brown, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical, discrete, determinate or indeterminate,
smooth-walled, hyaline. Conidia initially hyaline, dark
brown a maturity, 1-septate, ellipsoid to ovoid, thick-
Fig. 93 Dothiorella symphoricarposicola (Material examined: Italy,
Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province, Marsignano - Predappio, on dead branch
of Cornus sanguinea, 21 January 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–
3547). a Conidiomata on dead stem of Cornus sanguinea. b, c Vertical
sections of conidiomata. d Conidioma wall. e, f Different stages of
conidiogenesis. g–l Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 100 μm, g = 50 μm, e,
f = 20 μm, g–l = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 94 Dwiroopa ramya (Material examined: India, Mysore, Agumbe,
on twigs of Peltophorum sp., 31 October 1979, Jayarama Bhat,
IMI255137). a Label and herbarium material. b, c Vertical sections of
conidiomata. d, e Conidiomata wall. f–h Different stages of
conidiogenesis. j–m Conidia with a short flange. Scale bars: b,
c = 100 μm, d, e = 20 μm, f–m = 10 μm
walled, smooth or striate, guttulate (Phillips et al. 2005,
2013; Liu et al. 2012).
Type species: Dothiorella pyrenophora Berk. ex Sacc.,
Michelia 2(no. 6): 5 (1880)
Notes: Saccardo (1880) introduced the genus Dothiorella
with D. pyrenophora as the type species. Currently, there are
375 names listed in Index Fungorum (2016), but it is essential
to confirm their accuracy based on sequence data analyses. ‘It is
Fungal Diversity
likely that a number of other Diplodia species will similarly
reside in Dothiorella or Spencermartinsia, or vice versa, given
the confusion of these names in the past’ (Slippers et al. 2013).
Based on sequence data analyses, several researchers have confirmed the placement of Dothiorella in Botryosphaeriaceae
(Phillips et al. 2008, 2013; Liu et al. 2012; Slippers et al.
2013, 2014). Detailed background of taxonomy of
Dothiorella was provided by Sutton (1977) and Crous and
Palm (1999a). Crous and Palm (1999a) reduced Dothiorella
under Diplodia based on morphology, but Phillips et al.
(2005) and Crous et al. (2006a) treated Dothiorella as a distinct
genus.
Phillips et al. (2005) reported Botryosphaeria
sarmentorum A.J.L. Phillips et al. and B. iberica A.J.L.
Phillips et al. with Dothiorella asexual morphs. However,
Phillips et al. (2013) showed that these species are not congeneric with Botryosphaeria sensu stricto and thus transferred
them to Dothiorella sensu stricto based on sequence data analyses. Hence, it is confirmed that Dothiorella sensu stricto has
botryosphaeria-like sexual morphs (Phillips et al. 2013;
Slippers et al. 2013).
Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl.
Sci. 96(3): 196 (1986)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01477; Fig. 94
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
stromatic, immersed to semi-immersed, erumpent at maturity,
solitary, scattered, uni- to multi-locular, glabrous, brown to
black, with irregular opening. Conidiomata wall composed of
thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Macroconidiogenous cells holoblastic, rectangular, ampulliform, simple. Macroconidia obovoid to ovoid, oblong, apex broadly rounded, base truncate, brown to dark brown, aseptate, thick, with six to
ten longitudinal slits, base with a short flange.
Microconidia presence or absent, when present ellipsoidal, apex rounded, base truncate, pale brown, aseptate
(Subramanian and Muthumary 1986; Farr and Rossman
2001, 2003).
Fig. 95 Conidia of Endobotrya
elegans. Scale bar = 10 μm (redrawn from Sutton 1980)
Type species: Dwiroopa ramya Subram. & Muthumary,
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 96(3): 196 (1986); Fig. 94
Notes: Subramanian and Muthumary (1986) introduced
Dwiroopa with D. ramya as the type species. Farr and
Rossman (2003) re-described the type species and transferred
Harknessia lythri to Dwiroopa as a new combination.
In conidial morphology and conidiomata structure, Dwiroopa
closely resembles Harknessia (Farr and Rossman 2001, 2003).
However, Dwiroopa lacks basal appendages and has longitudinal slits on both sides of the conidia, while Harknessia may or
may not have a basal appendage and has longitudinal slits on
only one side of the conidia (Farr and Rossman 2003). Dwiroopa
lacks sequence data, but Farr and Rossman (2003) placed it in
Diaporthales as it is closely related to Harknessia.
Endobotrya Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 2(no. 19): 98
(1874)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01478; Fig. 95
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on branches of Fagaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata acervular, subperidermal, solitary.
Conidiomata wall composed of hyaline to pale brownwalled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
cylindrical, discrete, determinate, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia cylindrical to doliiform, septate, muriform, constricted, enclosed in a gelatinous sheath (description
modified from Sutton 1980).
Type species: Endobotrya elegans Berk. & M.A. Curtis,
Grevillea 2 (no. 19): 98 (1874); Fig. 95
Notes: Berkeley (1874) introduced Endobotrya with
E. elegans as the type species. The genus is monotypic (Sutton
1980; Index Fungorum 2016) and sequence data is unavailable
in GenBank. Hence, taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Endobotrya has conidial morphology similar to
Cheirospora, Endobotryella and Myxocyclus. A taxonomic
key is provided under Endobotryella to distinguish it from
related genera.
Endobotryella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw.
Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1536 (1909)
Fungal Diversity
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01479; Fig. 96
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
E n d o p h y t i c o r s a p ro b i c o n b a r k o f P i n a c e a e
(Gymnosperm). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, peridermal to subperidermal,
solitary or confluent. Conidiomata wall basal region composed of thin-walled, pale brown cells of textura intricata,
side walls composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura
porrecta. Conidiophores cylindrical, expanding towards the
apices, branched at the base, septate, straight, hyaline, smooth.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, determinate, integrated,
short, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Conidia sphaerical or cuneiform, with up to 4 central cells, each with several short
lateral cells, aseptate, eguttulate, brown, thick and smoothwalled (description modified from Sutton 1980).
Type species: Endobotryella oblonga (Fuckel) Höhn.,
Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118:
1536 (1909)
≡ Myriocephalum oblongum Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver.
Naturk. 23–24: 351 (1870) [1869–70]
Notes: Von Höhnel (1909) introduced Endobotryella to accommodate Myriocephalum oblongum. In morphology,
Endobotryella shares a similar morphology with
Cheirospora, but the latter has acervular to sporodochial
conidiomata, while Endobotryella has stromatic conidiomata
(Sutton 1980). Sutton (1980) placed both genera in
Blastostromatineae, Monoblastic along with Endobotrya and
Myxocyclus. However, Endobotryella oblonga lacks sequence
data, hence taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Fig. 96 Endobotryella oblonga.
a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
Key to distinguish Cheirospora, Endobotrya, Endobotryella
and Myxocyclus
1. Conidia aseptate, sphaerical, thick-walled……………
Endobotryella
1. Conidia septate, enclosed in a gelatinous
sheath……..........................................................………2
2. Conidia 7–8-distoseptate….......…………Myxocyclus
2. Conidia euseptate………....................................……3
3. Conidia sphaerical……………Cheirospora
3. Conidia cylindrical to doliiform……………Endobotrya
Endocoryneum Petr., Annls mycol. 20(5/6): 334 (1922)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01480; Fig. 97
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, ?Didymellaceae
Saprobic and endophytic on stems and branches of
Monocotyledons. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic or pycnidial, immersed to
subperidermal, erumpent at maturity, solitary, globose, unilocular to multi-locular, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole
papillate, central, circular. Conidiomata wall multi-layered,
outer layer composed of brown-walled cells of textura
angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, short, integrated or discrete, cylindrical, indeterminate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia cylindrical to clavate,
straight or slightly curved, obtuse at the apex, base truncate,
3–4-transverse septate, continuous, brown, septa dark brown,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 97 Endocoryneum festucae
(holotype). a Conidiomata on
host material. b, c Vertical section
of conidiomata. d, e Different
stages of conidiogenesis. f, g
Conidia. Scale bars: b,
c = 100 μm, d = 10 μm, e–
g = 15 μm
eguttulate or guttulate, smooth-walled (Sutton 1980; Marras
et al. 1993).
Type species: Endocoryneum loculosum (Sacc.) Petr.,
Annls mycol. 20(5/6): 334 (1922)
≡ Coryneum loculosum Sacc., Annls mycol. 11(6): 560
(1913)
Notes: Petrak (1922) introduced the genus Endocoryneum
with E. loculosum. Sutton (1980) accepted only one species
and included it in suborder Phialostromatineae, which is
characterised by stromatic conidiomata and phialidic
conidiogenesis. Marras et al. (1993) described a second species,
E. quercus B. Sutton et al.
Our new collection of Endocoryneum groups in
Didymellaceae, however the type species lacks sequence data.
Key to distinguish species of Endocoryneum
1. Conidia shorter than 29 μm………………E.
loculosum
1. Conidia longer than 29 μm…….................…………2
2. Conidia 38–45 × 11.5–12.5 μm……………E. quercus
2. Conidia 30–37 × 9–12 μm………………E. dactylidis
Endocoryneum festucae Wijayaw., Camporesi, D.J. Bhat
& K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551777; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01481; Fig. 97
Etymology: Name after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–3450
Saprobic on stems of Festuca sp. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
80–110 μm diam., 100–120 μm high, pycnidial, immersed, erumpent at maturity, solitary, globose, unilocular, with papillate, dark brown to black, ostiolate.
Ostiole central, circular. Conidiomata wall multi-layered,
with thick outer layer, composed of thick-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis, with thin, hyaline, inner
layer. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, short, integrated to discrete, cylindrical, indeterminate, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia 30–37 × 9–12 μm (x = 33.2 × 10.7 μm,
n = 20), cylindrical to clavate, straight or slightly curved,
obtuse at apex, truncate at base, brown, 3–4-transverse
septate, continuous, dark brown at septa, guttulate,
smooth-walled.
Fungal Diversity
Culture characteristics: On PDA slow growing, attaining
25 mm diam. in 7 days at 18 °C, with thin mycelium, even at
margin, white from the surface, pale brown to white from the
reverse, becoming cottony in 14 days.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province,
Strada San Zeno - Galeata, on dead stem of Festuca sp.
(Poaceae), 24 June 2012, Erio Camporesi, IT 470 (MFLU
15–3450 holotype); (HKAS92543, isotype), ex-type living
cultures MFLUCC 14–0461, GUCC IT 470.
Notes: Our collection from Festuca sp. closely resembles
Angiopomopsis, Endocoryneum and Hendersoniopsis.
However, Angiopomopsis has 3-distoseptate conidia (Sutton
1980) and thus it is distinct from our collection which has
eusepta. Conidia of Hendersoniopsis have 2–7 transverse septate, but our collection has dark brown septa which was treated
as a distinct character in Endocoryneum (Sutton 1980). Thus we
place our collection in Endocoryneum. In phylogenetic analyses,
Endocoryneum festucae grouped in Didymellaceae (Fig. 9).
Endomelanconiopsis E.I. Rojas & Samuels, Mycologia
100(5): 770 (2008)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01482; Fig. 98
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves of Malvaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, scattered, globose to cylindrical, with 1–3 cylindrical necks, superficial or immersed,
ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, single. Conidiomata wall
composed of pale brown to black-walled cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, rarely with a single
percurrent proliferation, discrete, determinate, cylindrical, hyaline. Conidia ellipsoidal to limoniform, apex rounded, base
flat or rounded, aseptate, hyaline at immaturity, dark brown at
maturity. Microconidia densely arranged, enteroblastic,
phialidic conidiogenous cells, ellipsoidal to allantoid
(description modified from Rojas et al. 2008).
Type species: Endomelanconiopsis endophytica E.I. Rojas
& Samuels, Mycologia 100(5): 770 (2008); Fig. 98
Notes: Rojas et al. (2008) introduced Endomelanconiopsis
with E. endophytica as the type species. Further, Rojas et al.
Fig. 98 Endomelanconiopsis
endophytica. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 200 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Rojas et al. 2008)
(2008) showed (i.e. Endomelanconiopsis endophytica and
E. microspora (Verkley & Aa) E.I. Rojas & Samuels), reside
in Botryosphaeriaceae in their phylogenetic analyses. Our
phylogenetic analyses also agree with these findings (Fig. 10).
Endomelanconium Petr., Annls mycol. 38(2/4): 206 (1940)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01483; Fig. 99
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Saprobic or endophytic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: ?Austrocenangium fide Gamundí
(1997). Asexual morph: Conidiomata eustromatic, superficial or immersed, peridermal to subperidermal, solitary, globose to subglobose, irregularly multilocular, black.
Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, pale brown cells
of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards the
conidiogenous region. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, determinate, discrete, cylindrical, tapered markedly or gradually
towards the apices, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, formed from
the walls of the locules. Conidia ellipsoid or pyriform or
limoniform, aseptate, dark brown, thick and smooth-walled,
base often protruding and papillate, with or without a central
guttule and a longitudinal striation (Sutton 1980; Verkley and
van der Aa 1997; Yanna et al. 1999).
Type species: Endomelanconium pini (Corda) Petr., Annls
mycol. 38(2/4): 206 (1940)
≡ Melanconium pini Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 3
(1837)
Notes: Endomelanconium has distinct morphology from
Melanconium as it has stromatic, multi-locular conidiomata and
cylindrical, hyaline conidiogenous cells (Sutton 1980).
Endomelanconium also produces dark brown conidia with a protruding base and each bears longitudinal striations (Sutton 1980;
Verkley and van der Aa 1997; Yanna et al. 1999). Currently, the
genus comprises four species viz. E. nanum Gamundí & Aramb.
(Gamundí and Arambarri 1983), E. microsporum Verkley & van
der Aa (1997), E. phoenicicola Yanna et al. (1999) and the type
species.
Gamundí (1997) stated Austrocenangium Gamundí is
the sexual morph of Endomelanconium based on cooccurrence of both fungi on the same host material.
However, this link has not been confirmed by either
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 99 Endomelanconium
phoenicicola. a Vertical section
of conidioma. b Different stages
of conidiogenesis. c Conidia.
Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b,
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Yanna
et al. 1999)
cultural or phylogenetic methods. Currently, sequence data
is unavailable, thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Enerthidium Syd., Annls mycol. 37(3): 244 (1939)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01484; Fig. 100
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Fig. 100 Enerthidium canarii. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b,
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
Associated with leaf spots or ?pathogenic on leaves of
Burseraceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervuli, epidermal to subepidermal, solitary, or rarely confluent. Conidiomata wall composed of
thin-walled, pale brown cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic, annellidic, cylindrical, straight or flexuous, discrete, indeterminate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Conidia
cylindrical, base truncate, apex obtuse, straight, pale brown,
aseptate, biguttulate, thin and smooth-walled, basal cell with a
frill (description modified from Sutton 1980).
Type species: Enerthidium canarii Syd., Annls mycol.
37(3): 244 (1939); Fig. 100
Notes: Sydow (1939) introduced Enerthidium with
E. canarii as the type species. The genus was accepted as a
coelomycetous genus in Sutton (1977, 1980) and Kirk et al.
(2008, 2013) accepted it as a legitimate name. Enerthidium is
monotypic and sequence data is unavailable, thus taxonomic
placement is uncertain. The genus has not been revisited since
Sutton (1980).
Epithyrium (Sacc.) Trotter, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 25: 249
(1931)
≡ Coniothyrium subgen. Epithyrium Sacc., Syll. fung.
(Abellini) 10: 268 (1892)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01485; Fig. 101
Lecanoromycetes, Ostropomycetidae, Agyriales,
Trapeliaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants, on resinous
exudate of Picea spp. and Pinus spp. (Pinaceae, Gymnosperm).
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 101 Epithyrium resinae. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 μm,
b = 10 μm, c = 5 μm (re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
eustromatic, superficial or semi-immersed, solitary or gregarious, globose, unilocular, convoluted or multilocular, dark brown
to black. Conidiomata outer wall thick, composed of thickwalled, brown cells of textura intricata, inner layer composed
of hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores branched
and septate at the base, smooth, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, lageniform or cylindrical, determinate,
discrete or integrated, hyaline, smooth. Conidia globose,
aseptate, pale brown, thick and smooth-walled (Sutton 1980;
Hawksworth and Sherwood 1981).
Lectotype species: Epithyrium resinae (Sacc. & Berl.)
Trotter, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 25: 250 (1931); Fig. 101
≡ Coniothyrium resinae Sacc. & Berl., Miscell. mycol. 2:
29 (1885) [1884–1885]
Notes: Trotter (1931) raised Coniothyrium subgen.
Epithyrium to generic level and placed four species in
Epithyrium viz. E. obscurum (Pass.) Sacc., E. populi (Oudem.)
Sacc., E. innatum (P. Karst.) Sacc. and E. resinae. Sutton (1977)
accepted Epithyrium as a distinct genus and Sutton (1980) provided comprehensive taxonomic notes on the genus. Kirk et al.
(2013) did not list Epithyrium in the list of ‘protected generic
names of fungi’. However, we suggest to include Epithyrium in
the protected generic name list as it was shown to be a wellestablished genus (Sutton 1980; Hawksworth and Sherwood
1981; Kirk et al. 2008). Sequence data is unavailable, thus taxonomic status is uncertain.
Fairmaniella Petr. & Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec.
Regni veg. 42(1): 481 (1927) [1926]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01486; Fig. 102
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Fig. 102 Fairmaniella leprosa. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 20 μm, b,
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Morgan-Jones and Kendrick 1972)
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves of Myrtaceae
(Dicotyledons) or associated with leaf lesions or pathogenic
on leaves of Myrtaceae. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, subepidermal, solitary. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, medium
brown cells of textura epidermoidea. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, ampulliform, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia elliptical to ovate, base obtuse to truncate, apex obtuse, aseptate, pale brown, thick-walled, punctulate (Sutton
1971a, 1980; Morgan-Jones and Kendrick 1972; Swart
1988; Crous et al. 1989; Wingfield et al. 1995).
Type species: Fairmaniella leprosa (Fairm.) Petr. & Syd.,
Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg. 42(1): 481 (1927)
[1926]; Fig. 102
≡ Coniothyrium leprosum Fairm., Publications of the Field
Museum of Natural History, Botany Series 5(no. 212): 328
(1923)
Notes: Petrak and Sydow (1927) introduced Fairmaniella
with F. leprosa as the type species. von Arx (1957) introduced
the second species, F. nigricans (Cooke & Massee) Arx, but
Sutton (1971a, 1977, 1980) accepted only the type species.
Fairmaniella leprosa has been reported as a pathogen in several plants, especially on Eucalyptus sp. (Raabe et al. 1981;
Swart 1988; Cook and Dubé 1989; Crous et al. 1989a, b,
2000; Tidwell 1990; Wingfield et al. 1995; Bettucci et al.
1997; Gadgil 2005).
Fungal Diversity
Sequence data is unavailable, thus the taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Floricola Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Bot. Mar. 43(4): 385
(2000)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01487; Fig. 103
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
family incertae sedis, Floricolaceae
Endophytic and saprobic on various substrates
of Juncaceae (Monocotyledons). Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic or
pycnidial, immersed to subcuticular, unilocular, solitary, circular, dark brown to black, ostiolate, apapillate or short papillate. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, brown cells
of textura angularis, inner wall composed of pale brown to
hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
Fig. 103 Floricola viticola
(Material examined: Italy, ForlìCesena Province, near Galeata, on
dead branch of Vitis vinifera, 16
October 2014, E. Camporesi,
MFLU 15–1404, holotype). a, b
Conidiomata on host material. c
Vertical section of conidioma. d
Conidiomata wall. e–i Different
stages of conidiogenesis. j–l
Conidia. m, n Culture on PDA.
Scale bars: a, b = 200 μm,
c = 100 μm, d = 50 μm, e–
k = 5 μm, l = 10 μm
annellidic, cylindrical to obpyriform, indeterminate, discrete,
hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Conidia cylindrical to ellipsoid, apex obtuse, base broadly truncate, 3-septate, euseptate
or distoseptate, pale brown, thin-walled, with or without a
gelatinous sheath (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer
2000; Ariyawansa et al. 2015a; Thambugala et al. 2015).
Type species: Floricola striata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.,
Bot. Mar. 43(4): 385 (2000)
Notes: Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (2000) introduced Floricola with F. striata. Recently Ariyawansa et al.
(2015a) introduced a second species, F. viticola Phuk. et al.
Thambugala et al. (2015) showed Floricola resides in
Pleosporales and introduced Floricolaceae.
The type species of Floricola was introduced with conidia
with gelatinous sheaths (Kohlmeyer and VolkmannKohlmeyer 2000), but F. viticola lacks a sheath (Ariyawansa
et al. 2015a). However, phylogenetic analyses confirm that
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 104 Forliomyces uniseptata (holotype). a, b Host material with conidiomata. c, d Vertical sections of conidiomata. e–g Conidiomata walls. h–n
Different stages of conidiogenesis. o–t Conidia. u Germinating conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 100 μm, e–n = 10 μm, o–t = 5 μm
latter species belongs to Floricola sensu stricto. In conidial
morphology, Floricola striata resembles Macrodiplodiopsis,
which also has 3-distoseptate conidia, surrounded by mucilaginous sheath (Crous et al. 2015a). However, phylogenetically
both taxa show distinct affiliations in Pleosporales
(Thambugala et al. 2015; Fig. 14). Floricola viticola resembles
Pseudohendersonia as both taxa have 3-septate conidia,
without mucilaginous sheath. However, Pseudohendersonia
sensu stricto lacks sequence data and under
Pseudohendersonia we show Pseudohendersonia galiorum resides in Didymellaceae (Fig. 9).
Forliomyces Phukhamsakda, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde,
Cryptog. Mycol. (in press)
Fungal Diversity
Index Fungorum number: IF551778; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01488; Fig. 104
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
family incertae sedis, Sporormiaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae,
Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, slightly erumpent at maturity,
solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose, unilocular, black.
Conidiomata outer wall composed of thin-walled, dark brown
cells of textura angularis; inner wall composed of hyaline to
subhyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic,
percurrently proliferating up to 3 times, cylindrical to
ampulliform, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ovoid to ellipsoid, with rounded apex and truncate base, initially hyaline and
aseptate, becoming brown and 1-septate, while attached to
conidiogenous cells, continuous, thick-walled, verrucose, occasionally guttulate.
Type species: Forliomyces uniseptata Phukhamsakda,
Camporesi & K.D. Hyde (in press)
Notes: Phukhamsakda et al. (2016) introduced Forliomyces
with F. uniseptata as the type species. Forliomyces morphologically resembles Coniothyrium and Paraconiothyrium.
However, in phylogenetic analyses, Forliomyces resides in
Sporormiaceae, while Coniothyrium and Paraconiothyrium are
accommodated in Coniothyriaceae and Didymosphaeriaceae respectively (Fig. 9). Moreover, Forliomyces is morphologically
similar to Microdiplodia Allesch. (= Microdiplodia Tassi fide
Sutton 1977; Kirk et al. 2008), which was ‘originally introduced
for stem- or branch-inhabiting species with small, brown, 1septate conidia, in contrast to Diplodia with large conidia’
(Sutton 1977). However, according to Sutton (1977, 1980) the
validity of Microdiplodia is questionable (see under
Fig. 105 Fuscostagonospora sasae (Material examined: Japan,
Fukushima, Minamiaizu, Ose pond, on dead twigs of Sasa sp., 30
August 2003, N. Asama, KT 1467, holotype). a, b Conidiomata in
Microdiplodia in ‘doubtful genera’). Furthermore, sequence data
of the type species of Microdiplodia is not available.
Fuscostagonospora Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Stud. Mycol.
82: 124 (2015)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01682; Fig. 105
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Massarineae genera incertae sedis
Endophytic and saprobic on various substrates of bamboo
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: see Tanaka et al. (2015).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, scattered,
gregarious, depressed globose, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall
composed of thin-walled, hyaline to pale brown cells.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells enteroblastic, annellidic, doliiform, discrete, hyaline to pale
brown, smooth. Conidia cylindrical, fusiform, both ends rounded, straight or rarely slightly curved, 3-septate, continuous, yellow to pale brown, thick and smooth-walled (Tanaka et al. 2015).
Type species: Fuscostagonospora sasae Kaz. Tanaka & K.
Hiray., Stud. Mycol. 82: 124; Fig. 105
Notes: Tanaka et al. (2015) introduced Fuscostagonospora
with F. sasae as the type species. Fuscostagonospora morphologically resembles Sclerostagonospora, Stilbospora, and
Poaceicola but phylogenetically it is distinct as other genera reside in Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis (Dothideomycetes),
Stilbosporaceae (Sordariomycetes), and Phaeosphaeriaceae
(Dothideomycetes) respectively.
Gaubaea Petr., Bot. Arch. 43: 89 (1942) [1941]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01490; Fig. 106
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic and saprobic on various substrates of
Polygonaceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
culture (on rice straw). c Vertical section of conidioma. d Conidioma
wall. e Conidiogenous cell. f Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 μm, d–
f = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 106 Gaubaea
bornmuelleri. a Vertical section
of conidioma. b Different stages
of conidiogenesis. c Conidia.
Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b,
c = 20 μm (re-drawn from Nag
Raj and DiCosmo 1982)
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, subcuticular,
applanate, solitary, circular, dark brown to black. Conidiomata
upper wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of
textura angularis, lower wall composed of pale brown-walled
cells of textura angularis or textura intricata. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic
to annellidic, cylindrical or lageniform, indeterminate, discrete,
pale brown, verruculose. Conidia fusiform to obpyriform, apex
obtuse, base broadly truncate, aseptate, pale brown, thin-walled,
verruculose (Speer 1971; Sutton 1980).
Type species: Gaubaea bornmuelleri (Magnus) Petr.,
Sydowia 1(1–3): 67 (1947); Fig. 106
≡ Leptothyrium bornmuelleri Magnus, Ber. dt. bot. Ges.:
447 (1901)
= Gaubaea insignis Petr., Bot. Arch. 43: 89 (1942) [1941]
Notes: Petrak (1941) introduced Gaubaea with G. insignis as
the type species. However, Petrak (1947b) found Leptothyrium
bornmuelleri is the older epithet of Gaubaea insignis thus, it was
transferred to Gaubaea as G. bornmuelleri and treated as the
type species. Further, Gaubaea insignis was treated as a synonym of G. bornmuelleri. In morphology, Gaubaea is similar to
Jubispora and Septoriella. A taxonomic key is provided under
Jubispora to distinguish Gaubaea from other related genera.
Currently Gaubaea comprises of a single species (i.e.
G. rechingeri Speer fide Speer 1971), besides the type species.
Sequence data is unavailable, thus the taxonomic placement is
uncertain.
Gloeocoryneum Weindlm., Sydowia 17: 100–101 (1964)
[1963]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01491; Fig. 107
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Saprobic or endophytic on needles of Pinaceae
(Gymnosperm), on phyllodes of Acacia koa (Fabaceae,
Dicotyledons), on decayed petiole of palm. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular or
?sporodochia, epidermal to subepidermal, solitary or confluent. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, pale brown
to medium brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
branched at the base, septate or sparingly septate, hyaline to
pale brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical, integrated or discrete, determinate, hyaline to very pale
brown, smooth. Conidia acrogenous, ovoid to ellipsoidal, or
cylindrical, base truncate, apex obtuse, 2–5-septate, continuous, brown, guttulate or eguttulate, thick-walled, verruculose
(Sutton 1980; Sutton and Hodges 1983; Matsushima 1995).
Type species: Gloeocoryneum cinereum (Dearn.)
Weindlm., Sydowia 17: 101 (1964) [1963]; Fig. 107
≡ Coryneum cinereum Dearn., Mycologia 16(4): 171
(1924)
Notes: Weindlmayr (1963) introduced Gloeocoryneum to
place Coryneum cinereum. Gloeocoryneum is morphologically
quite similar with Leptomelanconium, thus Morgan-Jones (1971)
treated the former as a synonym of the latter genus. However,
Sutton (1975a, 1977, 1980) recognized Gloeocoryneum as a distinct genus based on slight differences in conidiogenous cells and
conidia viz. Gloeocoryneum has long conidiogenous cells, but
lacks annellations, while Leptomelanconium has annellations.
Further, the conidia of Leptomelanconium are 0–1-septate, while
those of Gloeocoryneum are 2–5-septate. Hence, it is appropriate
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 107 Gloeocoryneum
cinereum. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c =10 μm
(re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
to maintain Leptomelanconium and Gloeocoryneum as two distinct genera.
Currently the genus comprises three species viz.
G. hawaiiense B. Sutton & Hodges (Sutton and Hodges 1983),
G. angamosense Matsush. (Matsushima 1995) and the type species. Kirk et al. (2008, 2013) followed Morgan-Jones (1971) and
did not list Gloeocoryneum in the list of ‘protected generic names
of fungi’. We prefer to follow Sutton (1975a, 1977, 1980) and
Matsushima (1995) as there are significant morphological differences between Leptomelanconium and Gloeocoryneum.
However, G. angamosense was introduced with sporodochial
conidiomata (Matsushima 1995), which are accepted as the
conidiomata of hyphomycetous genera (Kendrick and Nag Raj
1993; Seifert et al. 2011). Hence, treating G. angamosense as a
coelomycetous species is doubtful. Sequence data is unavailable,
thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
conidiogenous cells, cylindrical, only branched below, septate. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells with apical percurrent proliferation,
subcylindrical to ampulliform, mostly reduced to single cells.
Conidia obovoid to semi-clavate, apex obtuse, base
subtruncate, 1-septate, medium to golden-brown, verruculose,
Key for species Gloeocoryneum
1. Conidia 2–3(−4)-septate .............................................2
1. Conidia 3–5-septate .................................G. cinereum
2. Conidia 22–30 × 7–9 μm .......................G. hawaiiense
2. Conidia 12–22 × 4–6 μm ...................G. angamosense
Gordonomyces Crous & Marinc., Persoonia 27: 39 (2011)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01492; Fig. 108
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic leaf litter of Proteaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata globose, solitary to gregarious,
erumpent at maturity, black. Conidiomata outer wall composed of smooth-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis, inner region composed of thick, hyaline cells of
textura angularis. Paraphyses intermixed among
Fig. 108 Gordonomyces mucovaginatus. a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Paraphyses. c Conidia. Scale bars: a–c = 10 μm (redrawn from Crous et al. 2011c)
Fungal Diversity
Greeneria Scribn. & Viala, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris
105: 473 (1887)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01493; Fig. 109
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on dead leaves of Myrtaceae or
pathogenic on leaves of Vitaceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
acervular, superficial to semi-immersed, solitary or confluent,
dark olivaceous to black. Conidiomata wall composed of thinwalled, pale to dark brown cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores branched, septate, compact, hyaline, cylindrical, tapered towards the apex, smooth. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, collarette, discrete or integrated, cylindrical, tapered towards the apex. Conidia fusiform to oval
or obovoid or cylindrical, with apex obtuse, truncate to pointed base, light brown to olivaceous brown, thick and smoothwalled, with one to many oil droplets (Sutton 1980;
Tangthirasunun et al. 2014).
Type species: Greeneria uvicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)
Punith., Mycol. Pap. 136: 6 (1974)
Fig. 109 Greeneria saprophytica (Material examined: Thailand, Chiang
Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on dead leaves of Syzygium
cumini, 21 March 2012, N. Tangthirasunun, MFLU 13–0255, holotype).
a Conidiomata on dead leaf of Syzygium cumini. b, c Vertical sections of
conidiomata. d, e Different stages of conidiogenesis. f–i Conidia. Scale
bars: b, c = 50 μm, d, e, g–i = 10 μm, f = 20 μm
conidia covered in mucoid sheath (description modified from
Crous et al. 2011c).
Type species: Gordonomyces mucovaginatus Crous &
Marinc., Persoonia 27: 39 (2011); Fig. 108
Notes: Crous et al. (2011c) introduced Gordonomyces with
G. mucovaginatus. Gordonomyces morphologically resembles
Kirramyces and Phaeophleospora (Crous et al. 1997; Andjic
et al. 2007b). However, Gordonomyces has erumpent
conidiomata with a smooth, black outer wall and immature conidia enclosed in a mucoid sheath (Crous et al. 2011c), and thus
morphologically distinct from Phaeophleospora and
Kirramyces. Phylogenetically, Gordonomyces is distinct from
Phaeophleospora (in Mycosphaerellaceae fide Crous et al.
2 0 0 9 b ) a n d K i r r a m y c e s ( = Te r a t o s p h a e r i a i n
Teratosphaeriaceae fide Crous et al. 2009b, 2011c) as it groups
Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis.
Fungal Diversity
≡ Phoma uvicola Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 2(no. 18):
82 (1873)
= Greeneria fuliginea Scribn. & Viala, C. r. hebd. Séanc.
Acad. Sci., Paris 105: 473 (1887)
Notes: Scribner and Viala (1887) introduced Greeneria
with G. fuliginea as the type species. Punithalingam (1974)
treated Phoma uvicola as the oldest name of G. fuliginea thus
former species was introduced as a new species of Greeneria.
At the same time, Punithalingam (1974) listed Greeneria
fuliginea as a synonym of G. uvicola. This synonymy was
accepted by Sutton (1977, 1980), who treated the genus as
monotypic. Tangthirasunun et al. (2014) introduced a second
species, Greeneria saprophytica N. Tangthirasunun et al.
Greeneria uvicola has been reported as a pathogen of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) (Alfieri et al. 1984; Crous et al. 2000; Farr
et al. 2001; Longland and Sutton 2008; Navarrete et al. 2009;
Abreo et al. 2012; Samuelian et al. 2013). Samuelian et al.
(2013) and Tangthirasunun et al. (2014) showed that
Greeneria clusters in Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis in
their phylogenetic analyses. Our phylogenetic analyses also
agree with Tangthirasunun et al. (2014) (Fig. 12).
Key to species of Greeneria
Fig. 110 Griphosphaerioma symphoricarpi. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 50 μm, b, c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Morgan-Jones et al. 1972b as
Labridella cornu-cervae)
1. Conidia 7.5–10 × 3–4 μm .............................G. uvicola
1. Conidia 9–15 × 5–6 μm ......................G. saprophytica
Griphosphaerioma Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 36: 312
(1918)
= Labridella Brenckle, Fungi Dakotenses: no. 663 (1929)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01506; Fig. 110
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on twigs of Caprifoliaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Griphosphaerioma fide
Guba (1961). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, superficial to semi-immersed, solitary, globose, unilocular, dark
brown. Conidiomata wall thick, composed of thick-walled,
dark brown cells of textura intricata. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical, discrete, determinate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 5-septate, continuous or
constricted; 5 lower cells medium brown, thick and smoothwalled, basal cell truncate; apical cell hyaline, thin and
smooth-walled, prolonged in to a tapered, cellular or tubular
appendage, dichotomously or irregularly branched (Sutton
1969a, 1980; Morgan-Jones et al. 1972b; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Griphosphaerioma symphoricarpi (Ellis &
Everh.) Höhn. ex Petr., Annls mycol. 19(3–4): 194 (1921);
Fig. 110
= Labridella cornu-cervae Brenckle, Fungi Dakotenses:
no. 663 (1929)
= Labridella cornu-cervi Brenckle (1929)
≡ Pestalotia cornu-cervae (Brenckle) Guba, Monograph of
Monochaetia and Pestalotia: 251 (1961)
Notes: Brenckle (1929) introduced Labridella with L. cornucervae as the type species. The genus was re-described and
illustrated by Sutton (1969a), Morgan-Jones et al. (1972b) and
Nag Raj (1993). Guba (1961) showed that Griphosphaerioma
has Labridella asexual morph based on culture methods.
Shoemaker (1963) also accepted this link. Jeewon et al. (2002)
predicted that Labridella might have closer phylogenetic relationship with genera in Amphisphaeriaceae however, sequence
data is unavailable. The genus remains monotypic.
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) proposed to adopt the
older sexual typified name i.e. Griphosphaerioma over the
younger asexual typified name.
Harknessia Cooke, Grevillea 9 (no. 51): 85 (1881)
= Caudosporella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 123: 135 (1914)
= Mastigonetron Kleb., Mykol. Zentbl. 4: 17 (1914)
= ?Cymbothyrium Petr., Sydowia 1(1–3): 148 (1947)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01683; Fig. 111
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Harknessiaceae
Endophytic or saprobic or pathogenic or associated with
leaf spots on various substrates of a range of host plants.
Sexual morph: see Crous et al. (2012e). Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic or pycnidial, immersed, globose,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 111 Harknessia eucalypti (Material examined: USA, California, on
leaves of Eucalyptus globulus, Harkness, K(M) 195744). a, b Label and
herbarium material. c Conidiomata on host material. d Vertical section of
conidioma. e, f Conidiomata walls. g–j Different stages of
conidiogenesis. k–p Conidia. Scale bars: d = 100 μm, e, f = 30 μm,
g = 10 μm, h–p = 5 μm
unilocular to multi-locular, or occasionally convoluted,
brown, ostiolate. Ostiole central, circular. Conidiomata wall
composed of thin-walled, pale brown to brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous
cells, if present rarely septate and branched, commonly
invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells percurrently proliferating, ampulliform, lageniform, subcylindrical to cylindrical,
discrete, hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Macroconidia variously shaped, globose to subglobose, brown, with or without
longitudinal bands, thick and smooth-walled, guttulate; with
basal appendage, cellular, cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, flexuous, thin-walled and devoid of contents; with or
without apical appendage, when present elongated, attenuated; invested in a thin layer of mucus or not. Microconidia
Fungal Diversity
present or absent, when present oval to ellipsoid, aseptate,
hyaline, smooth-walled (Sutton 1971a, 1980; Morgan-Jones
et al. 1972b; Nag Raj and DiCosmo 1981a; Crous et al. 1993,
2012e; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Harknessia eucalypti Cooke, Grevillea 9(no.
51): 85 (1881); Fig. 111
Notes: Cooke and Harkness (1881) introduced Harknessia
with H. eucalypti as the type species. Sutton (1980) and Nag
Raj (1993) revised the genus and provided comprehensive background including keys and illustrations. Members of Harknessia
have been reported as saprobes (Lee et al. 2004; Marincowitz
et al. 2008) and also from leaf spots (Crous et al. 1989b, 1993).
Nag Raj and DiCosmo (1981) treated Cryptosporella as the
sexual morph of Harknessia. Castlebury et al. (2002), Crous
et al. (2012d) and Lee et al. (2004) showed the overview of
Diaporthales in their phylogenetic analyses and accepted
Wuestneia/ Harknessia as a distinct clade. Crous et al.
(2012d) confirmed the findings of Castlebury et al. (2002)
and introduced Harknessiaceae Crous to place Harknessia
and wuestneia-like spp (Fig. 12). However, Rossman et al.
(2007) listed Wuestneia xanthostroma (Mont.) J. Reid & C.
Booth, type species of Wuestneia as a member in
Cryphonectriaceae. Nevertheless, several Wuestneia species
have been reported with Harknessia asexual morphs (Crous
et al. 1993; Crous and Rogers 2001). Hence, Crous et al.
(2012e) treated Harknessia sensu stricto as having
wuestneia-like sexual morphs.
Petrak (1947a) introduced Cymbothyrium based on
C. sudans as the type species. Sutton (1980) re-illustrated
and described the type species and mentioned that
‘Cymbothyrium is distinguished from Harknessia only by
the clypeate stromata and non-persistent conidiogenous
cells’. However, Nag Raj and DiCosmo (1984) and Nag
Raj (1993) treated Cymbothyrium as a synonym of
Harknessia. Nevertheless, Crous et al. (2012e) questioned
the synonymy in Nag Raj and DiCosmo (1984) and Nag
Raj (1993). We follow Nag Raj and DiCosmo (1984) and
Nag Raj (1993) as both genera share very similar morphological characters, until phylogenetic studies resolve the
taxonomic placement of Cymbothyrium.
Hendersonina E.J. Butler, Memoirs of the Dept. Agric. India,
Bot. Ser. 6: 198 (1913)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01494; Fig. 112
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of Poaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, immersed, semi-erumpent
at maturity, solitary to gregarious, unilocular or multi-locular,
occasionally convoluted, dark brown to black, papillate ostiole, indistinct. Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of
thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer becoming paler. Conidiophores septate, branched at the base and
above. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical to lageniform, determinate, integrated or discrete. Conidia
fusiform to cylindrical, 0–1-septate, brown, with a dark scar at
each end, smooth-walled, eguttulate (description modified
from Sutton 1980).
Type species: Hendersonina sacchari E.J. Butler, Memoirs
of the Dept. Agric. India, Bot. Ser. 6: 198 (1913); Fig. 112
Notes: Butler (1913) introduced Hendersonina with
H. sacchari as the type species. In conidial morphology,
Hendersonina somewhat resembles Stenocarpella which has
‘0-3-septate, continuous or constricted, cylindrical to fusiform,
straight or bent conidia’ (Sutton 1980). However, the dark scar
at each end of conidia is conspicuous character in
Hendersonina thus it can be distinguished from Stenocarpella.
The genus is monotypic and sequence data is unavailable,
thus taxonomic status is uncertain.
Key to distinguish Harknessia from other related genera
1. Conidia hyaline ......................................Strasseriopsis
1. Conidia pigmented .....................................................2
2. Microconidia present .................................Harknessia
2. Microconidia absent ....................................................3
3. Conidia pale brown ..................................Bellulicauda
3. Conidia brown to black ..............................................4
4. Conidia brown, smooth-walled ...........Apoharknessia
4. Conidia greenish black to black, verruculose
...............................................................Myrotheciastrum
Fig. 112 Hendersonina sacchari. a Different stages of conidiogenesis.
b–d Conidia (b: IMI 60370; c: IMI 62555; d: IMI 82322). Scale bars: a–
d = 10 μm (re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
Fungal Diversity
Hendersoniopsis Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 124 (1918)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01495; Fig. 113
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of Betulaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic, pulvinate, separate, subperidermal,
multilocular, or convoluted dark brown. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, pale to medium brown cells of textura
angularis. Macroconidiophores cylindrical, branched and septate
only at the base, hyaline to pale brown, smooth.
Macroconidiogenous cells enteroblastic, occasionally percurrent,
indeterminate, integrated or discrete, smooth, pale brown to hyaline. Macroconidia fusiform, base truncate, obtuse to conic apex,
often slightly curved or occasionally straight, 2–7-septate, pale
brown, smooth-walled. Microconidiophores branched, septate,
tapered to the apices, hyaline, smooth. Microconidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, integrated or discrete. Microconidia falcate, fusiform, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, eguttulate
(description modified from Sutton 1980).
Type species: Hendersoniopsis thelebola (Sacc.) Höhn.,
Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 124 (1918); Fig. 113
≡ Stilbospora thelebola Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 8): 542
(1882)
Notes: Von Höhnel (1918) introduced Hendersoniopsis with
H. thelebola as the type species. Based on culture methods,
Fig. 113 Hendersoniopsis
thelebola. a Vertical section if
conidioma. b Different stages of
macroconidiogenesis. c
Macroconidia. d Diifrent stages
of microconidiogenesis. e
Microconidia. Scale bars:
a = 100 μm, b–e = 10 μm (redrawn from Sutton 1980)
Wehmeyer (1938) showed Melanconis thelebola (Fr.) Sacc.
has asexual morph belonging to Hendersoniopsis thelebola.
However, Voglmayr et al. (2012) mentioned Melanconis sensu
stricto has melanconium-like asexual morphs. Thus, the status
of sexual morph of Hendersoniopsis is uncertain. It is essential
to re-collect and epitypify the genus and carry out phylogenetic
analyses to confirm its taxonomic placement.
Hendersonula Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 10(5–6): 160
(1880)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01496; Fig. 114 and 115
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic, subcuticular, epidermal, becoming
erumpent, irregularly multilocular, blackish-brown.
Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells
of textura angularis; basal tissues composed of thin-walled, hyaline to pale brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, annellidic, cylindrical, indeterminate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia cylindrical to fusiform, apex obtuse, base
truncate, 1–3-septate, pale brown, eguttulate, thin and smoothwalled, with or without apical mucilaginous cap (Sutton 1980;
Sutton and Dyko 1989; Hüseyinov 2000).
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 114 Hendersonula
australis. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Morgan-Jones
1974)
Type species: Hendersonula australis Speg., Anal. Soc.
cient. argent. 10(5–6): 160 (1880); Fig. 114
Notes: Spegazzini (1880) introduced Hendersonula with
H. australis as the type species. Over 40 species epithets are listed
in Index Fungorum (2016), but Sutton and Dyko (1989) accepted
only three species including type species viz. H. australis,
H. monochaetiellae Tommerup & Langdon and H. symploci
(Berk. & Broome) B. Sutton & Dyko. Hendersonula
Fig. 115 Hendersonula sp. (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC]
Province, Converselle - Castrocaro Terme e Terra del Sole, on dead stem
of Aster linosyris, 2 December 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 16–0029). a
Host material. b, c Conidiomata on host. d Vertical section of conidioma.
e Vertical section of neck region. f–h Different stages of conidiogenesis, i
Conidioma wall. j–l Conidia. Scale bars: d, e = 50 μm, f–h, j–l = 5 μm,
i = 20 μm
Fungal Diversity
monochaetiellae has distinct morphology as it has mucilaginous
cap-like structure at the apex (Sutton and Dyko 1989).
Only one species has been introduced since Sutton and
Dyko (1989) i.e. H. chochrjakovii Hüseyin (Hüseyinov
2000). Sequence data is unavailable, thus its taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Hoehneliella Bres. & Sacc., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 52:
437 (1902)
= Klebahnopycnis Kirschst., Annls mycol. 37(1/2): 120
(1939); Fig. 116
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01497
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, closed at immaturity, cupulate and erumpent at maturity, superficial, solitary to gregarious, unilocular, dark brown to black. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled cells of textura epidermoidea, merging
with textura intricata. Setae subulate, peripheral, incurved,
thick-walled, dark brown, septate, rigid or flexuous,
Fig. 116 Hoehneliella perplexa.
a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Setae. c, d Different stages of
conidiogenesis. e Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 200 μm, b = 20 μm, c–
e = 10 μm (re-drawn from Nag
Raj and DiCosmo 1980)
Fig. 117 Homortomyces tamaricis (Material examined: Italy, Ravenna
Province, Cervia, on dead branch of Tamarix gallica, 25 November 2012,
E. Camporesi, MFLU 14–0727, holotype). a, b Conidiomata on host. c
Vertical section of conidioma. d, e Conidiomata walls. f Ostiole. g, h, l
Conidia attach to conidiogenous cells and paraphyses. i–k, m–p. Conidia.
q Germinating conidium. Scale bars: c, d = 120 μm, e = 60 μm, f,
g = 30 μm, h, l = 15 μm, i–k, m–q = 20 μm (from Wijayawardene et al.
2014e)
acuminate. Conidiophores cylindrical, straight or slightly
curved, branched, septate at the base, hyaline, smooth,
invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, integrated, hyaline, smooth, apical, channel and
collarette minute. Conidia cylindrical to fusiform, or ellipsoidal, straight, apex and base obtuse to truncate, solitary or catenate, pale brown, 1-septate, continuous, slightly thickened,
thin and smooth-walled, guttulate, each end with an extracellular, unbranched or dichotomously to irregularly branched
appendage (Vasant Rao and Sutton 1976; Nag Raj and
DiCosmo 1980; Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Hoehneliella perplexa Bres. & Sacc., Verh.
zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 52: 437 (1902); Fig. 116
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Hoehneliella is monotypic and sequence data is unavailable.
Hence, the taxonomic placement is uncertain.
= Klebahnopycnis clematidis Kirschst., Annls mycol.
37(1/2): 120 (1939)
Notes: Strasser (1902) introduced Hoehneliella with
H. perplexa as the type species and originally it was originally
treated as a hyphomycetous genus (Nag Raj 1993). Clements
and Shear (1931) mentioned Hoehneliella has both
coelomycetous and hyphomycetous characters. Seifert et al.
(2011) accepted Hoehneliella as a coelomycetous genus, but
mentioned that it resembles Hyphopolynema, which has
sporodochial to synnemetous conidiomata, branched conidiophores, phialidic conidiogenesis and hyaline, phragmospore
conidia with multiple polar stulae.
However, Vasant Rao and Sutton (1976) re-described the
genus and treated Hoehneliella as a coelomycetous genus and
Sutton (1977, 1980) and Nag Raj (1993) accepted it. Currently
Homortomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf., IMA Fungus 3(2): 110
(2012)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01498; Fig. 117
Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis
Pathogenic on leaves or saprobic on dead branches of a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial to irregular, solitary or gregarious, immersed, unilocular, subglobose, brown to dark brown,
apapillate. Conidiomata wall multi-layered, outer layer thick,
composed of brown-walled cells of textura angularis, inner layer
thin, hyaline. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, flexuous, apex obtuse, sparingly septate or aseptate.
Fig. 118 Hyalotiella spartii (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC]
Province, Santa Sofia, Collina di Pondo, on dead branch of Spartium
junceum, 16 October 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–0055, holotype).
a Host material. b Conidiomata on the host material. c Vertical section of
conidioma. d Wall of conidioma. e–f Conidiogenous cells and developing
conidia. g–j Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 μm, d = 50 μm, e–j = 15 μm
Fungal Diversity
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells with supporting
cell, percurrent proliferations at apex, determinate, hyaline, cylindrical, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical, straight to
slightly curved, initially hyaline, golden brown to dark brown at
maturity, 3-septate, apex obtuse, base with scar, smooth-walled
(Crous et al. 2012b; Wijayawardene et al. 2014e).
Type species: Homortomyces combreti Crous & M.J.
Wingf., IMA Fungus 3(2): 113 (2012)
Notes: Crous et al. (2012b) introduced the genus
Homortomyces with H. combreti as the types species.
Wijayawardene et al. (2014e) described Homortomyces
tamaricis Wijayaw. et al., thus currently the genus comprises
two species. In morphology, Homortomyces resembles
Stilbospora Pers., but former treated as Botryosphaeriales, genera incertae sedis while latter resides in Stilbosporaceae (Crous
et al. 2012b; Wijayawardene et al. 2014e; Fig. 9).
Key to species of Homortomyces
1. Conidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 22–29 × 9–11 μm
.......................................................................H. tamaricis
1. Conidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 32–38 × 13–16 μm
........................................................................H. combreti
Hyalotiella Papendorf, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 50(1): 69 (1967)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01499; Fig. 118
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Bartaliniaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: see Senanayake et al. (2015).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic or pycnidial, immersed, subepidermal, solitary or gregarious, globose, unilocular, dark brown, ostiolate. Conidiomata wall outer layer
thick, composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis, inner wall thin, becoming paler. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or when present, filiform, septate, branched only at the base, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells
holoblastic, occasionally sympodial, cylindrical to
ampulliform, indeterminate, discrete or integrated, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 3-septate, basal cell and two median cells are pale brown, apical cell
hyaline, with a single cellular appendage, with 2–4 branches,
eguttulate, smooth-walled (Papendorf 1967b; Nag Raj 1975,
1993; Sutton 1980; Li et al. 2015b; Senanayake et al. 2015).
Type species: Hyalotiella transvalensis Papendorf, Trans.
