Early view, On-line since 31st March 2016 Г О Д И Ш Н И К НА СОФИЙСКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ „СВ. КЛИМЕНТ ОХРИДСКИ“ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ КНИГА 2 – БОТАНИКА Том 100, 2015 A N N U A I R E DE L’UNIVERSITE DE SOFIA “ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI” FACULTE DE BIOLOGIE LIVRE 2 – BOTANIQUE Tome 100, 2015 СОФИЯ · 2016 ИЗДАТЕЛСТВО НА СУ „СВ. КЛИМЕНТ ОХРИДСКИ“ PRESSES UNIVERSITAIRES “ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI” Editor-in-Chief Prof. Maya Stoyneva-Gärtner, PhD, DrSc Editorial Board Prof. Dimiter Ivanov, PhD, DrSc Prof. Iva Apostolova, PhD Prof. Mariana Lyubenova, PhD Prof. Veneta Kapchina-Toteva , PhD Assoc. Prof. Aneli Nedelcheva, PhD Assoc. Prof. Anna Ganeva, PhD Assoc. Prof. Dimitrina Koleva, PhD Assoc. Prof. Dolya Pavlova, PhD Assoc. Prof. Juliana Atanasova, PhD Assoc. Prof. Melania Gyosheva, PhD Assoc. Prof. Rosen Tsonev, PhD Assistant Editor Main Assist. Blagoy Uzunov, PhD © СОФИЙСКИ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ „СВ. КЛИМЕНТ ОХРИДСКИ“ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ 2016 ISSN 0204-9910 (Print) ISSN 2367-9190 (Online) Early view, On-line since 31st March 2016 ANNUAL OF SOFIA UNIVERSITY “ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI” FACULTY OF BIOLOGY BOOK 2 – BOTANY Volume 100, 2015 ANNUAIRE DE L’UNIVERSITE DE SOFIA “ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI” FACULTE DE BIOLOGIE LIVRE 2 – BOTANIQUE Tome 100, 2015 FLORA, MYCOTA AND VEGETATION OF KUPENA RESERVE (RODOPI MOUNTAINS, BULGARIA) Nikolay I. Velev*, Anna S. Ganeva, Melania M. Gyosheva, Desislava G. Sopotlieva, Tsvetelina S. Terziyska & Iva I. Apostolova Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, 23, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria Abstract. The paper represents results from recent complex studies of flora, mycota and vegetation within the Kupena Reserve (Rodopi Mts, Bulgaria). Twenty three species, referred to 2 divisions, 4 classes and 16 families are recorded for the bryoflora. The vascular flora is presented by 368 species from 57 families, 121 of which are considered as medicinal plants. Eighty seven species of larger ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are found and reported for first time in the reserve. Four of them are of a high conservation value. The vegetation cover is consisted of mixed and monodominant deciduous and coniferous forests, as well as of mire, riverbank and mesic grasslands. Thirteen types of habitats according to the Habitats Directive classification have been recorded within the reserve. Key words: bryophytes, conservation, habitats, larger fungi, medicinal plants, plant communities, species diversity, vascular plants. Introduction * corresponding author: N. Velev - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, 23, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria; nikolay.velev@abv.bg Kupena was designated as a strict reserve in 1961 with an area of 1761.1 ha and spread between 600 and 1400 m altitude. It is located in Western Rhodope Mts, northern parts of Batashka Mt and close to the town of Peshtera. The reserve is declared for protection of the natural landscape and wild flora and fauna and is listed (1977) in the UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme (EXECUTIVE ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2015). Almost entire territory of the reserve falls into the Special Area of Conservation BG0001030 “RhodopesWestern” under the Habitats Directive. Results from a study on the recent vegetation in the reserve are published by NIKOLOV & SIMENSKA (1985). The authors represent an overview of the variety of forest types determined by the altitude. The forest vegetation is characterized by the basic species composition of trees and shrubs and barely by the herbaceous species. A new species – Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. (HAJEK ET AL. 2005) and a new mire association – Caricetum nigrae Braun 1915 (HAJEK ET AL. 2008) for the territory of Bulgarian were found within the reserve. A bigger achievement