Br. mycol. Soc. 50(1): 69 (1967)
Notes: Papendorf (1967b) introduced Hyalotiella with
H. transvalensis as the type species. Agnihothrudu and
Luke (1970) introduced H. subramanianii Agnihothr. &
Luke, but Punithalingam (1969) transferred it to
Hyalotiopsis Punith. (see notes under Hyalotiopsis for comparison). Nag Raj (1975) re-described the genus and
introduced Hyalotiella orientalis Nag Raj. However, Nag
Raj (1979) treated it as a synonym of H. americana (Speg.)
Nag Raj (≡ Robillarda americana Speg.). Li et al. (2015)
introduced Hyalotiella spartii hence, Hyalotiella comprises
three species.
Senanayake et al. (2015) showed that Hyalotiella groups in
Bartaliniaceae, Xylariales and our phylogenetic analyses also
agree with their findings (Fig. 16).
Hyalotiopsis Punith., Mycol. Pap. 119: 12 (1970) [1969]
= Ellurema Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr., Sydowia 38: 178
(1986) [1985]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01500; Fig. 119
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
genera incertae sedis
Endophytic and saprobic on bark and leaflets of Fabaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: see Nag Raj and Kendrick
(1985). Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidioid, solitary to gregarious, or confluent, subepidermal in origin, immersed to partly exposed, globose to subglobose, brown to dark
brown. Conidiomata outer wall thick, composed of brownwalled textura angularis, inner wall thin, hyaline.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells annellidic, lageniform to ampulliform,
discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia cylindrical to fusiform or
obclavate, with a narrow truncate base, more or less rounded
apex, broader basal part, 3-septate, continuous or constricted,
median cells pale brown to almost hyaline, basal cell paler to
hyaline, with 2–3 apical appendages, initially tubular, unbranched, usually bi- or tri-furcate, filiform, flexuous
(Punithalingam 1969; Nag Raj 1974, 1975, 1993; Sutton 1980;
Nag Raj and Kendrick 1985).
Fig. 119 Hyalotiopsis subramanianii. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b,
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Nag Raj 1974)
Fungal Diversity
Type species: Hyalotiopsis subramanianii (Agnihothr. &
Luke) Punith., Mycol. Pap. 119: 14 (1970) [1969]
≡ Hyalotiella subramanianii Agnihothr. & Luke, Proc.
Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 71(2): 48 (1970)
Notes: Punithalingam (1969) introduced Hyalotiopsis with
H. subramanianii as the type species. Thaung (1975) introduced a second species, H. borassi Thaung, but it was transferred to a new genus, Parahyalotiopsis Nag Raj by Nag Raj
(1976). Hence, Hyalotiopsis remains a monotypic genus. The
key can be used to distinguish Hyalotiopsis from related genera based on morphology.
Key to distinguish Hyalotiopsis from related genera
1. Conidia hyaline ........................................Chaetospora
1. Conidia pale brown to brown ....................................2
2. Conidiomata ostiolate .................................................3
2. Conidiomata without ostiole ....................Hyalotiopsis
3. Conidia 3-septate ........................................Hyalotiella
3. Conidia 2–4-septate ..........................Parahyalotiopsis
Punithalingam (1969) stated Massaria indica Punith. to be
the sexual morph of Hyalotiopsis subramanianii based on
culture methods. However, Arx (1970) treated the same species as belonging to Lepteutypa i.e. L. indica (Punith.) Arx.
Most Lepteutypa spp. have seiridium-like asexual morphs
(Sutton 1980; Nag Raj and Kendrick 1985; Nag Raj 1993),
thus Nag Raj and Kendrick (1985) introduced Ellurema Nag
Raj & W.B. Kendr. to place Lepteutypa indica. The link between Lepteutypa indica and Hyalotiopsis subramanianii was
confirmed by Nag Raj (1993), thus we propose to adopt older
asexual typified name, Hyalotiopsis over younger sexual typified name Ellurema. Sequence data is unavailable, thus the
taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Hymenopsis Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 4: 744 (1886)
See Index Fungorum for synonyms
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01501; Fig. 120
Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae, Hypocreales, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic to acervular, shallow-cupulate, solitary,
immersed, partially erumpent, dark greenish brown, unilocular.
Conidiomata basal wall layers composed of thin-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis, above layers thick-walled,
brown cells of textura porrecta. Setae occasionally present,
brown, septate. Conidiophores cylindrical, branched at the base, 1–2-septate, hyaline, smooth-walled, invested in mucus.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to annellidic, cylindrical or
subcylindrical or clavate, indeterminate, integrated or discrete,
hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform to ellipsoid, occasionally
pyriform, apex obtuse, base truncate, aseptate, almost hyaline
Fig. 120 Hymenopsis spp. a, b H. typhae. c–e H. trochiliodes. Scale
bars: a, b, d, e = 10 μm, c = 100 μm (re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
to brown, thick-walled, guttulate, verruculose or smoothwalled, straight, sometimes with an apical and/or basal gelatinous appendage (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993, 1995;
Kohlmeyer and Volkmann−Kohlmeyer 2001).
Lectotype species: Hymenopsis trochiloides (Sacc.) Sacc.,
Michelia 2(no. 7): 367 (1881)
≡ Myrothecium trochiloides Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 4): 367
(1878)
Notes: Saccardo (1881) introduced Hymenopsis with
H. trochiloides as the type species. Currently, 35 species epithets
are listed in Index Fungorum (2016), but Sutton (1980) and Nag
Raj (1993) each accepted only four species. Including the type,
Sutton (1980) accepted H. saccardoana (Speg.) B. Sutton,
H. typhae (Höhn.) B. Sutton, and H. argentinensis (Speg.) B.
Sutton, while Nag Raj (1993) accepted H. atroviridis (Berk. &
Broome) Nag Raj, H. caricis (Fuckel) Nag Raj and H. typhae
(Höhn.) B. Sutton. Nag Raj (1993) also listed 27 taxa under
‘unexamined and excluded taxa’ while Myrothecium flavovirens
B. Sutton was treated as Hymenopsis flavovirens (B. Sutton) Nag
Raj. Since Nag Raj (1993) only three species have been introduced i.e. H. bambusae Nag Raj, H. olivacea Nag Raj (Nag Raj
1995), and H. chlorothrix Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm
(Kohlmeyer and Volkmann - Kohlmeyer 2001). In morphology,
Hymenopsis resembles Xepicula and Xepiculopsis. However
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 121 Jubispora acacia. a Vertical section of conidioma. b Different
stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Sutton and Swart 1986)
both latter genera have conidiomata with an excipulum, thus it
can be distinguished from Hymenopsis.
Currently, there is only a single sequence (ITS) available in
GenBank (accession date 17.02.2016) named under
Hymenopsis sp. Mega blast results show it has close relationship to Myrothecium roridum (CBS 331.51) in Hypocreales.
Jubispora B. Sutton & H.J. Swart, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
87(1): 97 (1986)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01502; Fig. 121
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Fig. 122 Kaleidosporium
fenestratum. a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidium.
Scale bar: a, b = 20 μm (van
Warmelo and Sutton 1981)
Endophytic or saprobic on Fabaceae (Dicotyledons).
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
stromatic, epidermal, flat, circular to ellipsoid, black.
Conidiomata wall basal and thinner upper layer composed of
thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells enteroblastic, percurrent proliferation, lageniform to cylindrical, discrete, dark brown, verrucose. Conidia tapered to an
obtuse to subulate apex, base narrow truncate, brown, 3-septate,
verruculose, conidia formed in a mucilaginous sheath and persist
along one side at maturity (description modified from Sutton and
Swart 1986).
Type species: Jubispora acaciae B. Sutton & H.J. Swart,
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 87(1): 99 (1986)
Notes: Sutton and Swart (1986) introduced the genus
Jubispora with J. acaciae as the type species. In morphology,
Jubispora is similar to Gaubaea and Septoriella, but the taxonomic key below can be used to distinguish Jubispora from
Gaubaea and Septoriella.
Taxonomic key to distinguish Jubispora from Gaubaea
and Septoriella
1. Conidia with mucilaginous sheath ..............Jubispora
1. Conidia without mucilaginous sheath ........................2
2. Conidia aseptate ............................................Gaubaea
2. Conidia septate ...........................................Septoriella
Kaleidosporium Van Warmelo & B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 145:
23 (1981)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01503; Fig. 122
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Fungal Diversity
Endophytic or saprobic of various substrates of
Clethraceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, subepidermal, solitary. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, discrete, determinate, septate, with a narrow channel, periclinal thickening, no collarette. Conidia ellipsoid, straight, obtuse apex,
truncate at the base, with oblique septa, dark brown
(description modified from van Warmelo and Sutton 1981).
Type species: Kaleidosporium fenestratum (Ellis &
Everh.) Van Warmelo & B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 145: 24
(1981); Fig. 122
≡ Stilbospora fenestrata Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey bot.
Club 11: 18 (1884)
= Stegonsporium fenestratum (Ellis & Everh.) Sacc., Syll.
fung. (Abellini) 3: 804 (1884)
Notes: van Warmelo and Sutton (1981) introduced
Kaleidosporium with K. fenestratum to accommodate
Stegonsporium fenestratum. Kaleidosporium is morphologically
distinct from other genera with muriform conidia such as
Camarosporium and Stegonsporium. Both the latter genera have
transverse and vertical septa (Sutton 1980), while conidia of
Kaleidosporium have only oblique septa from its earlier stages
of development (van Warmelo and Sutton 1981). Sequence data
is unavailable, thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Fig. 123 Kalmusia spartii (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena
Province, Castello di Corniolino, Santa Sofia, dead and hanging
branches of Spartium junceum, 15 March 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU
14–0751, holotype). a Culture generated from sexual morph. b
Conidiomata on culture. c, d Vertical sections of conidiomata. e
Conidioma wall. f Developing conidium attached to conidiogenous cell.
g, h Conidiogenous cells. i Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 100 μm, e = 30 μm,
f–h = 5 μm, i = 10 μm
Kalmusia Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 10: 204 (1872)
= Dendrothyrium Verkley et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi 32: 34 (2014)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01504; Fig. 123
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Massarineae,
Didymosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic of Santalaceae and Poaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Kalmusia sensu stricto fide
Fungal Diversity
Ariyawansa et al. (2014b); Liu et al. (2015). Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial or stromatic, globose, ostiolate. Ostiole
central, single. Conidiomata wall composed of pale yellowish
brown-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, simple,
discrete or integrated, doliiform to ampulliform, septate.
Conidia cylindrical to ellipsoid, aseptate, initially hyaline,
olivaceous-brown at maturity, thin and smooth-walled, with minute granules (Ariyawansa et al. 2014b; Verkley et al. 2014; Liu
et al. 2015).
Type species: Kalmusia ebuli Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn
10: 204 (1872)
Notes: The genus Dendrothyrium was introduced by
Verkley et al. (2014) with D. variisporum Verkley et al. The
genus is characterised by aseptate, olivaceous brown, thin and
smooth-walled conidia and phylogenetically clusters in
Didymosphaeriaceae (Ariyawansa et al. 2014b; Verkley
et al. 2014). However, Ariyawansa et al. (2014b) showed that
the type species of Dendrothyrium, D. variisporum and
D. longisporum Verkley et al. grouped in Kalmusia sensu
stricto, thus the former name was reduced to synonymy under
the latter generic name.
Fig. 124 Kamatella apiospora. a
Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
Liu et al. (2015) also introduced Kalmusia spartii Wan.
et al. with a dendrothyrium-like asexual morph.
Kamatella Anahosur, Bull. Torrey bot. Club 96: 207 (1969)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01505; Fig. 124
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic or associated with lesions on leaves
of Myrtaceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, epiphyllous, immersed, solitary, globose to irregular, unilocular but convoluted, brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, circular, central or
excentric. Conidiomata wall composed of brown walledcells of textura angularis, thicker and darker around the ostiole. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, swollen at the base, filiform
above, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia conic,
base truncate, upper cell larger, lower cell smaller, globose, 1septate, with a guttule, dark brown, thick and smooth-walled
(description modified from Sutton 1980).
Type species: Kamatella apiospora (Cooke & Massee)
Mel’nik & B. Sutton, The Coelomycetes (Kew): 78 (1980);
Fig. 124
Fungal Diversity
See Index Fungorum for synonyms
Notes: Anahosur (1969) introduced Kamatella with K. indica
as the type species. Index Fungorum (2016) lists four species
epithets, including the type species. However, Sutton (1980)
found that Ascochyta apiospora as the oldest name of
Kamatella indica thus former species was transferred to
Kamatella. Further, Sutton (1980) listed all other species under
Kamatella apiospora as its synonyms thus, the genus remains
monotypic. The genus was not re-visited since Sutton (1980).
Sequence data is unavailable, hence the taxonomic placement
is uncertain.
Laeviomyces D. Hawksw., Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Bot.) 9:
26 (1981)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01786; Fig. 125
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Lichenicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial to stromatic, convoluted, arising
Fig. 125 Laeviomyces pertusariicola (Material examined: a:
Netherlands, Texel, on Pertusaria leioplaca, 1999, A. Aptroot, 47047
(herb. Diederich); b–h: France, Fontainebleau (= Type locality), on
thallus of Pertusaria pertusa, 1991, Diederich 9483). a Conidiomata on
singly, scattered, immersed, dark brown. Conidiomatal wall
composed of hyaline to brown cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic, mainly cylindrical, lining the whole of the pycnidial cavity, distinct annellations not observed, hyaline, discrete,
smooth-walled. Conidia obovate, rarely elliptic or oblong, apex
rounded, base truncate, aseptate, pale to medium greyish brown,
not distinctly guttulate, smooth-walled (modified description
from Zhurbenko and Otte 2012).
Type species: Laeviomyces pertusariicola (Nyl.) D.
Hawksw., Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Bot.) 9(1): 29 (1981);
Fig. 125
≡ Spilomium pertusariicola Nyl., Mém., Soc. Imp. Sci. nat.
Cherbourg 5: 91 (1858)
Notes: This genus was described by Hawksworth (1981b)
and distinguished from Lichenodiplis by the aseptate conidia.
Diederich (2003) noted that some Laeviomyces species are so
similar to the type of Lichenodiplis that he suggested both genera
thallus of Pertusaria pertusa. b Conidiomata on thallus of Pertusaria
leioplaca. c Conidium attached to conidiogenous cell. d–h Conidia.
Scale bars: a, b = 2 mm, c, d = 10 μm, e–h = 5 μm
Fungal Diversity
to be synonyms. Zhurbenko and Otte (2012) convincingly
argumented that the type species of Laeviomyces represents a
distinct genus. Several former Laeviomyces species have
been transferred to Lichenodiplis by Diederich; apart
from the aseptate conidia, they can hardly be distinguished from Lichenodiplis, and are better accommodated in that genus. Sequence data is unavailable, thus
taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Lamproconium (Grove) Grove, British Stem- and Leaf-Fungi
(Coelomycetes) (Cambridge) 2: 321 (1937)
≡ Melanconium sect. Lamproconium Grove, Bull. Misc.
Inf., Kew: 161 (1918)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01507; Fig. 126
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on branches of Malvaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata acervular, subperidermal, solitary. Conidiomata
wall composed of thin-walled, pale brown to hyaline cells of
textura angularis. Paraphyses filiform, hyaline, branched, septate,
occasionally with a gelatinous sheath. Conidiophores filiform,
cylindrical, septate, branched at the base, hyaline.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, cylindrical, integrated, indeterminate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid, base truncate, apex obtuse to bluntly apiculate, aseptate, purplish blue, thick
and smooth-walled (description modified from Sutton 1980).
Type species: Lamproconium desmazieresii (Berk. &
Broome) Grove, British Stem- and Leaf-Fungi
(Coelomycetes) 2: 321 (1937); Fig. 126
≡ Discella desmazieri Berk. & Broome, Annals and
Magazine of Natural History 5: 377 (1850)
Notes: Grove (1937) introduced Lamproconium with
L. desmazieresii as the type species. Sutton (1977,
1980) recognized Lamproconium as a coelomycetous
genus and it remains as monotypic. Sequence data is
unavailable thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Lasiodiplodia Ellis & Everh., Bot. Gaz. 21: 92 (1896)
See Index Fungorum for synonyms
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01789; Fig. 127
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Fig. 126 Lamproconium desmazieresii. a Conidiomata on host material. b Vertical section of conidiomata. c, d Conidia attach to conidiogenous cells.
e, f Conidia. Scale bars: c–f = 10 μm (photo credit to P.F. Cannon)
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 127 Lasiodiplodia theobromae (a–c, g, i, j: Material examined:
Papua New Guinea, Madang, Jais Aben, from unidentified fruit along
coral reef coast, No. 1995, A. Aptroot; d, e: CBS11530; f, h:
CBS112874). a Conidiomata in culture. b–f Different stages of
conidiogenesis and paraphyses. g–j Conidia. Scale bars: b–j = 10 μm
Pathogenic, endophytic and saprobic on leaves, stems of a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: see Phillips et al. (2013).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed or superficial, solitary or gregarious, occasionally confluent, globose,
dark brown, uni- or multi-locular, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate,
circular, single. Conidiomata wall multi-layered, outer layer
thick, composed of dark brown-walled cells of textura
angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline. Paraphyses cylindrical,
septate, hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, proliferating
percurrently, with one or two distinct annellations, or proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, cylindrical to sub-obpyriform, discrete, determinate
or indeterminate, smooth. Conidia oblong to ellipsoid,
broadly rounded at the apex, base truncate, straight, initially hyaline, becoming brown, 1-septate, with longitudinal striations (Sutton 1980; Pavlic et al. 2004, 2008;
Burgess et al. 2006; Alves et al. 2008; Phillips et al.
2008, 2013; Abdollahzadeh et al. 2010; Ismail et al.
2012; Liu et al. 2012).
Type species: Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon &
Maubl., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 25: 57 (1909); Fig. 127
≡ Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr.
8(3): 136 (1892)
= Lasiodiplodia tubericola Ellis & Everh., Bot. Gaz. 21: 92
(1896)
Notes: Clendenin (1896) introduced Lasiodiplodia with
L. tubericola as the type species. However, Griffon and
Maublanc (1909) transferred Botryodiplodia theobromae to
Lasiodiplodia. As pointed out by Sutton (1977, 1980) the
epithet theobromae (1892) is older than tubericola (1896),
Table 5
Plant pathogenic Lasiodiplodia species
Species
Host plant
Reference
L. crassispora
Grapevine
Van Niekerk and Bester 2010
L. egyptiacae
Mango
Ismail et al. 2012
Cashew
Olunloyo 1979; Adeniyi et al. 2013
L. plurivora
Prunus spp. Damm et al. 2007a, b
L. pseudotheobromae Mango
L. theobromae
Ismail et al. 2012
Mango
Ismail et al. 2012
Banana
Thangavelu et al. 2007
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 128 Lasmenia balansae (Material examined: Paraguay, Paraguari, Cerro Hu, IMI 200651). a, b Herbarium label and material. c, d Vertical sections
of conidiomata. e, f Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 50 μm, e, f = 5 μm
thus Lasiodiplodia theobromae should be regarded as the type
species. Phillips et al. (2013) also accepted L. theobromae in
place of Botryodiplodia theobromae. Currently 37 species epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (2016).
Although Denman et al. (2000) suggested that Lasiodiplodia
could be a synonym of Diplodia, Pavlic et al. (2008), Phillips
et al. (2008, 2013), Liu et al. (2012) and Slippers et al. (2013)
recognized Lasiodiplodia as a distinct genus in
Botryosphaeriaceae. Slippers et al. (2013) showed that
Macrovalsaria Petr. grouped with Lasiodiplodia sensu lato.
Subsequent sequence based studies recognized that
L. theobromae is a complex of cryptic species (Pavlic et al.
2004, 2008; Burgess et al. 2006; Damm et al. 2007a, b; Alves
et al. 2008; Abdollahzadeh et al. 2010; Ismail et al. 2012).
Several Lasiodiplodia spp. have been reported as pathogens on various plant hosts (Table 5).
Lasmenia Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 22(4): 199 (1886)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01509; Figs. 128 and 129
Fig. 129 Lasmenia balansae. a
Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis
and conidia. Scale bars:
a = 100 μm, b = 20 μm (re-drawn
from Nag Raj and DiCosmo
1980)
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates on a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular or stromatic, solitary to gregarious, or occasionally coalescing, initially
immersed, erumpent at maturity, unilocular or irregularly
multilocular, glabrous. Conidiomata wall composed of
thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis, and periphery walls are composed of dark brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical, simple or rarely
branched, septate, hyaline, or reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, integrated or discrete, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia ellipsoid or ovoid, truncate and protuberant at the
base, apex obtuse, pale brown, aseptate, with a central
guttule, thick and smooth-walled (Nag Raj and DiCosmo
1980; Sutton 1980).
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Lectotype species: Lasmenia balansae Speg., Anal. Soc.
cient. argent. 22(2): 152 (1886); Figs. 128 and 129
Notes: Spegazzini (1886) introduced Lasmenia with
L. balansae as the type species. Von Höhnel (1910) designated
the lectotype for the type species. There are 12 species epithets
listed in Index Fungorum (2016), however, Petrak and Sydow
(1927) transferred several species to Lasmeniella. Lasmenia
and Lasmeniella share close morphological characters and are
difficult to distinguish. However, Sutton (1980) stated
Lasmeniella has ‘cylindrical to tapered above’ conidiogenous
cells, while Lasmenia has cylindrical conidiogenous cells.
Nevertheless, Sutton (1980) stated that Lasmenia needs extensive re-assessment (See further comparisons under notes in
Lasmeniella).
Nishijima et al. (2002), Serrato-Diaz et al. (2011)
reported Lasmenia spp. as pathogen on rambutan in
Hawaii and Puerto Rico, respectively. Further, SerratoDiaz et al. (2011) deposited DNA sequences in
Gen B an k a nd ou r p hy log en etic a nal yse s s how
Lasmenia sp. group in Diaporthales. However, it does
not cluster in any family, hence, we conclude Lasmenia
as Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis (Fig. 12).
Lasmeniella Petr. & Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni
veg. 42(1): 301 (1927)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01510; Figs. 130 and 131
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates on a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic, subepidermal, erumpent, solitary or
gregarious, occasionally confluent, multi-locular, black.
Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores often reduced to
conidiogenous cells, if present simple, occasionally septate
at the base. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical to
tapered above, determinate or indeterminate, discrete, hyaline
to pale brown, swollen at the base. Conidia circular or polygonal in outline, base truncate, discoid to flat, brown, aseptate,
often with a central pore, thick and smooth-walled; with tubular, subcylindrical, basal appendage (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj
and DiCosmo 1981b; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Lasmeniella guaranitica (Speg.) Petr. &
Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg. 42(1): 302
(1927) [1926]
≡ Lasmenia guaranitica Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent.
22(4): 199 (1886)
Notes: Petrak and Sydow (1927) introduced Lasmeniella
with L. guaranitica as the type species and accepted 10
species. Subsequently, Petrak (1929) and Sydow (1934) added
three more species and currently 13 records have been accepted (Sutton 1980; Index Fungorum 2016). Nag Raj and
DiCosmo (1981b) and Nag Raj (1993) re-described the genus
and provided illustration of type species.
Fig. 130 Lasmeniella cocois (Material examined: Vanuatu, Santo, Hog
Harbour, on leaves of Cocos nucifera, 30 November 1983, E.H.C.
McKenzie, PDD 45124). a Label of herbarium specimen. b Herbarium
specimen. c, d Conidiomata on host materials. e, f Vertical sections of
conidiomata. g–j Different stages of conidiogenesis. k–s Conidia. Scale
bars: e, f = 100 μm, g–j = 20 μm, k–s = 10 μm
In morphology of conidia, Lasmeniella closely resembles
Lasmenia, which has brown conidia with a truncate base
(Sutton 1980). However, Nag Raj and DiCosmo (1981b) and
Nag Raj (1993) stated Lasmeniella has a tubular, subcylindrical
basal appendage, but Sutton (1980) did not mention the basal
appendage. Nag Raj (1993) illustrated and re-described
L. congoensis (Har. & Pat.) Petr. & Syd. in addition to the type
species. However, Sutton (1980) used conidiomatal characters
to distinguish Lasmenia and Lasmeniella, i.e. unilocular and
multilocular stromata in Lasmenia and Lasmeniella, respectively. Nevertheless, Nag Raj and DiCosmo (1981b) stated,
Lasmenia also has ‘irregular multilocular stromata’ thus
distinguishing the genera based on stromatic characters is uncertain. Thus, we conclude presence of basal appendage of
conidia is the most reliable character to distinguish Lasmenia
and Lasmeniella.
Currently sequence data is unavailable, thus the taxonomic
placement is uncertain.
Lecanosticta Syd., Annls mycol. 20(3/4): 211 (1922)
= Eruptio M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 60: 437 (1996)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01511; Fig. 132
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales,
Mycosphaerellaceae
Pathogenic on needles or saprobic on Pinaceae
(Gymnosperm). Sexual morph: Eruptio fide Quaedvlieg
et al. (2012). Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, subperidermal, erumpent at maturity, brown. Conidiophores
subcylindrical, densely aggregated, hyaline to dark brown,
verruculose, unbranched or branched at base, septate, smooth.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, terminal, integrated or discrete, indeterminate, subcylindrical to cylindrical, hyaline to
brown. Conidia fusiform or subcylindrical, tapered to the
rounded apex and truncate base, straight to curved, septate,
continuous, pale brown to brown, guttulate, verruculose, base
with minute marginal frill (Nag Raj 1977; Sutton 1980;
Marmolejo 2000; Quaedvlieg et al. 2012).
Type species: Lecanosticta acicola (Thüm.) Syd., Annls
mycol. 22(3/6): 400 (1924); Fig. 132
See Quaedvlieg et al. (2012) for synonyms
Notes: Sydow and Petrak (1922) introduced Lecanosticta
with Lecanosticta pini, but Petrak and Sydow (1924) found
that Lecanosticta acicola (Thüm.) Syd. (≡ Cryptosporium
acicola Thüm.) is the oldest name for Lecanosticta pini.
Hence, the former species epithet was treated as the type species, while the latter epithet has been listed as its synonym.
Subsequent taxonomic notes and checklists by Nag Raj
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Fig. 131 Lasmeniella sp. (Material examined: Australia, Weipa, Weipa
camp ground, on leaves of Parinari nonda, 4 June 2003, V.M. Brake,
BRIP 44732). a, b Herbarium label and material. c Conidiomata on host.
d Vertical section of conidiomata. e Conidioma wall. f–i Different stages
of conidiogenesis. j–n Conidia. Scale bars: d = 50 μm, e = 30 μm, f–n =
8 μm
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Fig. 132 Lecanosticta acicola. a
Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
(1977a) and Sutton (1977, 1980) also followed Petrak and
Sydow (1924).
Crous et al. (2009b) and Quaedvlieg et al. (2012) showed
Lecanosticta acicola clusters in Mycosphaerellaceae and our
phylogenetic analyses also agree with this (Fig. 11). Crous
et al. (2009b) also treated Mycosphaerella dearnessii M.E.
Barr (Barr 1972) as the sexual morph of Lecanosticta acicola.
However, Barr (1996) erected Eruptio M.E. Barr for
Mycosphaerella dearnessii and named as Eruptio acicola
(Dearn.) M.E. Barr (≡ Oligostroma acicola Dearn.).
Quaedvlieg et al. (2012) listed both Oligostroma acicola and
Mycosphaerella dearnessii under the oldest name
Lecanosticta acicola. Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) proposed
to adopt Lecanosticta over Eruptio in their proposed list of
generic names for Dothideomycetes.
Lecanostictopsis B. Sutton & Crous, Mycol. Res. 101(2): 215
(1997)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01512; Fig. 133
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic or associated with leaf lesions of a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular to ?sporodochial,
erumpent, epidermal to sub-epidermal. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown to reddish brown cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical, simple, separate,
coarsely verrucose, dark to reddish brown. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, percurrent proliferation, cylindrical, dark to reddish brown, integrated, coarsely verruculose to tuberculate.
Conidia cylindrical to fusiform, obtuse to acute apex, truncate
base, straight to curved, dark to reddish brown, with 0-several
transverse septa, coarsely verruculose to tuberculate (Sutton
and Crous 1997; Crous 1998).
Fig. 133 Lecanostictopsis kamatii. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b,
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Sutton and Crous 1997)
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Fig.
134 Leptomelanconium australiense (Material examined:
Australia, N.S.W., Sydney, at gate to Royal Botanic Garden, behind
conservatorium of music, on Eucalyptus ficifolia, 17 April 1978, J.
Walker, PDD 40034). a Label of herbarium specimen. b Herbarium
specimens. c Conidiomata on host. d, e Vertical sections of
conidiomata. f, g Different stages of conidiogenesis. Arrow heads are
pointed to conidiogenous cells. h–n Conidia. Scale bars: d, e = 50 μm,
f–h = 10 μm, i–n = 5 μm (current name: Teratosphaeria australiensis (B.
Sutton) Crous fide Crous et al. 2009b)
Type species: Lecanostictopsis kamatii (Ullasa) B. Sutton
& Crous, Mycol. Res. 101(2): 216 (1997); Fig. 133
≡ Stigmina kamatii Ullasa, Archos Inst. biol., S. Paulo
40(2): 153 (1973)
Notes: Sutton and Crous (1997) introduced
Lecanostictopsis with L. kamatii as the type species.
Sutton and Crous (1997) introduced L. noumeaensis B.
Sutton & Crous and L. syzygii (Ciccar.) B. Sutton &
Crous (≡ Scolicosporium syzygii Ciccar.), as well as
the type species. Crous (1998) introduced a fourth species, L. eucalypti Crous.
Lecanostictopsis shows close conidial morphology with
Pseudocercospora and Cercospora which are hyphomycetous
(Sutton and Crous 1997; Seifert et al. 2011). Sutton and Crous
(1997) compared Lecanostictopsis with Lecanosticta.
However, Lecanostictopsis shows ‘dark to reddish brown,
coarsely verruculose’ conidiogenous cells while
Lecanosticta shows ‘hyaline to pale brown and verruculose
conidiogenous cells (Sutton and Crous 1997). Sequence data
is unavailable, thus the taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Leptomelanconium Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 179 (1923)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01513; Fig. 134
?Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales,
Teratosphaeriaceae
Saprobic on needles or cones of Pinaceae (Gymnosperm),
causing lesions on leaves of Myrtaceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual
morph: Leptomelanconium sensu lato asexual morph of
?Teratosphaeria fide Crous et al. (2009b). Asexual morph:
Conidiomata acervular, subepidermal or immersed, erumpent
at maturity, solitary or gregarious or confluent, globose, unilocular. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, pale brown
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells or if presence, cylindrical, unbranched or
branched at the base, septate, hyaline to pale brown, smoothwalled, formed from the upper pseudoparenchyma.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, cylindrical, integrated or discrete, indeterminate, pale brown, verruculose, with
up to 4 verruculose percurrent proliferations. Conidia navicular
to clavate, or ellipsoid, base truncate, 0–1-septate, continuous
or constricted at septum, brown, thick-walled, verruculose
(Morgan-Jones et al. 1972b; Sutton 1980; Vujanovic and St.Arnaud 2001; Crous et al. 2009b; Zhao and Zhao 2012).
Type species: Leptomelanconium allescheri (Schnabl)
Petr., Sydowia 16(1–6): 358 (1963) [1962]; Fig. 134
≡ Cryptomela allescheri Schnabl, Ber. bayer. bot. Ges. 2:
69 (1892)
= Leptomelanconium asperulum (Moesz) Petr., Annls
mycol. 21(3/4): 179 (1923)
≡ Melanconium asperulum Moesz, Bot. Közl. 14(5–6):
157 (1915)
Notes: Sydow (1923) erected Leptomelanconium to place
Melanconium asperulum and treated Leptomelanconium
asperulum as the type species. However, Petrak (1962) found
that Cryptomela allescheri is similar to Leptomelanconium
asperulum thus, transferred it to Leptomelanconium and treated
it as the type species. Sutton (1977, 1980) agreed with Petrak
(1962) and listed Leptomelanconium asperulum under L.
allescheri.
Crous et al. (2009b) showed that Leptomelanconium
australiense B. Sutton groups in Teratosphaeria sensu stricto
(Fig. 11). Thus, it was transferred to Teratosphaeria as T.
australiensis. However, neither the cultures nor sequences
are available for Leptomelanconium allescheri, hence the taxonomic status of Leptomelanconium sensu stricto is uncertain.
Lichenoconium Petr. & Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec.
Regni veg. 42(1): 432 (1927)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01514; Figs. 135 and 136
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Lichenoconiales,
Lichenoconiaceae
Lichenicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed to semi-immersed,
or erumpent at maturity, separate, occasionally gregarious, globose, unilocular, dark brown to black. Conidiomata wall thickwalled, composed of thick-walled, medium brown cells of
textura angularis, often darker in the upper region.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic, annellidic or phialidic, indeterminate, discrete,
cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline or poorly pigmented,
smooth. Conidia obovate, obpyriform, ellipsoid to
subsphaerical, aseptate, apex obtuse, base truncate, often
with a frill, pale brown to dark brown, thick-walled,
verruculose, eguttulate (Hawksworth 1977; Sutton 1980;
Diederich 2003; Cole and Hawksworth 2004; Lawrey
et al. 2011).
Type species: Lichenoconium lichenicola (P. Karst.) Petr.
& Syd. [as ‘lichenicolum’], Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni
veg. 42(1): 432 (1927) [1926]; Fig. 135
≡ Dactylium dendroides subsp. lichenicola P. Karst.,
Meddn Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 14: 107 (1888)
Notes: In their taxonomic studies, Keissler (1910) and
Vouaux (1914) treated ‘lichenicolous fungi forming singlecelled dark brown conidia in irregularly opening pycnidia as
Coniothyrium’ (Hawksworth 1977). However, Petrak and
Sydow (1927) introduced Lichenoconium based on L.
lichenicola as the type species. Hawksworth (1977) revised
the genus and accepted 10 species.
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Fig. 135 Lichenoconium
lichenicola a Vertical section of
conidioma. b, c Different stages
of conidiogenesis. d conidia.
Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b–
d = 10 μm (re-drawn from Sutton
1980)
Based on nuLSU and mtSSU sequence data, Lawrey et al.
(2011) showed Lichenoconium clusters as a distinct group in
class Dothideomycetes. Hyde et al. (2013) also accepted the
findings in Lawrey et al. (2011) and introduced
Lichenoconiaceae Diederich & Lawrey and Lichenoconiales
Diederich et al., to place Lichenoconium in Dothideomycetes.
Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) showed that Abrothallales Sergio
Pérez-Ortega & Ave Suija (Pérez-Ortega et al. 2013) has close
relationship with Lichenoconiales in their molecular data analyses. Ertz and Diederich (2015) also agreed with findings in
Fig. 136 Lichenoconium spp. (Material examined: a- France, on thallus
of Physcia tenella, 2013, P. Diederich 17721, herb. Diederich; bLuxembourg, on thallus of Cladonia pocillum, 2009, P. Diederich
16825, herb. Diederich; c-f- France, on thallus of C. pocillum, 2001, P.
Diederich 15359, herb. Diederich). a Lichenoconium lichenicola on
thallus of Physcia tenella. b Vertical section of conidioma of
Lichenoconium usneae. c–f Conidiogenesis and conidia of
Lichenoconium aeruginosum. Scale bars: b = 10 μm, c–f = 5 μm
Fungal Diversity
Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) and stated that Abrothallales and
Lichenoconiales probably represent a single order. In our phylogenetic analyses, both genera grouped as one clade with high
bootstrap values agreeing with both Wijayawardene et al.
(2014c) and Ertz and Diederich (2015). We provisionally keep
both orders as distinct, pending further studies.
Key to distinguish dematiaceous lichenicolous
coelomycetous genera
1. Conidia mainly aseptate .............................................2
1. Conidia with 1 to several septa ................................10
2. Conidia single or indistinctly catenate .......................3
2. Conidia catenate .........................................................9
3. Conidia bluish green, subglobose, ellipsoid or irregular
in shape; conidiomata sporodochia-like, often with a thin
wall ........................................................Caeruleoconidia
3. Conidia pale to dark brown .........................................4
4. Conidia dark brown, basally not truncate, variable in
shape; conidiogenous cells indistinct .........Coniambigua
4. Conidia pale to medium brown, basally truncate
or not .......................................................................5
5. Conidial wall verruculose (strong magnification),
rarely echinulate; conidia obovate, obpyriform, ellipsoid to subspherical, often with a basal frill,
thick-walled ......................................Lichenoconium
5. Conidial wall smooth .................................................6
6. Conidia basally rounded; conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic ...............Acaroconium/Microsphaeropsis*
6. Conidia basally truncate; conidiogenous cells holoblastic ....................................................................7
7. Conidiomata pycnidial, opening not distinctly enlarged
at maturity ...................................................Lichenodiplis
7. Conidiomata pycnidial when young, when mature with
a large, often irregular opening ........................................8
8. Conidiomatal wall hyaline to pale brown, convoluted;
dark brown agglomerations of conidia often spreading
around conidioma on host thallus ................Laeviomyces
8. Conidiomatal wall dark brown, not convoluted; conidia not visibly spreading as dark brown agglomerations
on host thallus .........................................Minutoexcipula
9. Conidia arthric, cylindrical or elongate cuneiform,
greenish brown, produced in simple unbranched basipetal
chains, verruculose to verrucose ...................Vouauxiella
9. Conidia catenate at first, accumulating in a cirrhus,
irregular, dark olivaceous or black, individual conidia
mainly simple, verrucose .............................Nigropuncta
10. Conidia digitate, arising singly, irregularly
branched, branches not arranged in a single plane,
dry, acrogenous, grey, thin, smooth-walled, stem with
0–2 septa, arms simple or rarely with 1 septum, constricted at the base .................................Carnegieispora
10. Conidia not branched, brown ..................................11
11. Conidiogenous cells ampulliform; conidia 1–3-septate .....................Lichenohendersonia/Phaeoseptoria**
11. Conidiogenous cells more or less cylindrical; conidia
1-septate ........................................................................12
12. Conidiomata pycnidial, opening not distinctly enlarged at maturity ........................................Lichenodiplis
12. Conidiomata sporodochia-like .........Minutoexcipula
* In morphology, Acaroconium resembles Microsphaeropsis
(Sutton 1980; Etayo and Sancho 2008; Kocourková and
Hawksworth 2008; Etayo and Yazici 2009). Sequences of
lichenicolous Microsphaeropsis species (i.e. M. caloplacae
Etayo & Yazici, M. lichenicola Etayo and M. physciae Brackel)
are not available thus the phylogenetic placement is uncertain. It
is important to re-examine holotype specimens of these species and compare them to Acaroconium, where they might
be better placed rather than maintaining them under
Microsphaeropsis. Moreover, a phylogenetic assessment will
be helpful to clarify the taxonomic placement of these taxa,
as Microsphaeropsis sensu stricto belongs in Didymellaceae
(de Gruyter et al. 2009; Wijayawardene et al. 2014d).
** Following the original descriptions, the lichenicolous
Phaeoseptoria peltigerae and the genus Lichenohendersonia
are morphologically very similar and can hardly be distinguished at generic level.
Lichenodiplis Dyko & D. Hawksw., Lichenologist 11(1): 51
(1979)
= Laeviomyces D. Hawksw., Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Bot.)
9: 26 (1981)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01515; Fig. 137
Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetidae, Chaetothyriales,
genera incertae sedis
Lichenicolous. Sexual morph: muellerella-like fide
Muggia et al. (2015). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, arising singly, scattered, immersed, becoming erumpent,
sometimes cupulate, unilocular, globose, dark brown.
Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, brown cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, lageniform to cylindrical, lining the whole of the pycnidial cavity, percurrently proliferating with up to 4 annellations, hyaline to pale brown,
discrete, smooth-walled. Conidia subcylindrical to cylindrical, ellipsoid or more rarely irregular in shape, apex obtuse,
base truncate, 0–1-septate, medium reddish to pale brown, not
distinctly guttulate, smooth-walled, sometimes with a marginal frill persisting (Hawksworth and Dyko 1979; Diederich
2003; Atienza et al. 2009; Knudsen and Kocourkova 2009;
Pérez-Vargas et al. 2013).
Type species: Lichenodiplis lecanorae (Vouaux) Dyko &
D. Hawksw., Lichenologist 11(1): 52 (1979); Fig. 137
≡ Diplodina lecanorae Vouaux, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr.
58(Mém. 22): 69 (1911)
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Fig. 137 Lichenodiplis
lecanorae (Material examined:
Norway, Varanger Peninsula, on
Caloplaca vitellinula, 1966, L.
Tibell 2808, herb. Diederich). a
Conidiomata on apothecia of C.
vitellinula. b Vertical section of
conidioma. c Different stages of
conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 4 mm, b = 50 μm, c,
d = 10 μm
Notes: Hawksworth and Dyko (1979) introduced
Lichenodiplis with L. lecanorae as the type species. Currently
Lichenodiplis comprises 11 species (Lawrey and Diederich
2015), with important contributions by Berger and Diederich
(1996), Diederich (2003), Atienza et al. (2009), Knudsen and
Kocourkova (2009) and Pérez-Vargas et al. (2013).
Muggia et al. (2015) showed that Lichenodiplis clusters in
Chaetothyriales and has muellerella-like sexual morphs.
Lichenohendersonia Calat. & Etayo, Can. J. Bot. 79(2): 225
(2001)
Facesoffungi number: (FoF 01516; Fig. 138
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Lichenicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, unilocular, globose
or subglobose, black, ostiolate. Conidiomata wall composed of
thin-walled, pale or medium brown cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic, ampulliform, hyaline, occasionally pale brown
towards the base, smooth. Conidia solitary, ellipsoidal, or oblong, brown, 1–3-septate, dry, usually filling the conidiomatal
cavity (description modified from Calatayud and Etayo 2001).
Type species: Lichenohendersonia squamarinae Calat. &
Etayo, Can. J. Bot. 79(2): 225 (2001)
N o t e s : Calatayud and Etayo (2001) introduced
Lichenohendersonia with L. squamarinae as the type species,
and two additional species, L. uniseptata Etayo & Calat. and L.
varians Calat. & Etayo. The conidial morphology of
Lichenohendersonia is distinct as most other lichenicolous genera
show 0–1-septate conidia. A taxonomic key to differentiate
dematiaceous lichenicolous coelomycetous genera is provided
under Lichenoconium.
Linochorella Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 10(1): 43 (1912)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01517; Fig. 139
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Foliicolous or saprobic or endophytic on leaves of Poaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, solitary or gregarious, immersed, multi-locular, globose, brown, ostiolate. Ostiole central
or oblique, circular to oval, apapillate. Conidiomata upper wall
and wall near the ostiole composed of thin-walled, dark cells of
textura angularis, thin-walled, pale brown to brown cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic,
ampulliform, hyaline, thin and smooth-walled. Macroconidia
fusiform, with acute apex and truncate base, subhyaline to pale
brown, septate, slightly constricted at the septa, smooth-walled,
bearing mucoid, cap-like, apical appendage. Microconidia
subglobose to ellipsoid, with blunt to rounded apex and truncate base, aseptate, hyaline, thin and smooth-walled (Nag Raj
and DiCosmo 1981b; Nag Raj 1993).
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 138 Lichenohendersonia
spp. a–d Lichenohendersonia
varians: a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Surface view of
conidioma. c Different stages of
conidiogenesis. d Conidia. e
Conidia of L. squamarinae. f
Conidia of L. uniseptata. Scale
bars: a, b, d–f = 10 μm, c = 5 μm
(re-drawn from Calatayud and
Etayo 2001)
Type species: Linochorella striiformis Syd. & P. Syd.,
Annls mycol. 10(1): 43 (1912); Fig. 139
Notes: Sydow and Sydow (1912) introduced
Linochorella with L. striiformis as the type species.
Höhnel (1912) and Sutton (1977, 1980) reduced
Linochorella under Septoriella however, Nag Raj and
DiCosmo (1981b) and Nag Raj (1993) recognized
Linochorella as a distinct genus. Nag Raj (1993) also
Fig. 139 Linochorella
striiformis. a Vertical section of
conidiomata. b
Microconidiogenous cells and
microconidia. c Different stages
of macroconidiogenesis. d
Macroconidia. Scale bars:
a = 100 μm, b–d = 20 μm (redrawn from Nag Raj and
DiCosmo 1981b)
mentioned that both genera have distinct modes of appendage development and because of the presence of
microconidia in Linochorella he preferred to maintain
two genera.
We agree with Nag Raj (1993) and it is wise to continue
using both names, until the taxonomic placement of
Linochorella has been confirmed based on sequence data
analyses.
Fungal Diversity
Macrodiplodiopsis Petr., Annls mycol. 20(5/6): 343 (1922)
= Macrodiplis Clem. & Shear, Gen. fung., Edn 2
(Minneapolis): 366 (1931)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01518; Fig. 140
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Massarineae, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae
Saprobic on decorticated branches, bark of Platanaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: see Crous et al. (2015a).
Fig. 140 Macrodiplodiopsis desmazieri (Material examined: Italy, ForlìCesena Province, Modigliana, Montebello (Ibola Valley), on branches of
Platanus acerifolia, 15 April 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 13–0090). a
Conidiomata on the host. b, c Vertical sections of conidiomata. d, e
Conidiomata walls. f Short neck of the conidioma. g, j Different stages
of conidium development. k–n Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 200 μm, d,
e = 40 μm, f = 100 μm, g, h, j = 15 μm, i, k–n = 30 μm
Fungal Diversity
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or gregarious, immersed, globose to collabent, dark brown to black, unilocular, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, single, circular.
Conidiomata wall multi-layered, outer layer thick, composed
of dark brown-walled cells of textura porrecta, except at the
base where they are textura angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells annellidic, simple, discrete, indeterminate, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, formed from the inner cells of the pycnidial wall.
Conidia ellipsoid to obovoid, or clavate, with truncate base and
with an abscission scar, with obtuse apex, 3-distoseptate, occasionally with a longitudinal septum in the middle cell, pale
brown, with lumina very much reduced and often surrounded
by dark brown wall deposits, continuous, thick-walled,
surrounded by a large gelatinous sheath (Sutton 1980;
Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Crous et al. 2015a).
Type species: Macrodiplodiopsis desmazieri (Mont.) Petr.,
Annls mycol. 20(5/6): 343 (1922); Fig. 140
Notes: Petrak (1922) introduced Macrodiplodiopsis with
M. desmazieri. It is an appendage bearing coelomycetous genus (Sutton 1980; Wijayawardene et al. 2014b). However,
Nag Raj (1993) did not mention the gelatinous sheath. Shear
and Davidson (1936) mentioned that M. desmazieri (Mont.)
Petr. (as Hendersonia desmazieri Mont.), the type species of
Macrodiplodiopsis, is the asexual state of Massaria platani
Ces. (current name Splanchnonema platani (Ces.) M. E.
Barr), but Glawe (1985) rejected this link. Crous et al.
(2015a) showed that Macrodiplodiopsis clusters as a distinct
clade in Massarineae, Pleosporales, and thus introduced
Macrodiplodiopsidaceae Voglmayr et al. This finding was
accepted by Thambugala et al. (2015) and in our phylogenetic
analyses (Figs. 9 and 14).
Macrohilum H.J. Swart, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(2): 288
(1988)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01519; Fig. 141
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Macrohilaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves of Myrtaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, solitary, immersed, globose to
irregular, unilocular to convoluted, ostiolate. Conidiomata
wall composed of pale brown-walled cells of textura
globulosa. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, percurrent proliferation with
annellations. Conidia apex rounded, base flattened, with protruding hilum, 1-septate, slightly constricted at septum,
greenish brown to dark brown (Swart 1988; Crous et al.
2006b, 2015a).
Type species: Macrohilum eucalypti H.J. Swart, Trans. Br.
mycol. Soc. 90(2): 288 (1988); Fig. 141
Notes: Swart (1988) introduced Macrohilum with M.
eucalypti as the type species. In conidial morphology,
Fig. 141 Macrohilum eucalypti. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Diffeerent stages of conidiogenesis and conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 μm,
b = 10 μm (re-drawn from Swart 1988)
Macrohilum resembles coniothyrium-like taxa, but is distinct
as it has a protruding hilum. Crous et al. (2006b, 2015a) redescribed Macrohilum eucalypti and concluded it belongs to
Diaporthales based on LSU and ITS sequence data.
Moreover, Crous et al. (2015a) introduced Macrohilaceae to
accommodate Macrohilum as it clustered in a distinct clade in
Diaporthales. Our phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 12) also agree
with the findings in Crous et al. (2015a).
Macrophomina Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 314 (1923)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01520; Fig. 142
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, stromatic, solitary, immersed, unilocular, globose, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole central, circular, papillate. Conidiomata wall thick-walled, outer wall composed of
thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis; inner layer
composed of hyaline-walled cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells enteroblastic, phialidic, lageniform to doliiform, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid to obovoid or
cylindrical to fusiform, obtuse at each end, straight, immature
conidia hyaline, thin and smooth-walled, guttulate, enclosed in a
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 142 Macrophomina
phaseolina. a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Immature
conidia with apical mucoid
appendages. c Mature conidia.
Scale bars: a–c = 10 μm (redrawn from Crous et al. 2006a)
mucous sheath, that upon dehiscence encloses the top half of the
conidium, transformed into two lateral tentaculiform, apical mucoid appendages; mature conidia becoming medium to dark
brown, aseptate, without any mucoid appendages (Crous et al.
2006a; Phillips et al. 2013).
Type species: Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.,
Annali Sper. agr. N.S. 1: 457. 1947; Fig. 142
Notes: Petrak (1923b) introduced Macrophomina with
M. philippinensis as the type species. von Arx (1981)
introduced Tiarosporella phaseolina (Tassi) van der Aa
for the same taxon and reduced Macrophomina under
Tiarosporella. The genus Tiarosporella [type species: T.
paludosa (Sacc. & Fiori ex P. Syd.) Höhn.] has smooth,
hyaline conidiogenous cells, which lack periclinal thickenings and percurrent proliferations and has hyaline,
bcylindrical to fusiform conidia that have irregular apical
mucoid appendages (Crous et al. 2006a, b). Hence,
Crous et al. (2006a) resurrected the genus Macrophomina and
treated Macrophomina phaseolina as the type species. Phillips
et al. (2013) also accepted this.
Immature stage of Macrophomina also shows similar conidial
characters to Tiarosporella but become medium to dark brown at
maturity (Crous et al. 2006a; Phillips et al. 2013). Moreover,
phylogenetic analyses show Tiarosporella has distinct phylogenetic lineage from Macrophomina in Botryosphaeriaceae
(Phillips et al. 2013; Crous et al. 2015a; Fig. 10).
Premamalini et al. (2012) reported Macrophomina
phaseolina as a human pathogen.
Magnicamarosporium Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Studies
Mycol. 82: 119 (2015)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01684; Fig. 143
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Massarineae, Sulcatisporaceae
Saprobic or endophytic on different substrates of Rubiaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed, depressed
globose, ostiolate. Ostiole with a short neck, central, papillate.
Paraphyses filamentous, unbranched or rarely branched, associated with gelatinous material. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical to doliiform, discrete, smooth. Conidia subglobose to obovoid, sometimes obpyriform, obtuse apex, muriform, with several transverse, longitudinal and oblique septa, continuous, dark
brown, thick and smooth-walled (Tanaka et al. 2015).