is the description of the new mire association Geo coccinei-Sphagnetum contorti Hajek et al. 2008 (HAJEK ET AL. 2008). Only one fungal species Hypholoma udum (Pers.: Fr.) Kühner has been reported from the reserve so far (GYOSHEVA & DIMITROVA 2011). This species, reported as Psilocybe uda (Pers.: Fr.) Gillet is included in the Red List of Bulgarian Fungi (GYOSHEVA ET AL. 2006) and in the Red Data Book of Republic of Bulgaria (GYOSHEVA 2015) under category Endangered (EN). The vegetation history of the reserve is revealed by the palynological studies of BOZILOVA ET AL. (1989) and TONKOV ET AL. (2013, 2014). As it is to be seen from the brief review above, Kupena Reserve has been insufficiently investigated. The paper represents results from a recent more complex scientific research in the reserve and thus sets a base for further detailed studies. Material and Methods The study has been carried out during the vegetation season of 2014. The route method has been applied to describe the diversity of bryophytes, larger fungi, vascular plants and habitats. In the process of field studies the taxa found have been recorded in lists, and in case of difficulties to identify the species on the field samples were collected for laboratory work. Identification of taxa and nomenclature for vascular plants and bryophytes were according to the main taxonomic sources of Bulgaria (KOZHUHAROV 1992; DELIPAVLOV & CHESHMEDZHIEV 2003; JORDANOV 1963, 1964, 1966, 1970, 1973, 1976, 1979; VELCHEV 1982, 1989; KOZHUHAROV 1995; KOZHUHAROV & ANCHEV 2012; PETROV 1975). Author’s name of fungal taxa are abbreviated according to KIRK & ANSELL (2004) and Index Fungorum. The list of medicinal plants followed Appendix 1 of Medicinal Plants Act. Special attention has been paid to the taxa of a high conservation value. To evaluate the conservation status, the lists of established taxa were checked for endemics – Bulgarian and Balkan (PETROVA & VLADIMIROV 2010), protected species (Appendix 3 of Bulgarian Biological Diversity Act), rare and endangered species according to Bulgarian Red Lists and Red Data Books (PETROVA & VLADIMIROV 2009; PEEV ET AL. 2015), Red List of the Bryophytes in Bulgaria (NATCHEVA ET AL. 2006), Red List of Fungi in Bulgaria (GYOSHEVA ET AL. 2006), as well as European and international documents (e.g. Bern Convention, CITES). The syntaxonomy follows the methodological school of BRAUN-BLANQUET (1965). Habitats are defined according to the Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC). Results and Discussion Bryophytes Data on the distribution of bryophytes in Bulgaria show that 8% of the species found in Bulgaria so far (754 in total) have localities in Western Rodope Mts. Bryophyte flora in the reserve comprises 23 species, referred to 2 divisions (liverworts and mosses), 4 classes and 16 families and occupies various substrata as decaying wood, rocks, bare soil, mire areas (Appendix 1). Bryophyte species composition is typical for such forest habitats well preserved and not affected by human impact. One conservationally important bryophyte was found - Calliergon giganteum (Table 1), a species listed as Endangered (EN) in the Red List of Bryophytes in Bulgaria (NATCHEVA ET AL. 2006) and in the Red Data Book of Plants and Fungi of the Republic of Bulgaria (PEEV ET AL. 2015). The species is hygrophyte growing in mires. It was found together with Sphagnum subsecundum and Aulacomnium palustre in a habitat 91D0 Bog woodlands, which is of priority importance and listed in the Habitats Directive Table 1. Species of conservation significance. Abbreviations used: Bal – Balkan, CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, EN – Endangered, NT – Near threatened, VU – Vulnerable; BBDA – Bulgarian Biological Biodiversity Act (App. 3) Red Books of Bulgaria Red lists of Bulgaria EN EN Carex elata All. EN EN Carex limosa L. EN EN Species BBDA Bern CITES Endemics Bryophytes Calliergon giganteum (Schimp.) Kindb. Vascular flora Achillea clypeolata Sm. Bal Cirsium appendiculatum Griseb. Bal Digitalis viridiflora Lindl. Bal Fritillaria gussichiae (Degen et Doerfl.) Rix + Geum rhodopaeum Stoj. et