Type species: Magnicamarosporium iriomotense Kaz.
Tanaka & K. Hiray., Studies Mycol. 82: 119 (2015);
Fig. 143
Notes: Tanaka et al. (2015) introduced Magnicamarosporium
with M. iriomotense as the type species. Magnicamarosporium
resembles Amarenographium, Camarosporellum and
Camarographium. However, Amarenographium has gelatinous
cap-like appendage and both
Camarosporellum and Camarographium lack paraphyses.
In phylogenetic analyses, Tanaka et al. (2015) showed
M a g n i c a m a ro s p o r i u m i r i o m o t e n s e g r o u p e d i n
Sulcatisporaceae, Massarineae and this placement is confirmed by our phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 15).
Massariothea Syd., Annls mycol. 37(3): 249 (1939)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01521; Fig. 144
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Saprobic or endophytic on different substrates of a range of
host plants or weak pathogen. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 143 Magnicamarosporium iriomotense (Material examined:
Japan, Okinawa, Isl. Iriomote, Tropical botanic garden, on dead twigs
of Diplospora dubia, 13 July 2011, K. Tanaka and K. Hirayama, KT
2822, holotype). a Host material. b Vertical section of conidioma. c
Paraphyses and conidiogenesis. d–f Conidia. Scale bars: b = 50 μm, c–
f=10 μm
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, solitary or gregarious, globose to rostrate, immersed or superficial, unilocular or
multi-locular, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate
or not, central, circular. Conidiomata wall wide, outer wall
composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis to textura intricata, inner wall thin-walled, pale
brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses
branched, septate, hyaline, filiform. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, doliiform to lageniform, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia cylindrical, both ends with a thickened
periclinal wall, straight or curved, base truncate, apex obtuse,
with markedly reduced lumina, 3–7-distoseptate, continuous,
brown, smooth-walled (Sutton 1980; Sutton and Alcorn 1985;
Alcorn 1993).
Type species: Massariothea themedae Syd., Annls mycol.
37(3): 249 (1939); Fig. 144
Notes: Sydow (1939) introduced Massariothea with M.
themedae as the type species. Sutton (1980) accepted four
species viz. M. botulispora (Teng) B. Sutton, M. paspal
(Ellis & Everh.) B. Sutton, M.shawiae (B. Sutton) B.
Sutton and M. themedae. Subsequently, M. attenuata B.
Sutton & Alcorn (Sutton and Alcorn 1985), M. scotica B.
Sutton & Rizwi (Sutton and Rizwi 1980), M. similis
Alcorn and M. triseptata Alcorn (Alcorn 1993) have been
added to the genus, thus eight species are presently accepted. Sequence data is unavailable, thus the taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 27:
575 (1900)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01524; Fig. 145
Fig. 144 Massariothea themedae. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Paraphyses and conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b,
c = 20 μm (re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 145 Melanconiopsis
microspora. a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidia. Scale
bars: a, b = 15 μm (re-drawn from
Suarez et al. 2000)
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Melanconidaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
acervular, peridermal to sub-peridermal, separate, irregular,
convoluted. Conidiomata wall composed of hyaline to pale
brown-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or when present cylindrical,
straight to curved or sinuous, prominently 1–3-septate, simple
or sometimes branched at the base, hyaline. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic, annellidic, indeterminate, discrete or integrated, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Conidia sphaerical, truncate at the base, aseptate, dark brown, often guttulate, thick
and smooth-walled (Sutton 1980; Suarez et al. 2000).
Type species: Melanconiopsis inquinans Ellis & Everh.,
Bull. Torrey bot. Club 27: 575 (1900)
Notes: Ellis and Everhart (1900) introduced Melanconiopsis
with M. inquinans as the type species. Sutton (1980) included
taxonomic notes and illustrations of the type species. Currently
there are eight epithets listed in Index Fungorum (2016) however, most have been transferred to other genera (Table 6).
Thus, beside the type species, only M. microspora V.L.
Suárez et al. would be treated as Melanconiopsis sensu stricto
(Suarez et al. 2000).
Sequence data is unavailable in GenBank thus taxonomic
placement is uncertain.
Melanconium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin
3(1–2): 9 (1809)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01525: Fig. 146
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Melanconidaceae
Table 6 Re-deposition of species
of Melanconiopsis (Modified
table from Suarez et al. 2000)
Saprobic on leaves, twigs and stems on a range of host plants.
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
acervular or irregular in shape, superficial to subepidermal, solitary to gregarious, convoluted, globose to subglobose, unilocular, apapillate. Conidiomata wall outer layer thin, composed of
hyaline to pale brown-walled cells of textura angularis, inner
layer thin, composed of hyaline-walled cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores long, hyaline to pale brown, smooth.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to annellidic, indeterminate,
discrete to integrated, cylindrical, hyaline to pale brown, smooth,
formed from the upper pseudoparenchyma. Conidia brown to
dark brown, often multi-guttulate, globose to ellipsoid, truncate
at the base, aseptate, thick-walled, smooth or verrucose
(Morgan-Jones 1977; Sutton 1980; Crous et al. 2015d).
Type species: Melanconium atrum Link, Mag. Gesell.
naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 9 (1809)
Notes: Link (1809) introduced the genus Melanconium
with M. atrum as the type species. Currently, over 200 epithets
are listed in Index Fungorum (2016). Sutton (1964) revised
the genus and Sutton (1980) provided taxonomic notes. Sieber
et al. (1991) compared Melanconium apiocarpum, M.
marginale and other Melanconium spp. from Alnus spp. based
on morphological, cultural and biochemical methods. Further,
Sieber et al. (1991) reported that M. apiocarpum can cause
diseases on Alnus sp. Belisario (1999) also reported that M.
juglandinum, is a pathogen that cause black pustular dieback
of Juglans spp. in Europe.
Traditionally, Melanconium was listed as the asexual morph
of Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul. (Tulasne and Tulasne 1863;
Wehmeyer 1941; Sieber et al. 1991). Sieber et al. (1991) regarded
Melanconium apiocarpum and M. marginale as the asexual
morph of Melanconis alni and M. marginalis, respectively.
Species
Re-deposition
Reference
M. africana Luc
M. ailanthi Höhn.
Status uncertain
Cytoplea juglandis (Schumach.) Petr.
Sutton 1980
Petrak and Sydow 1927
M. elzoi Speg.
? Endomelanconium nanum
Suarez et al. 2000
M. incrustans (Sacc.) Petr.
Cytoplea juglandis (Schumach.) Petr.
Petrak and Sydow 1927
M. megalospora Speer
Status uncertain
Suarez et al. 2000
M. olivacea (G.H. Otth) Petr. & Syd.
Sphaeropsis olivacea G.H. Otth
Suarez et al. 2000
M. ulmigena Höhn.
Cytoplea juglandis (Schumach.) Petr.
Petrak and Sydow 1927
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 146 Melanconium capinicola (holotype). a–c Conidiomata on host material. d, e Vertical sections of conidiomata. f–j Different stages of
conidiogenesis. k, l Conidia. Scale bars: d–f = 300 μm, f–j = 30 μm, k, l = 20 μm
However, Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2012) reported that
Melanconiella chrysomelanconium Voglmayr & Jaklitsch and
M. decorahensis (Ellis) Sacc. show melanconium-like sexual
morphs. Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2012) also reported several
Melanconiella spp. with discosporina-like asexual morphs.
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2012) questioned the reliability of existing species epithets of Melanconium as many
binomials are based on host association. Further, original
materials are not in good condition for examination or
unavailable, thus it is essential to carry out generic
Fungal Diversity
revision based on morpho-molecular analyses (Voglmayr
and Jaklitsch 2012).
There are several sequences present in GenBank under the
name of Melanconium. However, sequences of the type species are unavailable thus, and therefore the taxonomic position
is uncertain.
Melanconium carpinicola Wijayaw., Camporesi, McKenzie
& K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551782; Facesoffungi number: FoF 01526; Fig. 146
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–1098
Saprobic on stem and branches of Carpinus betulus.
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata 350–700 μm diam., 200–450 μm high,
acervular, superficial, solitary, convoluted, dark brown, conidia mass oozing out of the conidiomata, globose to
subglobose, unilocular. Conidiomata wall outer layer thin,
composed of hyaline to pale brown walled cells of textura
angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 10–40 × 3–
4 μm, long, annellidic, hyaline to pale brown, integrated, determinate, cylindrical, smooth-walled. Conidia 12–17 × 9–
12 μm, (x = 14.6 × 10.1 μm, n = 20), globose to ellipsoid,
truncate at the base, aseptate, brown to dark brown, guttulate,
thick-walled, verrucose.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province,
Forlì - Via Risorgimento, on dead branches of Carpinus
betulus L. (Betulaceae), 23 April 2014, Nello Camporesi, IT
1622 (MFLU 15–1098, holotype).
Notes: Our collection is morphologically similar to the
asexual morph of Melanconiella decorahensis. However,
Melanconium deplanatum (current name in Species
Fungorum Myxofusicoccum deplanatum (Speg. & Roum.)
Died.), M. ramulorum (9–10 × 7–8 μm), M. stromaticum
(22–25 × 20 μm fide Corda 1833) and M. triangulare Ellis &
Everh. (only length was given 5–6 μm fide Ellis and Everhart
1886) are also recorded from Carpinus spp. (Farr and
Rossman 2015). Our collection of melanconium-like taxon
is distinct from the conidial morphology of other species recorded on Carpinus spp. thus we introduce a new species.
Several attempts to culture the fungus were unsuccessful
and hence identification is based on morphology and
host association.
Melanocamarosporium Wijayaw., Camporesi, D.J. Bhat &
K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551780; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01522; Fig. 147
Etymology: Named after its morphological similarity
to the genus Camarosporium and its placement in
Melanommataceae
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
family incertae sedis, Melanommataceae
Saprobic on Galium sp. (Rubiaceae, Dicotyledons). Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, subepidermal, erumpent at maturity,
dark brown to black, with a papillate ostiole. Conidiomata wall
multi-layered, outer layer composed of thick-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis, inner layer thin, with thick-walled,
hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, with periclinal thickenings, long, discrete, determinate, hyaline to subhyaline, smooth. Conidia oblong to ellipsoid, truncate at base, obtuse at apex, straight, muriform, with
2–4 transverse septa and 2–4 longitudinal septa, pale brown to
medium brown, continuous, smooth-walled.
Notes: In morphology, our collection from Galium sp. resembles Camarosporium sensu stricto. However, in phylogenetic analyses, it clusters in Melanommataceae (Fig. 9).
Currently, there are no camarosporium-like taxa reported in
Melanommataceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Tian et al.
2015), and therefore we introduce Melanocamarosporium to
accommodate our new collection.
Type species: Melanocamarosporium galiicola Wijayaw.,
Camporesi, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde
Melanocamarosporium galiicola Wijayaw., Camporesi,
D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.;
Index Fungorum number: IF551781; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01523; Fig. 147
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–3451
Saprobic on Galium sp. (Rubiaceae). Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 350–400 μm
diam., 250–340 μm high, pycnidial, solitary to gregarious,
subepidermal, erumpent at maturity, dark brown to black, with
a papillate ostiole. Conidiomata wall multi-layered, with 4–5
outer layers of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis,
with inner most layer thin, 4–5 layers, hyaline. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 8–
12 × 6–8.5 μm, enteroblastic, phialidic, with periclinal thickenings, discrete, determinate, hyaline to subhyaline, smooth.
Conidia 13–18 × 5–9 μm (x = 15.2 × 6.2 μm, n = 20), oblong
to ellipsoid, truncate at base, obtuse at apex, straight,
muriform, with 2–4 transverse septa and 2–4 longitudinal septa, pale brown to medium brown, continuous, smooth-walled.
Culture characteristics: On PDA slow growing, attaining
30 mm diam. in 7 days at 18 °C, with thick mycelium, wavy
margin, white from the surface, pale brown from the reverse,
becoming cottony in 14 days.
Material examined: Italy, Province of Forlì-Cesena [FC],
near Monte Fumaiolo - Bagno di Romagna, on dead stem of
Galium sp. (Rubiaceae), 19 May 2013, Erio Camporesi, IT
1274 (MFLU 15–3451, holotype); (HKAS92548, isotype),
ex-type living cultures MFLUCC 13–0545, GUCC 2
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 147 Melanocamarosporium galiicola (holotype). a Conidiomata
on host. b Vertical section of pycnidium. c, e Conidiomata walls. d
Inner wall of pycnidium and developing conidium (shown by arrow
head). f–i Developing conidia. j–o Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 150 μm,
d = 10 μm, e = 100 μm, f–o = 10 μm
Notes: As far as we know, there are no camarosporium-like
taxa reported on Galium spp. (Farr and Rossman 2016), hence
our new collection is introduced as new species in
Melanocamarosporium.
Fungal Diversity
Melanophoma Papendorf & J.W. du Toit, Trans. Br. mycol.
Soc. 50(3): 503 (1967)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01527; Fig. 148
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on leaf litter of Fabaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed to semiimmersed, globose to ampulliform, unilocular, medium brown,
papillate ostiole or depressed, single, circular. Conidiomata
wall composed of thin-walled, pale brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, ampulliform to
doliiform, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth, channel
wide, with collarette. Conidia ovoid, broadly elliptical or
subglobose, base rounded, apex obtuse, dark smoky brown,
aseptate, thick and smooth-walled, with a hyaline, membranous, persistent, epispore (Papendorf 1967a; Sutton 1980).
Type species: Melanophoma karroo Papendorf & J.W. du
Toit, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 50(3): 503 (1967); Fig. 148
Notes: Papendorf (1967a) introduced Melanophoma with
M. karroo as the type species. Sutton (1977, 1980) and Kirk
et al. (2013) accepted Melanophoma. Papendorf (1967a) stated
the conidial wall to be smooth, but Sutton (1980) found it to be
verruculose. The genus remains monotypic and sequence data
is unavailable, thus the taxonomic placement is uncertain.
In conidial morphology, Melanconiopsis, Melanconium
and Melanophoma share very similar characters such as ovoid
or globose to ellipsoid, dark to dark brown, guttulate, thickwalled conidia. Nevertheless, the key below can be used to
distinguish them based on morphology.
Key to distinguish Melanconiopsis, Melanconium
and Melanophoma
1. Conidiomata pycnidial Melanophoma
1. Conidiomata acervular 2
Fig. 148 Melanophoma karroo. a Different stages of conidiogenesis. b
Conidia. Scale bars: a = 10 μm, b = 5 μm (re-drawn from Papendorf 1967a)
2. Conidia often with 1 guttule Melanconiopsis
2. Conidia often multi-guttulate Melanconium
Melnikia Wijayaw., Goonas., D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde, gen.
nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551799; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01528; Fig. 149
Etymology: In honour of V.A. Mel’nik, a Russian mycologist, recognizing his invaluable contribution to science
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on Poaceae (Monocotyledons).
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, scattered, subepidermal to
immersed, erumpent at maturity, globose, unilocular, brown.
Ostiole apapillate, single, circular, central. Conidiomata wall
composed of two layers, outer layer thick, composed of thinwalled, brown cells of textura globosa; inner layer thin, hyaline, almost reduced to conidiogenous region. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, ampulliform to rarely lageniform, discrete, determinate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Conidia
ellipsoidal or rarely slightly sigmoid, straight to slightly
curved, both ends rounded or rarely truncate base,
phragmosporous, 2–3-transverse septate, constricted at septa,
often with small guttules, thick and smooth-walled.
Type species: Melnikia anthoxanthii Wijayaw., Goonas.,
Camporesi, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde
Notes: The genus Melnikia is introduced to accommodate
our collection from Anthoxanthum sp., characterised by pycnidial conidiomata, phialidic conidiogenesis and
phragmosporous, pale brown to brown conidia. The conidial
morphology of Melnikia resembles Pseudohendersonia.
However, Pseudohendersonia has eguttulate and brown to
dark brown conidia (Crous and Palm 1999b; Fig. 9), while
Melnikia has guttulate, pale brown to brown conidia. In phylogenetic analyses, the type species of Melnikia resides in
Phaeosphaeriaceae. The type species of Pseudohendersonia
lacks sequence data, however, in this study we introduce
P. galiorum which resides in Didymellaceae (Fig. 9).
Melnikia anthoxanthii Wijayaw., Goonas., Camporesi, D.J.
Bhat & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551800; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01529; Fig. 149
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–2657
Endophytic or saprobic on Anthoxanthum odoratum.
S e x u a l m o r p h : Undet erm ined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata 90–110 μm high, 170–200 μm diam., pycnidial,
solitary, scattered, sub-epidermal to immersed, erumpent at maturity, globose, unilocular, brown, ostiolate. Ostiole apapillate,
single, circular, central. Conidiomata wall with outer layer
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Fig. 149 Melnikia anthoxanthii (holotype). a, b Conidiomata on host material. c, d Vertical sections of conidiomata. e–g Different stages of
conidiogenesis. h–q Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 100 μm, e–g = 10 μm, h–q = 5 μm
thick, composed of thin-walled, brown cells of textura globosa;
inner layer thin, hyaline, almost reduced to conidiogenous region. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells 2–3 × 1–2 μm, enteroblastic, phialidic,
ampulliform to rarely lageniform, discrete, determinate, hyaline
to pale brown, smooth. Conidia 11–18 × 3–6 μm (x
= 15.2 × 4.7 μm, n = 20), ellipsoidal or rarely slightly sigmoid,
straight or slightly curved, both ends rounded or rarely truncate
at base, 2–3-transverse septate, constricted at septa, often with
small guttules, thick and smooth-walled.
Culture characteristics: On PDA slow growing,
attaining 2.5 cm in 10 days, white from the above and
pale brown from below, thin mycelium, not zonate,
wavy margin, cottony.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] of Province,
Passo delle Forche – Galeata, on stems of Anthoxanthum
odoratum L. (Poaceae), 23 April 2014, Erio Camporesi,
NNW IT 1835 (MFLU 15–2657, holotype); living cultures
MFLUCC 14–1010, GUCC 1835.
Notes: Farr and Rossman (2016) reported Pseudoseptoria
and Stagonospora spp. from Anthoxanthum species, but both
genera have hyaline conidia (Sutton 1980). Based on molecular and morphological data, we accommodate our collection
in Melnikia.
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DOI 10.1007/s13225-016-0360-2
Microsphaeropsis Höhn., Hedwigia 59: 267 (1917)
See index Fungorum for synonyms
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01530; Fig. 150
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Didymellaceae
Saprobic on leaves, stems or branches of dead
plants on a range of host plants or pathogenic on animals or associated with leaf spots, lichenicolous.
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or gregarious, immersed to semi-immersed, globose to subglobose, unilocular, brown to black, ostiolate or not. Ostiole occasionally papillate ostiole, circular, single, central.
Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis, inner layer thin-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, periclinal thickening, determinate, discrete, doliiform or ampulliform, cylindrical,
hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia pyriform or short cylindrical or fusiform or globose to subglobose, pale
brown to brown, aseptate, some species are guttulate,
thin to thick and smooth-walled (Sutton 1980;
Matsushima 1996, 2001; van der Aa and Vanev 2002;
Etayo and Yazici 2009; Alves et al. 2010; Crous et al.
2011c).
Type species: Microsphaeropsis olivacea (Bonord.) Höhn.
[as ‘olivaceus’], Hedwigia 59: 267 (1917)
Notes: Von Höhnel (1917) introduced the genus
Microsphaeropsis with M. olivaceus (current name M.
olivacea) as the type species. Currently, there are about
5 0 e p i t h et s l i s t e d i n I n de x F un g o r u m ( 2 0 16 ) .
Coniothyrium-like taxa and Microsphaeropsis share similar morphological characters such as shape and pigmentation of the conidia, thus taxonomists faced difficulties
determining generic boundaries (Sutton 1977, 1980).
Hence, Sutton (1980) categorized species with thinwalled, 1-celled conidia and phialidic conidiogenesis as
Microsphaeropsis. This concept was accepted and
expanded by de Gruyter et al. (2013) who stated
‘Microsphaeropsis is characterised by the production of
phialidic conidiogenous cells with periclinal thickening,
and thin-walled, pale greenish brown conidia.’
However, recent phylogenetic studies reveal
coniothyrium-like taxa and microsphaeropsis-like taxa
are polyphyletic in Capnodiales and Pleosporales
(Verkley et al. 2004, 2014; Cortinas et al. 2006; de
Gruyter et al. 2009, 2013). Most of these taxa reside
in Pleosporales viz. Microsphaeropsis sensu stricto in
Didymellaceae (Verkley et al. 2004; de Gruyter et al.
2009; Wijayawardene et al. 2014d), Paraconiothyrium
sensu stricto in Didymosphaeriaceae (Verkley et al.
2004, 2014; Damm et al. 2008; Ariyawansa et al.
Fig. 150 Microsphaeropsis sp. (Material examined: Italy, Arezzo [AR]
Province, near Croce di Pratomagno, on dead branch of Cytisus
scoparius, 24 June 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 13–0340). a, b
Conidiomata on host material. c, e Vertical sections of conidiomata. d
Conidioma wall. f–i Different stages of conidiogenesis. j–l Different
stages of conidiogenesis in methyl blue. m Conidia. n Germinating
conidium. o, p Culture from the top and reverse respectively. Scale
bars: c = 100 μm, d = 50 μm, e = 10 μm, f–m = 5 μm, n = 10 μm
2014b; Wijayawardene et al. 2014d), Coniothyrium
sensu stricto in Coniothyriaceae (de Gruyter et al.
2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2014d). Thus, it is highly
recommended to rely on molecular data to confirm the
correct generic placement of such genera with higher
plasticity in morphology. A taxonomic key to distinguish Microsphaeropsis and coniothyrium-like taxa is
provided under Coniothyrium.
Brackel (2014), Etayo and Sancho (2008), and Etayo and
Yazici (2009) introduced Microsphaeropsis caloplacae Etayo
& Yazici, M. lichenicola Etayo and M. physciae Brackel as
lichenicolous species. However, sequence data of both species
are unavailable thus taxonomic placements are unavailable.
Minutoexcipula V. Atienza & D. Hawksw., Mycol. Res.
98(5): 587 (1994)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01779; Fig. 151
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Lichenicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata in the type species
sporodochia, superficial, single, dark brown to black,
in some species pycnidial when young. Conidiophores
macronematous, short-cylindrical, septate, branched,
smooth, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, annellate, terminal percurrently proliferating, cylindrical, integrated, subhyaline, smooth. Conidia
ellipsoid, rounded at the apex and truncated at the base,
(0−)l-septate, pale to dark brown, smooth-walled
(Atienza and Hawksworth 1994; Atienza et al. 2009).
Type species: Minutoexcipula tuckerae V. Atienza & D.
Hawksw., Mycol. Res. 98(5): 587 (1994)
Notes: Atienza et al. (1994) introduced
Minutoexcipula with M. tuckerae as the type species
and compared the new genus to similar genera with
sporodochia-like conidiomata. Seifert et al. (2011) listed
Minutoexcipula as a hyphomycetous genus. Some species, such as M. mariana V. Atienza, have pycnidial
conidiomata when young.
Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch., Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2
(Leipzig) 1(7): 665 (1902) [1903]
= Lennisia Nieuwl., Am. Midl. Nat. 4: 380 (1916)
= Pestalotia subgen. Monochaetia Sacc. [as ‘Pestalozzia’],
Syll. fung. (Abellini) 3: 797 (1884)
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Fig. 151 Minutoexcipula tephromelae. a Vertical section of conidioma.
b Conidiophore and developing conidium. c Conidia. Scale bars: a–
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Atienza et al. 2009)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01531; Figs. 152 and 153
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Pestalotiopsidaceae
Saprobic on leaf litter or weak pathogen of stems of
a range of plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, superficial to
subepidermal, solitary or gregarious, occasionally confluent, unilocular, globose. Conidiomata wall multi-layered, composed of thin-walled, brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical, straight or occasionally curved, hyaline, sparsely branched and septate
only at the base. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
annellidic, indeterminate, discrete, hyaline, cylindrical,
smooth. Conidia fusiform, straight to slightly curved,
3–5-septate, continuous or constricted at the septa, apical and basal cell hyaline, median cells thick-walled,
brown, smooth-walled; with an unbranched, short, central basal appendage; with simple or branched, filiform
apical appendage (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993;
Matsushima 1996; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015;
Senanayake et al. 2015).
Type species: Monochaetia monochaeta (Desm.) Allesch.,
Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1(7): 667 (1902) [1903];
Fig. 152
Notes: Allescher (1902) introduced the genus
Monochaetia with M. monochaeta as the type species.
Guba (1961) revised the genus and accepted 41 species
with 3–5-septate conidia. However, Nag Raj (1993)
mentioned that most of these species belong to
Seimatosporium or Seiridium and thus accepted only
12 species, while listing 98 species under ‘unexamined
and excluded genera’. Currently, there are 121 species
epithets listed under Monochaetia in Index Fungorum
(2016), but most have been transferred to other genera
such as Seiridium, Seimatosporium, Sarcostroma
(Species Fungorum 2016).
Based on phylogenetic analyses, Jeewon et al. (2002)
showed that Monochaetia clustered in
Amphisphaeriaceae with several other appendaged bearing genera such as Discosia and Pestalotiopsis.
However, Jeewon et al. (2002) stated that it is essential
to resolve the generic concept of Monochaetia as it
shares similar morphological characters with Seiridium
and Seimatosporium. Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2015) listed Monochaetia under Amphisphaeriaceae
but Senanayake et al. (2015) showed it belongs to
Pestalotiopsidaceae. Our phylogenetic analyses also
agree with findings in Senanayake et al. (2015)
(Fig. 16).
Currently 38 different sequences are available in
GenBank, but sequence for the type species is not available. Thus it is essential to carry out further recollections and morpho-molecular analyses to confirm correct
generic boundaries of the genus.
Monochaetinula Muthumary et al., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
87(1): 104 (1986)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01532; Fig. 154
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic or pynidial, immersed or suberumpent, solitary, unilocular or multi-locular, globose or glabrous, brown, ostiolate. Ostiole
apapillate, single, circular. Conidiomata wall composed
of pale brown-walled cells of textura angularis.
Paraphyses filiform, septate, hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or if present, filiform or
cylindrical or irregular, septate, sparingly branched, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
annellidic, cylindrical to irregular, discrete or integrated,
hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform, 3–4-septate, continuous or constricted, with olivaceous to pale brown median cells; apical cell conic, hyaline, with a short simple
appendage; basal cell hyaline, with or without a simple
appendage (Muthumary et al. 1986; Nag Raj 1993;
Matsushima 1996).
Type species: Monochaetinula terminaliae (Bat. & J.L.
Bezerra) Muthumary et al., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 87(1):
106 (1986); Fig. 154
≡ Monochaetia terminaliae Bat. & J.L. Bezerra,
Publicações Inst. Micol. Recife 298: 13 (1960)
Notes: Muthumary et al. (1986) erected
Monochaetinula to place Monochaetia terminaliae and
named it as Monochaetinula terminaliae. The original
generic description of Monochaetinula (Muthumary
et al. 1986) and Nag Raj (1993) did not mention the
presence of paraphyses. However, Matsushima (1996)
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 152 Monochaetia monochaeta (Material examined: Germany, on
leaf of Quercus robur, 21 December 2013, René K. Schumacher, MFLU
16–0002). a Host specimen. b Conidiomata on host. c and close up of
conidioma. d, e Vertical sections of conidioma. f Section of conidioma
wall. g–i Conidia arising from conidiogenous cells. j–n Conidia. Scale
bars: c = 100 μm, d, e, h, i = 50 μm, e = 100 μm, f, j–n = 10 μm,
g = 20 μm
Fungal Diversity
introduced Monochaetinula caffra Matsush. with ‘filiform, septate, hyaline’ paraphyses. Monochaetinula
closely resembles Monochaetia but the former has
stromatic or pycnidial conidiomata, while the latter has
acervular conidiomata. However, it is important to carry
out molecular analyses of both taxa to delimit clear
generic boundaries. Currently six species epithets are
listed in Index Fungorum (2016). Sequence data is unavailable, thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Morinia Berl. & Bres., Annuario Soc. Alpinisti Trident.,
1887–88: 82 (1889) [1887–88]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01533; Fig. 155
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Bartaliniaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on stems of Ericaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata acervular, subepidermal to partially immersed, separate, globose to subglobose, circular, dark brown
to black. Conidiomatal wall composed of thin-walled,
pale brown, cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
cylindrical, flexuous, septate, simple or branched at the
base, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, indeterminate, cylindrical, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia fusiform to ellipsoid, straight to slightly
curved, muriform, with 5–6 transverse septa, and 1–3
vertical septa or septa oblique, apical and end cells hyaline to sub-hyaline, median cells medium brown, smoothwalled, basal cell truncate with the remains of the
conidiogenous cell attached; apical cell conic with 2–4
cellular, unbranched, filiform appendage (Sutton 1980;
Collado et al. 2006).
Type species: Morinia pestalozzioides Berl. & Bres.,
Annuario Soc. Alpinisti Trident., 1887–88: 82 (1889)
[1887–88]; Fig. 155
Notes: Berlese and Bresadola (1889) introduced Morinia
with M. pestalozzioides as the type species. Sutton (1977,
1980) accepted Morinia as a monotypic genus and Collado
et al. (2006) introduced a second species, M.
longiappendiculata Collado & Platas. Further, Collado et al.
(2006) showed M. longiappendiculata has close relationship
with Truncatella and Bartalinia in Amphisphaeriaceae in
their molecular data analyses. In phylogenetic analyses,
Morinia sensu stricto groups as a monotypic clade in
Bartaliniaceae (Fig. 16).
In morphology, Morinia has unique conidial characters as
other members in Bartaliniaceae lack vertical or oblique septa.
Mucoharknessia Crous et al., Phytotaxa 202 (2): 86 (2015)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01685; Fig. 156
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Fig. 153 Monochaetia sp. (Material examined: USA, on a leaf of
unknown plant, 20 August 2012, K.D. Hyde, MFLU 13–0302). a
Specimen on dead leaf. b Conidiomata on the host surface. c–h
Conidiogenous cells with developing conidia. i–m Conidia. n
Germinating conidium. o–p Colonies on PDA (o From top. p From
reverse). Scale bars: c–n = 10 μm
Foliicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, solitary to
gregarious, unilocular, globose to subglobose, black,
ostiolate. Ostiole subepidermal, circular to subcircular,
opening onto the abaxial side of leaves. Conidiomata
wall outer layer composed of brown walled-cells of
textura angularis; inner layer of flattened, hyaline cells.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells percurrently proliferating, with
flared collarette, lageniform to subcylindrical, smooth,
hyaline, invested in mucus. Conidia oval to ellipsoidal,
aseptate, brown, thick-walled, smooth to finely
verruculose, lacking striations, appendaged; apical appendage extracellular, mucilaginous, irregular, smooth,
hyaline; basal appendage tubular, thin-walled, hyaline
and smooth (description modified from Crous et al.
2015b).
Type species: Mucoharknessia cortaderiae Crous et al.,
Phytotaxa 202 (2): 86 (2015); Fig. 156
Notes: Crous et al. (2015b) introduced Mucoharknessia
with M. cortaderiae as the type species. In morphology,
Mucoharknessia resembles Harknessia, but the latter genus
lacks mucilaginous apical appendages in the conidia (Crous
et al. 2015b). In phylogeny, Mucoharknessia clusters in
Botryosphaeriaceae (Crous et al. 2015b; Fig. 10) while
Harknessia resides in Harknessiaceae, Diaporthales (Crous
et al. 2012d; Fig. 12).
Murilentithecium Wanasinghe et al., Crypto Mycol 35(4):
330 (2014)
Facesoffungi number: FoF00294; Fig. 157
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Massarineae, Lentitheciaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on dead herbaceous branches.
Sexual morph: see Wanasinghe et al. (2014). Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed, unilocular, dark
brown. Ostiole papillate, single, circular. Conidiomata wall
outer layer composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura
angularis, inner wall composed of thin-walled, hyaline cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline,
smooth, formed from the inner most layer of pycnidium wall.
Conidia oblong, mostly straight, infrequently slightly curved,
muriform, with 3–5 transverse septa, and 2–5 longitudinal septa, constricted at the septa, initially hyaline, pale brown to
brown at maturity, narrowly rounded at both ends, smoothwalled.
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Fig. 154 Monochaetinula terminaliae. a Vertical section of conidioma.
b, c Different stages of conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 100 μm, b–d = 20 μm (re-drawn from Nag Raj 1993)
Fig. 156 Mucoharknessia cortaderiae. a, b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia with apical mucoid appendage. d Conidia
without appendages. Scale bars: a–d = 10 μm (re-drawn from Crous
et al. 2015b)
Type species: Murilentithecium clematidis Wanasinghe
et al., Crypto Mycol 35(4): 331; Fig. 152
N o t e s : Wa n a s i n g h e e t a l . ( 2 0 1 4 ) i n t r o d u c e d
Murilentithecium to accommodate the bi-tunicate, muriform
sexual morph in Lentitheciaceae. Moreover, Wanasinghe et al.
(2014) reported a camarosporium-like asexual morph from
culture. Wijayawardene et al. (2015a) also reported
Phragmocamarosporium in Lentitheciaceae (Fig. 15) which
also has reduced conidiophores, phialidic conidiogenesis.
However, Phragmocamarosporium lacks longitudinal septa
and is thus distinct from Murilentithecium.
Mycohypallage B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 88: 4 (1963)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01534; Fig. 158
?Sordariomycetes, order incertae sedis, Phyllachorales,
Phyllachoraceae
Associated with leaf lesions of Myrtaceae (Dicotyledons).
Sexual morph: ?Plagiostigma fide Sutton (1980). Asexual
morph: Conidiomata eustromatic or pycnidial, amphigenous
or only on upper surface, immersed to subepidermis, solitary
to gregarious, globose to irregular, unilocular or multi-locular,
or convoluted, brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate ostiole,
Fig. 155 a Different stages of conidiogenesis and conidia of M.
pestalozzioides. b Different stages of conidiogenesis and conidia of M.
longiappendiculata. Scale bars: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from Collado
et al. 2006)
Fig. 157 Holomorph of Murilentithecium clematidis (Material
examined: Italy, Arezzo Province, Badia Tega, Ortignano Raggiolo,
dead and hanging branches of Clematis vitalba, 10 March 2013, E.
Camporesi, MFLU 14–0334, holotype). a Ascomata on host substrate.
b Vertical section of ascoma. c Ostiole. d Pseudoparaphyses. e Peridium.
f, g Asci. h–j Ascospores. k Ascospores stained with Indian ink. l, m
Colonies on PDA (m from below). n Longitudinal sections of
conidiomata. o, p Immature and mature conidia attached to
conidiogenous cell. q–s Conidia. Scale bars: b = 100 μm, c, f,
g = 20 μm, d, o, p = 5 μm, e, h–k, q–s = 10 μm, n = 50 μm
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introduced M. margaretae Marinc. et al. and compared it
with the type species. Sequence data is unavailable thus
taxonomic placement is uncertain. Kirk et al. (2008) stated
Deshpandiella Kamat & Ullasa as the sexual morph.
Fig. 158 Mycohypallage congesta. a Vertical section of conidioma. b, c
Different stages of conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b,
c = 20 μm (re-drawn from Morgan-Jones et al. 1972d)
circular, central or excentric. Conidiomata wall composed of
highly compressed, subhyaline to pale brown, thin or thickwalled, brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores simple or reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
holoblastic, determinate, discrete, cylindrical, filiform, hyaline, smooth. Conidia clavate, base truncate, apex obtuse, 1septate, constricted, brown, lighter around the middle, thick
and smooth-walled, guttulate or eguttulate; with tubular, unbranched or branched 1–5 times, cellular, apical appendage;
with or without doliiform, gelatinous basal appendage
(Morgan-Jones et al. 1972d; Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993;
Marincowitz et al. 2010).
Type species: Mycohypallage congesta (Berk. & Broome)
B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 88: 5 (1963); Fig. 158
≡ Pestalotia congesta Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
14(no. 74): 89 (1873) [1875]
Notes: Sutton (1963) erected Mycohypallage to place
Pestalotia congesta and named it as Mycohypallage congesta.
Mel’nik (1970) added a second species, M. northeae Mel’nik
but Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993) excluded it from the
genus and treated it as a synonym of Robillarda sessilis
(Sacc.) Sacc. (Nag Raj 1993). Marincowitz et al. (2010)
Myrotheciastrum Abbas & B. Sutton, Trans. Br. mycol.
Soc. 91(2): 352 (1988)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01535; Fig. 159
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
E n d o p h y t i c o r s a p ro b i c o n S a l v a d o r a c e a e
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, superficial to semi-immersed, solitary to gregarious, cupulate or convoluted, unilocular or occasionally multi-locular. Conidiomata wall
outer layer composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells
of textura angularis to textura prismatica; inner wall poorly developed or absent, composed of thin-walled, hyaline
cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses cylindrical,
branched, septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells or rarely present; if present, cylindrical, branched, 1–2-septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, cylindrical, hyaline or rarely dark brown to
black, discrete or integrated. Conidia ovoid, ellipsoid to
globose, apex obtuse, base obtuse or truncate, greenish
black to black, aseptate, verruculose, with hyaline, tubular,
basal appendage (description modified from Abbas and
Sutton 1988b).
Type species: Myrotheciastrum salvadorae Abbas & B.
Sutton, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 91(2): 354 (1988); Fig. 159
Notes: Abbas and Sutton (1988b) introduced
Myrotheciastrum with M. salvadorae as the type species. In
morphology, Myrotheciastrum resembles Apoharknessia,
Bellulicauda, Harknessia and Strasseriopsis. A taxonomic
key to distinguish Myrotheciastrum from related genera is
provided under Harknessia. Sequence data is unavailable,
thus taxonomic placement is uncertain
Myxocyclus Riess, Beitr. Mykol. 2: 62 (1852)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01536; Fig. 160
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
family incertae sedis, Pleomassariaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on twigs or bark of Pinaceae
(Gymnosperm) and Betulaceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual
morph: Splanchnonema sensu lato Tanaka et al.
(2005). Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular or pycnidial, subperidermal, immersed, erumpent at maturity,
solitary, punctiform, dark brown to black. Conidiomata
outer wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown walled
cells of textura angularis, inner wall composed of thinwalled, pale brown cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores cylindrical, flexuous, septate, branched
at the base, pale brown, verruculose, hyaline at the
apex, enclosed in a gelatinous sheath. Conidiogenous
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 159 Myrotheciastrum
salvadorae. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Abbas and Sutton
1988b)
cells holoblastic, cylindrical, integrated, determinate,
pale brown to hyaline, smooth. Conidia clavate to pyriform, tapered to the base, apex obtuse, muriform,
verruculose, 7–8-distoseptate, constricted, with longitudinal or oblique distosepta, lumina reduced, guttulate,
enclosed in a gelatinous sheath (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj
and DiCosmo 1981b; Tanaka et al. 2005; Pastirčáková
and Pastirčák 2010).
Type species: Myxocyclus polycystis (Berk. & Broome)
Sacc., Annls mycol. 6(6): 559 (1908); Fig. 160
≡ Hendersonia polycystis Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat.
Hist., Ser. 2 5: no. 415 (1850)
= Myxocyclus confluens Riess, Beitr. Mykol. 2: 63 (1852)
Notes: Fresenius (1852) introduced Myxocyclus with M.
confluens as the type species. However, Sutton (1975a,
1977, 1980) treated Hendersonia polycystis as the oldest
name of the taxon and thus transferred to Myxocyclus as M.
polycystis At the same time, M. polycystis was treated as the
type species, while M. confluens treated as its synonym.
Petrak (1927) introduced M. cenangioides (Ellis & Rothr.)
Petr., but Sutton (1980) stated that it is not congeneric with
the type species, thus its placement is uncertain.
Saccardo (1908) and Barr (1982) predicted
Splanchnonema argus (Berk. & Broome) Kuntze, as the sexual morph of Myxocyclus polycystis based on the cooccurrence of both morphs on same host. This link was proved
in culture methods by Tanaka et al. (2005). However,
Splanchnonema argus is not the type species of
Splanchnonema. Further, Splanchnonema argus lacks sequence data to confirm whether it belongs to
Splanchnonema sensu stricto. Hence, we do not reduce
Myxocyclus under Splanchnonema until S. argus is shown to
be congeneric with Splanchnonema sensu stricto. Sequence
data of Myxocyclus polycystis is unavailable, thus taxonomic
placement is unclear.
Nagrajomyces Mel’nik, Mikol. Fitopatol. 18(1): 9 (1984)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01537; Fig. 161
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on twigs of Ericaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, sporodochial-like, erumpent,
with an obtuse head and stalk, glabrous, above region unilocular to multi-locular. Conidiomata wall basal region composed of brown-walled cells of textura intricata and textura
prismatica, i nner region hyaline to pale brown.
Conidiophores branched, septate, hyaline to subhyaline,
smooth, invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, enteroblastic, integrated, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia fusiform to ellipsoid, subglobose to globose,
straight or curved, muriform, pale brown, smoothwalled, bearing single, unbranched, attenuated, flexuous
apical appendage (Mel’nik 1984; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Nagrajomyces dictyosporus Mel’nik, Mikol.
Fitopatol. 18(1): 9 (1984); Fig. 161
Notes: Mel’nik (1984) introduced Nagrajomyces with N.
dictyosporus as the type species. The genus remains monotypic and sequence data is unavailable. Hence, the taxonomic
placement is uncertain.
In conidial morphology, Nagrajomyces resembles Uniseta
as the latter taxon also has a single, unbranched apical appendage. However, Uniseta has conidia with a single septum
while, Nagrajomyces has muriform conidia (Nag Raj 1974).
Neocamarosporium Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia,
Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 32: 273 (2014)
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 160 Myxocyclus polycystis (Material examined: Japan, Aomori,
Sannohe, Shingou, on twigs of Betula platyphylla var. japonica, 21
July 2014, K. Tanaka, HHUF 30473). a, b Conidiomata on host. c
Vertical section of conidioma. d Conidiogenous cell. e–g Conidia. h
Conidia with sheath (in India ink). Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 200 μm,
c = 100 μm, d–h = 10 μm
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01538; Fig. 162
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporaceae
Saprobic or endophytic on leaves of Aizoaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata immersed, becoming erumpent, globose, brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central.
Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, brown cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells proliferating several times
percurrently near apex, ampulliform with prominent periclinal
thickening, separate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia solitary,
initially hyaline, aseptate, developing a central septum and
then becoming muriform, shape variable from globose to obovoid to ellipsoid, golden brown, finely roughened, thickwalled (Crous et al. 2014c).
Type species: Neocamarosporium goegapense Crous &
M.J. Wingf., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 32: 273
(2014)
Notes: Crous et al. (2014c) introduced Neocamarosporium
with N. goegapense as the type species. Neocamarosporium is
morphologically similar to Camarosporium sensu stricto but
it is phyllogenetically distinct and resides in Pleosporaceae
(Fig. 9).
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 161 Nagrajomyces dictyosporus (Material examined: Russia,
Kamchatka, Kronokense Reservation, on twigs of Rhododendron
aureum, 14 July 1981, N. Vassiljeva, LE 41390, holotype). a–c
Conidiomata on host. d Vertical section of conidioma. e, f
Conidiogenous cells. g–k Conidia. Scale bars: a–c = 500 μm,
d = 100 μm, e–k = 10 μm
Neocurreya Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers. 74:
249 (2015)
Facesoffungi number: FoF00836; Fig. 163
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
family incertae sedis, Floricolaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates on a range of
plants. Sexual morph: see Thambugala et al. (2015). Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, subepidermal to superficial,
solitary to gregarious, globose or subglobose, unilocular, dark
brown to black, ostiolate. Conidiomata wall several-layered,
outer layer composed of thin-walled, brown cells of textura
angularis, inner layer composed of thin-walled, hyaline cells
of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells or branched at the base, 0–2-septate, hyaline.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, proliferating 1–3 times
percurrently, cylindrical, branched or unbranched, discrete or
integrate, indeterminate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth.
Conidia ellipsoidal or oblong, 0–1-septate, pale to dark brown,
guttulate or eguttulate, thin to thick-walled, smooth or verrucose.
Type species: Neocurreya austroafricana (Marinc.
et al.) Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers. 74:
250 (2015)
≡ Curreya austroafricana Marinc. et al., in Marincowitz
et al., CBS Diversity Ser. (Utrecht) 7: 37 (2008)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2015) introduced Neocurreya to
accommodate Curreya austroafricana which is not congeneric with Curreya sensu stricto in Cucurbitariaceae (Doilom
et al. 2013). At the same time, Thambugala et al. (2015) introduced three new combinations; N. claviformis (Mugambi
& Huhndorf) Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, N. grandicipis (Joanne
E. Taylor & Crous) Thambugala & K.D. Hyde and N. proteae
(Marinc. et al.) Thambugala & K.D. Hyde.
Our phylogenetic analyses also agree with findings in
Thambugala et al. (2015) (Fig. 14) and confirm the placement
of Neocurreya in Floricolaceae, Pleosporales. Crous et al.
(2015c) introduced Curreya acaciae Crous & M.J. Wingf.
based on mega blast results but our phylogenetic showed it
belongs to Neocurreya, thus we provide a new combination.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 162 Neocamarosporium chichastianum (Material examined: Iran,
West Azerbaijan Province, Urmia (Lake Urmia), soil, 8 October 2011, M.
Papizadeh & M. R. Soudi, IBRC-M 30126). a Conidiomata on agar. b–e
Developmental stages of conidiomata. f–h Chlamydospores. i Conidia.
Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b–i = 10 μm
Neocurreya acaciae (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Wijayaw.,
Wanasinghe & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov.
Basionym: Curreya acaciae Crous & M.J. Wingf.,
Sydowia 67: 94 (2015)
Neodeightonia C. Booth, Mycol. Pap. 119: 17 (1970)
[1969]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01539; Figs. 164 and 165
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates on a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: see Liu et al.
(2012); Phillips et al. (2013). Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic to pycnidial, immersed, erumpent
at maturity, solitary or aggregated, globose, uni- to
multilocular, brown to black. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical to subcylindrical. Conidia sphaerical to globose,
initially hyaline, pale to dark brown when mature, 1-
septate, thick-walled, smooth to verruculose, with fine
striations (Phillips et al. 2008, 2013; Liu et al. 2010,
2012).
Type species: Neodeightonia subglobosa C. Booth, Mycol.
Pap. 119: 19 (1970) [1969]; Fig. 164
Notes: Punithalingam (1969) introduced Neodeightonia
with N. subglobosa as the type species. von Arx and Müller
(1975) treated Botryosphaeria with a broad generic concept
and reduced Neodeightonia to synonymy under
Botryosphaeria. Crous et al. (2006a) did not recognize
Neodeightonia as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae. However,
Crous et al. (2006a) showed Botryosphaeria subglobosa (C.
Booth) Arx & E. Müll. (CBS 448.91) grouped away from
Botryosphaeria sensu stricto and compared the conidial
morphology with Diplodia and Lasiodiplodia. Phillips et al.
(2008) also recognized Botryosphaeria subglobosa (CBS
448.91) as a distinct species and hence reinstated
Neodeightonia to accommodate it. Phillips et al. (2008) also
introduced N. phoenicum A.J.L. Phillips et al. and Liu et al.
(2010) introduced a third species, N. palmicola J.K. Liu et al.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 163 Curreya grandicipis. a
Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 150 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Crous et al.
2011c)
In conidial morphology, Neodeightonia resembles
Lasiodiplodia as both have striate conidia. However,
Neodeightonia can be distinguished as it lacks paraphyses while Lasiodiplodia has conspicuous paraphyses
(Phillips et al. 2008, 2013). Phylogenetically, both genera are distinct in Botryosphaeriaceae (Phillips et al.
2008, 2013; Liu et al. 2010, 2012; Figs. 9 and 10).
Neofusicoccum Crous et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 247 (2006)
(species with dichomera-like asexual morphs)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01790; Figs. 166 and 167
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Saprobic or endophytic on various substrates of a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: see Phillips et al.
(2013). Asexual morph: with hyaline, aseptate, fusiform
to ovoid conidia (fide Crous et al. 2006a; Liu et al.
2012; Phillips et al. 2013) or muriform, brown, irregular
shape conidia (dichomera-like taxa). Dichomera-like
asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, or occasionally confluent, subepidermal to superficial, unilocular, globose, dark brown. Conidiomata
wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of
t e x t u r a a n g u l a r i s . C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
annellidic, cylindrical, determinate, discrete. Conidia
globose, subglobose, obovoid or obpyriform, straight
or curved, apex obtuse, base tapered and truncate, pale
brown to dark brown, muriform, continuous or constricted, thick and smooth-walled, eguttulate.
Type species: Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook &
Samuels) Crous et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 248 (2006)
Notes: Crous et al. (2006a) showed that Dichomera
eucalypti (G. Winter) B. Sutton and D. versiformis Z.Q.
Yuan grouped in Neofusicoccum sensu stricto. This
placement was confirmed by Phillips et al. (2013) and
Slippers et al. (2013). Thus, Slippers et al. (2013) concluded that dichomera-like taxa are polyphyletic and the taxa
which grouped with Neofusicoccum sensu stricto were considered as synonyms of Neofusicoccum. Our multi-gene analyses of Botryosphaeriaceae (SSU, LSU, ITS, EF and βtubulin) (Fig. 10) and dichomera-like taxa (ITS and EF)
(Fig. 13) also concur with the findings in both Phillips et al.
(2013) and Slippers et al. (2013).
Neohendersonia Petr., Annls mycol. 19(3–4): 190
(1921)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01540; Figs. 168 and 169
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Saprobic or endophytic on stems and branches of a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic or acervular,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 164 Coelomycetous morph of Neodeightonia subglobosa
(Material examined: Thailand, Lampang Province., Jae Hom District,
Mae Yuag Forestry Plantation, on dead culms of Bambusa sp., 19
August 2010, R. Phookamsak, RP0079 (MFLU 11–0199). a
Conidiomata on pine needle. b, c Vertical sections of conidioma. d, e
Conidiomata walls. f–i Different stages of conidiogenesis. j–o
Immature conidia. Scale bars: b = 200 μm, c = 100 μm, d–e = 50 μm, f–
i = 10 μm, j–o = 5 μm. (we could not find mature conidia, thus only
immature conidia were included)
solitary or gregarious, immersed to subepidermal, globose or collabent, circular, dark brown to black, unilocular or multi-locular, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate or
apapillate, single. Conidiomata wall multi-layered, outer layer composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of
textura porrecta or intricata, inner layer thin-walled,
hyaline textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic
to annellidic, discrete, determinate or indeterminate,
cylindrical, lageniform, doliiform or ampulliform, hyaline, smooth, formed from the inner layer of
conidiomata. Conidia obovoid, cylindrical to clavate
or fusiform, base truncate, apex obtuse, 2–7-septate or
distoseptate, continuous or slightly constricted,
versicoloured, thick and smooth-walled, with or
without thickened scar at the base, eguttulate (Sutton
and Pollack 1974; Sutton 1975a, 1980; Morgan-Jones
1977).
Type species: Neohendersonia kickxii (Westend.) B.