Stef. Lathraea rhodopea Dingler ORCHIDACEAE spp. (see App. 1) Pastinaca hirsuta Pančić + Bal NT + Bal NT + Bal NT + Bal Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. + VU Pyrola media Sw. VU Larger fungi Auriscalpium vulgare Gray EN EN Bondarzewia montana (Quél.) Singer EN EN Lentaria byssiseda Corner VU Spathularia flavida Pers.: Fr. NT Vascular flora A total of 368 taxa of vascular plants has been found (Appendix 1). To Equisetophyta belong two species, ferns (Polypodiophyta) are represented by seven species, five species are conifers (Pinophyta) and others (354 taxa) are flowering plants (Magnoliophyta), including 97 monocots and 257 dicots. Plant diversity is spread within 59 plant families. The most species rich families are Poaceae (41 species), Asteraceae (30 species), Fabaceae (27 species), Rosaceae (24 species), and Lamiaceae and Cyperaceae (each with 20 species). Within the established families with the greatest number of genera is Poaceae (23) followed by Asteraceae (19), Lamiaceae (14) and Rosaceae (13). The most species-rich genera are Carex (15 taxa), Ranunculus, Galium and Juncus – each with 8 species, Poa (7 taxa), Trifolium and Lathyrus – each with 6 species and Potentilla, Geranium and Myosotis – each with 5 species. Medicinal plants Among the recorded vascular plants 121 species are considered as medicinal plants. The richest families are Rosaceae (13 species), Lamiaceae (10 species) and Asteraceae (9 species). The region of Snezhanka cave has the greatest number of medicinal plants. Most of the medicinal plants found on the territory of Kupena reserve have limited distribution (only one locality) and with low population density. According to the possibilities for collection from nature, medicinal plants of the reserve should be grouped as follows: I – species forbidden for collection from nature for commercial purposes but with allowed collection for personal purposes according to Order RD-83/3.02.2014 of the Minister of Environment and Waters: 3 species – Asplenium trichomanes L., Orchis sp. div., Valeriana officinalis L.; II – species with limited permission for collection from nature for commercial purposes with annually defined regions and quantities, according to Order RD-83/3.02.2014 of the Minister of Environment and Waters: 3 species – Alchemilla vulgaris complex, Galium odoratum (L.) Scop., Primula veris L.; III – species object of preservation and regulated use from nature according to appendix 4 of Biodiversity Act: 4 species – Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott., Lilium martagon L., Orchis pallens L., Salix caprea L.; IV – wide distributed medicinal plants: 115 species. In this category as common species with abundant populations for the territory of Kupena reserve should be mentioned Cardamine bulbifera and Euphorbia amygdaloides as well as the dominants in coniferous forests like Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies. Larger fungi The checklist of larger fungi found during the field studies in the reserve includes 87 species – 7 from Ascomycota and 80 from Basidiomycota. The species Fig. 1. Spathularia flavida Pers.: Fr. – Near Threatened (NT) species in the Red List of fungi in Bulgaria. belong to 6 classes, 12 orders, 38 families and 57 genera and all of them are new records for Kupena Reserve. Four species are of a high conservation value, included in the Red List of Fungi in Bulgaria under different threat categories: Auriscalpium vulgare Gray – Endangered (EN), Bondarzewia montana (Quél.) Singer – Endangered (EN), Lentaria byssiseda Corner – Vulnerable (VU) and Spathularia flavida Pers.: Fr. – Near Threatened (NT) (Fig. 1). Two species of them (Auriscalpium vulgare and Bondarzewia montana) are included also in the Red Data Book of Plants and Fungi of the Republic of Bulgaria (PEEV ET AL. 2015). Prevailing number of larger fungi was registered in forest habitats – coniferous and beech woods. The mixed woods (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica) were exceptionally rich of fungal species. Vegetation and habitats The reserve territory is large, comprising diverse landscape