Sutton & Pollack, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 52(3–4): 334
(1974); Fig. 168
≡ Stilbospora kickxii Westend., Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Belg.,
Cl. Sci. 18(2): 32 (1851)
= Neohendersonia pyriformis (G.H. Otth) Petr., Annls
mycol. 19(3–4): 191 (1921)
≡ Hendersonia pyriformis G.H. Otth, Mitt. naturf. Ges.
Bern: 164 (1866) [1865]
Notes: The genus Neohendersonia was introduced by
Petrak (1921b) with N. piriformis as the type species.
However, Sutton and Pollack (1974) adopted the
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 165 Neodeightonia phoenicum (Material examined: Spain,
Catalonia, Tarragona, Salou, on Phoenix sp., F. Garcia, CBS H-20108,
culture ex-type CBS). a–e Different stages of conidiogenesis. f Immature
conidia. g Matured conidia with striations. Scale bars: a–g = 10 μm. (from
Phillips et al. 2013 and reproduced with the permission from SIM)
earlier epithet in Stilbospora kickxii Westend. and proposed Neohendersonia kickxii for the species. At the
same time, the latter epithet was treated as the type
species of Neohendersonia and N. pyriformis (Otth)
Petrak listed as its synonym. Sutton (1975a) expanded
the generic concept and introduced N. congoensis
(Torrend) Sutton and Sutton (1980) accepted only two
species.
Neohendersonia fagi Wijayaw., Camporesi, McKenzie &
K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551792; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01541; Fig. 169
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Hotlotype: MFLU 15–3452
Saprobic or phellophytic on Fagus sylvatica. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
500–600 μm diam., 150–250 μm high, acervulus, solitary, dark brown to black, immersed, erumpent at maturity, subglobose, unilocular. Conidiomata wall multilayered, outer layer composed of thick-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells 5–16 × 5–10 μm, enteroblastic,
annellidic, percurrently proliferating, doliiform, discrete,
determinate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 30–
48 × 10–15 μm (x = 39.2 × 12.3, n = 20), fusiform to cylindrical, obtuse apex, base truncate, straight to slightly
curved, 2–4-distoseptate, continuous, golden brown to
brown, thick and smooth-walled.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province,
Campigna-Santa Sofia, on dead branch of Fagus
sylvatica L. (Fagaceae), 19 February 2014, Erio
Camporesi, IT 1733 (MFLU 15–3452, holotype);
(HKAS92557, isotype).
Notes: In morphology, our collection from Fagus sp. resembles with Neohendersonia. However, other species recorded from Fagus sp. are morphologically distinct. Thus,
we introduce a new species to place our collection based on
morphology.
Key to species of Neohendersonia
1. Conidia 2–7-euseptate .......................... N. congoensis
1. Conidia distoseptate ................................................... 2
2. Conidia 17.5–30 μm .................................... N. kickxii
2. Conidia 30–48 μm ........................................... N. fagi
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 166 Neofusicoccum eucalypti (Material examined: Australia,
Queensland, Wongable state forest, pathogenic on Eucalyptus
microcorys, 6 November 1998, M. Bristow, BRIP 19767). a Label of
herbarium material. b Herbarium materials. c Conidiomata on petiole of
Neoheteroceras Nag Raj, Coelomycetous Anamorphs
with Appendage-bearing Conidia (Ontario): 539 (1993)
leaves. d Vertical section of conidiomata. e Conidioma wall. f
Conidiogenous cell. g–k, r, s Different stages of conidiogenesis. l–n, o–
q Conidia. Scale bars: d = 50 μm, e = 20 μm. f–k, s = 5 μm, l–s = 10 μm
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01542; Fig. 170
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 167 a dichomera-like
synasexual form of
Neofusicoccum ribis. b
‘Dichomera’ versiformis. Scale
bar: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Barber et al. 2005)
Fungicolous or saprobic or endophytic on a range of
woody plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic or acervular, subperidermal
or superficial, erumpent at maturity, solitary to gregarious,
unilocular, globose, dark brown to black. Conidiomata wall
composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis.
Paraphyses absent, or when present filiform, unbranched,
Fig. 168 Neohendersonia
kickxii. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b, c Different stages
of conidiogenesis. d Conidia.
Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b,
c = 20 μm (re-drawn from Sutton
and Pollack 1974)
septate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidiophores cylindrical,
branched, septate or sparsely septate at the base, constricted
at the septa, hyaline, or occasionally reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline to sub-hyaline. Conidia falcate, oblong or fusiform, 6–15distoseptate, constricted at the septa, including the apical and
basal appendages, with lateral appendages; basal cell obconic
Fungal Diversity
with a truncate base, attenuated at the apex, hyaline; median
cells dark brown to pale brown, thick and smooth-walled;
apical cell conical, subhyaline to hyaline, attenuated at the
apex as an unbranched, tubular appendage. Lateral
appendages 2–5 appendages, arising from median cells, cellular and tubular, unbranched, hyaline, straight or sinuate (Nag
Raj 1993; Yonezawa and Tanaka 2008).
Type species: Neoheteroceras flageoletii (Sacc.) Nag Raj,
Coelomycetous anamorphs with appendage-bearing conidia:
539 (1993)
≡ Heteroceras flageoletii Sacc., Annls mycol. 13(2): 136
(1915)
Notes: Nag Raj (1993) introduced Neoheteroceras
with N. flageoletii as the type species. The second species, N. macrosporum H. Yonez. & Kaz. Tanaka was
introduced by Yonezawa and Tanaka (2008). In morphology, Neoheteroceras is distinct from other
dematiaceous coelomycetous genera with lateral appendages viz. Chithramia and Coma. Both Chithramia and
Coma have 1-euseptate conidia, while Neoheteroceras
has 6–15-distoseptate conidia. Sequence data is unavailable, thus the taxonomic placement of Neoheteroceras is
uncertain.
Neomelanconium Petr., Annls mycol. 38(2/4): 208 (1940)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01543; Fig. 171
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates on a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed to
sub-peridermal, solitary or gregarious, occasionally confluent, multi-locular or unilocular, globose to subglobose,
black. Conidiomata wall multi-layered, outer layer composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis,
inner layer thin, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, short, determinate, discrete, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth and thick-walled. Conidia globose,
base truncate, aseptate, brown to dark brown, thick and
smooth-walled (Petrak 1940; Sutton 1980).
Type species: Neomelanconium gelatosporum (H. Zimm.)
Petr., Annls mycol. 38(2/4): 209 (1940)
≡ Melanconium gelatosporum H. Zimm., Verh. nat. Ver.
Brünn 52: 111 (1913)
Notes: Petrak (1940) introduced the genus
Neomelanconium to place Melanconium gelatosporum as it
has enteroblastic, phialidic conidiogenesis, while
Melanconium sensu stricto has holoblastic, phialidic
conidiogenesis. Conidia of Neomelanconium spp. are also
eguttulate and globose, while those of Melanconium are
guttulate and globose to ellipsoid. Currently, only two
species epithets are available in Index Fungorum (2016) and
sequence data are unavailable.
Fig. 169 Neohendersonia fagi (holotype). a, b Immersed conidiomata
on dead branch of Fagus sylvatica. c–e Vertical sections of conidiomata.
f–h Different stages of conidiogenesis. i–k Different stage of conidia
attach to conidiogenous cells. i–q Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 500 μm,
e = 150 μm, f–h = 10 μm, i–l = 20 μm
Neomelanconium spartii Wijayaw., Camporesi,
McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551801; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01544; Fig. 171
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–3453
Saprobic on stem of Spartium sp. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 520–560 μm
diam., 320–360 μm high, pycnidial, immersed to
subperidermal, solitary or gregarious, occasionally confluent,
unilocular, globose to subglobose, black. Conidiomata wall
multi-layered, outer layer thick, composed of brown walledcells of textura angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline to pale
brown. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells 8–10 × 5–8 μm, enteroblastic, phialidic,
short, indeterminate, discrete, cylindrical, hyaline to dark
brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 12–17 × 12–16 μm (x
= 14.7 × 14.2 μm, n = 20), globose, aseptate, base truncate,
dark brown, thick and smooth-walled.
Material examined: Italy, Arezzo [AR] Province,
Montalone - Pieve Santo Stefano, on dead branch of
Spartium junceum L. (Fabaceae), 6 June 2012, Erio
Cam poresi, IT 404 (MFLU 15 –3453, holotype);
(HKAS92541, isotype).
Notes: There are no melanconium-like or
microsphaeropsis-like taxa reported on Spartium sp. (Farr
and Rossman 2016). In morphology, our collection from
Spartium sp. resembles Neomelanconium as it clearly shows
enteroblastic conidiogenesis. It has distinct morphology from
other Neomelanconium spp. and is thus introduced as a new
species.
Neopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 135
(2014)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01545; Fig. 172
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Pestalotiopsidaceae
Saprobic, endophytic or pathogenic on a various substrates
of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata acervular or pycnidial, subglobose or
globose, clavate, solitary or aggregated, dark brown to black,
immersed to erumpent, unilocular or irregularly plurilocular;
exuding dark brown to black conidia in a slimy, globose mass.
Conidiophores indistinct, often reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells discrete, cylindrical, ampulliform
to lageniform , hyaline, smooth and thin-walled;
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 170 Neoheteroceras macrosporum (Material examined: Japan,
Aomori, Hirosaki, Zatouishi, Ogamizawa, on submerged wood, 8
July 2006, K. Tanaka, H. Yonezawa, Y. Hiro, and G. Sato, HHUF
29691, holotype). a, b Conidiomata on host. c Vertical section of
conidioma. d, e Conidiogenous cells. f, g Conidia. Scale bars: a–
b = 500 μm, c, f, g = 20 μm, d, e = 5 μm
conidiogenesis initially holoblastic, becoming percurrent to
produce additional conidia at slightly higher levels. Conidia
fusoid, ellipsoid to subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved,
4-septate; basal cell conic to subcylindrical, with a truncate
base, hyaline or pale brown to olivaceous, thin and rugose to
smooth-walled; three median cells doliiform, wall rugose to
verruculose, versicoloured, septa darker than the rest of the
cell; apical cell hyaline, conic to cylindrical, thin and
smooth-walled; with tubular apical appendages, one to many,
filiform or attenuated, flexuous, branched or unbranched; basal appendage single, tubular, unbranched, centric
(Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014; Senanayake et al. 2015).
Type species: Neopestalotiopsis protearum (Crous & L.
Swart) Maharachch. et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 147 (2014)
Notes: Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014) resolved genera
in the Amphisphaeriaceae based on analysis of LSU sequence
data. The phylogeny resolved Pestalotiopsis as a distinct clade
in Amphisphaeriaceae, with three well-supported groups that
correlated with morphology; besides Pestalotiopsis, two new
genera, Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis were
proposed. Neopestalotiopsis protearum which was isolated
from living leaves of Leucospermum cuneiforme in
Zimbabwe was assigned as the type species of
Neopestalotiopsis. Senanayake et al. (2015) showed
Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis, Pseudopestalotiopsis
and Seiridium grouped as a distinct clade in Xylariales, thus
introduced Pestalotiopsidaceae. Our phylogenetic analyses
also agree with findings in Senanayake et al. (2015), hence
we confirm the placement of Neopestalotiopsis in
Pestalotiopsidaceae (Fig. 16).
Neosetophoma Gruyter et al., Mycologia 102(5): 1075
(2010)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01546; Fig. 173
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, or confluent, superficial to subperidermal, unilocular, globose, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate or with long neck, central, single, circular. Conidiomata
wall composed of thick-walled, brown to dark brown cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
Fig. 171 Neomelanconium sp. a–j N. spartii (holotype). a, b
Conidiomata on the stem of Spartium sp. c Vertical section of
conidioma. d Conidioma wall. e–h Different stages of conidiogenesis. i,
j Conidia; k–m N. deightonii (Material examined: Sierra Leone, Najala
Kori, on stem on Spondias mombin, 28 January 1953, F.C. Deighton,
PDD 61086, Isotype). k Label of herbarium specimen. l Herbarium
materials. m Conidiomata on host. n Vertical section of conidioma. o
Developing conidium attach to conidiogenous cells. p Conidia. Scale
bars: c = 300 μm, d, n = 50 μm, e–j = 20 μm, o, p = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 172 Neopestalotiopsis
samarangensis (Material
examined: Thailand, Chiang Mai
Province, Chiang Mai, on fruits of
Syzygium samarangense, 20
January 2010, S.S.N.
Maharachchikumbura, MFLU
12–0133, holotype). a, b Fruit rot
of wax apple. c, d Conidia. e, f
Colony on PDA above (e) and
below (f). Scale bars: c,
d = 20 μm
cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, doliiform
to ampulliform, discrete, determinate, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia ellipsoidal to cylindrical, straight to slightly curved,
aseptate to septate, continuous or constricted at septa, slightly
yellowish to pale brown, smooth-walled, guttulate or
eguttulate (de Gruyter et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2015).
Type species: Neosetophoma samararum (Desm.) Gruyter
et al., Mycologia 102(5): 1075 (2010)
≡ Phoma samararum Desm., Pl. Crypt. Nord France, Edn
1 7: no. 349 (1828)
Notes: De Gruyter et al. (2010) introduced
Neosetophoma with N. samararum as the type species.
The type species has been introduced with slightly yellowish conidia, but Liu et al. (2015) introduced another two
species with pale brown conidia, viz. N. clematidis Wijaya.
et al. and N. italica W.J. Li et al. However, both latter
species cluster in Phaeosphaeriaceae and group with
Neosetophoma sensu stricto in the phylogenetic analyses
(Liu et al. 2015; Fig. 9).
Neosulcatispora Crous & M.J. Wingf., Fungal Planet description sheets 371–399; Persoonia 35: 283 (2015)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01686; Fig. 174
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on Asparagaceae (Monocotyledons).
Sexual morph: Undeterm ined. Asexual m orph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, becoming aggregated,
linked by a stroma, erumpent, globose, dark brown,
ostiolate. Ostiole central. Conidiomata wall composed of
brown-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
subcylindrical, straight to curved, unbranched or branched
at the base, septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells
proliferating percurrently, subcylindrical, straight to geniculate, terminal, hyaline, smooth. Conidia subcylindrical,
straight to irregularly curved, apex obtuse, base truncate
to bluntly rounded, initially hyaline, with two large polar
guttules and various smaller guttules, becoming 1-septate,
golden-brown, and prominently striate, with striations covering the length of the conidium, becoming dark brown
after discharge (description modified from Crous et al.
2015e).
Type species: Neosulcatispora agaves Crous & M.J.
Wingf., Fungal Planet description sheets 371–399; Persoonia
35: 283 (2015); Fig. 174
Notes: The genus Neosulcatispora was introduced by
Crous et al. (2015e) with N. agaves as the type species.
Neosulcatispora resembles Chaetodiplodia, Placodiplodia
and Pseudodiplodia, but only Neosulcatispora has conidia
with striations (Crous et al. 2015e). In phylogenetic analyses,
Crous et al. (2015e) showed that Neosulcatispora agaves clustered in Phaeosphaeriaceae.
Neottiosporina Subram., Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India, B,
Biol. Sci. 27: 238 (1961)
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 173 Neosetophoma samararum (Material examined: Iran, Golestan Province, Golestan, Gomishan wetland, on soil, 23 May 2014, Moslem
Papizadeh, IBRC-M 30176). a–c Conidiomata. d–f Conidiogenous cells. g–i conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b = 20 μm, c–i = 5 μm, d–h = 10 μm
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01791; Fig. 175
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Massarineae, Massarinaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
Fig. 174 Neosulcatispora
agaves. a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidia. Scale
bars: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Crous et al. 2015e)
pycnidial, immersed, solitary, globose, brown, unilocular,
ostiolate. Ostiole central, circular, papillate. Conidiomata wall
thin, composed of brown cells of textura angularis.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, doliiform, determinate,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 175 Neottiosporina apoda.
a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c, d Conidia.
Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b–
d = 20 μm (re-drawn from Nag
Raj 1993)
discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia cylindrical, navicular to
obovoid, apex obtuse, base truncate, hyaline to brown, 2–3septate, continuous or constricted, thin and smooth-walled, at
first enclosed or partially enclosed in a gelatinous sheath that
may become everted as an apical and basal appendage (Sutton
1980; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Neottiosporina apoda (Speg.) Subram.,
Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. India, Sect. B, Biol. Sci. 27(4):
239 (1961)
≡ Cryptostictis apoda Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires, Ser.
3 13: 374 (1911)
Notes: Sutton (1980) mentioned that this genus has hyaline
conidia, but Nag Raj (1993) stated that conidia are ‘colourless
to almost colourless or brown’. Sutton (1980) accepted eight
species. Sequence data is unavailable, thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Nigropuncta D. Hawksw., Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., Bot.
9(1): 46 (1981)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01547; Fig. 176
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Lichenicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, single, immersed,
subglobose at immaturity, becoming cupuliform at maturity,
hyaline, but appearing as black when covered by conidia.
Conidiomata wall composed of loosely interwoven hyaline
hyphae forming a textura intricata. Conidiophores unbranched or sparsely branched, hyaline, septate, composed
of isodiametric cells. Conidiogenous cells holothallic,
subglobose to subcylindrical, acrogenous, integrated, terminal, determinate, hyaline but becoming olivaceous at the apex.
Conidia catenate at first, accumulating in a cirrhus, irregular,
aseptate, dark olivaceous or black, individual cells mainly
simple, rough-walled (Hawksworth 1981a, b; Alstrup 1993).
Type species: Nigropuncta rugulosa D. Hawksw., Bull. Br.
Mus. nat. Hist., Bot. 9(1): 46 (1981); Fig. 176
Notes: Hawksworth (1981a, b) introduced Nigropuncta
with N. rugulosa as the type species. In morphology,
Nigropuncta resembles Sclerococcum but that genus has superficial sporodochia (thus treated as hyphomycetous genus
fide Seifert et al. 2011) and conidia smooth-walled
(Hawksworth 1979). Hawksworth (1981b) compared N.
rugulosa with Nigromacula uniseptata but that species has
much longer and pigmented conidiogenous cells, and the conidia are consistently 1-septate and not aggregating into multicellular clumps. Moreover, Nigromacula uniseptata has conidia with a different mode of ornamentation and are produced
in a dark brown pycnidium, while conidiomata of
Nigropuncta rugulosa are hyaline.
A taxonomic key is provided under Lichenoconium to distinguish Nigropuncta from other dematiaceous lichenicolous
coelomycetous genera.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 176 Nigropuncta rugulosa.
a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidia. Scale
bars: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Hawksworth 1981b)
Nummospora E. Müll. & Shoemaker, Nova Hedwigia 7: 1
(1964)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01548; Fig. 177
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on dead leaves of Cyperaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
Fig. 177 Nummospora
hexamera. a Surface view of
conidioma. b Conidioma wall. c
Vertical section of conidioma. d
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. e Conidia. Scale
bars: a, c = 100 μm, d, e = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Morgan-Jones
1974)
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed, unilocular, globose, medium brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, circular. Conidiomata wall thin-walled, composed of
thin-walled, pale brown cells of textura angularis.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, ampulliform to lageniform,
Fungal Diversity
determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia vertically flattened, circular, with 3-transverse septa, and 2 longitudinal
septa in the central cells, reddish brown, thick and smoothwalled, guttulate (Müller and Shoemaker 1964; Morgan-Jones
1974; Sutton 1980).
Type species: Nummospora hexamera E. Müll. &
Shoemaker, Nova Hedwigia 7: 2 (1964); Fig. 177
Notes: Müller and Shoemaker (1964) introduced
Nummospora with N. hexamera as the type species. The genus is monotypic and sequence data is unavailable. Hence, the
taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Nummospora has unique conidial morphology as it has
vertically flattened conidia, but which are sphaerical in
side view. Morgan-Jones (1974) used the words ‘coinshaped’ to describe above view of conidia. Most of the
genera with globose conidia (in vertical or in side view)
lack septa, but Nummospora has both transverse and
longitudinal septa.
Obstipipilus B. Sutton, Can. J. Bot. 46: 187 (1968)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01549; Fig. 178
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Associated with leaf lesions of Combretaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata acervular or occasionally stromatic,
Fig. 178 Obstipipilus
malabaricus. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 50 μm, b, c = 10 μm (redrawn from Morgan-Jones et al.
1972b)
subepidermal, immersed, subglobose to glabrous, unilocular,
solitary or confluent, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate or apapillate,
circular. Conidiomata wall composed of pale thin-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis to textura prismatica,
invested in mucus. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to annellidic, discrete,
indeterminate, lageniform, hyaline or pale brown, smooth.
Conidia obovate, 1-septate, upper cell larger, slightly constricted, olivaceous to pale brown, thin and smooth-walled,
base truncate; apical cell with an unbranched hyaline setula
inclined to one side. Microconidia globose, ellipsoid,
subglobose, oblong or irregular, unicellular, hyaline, smoothwalled (Sutton 1968, 1980; Morgan-Jones et al. 1972b; Nag
Raj 1993).
Type species: Obstipipilus malabaricus (T.S. Ramakr. &
K. Ramakr.) B. Sutton, Can. J. Bot. 46: 188 (1968); Fig. 178
≡ Kellermania malabarica T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.,
Proc. Indian natn Sci. Acad., Part B. Biol. Sci. 32: 211 (1950)
Notes: Sutton (1968) erected Obstipipilus to place
Kellermania malabarica and named it as Obstipipilus
malabaricus. Morgan-Jones et al. (1972b) stated the
conidiogenesis as ‘blastic-phialidic’, while Sutton (1980)
and Nag Raj (1993) mentioned it as ‘annellidic’. The genus
remains monotypic and sequence data is unavailable. Hence,
taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Fungal Diversity
Oncospora Kalchbr., Grevillea 9(no. 49): 19 (1880)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01550; Fig. 179
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on Cupressaceae (Gymnosperm),
Fagaceae (Dicotyledons), or associated with lesions of leaves
of Cupressaceae. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, immersed, later erumpent,
epidermal to subepidermal, solitary to gregarious, dark brown.
Conidiomata wall thin, composed of brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical to irregular, branched at
the base, septate, pale brown to hyaline, smooth-walled.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated or discrete, determinate, cylindrical, pale brown to hyaline, smooth. Conidia
fusiform to cylindrical, straight or curved or irregular, tapered
to the truncate base, apex obtuse to bluntly acute, pale brown,
0–1-septate, continuous, smooth-walled, with guttulate lower
cells (Kalchbrenner and Cooke 1880; Sutton 1980; Chevassut
1992).
Type species: Oncospora bullata Kalchbr. & Cooke,
Grevillea 9(no. 49): 19 (1880); Fig. 179
Notes: Kalchbrenner and Cooke (1880) introduced
Oncospora with O. bullata as the type species. In conidial
morphology, Oncospora shares a few similar characters with
Caryophylloseptoria Verkley et al. which also has ‘cylindrical, straight, curved or flexuous conidia’ (Verkley et al. 2013).
However, Caryophylloseptoria often has multi-septate and
hyaline conidia and is thus distinct from Oncospora.
Eight epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (2016) however, Sutton (1980) mentioned the genus needs revision.
Orphanocoela Nag Raj, Can. J. Bot. 67(11): 3176 (1989)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01551; Fig. 180
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates on a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, unilocular, glabrous,
brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate or not, circular, central.
Fig. 179 Oncospora bullata. a
Vertical section of conidioma. b, c
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 200 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
Conidiomata wall composed of brown-walled cells of textura
angularis or textura prismatica. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells, invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells
holoblastic to annellidi c, discrete, ampulliform,
subcylindrical, subglobose, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ovoid,
ellipsoid or clavate, muriform, with many transverse and
oblique septa, hyaline to yellowish brown, thick and
smooth-walled; with or without a single, attenuated, unbranched apical appendage. Microconidia globose, ellipsoid,
subglobose, or irregular, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled
(Nag Raj 1989, 1993).
Type species: Orphanocoela calamagrostidis (H.C.
Greene) Nag Raj, Can. J. Bot. 67(11): 3178 (1989); Fig. 180
≡ Hyalothyridium calamagrostidis H.C. Greene, Trans.
Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 38: 230 (1947) [1946]
Notes: Nag Raj (1989) introduced Orphanocoela with O.
calamagrostidis as the type species. At the same time, Nag
Raj (1989) introduced two other species, O. kranzii (B.
Sutton) Nag Raj and O. maydis (Latterell & A.E. Rossi) Nag
Raj as well as the type species. Orphanocoela is morphologically similar to Nagrajomyces which also has muriform conidia with a single, unbranched, attenuated basal appendage
(Nag Raj 1993). However, Nagrajomyces has conidiophores
with percurrent proliferation while Orphanocoela has reduced
conidiophores and annellidic conidiogenous cells. Sequence
data is unavailable thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Palmiascoma Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, Fungal
Diversity 72: 65 (2015)
Index Fungorum number: IF550927; Facesoffungi number: FoF00429; Fig. 181
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Massarineae, Bambusicolaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on palms. Sexual morph: see Liu
et al. (2015). Asexual morph: produced in culture;
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed in agar, becoming
superficial, black, covered by vegetative hyphae, uni- to
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 180 Orphanocoela
calamagrostidis. a Vertical
section of conidioma. b, c
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 50 μm, b–d = 20 μm (redrawn from Nag Raj 1989)
multi-locular, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Ostiole central, with minute papilla. Conidiomata wall composed of several layers of hyaline to dark brown, pseudoparenchymatous
cells, outer layers composed of thick-walled, dark brown to
black cells of textura angularis to textura prismatica; inner
layers comprising 2–3 layers of thin-walled, hyaline, organized in textura angularis. Conidiophores mostly reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to
phialidic, discrete, ampulliform to cylindrical, hyaline,
aseptate, smooth-walled. Conidia oblong to ellipsoidal, with
rounded or obtuse ends, initially hyaline, becoming brown at
maturity, aseptate, smooth-walled.
Ty p e s p e c i e s : P a l m i a s c o m a g r e g a r i a s c o m u m
Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, in Liu et al., Fungal Diversity:
72: 65 (2015); Fig. 181
Notes: Liu et al. (2015) introduced Palmiascoma with P.
gregariascomum as the type species. In phylogenetic analyses, Palmiascoma clusters in Bambusicolaceae.
Paraaoria R.K. Verma & Kamal, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
87(4): 645 (1987) [1986]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01552; Fig. 182
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Associated with tar spots lesions of Rutaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, flattened, subcuticular,
multi-locular, rarely unilocular, black. Conidiomata upper wall composed of dark brown to black dead tissues
of textura angularis; lower wall composed of thickwalled, very dark brown to black cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores simple or branched, straight,
septate, pale brown. Conidiogenous cells enterblastic,
filiform, indeterminate, discrete or integrated,
periclinical thickening, hyaline. Conidia ellipsoid,
straight, apex obtuse, base truncate, aseptate, pale
brown, guttulate, verruculose, base with a marginal frill
(description modified from Verma and Kamal 1986).
Type species: Paraaoria himalayana R.K. Verma &
Kamal, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 87(4): 646 (1987) [1986];
Fig. 182
Notes: Verma and Kamal introduced Paraaoria with P.
himalayana as the type species. Further, Verma and Kamal
(1987) compared Paraaoria with morphologically similar
genera in suborder Blastostromatineae viz. Aoria,
Crandallia, Leptothyrina and Leptostroma (Sutton 1980).
However, these genera have hyaline conidia (Sutton
1980) whereas those of Paraaoria are pale brown.
Conidiomatal structure of Paraaoria is similar to that
of Gaubaea, but latter genus lacks conidiophores and
has eguttulate conidia without a basal frill (Sutton
1980). The genus is monotypic and lacks sequence data.
Hence taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 181 Palmiascoma gregariascomum (Material examined: Thailand:
Chiang Rai Province, Muang District, Khun Korn Waterfall, on dead
frond of palm, 17 December 2010, R. Phookamsak, MFLU 11–0211,
holotype). a Conidiomata produced on bamboo pieces on WA. b
Vertical section of conidioma. c Vertical section through conidioma
wall. d–h Conidiogenous cells. i–n Conidia. Scale bars: b = 100 μm,
c = 50 μm, d–h = 5 μm, i–n = 2 μm
Paracamarosporium Wijayaw. & K.D. Hyde, Cryptog.
Mycol. 35(2): 183 (2014)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01553; Fig. 183
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Massarineae,
Didymosphaeriaceae
Saprobic on dead branches and stems of Fabaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata immersed to erumpent, solitary, globose, ostiolate. Ostiole central, single. Conidiomata wall composed of brown-walled cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses
hyaline, hyphae-like, smooth, intermingled among
conidiogenous cells, subcylindrical, with bulbous base, tapering to obtuse apex, 1–4-septate, unbranched or branched at
base, and anastomosing. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner
cavity, globose to doliiform, hyaline, smooth, phialidic
with prominent periclinal thickening and thick channel
(at times also with percurrent proliferation). Conidia ellipsoid to ovoid, with obtuse ends, brown, finely roughened, 1–3 transversely septate, developing 1–6 oblique
to transverse septa, at times becoming constricted at
primary septa. Microconidiogenous cells intermingled
among macro conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smooth,
ampulliform to doliiform to irregular, mono to
polyphialidic, proliferating percurrently, or with
periclinal thickening. Microconidia hyaline, smooth,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 182 Paraaoria
himalayana. a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidia. Scale
bars: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Verma and Kamal 1986)
guttulate, bacilliform to subcylindrical, apex obtuse, base truncate (description modified from Crous et al.
2013).
Type species: Paracamarosporium psoraleae (Crous &
M.J. Wingf.) Wijayaw. & K.D. Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol.
35(2): 185 (2014); Fig. 183
Fig. 183 Paracamarosporium psoraleae. a Paraphyses. b
Macroconidia. c Microconidiogenous cell and developing
microconidium. d Microconidia. Scale bars: a–d = 10 μm (re-drawn
from Crous et al. 2013)
≡ Camarosporium psoraleae Crous & M.J. Wingf.,
Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 31: 235 (2013)
N o t e s : Wi j a y a w a r d e n e e t a l . ( 2 0 1 4 d ) s h o w e d
Camarosporium psoraleae Crous & M.J. Wingf. is not congeneric with Camarosporium sensu stricto and grouped in
Didymosphaeriaceae (= Montagnulaceae). Further,
Camarosporium sensu stricto does not have microconidia
stage, thus Paracamarosporium was introduced based on both
phylogenetic and culture based data Wijayawardene et al.
(2014d).
Paraconiothyrium Verkley, Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 327
(2004)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01554; Fig. 184
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Massarineae,
Didymosphaeriaceae
Saprobic or endophytic on various substrates of a range of
host plants or associated with leaf spots. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic or
pycnidial, superficial to semi-immersed, solitary, subglobose
to globose, dark brown. Conidiomata wall composed of thickwalled, dark brown cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline and thin-walled towards the inside. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic,
with periclinal wall thickening or with one or more percurrent
proliferations near the apex, variable in shape, conical to
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 184 Paraconiothyrium nelloi (Material examined: Italy, ForlìCesena [FC] Province, Premilcuore, Fiumicello, on dead twig of
Spartium junceum, 13 January 2013, 1 December 2012, E. Camporesi,
MFLU 14–0811, holotype). a Label of herbarium material. b Herbarium
specimen. c Conidiomata on host. d Vertical section of conidioma. e
Conidioma wall. f, g Different stages of conidiogenesis. h–m Conidia.
Scale bars: d = 100 μm, e = 20 μm, f–m = 4 μm
subulate or subcylindrical, doliiform, broadly or elongated
ampulliform, sometimes with a long neck. Conidia varying
in shape, initially hyaline, olivaceous-brown to brown, 0–1septate, smooth-walled to fine verruculose and thin-walled,
sometimes with polar droplets (Verkley et al. 2004, 2014;
Damm et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2014).
Type species: Paraconiothyrium estuarinum Verkley &
Manuela Silva, Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 327 (2004)
Notes: Verkley et al. (2004) introduced Paraconiothyrium
with P. estuarinum as the type species. At the same time
Verkley et al. (2004) predicted that Paraphaeosphaeria O.E.
Erikss. as the sexual morph of Paraconiothyrium. However,
Verkley et al. (2014) recognized Paraconiothyrium and
Paraphaeosphaeria as two distinct genera in
Didymosphaeriaceae. Damm et al. (2008), Budziszewska
et al. (2011), de Gruyter et al. (2013) and Verkley et al.
(2014) introduced new species and new combinations based
on both morphological and molecular data studies.
In conidial morphology, Paraconiothyrium is similar
to Coniothyrium sensu stricto and Alloconiothyrium, as
both genera have 0–1-septate conidia. However,
Coniothyrium sensu stricto resides in Pleosporineae
(Wijayawardene et al. 2014c) and Alloconiothyrium resides in Didymosphaeriaceae, but distinct from
Paraconiothyrium (Ariyawansa et al. 2014b;
Wijayawardene et al. 2014c). Hence, phylogenetic analysis is required to identify the generic placement of
paraconiothyrium-like species as they similar to other
coniothyrium-like taxa.
Parahyalotiopsis Nag Raj, Can. J. Bot. 54(12): 1374
(1976)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01555; Fig. 185
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Saprobic or endophytic on dead leaves of Arecaceae and
dead culms of Restionaceae (Monocotyledons). Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, amphigenous, solitary to gregarious, immersed, subepidermal, unilocular, globose or variable in shape, brown,
ostiolate. Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of thickwalled, brown cells of textura globulosa, darker in the ostiolar
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 185 Parahyalotiopsis
borassi. a. Vertical section of
conidioma. b. Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c. Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 20 μm
(re-drawn from Nag Raj 1977a)
region, inner layer composed of thin-walled, hyaline walled
cells of textura prismatica. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells, invested or not in mucus.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, subcylindrical to
ampulliform, discrete, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth. Conidia
cylindrical to oblong, with a blunt apex and a truncate base, 2–
4-septate, continuous, median cells shorter than end cells, light
brown, thick-walled, minutely verruculose; bearing 2–4 apical
appendages, flexuous, cellular, unbranched or rarely branched
(Nag Raj 1976, 1977, 1993; Lee and Crous 2003).
Type species: Parahyalotiopsis borassi (Thaung) Nag Raj,
Can. J. Bot. 54: 1375 (1976); Fig. 185
≡ Hyalotiopsis borassi Thaung, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
64(2): 311 (1975)
Notes: Nag Raj (1976) introduced Parahyalotiopsis with P.
borassi as the type species. Nag Raj (1993) re-described the
type species. Lee and Crous (2003) introduced a second species, Parahyalotiopsis elegiae S.J. Lee & Crous.
Parahyalotiopsis is morphologically close to Hyalotiopsis
(see taxonomic key under Hyalotiopsis). However,
Hyalotiopsis does not have an ostiole, while
Parahyalotiopsis has ostiolate pycnidia. However, we assume
Hyalotiopsis and Parahyalotiopsis might be a single genus,
but this needs to be confirmed by sequence data analyses.
Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss., Ark. Bot., Ser. 2 6: 405
(1967)
Facesoffungi number: FoF00057; Fig. 186
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Massarineae,
Didymosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: see Ariyawansa et al. (2014b).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, superficial to
semi-immersed, solitary to gregarious, scattered, globose to
subglobose, unilocular, pale brown, ostiolate. Ostiole circular,
papillate. Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of thinwalled, brown cells of textura angularis, inner wall composed
of thin-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, with an
inconspicuous periclinal thickening, cylindrical to
subcylindrical, or subcylindrical to ampulliform,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 186 Paraphaeosphaeria spartii (Material examined: Italy, ForlìCesena [FC] Province, Santa Sofia, Collina di Pondo. on dead branch
of Spartium junceum, 16 October 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 14–0810,
holotype). a Host material. b Conidiomata on host material. c Vertical
section of conidioma. d Vertical section of ostiolar region. e Conidioma
wall. f–h Different stages of conidigenesis. i–k Conidia. Scale bars:
c = 100 μm, d, e–k = 5 μm
discrete, determinate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia
subglobose to ellipsoid or obovoid, aseptate, hyaline
when immature, becoming pale brown to brown at maturity, smooth and thin-walled, guttulate (Liu et al.
2015).
Type species: Paraphaeosphaeria michotii (Westend.)
O.E. Erikss., Cryptogams of the Himalayas 6: 405 (1967)
N o t e s : Ve r k l e y e t a l . ( 2 0 0 4 ) m e n t i o n e d t h a t
Paraconiothyrium has a Paraphaeosphaeria sexual morph.
H o w e v e r , Ve r k l e y e t a l . ( 2 0 1 4 ) s h o w e d t h a t
Fungal Diversity
Paraconiothyrium has a distinct phylogenetic lineage to
Paraphaeosphaeria in Didymosphaeriaceae. Liu et al.
(2015) introduced Paraphaeosphaeria spartii Li et al. and
showed it is phylogenetically related to Paraphaeosphaeria
sensu stricto. Paraphaeosphaeria spartii morphologically resembles Paraconiothyrium as it has aseptate, brown conidia.
However, Paraphaeosphaeria spartii has guttulate conidia
and it is distinct in phylogeny from Paraphaeosphaeria
(Figs. 9 and 15).
Paulkirkia Wijayaw., Wanasinghe, Tangthirasunun,
Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551793; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01677; Fig. 187
Etymology: In honour of P.M. Kirk, a British mycologist,
recognizing his invaluable contribution to mycology
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
family incertae sedis, Floricolaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on Poaceae (Monocotyledons).
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, subepidermal to superficial, solitary
to gregarious, globose or subglobose, unilocular, dark brown
to black. Conidiomata wall several-layered, outer layer thick
in above, thin at bottom, composed of thick-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of thinwalled, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, proliferating 1–2 times percurrently but mostly only 1
time, cylindrical to funnel-shaped, unbranched, discrete, indeterminate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Conidia ellipsoidal
or oblong to irregular, rounded apex, truncate base, 0–1-septate, pale to dark brown, guttulate or eguttulate, thin-walled,
verrucose.
Type species: Paulkirkia arundinis Wijayaw.,
Wanasinghe, Tangthirasunun, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde
Notes: In morphology, our new collection resembles
Microdiplodia and Verrucoconiothyrium. However, the validity of Microdiplodia is questionable (see under Microdiplodia
in ‘doubtful genera’) and the sequence data of type species of
Microdiplodia is unavailable. In phylogenetic analyses,
Paulkirkia clusters in Floricolaceae while
Verrucoconiothyrium resides in Didymosphaeriaceae
(Figs. 14 and 15 respectively).
P a u l k i r k i a a r u n d i n i s Wi j a y a w. , Wa n a s i n g h e ,
Tangthirasunun, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551794; Facesoffungi number: FoF 01678; Fig. 187
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 13–0315
Endophytic or saprobic on Arundo plinii (Poaceae,
Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata 80–140 μm diam., 120–180 μm high,
pycnidial, subepidermal to superficial, solitary to gregarious,
Fig. 187 Paulkirkia arundinis (holotype). a Host material. b
Conidiomata on stems. c, d Vertical sections of conidiomata. e, f
Conidiomata walls. e–i Different stages of conidiogenesis. j–n Conidia.
Scale bars: c, d = 60 μm, d, e = 20 μm, e–j = 10 μm, k–n = 5 μm
globose or subglobose, unilocular, dark brown to black.
Conidiomata wall 20–30 μm thick, several-layered, outer layer thick in above, thin at bottom, composed of thick-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of
thin-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells 2–5 × 1–3 μm, holoblastic, proliferating
1–2 times percurrently but mostly only 1 time, cylindrical to
funnel-shaped, unbranched, discrete, indeterminate, hyaline to
p al e br own , s m oo th . Co ni dia 7 – 10 × 4 – 6 μm ( x
= 9.1 × 4.8 μm, n = 20), ellipsoidal or oblong to irregular,
rounded apex, truncate base, 0–1-septate, pale to dark brown,
guttulate or eguttulate, thin-walled, verrucose.
Culture characteristics: On PDA, slow growing, attain
20 mm in 7 days at 18 °C, thin mycelium, uneven margin,
zonate, greyish brown from surface, blackish brown from reverse, with aerial mycelia.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province, near
Bertinoro, on dead stems of Arundo plinii Turra (Poaceae), 4
March 2012, Erio Camporesi, NTIT148 (MFLU 13–0315,
holotype), ex-type living cultures MFLUCC 12–0328,
NTCL148.
Notes: Farr and Rossman (2016) reported Microdiplodia
myriospora (Sacc.) Allesch. from Arundo donax L. (5–
6 × 2.5–3 μm fide Allescher 1901), but our collection has
larger conidia thus introduced as a new species.
Peltistromella Höhn., Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss.,
Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 83: 35 (1907)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01556; Figs. 188 and 189
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves of a range of host plants.
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnothyrial, superficial, solitary, scattered,
scutate, unilocular, glabrous. Conidiomata wall upper layers
composed of thick-walled, dark brown to black, radiating hyphae, attached with each other, lower region with holdfasts.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells blastic, phialidic, restricted only to concavity of upper region, subglobose to ampulliform, hyaline,
smooth-walled. Conidia obovoid to ellipsoidal, apex rounded,
base truncate, 1-septate, brown, basal region pale brown to
hyaline, guttulate, smooth-walled (Saccardo and Trotter
1913; Nag Raj and DiCosmo 1978).
Type species: Peltistromella brasiliensis Höhn., Denkschr.
Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 83: 35 [extr.]
(1907); Fig. 188
Notes: Von Höhnel (1907) introduced Peltistromella with
P. brasiliensis as the type species. Sutton (1977, 1980) did not
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Fungal Diversity
Fig. 188 Peltistromella
brasiliensis. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b, c Different stages
of conidiogenesis. d Conidia.
Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b,
c = 20 μm (re-drawn from Nag
Raj and DiCosmo 1978)
list Peltistromella in his checklist or monograph.
Nevertheless, Kirk et al. (2008, 2013) listed Peltistromella
as an accepted genus. We conclude that Peltistromella should
be treated as a distinct coelomycetous genus pending
molecualr data.
Peltosoma Syd., Leafl. of Philipp. Bot. 9: 3129 (1925)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01557; Fig. 190
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves of Pandanaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnothyrial, superficial, solitary, with
only upper wall, scutate, unilocular, often circular, or ellipsoid
to irregular, dark brown. Conidiomata wall composed of radiate cells or textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, short,
discrete, hyaline or brown. Conidia pyriform to fusiform, attenuated towards each end, apex conical to obtuse, base truncate, 4–6-septate, with black-band, continuous or slightly constricted at the septa, end cells smaller, medium brown, median
cells larger, very dark brown, smooth-walled (Sutton and
Pascoe 1989).
Type species: Peltosoma freycinetiae Syd. & P. Syd. [as
‘freycinetia’], Leafl. of Philipp. Bot. 7: 3130 (1925); Fig. 190
Notes: Sydow (1925) introduced Peltosoma with P.
freycinetiae as the type species. The genus was not addressed
in Sutton (1977, 1980). However, Sutton and Pascoe (1989) re-
described and illustrated the type species. In conidial morphology, Peltosoma resembles Endocoryneum (Sutton 1980; Farr
et al. 1998), but latter genus shows only 3–4 transverse septa.
Perizomella Syd., Annls mycol. 25(1/2): 106 (1927)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01558; Fig. 191
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Hyperparasitic on Phyllachora sp. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, immersed in leaf tissue amongst Phyllachora stromatic tissue,
solitary or confluent, unilocular or multi-locular, occasionally
convoluted. Conidiomata wall thin, composed of thin-walled,
hyaline cells of textura angularis or textura intricata.
Conidiophores cylindrical, septate only at the base, hyaline.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical, integrated or discrete, determinate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid, base
truncate, apex flattened, pale brown, with a hyaline band,
aseptate, smooth-walled (Sydow 1927; Sutton 1980).
Type species: Perizomella inquinans Syd., Annls mycol.
25(1/2): 106 (1927)
Notes: Sydow (1927) introduced Perizomella with P.
inquinans as the type species. Sutton (1980) provided taxonomic notes and Perizomella remained a monotypic genus.
Petrak (1924) introduced Davisiella elymina (Davis) Petr. as
a hyperparasitic of Phyllachora sp., but it has fusiform, 1septate, hyaline conidia (Sutton 1980), and thus morphologically distinct from Perizomella. Perizomella has not been
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 189 Peltistromella sp. (Material examined: Brunei, Batu Apoi
Forest Reserve, Sungai Belalong, on stem of Arenga undulatifolia, 19
February 1999, Yanna and W.H. Ho, IFRD 110–020). a Herbarium
label. b, c Conidiomata on host. d Squash mount of conidioma e
Vertical section of conidioma. f Conidioma wall. g, h Conidia attached
to conidiogenous cells. i–k Conidia. Scale bars: d = 50 μm, e = 100 μm, f,
j, k = 20 μm, g–i = 10 μm
revised since Sutton (1980). Sequence data is unavailable,
thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01559; Fig. 192
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Pestalotiopsidaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Pestalotia De Not., Mém. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2 3:
80 (1841)
Fig. 190 Peltosoma
freycinetiae. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 100 μm, b, c = 25 μm (redrawn from Sutton and Pascoe
1989)
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 191 Perizomella inquinans (Material examined: Costa Rica,
Grecia, on Phoebe costaricana, 13 January 1913, H. Sydow, PDD
64702). a Label of herbarium material. b Herbarium material. c
Conidiomata on host. d, e Vertical sections of conidiomata. f
Conidioma wall. g, h Developing conidia attach to conidiogenous cells
(arrow heads are pointed to conidiogenous cells in f). i-n Conidia. Scale
bars: d, e = 100 μm, f = 20, g–m = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 192 Pestalotia pezizoides. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 μm,
b, c = 20 μm (re-drawn from Morgan-Jones et al. 1972b)
Conidiomata stromatic, cupulate, separate or confluent, immersed, erumpent at maturity, black or dark brown.
Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores branched irregularly, septate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to annellidic, cylindrical, indeterminate, integrated,
hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform, straight or slightly curved,
5-septate; basal cell truncate, hyaline, thin-walled, with cellular, simple or dichotomously branched appendage; apical cell
conic, thin-walled, hyaline, with 3–9 simple or dichotomously
branched, apical appendages; median cells lumina reduced,
medium brown (Sutton 1969a, 1980; Morgan-Jones et al.
1972b; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Pestalotia pezizoides De Not., Mém. R.
Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2 2: 80 (1841); Fig. 192
Notes: Pestalotia has been revisited by several studies such
as Guba (1961), Steyaert (1949) and Sutton (1969c). In his
monograph, Guba (1961) accepted 220 species while
adopting a wide generic concept of Pestalotia, treating
Pestalotiopsis and Truncatella as synonyms of Pestalotia.
However, Sutton (1969c, 1980) and Nag Raj (1993) rejected
Guba’s generic concept and accepted taxa with 5 septa (or 6
cells) as Pestalotia. von Arx (1981) also treated Adea Petr.,
Ahmadinula Petr., Hyaloceras Durieu & Mont., Monochaetia
(Sacc.) Allesch., Pseudopestalotia Elenkin & Ohl, Robillarda
Castagne and Truncatella Steyaert as synonyms of Pestalotia
however, Nag Raj (1993) rejected this.
Steyaert (1949) and Sutton (1980) accepted the genus as
monotypic and Nag Raj (1993) accepted only the type species,
but listed over 600 names under ‘unexamined and excluded
genera’. Jeewon et al. (2002) and Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2011) discussed the generic boundaries between Pestalotia
and Pestalotiopsis. Further, Jeewon et al. (2002) showed that
Pestalotia clusters in Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales in their
phylogenetic analyses. However, Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2014, 2015) and Senanayake et al. (2015) did not recognize
Pestalotia as a distinct genus and predicted it may be a synonym of Seiridium as both genera share close morphologies.
Pestalotiopsis Steyaert, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux. 19: 300
(1949)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01560; Fig. 193
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Pestalotiopsidaceae
Endophytic, pathogenic or saprobic on various substrates
of a range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular or pycnidioid or
cornute, epidermal to subepidermal, solitary to gregarious,
globose to subglobose, unilocular, dark brown to black.
Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, brown cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical or lageniform,
branched, septate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic to annellidic, indeterminate, integrated, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform, straight or slightly
curved, 4-septate; basal cell obconic with truncate base, hyaline, thin-walled, with an endogenous, cellular, simple or rarely branched appendage; apical cell conic, hyaline, with 2 or
more apical, simple or branched, spathulate or espathulate
appendages; median cells brown, concolorous or
versicoloured, thick-walled, smooth or verruculose (Sutton
1980; Nag Raj 1993; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2011,
2012, 2013a, b, 2014).
Type species: Pestalotiopsis maculans (Corda) Nag Raj,
Mycotaxon 22(1): 47 (1985)
≡ Sporocadus maculans Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 3: 23
(1839)
= Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Steyaert [as ‘guepini’],
Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux. 19(3): 312 (1949)
≡ Pestalotia guepinii Desm., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2
13: 181 (1840)
Notes: Steyaert (1949) introduced Pestalotiopsis with P.
guepinii as the type species. Nag Raj (1985) observed that
Sporocadus maculans (PR 155665) resembles the generic
concept of Pestalotiopsis. Moreover, Nag Raj (1985) observed the isotype of Pestalotiopsis guepinii, and compared
with Sporocadus maculans and regarded them to be identical.
Hence, Pestalotiopsis maculans is the older for Pestalotiopsis
guepinii (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014).
In his classification of Pestalotia spp., Steyaert (1949)
listed all species with 5 cells under Pestalotiopsis, while 6celled forms and 4-celled forms were listed under Pestalotia
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Pestalotiopsis sp. (Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Rai
Province, Phungha, unknown dead leaf, 3 August 2012, N.
Tangthirasunun, MFLU 13–0298). a Host material. b Conidiomata on
the host surface. c Vertical section of a conidioma. d–f Conidigenous
cells with developing conidia. g–j Conidia. k Germinating conidium. l–
m Colonies on PDA; l From top; m From reverse. Scale bars: c = 30 μm,
d–k = 10 μm
Fig. 193
and Truncatella, respectively. Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj
(1993) accepted this classification, but Guba (1961) regarded
Pestalotiopsis and Truncatella as synonyms of Pestalotia.
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2011) comprehensively
discussed the history of Pestalotiopsis and Pestalotia and accepted the classification by Steyaert (1949).
Recent publications by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2011,
2012, 2014) discussed the life history, pathogenicity and phylogenetic re-assessment of Pestalotiopsis.
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014) showed Pestalotiopsis
spp. are polyphyletic in Amphisphaeriaceae and thus
introduced Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis.
Senanayake et al. (2015) showed Pestalotiopsis sensu stricto
g r o u p e d w i t h C i l i o c h o re l l a , N e o p e s t a l o t i o p s i s ,
Pseudopestalotiopsis and Seiridium as a distinct clade in
Amphisphaeriales thus introduced Pestalotiopsidaceae. Our
phylogenetic analyses also agree with findings in
Senanayake et al. (2015) (Fig. 16).
Phaeobotryon Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(5/6): 664
(1915)
Fig. 194 Phaeobotryon cupressi (Material examined: Iran, Golestan
Province, Gorgan, City Park, on twigs of Cupressus sempervirens, 15
August 2006, M.A. Aghajani, IRAN 13940 F, holotype). a, b Different
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01561; Fig. 194
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: see Phillips et al. (2008, 2013).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, stromatic, solitary
to gregarious, immersed to erumpent, unilocular or multi-locular, black, ostiolate. Ostiole circular, central, papillate or
apapillate. Conidiomata wall composed of dark brown
walled-cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses hyaline, thinwalled, aseptate or sometimes becoming 1–2-septate, occasionally branched. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to
phialidic, cylindrical to doliiform, hyaline, smooth and thinwalled. Conidia ellipsoidal to oblong or obovoid, ends
rounded, moderately thick-walled, initially hyaline, becoming brown, mostly 1–2-septate at maturity.
Microconidiomata globose, dark-brown to black, superficial, occasionally immersed. Microconidiophores cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate, becoming 1–2-septate, branched.
Microconidiogenous cells hyaline, thin-walled, phialidic,
proliferating internally, with periclinal thickening.
Microconidia oval, thin-walled, hyaline, aseptate.
Chlamydospores formed within the agar medium, intercalary, brown, smooth, thick-walled (Phillips et al. 2008,
2013; Abdollahzadeh et al. 2009).
Type species: Phaeobotryon cercidis (Cooke) Theiss. &
Syd., Annls mycol. 13(5/6): 664 (1915)
≡ Dothidea cercidis Cooke, Grevillea 13(no. 67): 66 (1885)
stages of conidiogenesis. c Paraphyses. d, e Immature conidia. f Mature
conidia. Scale bars: a–c = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Notes: Theissen and Sydow (1915) introduced
Phaeobotryon with P. cercidis as the type species. Von Arx
and Müller (1954, 1975) treated Phaeobotryon as a synonym
of Botryosphaeria, but Phillips et al. (2008) reinstated
Phaeobotryon based on both m orphological and
phylogenetic analyses. Moreover, Phillips et al. (2008, 2013)
showed that Phaeobotryon has a distinct phylogenetic lineage
in Botryosphaeriaceae.
Sequence data are available only for Phaeobotryon
mamane Crous & A.J.L. Phillips and P. cupressi
Abdollahzadeh et al., which have been reported as holomorph
and only asexual morph, respectively (Phillips et al. 2008;
Abdollahzadeh et al. 2009).
In morphology, Phaeobotryon resembles Diplodia but the
latter has 1-septate and only rare becomes 2-septate (Phillips
et al. 2013). However, both have distinct phylogenetic lineages in Botryosphaeriaceae (Fig. 10).
Phaeocytostroma Petr., Annls mycol. 19(1/2): 45 (1921)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01562; Fig. 195
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Diaporthaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, rarely confluent, immersed, unilocular, multilocular or convoluted,
dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole slightly papillate, single,
circular, central. Conidiomata wall thick, composed of
thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis.
Paraphyses filiform, apex obtuse, branched, hyaline,
septate. Conidiophores cylindrical to filiform, septate,
hyaline, branched at the base. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, discrete
or integrated, hyaline. Macroconidia cylindrical or ellipsoid, base truncate, apex obtuse, aseptate, brown,
eguttulate, thin or thick and smooth-walled.
Microconidia fusiform, short or elongate, hyaline,
smooth-walled (Morgan-Jones et al. 1972d; Sutton
1980; Lević and Petrović 1997).
Type species: Phaeocytostroma ambiguum (Mont.) Petr.,
Feddes Repert., Beih. 42: 457 (1927); Fig. 195
≡ Sphaeropsis ambigua Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3
12: 308 (1849)
= Phaeocytostroma istrica Petr., Annls mycol. 19(1/2): 45
(1921)
Notes: Petrak (1921a) introduced Phaeocytostroma with P.
istrica as the type species. However, Petrak and Sydow (1927)
found that Sphaeropsis ambigua was the oldest name and thus
transferred it to Phaeocytostroma. Sutton (1964, 1977, 1980)
treated Phaeocytostroma istrica as a synonym of P.
ambiguum. As well as the type species, Sutton (1980) accepted only three other species viz. P. megalosporum B. Sutton, P.
plurivorum B. Sutton and P. sacchari (Ellis & Everh.) B.
Fig. 195 Phaeocytostroma ambiguum (Material examined: Australia,
Queesland, Warwick, Hermitage Research Station, on Sorghum bicolor,
April 1984, R. Dodman, BRIP 14341). a Label of herbarium material and
specimen. b, c Conidiomata on host. d, e Vertical sections of conidiomata.
f Conidioma wall. g–j Different stages of conidiogenesis and paraphyses.
The arrow heads are pointed to conidiophores. k–m Conidia. Scale bars:
d, e = 75 μm, f = 20 μm, g–o = 10 μm
Sutton. Phaeocytostroma sacchari was divided into three varieties by Sutton (1964, 1980) i.e. P. sacchari var. penniseti B.
Sutton, P. sacchari var. sacchari (Ellis & Everh.) B. Sutton
and P. sacchari var. calami (Panwar & Bohra) B. Sutton.
Lević and Petrović (1997) observed α and β conidia in
Phaeocytostroma ambiguum for the first time. Slavica et al.
(2007) reported Phaeocytostroma ambiguum as the causal
agent of root and stalk rot in maize.
Kirk et al. (2008) stated Clypeoporthe Höhn. is the sexual
morph of Phaeocytostroma. Lamprecht et al. (2011) and
Verkley et al. (2014) showed Phaeocytostroma sacchari and
P. ambigua grouped in Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales. Our
phylogenetic analyses also agree with previous studies, as
Phaeocytostroma ambigua, P. plurivorum and P. sacchari
group in Diaporthaceae with high bootstrap values (Fig. 12).
Phaeodomus Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1529 (1909)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01563; Fig. 196
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various hosts plants of
Lauraceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, solitary, occasionally confluent, erumpent, irregularly pulvinate, uni- to multilocular, dark brown to black. Conidiomata wall composed
of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to annellidic, cylindrical,
doliiform or conical, determinate or indeterminate, discrete,
straight, hyaline, smooth. Conidia apex obtuse, ellipsoid to
obpyriform, apex obtuse, base truncate, aseptate, pale brown,
eguttulate, smooth-walled, sometimes with a basal frill
(Sutton 1980; Abbas et al. 2004).
Type species: Phaeodomus erumpens (Berk. & M.A.
Curtis) Petr. & Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg.
42(1): 179 (1927) [1926]; Fig. 196
≡ Sphaeropsis erumpens Berk. & M.A. Curtis, J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 10(no. 46): 353 (1868) [1869]
= Phaeodomus lauracearum Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1529 (1909)
Notes: Von Höhnel (1909) introduced Phaeodomus with P.
lauracearum as the type species. However, Petrak and Sydow
(1927) treated Sphaeropsis erumpens as the oldest name of
Phaeodomus lauracearum, thus the former species was transferred to Phaeodomus. Sutton (1977, 1980) and Abbas et al.
(2004) listed P. lauracearum as a synonym of P. erumpens.
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 197 Phaeolabrella eryngicola. a Vertical section of conidioma. b, c
Different stages of conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b,
c = 10 μm (re-drawn Nag Raj 1974)
Fig. 196 Phaeodomus erumpens. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 μm,
b, c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
Abbas et al. (2004) revisited the genus and introduced a second species, P. berkeleyi Abbas et al. Sequence data is unavailable, thus the taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Key to species of Phaeodomus
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, ampulliform, discrete, determinate, pale to dark
brown, becoming paler, verrucose, thinner-walled and
smoother towards the apices. Conidia cylindrical to
subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, apex obtuse or flattened, base truncate or rounded, aseptate, olive green, thickwalled, verrucose, smooth and thin-walled (Nag Raj 1974;
Sutton 1980).
Type species: Phaeolabrella eryngicola Speg., Anal. Mus.
nac. Hist. nat. B. Aires 23: 117 (1912); Fig. 197
Notes: Spegazzini (1912) introduced Phaeolabrella with P.
eryngicola as the type species. Nag Raj (1974) and Sutton
(1980) re-described the type species. The genus was maintained as monotypic (Petrak and Sydow 1935; Sutton 1980).
In morphology, Phaeolabrella is distinct from other
known genera as it has aseptate conidia. Most of the
genera with cylindrical to subcylindrical conidia have
phragomospore conidia with smooth walls such
as Dichomera, Neohendersonia, Oncospora,
Phaeostagonospora. Sequence data is unavailable, thus
the taxonomic placement is uncertain.
1. Conidia 24–28.5 × 10–13 μm ................. P. erumpens
1. Conidia 12–16 × 7.5–8.8 μm ................... P. berkeleyi
Phaeolabrella Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. Hist. nat. B. Aires
23: 117 (1912)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01564; Fig. 197
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata acervular, subcuticular, solitary or gregarious.
Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, greenish brown
cells arranged in a pseudoparenchyma. Conidiophores
Fig. 198 a. Phaeophleospora atkinsonii (Material examined: New
Zealand, Auckland, Grey Lynn, Great North Road, Western Springs
Park, on unidentified leaves, C.F. Hill, PDD 95175). a Label of
herbarium specimen. b Herbarium specimens. c Conidiomata on host. d
Vertical section of conidioma. e–h Different stages of conidiogenesis. i–o
Conidia. Scale bars: d = 50 μm, e–o = 10 μm. b. Phaeophleospora
phormii (Material examined: New Zealand, Hanmer Springs, Jollies
Pass, on leaves of Phormium cookianum, 17 February 2011, E.H.C.
McKenzie & M. Padamsee, PDD 102906). a Label of herbarium
specimen. b Herbarium specimens. c Conidiomata on host. d Vertical
section of conidioma. e–g Different stages of conidiogenesis. h–l
Conidia. Scale bars: s = 20 μm, e–l = 5 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Phaeophleospora Rangel, Arq. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro
18: 162 (1916)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01565; Fig. 198
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales,
Mycosphaerellaceae
Endophytic, saprobic, pathogenic or associated with leaf
spots. Sexual morph: ?Mycosphaerella sensu lato. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or gregarious, immersed, subepidermal, becoming erumpent, black, globose to irregular, unilocular, or ?multi-locular, ostiolate.
Conidiomata wall composed of pale brown to medium
brown-walled cells of textura angularis or textura
epidermidea. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells percurrent proliferation, holoblastic, discrete, ampulliform or doliiform to
subcylindrical, medium brown, verruculose. Conidia cylindrical to subcylindrical, truncate base, apex rounded,
straight or curved, hyaline or medium red-brown,
verruculose, not prominently guttulate or eguttulate, with or
without marginal frill (Crous et al. 1997, 2015d; Crous 1998;
Taylor and Crous 1999).
Type species: Phaeophleospora eugeniae Rangel,
Decheniana 18: 162 (1916); Fig. 198
Notes: Rangel (1916) introduced Phaeophleospora based
on P. eugeniae as the type species. Sutton (1977) did not
list Phaeophleospora as an accepted genus and referred it
as nomina dubia as the original description was poor.
Crous et al. (1997) collected new specimens, resurrected
the genus, transferred several species to the genus and
designated a neotype. Crous et al. (1997) treated
Kirramyces as a synonym of Phaeophleospora as the latter is the oldest name. However, Andjic et al. (2007a)
showed that Kirramyces (current name Teratosphaeria) is
phylogenetically distinct from P. eugeniae and that
Phaeophleospora is polyphyletic. Hence,
Phaeophleospora was restricted only to the type species.
Crous et al. (2007, Crous et al. 2009b, 2015a, b) accepted
Phaeophleospora as a member of Mycosphaerellaceae
however, further re-collections and culture studies are
essential.
Nevertheless, Crous et al. (2015d) introduced
P h a e o p h l e o s p o r a p a r s o n i a e C r o u s , a n d P.
hymenocallidicola Crous which has hyaline conidia.
Hence, the generic boundaries of Phaeophleospora
sensu stricto would be expanded to include species with
hyaline conidia. Our multi-gene analyses (based on
LSU, RPB2, ITS, β-tubulin and TEF1-α gene region)
show that Phaeophleospora resides in
Mycosphaerellaceae (Fig. 11).
Phaeosphaeria I. Miyake, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 23: 93 (1909)
= Phaeoseptoria Speg., Revta Mus. La Plata 15: 39 (1908)
Facesoffungi number: FoF00233; Figs. 199 and 200
Fig. 199 Phaeoseptoria papayae. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Conidioma wall. c Different stages of conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 50 μm, b–d = 10 μm (re-drawn from Morgan-Jones 1974)
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Foliicolous, saprobic or pathogenic on a range of host
plants or ?lichenicolous. Sexual morph: see Hyde et al.
(2013); Quaedvlieg et al. (2013); Phookamsak et al.
(2014). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary
to gregarious, immersed, becoming erumpent, brown,
ostiolate. Ostiole central. Conidiomata wall composed of
thin-walled, brow n cells of text ura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells proliferating percurrently near apex,
simple, ampulliform to subcylindrical or doliiform, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia subcylindrical to obclavate, apex obtuse,
base truncate, straight to curved or slightly curved,
phragmosporous, continuous or slightly constricted at septa, solitary, pale brown, smooth-walled, guttulate (MorganJones 1974; Punithalingam and Spooner 1997; Quaedvlieg
et al. 2013; Phookamsak et al. 2014).
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 200 Phaeosphaeria chiangraina (Material examined: Thailand,
Chiang Rai Province, Muang District, Nanglae Village, on dead leaves
of Oryza sativa, 20 January 2013, R. Phookamsak, MFLU 12–2472,
holotype). a, b Cultures with conidiomata. c Vertical section of
conidioma. d Conidioma wall. e–h Different stages of conidiogenesis.
i–p Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 μm, d = 20 μm, e–p = 5 μm
Type species: Phaeosphaeria oryzae I. Miyake, Bot. Mag.
Tokyo, 23(266): 93 (1909)
Notes: Spegazzini (1908) introduced Phaeoseptoria
with P. papayae as the type species. Quaedvlieg et al.
( 2 0 1 3 ) s h o w e d t h a t P. p a p a y a e c l u s t e r s w i t h
Phaeosphaeria sensu stricto hence introduced it as the
new combination of Phaeosphaeria papaya (Speg.)
Quaedvlieg et al. Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) also proposed
to adopt Phaeosphaeria over Phaeoseptoria. Phookamsak
et al. (2014) and Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) agreed with
this adoption in their list of genera in Phaeosphaeriaceae
and proposed list of generic names for Dothideomycetes
respectively.
Punithalingam and Spooner (1997) described
Phaeoseptoria peltigerae Punith. & Spooner from the thallus
of the lichen Peltigera horizontalis.
Phaeosphaeriopsis M.P.S. Câmara et al., in Câmara et al.,
Mycol. Res. 107(5): 519 (2003) Facesoffungi number:
FoF00264; Fig. 201
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Saprobic or pathogenic on various monocotyledons.
Sexual morph: see Phookamsak et al. (2014). Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, superficial, or
semi-immersed, black, globose to subglobose or cup-
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 201 Phaeosphaeriopsis dracaenicola (Material examined:
Thailand, Chiang Rai Province, Muang District, Nang Lae Village, on
living leaves of Dracaena lourieri, 21 September 2010, S. Wikee, MFLU
11–0193, holotype). a, b Conidiomata on culture. c Squashed conidioma.
d Vertical section of conidioma. e Conidioma wall. f–i Different stages of
conidiogenesis. j–o Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 μm, d = 50 μm, e,
f = 10 μm, g, h = 5 μm, i–o = 2 μm
shaped, ostiolate. Ostiole central, apapillate.
Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of dark brown
cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of thinwalled, hyaline cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or simple,
rarely branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells
holoblastic, phialidic, doliiform to cylindrical or
ampulliform, single, discrete, sometimes integrated,
ampulliform or cylindric-clavate, hyaline, arising from
basal stratum. Conidia globose to subglobose, initially
hyaline, becoming brown to dark brown, aseptate, thick
and smooth-walled (Phookamsak et al. 2014).
Type species: Phaeosphaeriopsis glaucopunctata (Grev.)
M.P.S. Câmara et al., in Câmara et al., Mycol. Res. 107(5):
519 (2003)
Notes: Phookamsak et al. (2014) introduced the
Phaeosphaeriopsis dracaenicola Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde
with brown to dark brown, aseptate conidia. Phylogenetic
analyses show that Phaeosphaeriopsis dracaenicola resides
in Phaeosphaeriopsis sensu stricto.
Fungal Diversity
Phaeostagonospora A.W. Ramaley, Mycotaxon 61: 351
(1997)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01566; Fig. 202
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Saprobic or endophytic on Asparagaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: ?Phaeosphaeriopsis fide
Ramaley (1997). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial,
solitary, subepidermal, unilocular, elongated to globose, flattened at the apex against the host epidermis, with small papilla
penetrating the host epidermis. Conidiomata wall thick, composed of 3–6 layers of brown-walled cells, with 1–2 hyaline
interior layers. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, discrete, doliiform,
ampulliform or irregular in shape, hyaline, smooth.
Macroconidia ellipsoidal to cylindrical, with rounded ends,
foveolate, brown, phragmosporous, 1–3-septate, roughwalled. Microconidia globose or ellipsoidal, hyaline,
smooth-walled, forming on the conidiomatal wall near the
ostiole (description modified from Ramaley 1997).
Type species: Phaeostagonospora nolinae A.W. Ramaley,
Mycotaxon 61: 351 (1997); Fig. 202
Notes: Ramaley (1997) introduced the genus
Phaeostagonospora with P. nolinae as the type species. At
the same time, Ramaley (1997) introduced
Paraphaeosphaeria nolinae A.W. Ramaley as the sexual
morph of Phaeostagonospora nolinae based on occurrence
of both fungi on same substrate. Câmara et al. (2003) transferred the sexual morph to the new genus, Phaeosphaeriopsis
M.P.S. Câmara et al. and treated Phaeostagonospora as its
asexual morph. However, this link was not proven based on
either culture or molecular based methods. Phookamsak et al.
(2014) and Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) accepted
Phaeostagonospora as a distinct genus in
Phaeosphaeriaceae, but this placement has not been confirmed by phylogenetic analyses.
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Massarineae, Lentitheciaceae
Saprobic and endophytic on twigs of Araliaceae and
Platanaceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, subepidermal,
black, gregarious, unilocular, globose to subglobose, papillate
ostiole, central. Conidiomata wall multi-layered, outer wall
composed of dark brown, thin walled cells of textura
angularis, with inner layer of hyaline, thin-walled cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, discrete,
determinate, simple to branched at the base, short or long,
hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia medium
brown, clavate or ellipsoid to subcylindrical, with obtuse apex
and truncate base, straight to curved, (2−)3(−4)-transverse
septate, rarely with 1 longitudinal septum, constricted at the
septa.
Type species: Phragmocamarosporium platani Wijayaw.
et al., Crypto Mycol 36(2): 217 (2015); Fig. 203
Notes: Phragmocamarosporium spp. are morphologically
similar to Camarosporium hederae which is characterized by
brown, phragmosporous conidia (Ellis and Everhart
1900). However, both morphology and molecular data
strongly supported the erection of a new genus, thus
Wijayawardene et al. (2015) introduced
Phragmocamarosporium. Currently the genus comprises
two species and resides in Lentitheciaceae.
Phragmocamarosporium Wijayaw. et al., Crypto Mycol
36(2): 217 (2015)
Index Fungorum number: IF551084; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 00465; Fig. 203
Phragmotrichum Kunze, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 2:
84 (1823)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01567; Fig. 204
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Fig. 202 Phaeostagonospora
nolinae. a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidia. Scale
bars: a, b = 20 μm (re-drawn from
Ramaley 1997)
Key to species of Phragmocamarosporium
1. Conidiogenous cells 8–10 × 1.5–2.5 μm, conidia 9–
11 × 3–4.5 μm ……………………….. P. hederae
1. Conidiogenous cells 1.5–3 × 1.5–2.5 μm, conidia 12–
13 × 5–7.5 μm ……………………….. P. platani
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 203 Phragmocamarosporium platani (Material examined: China,
Guizhou Province, Huaxi, on branch of Platanus sp., 20 July 2012, N.
Wijayawardene, MFLU 15–0164, holotype). a Branch of Platanus sp. b
Conidiomata on branch. c, d Vertical sections of conidiomata. e
Conidioma wall. f–h Developing conidia attached to conidiogenous
cells. i–n Conidia. Scale bars: c = 150 μm, d = 100 μm, e = 100 μm, f–
h = 10 μm, i = 15 μm, j–n = 5 μm (from Wijayawardene et al. 2015)
Fungal Diversity
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic to sporodochium-like, immersed at
immaturity, erumpent at maturity, solitary to gregarious, dark
brown. Conidiomatal wall composed of dark brown-walled
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores hyaline, branched
only at the base, septate, smooth, cylindrical, formed from the
base of the inner wall of conidioma. Conidiogenous cells
thallic, integrated, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, producing
un-branched basipetal chains of conidia. Conidia brown,
muriform, 4–5 transversely septate, with 2–3 longitudinal septa, continuous, truncate at both ends, straight to curved, fusiform or ellipsoidal, smooth-walled (Sutton 1980; Mel’nik
1984; Bhat and Kendrick 1993).
Type species: Phragmotrichum chailletii Kunze,
Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 2: 84 (1823)
Notes: The genus Phragmotrichum was introduced by
Kunze and Schmidt (1823) based on P. chailletii as the type
species. The conidial development of Phragmotrichum is fascinating as only a few coelomycetous genera have holothallic
condiogenesis (Sutton 1980) although several hyphomycetous genera show such conidiogenesis (Seifert et al. 2011).
However, Sutton and Pirozynski (1965), Sutton and Sandhu
(1969) and Sutton (1977, 1980) accepted this genus as a
coelomycete. Conidial development (arthric conidiogenesis)
of Phragmotrichum is similar to Neozythia and Vouauxiella.
A taxonomic key to distinguish Phragmotrichum and other
related genera is provided under Cirrosporium.
Besides the type species, Sutton (1980) accepted
three species viz. P. pini (W.B. Cooke) B. Sutton &
D.K. Sandhu, P. rivoclarinum (Peyronel) B. Sutton &
Piroz. and P. platanoidis G.H. Otth. Since Sutton
(1980), two species have been introduced i.e. P.
vassiljevae Mel’nik (Mel’nik 1984) and P. andamanense
Bhat et al. (Bhat and Kendrick 1993). Hence currently
Phragmotrichum comprises six species.
Piggotia Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 2 7:
95 (1851)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01568; Fig. 205
?Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Venturiales,
Venturiaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves of a range of host plants,
or associated with leaf lesions. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, subcuticular, separate or convoluted, black, cuticle dark brown. Conidiomata
wall lower layer composed of pale to medium brown almost
cuboid textura prismatica. Conidiophores branched, septate
only near the base, pale brown, smooth, cylindrical, straight.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to annellidic, indeterminate,
discrete, cylindrical, pale brown, smooth or verruculose
above. Macroconidia cylindrical to almost cuneiform, apex
obtuse, base truncate, pale brown, aseptate, thin and smooth-
walled. Microconidia cylindrical to subglobose, apex rounded, base broadly truncate, hyaline to pale brown, with a tiny
frill at the base, aseptate, thin and smooth-walled (MorganJones et al. 1972c; Sutton 1980; Johnston 1999).
Type species: Piggotia ulmi (Grev.) Keissl., Annln naturh.
Mus. Wien: 207 (1933); Fig. 205
≡ Asteroma ulmi Grev., Fl. Edin.: 368 (1824)
= Piggotia astroidea Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat.
Hist., Ser. 2 7: 95 (1851)
Notes: Berkeley and Broome (1851) introduced Piggotia
with P. astroidea Berk. & Broome as the type species.
However, Sutton (1980) listed only two species as accepted
species. Further Sutton (1980) stated that all other species
need to be revisited.
Kirk et al. (2008) and Zhang et al. (2012) listed Piggotia as
an asexual morph in Venturiaceae. However, Sutton (1980)
stated Platychora ulmi (Schleich.) Pet. is the sexual morph of
Piggotia ulmi. Sequence data is unavailable, thus taxonomic
placement is uncertain.
Pilidiella Petr. & Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni
veg. 42(1): 462 (1927)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01569; Figs. 206 and 207
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Schizoparmeaceae
Saprobic and pathogenic on leaves, stems of a range of
host plants or associated with leaf spots. Sexual morph:
Schizoparme fide Van Niekerk et al. (2004). Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidia, globose and slightly depressed to
subglobose, uniloculate, with a prominent ostiole.
Conidiomata wall thick-walled, composed of thin-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis, with outer layers pigmented
and inner layers hyaline. Conidiophores dense, branched at
the base, aseptate to septate, hyaline, smooth.
Conidiogenous cells simple, hyaline, annellidic, arising from
a supporting conidiophore cell. Conidia ellipsoidal or cylindrical to fusiform, with slightly obtuse apex and base,
aseptate, straight to slightly curved, hyaline to pale brown,
smooth-walled, some species with lateral appendages or mucoid sheath (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993; Van Niekerk et al.
2004; Rossman 2007; Miranda et al. 2012).
Type species: Pilidiella quercicola (Oudem.) Petr., Beih.
Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg. 42(1): 462 (1927) [1926]
Notes: Sutton (1980) reduced Pilidiella to synonym with
Coniella as pycnidia, conidiogenesis and orientation of
conidiophores were identical, except conidial pigmentation.
von Arx (1957, 1981) used conidial pigmentation to distinguish Coniella and Pilidiella. However, Nag Raj (1993) accepted Pilidiella as a synonym of Coniella and rejected von
Arx’s (1981) criteria of conidial pigmentation for
distinguishing both genera. Nevertheless, Castlebury et al.
(2002) and van Niekerk et al. (2004) showed that these two
genera have distinct affiliations in their phylogenetic analyses
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Phragmotrichum platanoidis. (Material examined: Italy, ForlìCesena [FC] Province, Ronco del Cianco - Santa Sofia, on bark of
F ra x i n us sp . , E . C a m p o r e s i , 2 9 A p r i l 2 0 1 2 , M F L U 1 5 –
3454 = HKAS92539). a–c Conidiomata on host. d, e Vertical sections
of conidiomata. f Basipetal development of conidial chain in matrix of
conidiomata. g Basal region of chain of conidia. h Apical region of
conidial chains. i–k Chains of conidia attach to conidiogenous cells. l,
m Chain of conidia. Scale bars: d, e = 60 μm, f–l = 20 μm, m, n = 15 μm
Fig. 204
of ITS and LSU sequence data. Our phylogenetic analyses
also agree with these findings (Figs. 9, 12 and 208).
Sutton (1980) stated that Pilidiella castaneicola (as
Coniella castaneicola) has pale brown conidia, but van
Niekerk et al. (2004) mentioned both P. castaneicola and P.
granati have hyaline conidia. Hence, van Niekerk et al. (2004)
expanded the generic boundaries of Pilidiella to include ‘hyaline to dark brown conidia’. Our collection (Fig. 206) of P.
castaneicola also has hyaline to subhyaline conidia while the
collection of P. eucalyptorum has dark brown conidia
(Fig. 207). However, Coniella also has dark brown conidia
thus it is appropriate to rely on sequence data to distinguish
Pilidiella species with dark brown conidia and Coniella species.
Placodiplodia Bubák, Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 34: 305 (1916)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01570; Figs. 209 and 210
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic, immersed, erumpent at maturity, solitary or gregarious, or occasionally confluent, navicular,
Fig. 205 Piggotia ulmi. a
Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 50 μm, b, c = 10 μm (redrawn Morgan-Jones et al. 1972c)
unilocular, dark brown to black. Conidiomata wall outer layer
composed of thick-walled, dark brown walled cells of textura
angularis, inner layer composed of thin-walled, hyaline cells
of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
phialidic, ampulliform to doliiform, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth, collarette, channel minute.
Conidia cylindrical to ellipsoid, pale brown to brown,
1-septate, continuous or slightly constricted, obtuse apex
and base, smooth-walled (Cooke 1891; Sutton 1980;
Buchanan 1987; Bianchinotti 2001).
Type species: Placodiplodia copelandii Bubák [as
‘copelandi’], Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 35: 305 (1916); Fig. 209
Notes: Bubák (1916) introduced Placodiplodia with P.
copelandii as the type species. Zambettakis (1954) introduced
several species but Sutton (1980) maintained the genus
as monotypic. Buchanan (1987) transferred Diplodia
canthiifolia Cooke & Massee to Placodiplodia and thus
the genus comprises two species. In conidial morphology, Placodiplodia resembles Diplodia and Dothiorella.
However, Placodiplodia has stromatic conidiomata,
while both Diplodia and Dothiorella have pycnidial
conidiomata. Nevertheless, phylogenetic studies are required to confirm the placement; Sequence data is unavailable.
Pleoseptum A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 54:
76 (1995)
Facesoffungi number: FoF00282; Fig. 211
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 206 Pilidiella castaneicola (Material examined: China, Guizhou
Province, Guiyang, Huaxi, near Guizhou University, on leaves of Acer
buergerianum, 28 September 2013, N. Wijayawardene, MFLU 13–
0006). a Leaf spots on Acer sp. b Conidiomata in leaf spot. c, f Vertical
sections of conidiomata. d Vertical section of neck. e Conidiomata wall.
g–i Conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells. j–l Conidia. Scale bars: c,
f = 100 μm, d, g–i =15 μm, e, j–l = 20 μm
Endophytic or saprobic on Asparagaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: see Phookamsak et al.
(2014). Asexual morph: Conidiomata growing with the sexual morph, pycnidial, immersed, solitary to gregarious,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 207 Pilidiella eucalyptorum (Material examined: Thailand, Chiang
Rai Province, Chiang Rai, near Mae Fah Luang university, on twigs of
Eucalyptus sp., 20 May 2013, N. Wijayawardene, MFLU 15–3544). a
Leaf spot on Eucalyptus sp. b Conidiomata on leaf spot. c, e Vertical
sections of conidiomata. d, f–h Conidia attached to conidiogenous cells.
i Conidia. Scale bars: c, e = 100 μm, d, f–h = 20 μm, i = 10 μm
uniloculate, globose to ovoid or conoid, brown to dark brown,
ostiolate. Conidiomata walls thick, composed of thick-walled,
brown to dark brown pseudoparenchymatous cells, arranged
in textura angularis. Conidiophores oblong to cylindrical,
discrete, usually unbranched, hyaline to brown, septate.
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, annellidic or sympodial.
Conidia oblong to obovoid or ellipsoidal, with rounded or
obtuse ends, or with truncate base, muriform, initially hyaline,
becoming brown to reddish-brown or dark brown at maturity,
mostly with 3–5 transverse septa and 1–3 longitudinal septa,
smooth-walled.
Type species: Pleoseptum yuccaesedum A.W. Ramaley &
M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 54: 76 (1995); Fig. 211
= Camarosporium yuccaesedum Fairm., Mycologia 10(5):
261 (1918)
Notes: Ramaley and Barr (1995) introduced Pleoseptum
with P. yuccaesedum as the type species. At the same time,
Ramaley and Barr (1995) reported Camarosporium
yuccaesedum as the asexual morph of Pleoseptum
yuccaesedum as both morphs grow on same host material
and they also proved the link by culture based methods.
Phookamsak et al. (2014) examined the holotype and
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 208 One of the 16 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from
the combined data set of LSU, ITS and EF1-α (CI = 0.735, RI = 0.806,
RC = 0.593, HI = 0.265). MP values (>60 %) resulting from 1000
bootstrap replicates are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to
Harknessia eucalypti (CBS 13643). Ex-type strains are in bold
confirmed the co-occurrence of both morphs on the host material. Camarosporium sensu stricto has distinct phylogenetic
relationship in Pleosporineae hence, Phookamsak et al.
(2014) reduced Camarosporium yuccaesedum under
Pleoseptum yuccaesedum.
Phookamsak et al. (2014) accommodated Pleoseptum in
Pleosporaceae based on morphology, however, this placement is uncertain as it lacks sequence data.
Poaceicola W.J. Li et al. Mycosphere 6(6): 692 (2015)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01571; Fig. 212
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on twigs and stems of
Poaceae. Sexual morph: see Li et al. (2015a).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary,
scattered, immersed, erumpent at maturity, globose,
unilocular, dark brown, osiolate. Ostiole with long
neck, circular, single, central. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic,
short, simple, aggregated, discrete, determinate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia cylindrical, both ends rounded,
straight or rarely slightly curved, with 7 transverse septa, continuous to constricted at septa, thin and smoothwalled.
Type species: Poaceicola arundinis W.J. Li et al.,
Mycosphere 6(6): 692 (2015)
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 209 Placodiplodia
copelandii. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Conidiogenous
cells. d Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 50 μm, b, c = 10 μm (redrawn from Sutton 1980)
Notes: Li et al. (2015a) introduced Poaceicola with P.
arundinis as the type species. Currently the genus comprises
three species viz. P. arundinis W.J. Li et al., P. bromii Wijaya.
et al. and P. elongata (Wehm.) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.) W.J.
Li et al. Moreover, Li et al. (2015) showed that Poaceicola
resided in Phaeosphaeriaceae and our phylogenetic analyses
also agree with this finding (Fig. 9).
Poropeltis Henn., Hedwigia 43: 390 (1904)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01572; Fig. 213
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves of Dilleniaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnothyrial, superficial, solitary to
gregarious, occasionally confluent, glabrous, dark brown
scutate, orbicular to irregular in outline. Conidiomata wall
composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Fig. 210 Placodiplodia hilata. a
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidia. Scale
bars: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Bianchinotti 2001)
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, ampulliform,
discrete, subhyaline to hyaline, smooth. Conidia oval to elliptic, aseptate, brown to dark brown, with narrow, paler band in
the centre, smooth-walled (Hennings 1904; Nag Raj 1977).
Type species: Poropeltis davillae Henn., Hedwigia 43(6):
390 (1904); Fig. 213
Notes: Hennings (1904) introduced Poropeltis with P.
davillae as the type species. Nag Raj (1977a) re-described
and illustrated the type species. Sutton (1977, 1980) did not
list Poropeltis in his checklist and monograph, respectively.
Nevertheless, Kirk et al. (2008, 2013) listed it and thus we
treat Poropeltis as a valid name. In morphology, Poropeltis
resembles diplodia-like taxa, but lacks a median septum.
Sequence data is unavailable, thus taxonomic placement is
uncertain.
Prillieuxina G. Arnaud, Annals d’École National d’Agric.
de Montpellier, Série 2 16(1–4): 161 (1918) [1917]
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 211 Coelomycetous morph of Pleoseptum yuccaesedum (Material
examined: USA, Colorado, Montezuma County, hillside near entrance to
Mesa Verde National Park, on leaves of Yucca baccata, 11 October 1992,
A. Ramaley, BPI 802381). a Herbarium label and specimens of
Pleoseptum yuccaesedum. b Conidiomata occurs close to ascomata on
same host material. c Vertical section of conidioma. d Conidioma wall. e
Immature conidia attach to conidiogenous cells. f–i Conidiogenous cells
stained in congo red. j–n Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 μm, d = 50 μm, h–
j = 20 μm, e–g, k–n = 10 μm
= Leprieurina G. Arnaud, Annals d’École National
d’Agric. de Montpellier, Série 2 16(1–4): 210 (1918) [1917]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01573; Fig. 214
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Asterinales,
Asterinaceae
Epiphytes on surface of leaves, forming minute, scattered,
blackened areas. Sexual morph: see Hongsanan et al. (2014).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnothyrial, superficial,
scattered. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, short, discrete, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia obovoid, widest near the apex and tapering
towards lower end, 0–1-septate at lower cell, continuous,
brown to dark brown (Hongsanan et al. 2014).
Type species: Prillieuxina winteriana (Pazschke) G.
Arnaud, Annals d’École National d’Agric. de Montpellier,
Série 2 16(1–4): 162 (1918) [1917]; Fig. 214
= Leprieurina winteriana G. Arnaud, Annals d’École
National d’Agric. de Montpellier, Série 2 16(1–4):
211(1918)[1917]
See Hongsanan et al. (2014) for synonyms.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 212 Poaceicola bromii (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena
[FC] Province, on leaves of Bromus sterilis, 19 July 2013, E.
Camporesi, MFLU 15–2719, holotype). a, b Conidiomata on host
material. c–e Vertical sections of conidiomata. f, g Conidiomata wall.
h–k Different stages of conidiogenesis. l–o Conidia. Scale bars: c–
e = 150 μm, f, g = 250 μm, h–l = 5 μm
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014) reduced the asexual typified name, Leprieurina under sexual typified name i.e.
Prillieuxina as both genera co-occure on same host material.
This was accepted by Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) and
Rossman et al. (2015).
Prosopidicola Crous & C.L. Lennox, Stud. Mycol. 50(1):
‘187‘ [191] (2004)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01573; Fig. 215
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Cryphonectriaceae
Associated with pod rot symptoms of Fabaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, or sometimes appearing
like acervular, solitary, subepidermal, erumpent at
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 213 Poropeltis davillae. a
Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Nag Raj 1977a)
maturity, globose to subglobose, unilocular, black.
Conidiomata wall composed of medium brown-walled
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores subcylindrical,
branched, septate, straight to irregularly curved, pale
brown to green-brown. Conidiogenous cells phialidic,
but proliferating percurrently, subcylindrical to
lageniform, green-brown and smooth when immature,
becoming medium to dark green-brown and warty at
maturity, with prominent periclinal thickening and a narrow apex, apex with flared collarette. Conidia broadly
ellipsoidal, straight to slightly curved, rounded at the
apex, aseptate, tapering to a subtruncate base, medium
brown, with thin and smooth-walled (description
modified from Lennox et al. 2004).
Type species: Prosopidicola mexicana Crous &
C.L. Lennox, Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 191 (2004);
Fig. 215
Notes: Lennox et al. (2004) introduced the genus
Prosopidicola with P. mexicana as the type species. In
morphology, Prosopidicola resembles coniothyrium-like
taxa i.e. which have brown pycnidia, reduced conidiophores and 0–1-septate conidia (Lennox et al. 2004;
Verkley et al. 2004). However, phylogenetically,
Prosopidicola cluster in distinct lineage from other
coniothyrium-like taxa and resides in Diaporthales
(Lennox et al. 2004).
Prosthemium Kunze, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 17
(1817)
= Pleomassaria Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 9: (1880);
Fig. 216
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01574
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
family incertae sedis, Pleomassariaceae
Saprobic or endophytic or phellophytic mainly on twigs of
Betulaceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Pleomassaria
fide Tanaka et al. (2010). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial to stromatic, immersed to subperidermal, circular, solitary or gregarious, occasionally confluent, ostiolate.
Conidiomata wall multi-layered, outer layer composed of
thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer
thin-walled, occasionally thick-walled, hyaline cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores filiform, unbranched, septate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical, integrated, determinate, hyaline, smooth, terminal. Conidia stellate, with transverse septate arms,
brown, apical cells of arms hyaline to subhyaline,
smooth to minutely verrucose (Sutton 1980; Kowalski
and Holdenrieder 1996; Tanaka et al. 2005, 2010;
Kamiyama et al. 2009).
Type species: Prosthemium betulinum Kunze, in Kunze &
Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 18 (1817)
Notes: Schmidt (1817) introduced Prosthemium with P.
betulinum as the type species. In morphology, Prosthemium
closely resembles Asterosporium, thus recent studies rely on
phylogenetic analyses (Kamiyama et al. 2009; Tanaka et al.
2010). Currently eleven epithets are listed in Index Fungorum
(2016) however, Sutton (1980) listed only P. stellare Riess
besides the type species. Since Sutton (1980), five species
have been introduced viz. P. asterosporum T. Kowalski &
Holdenr. (Kowalski and Holdenrieder 1996), P. canba Kaz.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 214 Prillieuxina winteriana (Material examined: Dominican
Republic, on leaves of Annona sp., intercepted JFK International
Airport, New York, 25 September 1979, D. Kepich, BPI 690983). a
Herbarium label and specimens. b Conidiomata and ascomata on host
material. c Surface view of conidioma. d–g Conidia attach to
conidiogenous cells. h–l Conidia. Scale bars: c–l = 10 μm
Tanaka et al. (Tanaka et al. 2005), P. intermedium Kaz. Tanaka
& Mel’nik, P. neobetulinum Kaz. Tanaka & Mel’nik (Tanaka
et al. 2010) and P. orientale (Mel’nik) Kamiy. et al.
(Kamiyama et al. 2009).
Tanaka et al. (2010) showed that Asterosporium and
Prosthemium are phylogenetically distinct and are
accommodated in Diaporthales and Pleosporales
respectively. At the same time, Tanaka et al. (2010) showed
that the type species of Pleomassaria and Prosthemium (i.e.
Pleomassaria siparia (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. and P.
betulinum Kunze respectively) cluster in the same clade in
Pleomassariaceae, Pleosporales. Hence, Wijayawardene
et al. (2014c) proposed to adopt the older asexual typified
generic name over the younger sexual typified name i.e.
Prosthemium over Pleomassaria respectively. The adoption
was accepted by Rossman et al. (2015).
Pseudocamarosporium Wijayaw. & K.D. Hyde, Cryptog.
Mycol. 35(2): 185 (2014)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01575; Figs. 217 and 218
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Massarineae,
Didymosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on dead twigs, branches, cones and
stems of a range of host plants. Sexual morph:
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 215 Prosopidicola
mexicana a Vertical section of
conidioma. b–d Different stages
of conidiogenesis. e Conidia.
Scale bars: a–e = 10 μm (redrawn from Lennox et al. 2004)
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial,
black, globose to subglobose, unilocular, immersed, solitary
to gregarious, brown to dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole central,
papillate. Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of thinwalled, brown cells of textura angularis, becoming paler towards the inside. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cell enteroblastic, phialidic with
percurrent proliferation, simple, short, hyaline, thin-walled,
indeterminate, discrete to integrated. Conidia oblong,
muriform, with transverse and longitudinal septa, occasionally
oblique septa, generally with a truncate base and obtuse apex,
varying in shape, brown to dark brown, smooth-walled
(Wijayawardene et al. 2014e).
Type species: Pseudocamarosporium propinquum (Sacc.)
Wijayaw. et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 191 (2014); Fig. 217
≡ Hendersonia propinqua Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 5): 516
(1879)
Notes: Wijayawardene et al. (2014d) showed that
camarosporium-like taxa are polyphyletic in Pleosporales in
their phylogenetic analyses. Camarosporium sensu stricto
groups in Pleosporineae, while other camarosporiumlike taxa group as two other distinct clades in
Didymosphaeriaceae, Massarineae (Wijayawardene et al.
2014e; Figs. 9 and 15). Hence, Wijayawardene et al.
(2014d) introduced Pseudocamarosporium to place five taxa
residing in Didymosphaeriaceae. Pseudocamarosporium is
morphologically quite similar with Camarosporium sensu
stricto and Paracamarosporium (in Didymosphaeriaceae).
However, the latter genus has microconidia and paraphyses
thus distinct from Pseudocamarosporium.
Pseudodiplodia (P. Karst.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 3:
621 (1884)
= Diplodia subgen. Pseudodiplodia P. Karst., Meddn Soc.
Fauna Flora fenn. 11: 156 (1884)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01576; Fig. 219
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range
of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, globose,
immersed, unilocular, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole
apapillate, single, central, circular. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis on
the outside, thinner-walled and pale towards the
conidiogenous layer, hyaline at the base. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, doliiform to ampulliform, discrete,
determinate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid, apex and
base obtuse, 0–1-septate, often slightly constricted at the
septum, pale brown, smooth-walled (description modified
from Sutton 1980).
Type species: Pseudodiplodia ligniaria (P. Karst.) Sacc.,
Syll. fung. (Abellini) 3: 621 (1884)
≡ Diplodia ligniaria P. Karst., Hedwigia 23(6): 87 (1884)
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 216 Prosthemium spp. a–c P. betulinum (Material examined:
Russia, St. Petersburg, botanical garden of Komarov Botanical Institute,
on twigs of Betula raddeana, 8 May 2002, V.A. Mel’nik, LE 212484). d–
f P. canba (Material examined: Japan, Aomori, Hakkoda, on twigs of
Betula ermanii, 14 April 2002, S. Hatakeyama, HHUF 27340,
holotype). g–i P. intermedium (Material examined: Japan, Aomori,
Hakkoda, on twigs of Betula ermanii, 31 March 2007, K. Tanaka,
HHUF 30063, holotype). j–l P. neobetulinum (Material examined:
Russia, St. Petersburg, botanical garden of Komarov Botanical Institute,
on twigs of Betula davurica, 2 October 2008, V.A. Mel’nik, HHUF
30040). m–o P. orientale (Material examined: Russia, Kamczatka, distr.
Ustj-Kamczatskij, settlement Kljuczi, on dead twigs of Betula ermanii, 22
July 1983, Lar. N. Vassiljeva, LE 73863, holotype of Asterosporium
orientale). p–r P. stellare (Material examined: Lithuania, Juodkrante, on
twigs of Alnus glutinosa, 11 June 2005, V.A. Mel’nik, HHUF 29951). a,
d, g, j, m, p Conidiomata on host surface. b, e, h, k, n, q Vertical sections
of conidiomata. c, f, i, l, o, r Conidia. Scale bars: a, d, g, j, m, p = 500 μm,
b, e, h, k, n, q = 100 μm, c, f, i, l, o, r = 10 μm
Notes: Saccardo (1884) introduced Pseudodiplodia with P.
ligniaria as the type species. Petrak (1953b) introduced 51
new combinations from Ascochytella Tassi and Ascochytula
(Poteb.) Died. Hence, 85 epithets are listed in Index
Fung orum ( 201 6) a nd Sut ton (1 98 0) stated that
Pseudodiplodia resembles Ascochytulina beside the absence
of a clypeus and the smooth conidia (see under
Ascochytulina). Phillips et al. (2013) treated Pseudodiplodia
visci (DC.) Petr. as a synonym of Sphaeropsis visci (Alb. &
Schwein.) Sacc.
Fungal Diversity
De Gruyter et al. (2009) deposited sequence data for
Pseudodiplodia sp. (CBS 255.86) in GenBank but excluded
it from the analyses.
Pseudohendersonia Crous & M.E. Palm, Mycol. Res.
103(10): 1302 (1999)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01577; Fig. 220
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Didymellaceae
Associated with leaf spots of Proteaceae, Rubiaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, scattered,
subcuticular, erumpent at maturity, globose to subglobose,
unilocular, black, ostiolate. Ostiole single, circular, single.
Conidiomata wall composed of medium brown-walled cells
o f t e x t ur a an gu l ar i s. Co ni dio ph ore s r e d u c e d to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic,
subcylindrical to cupulate, hyaline, smooth, with periclinal
thickening. Conidia broadly ellipsoidal, straight to slightly
curved, both ends rounded, distoseptate or septate, continuous, light brown at immaturity, becoming brown to dark
brown at maturity, verruculose or smooth-walled (Crous and
Palm 1999b)
Type species: Pseudohendersonia proteae Crous & M.E.
Palm, Mycol. Res. 103(10): 1303 (1999)
Notes: Crous and Palm (1999b) introduced
Pseudohendersonia with P. proteae as the type species. In
conidial morphology, Pseudohendersonia is similar with
Homortomyces an Phragmocamarosporium. However,
Homortomyces has paraphyses and in phylogenetic analyses
Phragmocamarosporium resides in Lentitheciaceae
(Wijayawardene et al. 2015 and see notes under
Phragmocamarosporium).
In this study we introduce the second species, but is slightly
distinct from the type species of Pseudohendersonia as it has a
smooth conidium wall. Currently, P. proteae lacks sequence
data, but we prefer to maintain new collection under
Pseudohendersonia until sequence of the type species is
available.
Pseudohendersonia galiorum Wijayaw., Camporesi,
McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551795; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 01578; Fig. 220
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–3552
Associated with leaf spots of Galium sp. (Rubiaceae).
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata 130–160 μm high, 150–180 μm, pycnidial, solitary, scattered, subcuticular, erumpent at maturity, globose,
occasionally subglobose, unilocular, black, ostiolate. Ostiole
single, circular. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled,
medium brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–8 × 1–
Fig. 217 Pseudocamarosporium propinquum (Material examined:
Italy, Firenze Province, Passo Dell’Eremo – Marradi, on dead branch of
Salix sp., 12 May 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 14–0092, epitype). a
Conidiomata on Salix sp. b, c Vertical sections of conidiomata. d
Conidioma wall. f–h Developing conidia attach to conidiogenous cells.
i–q Conidia. r Germinating conidium. Scale bars: b = 250 μm,
c = 350 μm, d = 25 μm, e–h, j–r = 5 μm, i = 20 μm
3 μm, phialidic, subcylindrical to cupulate, simple, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia 9–15 × 3.5–5.5 μm (x = 11.74 × 4.62 μm),
ellipsoidal, straight to slightly curved, both ends rounded, or
rarely with truncate base, 3-septate, continuous, light brown at
immaturity, becoming brown at maturity, eguttulate, thick and
smooth-walled.
Culture characteristics: On PDA slow growing,
attaining 2 cm in 7 days, white from the above and greyish
white from below, with thin mycelium, zonate, margin
wavy, cottony.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province,
Valgianna - Bagno di Romagna, dead stem of Galium sp.
(Rubiaceae), 29 January 2014, Erio Camporesi, IT 1687
(MFLU 15–3552, holotype); ibid (HKAS92556, isotype),
living cultures MFLUCC 14–0452, GUCC 1687.
Notes: Farr and Rossman (2016) reported Hendersonia
galiorum Cooke & Harkn. (20 × 8 μm fide Cooke and
Harkness 1880) and H. sarmentorum Westend. (12–
14 × 5 μm fide Saccardo 1892) from Galium sp. Our new
collection morphologically slightly resembles H. galiorum.
However, Hendersonia Berk. was not listed as a valid name
in any checklist or publication (Sutton 1977, 1980; Kirk et al.
2008, 2013). Based on morphology, our collection can be
placed in Pseudohendersonia. Phylogenetic analyses show
that Pseudohendersonia galiorum groups in Didymellaceae
as a sister clade to Endocoryneum dactylidis (MFLUCC 14–
0461) (Fig. 9).
Pseudopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al., Stud. Mycol. 79:
180 (2014)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01579; Fig. 221
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Pestalotiopsidaceae
Saprobic, endophytic or pathogenic on leaves, stems and
fruits of a range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular or pycnidial,
subglobose, globose, clavate, solitary or aggregated, dark
brown to black, immersed to erumpent, unilocular; exuding
dark brown to black conidia in a slimy, globose mass.
Conidiophores indistinct, reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, percurrent proliferations,
discrete, cylindrical, ampulliform to lageniform, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia fusoid, ellipsoid, subcylindrical, straight to
slightly curved, 4-septate, slightly constricted at septa; basal
cell conical to cylindric with a truncate base; three median
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 218 Pseudocamarosporium spp. a–d Pseudocamarosporium
piceae (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena Province, San MartinoPredappio, on dead cones of Picea excelsa, 25 March 2012, E.
Camporesi, MFLU 14–0090, holotype). a Conidiomata on cones of
Picea excels. b Vertical section of conidioma. c Developing conidium.
d Conidia. e–h. Pseudocamarosporium lonicerae (Material examined:
Italy, Forlì-Cesena Province, Forlì, Via del Partigiano, on stem of
Lonicera sp., 9 March 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 14–0091, holotype).
e Conidiomata on branch of Lonicera sp. f Vertical section of conidioma.
g Developing conidia. h Conidia. Scale bars: b, f = 100 μm, c, d,
g = 10 μm, h = 20 μm
cells doliiform, concolorous, brown to dark brown or olivaceous, wall rugose to verruculose, septa darker than the rest of
the cell; apical cell conic to cylindrical, thin and smoothwalled; with tubular apical appendages, one to many, filiform
or attenuated, flexuous, branched or unbranched, with or without spatulate tips; basal appendage single, tubular, unbranched, centric (description modified from
Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014).