and as a reflection of this the vegetation is also very diverse. This territory preserves most kinds of the Rodopi wild nature. The forests prevail and their distribution is determined by altitudinal climatic belts. At the foothills oak forests dominate. They are most species rich due to the open structure and thermophilic conditions. Mixed forests of Carpinus betulus and Quercus daleschampii are developed at the lower altitudes. In the tree layer Acer campestre, Fraxinus excelsior and Tilia cordata could be also found. Festuca heterophylla, Dentaria bulbifera and Melica uniflora dominate within the aboveground layer. The beech forests occupy the higher elevation. They could be observed at different exposures, but are characterized by poorer biodiversity as compared to the oak forests. Regarding the soil reaction the beech forests are split to three categories on neutrophil, acidophil and carbonate terrains. The neutrophil forests belong to the widespread Asperulo-Fagetum association. Despite of some species specific to the Rodopi Mts, this association is typical example of Central European vegetation type. In the aboveground layer Sanicula europaea, Dentaria bulbifera, Lamiastrum galeobdolon and Melica uniflora could be found very often. Another type of beech forests is represented by Luzulo-Fagetum association. It is the most species poor and Luzula luzuloides takes the dominant position in the aboveground level. On carbonate terrains communities of Cephalanthero-Fagion are developed. Pinus nigra takes place rarely in these forests. A peculiarity of Cephalanthero-Fagion forests is the presence of different orchids like Cephalanthera rubra, Epipactis spp. and Neottia nidus-avis. Upwards the slopes the beech forests become mixed with Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies. The coniferous forests become the prevailing type on the highest mountain parts. Scots pine and spruce communities prevail, while Abies alba is present by single individuals. Syntaxonomically these communities are included in Vaccinio-Piceetea class. In the Rodopi Mts they are characterized by three strata – tree, herbaceous and moss. The herbaceous stratum most frequently includes Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Luzula sylvatica and Calamagrostis arundinacea. The moss layer is species rich and usually has high cover. Common species are Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme and Eurhynchium angustirette. In the reserve territory coniferous forests occupy deep Cambisols with acidic reaction as a result of dissolved humic substances generated by slow decomposition process of pine needles. In Koupena reserve Picea abies forests belong to the climax vegetation. Mixed spruce and Scots pine forests are quite similar to the monodominant spruce stands despite that are developed mostly on slopes with southern exposure. We observed high density of young spruce individuals in these mixed forests which is an indication of ongoing successional process toward monodominant Picea abies woods. In the forest openings we found grasslands dominated by Festuca nigrescens. These communities are species rich and syntaxonomically are related to Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class. Forest fringes include grassland communities related to Trifolio-Geranietea and Trifolion medii. Special attention deserve the wetland communities of Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae class. These communities are very unique for the reserve territory. They are developed on plane areas or slight depressions covered all year by water table. The species diversity comprises Carex elata, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex curta, Juncus effusus, Potentilla palustris. A famous peatland with Caricetum nigrae association exists in the Kupena reserve. Close vicinity is occupied by Geo coccinei-Sphagnetum contorti assotiation (see HAJEK ET AL. 2008). It is surrounded by coniferous forests which are a very good example of NATURA 2000 habitat 91D0 *Bog woodland. The peatland area has relict origin which is proved by fossil records of Isoetes