Type species: Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (Sawada)
Maharachch. et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 183 (2014); Fig. 221
See Index Fungorum for synonyms
Notes: The new genus Pseudopestalotiopsis, which segregate off Pestalotiopsis, was proposed based on the type
Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (Maharachchikumbura et al.
2014). The Pseudopestalotiopsis theae epitype was designated from the fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis collected from
Thailand (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2013a).
outer layer composed of dark brown, thin-walled cells of
textura angularis, with hyaline conidiogenous inner layer.
Conidiophores cylindrical to irregular, branched only at the
base, septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, with a small collarette, determinate,
integrated, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform,
elongated, straight to curved, occasionally slightly sigmoid,
pale brown, aseptate, guttulate, smooth-walled (Dai et al.
2014).
Type species: Pustulomyces bambusicola D.Q. Dai et al.,
Cryptog. Mycol. 35(1): 64 (2014); Fig. 222
Notes: Dai et al. (2014) introduced Pustulomyces with P.
bambusicola as the type species. In conidiomatal structure,
Pustulomyces resembles the asexual morph of Bambusicola
(Dai et al. 2012) as both have immersed conidiomata formed
on bamboo hosts. Both genera have short, inconspicuous conidiophores which are almost reduced to conidiogenous cells.
However, phylogenetically, these genera have distinct placements with Pustulomyces bambusicola in Diaporthaceae,
Diaporthales (Dai et al. 2014b; Fig. 12) and Bambusicola
sensu stricto in Bambusicolaceae (Hyde et al. 2013;
Wijayawardene et al. 2014d; Fig. 15).
Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(1): 64
(2014)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01580; Fig. 222
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Diaporthaceae
S a p ro b i c o n b a m b o o c u l m s . S e x u a l m o r p h :
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, immersed, erumpent and pustule-like at maturity, solitary,
scattered, coriaceous, with black, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall
Readeriella Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 6(5): 484 (1908)
= Nothostrasseria Nag Raj, Can. J. Bot. 61(1): 23 (1983)
= Cibiessia Crous, Fungal Diversity 26: 151 (2007)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01581; Fig. 223
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 219 Pseudodiplodia zygophylli (Material examined: Turkey,
Gaziantep, on Zygophyllum fabago, 18 March 1950, G. Karel, PDD
54249). a Label of the herbarium material. b Herbarium specimen. c
Conidiomata on host. d Vertical section of conidioma. e Vertical section
of ostiole region. f Conidiogenous cells. g, h, j Different stages of
conidiogenesis. i Conidioma wall. k Immature conidia. l Matured
conidia. Scale bars: d, e = 50 μm, f–h, j–l = 10 μm, i = 15 μm
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales,
Teratosphaeriaceae
Associated with leaf spots, or endophytic, saprobic.
Sexual morph: teratosphaeria-like fide Crous et al.
(2009b). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, solitary, unilocular, globose to subglobose, dark
brown, ostiolate. Ostiole single, circular. Conidiomata
wall outer layer thick, composed of elongated, dark
brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner layer paler. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, indeterminate, discrete, short lageniform to ampulliform, or
doliiform to subcylindrical, hyaline, becomes pale yellow-brown, smooth, occasionally proliferating percurrently,
verruculose. Conidia ellipsoidal to limoniform, base truncate or sub-truncate, pale brown or yellow to green-
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 220 Pseudohendersonia galiorum (holotype). a, b Conidiomata on host material. c–e Vertical sections of conidiomata. g–i Different stages of
conidiogenesis. j, k Conidia. Scale bars: c–e = 100 μm, f = 50 μm, g–k = 10 μm
brown, dark brown at maturity, aseptate, apex flattened,
deltoid, thick and smooth-walled, guttulate (Sutton 1971a,
1980; Morgan-Jones et al. 1972b; Crous et al. 2004, 2007,
2009b).
Type species: Readeriella mirabilis Syd. & P. Syd., Annls
mycol. 6(5): 484 (1908); Fig. 223
Notes: Sydow and Sydow (1908) introduced Readeriella
with R. mirabilis as the type species. Crous et al. (2004, 2007,
2009b) re-visited the genus based on both morphology and
phylogenetic studies and Crous et al. (2009b) reduced
Nothostrasseria Nag Raj and Cibiessia Crous under
Readeriella. Crous et al. (2007, 2009b) recognized
Readeriella as polyphyletic in Teratosphaeriaceae. Further,
Crous et al. (2009b) transferred several species of
Readeriella to Teratosphaeria which clustered in
Teratosphaeria sensu stricto. Based on culture methods and
molecular methods Crous et al. (2009b) confirmed that
Readeriella often form Cibiessia synasexual morphs. Our
phylogenetic analyses also agree with findings in Crous
et al. (2009b) (Fig. 11).
Readerielliopsis Crous & C. Decock, Fungal Planet description sheets: 320–370. Persoonia 34: 195 (2015)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01736; Fig. 224
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on angiosperms or on Fuscoporia
(Basidiomycota). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, brown, subglobose to pyriform, aggregated, somewhat papillate, ostiolate, mostly with
single, central ostiole, rarely with 1–2 lateral ostioles, unilocular, exuding a brown conidial mass. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity. Conidiogenous
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 221 Pseudopestalotiopsis
theae (Material examined:
Thailand, Chiang Mai Province,
Mae Taeng District, Ban Pha
Deng, Mushroom Research
Centre, on living leaves of
Camellia sinensis, 20 January
2010, S.S.N.
Maharachchikumbura, MFLU
12–0116, epitype). a, c, d
Conidia. b Conidia attached to
conidiogenous cells. e, f Colony
on PDA top (e) and reverse (f).
Scale bars: b, d = 20 μm. (from
Maharachchikumbura et al.
2013a)
cells pale brown, subglobose, phialidic, apex with visible minute collarette. Conidia solitary, globose to clavate or
obdeltoid, with three bluntly rounded ends, mostly straight,
rarely curved, brown, smooth-walled (description modified
from Crous et al. 2015d).
Type species: Readerielliopsis fuscoporiae Crous &
Decock, Fungal Planet description sheets: 320–370.
Persoonia 34: 195 (2015); Fig. 224
Notes: Crous et al. (2015d) introduced Readerielliopsis
with R. fuscoporiae as the type species. The morphology of
Readerielliopsis deviates slightly from Readeriella sensu
stricto which has solitary, non-papillate conidiomata and
phialidic, non-percurrent conidiogenesis (Sutton 1980; Crous
et al. 2015d). However, Readerielliopsis is phylogenetically
distinct from Readeriella as it resides in Capnodiales, genera
incertae sedis while latter genus resides in
Teratosphaeriaceae (Fig. 11).
Roussoellopsis I. Hino & Katum., J. Jap. Bot. 40: 86
(1965)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01778; Fig. 225
Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms. Sexual morph: see
Liu et al. (2014). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnothyrial,
superficial to semi-immersed, subglobose, dark-brown to
black, unilocular or multi-locular. Conidiomata wall composed of brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r ed u c ed t o c o n i d i o g e no u s c el l s .
Conidiogenous cells annellidic, hyaline, cylindrical, smooth,
formed from cells lining the inner most layer of the pycnidium. Conidia globose, black, aseptate, smooth and thickwalled surrounded thin gelatinous material (Liu et al. 2014).
Type species: Roussoellopsis japonica (I. Hino & Katum.)
I. Hino & Katum., J. Jap. Bot. 40: 86 (1965)
Notes: Liu et al. (2014) reported that Roussoellopsis
macrospora (I. Hino & Katum.) I. Hino & Katum has asexual
morph with globose, black, aseptate, smooth and thick-walled
conidia. Further, Liu et al. (2014) showed Roussoellopsis resides in Roussoellaceae.
Rhizosphaerina B. Sutton, Sydowia 38: 332 (1986) [1985]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01687; Fig. 226
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves of Myrtaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata superficial to immersed, sporodochial
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Pustulomyces bambusicola (Material examined: Thailand,
Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang Unversity, on dead culm of
Bamboo, 19 July 2011, Dong-Qin Dai, MFLU 13–0369). a, b
Conidiomata formed on host surface. c Vertical section of conidioma. d
Vertical section of ostioles. e–h Conidiogenous cells and conidia. i
Conidiophores. j–q Conidia. r Geminating conidia. s Cultures on PDA
from above after 15 days. t Cultures on PDA from reverse after 15 days.
(d–l Photograph in cotton blue. c, m-r Photograph in water). Scale bars:
a = 2 mm, b = 1 mm, c, d = 50 μm, e–p = 5 μm, q, r = 10 μm, s,
t = 25 mm (from Dai et al. 2014b)
Fig. 222
to acervular, solitary or confluent, enclosed in an initially hyaline, later brown gelatinous matrix. Conidiomata wall composed of hyaline to dark brown-walled cells of textura oblita
or textura intricata. Conidiophores irregularly branched, septate, constricted at the septa, hyaline to brown. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic, doliiform to ampulliform, integrated, determinate, terminal or intercalary. Conidia ellipsoid, thickwalled, truncate at the base, aseptate, brown, thick-walled,
verruculose (description modified from Sutton 1985).
Type species: Rhizosphaerina variabilis B. Sutton,
Sydowia 38: 336 (1986) [1985]
Notes: Sutton (1985) introduced Rhizosphaerina with R.
variabilis as the type species. Rhizosphaerina is characterized
by sporodochial to acervular conidiomata, and thick-walled,
brown conidia (Sutton 1985). In morphology, Rhizosphaerina
resembles several genera such as Davisoniella and
Fairmaniella, which are also reported on Myrtaceae. Sutton
(1985) compared the morphology of Rhizosphaerina with
Coniothyrium and Microsphaeropsis which also have brown
conidia. However, Coniothyrium is restricted to 1-septate conidia (de Gruyter et al. 2013), while Microsphaeropsis has
aseptate conidia (see notes under Coniothyrium) and both
genera have pycnidial conidiomata. Sequence data is unavailable thus it is important to re-collect and carry out culture
studies and phylogenetic studies to confirm its familial placement and generic boundaries. The taxonomic key can be used
to distinguish Rhizosphaerina from related genera.
Key to distinguish Rhizosphaerina from related genera
1. Conidiomata sporodochial, or acervular ....................2
1. Conidiomata stromatic .............................Davisoniella
2. Conidiomata occur as both sporodochia or acervuli
.................................................................Rhizosphaerina
2. Conidiomata only acervuli ..........................................3
3. Conidia aseptate ......................................Fairmaniella
3. Conidia 0–1-septate ......................Leptomelanconium
Robillarda Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 8 (1880)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01688; Fig. 227
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Robillardaceae
Endophytic, or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
stromatic or pycnidial, occasionally intermediate, immersed
to partly erumpent, unilocular or variable, globose, ostiolate
or not. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis to textura prismatica. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to sympodial, ampulliform to lageniform, discrete, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia ellipsoid to fusiform, 1-septate, constricted at
the septum or continuous, hyaline to pale brown, often
guttulate; apical cell short-cylindrical, with 2–5 tubular, flexuous, appendages (Nag Raj 1993; Crous et al. 2015a)
Type species: Robillarda sessilis (Sacc.) Sacc., Michelia
2(no. 6): 8 (1880)
Notes: Saccardo (1880) introduced Robillarda with R.
sessilis as the type species. Robillarda has unique conidial
morphology as it has only 1-septate conidia with apical appendages. Mycohypallage also has 1-septate, thick-walled conidia but, are paler in middle region (Sutton 1980). Nag Raj
(1993) stated only Robillarda citricola Nag Raj, R. gossypii
Erem. and R. sessilis (Sacc.) Sacc. have pale brown conidia,
while other species have hyaline conidia.
Crous et al. (2015a) showed that Robillarda belongs to
Xylariales and clusters as a distinct clade, thus introduced
Robillardaceae Crous. However, our multi-gene analyses
s h o w R o b i l l a rd a g r o u p s a s a d i s t i n c t c l a d e i n
Amphisphaeriales (Fig. 16).
Roussoella Sacc., Atti Inst. Veneto Sci. lett., ed Arti, Sér. 6
6: 410 (1888)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01689; Figs. 228 and 229
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
family incertae sedis, Roussoellaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants.
Sexual morph: see Liu et al. (2014). Asexual morph:
Conidiomata eustromatic, immersed, erumpent at maturity, solitary, scattered, multilocular, ellipsoid to widefusiform, coriaceous. Conidiomatal wall thin, composed
of dark brown to hyaline-walled cells of textura
angularis. Paraphyses straight to flexuous, wide at base,
septate, hyaline. Conidiophores cylindrical, subglobose
to irregular, simple or occasionally branched, smooth,
hyaline. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical to subglobose, or ampulliform, determinate,
discrete, smooth, hyaline. Macroconidia cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, base occasionally truncate, straight,
0–1-septate, pale brown to dark brown, smooth to
verruculose, guttulate. Microconidia subglobose, hyaline,
smooth-walled, guttulate.
Type species: Roussoella nitidula Sacc. & Paol., Atti Inst.
Veneto Sci. lett., ed Arti, Sér. 6 6: 387–428 (1888)
Notes: Hyde et al. (1996) reported Cytoplea asexual
morphs from Roussoella and Liu et al. (2014) reduced
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 223 Readeriella mirabilis (Material examined: Austria, Victoria,
County of Follett., on leaves of Eucalyptus capitellata, F.M. Reader,
July 1907, (S) F58941, holotype). a Label and herbarium material. b, c
Conidiomata on host material. c Vertical section of conidioma. e–g
Conidiomata walls. h–k Different stages of conidiogenesis. l–r Conidia.
Scale bars: d = 30 μm, e–k = 5 μm, l–r = 8 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 224 Readerielliopsis fuscoporiae. a Squashed conidioma. b
Conidiogenous cells and developing conidioma. c Conidia. Scale bars:
a–c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Crous et al. 2015d)
Cytoplea under Roussoella. However, Wijayawardene
et al. (2014c) did not agree and suggested to continue
using both generic names (see notes under Cytoplea).
Nevertheless, Ariyawansa et al. (2015) reported three
dematiaceous coelomycetes from bamboo clustered
with Roussoella sensu stricto in their phylogenetic
analyses. Both species, Roussoella magnatum D.Q.
Dai & K.D. Hyde, and R. angustior D.Q. Dai & K.D.
Hyde with 1-septate conidia also produced microconidia in
cultures, while Cytoplea lacks septate macroconidia or
microconidia.
Rubikia H.C. Evans & Minter, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
84(1): 57 (1985)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01690; Fig. 230
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on Pinaceae (Gymnosperm).
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, solitary, globose, unilocular, hyaline, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, circular.
Conidiomata wall multi-layered, composed of brownwalled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
branched, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, constricted at
the base. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic. Conidia circular to square in front view, elongated in end view,
vertically flattened, consist of approximately 12 cells
of cyanophilous, hyaline, thin-walled central cells, with
approximately 36 brown walled exterior cells (Evans
and Minter 1985; Dulymamode et al. 1998).
Type species: Rubikia samsonii H.C. Evans & Minter,
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 84(1): 57 (1985)
Notes: Evans and Minter (1985) introduced Rubikia
with R. samsonii as the type species. Rubikia is conspicuous among other coelomycetes as it has a pycnidial wall
without pigmentation. Rubikia also has vertically flattened conidia, which is only similar to Nummospora,
but the latter has only 6-celled conidia. In the original
description, Evans and Minter (1985) did not describe
the conidiogenous cells in detail. Hence, it is essential
to re-collect and define well-established generic boundaries following phylogenetic data analyses.
Schwarzmannia Pisareva, Botanicheskie Materialy
Gerbariya Instituta Botaniki, Akademiya Nauk Kazakhskoĭ
SSR 5: 72 (1968)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01583; Fig. 231
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves of Fabaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, separate or gregarious, immersed, subepidermal, globose, unilocular, dark brown.
Conidiomata wall thin, composed of thick-walled, dark brown
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to
annellidic, cylindrical, indeterminate, discrete, pale brown,
verruculose. Conidia globose to pyriform, base truncate or
not, 1-septate, continuous, very pale brown, thin-walled,
verruculose (Mel’nik 1970; Sutton 1980).
Type species: Schwarzmannia goebeliae Pisareva, J. Bot.
U.S.S.R. 5: 72 (1968)
= Schwarzmannia ammodendri Kusnezowa, Bot. Mater.
Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk kazakh. SSR: 76 (1968)
Notes: The genus Schwarzmannia was introduced with S.
goebeliae and the second species, S. ammodendri
Kusnezowa. However, Sutton (1980) studied the isotypes of
both species and stated they were identical, thus the latter
species was reduced under the type species. Hence, the genus
remains monotypic and sequence data is unavailable thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Sclerostagonospora Höhn., Hedwigia 59: 252 (1917)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01584; Fig. 232
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, solitary to gregarious, globose, dark brown to black, unilocular, ostiolate. Ostiole
papillate, central, single, circular. Conidiomata wall
multi-layered, outer layer thick, composed of brown cells
of textura angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 225 Roussoellopsis macrospora (Thailand, Chiang Rai Province,
Muang District, Khun Korn Waterfall, on living stem of bamboo, 21
June 2011, R. Phookamsak, MFLU 11–0244). a Conidiomata produced
on bamboo pieces on WA. b Section through conidiomata c
Section through pycnidial wall. d. Pycnidial walls and conidiogenous
cells stained in congo red. e–h Conidiogenous cells. i Conidiogenous
cells stained in congo red. j–o Conidia. Scale bars: b = 100 μm,
c = 50 μm, d–f, j = 20 μm, g–i, k–o = 10 μm
Conidiophores red uced to conidiogeno us cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, ampulliform to irregular, determinate, discrete, hyaline to pale brown, smooth.
Conidia apex obtuse, cylindrical or tapered slightly to
the base, straight or occasionally curved, base truncate,
3(−4)-septate, continuous or occasionally slightly constricted at the septa, pale brown to brown, thin-walled,
smooth or minutely verruculose (Sutton 1980; Crous
et al. 2011a; Quaedvlieg et al. 2013).
Type species: Sclerostagonospora heraclei (Sacc.) Höhn.,
Hedwigia 59: 252 (1917)
Notes: Höhnel (1917) introduced Sclerostagonospora with
S. h eraclei as th e t ype sp ecies. In mo rpholog y,
Sclerostagonospora resembles Stagonospora (Sutton 1980),
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Material examined: Italy, Province of Forlì-Cesena [FC],
Strada San Zeno - Galeata, on dead stems of Arundo plinii
(Poaceae), 27 October 2013, Erio Camporesi, IT 1492
(MFLU 15–3455, holotype); (HKAS92552, isotype), extype living cultures MFLUCC 13–0542 = GUCC IT1492.
Notes: During our collecting program of coelomycetous
fungi, we collected a taxon morphologically resembles
Sclerostagonospora. It is distinct from other known species,
thus introduced as a new species.
Fig. 226 Rhizosphaerina variabilis. a Vertical section of uperficial
conidioma. b Vertical section of immersed conidioma. c Conidiogenous
cells. d Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 50, c, d = 10 μm (re-drawn from Sutton
1985)
but the latter genus lacks pigmented conidia and is phylogenetically distinct (Quaedvlieg et al. 2013). Quaedvlieg et al.
(2013) introduced S. phragmiticola Quaedvlieg et al. and
showed it resides in Phaeosphaeriaceae in their molecular
data analyses. Further, Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) predicted that
Sclerostagonospora might have phaeosphaeria-like sexual
morph. However, the type species lacks sequence data, thus
the placement of Sclerostagonospora sensu stricto is
uncertain.
Sclerostagonospora arundinis Wijayaw., Camporesi,
McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551796; Facesoffungi number: FoF 01585; Fig. 232
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Holotype: MFLU 15–3455
Saprobic on dead stems of Arundo plinii (Poaceae).
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata 90–130 μm diam., 80–120 μm high, pycnidial,
immersed, solitary to gregarious, globose to subglobose, unilocular, dark brown to black, papillate ostiole, central, single,
circular. Conidiomata wall multi-layered, composed of thickwalled, brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells 8–10 × 1–2 μm, holoblastic, ampulliform
to irregular, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia
13–16 × 4–6 μm (x = 14.66 × 4.71 μm, n = 20), cylindrical or
tapered slightly to the base, straight or occasionally curved,
apex obtuse, base truncate or rarely rounded, occasionally
wider at the middle, 3(−4)-septate, continuous, or slightly constricted at the septa, pale-brown to brown, thin and smoothwalled.
Culture characteristics: On PDA slow growing, attaining
20 mm in 7 days at 18 °C, circular, with even margin, white
from above, greyish white from below, mycelium thin, lacking
zonation.
Scolecosporiella Petr., Annls mycol. 19(1/2): 30 (1921)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01691; Fig. 233
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed, globose to glabrous, unilocular, brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate or
apapillate, central, circular. Conidiomata wall composed of
pale brown, thin-walled cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, invested in
mucus. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, doliiform to
ampulliform, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia
fusiform, base truncate, apical cell tapered, short or long, filiform, unbranched, with cellular appendage, 3-numerous transverse septa, occasionally with longitudinal septa, continuous
or constricted, pale brown, thin and smooth-walled (Sutton
1968, 1980; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Scolecosporiella typhae (Oudem.) Petr.,
Annls mycol. 19(1/2): 31 (1921)
≡ Hendersonia typhae Oudem., Ned. kruidk. Archf, 2 sér.
1: 255 (1873)
Notes: Petrak (1921a) introduced Scolecosporiella with S.
typhae as the type species. Sutton (1968) re-described
Scolecosporiella and added two species, S. kranzii B. Sutton
(current name Orphanocoela kranzii (B. Sutton) Nag Raj fide
Nag Raj 1989) and S. sisyrinchii (Ellis & Everh.) B. Sutton.
Sutton and Alcorn (1974) introduced S. spraguei B. Sutton &
Alcorn and Sutton (1980) introduced S. mastigospora (Petr.)
B. Sutton while treating Urohendersoniella Petrak and
Brencklea Petrak as synonyms of Scolecosporiella.
However, Nag Raj (1993) rejected synonyms in Sutton
(1980) and treated Urohendersoniella and Brencklea as distinct genera. We agree with Nag Raj (1993) and it is appropriate to continue using separate names.
The taxonomic key is provided under Brencklea to distinguish Brencklea, Scolecosporiella and Urohendersoniella.
Fig. 227 Robillarda sessilis (Material examined: Australia, Queensland,
Palmview, on dry culture, 10 July 2002, N. Alletag, BRIP 29153d). a
Label and herbarium material. b, c Conidiomata on culture. d, e Vertical
sections of conidiomata. f Conidioma wall. g–j Different stages of
conidiogenesis. k–o Conidia. Scale bars: d, e = 100 μm, f = 20 μm, g–
o = 8 μm
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Fig. 228 Roussoella chiangraina (Material examined: Thailand, Chiang
Rai Province, Muang District, Huai Mae Sai Waterfall, on dead branch of
bamboo, 10 March 2010, R. Phookamsak, MFLU 11–0148, holotype). a
Conidiomata on culture. b Vertical section of conidioma. c Conidioma
wall. d–g Different stages of conidiogenesis. h–n Pale brown conidia.
Scale bars: b = 100 μm, c = 20 μm, d–h = 5 μm, i–n = 2 μm
Scolicosporium Lib. ex Roum., Fungi Selecti Galliaei
Exs.: no. 676 (1880)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01692; Figs. 234 and 235
?Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Saprobic on various substrates of a range of host plants.
Sexual morph: ?Asteromassaria fide Kirk et al. (2008).
Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular or pycnidial, subepidermal, erumpent at maturity, solitary to gregarious, brown to
dark brown. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, pale
brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores long,
branched, 1–2-septate, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to annellidic, determinate or indeterminate, with 1–2 annellations, integrated
or discrete, cylindrical, hyaline. Conidia fusiform,
straight or curved or sigmoid, pale brown with the end
cells pale or hyaline, tapered to the obtuse apex and
truncate base, with several transverse septa, often
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Fig. 229 Roussoella pustulatum (Material examined: Thailand, Chiang
Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang Unversity, on dead culm of Bamboo, 9
July 2013, Dong-Qin Dai, MFLU 15–1211, holotype). a Host material. b
Conidiomata on bamboo. c Vertical section of conidioma. d–f Different
stages of conidiogenesis. g–k Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 μm, d–
f = 10 μm, g–k = 5 μm
guttulate, thin and smooth-walled (Sutton 1980;
Treigiene and Mel’nik 2002; Wijayawardene et al.
2013b).
Type species: Scolicosporium macrosporium (Berk.)
Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 141: 185 (1977); Fig. 234
= Coryneum macrosporium Berk., Hooker’s English Flora
5(2): 355(1836)
= Scolicosporium fagi Lib. in Sacc, Michelia 2: 355 (1881)
= Sporidesmium vermiforme Riessin Fres., Beitragezur
Myk. 51(1863)
Notes: The genus Scolicosporium was introduced by
Roumeguère (1880) with S. fagi Lib. ex Roum. and it was
treated as a hyphomycete by Spooner and Kirk (1982) and
Seifert et al. (2011). However, Treigiene and Mel’nik (2002)
introduced S. minkeviciusii Treigiene as a coelomycete, while
Wijayawardene et al. (2013b) confirmed the species as a
coelomycete, and found that S. minkeviciusii belongs to
Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, in their phylogenetic analyses. We confirm the type species of Scolicosporium, S. fagi
as a coelomycete since it shows typical acervulus type
conidioma (Fig. 234 c and d).
Scyphospora L.A. Kantsch., Bolêz. Rast. 17: 87 (1928)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01792; Fig. 236
Sordariomycetes, family incertae sedis, Apiosporaceae
E n d o p h y t i c or saprobic on stems of Poaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: ?Apiospora fide
Sivanesan (1983). Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular,
subepidermal, dark brown, solitary to gregarious.
Conidiomata wall composed of subhyaline to pale brown
walled-cells of textura angularis, becoming darker
conidiogenous region, composed of thick-walled, dark brown
cells of textura prismatica. Conidiophores long, simple or
rarely branched, septate, cylindrical, brown to paler, verrucose. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, cylindrical, determinate, integrated, brown, thick-walled. Conidia turbinate,
scyphoid, base truncate, apex broadly obtuse, aseptate, brown,
thick-, smooth-walled (Nag Raj 1974; Sutton 1980; Sivanesan
1983).
Type species: Scyphospora phyllostachydis L.A. Kantsch.
[as ‘phyllostachidis’], Bolêz. Rast. 17: 88 (1928); Fig. 236
Notes: Kantschaveli (1928) introduced Scyphospora with
S. phyllostachydis as the type species. Sutton (1977, 1980)
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Fig. 231 Schwarzmannia goebeliae. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b,
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Sutton 1980)
accepted Scyphospora as a monotypic genus. Kirk et al.
(2008) stated Scyphospora is the asexual morph of
Apiospora (1983), Species Fungorum (2016) stated the current name of Scyphospora phyllostachydis as Apiospora
bambusae (Turconi) Sivan. Kirk et al. (2013) did not list
Scyphospora as a legitimate name.
and smooth-walled; with 1 apical or subapical and 1–2 lateral,
basal, cellular, filiform, occasionally branched appendages
(Sutton et al. 1972; Morgan-Jones 1977; Sutton 1980; Nag
Raj 1993).
Type species: Seimatosporiopsis salvadorae B. Sutton
et al., Transactions of the British Mycological Society 59
(2): 295 (1972)
Notes: Sutton et al. (1972) introduced Seimatosporiopsis
with S. salvadorae as the type species. Sutton (1980) and
Nag Raj (1993) retained the genus as monotypic. Sequence
data is unavailable and thus taxonomic placement remains
uncertain. Seimatosporiopsis differs from Seimatosporium in
its concolorous conidia, while Seimatosporium has conidia
with almost hyaline basal cells.
Seimatosporiopsis B. Sutton et al. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
59(2): 295 (1972)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01694; Fig. 237
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on stems of Salvadoraceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, gregarious, immersed,
subperidermal, unilocular, globose, dark brown to black,
ostiolate. Ostiole circular, papillate. Conidiomata wall with
outer layer composed of dark, thick-walled, brown cells of
textura angularis, inner layer composed of thin-walled, paler
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
annellidic, lageniform to doliiform, or ampulliform, indeterminate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia cylindrical to
subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, with obtuse apex,
truncate at base, dark brown, 1–4-septate, continuous, thick
Seimatosporium Corda, Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(13):
79 (1833)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01695; Figs. 238 and 239
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Discosiaceae
Saprobic on leaves, stem, and bark of a range of host
plants; pathogenic on a range of host plants. Sexual morph:
discostroma-like fide Tanaka et al. (2011); Senanayake et al.
(2015). Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, solitary to
gregarious, superficial to immersed, dark brown to black.
Conidiomata wall composed of, thin or thick-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical, septate
or not, branched, hyaline, filiform. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, integrated or discrete, hyaline, determinate.
Conidia variable, cylindrical, fusiform or clavate or obovoid,
(2−)3(−5)-septate, continuous or occasionally constricted at
the septa, eguttulate, brown at median cells, with hyaline basal
Fig. 230 Rubikia samsonii. a Vertical section of conidioma. b, c
Conidiophores and different stages of conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 40 μm, b–d = 10 μm (re-drawn from Evans and Minter 1985)
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Fig. 232 Sclerostagonospora arundinis (holotype). a, b Conidiomata on stem of Arundo sp. c–e Vertical sections of conidiomata. f–j Conidia attach to
conidiogenous cells. k–s Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 60 μm, e–s = 10 μm
cell, lacking appendages entirely, or with the apical cell provided with a single, cellular, simple or branched appendage,
truncate at the base (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993; Hatakeyama
and Harada 2004; Barber et al. 2011; Tanaka et al. 2011;
Crous et al. 2014c; Ariyawansa et al. 2015a; Norphanphoun
et al. 2015; Senanayake et al. 2015).
Type species: Seimatosporium rosae Corda, Deutschl. Fl.,
3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(13): 79 (1833)
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Fig. 233 Scolecosporiella typhae (Material examined: New Zealand,
Auckland, Mount Albert, Carrington Rd., UNITEC, on Typha
orientalis, 25 February 2007, C.F. Hill, PDD 92071). a Label of
herbarium material. b Herbarium specimen. d, e Vertical sections of
conidiomata. f–h, j, k Different stages of conidiogenesis. i Conidioma
wall. l, m Conidia. Scale bars: d = 60 μm, e = 100 μm, f–m = 20 μm
Notes: Corda (1833) introduced Seimatosporium with
S. rosae as the type species, while Sutton (1963, 1964,
1977, 1980), Shoemaker (1964a), Shoemaker and
Muller (1964) and Nag Raj (1993) revisited the genus.
Von Arx (1981) treated Bartalinia, Bartiloniopsis,
Bleptosporium, Doliomyces and Hyalotia as synonyms
of Seimatosporium. However, Nag Raj (1993) rejected
these synonymies. We follow Nag Raj (1993) as his
concept of Seimatosporium and other related genera
has been shown to be more natural based on recent
phylogenetic analyses (Barber et al. 2011; Tanaka
et al. 2011; Norphanphoun et al. 2015; Senanayake
et al. 2015).
The heterogeneity of Seimatosporium was predicted by
Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993). Seimatosporium azaleae
Okane et al. (Okane et al. 1996) grouped in Discosia sensu
stricto (Tanaka et al. 2011). Barber et al. (2011) showed that
Vermisporium H.J. Swart & M.A. Will. clusters in
Seimatosporium sensu stricto thus it was treated as a synonym
of Seimatosporium.
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Fig. 234 Scolicosporium macrosporium (Material examined: Italy,
Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province, Campigna - Santa Sofia, on branches of
Fagus sylvatica, 24 December 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–
3457 = HKAS92554). a, b Matured sporodochium-like conidiomata. c,
d Vertical sections of conidiomata. e, f Orientation of conidia inside
conidiomata. g–k Conidia attach to conidiophores. l–p Conidia. Scale
bars: e–k = 100 μm, l–p = 50 μm
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Fig. 235 Scolicosporium pauciseptatum. a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Constantinescu 1991)
Nag Raj (1993) stated that Discostroma was the sexual
morph of Seimatosporium. Subsequently, Okane et al.
(1996) and Hatakeyama and Harada (2004) introduced
Seimatosporium spp. with Discostroma sexual morphs.
Barber et al. (2011), Tanaka et al. (2011), Ariyawansa et al.
(2015a), Norphanphoun et al. (2015) and Senanayake et al.
Fig. 237 Seimatosporiopsis salvadorae. a Vertical section of conidioma.
b Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 30 μm, b,
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Morgan-Jones 1977)
(2015) showed that both Seimatosporium and Discostroma
clustered in a monophyletic clade and this agrees with our
multi-gene analyses (Fig. 16). However, the type species of
Discostroma, D. rehmii lacks sequence data, thus we prefer to
maintain both generic names.
Recently, Norphanphoun et al. (2015) designated the
epitype for Seimatosporium rosae and provided a comprehensive phylogenetic background of the genus.
Fig. 236 Scyphospora phyllostachidis. a Vertical section of conidioma.
b Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b,
c = 20 μm (re-drawn from Nag Raj 1974)
Seiridium Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 22 (1816)
[1816–17]
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01696; Fig. 240
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Pestalotiopsidaceae
Saprobic on leaf, stem, and twigs of a range of host plants
and pathogenic on leaves, stems and branches of
C u p re s s a c e a e a n d M y r t a c e a e . S e x u a l m o r p h :
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, solitary to gregarious, semi-immersed or superficial, erumpent at
maturity, unilocular or occasionally multi-locular, brown to
black. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses present or absent; when
present, numerous, filiform, cylindrical, hyaline, smoothwalled. Conidiophores hyaline, cylindrical, straight or curved,
septate at base, branched. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to
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Fig. 238 Seimatosporium pseudorosarum (Material examined: Italy,
Rimini [RN], Province, near Pennabilli-Rimini, on dead branch of Rosa
canina, 22 March 2014, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–0745, holotype). a, b
Conidiomata on Rosa villosa. c, d Vertical sections of conidiomata. e–i
Different stages of conidiogenesis and paraphyses. j–l Conidia. Scale
bars: c, d = 100 μm, e, f, j–l = 10 μm, g–i = 15 μm (from Ariyawansa
et al. 2015a)
annellidic, indeterminate, discrete or integrated, hyaline, cylindrical. Conidia fusiform, 5-septate, constricted or continuous at the septa, hyaline at apical and basal cells, with 4 median cells, thick-walled, smooth or occasionally verruculose,
brown, basal cell with or without an endogenous, cellular,
simple appendage; apical cell with a single, cellular, simple
or branched appendage (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993;
Marincowitz et al. 2008; Crous et al. 2012c, 2014b;
Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; Senanayake et al. 2015).
Type species: Seiridium marginatum Nees, System der
Pilze und Schwämme: 22: (1816–1817)
Notes: Nees (1817) introduced Seiridium with S.
marginatum as the type species. Guba (1961), Shoemaker
et al. (1966), Sutton (1969a, 1980) and Nag Raj (1993)
revisited the genus with taxonomic notes. Nag Raj (1993)
stated that Seiridium has sexual morphs in Lepteutypa and
Blogiascospora. Jeewon et al. (2002) showed that Seiridium
cardinale (W.W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I.A.S. Gibson and S.
cupressi (Guba) Boesew. clustered with Lepteutypa cupressi
(Nattrass et al.) H.J. Swart in their phylogenetic analyses.
They also showed Seiridium could be accommodated in
Amphisphaeriaceae. However, Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2015) and Senanayake et al. (2015) showed that Seiridium
has distinct lineage in Amphisphaeriales and clustered in
Pestalotiopsaceae (Fig. 16).
Seiridium spp. have been reported as pathogens of cypress
(Cupressus spp.) (Graniti 1998). Barnes et al. (2001) identified three species, S. cardinale, S. cupressi and S. unicorne
based on phylogenetic analyses of β-tubulin and histone H3
gene regions. Krokene et al. (2004) confirmed the findings of
Barnes et al. (2001) by PCR-RFLP based diagnostic
techniques.
Seiridium pseudocardinale Wijayaw., Camporesi,
McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551797; Facesoffungi number: FoF 01697
Etymology: Named as it morphological similarity with
Seiridium cardinal; Fig. 240
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Fig. 239 Seimatosporium rhododendri (Material examined: Italy, ForlìCesena [FC] Province, Fiumicello di Premilcuore, dead branch of
Lonicera sp., 6 May 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–
3456 = HKAS92540). a, b Conidiomata on Lonicera sp. c–e Vertical
sections of conidiomata. f–k Developing conidia attach to
conidiogenous. i–m Conidia. Scale bars: c–e = 100 μm, f–k = 15 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 240 Seiridium pseudocupressi (holotype). a Conidiomata on host
material. b–f Vertical sections of conidiomata. g Conidiophores and
paraphyses. h–m Conidia attach to conidiogenous cells. n–r Conidia. s
Germinating conidium. Scale bars: b, c, f = 250 μm, d, e, g–i = 100 μm, j,
k = 10 μm, l–r = 20 μm
Holotype: MFLU 15–3458
Saprobic on bark of Cupressus arizonica var. glabra
(Cupressaceae). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata 200–500 μm diam., 200–350 μm high,
acervular, gregarious, superficial, dark brown to black.
Conidiomata wall outer layer thick, composed of thin-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline.
Conidiophores 20–90 × 1.5–2.5 μm, cylindrical, straight or
curved, branched and septate at the base, hyaline.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, indeterminate, integrated, cylindrical, hyaline. Conidia 17–33 × 7–9 μm (x
= 26.8 × 8.1 μm, n = 20), fusiform, straight to slightly curved,
5-transverse septate, constricted at septa, medium brown at
four median cells, with hyaline apical and basal cells, smooth;
Fungal Diversity
basal cell without an appendage; apical cell with a short
(3 μm), cellular, simple appendage.
Culture characteristics: On PDA slow growing, attaining
a diam. of 2.5 cm in 7 days at 18 °C, white to light brown from
top, brown from below, with thin mycelium, flat, circular.
Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC] Province,
Fiumana di Predappio, on dead bark of Cupressus arizonica
var. glabra (Sudw.) Little (Cupressaceae), 29 July 2013, Erio
Camporesi, IT 994 (MFLU 15–3458, holotype); (HKAS
92545, isotype), ex-type living cultures MFLUCC 13–0525,
GUCC IT 994.
Notes: Our collection from Cupressus glabra morphologically resembles Seiridium species (Sutton 1980; Nag Raj
1993), and in sequence analyses, it groups with Seiridium
Fig. 241 RAxML tree generated from ITS sequences of Seiridium
strains in GenBank. Maximum-likelihood bootstrap values above 50 %
are given above the nodes. Newly generated strains are in blue and ex-
type strains are in bold. The scale bar represents the expected number of
changes per site. The tree was rooted to Truncatella angustata (ICMP
7062)
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sensu stricto (Fig. 241). Two Seiridium spp. have been reported on Cupressus spp. (Sutton 1980; Farr and Rossman 2016).
Our collection is morphologically distinct from these two species and hence it is introduced as a new species. The key
below distinguishes species described from Cupressus spp.
1. Conidial appendage longer than 5 μm; conidia 24–
30 × 7.5–9.5 μm .............................................S. unicorne
1. Conidial appendages shorter than 5 μm .....................2
2. Conidiophores up to 25 μm long × 1.5–2 μm; conidia
21–30 × 8–9 μm, short basal appendage sometimes
present ..........................................................S. cardinale
2. Conidiophores 20–90 × 1.5–2.5 μm; conidia
17–33 × 7–9 μm, with short apical appendage
............................................................S. pseudocardinale
Septoriella Oudem., Ned. kruidk. Archf, 2 sér. 5: 52 (1889)
= Wojnowicia Sacc., Syll. Fung. 10: 328 (1892)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01698; Fig. 242
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial or stromata, solitary, when pycnidial, immersed,
Fig. 242 Septoriella allojunci (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena
[FC] Province, Galeata, Strada San Zeno, on dead stems of Juncus sp.
(Juncaceae), 27 November 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–0701,
holotype). a Conidiomata on host material. b Vertical section of
separate, globose, dark brown, subepidermal, unilocular or
convoluted, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, circular.
Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, brown cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells, invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, determinate, discrete, cylindrical but swollen at the base, hyaline, smooth, formed from the inner cells of the locular walls.
Conidia clavate or cylindrical, apex obtuse, base truncate, pale
brown, straight or bent some what irregularly, up to 8-septate,
continuous, thin-walled, smooth, eguttulate or guttulate, with
a gelatinous cap that may become partially everted (Sutton
1980; Nag Raj 1993; Lee and Crous 2003; Taylor and Hyde
2003; Crous et al. 2014b, 2015a).
Type species: Septoriella phragmitis Oudem., Ned. kruidk.
Archf, 2 sér. 5: 54 (1889)
Notes: Oudemans (1889) introduced Septoriella with S.
phragmitis as the type species. Sutton (1977) listed the
synonyms and Sutton (1980) provided taxonomic notes. Nag
Raj (1993) re-visited the genus and provided illustrations and
descriptions for six species. Since Nag raj (1993), several
species have been introduced by Sutton and Mel’nik (1999),
Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (2000), Lee and Crous
(2003), Taylor and Hyde (2003), Andrianova and Minter
(2007) and Crous et al. (2014b). In morphology, Septoriella
conidioma. c Conidiomata wall. d, e Conidia attach to conidiogenous
cells. f–i Conidia. Scale bars: b = 200 μm, c = 100 μm, d = 20 μm, e–
i = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
resembles with Septoria and Stagonospora, but both latter
genera have hyaline conidia and are thus distinct from
Septoriella. Crous et al. (2014b) provided LSU sequence data
of Septoriella oudemansii P.W. Crous & W. Quaedvlieg.
Crous et al. (2015a) designated the ex-type cultures of
Septoriella phragmitis and showed it resides i n
Phaeosphaeriaceae with several other Septoriella spp. and
with the type species of Wojnowicia, W. hirta (CBS 536.77,
160.73). Hence, Crous et al. (2015a) reduced Wojnowicia under Septoriella.
Shawiella Hansf., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 82: 226 (1957)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01699
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on leaf hairs of Proteaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata infundibuliform, cupulate, superficial,
separate, or gregarious, medium brown. Conidiomata wall
basal region composed of large, thin-walled cells of textura
angularis, periclinal wall composed of olivaceous, rounded to
angular, thin-walled cells. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
papilliform, discrete, determinate, pale brown, smooth.
Conidia cylindrical to fusiform, attenuated towards the pale
apex, base truncate, nidulant, at first strongly re-curved in the
conidioma, later straight or curved at the apex, pale brown, 8–
13-distoseptate, with reduced lumina (description modified
from Sutton 1980).
Type species: Shawiella grevilleae Hansf., Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W. 82: 226 (1957)
Notes: Hansford (1957) introduced Shawiella based on S.
grevilleae as the type species. Sutton (1980) accepted only one
species and the genus remains monotypic. However, Sutton
(1980) did not provide an illustration. Sequence data is unavailable thus taxonomic placement is uncertain. (We were
not able to find illustration of this genus).
Fig. 243 Shearia fusa (Material examined: Japan, Aomori, Hirosaki,
Hirosaki Univ., on twigs of Magnolia praecocissima var. borealis, 13
April 2013, K. Tanaka, HHUF 30474). a, b Conidiomata on host. c
Vertical section of conidioma. d Conidioma wall. e Conidiogenous cell.
f–h Conidia with a basal sheath (h in blue ink). i Germinating conidium.
Scale bars: a, b = 500 μm, c = 100 μm, f = 20 μm, d, e, g–i = 10 μm
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Fig. 244 Sirothecium
saepiarium. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 50 μm, b, c = 10 μm (redrawn from Morgan-Jones et al.
1972d)
Shearia Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 180 (1924)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01700; Fig. 243
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis
Fig. 245 Sonderhenia eucalyptorum. a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Swart and Walker 1988)
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: ?Pleomassaria fide Sutton
(1980). Asexual morph: Conidiomata pseudostromatic, solitary to gregarious, immersed, peridermal to subperidermal,
globose to conical, unilocular, dark brown, papillate ostiole,
central, circular. Conidiomata wall outer layer composed
of thick-walled, very dark brown occluded cells, lateral
and basal walls composed of peridermal cells and thickwalled, brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, ampulliform, doliiform or cylindrical, discrete, indeterminate, hyaline, often thick and
smooth-walled. Conidia fusiform, base truncate, apex
obtuse, with several transverse and lateral distosepta,
continuous, smooth and thick-walled; initially enveloped
in a gelatinous sheath, depressed at the apex, at maturity remaining as a basal lateral sheath (Petrak 1961;
Sutton 1980; Barr 1982; Tanaka et al. 2005).
Type species: Shearia formosa (Ellis & Everh.) Petr.,
Sydowia 15(1–6): 216 (1962) [1961]
≡ Stegonsporium formosa Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey bot.
Club 10(7): 76 (1883)
= Shearia magnoliae (Shear) Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2):
180 (1924)
Notes: Petrak (1924) introduced Shearia with S. magnoliae
as the type species. However, Sutton (1980) treated S. formosa
(≡ Stegonsporium formosa) as the type species and listed
Shearia magnolia as a synonym. Currently, four species epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (2016), but Sutton (1980)
accepted only one species.
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Following Shear (1902), Sutton (1980) stated that
Pleomassaria magnolia Shear is the sexual morph of Shearia
formosa based on co-occurrence of both states on same host
material. This was accepted by Barr (1982) and Tubaki et al.
(1983). Tanaka et al. (2005) reported Pleomassaria maxima
Ellis & Everh. as the sexual morph of S. fusa (Berk. & M.A.
Curtis) M.E. Barr based on cultural methods, however,
Pleomassaria sensu stricto was linked with Prosthemium sensu
stricto (Tanaka et al. 2010). The link between Shearia sensu
stricto and Pleomassaria sensu lato is not confirmed by sequence data analyses. Further, taxonomic placement of
Shearia is uncertain as sequence data is unavailable.
Sirothecium P. Karst., Meddn Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 14:
105 (1887)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01701; Fig. 244
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata eustromatic, solitary, rarely confluent, semiimmersed to superficial, flattened, oval to elongated, unilocular. Conidiomata wall thick-walled, base and sides walls composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis, becoming darker and sclerotioid in the upper wall.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, discrete, indeterminate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Conidia cheiroid, apex
obtuse, consisting of a basal cell from with 3 or more septate
arms, slightly constricted at the septa, pale brown, smooth
(Morgan-Jones et al. 1972d; Sutton 1980).
Fig. 246 Spencermartinsia mangiferae (Material examined: Iran,
Hormozgan Province, Bandar Abbas (Hajiabad-Siaho), on twigs of
Mangifera indica, March 2007, J. Abdollahzadeh and A. Javadi, IRAN
14266 F, holotype). a, b Conidiomata on host. c–g Different stages of
conidiogenesis. h–j Conidia. Scale bars: c = 5 μm, d–g = 12 μm, h–
j = 10 μm
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Fig. 247 Sphaeropsis visci (Material examined: Ukraine, National
Nature Park ‘Svjatie Gory’, on Viscum album, 10 March 2007, Á.
Akulov, MBT 176099, neotype). a–c Different stages of conidiogenesis
and paraphyses. d–f Conidia. a–f = 10 μm. (Reproduced from Phillips
et al. 2013 in Studies in Mycology 76)
Fig. 248 Staninwardia breviuscula. a Vertical section of conidioma. b, c
Different stages of conidiogenesis and conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b,
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Morgan-Jones 1977)
Fig. 249 Conidia and conidiogenous cells of Stegonsporiopsis
cenangioides. Scale bar: 20 μm (re-drawn from Warmelo and Sutton
1981)
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Fig. 250 Stegonsporium pyriforme (Material examined: Italy, ForlìCesena [FC] Province, San Agostino - Santa Sofia, on dead bark of
Acer pseudoplatanus, 27 July 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 153459 = HKAS92544). a Conidiomata on the host material. b–e Vertical
sections of conidiomata. f Conidia released from ostiole. g Paraphyses. h–
i Developing conidia attach to conidiophores. j, k Conidia. Scale bars: b,
c = 300 μm, d, e = 100 μm, f, j–k = 45 μm, g = 50 μm, h–i = 15 μm
Type species: Sirothecium saepiarium P. Karst. [as
‘sepiarium’], Meddn Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 14: 105 (1887);
Fig. 244
Notes: Karsten (1887) introduced Sirothecium with S.
saepiarium as the type species. Morgan-Jones et al. (1972d)
re-described and illustrated the type species. Sutton (1977,
1980) accepted only one other species, S. minor B. Sutton.
Hu et al. (2007) introduced a third species, S. triseriale D.M.
Hu et al. Sequence data is unavailable, thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Sonderhenia H.J. Swart & J. Walker, Trans. Br. mycol.
Soc. 90(4): 640 (1988)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01702; Fig. 245
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales,
Mycosphaerellaceae
Endophytic or saprobic or associated with leaf spots on
different substrates of a range of host plants. Sexual morph:
mycosphaerella-like fide Crous et al. (2012a). Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, amphigenous, subepidermal,
globose, substomatal, black, ostiolate. Conidiomata wall composed of dark brown isodiametric cells. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, percurrently proliferating with thin annellations, brown.
Conidia ellipsoid to cylindrical or ovoid, straight or bent, with
rounded apex, truncate at base, distoseptate, dark brown,
verruculose, with a marginal frill at truncate base (Swart and
Fig. 251 Stenocarpella maydis (Material examined: Australia,
Queensland, Warwick,, pathogenic on Zea mays (Cob rot), May 1987,
R. Dodman, BRIP 15918). a Label of herbarium material. b, c
Conidiomata on culture. d Vertical section of conidiomata. e
Conidiomata wall. f–h Different stages of conidiogenesis. i–n Conidia.
d, e = 150 μm, f = 50 μm, f–n = 12 μm
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Walker 1988; Crous et al. 2001, 2012a; Summerell et al.
2006).
Type species: Sonderhenia eucalyptorum (Hansf.) H.J.
Swart & J. Walker, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(4): 640
(1988); Fig. 245
≡ Hendersonia eucalyptorum Hansf., Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W. 79(3–4): 135 (1954)
Notes: Swart and Walker (1988) introduced Sonderhenia
to accommodate Hendersonia eucalyptorum and H.
eucalypticola A.R. Davis. The genus Hendersonia was treated
as doubtful by Sutton (1977, 1980). Kirk et al. (2008, 2013)
also did not recognize Sonderhenia as a valid name. In some
morphological characters, Sonderhenia resembles
Macrodiplodiopsis and Stilbospora as they also have ‘cylindrical, fusiform, distoseptate conidia’. However,
Macrodiplodiopsis has a conspicuous gelatinous sheath
around the conidium and Stilbospora has paraphyses in the
conidioma and thus Sonderhenia can easily be distinguished.
Fig. 252 Stevensonula ciliata. a
Vertical section of conidioma. b
Conidioma wall. c Different stage
of conidiogenesis. d Conidia.
Scale bars: a = 100 μm,
b = 50 μm, c, d = 20 μm (redrawn from Nag Raj 1993)
Hunter et al. (2006) and Crous et al. (2012a) showed that
Sonderhenia sensu stricto belongs to Mycosphaerellaceae and
our phylogenetic analyses also agree with their findings
(Fig. 11).
Spencermartinsia A.J.L. Phillips et al., Persoonia 21: 51
(2008)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01703; Fig. 246
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: see Phillips et al. (2013). Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, stromatic, immersed, partially erumpent at maturity, solitary to gregarious, sphaerical to
globose, ostiolate. Ostiole single, circular, central, papillate.
Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of thick-walled, dark
brown cells of textura angularis; a median layer composed of
thin-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis; an inner
Fungal Diversity
layer composed of thin-walled, hyaline cells. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, proliferating at same level to form periclinal thickenings or rarely proliferating percurrently, cylindrical to broad
lageniform, indeterminate, discrete or integrated, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia oblong to subcylindrical, apical end rounded, with a truncate base, 1-septate, continuous or occasionally
slightly constricted at septum, brown, moderately thickwalled, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose
(Phillips et al. 2008, 2013).
Type species: Spencermartinsia viticola (A.J.L. Phillips &
J. Luque) A.J.L. Phillips et al., Persoonia 21: 51 (2008)
≡ Botryosphaeria viticola A.J.L. Phillips & J. Luque,
Mycologia 97(5): 1118 (2006) [2005]
Notes: Phillips et al. (2008) introduced Spencermartinsia to
accommodate Botryosphaeria viticola which has dothiorellalike asexual morphs. Phillips et al. (2013) maintained the genus as monotypic although several strains grouped in the
Spencermartinsia clade. Further, Phillips et al. (2013) mentioned that the asexual morph is common in nature compared
to sexual morph.
In conidial morphology, Spencermartinsia resembles
Dothiorella, as ‘conidia become brown and 1-septate while
attached to the conidiogenous cells before dehiscence’
(Phillips et al. 2013). However, Spencermartinsia has ascospores with a conspicuous apiculus, while ascospores of
Dothiorella lack an apiculus (Phillips et al. 2013).
Phylogenetically, Dothiorella and Spencermartinsia show
distinct lineages in Botryosphaeriaceae (Phillips et al. 2008,
2013; Liu et al. 2012; Fig. 9 and 10), thus it is more reliable to
rely on sequences data to distinguish both genera.
Sphaeropsis Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 105 (1880)
= Phaeobotryosphaeria Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires,
Ser. 3 17(10): 120 (1908)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01704; Fig. 247
Dothideomycetes, order incertae sedis, Botryosphaeriales,
Botryosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: see Phillips et al. (2013). Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, immersed to superficial, erumpent, solitary to gregarious, globose, dark
brown, unilocular, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, single, central.
Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown
cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses hyaline, aseptate,
thin-walled. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, long lageniform,
discrete, determinate or indeterminate, hyaline, smoothwalled. Conidia oval, oblong or clavate, straight,
aseptate, moderately thick-walled (Sutton 1980; Phillips
et al. 2008, 2013).
Type species: Sphaeropsis visci (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc.,
Michelia 2(no. 6): 105 (1880)
= Botryosphaerostroma visci (Alb. & Schwein.) Petr.,
Beih. Rep. spec. nov. regn. veg. 42: 127. 1926.
See Phillips et al. (2013) for synonyms
Notes: Saccardo (1880) introduced Sphaeropsis with S. visci
as the type species. More than 600 names are listed in Index
Fungorum (2016), but most are based on host association
(Phillips et al. 2013). Phillips et al. (2008) showed that the
cultures of Phaeobotryosphaeria visci, produce Sphaeropsis
visci asexual morphs. Moreover, Phillips et al. (2008, 2013)
showed Sphaeropsis and Phaeobotryosphaeria clustered in
Botryosphaeriaceae in a monophyletic clade in their phylogenetic analyses. Thus, Phillips et al. (2013) accepted that
Phaeobotryosphaeria represents sexual morph of
Sphaeropsis. Phillips et al. (2013) proposed to adopt older asexual name, Sphaeropsis, over the younger sexual typified name.
Our phylogenetic analyses also agree with results in
Phillips et al. (2013) (Fig. 10).
Key to distinguish Avettaea, Aplosporella and Sphaeropsis
1. Conidia enclosed by mucilaginous sheath ......Avettaea
1. Conidia without mucilaginous sheath ........................2
2. Conidia with smooth-walled ....................Sphaeropsis
2. Conidia with spinulose-walled .................Aplosporella
Fig. 253 Stigmella effigurata. a Vertical section of conidioma. b, c
Different stages of conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b,
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Morgan-Jones et al. 1972c)
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Staninwardia B. Sutton, Transactions of the British
Mycological Society 57: 540 (1971)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01705; Fig. 248
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales,
Extremaceae
Pathogenic or associated with leaf spots on Myrtaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata acervuli, epidermal, solitary, black.
Conidiomata wall composed of pale smooth-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores hyaline to pale
brown, cylindrical, densely aggregated, unbranched or
branched below, covered in mucous, 0–2-septate, smooth or
verrucose. Conidiogenous cells percurrently proliferating or
holothallic, arthric, integrated, terminal, indeterminate, hyaline, smooth or verruculose, covered in mucus. Conidia
fusoid-ellipsoidal with rounded apex and truncate base,
aggregated in mucus, pale brown to brown, verruculose,
predominantly
1-septate, constricted, thick walled,
formed in short 'conidial chains (Sutton 1971b, 1980;
Morgan-Jones 1977; Summerell et al. 2006).
Type species: Staninwardia breviuscula B. Sutton, Trans.
Br. mycol. Soc. 57(3): 541 (1971); Fig. 248
Notes: Sutton (1971b) established Staninwardia with S.
breviuscula as the type species. Sutton (1980) accepted only
Fig. 254 Stigmella sp. (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC]
Province, Monte Pallareto - Meldola, on stem of Arundo plinii, 15
December 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 16-0521). a Conidiomata on
host material. b, c Vertical sections of conidiomata. d, e Conidiomata
walls. f Different stages of conidiogenesis. g-l Conidia. Scale bars: b–
e = 50 μm, f–l = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
the type species in the genus, while Summerell et al. (2006)
introduced a second species Staninwardia suttonii Crous &
Summerell. Egidi et al. (2014) showed S. suttonii to belong
in Capnodiales, and Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) placed S. suttonii
in the new family Extremaceae Quaedvlieg & Crous.
Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) also recognized Staninwardia
as a genus in Extremaceae. Our phylogenetic analyses agree
with findings in Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) and Wijayawardene
et al. (2014c) (Fig. 11).
Stegonsporiopsis Van Warmelo & B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap.
145: 17 (1981)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01706; Fig. 249
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on Pinaceae (Gymnosperm).
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Fig. 255 Stilbospora macrosperma (Material examined: Germany,
floodplain (Alno-Ulmion), on stem of Carpinus betulus, 11 August
2013, René K. Schumacher, MFLU 15-3553). a Conidiomata on stem
of Carpinus betulus. b, c Vertical sections of conidiomata. d Conidia
Conidiomata stromatic, solitary or gregarious, immersed,
erumpent at maturity, solitary, pulvinate to globose, unilocular, black. Conidiomata wall formed of brownwalled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical, unbranched, septate, hyaline, smooth, restricted
to the base of the conidioma. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to phialidic, with a wide channel, minute
collarette and periclinal thickening, cylindrical, integrated, hyaline. Conidia fusiform, with several transverse
and longitudinal distosepta, continuous, brown, smoothwalled (description modified from Warmelo and Sutton
1981).
Type species: Stegonsporiopsis cenangioides (Ellis &
Rothr.) Van Warmelo & B. Sutton 1981; Fig. 249
≡ Stegonsporium cenangioides Ellis & Rothr., J. Mycol.
1(7): 93 (1885)
attach to conidiophores and paraphyses. e, f Conidia attached to
conidiophores. g–m Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 500 μm, d–g = 30 μm,
h–m = 20 μm
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Stegonsporium Corda, Naturalientausch 11: 458 (1827)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01707; Fig. 250
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Stilbosporaceae
Saprobic, opportunistic, moderately phytopathogenic.
Sexual morph: Prosthecium sensu lato fide Voglmayr and
Jaklitsch (2008, 2014). Asexual morph: Conidiomata
acervular, solitary or gregarious, immersed, dark brown to
black, corticolous. Conidiomata wall formed of hyaline to
pale brown-walled cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses filiform, septate, hyaline, flexuous. Conidiophores cylindrical,
septate and branched only towards the base, hyaline, smooth,
formed from the upper cells of the conidioma. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic to annellidic, with up to 3 percurrent proliferations, integrated or discrete, hyaline. Conidia obovoid to
clavate, with several transverse and longitudinal distosepta,
cell lumina reduced, brown, smooth, obtuse at the apex, truncate at the base (Sutton 1980; Warmelo and Sutton 1981;
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2008, 2014).
Type species: Stegonsporium pyriforme (Hoffm.) Corda,
Icon. fung. (Prague) 3: 23 (1839); Fig. 250
Notes: Opiz (1827) introduced Stegonsporium with S.
pyriforme as the type species. Sutton (1975a, 1980) and
Warmelo and Sutton (1981) re-visited the genus and compared
it with other related genera. Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2008, 2014)
comprehensively addressed the genus with both morphology and
molecular analyses. Stegonsporium is similar to Myxocyclus in
conidial morphology. However, spores of Myxocyclus are often
enclosed in a gelatinous sheath, a feature that is lacking in
Stegonsporium.
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2008, 2014) accepted that
Stegonsporium had prosthecium-like sexual morphs.
Several Prosthecium species grouped with Stegonsporium
sensu stricto and these were transferred to Stegonsporium
as new combinations (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014).
Moreover, Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) showed
Stegonsporium groups as a distinct clade in Stilbosporaceae,
Diaporthales and this agrees with our phylogenetic analyses
(Fig. 12).
Fig. 256 Sulcatispora acerina (Material examined: Japan, Fukuoka,
Kasuya, Hisayama, Yamada, Mt. Tachibanayama, on dead twigs of
Acer palmatum, 31 March 2012, K. Tanaka, HHUF 30449, holotype). a
Conidiomata on host material. b Vertical section of conidioma. c
Conidiogenous cells with annellations. d Conidia attach to
conidiogenous cells. e, f Conidia. Scale bars: b = 20 μm, c–f = 10 μm
Notes: Warmelo and Sutton (1981) introduced
Stegonsporiopsis to accommodate Stegonsporium
cenangioides. In morphology, Stegonsporiopsis resembles
Stegonsporium but former has phialidic conidiogenesis.
Sequence data is unavailable thus taxonomic placement is
uncertain.
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Fig. 257 Suttonomyces clematidis (Material examined: Italy, ForlìCesena [FC] Province, Acquapartita - Bagno di Romagna, on twigs of
Clematis vitalba, 6 December 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15-0166,
holotype). a, b Conidiomata on host. c, d Vertical sections of
conidiomata. e Paraphyses. f–h Developing conidia. i–k Mature conidia
attached to conidiogenous cells. l–n Conidia. o Germinating conidia.
Scale bars: c, d = 250 μm, e = 40 μm, f–n = 20 μm (from
Wijayawardene et al. 2015)
Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 15(3/4): 258
(1917)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01708; Fig. 251
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Diaporthaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, or occasionally confluent,
subepidermal, unilocular, globose or elongated, dark brown,
ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, single, circular. Conidiomata wall
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Fig. 258 Colletogloeopsis
nubilosum. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Mycelia producing
conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Crous and
Wingfield 1997)
composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical,
determinate, discrete, collarette and channel minute, periclinal
wall thickened. Conidia cylindrical, fusiform, straight or
curved, apex obtuse, base tapered and truncate, pale brown,
0–3-septate, continuous or constricted, thick and smoothwalled, eguttulate (Sutton 1980; Lamprecht et al. 2011).
Fig. 259 Tiarospora perforans.
a Vertical section of conidioma. b
Microconidiogenous cells and
microconidia c Different stages of
conidiogenesis of macroconidia.
d Macroconidia. Scale bars:
a = 100 μm, b–d = 20 μm (redrawn from Nag Raj 1993)
Type species: Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) B. Sutton,
Mycol. Pap. 141: 202 (1977)
≡ Diplodia macrospora Earle, Bull. Torrey bot. Club 24:
29 (1897)
= Stenocarpella zeae Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 15(3/4):
258 (1917)
Notes: Sydow and Sydow (1917) established Stenocarpella
based on S. zeae as the type species. However, Sutton (1977)
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Fig. 260 Toxosporiella
bactrodesmioides. a Vertical
section of conidioma. b Different
stages of conidiogenesis. c
Conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 μm,
b, c = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Sutton 1986)
found Diplodia macrospora is the oldest name for
Stenocarpella zeae, thus transferred former species to
Stenocarpella and treated it as the type species i.e.
S. macrospora. Sutton (1980) introduced a second species
S. maydis (Berk.) B. Sutton.
Fig. 261 Toxosporiopsis
capitata. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 100 μm, b, c = 20 μm (redrawn from Sutton 1980)
Sutton (1964) and Petrak and Sydow (1927) treated
Stenocarpella macrospora and S. maydis as Diplodia and
Macrodiplodia respectively. However, Sutton (1977, 1980)
transferred both species to Stenocarpella. Both Stenocarpella
macrospora (= Diplodia macrospora) and S. maydis
Fungal Diversity
(= D. maydis) are well known pathogens of corn, the causal
agent of stalk and ear rot and leaf spot (Latterell 1983; da Silva
Siqueira et al. 2014).
Based on LSU sequence data, Crous et al. (2006a) showed
that Stenocarpella sensu stricto has a distinct phylogenetic
placement from Diplodia sensu stricto and is accommodated
in Diaporthales. Lamprecht et al. (2011) and our phylogenetic
analyses also agree with Crous et al. (2006a) and further confirm the placement in Diaporthaceae (Fig. 12).
Stevensonula Petr., Sydowia 6(1–4): 1 (1952)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01709; Fig. 252
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on dead stems of Compositae
(Dicotyledons) and Poaceae (Monocotyledons). Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
stromatic, columnar, infundibuliform, superficial, erumpent,
solitary, dark brown to black. Conidiomata wall composed
of dark brown-walled cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores cylindrical, long, septate, irregularly branched,
hyaline. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, determinate, hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform, truncate at the base,
straight or slightly curved or reniform, dark brown, 1-septate,
unequally 2 celled, smooth larger cell guttulate, thick-walled;
with several unbranched, cellular, filiform appendages at the
both ends (Petrak 1952; Sutton 1975b, 1980; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Stevensonula ciliata Petr., Sydowia 6(1–4): 2
(1952); Fig. 254
Notes: Petrak (1952) established the genus with S. ciliata as
the type species. Sutton (1980) provided taxonomic notes and
compared the genus with conidiomata of Nanoschema.
However, Nanoschema has ellipsoid, 1-septate, eguttulate, hyaline conidia and is thus distinct from Stevensonula. Sutton
(1980) and Nag Raj (1993) retained the genus as monotypic.
Sequence data is unavailable thus taxonomic placement is
uncertain.
Stigmella Lév., Voyage dans la Russie Meridionale et la
Crimeé, par la Hongrie, la Valachie et la Moldavie 2: 111 (1842)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01710; Figs. 253 and 254
Fig. 262 Trinosporium
guianense. a Different stages of
conidiogenesis. b Conidia. Scale
bars: a, b = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Crous et al. 2012d)
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Saprobic or endophytic or pathogenic on leaves of a range
of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, separate, globose, pale
brown, immersed, subepidermal, unilocular, ostiolate.
Ostiole apapillate, central, circular. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, pale brown cells of textura angularis.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, determinate, discrete,
doliiform to ampulliform, hyaline to sub-hyaline, smooth.
Conidia clavate to ellipsoid, variable in shape, apex and base
obtuse, or truncate base, muriform, up to 6 transverse septa
and some longitudinal septa, brown, constricted, thick and
smooth (Morgan-Jones et al. 1972c; Sutton 1980;
Bagyanarayana et al. 1992; Wang et al. 2012).
Type species: Stigmella effigurata (Schwein.) S. Hughes,
Can. J. Bot. 36: 814 (1958)
≡ Coryneum effiguratum Schwein., Trans. Am. phil. Soc.,
New Series 4(2): 307 (1832) [1834]
= Stigmella dryina Lév., Voyage dans la Russie
Meridionale et la Crimeé, par la Hongrie, la Valachie et la
Moldavie 2: 111 (1842)
Notes: Demidov (1842) introduced Stigmella with S.
dryina as the type species. Hughes (1958) determined
Coryneum effiguratum as an older name for the taxon and
transferred it to Stigmella as S. effigurata and treated S. dryina
as a synonym of S. effigurata (Hughes 1958). Sutton (1977,
1980) accepted the findings of Hughes (1958).
Bagyanarayana et al. (1992) and Wang et al. (2012) have
introduced S. tirumalensis Bagyan. et al. and S. lycii X.R.
Chen & Y. Wang. Sequence data is unavailable, thus the taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Stilbospora Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 93 (1794)
= Prosthecium Fresen., Beitr. Mykol. 2: 62 (1852)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01711; Fig. 255
Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales,
Stilbosporaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: Prosthecium sensu
Fungal Diversity
stricto fide Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014). Asexual
morph: Conidiomata acervular, immersed, gregarious
to solitary, occasionally confluent, circular, dark brown
to black. Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of dark
brown-walled cells of textura angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline. Paraphyses numerous, simple, septate, hyaline, unbranched. Conidiophores cylindrical, branched, hyaline,
smooth. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, annellidic, integrated, indeterminate, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth-walled.
Conidia ellipsoid or oblong, cylindrical, straight or slightly
curved, truncate at the base, 3–4-septate, brown, smoothwalled; with a hyaline sheath (Sutton 1980; Taylor and
Crous 2000; Marincowitz et al. 2008; Voglmayr and
Jaklitsch 2014).
Lectotype species: Stilbospora macrosperma Pers., Syn.
Meth. Fung. (Göttingen) 1: 96. 1801, fide Clements and
Shear (1931); Fig. 255
Notes: Persoon (1795) introduced Stilbospora with S.
macrosperma. However, Kirk et al. (2008, 2013) and
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) accepted Stilbospora Pers.
(1794) as the legitimate name.
Sutton (1980) stated, ‘more than 60 taxa have been described in the genus so far and the majority of these have
not been re-examined’. Taylor and Crous (2000),
Marincowitz et al. (2008) and Voglmayr and Jaklitsch
(2014) have re-visited the genus and introduced several taxa.
Crous et al. (2012b) showed that Stilbospora
macrosperma belongs in Diaporthales. Voglmayr and
Jaklitsch (2014) treated Prosthecium ellipsosporum Fresen.
the type species of Prosthecium as a synonym of
Stilbospora macrosperma. Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014)
also showed several Prosthecium spp. clustered in
Stilbospora sensu stricto and thus transferred them to
Stilbospora. Based on molecular data analyses, Voglmayr
and Jaklitsch (2014) and Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015)
showed Stilbospora and Stegonsporium have distinct phylogenetic lineages in Diaporthales, thus they re-instated
Stilbosporaceae to accommodate these genera. Our phylogenetic analyses agree with Voglmayr and Jaklitsch
(2014) and confirm the placement of Stilbospora sensu
stricto as a distinct clade in Diaporthales (Fig. 12).
Sulcatispora Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Stud Mycol 82: 120
(2015)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01712; Fig. 256
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Massarineae, Sulcatisporaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants.
Sexual morph: see Tanaka et al. (2015). Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed when
immature, becoming erumpent at maturity, globose, unilocular, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, central, single.
Conidiomata wall thick, composed of dark brown
polygonal cells. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
annellidic, cylindrical to lageniform, discrete, hyaline.
Conidia ellipsoid, rounded at the apex, truncate at the
base, yellowish brown, with striate ornamentation
(Tanaka et al. 2015).
Type species: Sulcatispora acerina Kaz. Tanaka & K.
Hiray. Stud Mycol 82: 120 (2015); Fig. 258
Notes: Tanaka et al. (2015) introduced Sulcatispora
with S. acerina as the type species. At the same time,
Tanaka et al. (2015) introduced S. berchemiae Kaz.
Tanaka & K. Hiray. and both species are reported as
holomorph. Sulcatispora resembles Sclerostagonospora,
but the latter genus showed phylogenetic lineages in
Pleosporineae, Pleosporales and may have
phaeosphaeria-like sexual morphs. (Quaedvlieg et al.
2013).
In their phylogenetic study, Tanaka et al. (2015)
showed that Sulcatispora has distinct lineage in
Massarineae, thus they introduced Sulcatisporaceae
Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. These results were also confirmed by our phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 15).
Suttonomyces Wijayaw. et al., Crypto Mycol 36(2): 220
(2015)
Index Fungorum number: IF551091; Facesoffungi
number: FoF 00468; Fig. 257
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Massarineae, Massarinaceae
Saprobic on branch of Ranunculaceae (Dicotyledons).
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, dark brown to black, solitary,
superficial, unilocular, globose to subglobose, ostiolate.
Ostiole papillate, central. Conidiomata wall outer layer
thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis, with
inner layer hyaline, thin layer. Paraphyses present, hyaline, aseptate, tapering to obtuse apex, cylindrical, not
abundant. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells simple, holoblastic, discrete, determinate, continuous, smooth, with
percurrent proliferation. Conidia pale brown to dark
brown, oblong, with a truncate base, obtuse at the
apex, straight to curved, muriform, with 1–2 transverse septa and occasionally with 1 longitudinal septum, smooth-walled, guttulate when young and occasionally at maturity.
Type species: Suttonomyces clematidis Wijayawardene
et al., Crypto Mycol 36(2): 221 (2015); Fig. 257
Notes: Wijayawardene et al. (2015) show ed a
camarosporium-like taxon clustered in
Massarinaceae. As there are no camarosporium-like
taxa reported in Massarinaceae (Hyde et al. 2013;
Wijayawardene et al. 2014d), Wijayawardene et al.
Fungal Diversity
(2015) introduced Suttonomyces to accommodate their
new collection.
In conidial morphology, Suttonomyces resembles other
camarosporium-like genera viz. Camarosporium,
Neocamarosporium, Paracamarosporium,
Pseudocamarosporium and Xenocamarosporium (Crous
et al. 2013, 2015d; Wijayawardene et al. 2014a, d).
However, only Paracamarosporium also has paraphyses,
but it distinct from Suttonomyces in phylogeny as it
resides in Didymosphaeriaceae and also forms
microconidia in culture.
Teratosphaeria Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 10(1): 39
(1912)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01713; Fig. 258
= Colletogloeopsis Crous & M.J. Wingf., Can. J. Bot.
75(4): 668 (1997)
= Kirramyces J. Walker, B. Sutton & Pascoe, Mycol. Res.
96(11): 919 (1992)
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales,
Teratosphaeriaceae
Endophytic, saprobic or pathogenic on various substrates of range of host plants. Sexual morph: see Crous
et al. (2009b). Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervuli to
pycnidial, subcuticular, erumpent, dark brown to black.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic and percurrent, doliiform
to subcylindrical or irregular, thick-walled. brown,
verruculose. Conidia subcylindrical to ellipsoidal, or cylindrical to obclavate, straight to curved, apex obtuse, base
truncate, aseptate, medium brown, verruculose (Walker
et al. 1992; Crous and Wingfield 1997; Crous et al.
2009b, 2011d; Andjic et al. 2007a, b).
Type species: Teratosphaeria fibrillosa Syd. & P. Syd.,
Annls mycol. 10(1): 40 (1912)
Notes: Crous et al. (2009b) accepted that Teratosphaeria
sensu stricto has Colletogloeopsis and Kirramyces asexual
morph. Thus, Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) proposed to adopt
Teratosphaeria over Colletogloeopsis and Kirramyces. In our
phylogenetic analyses of Capnodiales, Teratosphaeria sensu
stricto consists of both Colletogloeopsis and Kirramyces
(Fig. 11).
Tiarospora Sacc. & Marchal, Revue mycol., Toulouse
7(no. 26): 148 (1885)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01714; Fig. 259
?Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a
range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary to gregarious, globose, subepidermal, immersed, unilocular,
brown, with a short neck, ostiolate. Ostiole apapillate,
central. Conidiomata wall with outer layer composed of
flattened, thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis, inner layer of thinner, paler tissue.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, doliiform, cylindrical
or lageniform, sympodial, indeterminate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid, obtuse to flattened at
apex and base, 1-septate, continuous, initially hyaline,
pale brown at maturity, thick and smooth-walled,
guttulate; with an irregular or cap-like gelatinous appendage at each end (Morgan-Jones et al. 1972c;
Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Tiarospora perforans (Sacc.) Höhn.,
Hedwigia 60: 141 (1918); Fig. 259
≡ Sphaerella perforans Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 538
(1882)
≡ Sphaeria perforans Roberge ex Desm., Fl. Crypt.
Flandres (Paris) 1: 354 (1867)
= Tiarospora westendorpii Sacc. & Marchal, Revue
mycol., Toulouse 7(no. 26): 148 (1885)
Notes: Saccardo and Marchal (1885) established
Tiarospora with T. westendorpii as the type species.
However, Höhnel (1918) found Sphaerella perforans is the
oldest name for the taxon and thus transferred it to Tiarospora
as T. perforans. Pirozynski and Shoemaker (1971), MorganJones et al. (1972c), Sutton (1971, 1980) and Nag Raj (1993)
accepted this adoption and treated Tiarospora westendorpii as
a synonym of T. perforans. Beside the type species, Sutton
(1980) accepted only T. deschampsiae Krusch. Chlebicki
(2002) introduced Tiarospora pirozynskii Chleb. and thus
the genus now comprises three species. Sequence data is unavailable thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Toxosporiella B. Sutton, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 86(1): 16
(1986)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01715; Fig. 260
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on Proteaceae (Dicotyledons).
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed, globose, unilocular, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole slightly papillate, central,
circular. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
ampulliform, lageniform or cylindrical, discrete, hyaline.
Conidia ellipsoid, obtuse apex, truncate base, with 3transverse septate, median cell dark brown, apical and basal cell
with oblique septum (description modified from Sutton 1986).
Type species: Toxosporiella bactrodesmioides B. Sutton,
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 86(1): 16 (1986)
Notes: Sutton (1986) introduced Toxosporiella with T.
bactrodesmioides as the type species. Toxosporiella comprises
one species and is characterised by versicoloured conidia,
Fungal Diversity
hence distinct from other genera. However, Toxosporiella resembles the conidial morphology of Versicolorisporium
(Hatakeyama et al. 2010) but latter genus lacks a single
oblique septum in the apical and basal cells. Sequence data
is unavailable in GenBank thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Toxosporiopsis B. Sutton & Sellar, Can. J. Bot. 44(11):
1505 (1966)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01716; Fig. 261
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, immersed,
subperidermal, solitary or confluent, irregular in shape,
irregularly locular, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiomata
wall composed of small-celled, thin-walled, hyaline to
pale brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
hyaline, branched at the base, septate, smooth.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, determinate, integrated
or discrete, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Conidia broadly fusiform, base truncate, 3-septate, septa dark brown,
continuous or slightly constricted, thick and smoothwalled, apical and basal cells thinner-walled and paler;
mucoid cap at the apex of developing conidium (Sutton
1980; Sutton and Dyko 1989; Nag Raj 1993; Wu 1993).
Type species: Toxosporiopsis capitata B. Sutton & Sellar,
Can. J. Bot. 44(11): 1507 (1966); Fig. 263
Notes: Saccardo and Marchal (1966) established
Toxosporiopsis with T. capitata as the type species. Sutton
and Dyko (1989) and Wu (1993) added two more species, T.
macrosperma (Cavara) B. Sutton & Dyko and T. sinensis W.P.
Wu, respectively. Nag Raj (1993) re-described the genus and
illustrated the type species. However, Nag Raj (1993) listed T.
macrosperma as an ‘unexamined taxon’ and mentioned it differs from type species as it has conidia with paler and
verruculose apical and basal cells. Nevertheless, Wu (1993)
treated T. macrosperma as an accepted species of
Toxosporiopsis and thus we accept three species. Sequence
data is unavailable, thus, taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Key to species of Toxosporiopsis
1. Paraphyses longer than 100 μm .................. T. sinensis
1. Paraphyses shorter than 100 μm ............................... 2
2. Conidia 29.5–37.5 × 11.5–15 μm ................ T. capitata
2. Conidia 27–40 × 12.5–16 μm ............ T. macrosperma
Trinosporium Crous & Decock, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi 28: 169 (2012)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01717; Fig. 262
Leotiomycetes, genera incertae sedis
Isolated as a contaminant. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial,
separate, globose, with a central ostiole, lined with
periphyses; wall of 2–3 layers of brown-walled cells
of textura angularis. Conidiophores lining the inner
cavity, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, reduced to
conidiogenous cells or branched, 1–3-septate, with
conidiogenous cells terminal and lateral. Conidiogenous
cells hyaline to pale brown, smooth, thin-walled,
ampulliform to subcylindrical; apex with periclinal
thickening, but at times also with 1–2 percurrent proliferations. Conidia rounded lobes, tapering towards a
truncate base, aseptate, widest at apex, brown, smooth,
with three lateral (modified description from Crous
et al. 2012d)
Type species: Trinosporium guianense Crous & Decock,
Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 169 (2012)
Notes: Crous et al. (2012d) introduced Trinosporium with
T. guianense as the type species. In morphology,
Trinosporium resembles Readeriella, which is a wellestablished genus in Teratosphaeriaceae (Crous et al.
2009b), but the former resides in Leotiomycetes, genera
incertae sedis (Fig. 9). Further, Crous et al. (2012d) compared
Tri n os p o ri um w i t h Tr i b o l o s po r a D . A . R e i d a n d
Trigonosporium Tassi and both genera have hyaline conidia
(Sutton 1980).
Trullula Ces., Bot. Ztg. 10: 287 (1852)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01718; Fig. 263
Leotiomycetes, genera incertae sedis
Saprobic or endophytic on stems and branches of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic, solitary to gregarious, immersed to
subepidermal when immature, erumpent at maturity,
subglobose to globose, or flattened and discoid, dark brown
to black. Conidiomata wall thick, wall at the base composed
of thin-walled, pale brown to subhyaline cells of textura
angularis, at the sides and above walls composed of thickwalled, dark brown cells of textura angularis to textura
intricata. Conidiophores cylindrical, hyaline, branched, septate near the base and above, formed from the inner cells of the
conidiomata. Conidiogenous cells holothallic, integrated, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical. Conidia regularly oblong, truncate
at each end, arthric, produced in long, branched chains with
the youngest conidia at the base, pale brown, smooth-walled,
often guttulate, aseptate (Sutton 1980).
Type species: Trullula oreoselini Ces., Bot. Ztg. 10: 287
(1852)
Notes: Cesati (1852) introduced Trullula with T. oreoselini
as the type species. Sutton (1980) stated that the characters of
the genus are not well known. Hence, further collections and
morphological and molecular studies are essential for better
understanding of the genus.
Fungal Diversity
GenBank has sequence data of Trullula melanochlora
(CBS 138861 fide Crous et al. 2014c) and according to
our analyses it is accommodated in Leotiomycetes, genera incertae sedis (Fig. 9).
Fig. 264 Truncatella sp. (Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena [FC]
Province, near Porcentico – Predappio, on dead needles of Pinus nigra,
11 December 2011, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–3460 = HKAS92538). a, b
Conidiomata on pine needles. c, d Vertical sections of conidiomata. e, f
Conidia inside conidiomata. g–k Different stages of conidiogenesis. l–p
Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 200 μm, e, f, l = 30 μm, g–k, m–n = 15 μm
Truncatella Steyaert, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux. 19: 293
(1949)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01719; Fig. 264
Fig. 263 Trullula melanochlora (Material examined: Germany, near
Berlin, on twigs of Viburnum opulus, 04 January 2014, René K.
Schumacher, MFLU 15-3554). a Host material. b Conidiomata on
twigs of Viburnum opulus. c–e Vertical sections of conidiomata. f
Conidia mass and conidiophores. g–j, l, m Different stages of
conidiogenesis. k, n Conidia. Scale bars: c–e = 150 μm, f = 15 μm, g–
n = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Bartaliniaceae
Saprobic or endophytic on stems, branches, twigs of a
range of host plants or occasionally pathogenic. Sexual
morph: see Senanayake et al. (2015). Asexual morph:
Conidiomata acervular, superficial to subepidermal, solitary
to gregarious, occasionally confluent, dark brown to black.
Conidiomata wall outer layer thick, composed of thinwalled, brown cells of textura angularis, inner wall thin,
hyaline. Conidiophores cylindrical, hyaline, branched and
septate at the base and above, formed from the upper cells
of the pseudoparenchyma, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic to annellidic, indeterminate, integrated,
cylindrical, hyaline, smooth-walled, with several percurrent
proliferations. Conidia fusiform, straight or slightly curved,
3-transverse septate; basal cell hyaline, truncate, with simple or rarely branched appendage; apical cell conic, hyaline, with 1 or more apical, simple or branched cellular
appendages; two median cells brown, thick, smoothwalled, often constricted at the septa (Sutton 1980, 1996;
Shoemaker et al. 1989; Yuan and Zhao 1992; Nag Raj
1993; Lee et al. 2006; Senanayake et al. 2015).
Type species: Truncatella angustata (Pers.) S. Hughes,
Can. J. Bot. 36: 822 (1958) ≡ Pestalotia truncata Lév., Annls
Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 5: 285 (1846)
= Truncatella truncata (Lév.) Steyaert, Bull. Jard. bot. État
Brux. 19: 295 (1949)
≡ Pestalotia truncata Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 5:
285 (1846)
Notes: Steyaert (1949) established Truncatella with T.
truncata as the type species. Sutton (1980) stated
Truncatella angustata (Pers.) S. Hughes (≡ Stilbospora
angustata Pers.) as the type species, while listing
Truncatella truncata as its synonym. However, Nag
Raj (1993) used Truncatella truncata as the type species, but we prefer to use the name based on the oldest
name i.e. Truncatella angustata.
Sutton (1980) compared the previous taxonomic works by
Steyaert (1949) and Guba (1961) on Truncatella. Since Sutton
(1980), several species have been introduced and summarized
in Table 7.
Lee et al. (2006) showed Truncatella spp. group with
Bartalinia spp. and form a distinct clade in
Amphisphaeriaceae. However, the clade actually comprises
two distinct clades. The first clade comprises new
collections in Lee et al. (2006) with T. hartigii (Tubeuf)
Steyaert, while the second sub-clade comprises T. angustata
(Pers.) S. Hughes and species of Bartalinia Tassi. Senanayake
et al. (2015) and our results also agree with findings in Lee
et al. (2006) and Truncatella is treated as a member in
Bartaliniaceae.
Tunicago B. Sutton & Pollack, Can. J. Bot. 55(3): 326
(1977)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01720; Fig. 265
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates on a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, solitary, globose, unilocular, dark brown to black, ostiolate, single, circular.
Conidiomata wall thick, composed of thick-walled, dark
brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores hyaline,
smooth, septate, irregularly branched. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical or lageniform, integrated
Table 7
Summary of Truncatella spp. introduced since Sutton (1980)
Species
Reference
Current name and references
T. betulae (Morochk.) S.J. Lee & Crous
T. excelsa (Petr.) Shoemaker et al.
T. helichrysi (Severini) B. Sutton
Lee et al. 2006
Shoemaker et al. 1989
Sutton 1996
N/A
N/A
T. megaspora S.J. Lee & Crous
T. pestalozzioides (Dearn. & Fairm.) Shoemake et al.
Lee et al. 2006
Shoemaker et al. 1989
T. pitospora (M.E.A. Costa & Sousa da Câmara) Bissett
T. restionacearum S.J. Lee & Crous
T. spadicea S.J. Lee & Crous
Bissett 1982
Lee et al. 2006
Lee et al. 2006
T. tianshanica Z.Q. Yuan & Z.Y. Zhao
T. trevoae (Speg.) Nag Raj*
T. vitalbae (Shoemaker & E. Müll.) Shoemaker
Yuan and Zhao 1992
Nag Raj 1993
Shoemaker et al. 1989
T. wangikarii Somani
Somani 1980
N/A
N/A
Pestalotiopsis pestalozzioides
(Dearn. & Fairm.) Nag Raj fide Nag Raj 1993
Truncatella angustata (Pers.) S. Hughes fide Nag Raj 1993
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(*Nag Raj (1993) introduced this species as a new combination in Truncatella but Species Fungorum (2016) list this name as a synonym of
Chrysalidopsis trevoae (Speg.) Steyaert. However, Lee et al. (1996) treated T. trevoae as an accepted species in Truncatella)
Fungal Diversity
or discrete, determinate, apical or lateral, channel wide.
Conidia perprolate, brown, 1-septate, guttulate,
smooth-walled, covered by a thick, brown, granular,
sheath at maturity (Sutton and Pollack 1977; Nag Raj
and DiCosmo 1978; Sutton 1980; Alcorn and Sutton
1999).
Type species: Tunicago uniolae B. Sutton & Pollack, Can.
J. Bot. 55(3): 327 (1977)
Notes: Sutton and Pollack (1977) introduced Tunicago
with T. uniolae as the type species. Sutton (1980) provided
taxonomic notes and illustrations for this genus. Alcorn and
Sutton (1999) introduced a second species, T. triodiae Alcorn
Fig. 265 Tunicago triodiae (Material examined: Australia, Queensland,
Musselbrook Reserve, Ridgepole Waterhole track, on Triodia pungens, 2
May 1995, J.L. Alcorn, BRIP 23037b). a Label and herbarium material. b
Conidiomata on culture. c, d Vertical sections of conidiomata (thin wall is
pointed by arrow in d). e Conidiogenous cell and developing conidia. f–i
Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 70 μm, e = 8 μm, f–i = 12 μm
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& B. Sutton. Conidial morphology of Tunicago resembles
Ascochytulina and Pseudodiplodia, but conidia of both latter
genera lack a mucilaginous sheath. Sequence data is unavailable, thus the taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Fig. 266 Deltosperma infundibuliforme. a Line drawing of vertical
section of conidioma. b Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. c
Fig. 267 Uniseta flagellifera. a
Vertical section of conidioma. b
Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 10 μm
(re-drawn from Nag Raj 1974)
Unguiculariopsis Rehm, Annls mycol. 7(5): 400 (1909)
= Deltosperma W.Y. Zhuang, Mycotaxon 32: 31 (1988)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01721; Fig. 266
Leotiomycetes, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: fide Zhuang (1988). Asexual morph: Conidiomata
pycnidial, elongated conical or subcylindrical, superficial,
gregarious, cinnamon brown to dark brown. Conidiomata
wall outer layer composed of brown-walled cells of textura
angularis, inner layer composed of interwoven hyphae.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or indistinct.
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, elongate
lageniform to sub-cylindrical, pale brown to brown, smooth.
Conidia deloid to irregular angular, aseptate, pale brown, thin
and smooth-walled (description modified from Zhuang 1988,
2000)
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Fig. 268 Urohendersonia
platensis a Vertical section of
conidioma. b, c Different stages
of conidiogenesis. d Conidia.
Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b,
c = 20 μm (re-drawn from Nag
Raj 1993)
Type species: Unguiculariopsis ilicincola (Berk. &
Broome) Rehm, Annls mycol. 7(5): 400 (1909)
Notes: Zhuang (1988) introduced Deltosperma with D.
i n f u n d i b u l i f o r m e a s t he t yp e spe c i es a nd st at e d
Unguiculariopsis is the sexual morph. Zhuang (2000) also
introduced Unguiculariopsis changbaiensis and its asexual
morph Deltosperma oblongum as both occur on same host.
Johnston et al. (2014) proposed to adopt the older sexual typified name over younger asexual typified name.
Uniseta Ciccar., Nuovo G. bot. ital. 54: 711 (1948)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01722; Fig. 267
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on branches of Myricaceae
(Dicotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic or pycnidial, gregarious, conic, immersed, unilocular, brown, ostiolate, single, circular,
furfuraceous. Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of
thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of thin-walled, pale brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic to annellidic, cylindrical to
flexuous, indeterminate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia
ellipsoid to fusiform, upper cells slightly wider, straight or
slightly curved, base truncate, 1-septate, continuous, pale
brown, thick and smooth-walled, eguttulate; with a cellular,
unbranched, filiform apical appendage (Nag Raj 1974, 1993;
Sutton 1980).
Type species: Uniseta flagellifera (Ellis & Everh.) Ciccar.,
Nuovo G. bot. ital. 54: 15 (1947); Fig. 267
≡ Pestalotia flagellifera Ellis & Everh., J. Mycol. 5(3): 156
(1889)
Notes: Ciccarone (1947) introduced Uniseta to accommodate Pestalotia flagellifera. Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993)
revisited the genus and provided taxonomic notes. In conidial
morphology, Uniseta resembles Nagrajomyces, but the latter
genus has muriform conidia with single, unbranched apical
appendages, while Uniseta has 1-septate conidia with a single,
unbranched apical appendage.
Nag Raj (1993) mentioned Uniseta has a sexual morph in
Cryptodiaporthe Petr. However, this link was not confirmed
by culture or phylogenetic methods. Sequence data is unavailable, thus the taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Urohendersonia Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires, Ser. 3 1:
84 (1902)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01723; Figs. 268 and 269
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of
host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
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Fungal Diversity
269 Urohendersonia stipae (Material examined: Australia,
Queesland, Brisbane, Ormiston, on dead leaves of Sporobolus sp., 24
March 1988, E.H.C McKenzie and J.A. Alcorn, BRIP 16294). a Label
and herbarium material. b, c Conidiomata on host material. d, e Vertical
sections of conidiomata. f–i Conidiogenous cells and different stages of
conidiogenesis. j Conidiomata wall. k–o Conidia. Scale bars: d,
e = 60 μm, f–i, k–o = 10 μm, j = 20 μm
Fig.
Conidiomata pycnidial, superficial to immersed, sub-epidermal, solitary, gregarious or occasionally confluent, globose to
subglobose, unilocular, brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, circular, single. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis to textura intricata.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, ampulliform to
doliiform, determinate or indeterminate, discrete, pale brown
to hyaline, smooth. Conidia cylindrical, clavate or fusiform,
apex obtuse, base truncate, often with a marginal frill, 3-septate, continuous or constricted, yellowish brown to brown,
thin-walled, smooth or verruculose, occasionally guttulate;
with an extracellular, gelatinous, unbranched, single, apical
appendage. Microconidia globose to subglobose, aseptate,
Fig. 270 Urohendersoniella mastigospora. a, b Conidiogenous cell and
different stages of conidiogenesis. c Conidium. Scale bars: a, b = 5 μm,
c = 25 μm (re-drawn from Nag Raj 1989)
hyaline, smooth-walled (Nag Raj and Kendrick 1971; Sutton
et al. 1972; Sutton 1980; Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Urohendersonia platensis Speg., Anal. Mus.
nac. B. Aires, Ser. 3 1: 84 (1902); Fig. 268
Notes: Spegazzini (1902) introduced Urohendersonia with
U. platensis as the type species. Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj
(1993) re-visited the genus and provided detailed taxonomic
notes. There are six epithets listed in Index Fungorum (2016),
but Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993) accepted only five
species including the type species, while U. mysorensis Nag
Raj & W.B. Kendr. was excluded. The genus lacks sequence
data, thus the taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Urohendersoniella Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 513 (1955)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01724; Fig. 270
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on leaves of Xanthorrhoeaceae
(Monocotyledons). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, unilocular, glabrous, brown, ostiolate, circular or oval. Conidiomata wall
composed of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis,
pale brown to subhyaline inner layer. Conidiophores reduced
to conidiogenous cells, invested in mucus. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic, ampulliform, hyaline, smooth. Conidia narrowly fusiform, septate; basal cell long, cylindrical, almost
hyaline; with several median cells, yellowish brown to brown;
apical cell conical, pale brown to almost hyaline; with mucoid
appendages at both ends (description modified from Nag Raj
1989, 1993).
Type species: Urohendersoniella mastigospora Petr.,
Sydowia 9(1–6): 513 (1955)
Notes: Petrak (1955) introduced Urohendersoniella with
U. mastigospora as the type species. Sutton (1977, 1980)
treated Urohendersoniella as a synonym of Scolecosporiella.
However, Nag Raj (1989, 1993) reinstated Urohendersoniella
as a valid genus and Kirk et al. (2008, 2013) also accepted it.
We prefer to follow Nag Raj (1989, 1993) and taxonomic key
is provided under Scolecosporiella to distinguish
Urohendersoniella from other related genera.
Vanderystiella Henn., Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. Série
5 2(3): 229 (1908)
= Deightonia Petr., Sydowia 1(1–3): 114 (1947); Fig. 271
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01725
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Associated with leaf lesions of Fabaceae (Dicotyledons).
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata acervular, epidermal to subepidermal, solitary
or confluent, hypophyllous, pale brown. Conidiomata wall
composed of thin-walled cells of textura angularis.
C o n i d i o p h o re s r e d u c e d t o c o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s .
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia biconic,
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 271 Vanderystiella
leopoldvilleana. a Vertical section
of conidioma. b Different stages
of conidiogenesis. c Conidia.
Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b,
c = 10 μm (re-drawn from Sutton
1980)
rhomboid, base truncate, pale brown, aseptate, smoothwalled, eguttulate (description modified from Sutton 1980).
Type species: Vanderystiella leopoldvilleana Henn. [as
‘leopoldvilliana’], Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. Série 5
2(3): 229 (1908); Fig. 271
Notes: Wildeman (1908) introduced Vanderystiella with V.
leopoldvilleana as the type species. Petrak (1951) treated
Vanderystiella as a synonym of Deightonia Petr. However,
Sutton (1977, 1980) and Kirk et al. (2013) listed
Vanderystiella as a valid genus, while listing Deightonia as
its synonym. We also prefer to follow Sutton (1977, 1980) as
Vanderystiella is the oldest name. The genus remains monotypic and sequence data is unavailable thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Verrucoconiothyrium Crous, Sydowia 67: 110 (2015)
Fig. 272 Verrucoconiothyrium
nitidae. a, b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a–c = 10 μm. (re-drawn
from Crous et al. 2015c)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01726; Fig. 272
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Massarineae,
Didymosphaeriaceae
Pathogenic on Proteaceae (Dicotyledons). Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, subepidermal, globose, solitary, brown. Conidiomata wall composed of 3–4 layers of brown-walled cells of textura
angularis. Conidiogenous cells proliferating percurrently,
doliiform to ampulliform, discrete, smooth, hyaline to pale
olivaceous. Conidia ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, medium
brown, 0–1-septate, thick-walled, verruculose (description
modified from Crous et al. 2015c).
Type species: Verrucoconiothyrium nitidae (Crous &
Denman) Crous, Sydowia 67: 110 (2015); Fig. 272
Notes: Crous et al. (2015c) introduced
Verrucoconiothyrium with V. nitidae as the type species.
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Verrucoconiothyrium resembles with Coniothyrium but is distinct as the former genus has verruculose conidial walls.
Phylogenetically both genera are distinct as
Verrucoconiothyrium resides in Didymosphaeriaceae, while
Coniothyrium resides in Coniothyriaceae (Figs. 9 and 15).
Versicolorisporium Sat. Hatak. et al., Mycoscience 49(3):
[211] (2008)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01727; Fig. 273
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales, family incertae sedis, Biatriosporaceae
Saprobic on culms of bamboo. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial,
subepidermal, single to gregarious, subglobose to depressed globose, unilocular, black, with slightly papillate
ostiole, with short hyaline periphyses, circular, central.
Conidiomatal wall composed of vertically orientated
rectangular, pale brown-walled cells of textura
angularis; wall at the base flattened, poorly developed,
composed of polygonal cells. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
Fig. 273 Versicolorisporium triseptatum (Material examined: Japan,
Aomori, Gonohe, Asamizu, on dead culms of Pleioblastus, 2 December
2003, K. Tanaka, N. Nakagawara, and S. Hatakeyama, HHUF 28815,
holotype; single conidium isolate from the holotype = JCM 14775).
ampulliform to cylindrical, unbranched, determinate,
bearing a single terminal conidium, formed from the
inner layer of the conidiomatal wall. Conidia obovoid,
apex rounded, base truncate, 3-septate, with a submedian primary septum, smooth-walled; apical cell pale
brown; second cell from the apex dark brown; third cell
pale brown; basal cell hyaline (description modified
from Hatakeyama et al. 2008).
Type species: Versicolorisporium triseptatum Sat. Hatak.
Et al., Mycoscience 49(3): [211] (2008); Fig. 273
Notes: Hatakeyama et al. (2008) established
Versicolorisporium with V. triseptatum as the type species.
Mega blast result of LSU nrDNA sequences show the type
species resides in Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes
(Hatakeyama et al. 2008). In shape of conidia,
Versicolorisporium is similar to Phragmocamarosporium
(Wijayawardene et al. 2015), but the latter taxon has
concolorous conidia, while the former has versicoloured conidia. Versicolorisporium also resembles Toxosporiella, but
the latter genus has an oblique septum in the basal cell
(Sutton 1986).
(a–g from HHUF 28815. h from culture JCM 14775). a, b Conidiomata
on host surface. c Vertical section of conidioma. d Conidiogenous cells.
e–h Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 500 μm, c = 50 μm, d–h = 5 μm
Fungal Diversity
Vouauxiella Petr. & Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni
veg. 42(1): 482 (1927)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01793; Fig. 274
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Lichenicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, solitary, globose
or subglobose, occasionally flask-shaped, unilocular, dark
brown. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-, dark brownwalled cells of textura angularis to textura intricata.
Conidiophores short, septate, irregularly branched at the base,
pale brown, verrucose. Conidiogenous cells holothallic, integrated or discrete, determinate, hyaline to brown, verrucose.
Conidia arthric, cylindrical or long cuneiform, both ends
truncate, but apical conidium with obtuse apex, brown or dark
brown, aseptate, produced in simple unbranched basipetal
chains (Morgan-Jones 1977; Sutton 1980; Diederich 2003).
Type species: Vouauxiella verrucosa (Vouaux) Petr. &
Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg. 42(1): 483
(1927) [1926]
≡ Torula verrucosa Vouaux, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 54: 697
(1907)
Notes: Petrak and Sydow (1927) described Vouauxiella for
the two species V. verrucosa and V. lichenicola (Linds.) Petr.
& Syd., both growing on Lecanora species. Morgan-Jones
(1977) illustrated and re-described the type species, while
Sutton (1980) added a third lichenicolous species, V.
pithospora (Cavalc. & A.A. Silva) B. Sutton. Conidial development (arthric conidiogenesis) of Vouauxiella is similar to
Phragmotrichum, Neozythia and Cirrosporium. A taxonomic
key to distinguish Vouauxiella and related genera is provided
under Cirrosporium. Sequence data is unavailable thus taxonomic placement is uncertain.
Wojnowiciella Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol.
Fungi 335: 201 (2015)
Fig. 274 Vouauxiella lichenicola (Material examined: Luxembourg,
Ansembourg, 2005, P. Diederich 16175, herb. Diederich). a V.
lichenicola on thallus of Lecanora chlarotera. b Vertical section of
conidioma. c Conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. d Conidia and
different stages of conidiogenesis. Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b = 20 μm, c,
d = 5 μm
Versicolorisporium triseptatum resides in Biatriosporaceae,
Pleosporales and groups with Biatriospora marina K.D. Hyde
& Borse, the type species of Biatriospora in our phylogenetic
analyses (Fig. 9). Hence, we conclude that Biatriosporaceae
comprises two genera, Biatriospora and Versicolorisporium.
Further, we predict that Versicolorisporium might represent the
asexual morph of Biatriospora.
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 275 Wojnowiciella viburni (Material examined: China, Guizhou
Province, Kaiyang, Longguang, on Viburnum utile, leaves, 3 June 2012,
N. Wijayawardene, HGUP500, holotype). a Leaf spot on leaves of
Viburni spp. b Immersed conidiomata. c, f Longitudinal sections of
conidiomata. d, e Conidiomata walls. g, j–n Conidia. h–i Developing
young conidia and mature conidium attached to conidiogenous cell. o
Germinating conidia. p Culture on PDA. Scale bars: c = 100 μm,
d = 100 μm, f = 200 μm, d, e, g–i = 50 μm, j–n = 20 μm (from
Wijayawardene et al. 2013a as Wojnowicia viburni)
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 276 Xenocamarosporium
acaciae. a Conidiogenous cells
and conidiogenesis. b Conidia.
Scale bars: a, b = 10 μm (redrawn from Crous et al. 2015d)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01729; Fig. 275
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales,
Pleosporineae, Phaeosphaeriaceae
Endophytic, saprobic or associated with leaf spots. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, globose, unilocular, dark brown to black,
apapillate. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,
Fig. 277 Xenoconiothyrium
catenatum. a Conidiogenous
cells and developing conidia. b
Immature conidia as a chain. c
Solitary matured conidia. Scale
bars: a–c = 10 μm (re-drawn from
Crous et al. 2011c)
ampulliform to subcylindrical, discrete, determinate, smooth,
hyaline to pale brown. Conidia cylindrical to subcylindrical or
ellipsoid, fusiform, base truncate, with several transverse septa, occasionally 1–2 oblique septa, thick or thin-walled, verrucose or smooth, golden brown. Microconidiophores
subcylindrical, branched at the base, septate, hyaline, smooth.
Microconidiogenous cells ampulliform to subcylindrical,
phialidic, with periclinal thickening, hyaline, smooth.
Microconidia subcylindrical to ellipsoid, apex obtuse to
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 278 Xepicula leucotricha (Material examined: Australia,
Queesland, Brisbane, Chapel Hill, on dead leaves of Phyla nodiflora, 2
February 1995, J.A. Alcorn, BRIP 22613). a Herbarium material. b
Conidioma from above with setae (superficial). c, d Vertical section of
conidiomata with setae. e, f Conidiogenous cells and different stages of
conidiogenesis (periclinal thickenings are pointed by arrows). g–i
Conidia. Scale bars: b = 80 μm, c, d = 50 μm, e–g = 8 μm
subobtuse, base truncate, smooth, hyaline, guttulate
(Wijayawardene et al. 2013a; Crous et al. 2015d).
Type species: Wojnowiciella eucalypti Crous et al.,
Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 335: 201 (2015)
Notes: Crous et al. (2015d) introduced Wojnowiciella with
W. eucalypti Crous et al. as the type species. Wojnowiciella
resembles Wojnowicia in conidial morphology, but the latter
genus has papillate conidiomata, with setae (Sutton 1980).
Crous et al. (2015d) proposed to place Wojnowicia viburni
Wijayaw. et al. (Wijayawardene et al. 2013b) under
Wojnowiciella as it has conidiomata without setae.
Moreover, Crous et al. (2015d) reported microconidia from
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W. eucalypti, but Wijayawardene et al. (2013b) did not report
microconidia from the culture.
Xenocamarosporium has conidia with an obtuse apex truncate
to rounded base.
Xenocamarosporium Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia,
Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 335: 185 (2015)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01730; Fig. 276
Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Massarineae,
Didymosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on Fabaceae (Dicotyledons).
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, globose, brown.
Conidiomata wall composed of brown-walled cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline, smooth,
with periclinal thickening. Conidia ellipsoidal to
subcylindrical, apex obtuse, base truncate to rounded, hyaline
and smooth when immature, golden-brown and verruculose at
maturity, transversely septate, thick-walled (modified
description from Crous et al. 2015d).
Type species: Xenocamarosporium acaciae Crous &
M.J. Wingf., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 335:
185 (2015)
Notes: The genus Xenocamarosporium was introduced
by Crous et al. (2015d) with X. acacia as the type species. Xenocamarosporium morphologically resembles
Melnikia and Pseudohendersonia. However, these genera are
phylogenetically distinct from Xenocamarosporium which resides in Didymosphaeriaceae (Fig. 15). Moreover,
Pseudohendersonia has conidia with rounded ends, while
Xenoconiothyrium Crous & Marinc., Persoonia, Mol.
Phyl. Evol. Fungi 27: 42 (2011)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01731; Fig. 277
Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales,
Teratosphaeriaceae
Endophytic or saprobic on Proteaceae (Dicotyledons).
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata pycnidial. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic,
ampulliform, tapering to an abrupt apex, hyaline. Conidia
ellipsoid to subcylindrical, apex obtuse, thick-walled, hyaline
and smooth when immature, verruculose and dark brown,
0(−1)-septate at maturity, continuous or constricted at the septum. Spermatia hyaline, bacilliform (description modified
from Crous et al. 2011c).
Type species: Xenoconiothyrium catenatum Crous &
Marinc. [as ‘catenata’], Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi
27: 42 (2011); Fig. 277
Notes: Crous et al. (2011c) introduced Xenoconiothyrium
with X. catenatum as the type species. However, Crous et al.
(2011c) only mentioned the conidiomatal type as pycnidial
but did not describe it in detail. Phylogenetically,
Xenoconiothyrium is distinct from Coniothyrium sensu stricto
(in Pleosporineae, Coniothyriaceae) and resides in
Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales (Crous et al. 2011c;
Fig. 11).
Fig. 279 Xepiculopsis
graminea. a Vertical section of
conidioma. b Different stages of
conidiogenesis. c Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 100 μm, b, c = 20 μm
(re-drawn from Nag Raj 1993)
Fungal Diversity
Xepicula Nag Raj, Coelomycetous Anamorphs with
Appendage-bearing Conidia (Ontario): 979 (1993)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01732; Fig. 278
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Endophytic or saprobic on Poaceae (Monocotyledons).
Sexual mor ph: Unde termined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic, pulvinate to cupulate, with an
excipulum. Conidiomata wall basal region composed of
brown-walled cells of textura globulosa and textura angularis.
Setae cylindrical to subulate, straight or curved, unbranched,
thick-walled, with numerous septa. Conidiophores simple or
branched, compact in a hymenium, hyaline, smooth.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, sub-cylindrical to lageniform
or ampulliform, discrete or integrated, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia fusiform to ellipsoid, narrow towards obtuse apex,
truncate base, aseptate, pale brown, thin-, smooth-walled, with
apical, cup-like, mucoid appendage (description modified
from Nag Raj 1993)
Type species: Xepicula leucotricha (Peck) Nag Raj,
Coelomycetous Anamorphs with Appendage-bearing
Conidia (Ontario): 980 (1993); Fig. 278
Fig. 280 Zetiasplozna unicolor.
a Vertical section of conidioma. b,
c Different stages of
conidiogenesis. d Conidia. Scale
bars: a = 50 μm, b, c = 10 μm (redrawn from Nag Raj 1993)
≡ Excipula leucotricha Peck, Ann. Rep. N.Y. St. Mus. nat.
Hist. 29: 49 (1878) [1876]
Notes: Nag Raj (1993) introduced Xepicula with X.
leucotricha to accommodate Excipula leucotricha. Nag Raj
(1993) also introduced Xepiculopsis, which has similar morphological characters to Xepicula and further compared
Xepicula to Hymenopsis. A taxonomic key is provided
under Xepiculopsis to distinguish morphologically similar genera.
Xepiculopsis Nag Raj, Coelomycetous Anamorphs with
Appendage-bearing Conidia (Ontario): 983 (1993)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01733; Fig. 279
Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis
Foliicolous on Poaceae (Monocotyledons). Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
stromatic, pulvinate to cupulate, with an excipulum.
Conidiomata wall basal region composed of brown-walled
cells of textura globulosa and textura angularis. Setae
subcylindrical to subulate, straight to curved, unbranched,
thick-walled, smooth, aseptate, hyaline. Conidiophores
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Dichomera saubinetii (Material examined: Mahren, MahrischWeibkirchen, on Quercus robur, November 1913, F. Petrak, PDD 54538).
a Label of herbarium specimen. b Herbarium specimens. c Conidiomata
on host. d Vertical section of conidioma. e Conidioma wall. f, g Different
stages of conidiogenesis. h–m Conidia. Scale bars: d = 150 μm,
e = 60 μm, f, g = 5 μm, h–m = 10 μm
Fig. 281
simple to branched, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, subcylindrical to lageniform or ampulliform, discrete or integrated, hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform to ellipsoid, apex obtuse, base truncate, aseptate, pale brown, thin
and smooth-walled, with an apical cap-like mucoid appendage
(description modified from Nag Raj 1993).
Type species: Xepiculopsis perpulchra Nag Raj,
Coelomycetous Anamorphs with Appendage-bearing Conidia
(Ontario): 986 (1993); Fig. 279
Notes: Nag Raj (1993) introduced Xepiculopsis with X.
perpulchra as the type species. Nag Raj (1993) also introduced a second species, hence the genus comprises two species. Xepiculopsis morphologically resembles Xepicula and
Hymenopsis. The taxonomic key below can be used to distinguish Xepiculopsis from related genera.
truncate base, hyaline, with or without cellular, unbranched, single appendage (Nag Raj 1993;
Matsushima 1996; Crous et al. 2014b)
Type species: Zetiasplozna unicolor (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)
Nag Raj, Coelomycetous Anamorphs with Appendagebearing Conidia (Ontario): 1002 (1993); Fig. 280
Notes: Nag Raj (1993) introduced Zetiasplozna with Z.
unicolor as the type species. At the same time, Nag Raj
(1993) accepted three further species, Z. cordylines (Speg.)
Nag Raj, Z. heteromorpha (Thüm.) Nag Raj and Z. thuemenii
(Speg.) Nag Raj. Matsushima (1996) and Crous et al. (2014b)
introduced Z. caffra Matsush. and Z. acaciae Crous
respectively. In conidial morphology, Zetiasplozna is similar
to Bartalinia, but the latter genus has branched apical
appendages, while the former has unbranched apical
appendages.
Based on mega blast search of ITS and LSU sequence data
of Z. acaciae, Crous et al. (2014b) stated it belongs to
Amphisphaeriaceae. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that
Z. acaciae belongs in Bartaliniaceae and clusters as the sister
clade to Morinia sensu stricto.
Poorly known genera
Key to Xepiculopsis and related genera
1 . Stromatic conidiomata without excipulum
........................................................................... Hymenopsis
1. Stromatic conidiomata with excipulum .................. 2
2. Setae with septa .......................................... Xepicula
2. Setae without septa .............................. Xepiculopsis
Zetiasplozna Nag Raj, Coelomycetous Anamorphs with
Appendage-bearing Conidia (Ontario): 996 (1993)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01734; Figs. 280
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Amphisphaeriales,
Bartaliniaceae
Foliicolous or fructicolous or saprobic on wood.
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata stromatic or pycnidial to indeterminate or
variable, immersed to erumpent, globose or depressed
globose, unilocular, brown or black. Conidiomata wall
composed thick-walled, brown cells of textura
angularis, becoming thin-walled and paler towards inner
layer. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or
with a supporting cell, invested in mucus.
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, ampulliform, discrete,
hyaline, thin-, smooth-walled. Conidia fusiform to
subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate, continuous or slightly constricted, bearing appendages, apical cell conical, median cells sub-hyaline to pale brown,
guttulate; apical cell sub-hyaline, with unbranched, flexuous, cellular apical appendage; basal cell obconic,
In this section we list the genera with lack of data and with
confusion among older literature.
Psammina Sacc. & M. Rousseau ex E. Bommer & M.
Rousseau, Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 29(1): 295 (1891)
Notes: Sutton (1980) treated Psammina as a coelomycetous
genus with ‘acervular’ conidiomata. However, Hawksworth
(1979) mentioned that the type species of Psammina, P.
bommerae Rouss. & Sacc show ‘a rudimentary stroma’ hence
subsequent publications by Earland-Bennett and Hawksworth
(1999, 2005) treated Psammina as a hyphomycetous genus.
Psammina species are reported as lichenicolous, algicolous
and lichen-forming taxa (Earland-Bennett and Hawksworth
1999, 2005).
Sclerodothiorella Died., Krypt.-Fl. Brandenburg (Leipzig)
9: 299 (1912).
Notes: Sutton (1977) listed Sclerodothiorella in his list of
generic names but stated the type species as Dothiorella
populina P. Karst. Sclerodothiorella is listed as a synonym of
Dothiorella in Species Fungorum (2016). However, Kirk et al.
(2008) recognized Sclerodothiorella as a distinct genus, while
neither Sutton (1980) nor Kirk et al. (2013) listed it as a distinct genus.
Microdiplodia Allesch., Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2
(Leipzig) 1(7): 78 (1901) [1903]
Notes: Approximately, 400 names have been listed in Index
Fungorum (2016). Sutton (1977) did not confirm the validity
of Microdiplodia in his accepted genera of coelomycetes i.e.
‘Coelomycetes VI. Nomenclature of generic names proposed
Fungal Diversity
Table 8
Summary of adopted names and suppressed names of pleomorphic coelomycetous genera (Agreeing to Article 59.1)
Adopted names
Suppressed name or names (sexual or asexual or synasexual) References
Arthrinium Kunze
Apiospora Sacc.
Camarosporula Petr.
Anthracostroma Petr.
Rossman et al. 2015
Ascodichaena Butin
Polymorphum Chevall. (H)*
Johnston et al. 2014
Senanayake et al. 2015
Blumeriella Arx
Microgloeum Petr., Phloeosporella Höhn. (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Botryohypoxylon Samuels & J.D.
Rogers
Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not.
Iledon Samuels & J.D. Rogers
Wijayawardene et al. 2014d
Fusicoccum Corda(H)
Phillips et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al.
2014d
Capnodium Mont. Chaetomella
Fuckel
(= Volutellospora Thirum. & P.N.
Mathur
= Harikrishnaella D.V. Singh & A.K.
Sarbhoy) (H)
Chlorociboria Seaver ex C.S.
Ramamurthi et al.
Coma Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.
Polychaeton (Pers.) Lév. (H)
Chomnunti et al. 2011
Zoellneria Velen.
Johnston et al. 2014
Dothiorina Höhn (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Ascocoma H.J. Swart
Johnston et al. 2014
Crumenulopsis J.W. Groves
Digitosporium Gremmen
Johnston et al. 2014
Cyclopeltis Petr.
Cyclopeltella Petr. (H)
Wijayawardene et al. 2014d
Diplocarpon F.A. Wolf (=
Entomopeziza Kleb.)
Diaporthe Nitschk
Entomosporium Lév., Bostrichonema Ces., (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák (H)
Udayanga et al. 2011
Discosia Lib.
Elsinoë Racib.
Adisciso Kaz. Tanaka et al.
Sphaceloma de Bary (H)
In this study
Hyde et al. 2013
Godronia Moug. & Lév.
Johnston et al. 2014
Gremmeniella M. Morelet
Sphaeronaema Fr., Topospora Fr., (= Mastomyces Mont.
‘ = Clinterium Fr.), Fuckelia Bonord., Chondropodiella
Höhn. (H)
Brunchorstia Erikss. (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Heterosphaeria Grev.
Heteropatella Fuckel (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Hyalotiopsis Punith.
Hypohelion P.R. Johnst.
Ellurema Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.
Leptostroma Fr. (H)
In this paper
Johnston et al. 2014
Kalmusia Niessl
Dendrothyrium Verkley et al.
Ariyawansa et al. 2014b
Kellermania Ellis & Everh. (H)
Planistromella A.W. Ramaley
Minnis et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2013
Lecanosticta Syd.
Eruptio M.E. Barr
Crous et al. 2009b; Hyde et al. 2013;
Wijayawardene et al. 2014d
Leptotrochila P. Karst.
Sporonema Desm. (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Micraspis Darker
Periperidium Darker(H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Monochaetiellopsis B. Sutton &
DiCosmo (H)
Neofabraea H.S. Jacks.
Hypnotheca Tommerup
Johnston et al. 2014
Phlyctema Desm. (= Allantozythia Höhn) (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Ocotomyces H.C. Evans & Minter
Uyucamyces H.C. Evans & Minter (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Pezicula Tul. & C. Tul.
Cryptosporiopsis Bubák & Kabát (= Lagynodella Petr.) (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Phacidiopycnis Potebnia (=
Discosporiopsis Petr.) (H)
Phacidium Fr.
Potebniamyces Smerlis
Johnston et al. 2014
Ceuthospora Grev.
Johnston et al. 2014
Phaeosphaeria I. Miyake
Phaeoseptoria Speg.
Quaedvlieg et al. 2013; Wijayawardene
et al. 2014d
Phyllosticta Pers. (H)
Guignardia Viala & Ravaz
Wikee et al. 2011, 2013a
Pilidium Kunze (= Sclerotiopsis
Speg.)
Ploioderma Darkern
Discohainesia Nannf., Hainesia Ellis & Sacc. (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Cryocaligula Minter (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Pragmopora A. Massal
Pragmopycnis B. Sutton & A. Funk (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Fungal Diversity
Table 8 (continued)
Adopted names
Suppressed name or names (sexual or asexual or synasexual) References
Prillieuxina G. Arnaud
Leprieurina G. Arnaud
Hongsanan et al. 2014; Wijayawardene
et al. 2014d
Prosthemium Kunze
Pleomassaria Speg.
Tanaka et al. 2010; Wijayawardene
et al. 2014d
Pycnopeziza W.L. White & Whetzel
Johnston et al. 2014
Pyrenopeziza Fuckel
Acarosporium Bubák & Vleugel ex Bubák (= Chaetalysis
Peyrone, Ciliosira Syd.) (H)
Cylindrosporium Grev. (H)
Rhizothyrium Naumov (H)
Rhizocalyx Petr.
Johnston et al. 2014
Rhytisma Frn
Melasmia Lév. (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Scleropezicula Verkley
Cryptosympodula Verkley (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Johnston et al. 2014
Seimatosporium Corda
Vermisporium H.J. Swart & M.A.Will.
Barber et al. 2011
Septoriella Oudem.
Wojnowicia Sacc.
Crous et al. 2015a, b
Sphaeropsis Sacc.
Phaeobotryosphaeria Speg.
Phillips et al. 2013
Stamnaria Fuckel
Titaeospora Bubák (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Stilbospora Pers.
Prosthecium Fresen.
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014
Teratosphaeria Syd. & P. Syd.
Tympanis Tode
Colletogloeopsis Crous & M.J. Wingf., Kirramyces J. Walker Crous et al. 2009b
et al.
Sirodothis Clem. (= Pleurophomella Höhn) (H)
Johnston et al. 2014
Unguiculariopsis Rehm
Deltosperma W.Y. Zhuang
Johnston et al. 2014
Coelomycetous stage is in bold; (Hn) = with hyaline conidia
for Coelomycetes’ thus Sutton (1980) did not list
Microdiplodia as a recognized genus.
Crous and Groenewald (2006) introduced Microdiplodia
hawaiiensis based on its small, brown, 1-septate conidia, and
their occurrence on stems and branches. However, Damm
et al. (2008) showed M. hawaiiensis clusters with
Paraconiothyrium sensu stricto thus transferred to
Paraconiothyrium. Hence, the generic stability of
Microdiplodia is problematic thus need further re-collections
are needed with molecular based studies.
Discussion
Hidden species and genera
The number of fungal species was estimated as 1.5 million by
Hawksworth (1991). However, the introduction of molecular
techniques, including phylogenetic analyses, since 1990 the
number of new taxa has increased dramatically. O’Brien et al.
(2005) and Blackwell (2011) estimated the number of global
fungal species to be around 5.1 million, while Hawksworth
(2012) stated that it would be appropriate to use ‘at least 1.5,
but probably as many as 3 million’. Nevertheless,
Hawksworth (2012) mentioned that the number of fungi will
increase with the extensive taxonomic studies in tropics and
utilization of sequence based taxonomy as well.
Kirk et al. (2008) stated that there are 1000 genera of
coelomycetes comprising over 7000 known species.
However, recent molecular based studies showed many species are actually species complexes comprising cryptic species, i.e. species identical in morphology and thus hard to
distinguish, but resolved as distinct species based on sequence
data (Alves et al. 2008). For example, several ‘species’ of
Colletotrichum (Hyde et al. 2009a, b; Damm et al. 2012,
2013, 2014; Liu et al. 2013), Diaporthe (Udayanga et al.
2012), Diplodia (Alves et al. 2014), Lasiodiplodia (Alves
et al. 2008), Pestalotiopsis (Maharachchikumbura et al.
2014) have been shown to be species complexes.
Furthermore, several genera that were treated as polyphyletic e.g., Camarosporium, Coniothyrium, Phoma, etc. are
now known to be monophyletic, and at the same time new
genera have been introduced (Verkley et al. 2004, 2014; de
Gruyter et al. 2009, 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2014e; Crous
et al. 2015d). Hence the number of genera and species of
coelomycetes is expected to increase dramatically over the
coming decades.
Identification, detection methods and quarantine needs
Several coelomycetous genera are well known plant pathogens and it is essential within many disciplines and industries
such as agriculture, horticulture, plant breeding and export–
import industry to be able to reliably identify the species.
Traditionally pathogens were identified based on characters
Fungal Diversity
of disease material (Hyde et al. 2010) and culture based morphological methods (Lievens and Thomma 2005). However,
as many of the pathogens are species complexes (Damm et al.
2012; Alves et al. 2008, 2014; Hyde et al. 2014) the use of
traditional methods has become questionable (Abd-Elsalam
et al. 2010). Hence, modern techniques including molecular
detection methods and polyphasic approaches are strongly
recommended (Cai et al. 2009; Aveskamp et al. 2010; Hyde
et al. 2014). Precise identification is essential for producers or
farmers, exporters and quarantine authorities to avoid unnecessary losses (Meyer et al. 2012). Fluorescence in situ
hybridisation (FISH), DNA array technology and Multiplex
tandem PCR are some modern detecting techniques used in
fungal identification.
At the same time, it is essential to maintain viable living
cultures of plant pathogenic species that have economic and
quarantine importance. Maintaining such a culture collection
is important as the cultures can be used as standards, for improving disease resistant plants in breeding programs (AbdElsalam et al. 2010).
Natural classification and 1 F = 1 N
Since most of the important genera show pleomorphism i.e.
‘they occur as sexual and asexual states through their life
history, but may be separated in time and space’ (Kendrick
1979), Saccardo (1904) proposed the dual system of fungal
nomenclature. However, proposing two or more names for
different states has caused confusion, misunderstanding and
contradiction among taxonomists and pathologists (Cannon
and Kirk 2000; Wingfield et al. 2012). Hence, the 18th
International Botanical Congress, in Melbourne, Australia in
2011 (Hawksworth 2012) governed that the separate nomenclatural system will not be accepted from 30 July 2011
(Hawksworth 2012; Wingfield et al. 2012). The international
Commission of Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) appointed different working groups to prepare lists for adopting names for
pleomorphic genera. With the involvement of well-known
taxonomists and pathologists, adopted lists were discussed at
the 10th International Mycological Congress (Redhead 2014)
and published in various journals (Johnston et al. 2014;
Stadler et al. 2014; Wijayawardene et al. 2014d).
Future usage of several pleomorphic fungi with
coelomycetous asexual morphs have been discussed in
Johnston et al. (2014), Stadler et al. (2014) and
Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) and Maharachchikumbura
et al. (2015). Beside the mentioned publications, Crous et al.
(2009b), Barber et al. (2011), Minnis et al. (2012), Quaedvlieg
et al. (2013), Ariyawansa et al. (2014b), Hongsanan et al.
(2014), Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014), and Senanayake
et al. (2015) also discussed pleomorphic genera. Table 8 summarizes future adoptions in nomenclature of pleomorphic genera with coelomycetous asexual morphs.
Botryosphaeria-Dichomera-Neofusicoccum
The taxonomic background of Botryosphaeria has been
discussed in recent studies by Liu et al. (2012) and Phillips
et al. (2013). Briefly, the original concept of the genus by
Cesati and De Notaris (1863) was expanded over the years
to encompass a broad range of morphologies. For example,
Denman et al. (2000) mentioned that approximately 18 asexual genera have been linked with Botryosphaeria sensu lato.
Among these, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Fusicoccum,
Lasiodiplodia, Macrophoma and Sphaeropsis have been the
subject of detailed taxonomic studies (Sivanesan 1984,
Denman et al. 2000; Barber et al. 2005; Phillips et al. 2008,
2013; Liu et al. 2012). In view of the wide range of morphologies associated with Botryosphaeria sensu lato, Crous et al.
(2006a) re-evaluated the genus and showed that it consists of
10 phylogenetic lineages, representing 10 distinct genera. As a
result, Crous et al. (2006a), Phillips et al. (2008, 2013), Liu
et al. (2012) and Slippers et al. (2013) recognized
Botryosphaeria as a relatively small, monophyletic genus in
the Botryosphaeriaceae with Fusicoccum asexual morphs.
Since Botryosphaeria is the more commonly used name and
is the type genus of the Botryosphaeriaceae, the older asexual
typified name was treated as a synonym of the sexual typified
name (Phillips et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2014d).
Seven species were accepted by Phillips et al. (2013) who
mentioned that six species are reported with asexual morphs
or only as asexual morph.
Crous et al. (2006a) introduced Neofusicoccum,
which morphologically resembles Fusicoccum, but is
phylogenetically distinct. Barber et al. (2005) described
a dichomera-like asexual morph associated with some
species of Neofusicoccum (which they reported as
Fusicoccum), while Phillips et al. (2005, 2013) revealed
that some isolates of Botryosphaeria dothidea also form
a similar synasexual morph. Hence, it is not possible to
differentiate Botryosphaeria (including Fusicoccum species) from Neofusicoccum based on dichomera-like
synasexual morphs. In our phylogenetic analyses of
combined ITS and EF sequence data, dichomera-like
taxa cluster in Botryosphaeria and Neofusicoccum
(Fig. 13). An isolate of the type species of Dichomera,
D. saubinetii, (Fig. 281) resides in Fusicoccum, but this
strain (CBS 990.70) was not derived from the type.
Therefore we decline to treat Dichomera as a synonym
of Botryosphaeria, but stress that it is important to
epitypify the type species of Dichomera and designate
an ex-epitype strain.
Orphan genera, re-collecting and epitypification
Approximately, 700 of coelomycetous taxa can be treated as
orphan genera that are not placed in any taxonomic level
Fungal Diversity
(Wijayawardene et al. 2012b). However, it is important to
place these orphan genera in a natural classification system.
Hence, taxonomists rely on sequence data to understand the
taxonomic positions and sexual-asexual relationships.
Most of the coelomycetous genera lack cultures and sequence data is unavailable or some genera lack molecular data
of the type species. It is essential to re-collect and epitypify
species of particular genera (Ariyawansa et al. 2014a).
Moreover, culture based studies and phylogenetic studies
must be carried out to establish clear generic boundaries, taxonomic placements and sexual-asexual relationships.
Fungus-Host Index for dematiaceous coelomycetes
In this section, we summarize the host-fungi relationships based on Sutton (1980), Nag Raj (1993), Ellis
and Ellis (1985, 1997), Farr and Rossman (2016) and
other recent publications. However, we list host of type
species and other species belong to sensu stricto of the
respective genus when there are more than ten epithets
in Index Fungorum (2016). Genera occur on more than
ten host species are indicated by asterix and referred to
USDA.
Alanphillipsia
Aloe sp.
Euphorbia sp.
Amarenographium
Ammophila arenaria
Uniola paniculata
Palm sp.
Trachycarpus fortunei
Amerosporium
Aizoon canariense
Boerhaavia diffusa
Cassia auriculata
Clerodendrum inerme
Conium maculatum
Cycas revoluta
Cynodon dactylon
Micromeria sp.
Sarcopoterium spinosum
Solanum sp.
Sonchus sp.
Typha elephantina
Ampelomyces
USDA*
Angiopomopsis
Phragmites sp.
Annellolacinia
Ananas comosus
Ananas sativus
Carica papaya
Pandanus furcatus
Pandanus minor
Anthracostroma
Persoonia sp.
Syagrus flexuosa
Aplosporella
Bursera penicillata
Lasiosiphon eriocephalus
Parthenium hysterophorus
Pyrostegia venusta
Robinia pseudoacacia
Apoharknessia
Eucalyptus pellita
Eucalyptus robusta
Ascochytulina
Lonicera fragrantissima
L. tatarica
Olea europaea
Pinus maximinoi
Smilax pulverulenta
Tillandsia multicaulis
T. polystachia
Asterosporium
Betula alleghaniensis
B. davurica
B. ermanii
B. davurica
B. fruticosa
B. lutea
B. occidentalis
B. papyrifera
B. pendula
Fagus crenata
F. grandifolia
F. sylvatica
Juglans sp.
Avettaea
Salvadora persica
S. oleoides
Xanthorrhoea sp.
Bambusicola
Bambusa spp.
Barnettella
Borassus flabellifer
Cynodon dactylon
Dichanthium annulatum
Urvillea ulmacea
Zea mays
Bartalinia*
USDA
Bellulicauda
Dialium angolense
Fungal Diversity
D. guineense
Blastacervulus
Eucalyptus obliqua
E. robertsonii
Bleptosporium
Monttea aphylla
Botryohypoxylon
Unidentified Leguminose
Brencklea
Andropogon bellum
A. tectorum
Sisyrinchium angustifolium
Callistospora
Danthonia frigida
Camarographium
Acacia sphaerocephala
Ammophila sp.
Betula papyrifera
Carpinus betulus
Cornus kousa
Pteridium aquilinum
Scorzonera pusilla
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
Camarosporellum
Cercocarpus hypoleucus
C. ledifolius
Magnolia pumila
Prunus spinosa
Camarosporiopsis
Capparis decidua
Camarosporium
Capparis aphylla
Lycium europaeum
Lycium halimifolium
L. intricatum
Suaeda fruticosa
Capitorostrum
Cocos nucifera
Cryptocarya meissneri
Capnodiastrum
Calamus sp.
Celtis boliviensis
Eleiodoxa conferta
Santalum album
Trema micranthae
Trema orientalis
Xylosma salzmanni
Ceratopycnis
Clematis grata
C. vitalba
Chaetodiplodia
Cattleya sp.
Chenopodium album
Citrus aurantifolia
Ephedra ochreata
Euonymus japonica
Grewia populifolia
Halimione portulacoides
Quillaja saponaria
Cheirospora
Alnus incana
Betula pubescens
Carpinus betulus
C. caroliniana
C. orientalis
Cornus sp.
Fagus crenata
F. grandifolia
F. orientalis
F. sylvatica
Hedera helix
Chithramia
Oryza sativa
Ciliochorella*
USDA
Cirrosporium
Weinmannia racemosa
Colletogloeum
Dalbergia sissoo
Coma
Eucalyptus parviflora
Kunzea ericoides
Coniella
Ananas comosus
Paeonia officinalis
Pisum sativum
Vicia faba
Morus alba
Coniothyrium
Antopetitia sp.
Camellia sp.
Chamaerops humilis
Ocimum sp.
Phoenix dactylifera
Thrinax sp.
Trachycarpus excelsa
Coryneum*
USDA
Cyclothyrium
Acer truncatum
Juglans regia
Sambucus racemosa
Cytoplea
Acacia modesta
Adenia sp.
Albizia julibrissin
Fungal Diversity
Arundo donax
Bambusa sp.
Hypoxylon rubiginosum
Mangifera indica
Morus alba
Phoenix sp.
Phragmites karka
P. australis
Phyllostachys edulis
P. heterocycla
Poncirus trifoliata
Viburnum grandiflorum
Wisteria sp.
Ziziphus oxyphylla
Z. sativa
Davisoniella
Eucalyptus marginata
Didymellocamarosporium
Tamarix sp.
Didymosporina
Acer campestre
A. ibericum
A. laetum
A. negundo
A. platanoides
Rhus viminalis
Digitosporium
Pinus halepensis
Pinus larix
Dimorphiopsis
Brachystegia spiciformis
Dinemasporium*
USDA
Diplodia
USDA
Discosia
USDA
Dothideodiplodia
Agropyron repens
Dothiorella*
USDA
Dwiroopa
Lythrum salicaria
Endobotrya
Fagus grandifolia
Endobotryella
Pinus sp.
Endocoryneum
Fraxinus excelsior
Endomelanconiopsis
Theobroma cacao
Endomelanconium
Casuarina sp.
Eucalyptus sp.
Phoenix hanceana
Enerthidium
Canarium schweinfurthii
Epithyrium
Juniperus occidentalis
Pinus sylvestris
Fairmaniella
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
E. delegatensis
E. fasciculosa
E. fastigata
E. globulus
E. wandoo
Gaubaea
Calligonum arborescens
C. caput-medusae
C. comosum
C. eriopodum
C. microcarpum
C. setosum
Gloeocoryneum
Acacia koa
Pinus attenuata
P. banksiana
P. cembroides
P. contorta
P. jeffreyi
P. monophylla
P. ponderosa
P. pseudostrobus
P. torreyana
Greeneria
Vitis vinifera
V. aestivalis
V. labrusca
V. rotundifolia
Griphosphaerioma
Symphoricarpos occidentalis
Harknessia
Banksia marginata
Eucalyptus alba
E. cinerea
E. drepanophylla
E. globulus
E. maidenii
E. marginata
E. nitens
E. regnans
Lambertia formosa
Hendersonina
Saccharum officinarum
Hendersoniopsis
Fungal Diversity
Alnus glutinosa
A. Hirsute
A. Incana
A. viridis
Hendersonula
Solanum boerhaviaefolium
Hoehneliella
Berberis vulgaris
Clematis vitalba
Homortomyces
Combretum erythrophyllum
Hyalotiella
Acacia auriculiformis
Acacia karroo
Eucalyptus citriodora
Gleditsia triacanthos
Mimusops hexandra
Nectandra coriacea
Tamarindus indica
Hyalotiopsis
Borassus flabellifer
Tamarindus indica
Hymenopsis
Lens culinaris
Phragmites communis
Scirpus lacustris
Jubispora
Acacia arabica
A. spirocarpa
A. tortilis
Kaleidosporium
Clethra sp.
Clethra alnifolia
Kalmusia
Arceuthobium pusillum
Erica carnea
Triticum aestivum
Vitis vinifera
Kamatella
Eugenia jambolana
Lamproconium
Tilia cordata
T. europaea
Lasiodiplodia
Ipomoea batatas
Lasmenia
Bambusa sp.
Dendrocalamus sp.
Cudrania sp.
Eugenia sp.
Ficus sp.
Machaerium sp.
Maclura sp.
Nephelium sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Lasmeniella
Acacia robusta
Achatocarpus sp.
Albizia gummifera
Bauhinia vahlii
Butea sp.
Cocos sp.
Dalbergia miscolobium
Dunalia spinosa
Eucalyptus sp.
Eugenia sp.
Ficus disticha
Machaerium lanatum
Parinari nonda
Pterocarpus ceriseus
Sambucus sp.
Tilia sp.
Vochysia sp.
Lecanosticta
Pinus ayacahuite
P. banksiana
P. caribaea
P. cembroides
P. contorta
P. elliottii
P. halepensis
P. mugo
P. nigra
P. oocarpa
P. palustris
P. ponderosa
P. radiata
P. strobus
P. sylvestris
P. thunbergii
Lecanostictopsis
Eucalyptus sp.
Syzygium caryophyllaeum
S. cordatum
S. cumini
S. guineense
S. lateriflorum
Leptomelanconium
Abies balsamea
Eucalyptus ficifolia
Picea mariana
Pinus arizonica
P. contorta
P. hartwegii
P. montana
P. monticola
Fungal Diversity
P. mugho
P. mugo
P. ponderosa
P. yunnanensis
Populus tremuloides
Linochorella
Heteropogon contortus
Macrodiplodiopsis
Platanus occidentalis
P. orientalis
Macrohilum
Eucalyptus delegatensis
E. polyanthemos
Massariothea
Heteropogon triticeus
Phragmites communis
Sorghum plumosum
S. vulgare
Melanconiopsis
Acer dasycarpum
A. macrophyllum
Alnus glutinosa
Araucaria imbricata
Carya sp.
Melanconium
Acer negundo
Fagus sylvatica
Populus angustifolia
Melanophoma
Acacia karroo
Melnikia
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Melanocamarosporium
Galium sp.
Microsphaeropsis*
USDA
Monochaetia*
USDA
Monochaetinula
Agathis robusta
Azadirachta indica
Capparis decidua
Cassia javanica
C. nodosa
Ceratonia siliqua
Geoffroea decorticans
Grewia salvifolia
Hiptage benghalensis
Lagerstroemia sp.
Lucuma ramiflora
Mimusops elengi
Sterculia sp.
Terminalia argentea
Vitis vinifera
Morinia
Artemisia campestris
A. camphorata
Artemisia glutinosa
Calluna vulgaris
Sedum sediforme
Mucoharknessia
Cortaderia selloana
Mycohypallage
Eugenia heyneana
Northea fasciculata
S. cordatum
S. cumini
S. jambolanum
Myrotheciastrum
Salvadora oleoides
Myxocyclus
Abies procera
Betula occidentalis
B. papyrifera
B. pendula
B. platyphylla
B. verrucosa
Nagrajomyces
Rhododendron aureum
Neocamarosporium
Mesembryanthemum sp.
Neohendersonia
Fagus orientalis
F. sylvatica
Neoheteroceras
Tilia rubra
T. europaea
Neomelanconium
Spondias mombin
Neopestalotiopsis
Leucospermum cuneiforme
Neottiosporina
Achyrocline satureioides
Cyperus brevifolius
Paspalum distichum
P. laeve
P. notatum
Phragmites australis
P. communis
P. mauritianus
Pinus caribaea
Schoenoplectus litoralis
Sorghum vulgare
Themeda australis
Tridens flavus
Nummospora
Fungal Diversity
Carex inflata
Obstipipilus
Anogeissus latifolia
A. pendula
Oncospora
Capparis citrifolia
C. flanagani
C. gueinzii
C. rudatisii
Quercus coccifera
Sequoia sempervirens
Orphanocoela
Andropogon tectorum
Calamagrostis canadensis
Zea mays
Paracamarosporium
Psoralea pinnata
Paraconiothyrium*
Coffea arabica
Parahyalotiopsis
Borassus flabellifer
Elegia capensis
Paulkirkia
Arundo plinii
Peltistromella
Arenga undulatifolia
Peltosoma
Freycinetia ensifolia
F. maxima
Gahnia lanigera
Perizomella
Phoebe costaricana
Pestalotia*
USDA
Pestalotiopsis*
USDA
Phaeocytostroma
Calamus rotang
Cocos nucifera
Helianthus annuus
Hyparrhenia hirta
H. rufa
Pennisetum purpureum
Pinus sp.
Saccharum munja
S. officinarum
S. spontaneum
Sorghum bicolor
Zea mays
Phaeodomus
Misanteca triandra
Ocotea floribunda
O. leucoxylon
Phaeolabrella
Eryngium pandanifolium
Phaeophleospora
Eugenia uniflora
Phaeosphaeria
Bambusa multiplex
Cyperus monti
Etlingera sp.
Oryza sativa
Phragmites australis
Phaeostagonospora
Nolina erumpens
Phragmocamarosporium
Hedera helix
Platanus sp.
Phragmotrichum
Acer sp.
Alnus kamtschatica
Betula pendula
Duschekia kamtschatica
Picea abies
P. excelsa
P. glauca
P. mariana
P. rubens
P. smithiana
Pinus monticola
Rhus typhina
Salix sp.
Strobilanthes sp.
Piggotia
Ulmus campestris
U. densa
U. foliacea
U. minor
U. montana
U. procera
Pilidiella
Eucalyptus brassiana
E. urophylla
Eugenia jambolana
Fragaria ananassa
Lindera aggregata
Phragmites
Punica granatum
Quercus dilatata
Tamarix articulata
Terminalia chebula
T. ivorensis
Tibouchina granulosa
Vitis vinifera
Placodiplodia
Cyathea sp.
Fungal Diversity
Geoffroea decorticans
Poropeltis
Davilla rugosa
Prosopidicola
Prosopis glandulosa
Prosthemium
Alnus glutinosa
A. incana
Betula alleghaniensis
B. papyrifera
B. pendula
B. raddeana
Pterocarya rhoifolia
Salix caprea
Pseudodiplodia
Acer sp.
Asplenium sp.
Butea pubescens
B. monosperma
Elaeis guineensis
Farsetia linearis
Lecythis ollaria
Oreodoxa oleracea
Pterodon polygaliflorus
P. pubescens
Quercus ilex
Q. incana
Sambucus racemosa
Pseudohendersonia
Protea aurea
P. burchellii
P. caffra
P. compacta
P. cynaroides
P. effusa
P. eximia
P. grandiceps
P. lanceolata
P. laurifolia
P. lepidocarpodendron
P. longifolia
P. lorifolia
P. magnifica
P. mundii
P. nana
P. neriifolia
P. nitida
P. obtusifolia
P. punctate
P. repens
P. roupelliae
P. susannae
Pustulomyces
Bambusa sp.
Readeriella
Eucalyptus capitellata
E. cinerea
E. delegatensis
E. fastigata
E. fraxinoides
E. globulus
E. macrorhyncha
E. mitchelliana
E. nicholii
E. nitens
E. pilularis
E. robusta
E. simmondsii
Readerielliopsis
Fuscoporia wahlbergii
Rhizosphaerina
Eucalyptus sp.
Robillarda*
USDA
Schwarzmannia
Ammodendron argenteum
A. bifolium
Goebelia alopecuroides
Sclerostagonospora
Acer truncatum
Arundo donax
Cannomois virgata
Cycas revoluta
Elegia equisetacea
Heracleum sphondylium
Ischyrolepis subverticellata
Persea americana
Phragmites australis
Salsola kali
Scirpus holoschoenus
Thamnochortus spicigerus
Vitis vinifera
Scolecosporiella
Andropogon gayanus
A. tectorum
Carex gracilis
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
Dianella revoluta
Paspalum dilatatum
Senecio jacobaea
Sisyrinchium angustifolium
S. bellum
Streblus asper
Symplocos whitfordii
Typha angustata
T. angustifolia
Fungal Diversity
T. latifolia
Scolicosporium
Castanea dentata
Corylus americana
Cryptomeria japonica
Fagus sylvatica
Malus sylvestris
Nothofagus antarctica
Olea europaea
Phoebe paniculata
Populus fastigiata
Pyrus sp.
Quercus sp.
Robinia pseudoacacia
Syzygium guineense
Typha latifolia
Scyphospora
Phyllostachys humilis
P. nigra
P. pubescens
Shibataea kumasaca
Seimatosporiopsis
Salvadora oleoides
Salvandora oleioides
S. persica
Seimatosporium
Amelanchier ovalis
Rosa pimpinellifolia
Seiridium
Rosa canina
Septoriella
Arundo donax
Bambusa sp.
Euchlaena luxurians
Ficus alba
Heteropogon contortus
Juncus bufonius
J. conglomeratus
J. effusus
J. maritimus
J. roemerianus
Koeleria glomerata
Lomandra leucocephala
Lupinus obtusilobus
Malva sylvestris
Olea europaea
Restio sp.
Phragmites australis
P. communis
P. longivalvis
Pinus montana
Romulea columnae
Saccharum spontaneum
Trachycarpus fortunei
Triodia irritans
Vicia unijuga
Shawiella
Grevillea robusta
Shearia
Magnolia kobus
M. grandiflora
Sirothecium
Citrus sinensis
Linum marginale
Pinus sp.
Populus alba
Sonderhenia
Eucalyptus agglomerata
E. baxteri
E. cladocalyx
E. coccifera
E. globulus
E. leucoxylon
E. nitens
E. phaeotricha
E. tereticornis
Sphaeropsis
Phoradendron serotinum
Viscum album
Staninwardia
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
E. robusta
Stegonsporium
Acer heldreichii
A. monspessulanum
A. negundo
A. platanoides
A. pseudoplatanus
A. rubrum
A. saccharinum
Betula lenta
Fagus sylvatica
Tilia sp.
Stenocarpella
Bambusa tuldoides
Sorghum bicolor
Zea mays
Stevensonula
Baccharis halimifolia
Stigmella
Allophylus dimorphus
Atriplex muelleri
Cassia tora
Celastrus paniculata
Celtis tetrandra
Chenopodium sp.
Fungal Diversity
Crataegus parvifolia
Elaeodendron glaucum
Eugenia sp.
Grewia asiatica
Lycium chinense
Platanus orientalis
P. racemosa
Quercus sp.
Rhynchelytrum repens
Senecio mesogrammoides
Stephania abyssinica
Vernonia sp.
Zea mays
Stilbospora
Acer nigrum
Acer saccharinum
Carpinus betulus
Cistus ladanifer
Cistus laurifolius
Chamaecyparis pisifera
Clethra alnifolia
Eucalyptus globulus
Fagus sylvatica
Faurea saligna
Helichrysum sp.
Lodoicea maldivica
Parrotia persica
Pinus contorta
Pinus palustris
Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia mutica
Platanus sp.
Protea susannae
Robinia pseudoacacia
Smilax sp.
Syzygium lateriflorum
Terminalia sp.
Ulmus glabra
Ulmus minor
Ulmus montana
Pinus tecumumani
Suttonomyces
Clematis vitalba
Teratosphaeria
Eucalyptus blakelyi
E. consideniana
E. canobolensis
E. nitens
E. grandis
Tiarospora
Ammophila arenaria
Deschampsia caespitosa
Dryas grandis
Elymus mollis
Toxosporiopsis
Ceiba pentandra
Salix sp.
Trullula
Abies sp.
Juncus lesueurii
Saccharum officinarum
Spiraea sp.
Trachycarpus fortunei
Vanilla fragrans
Vitis vinifera
Truncatella*
USDA
Tunicago
Uniola paniculata
Uniseta
Comptonia asplenifolia
Urohendersonia
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Erythrina crista-galli
E. indica
E. variegata
Manihot carthagenensis
Medicago sativa
Peganum harmala
Pongamia glabra
P. pinnata
Sporobolus elongatus
Stipa spartea
Striga lutea
Urohendersoniella
Dianella revoluta
Vanderystiella
Leptoderris brachyptera
Capparis aphylla
Versicolorisporium
Pleioblastus chino
Sasamorpha borealis
Vouauxiella
Lecanora argentata
L. intumescens
L. pulicaris
Porina epiphylla
Stephania abyssinica
Wojnowiciella
Eucalyptus grandis
Viburnum utile
Xenocamarosporium
Acacia mangium
Xenoconiothyrium
Protea laurifolia
Zetiasplozna
Fungal Diversity
Acacia melanoxylon
Cordyline dracaenoides
Homalocladium platycladum
Hypericum hookerianum
Leucospermum cordifolium
Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Myrtus communis
Parrotia persica
Pistacia guajava
P. lentiscus
Podocarpus macrophyllus
Vitis vinifera
Host index for lichenicolous dematiaceous
coelomycetes
In this section we summarize the dematiaceous lichenicolous
coelomycetes genera and their host lichen species.
Carnegieispora
Parmotrema reticulatum
Coniambigua
Phaeographis lyellii
Lichenoconium
Cladonia pocillum
Flavoparmelia caperata
Haematomma stevensiae
Heterodea muelleri
Heterodermia comosa
Hypogymnia physodes
Lecanora conizaeoides
Lecanora rugosella
Lecanora symmicta
Lobaria pulmonaria
Melanelia sp.
Nodobryoria abbreviate
Parmelia sulcata
Platismatia glauca
Pseudocyphellaria rubella
Psiloparmelia distincta
Ramalina fraxinea
Ramalina yemensis
Rimelia cetrata
Teloschistes chrysophthalmus
Usnea florida
Xanthoparmelia sp.
Lichenodiplis
Buellia multispora
Caloplaca cerina
Caloplaca holocarpa
Candelaria fibrosa
Cyphelium notarisii
Dendrographa leucophaea f. minor
Lecanora caesiorubella
Lecanora wisconsinensis
Pertusaria pustulata
Rinodina septentrionalis
Rinodina sp.
Teloschistes brevior
Xanthoria parietina
Lichenohendersonia
Squamarina lentigera
Parmelina tiliacea
Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca
Microsphaeropsis lichenicola
Pannaria sphinctrina
Microsphaeropsis caloplacae
Caloplaca persica
Phaeoseptoria peltigerae
Peltigera horizontalis
Vouauxiella
Lecanora sp.
Minutoexcipula
Lecanora sp.
Hypogymnia tubulosa
Pertusaria heterochroa
Tephromela atra
Pertusaria glomerata
Acknowledgments We acknowledge the International Highly Cited
Research Group (IHCRRGP# 14–205), Deanship of Scientific
Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe, Dong Qin Dai,
Ishani D. Goonasekara and Wen Jing Li thank the Mushroom Research
Foundation (MRF), Chiang Rai Province, Thailand for providing
Postgraduate Scholarships. Nalin N. Wijayawardene would like to thank
P.M. Kirk, V.A. Mel’nik, Buddhika Dilhan, Dmitrii Shabunin, Manjari
Dissanayake and Lesley Ragab for being helpful to gather old literature.
Kevin D. Hyde is grateful to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, project
number 2013T2S0030, for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior
International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany, research grant
from the Biodiversity Research and Training Program (BRT R253012)
and The Thailand Research Fund (BRG 5280002). Alan J.L. Phillips
thanks Mae Fah Luang University for a Visiting Professorship during
the tenure of which this paper was finalised. Yong Wang would like to
thank The International Scientific Cooperated Project of Guizhou
Province (No[2013] 7004). Rungtiwa Phookamsak thanks the Royal
Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (PHD/0090/2551). Erio Camporesi is
grateful to Giancarlo Lombardi, Sergio Montanari and Gigi Stagioni for
their help in identifying host plants of fresh collections. K. Tanaka would
like to thank the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS,
25440199 and 26291084) and Hirosaki University Grant for
Exploratory Research by Young Scientists and Newly–appointed
Scientists for financial support. Yong Wang thanks Yong-Cheng Long,
Prof. De-Gang Zhao and Prof. Zhuo Chen for their help in sequencing
and suggestions in molecular experiments. We would like to thank MFU
grant No. 56101020032 for funding to study the taxonomy and phylogeny of Dothideomycetes. The authors also wish to acknowledge
Saranyaphat Boonmee, Chayanard Phukhamsakda and Qing Tian.
Ishani D. Goonasekara wishes to acknowledge Liu Ende, Assistant
Curator, Herbarium, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of
Sciences (KUN), Kunming, China, Wu HaiXia and staff of International
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Research and Development Centre (IFRD), Key Laboratory of
Resource Insect Cultivation & Utilization State Forestry Administration,
The Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry
Kunming 650224, PR China and Danushka S. Tennakoon for their assistance with herbarium material.
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