L. by LAZAROVA ET AL. (2011). Small rivers and brooks cross the reserve territory and their banks are covered by tall herb communities of Mulgedio-Aconitetea class. These communities are distinct and include Balkan endemics such as Cirsium appendiculatum Griseb. Following the Directive 92/43 EEC for habitats, the reserve includes 3260 Water courses of plain to montane levels with Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation, 6430 Hydrophyllous tall herb fringe communities of plants and of mountain to alpine level, 7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs, 8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation, 8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation, 9110 Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests, 9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests, 9150 Medio-European limestone beech forests of the Cephalanthero-Fagion, 91BA Moesian silver fir forests, 91CA Rhodopide and Balkan Range Scots pine forests, 91D0 *Bog woodland, 9170 Galio-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam forests, 9410 Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea). Syntaxonomic synopsis of identified communities: Cl. Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 All. Piceion abietis Pawłowski et al. 1928 Ass. Vaccinio myrtilli-Piceetum abietis Šoltés 1976 All. Dicrano-Pinion (Libbert 1933) Matuszkiewicz 1962 Ass. Vaccinio myrtilli-Pinetum sylvestris Juraszek 1928 Cl. Carpino-Fagetea Jakucs ex Passarge 1968 All. Carpinion betuli Issler 1931 All. Fagion sylvaticae Luquet 1926 Ass. Galio odorati-Fagetum sylvaticae Sougnez et Thill 1959 All. Cephalanthero-Fagion Tüxen 1955 All. Luzulo-Fagion sylvaticae Lohmeyer et Tüxen in Tüxen 1954 Ass. Luzulo luzuloidis-Fagetum sylvaticae Meusel 1937 All. Tilio platyphylli-Acerion Klika 1955 Cl. Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae Tuxen 1937 All. Sphagno-Caricion canescentis Passarge (1964) 1978 Ass. Caricetum nigrae Braun 1915 All. Sphagno warnstorfii-Tomenthypnion nitentis Dahl 1956 Ass. Geo coccinei-Sphagnetum contorti Hajek et al. 2008 Cl. Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei Müller 1961 All. Trifolion medii Müller 1962 Cl. Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadač et Klika in Klika et Hadač 1944 All. Cirsion appendiculati Horvat et al. 1937 Appendix 1. List of taxa recorded in the Kupena Reserve. BRYOPHYTES Marchantiophyta (Liverworts) Jungermanniopsida Geocalycaceae: Chiloscyphus polyanthus (L.) Corda Bryophyta (Mosses) Sphagnopsida (Peat mosses) Sphagnaceae: Sphagnum subsecundum Nees Polytrichopsida Polytrichaceae: Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) P.Beauv., Polytrichum commune Hedw. Bryopsida Grimmiaceae: Grimmia trichophylla Grev., Racomitrium canescens (Hedw.)Brid., R. sudeticum (Funck) Bruch & Schimp. Dicranaceae: Dicranum tauricum Sapjegin Ditrichaceae: Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. Hedwigiaceae: Hedwigia ciliatа (Hedw.) P.Beauv. Aulacomniaceae: Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwägr. Bartramiaceae: Bartramia pomiformis Hedw. Bryaceae: Bryum alpinum With., B. caespiticium Hedw. Mniaceae: Mnium stellare Hedw. Campyliaceae: Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske, Calliergon giganteum (Schimp.) Kindb. Brachytheciaceae: Brachytheciastrum velutinum (Hedw.) Ignatov & Huttunen, Homalothecium lutescens (Hedw.) H.Rob., Cirriphyllum crassinervium (Taylor) Loeske & M. Fleisch. Climaciaceae: Climacium dendroides (Hedw.) F.Weber & D. Mohr Hypnaceae: Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. Leucodontaceae: Leucodon sciuroides (Hedw.) Schwägr. VASCULAR PLANTS [MEDICINAL PLANTS ARE MARKED BY ASTERIX (*)]: Equisetophyta Equisetaceae: *Equisetum arvense L., *E. palustre L. Polypodiophyta Athyriaceae: *Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth; Aspidiaceae: *Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L.; A. onopteris L; *A. trichomanes L. Hypolepidaceae: *Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn; Polypodiaceae: *Polypodium vulgare L. Pinophyta Cupressaceae: Juniperus communis L. Pinaceae: *Abies alba Mill.; *Picea abies (L.) Karst.; *Pinus sylvestris L.; P. nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmb. Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Aceraceae: Acer campestre L.; *A. platanoides L.; A. pseudoplatanus L. Anacardiaceae: Cottinus coggygria L. Apiaceae: Aegopodium podagraria L.;*Angelica sylvestris L.; Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.; Heracleum ternatum Velen.; Laser trilobium (L.) Borkh.; Oenanthe silaifolia Bieb.; O. stenoloba Schur; Pastinaca hirsuta Pančić; Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC.; *Sanicula europaea L. Araliaceae: *Hedera helix L. Asteraceae: Achillea grandifolia Friv.; *A. millefolium L.; A. clypeolata Sibt. & Sm.; *Anthemis tinctoria L.; Arctium lappa L.; *Artemisia vulgaris L.; *Bellis perennis L.; Centaurea cuneifolia Sirth. & Sm.; C. phrygia L.; C. stoebe L.; *Cichorium intybus L.; Cirsium appendiculatum Griseb.; C. arvense (L.) Scop; C. creticum (Lam.) D’Urv.; C. ligulare Boiss.; Hieracium murorum gr.; H. umbellatum L.; Inula conyza DC; Leontodon autumnalis L.; L. hispidus L.; *Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.; Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort.; *Solidago virgaurea L.; Petasites hybridus (L.) P. Gaertner, B. Meyer & Schrerb.; Prenanthes purpurea L.; Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Schultz-Bip.; T. vulgare L.; Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia; *Tussilago farfara L. Betulaceae: Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner; Betula pendula Roth; *Carpinus betulus L.; C. orientalis Mill.; *Corylus avellana L.; Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. Boraginaceae: Cynoglossum hungaricum Simon.; Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill; M. ramosissima Rochel; M. scorpioides L.; M. sicula Guss.; M. sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm.; *Pulmonaria officinalis L.; P. rubra Schott; *Symphytum officinale L.; S. tuberosum L. Brassicaceae: *Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande; Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit.; Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop.; A. proccurens Waldst. & Kit.; *Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz; Erysimum cuspidatum (Bieb.) DC; Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser. Campanulaceae: Campanula glomerata L.; C. patula L.; *C. persicifolia L.; C. rapunculoides L. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera nigra L.; *Sambucus nigra L.; Sambucus racemosa L.; *Viburnum opulus L. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus deltoides L.; D. cruentus Griseb.; *Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr.; *Lychnis floscuculi L.; Minuartia caespitosa (Ehrh.) Deg.; Scleranthus annuus L.; Silene armeria L.; S. roemeri Friv.; S. viridiflora L.; S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke; *Stellaria graminea L.; S. holostea L.; *S. media (L.) Vill.; S. nemorum L.; *Viscaria vulgaris Röhl. Celastraceae: Euonymus europaeus L.; E. latifolius (L.) Mill. Cistaceae: Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Miller. Cornaceae: *Cornus mas L. Crassulaceae: Sedum cepaea L.; S. pallidum M. Bieb. Dipsacaceae: Dipsacus laciniatus L.; *Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult.; K. drymeia Heuff. Ericaceae: *Vaccinium myrtyllus L. Euphorbiaceae: *Euphorbia amygdaloides L.; *E. cyparissias L.; *Mercurialis perennis L. Fabaceae: Astragalus glycyphyllos L.; Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link; C. supinus (L.) Link; *Coronilla varia L.; Dorycnium herbaceum Vill.; Galega officinalis L.; Genista carinalis Griseb.; G. depressa Bieb.; G. lydia Boiss.; Lathyrus latifolius L.; L. laxiflorus (Desf.) O. Kuntze; L. niger (L.) Bernh.; L. pratensis L.; L. venetus (Mill.) Wohlf; *L. vernus (L.) Bernh.; Lotus corniculatus L.; Medicago lupulina L.; Melilotus alba Med.; *Trifolium alpestre L.; T. campestre Schreber; T. fragiferum L. subsp. bonannii (C.Presl) Soják; T. medium L.; *T. pratense L.; *T. repens L.; Vicia incana Gouan.; V. sepium L.; V. tetrasperma (L.) Schreber. Fagaceae: *Fagus sylvatica L.; Quercus dalechampii Ten.; Q. pubescens Willd. Geraniaceae: Geranium columbinum L.; *G. macrorrhizum L.; G. phaeum L.; *G. robertianum L.; G. sanguineum L. Hypericaceae: *Hypericum cerastoides (Spach) N. K. B. Robson; *H. maculatum Crantz; H. olympicum L.; *H. perforatum L. Lamiaceae: Ajuga genevensis L.; *A. laxmanii (L.) Benth.; A. reptans L.; Calaminhta nepeta (L.) Savi; *Clinopodium vulgare L.; Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek; Lamium garganicum L.; *L. purpureum L.; Lycopus exaltatus L.; *Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson; *M. spicata L.; Nepeta nuda L.; *Origanum vulgare L.; *Prunella vulgaris L.; *Salvia glutinosa L.; Scutellaria columnae All.; S. velenovskyi Reich. f.; Stachys germanica L.; *S. sylvatica L.; *Teucrium chamaedrys L. Lythraceae: Lythrum salicaria L. Oleaceae: *Fraxinus ornus L.; Jasminum fruticans L.; Ligustrum vulgare L.; Syringa vulgaris L. Onagraceae: Circaea lutetiana L.; Epilobium angustifolium L.; E. collinum C. C. Gmel.; E. montanum L.; E. palustre L. Oxalidaceae: *Oxalis acetosella L. Plantaginaceae: *Plantago lanceolata L.; *P. major L.; *P. media L. Polygalaceae: *Polygala vulgaris L. Polygonaceae: *Rumex acetosa L.; *R. acetosella L.; R. conglomeratus Murray. Primulaceae: *Lysimachia nummularia L.; L. vulgaris L.; *Primula veris L. Pyrolaceae: *Orthilia secunda (L.) House; Pyrola media Swartz; P. minor L. Ranunculaceae: *Actaea spicata L.; *Clematis vitalba L.; Ranunculus acris L.; R. auricomus L.; *R. flammula L.; R. ficaria L.; R. millefoliatus Vahl; R. montanus Willd.; *R. polyanthemos L.; *R. repens L. Rosaceae: *Agrimonia eupatoria L.; Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC.; *Alchemilla flabellata Busser; A. gracilis Opiz.; A. vulgaris agg.; Cotoneaster integerrimus Medicus; *Crataegus monogyna Jacq.; *Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.; *F. vulgaris Moenh; *Fragaria vesca L.; F. viridis Duchesne; Geum rhodopaeum Stoj. & Stef.; *G. urbanum L.; *Potentilla argentea L.; *P. erecta (L.) Raeusch.; P. micrantha Ramond. ex DC.; *P. palustris (L.) Scop; *P. reptans L.; Prunus avium L.; Rosa canina L.; R. tomentosa Sm.; *Rubus hirtus Walds. & Kit.; *Sorbus aucuparia L.; S. torminalis (L.) Crantz. Rubiaceae: Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend.; *C. laevipes Opiz; Galium aparinae L.; *G. lucidum All.; *G. odoratum (L.) Scop.; G. palustre L.; G. pseudoristatum Schur.; G. rivale (Sibth. & Sm.) Griseb.; G. rotundifolium L.; *G. verum L. Salicaceae: *Populus tremula L.; *Salix caprea L. Saxifragaceae: Saxifraga tridactylites L. Scrophulariaceae: Digitalis viridiflora Lindl.; Lathraea rhodopea Dingler; Linaria vulgaris Miller; Rhinanthus rumelicus Velen.; Verbascum glabratum Friv.; V. longifolium Ten.; *Veronica chamaedrys L.; V. montana L.; V. serpilifolia L.; V. urticifolia Jacq. Solanaceae: Physalis alkekengii L. Tiliaceae: *Tilia cordata Mill.; *T. platyphyllos Scop.; *T. tomentosa Moench. Ulmaceae: Ulmus minor Miller. Urticaceae: *Urtica dioica L. Valerianaceae: *Valeriana officinalis L. Verbenaceae: *Verbena officinalis L. Violaceae: Viola canina L.; *V. hirta L.; *V. odorata L.; V. riviniana Reichb.; *V. tricolor L. Liliopsida Cyperaceae: Carex canescens L.; C. caryophylea Latourr.; C. cuprina (Heuff.) A. Kern.; C. echinata Murray; C. elata All.; C. flava L.; C. hirta L.; C. humilis Leyss.; C. lasiocarpa Ehrh.; C. laevigata Sm.; C. limosa L.; C. ovalis Good.; C. pallescens L.; C. rostrata Stokes; C. vesicaria L.; Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & Schultes; E. uniglumis (Link) Schultes; *Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny; *E. latifolium Hoppe; Scirpus sylvaticus L. Dioscoreaceae: Tamus communis L. Juncaceae: Juncus articulatus L.; J. atratus Krocker; J. compressus Jacq.; J. conglomeratus L.; J. effusus L.; J. filiformis L.; *J. inflexus L.; J. thomasii Ten.; Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC.; L. luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy; L. multiflora (Retz.) Lej.; L. sudetica (Willd.) DC.; L. sylvatica (Hudson) Gaudin. Liliaceae: *Colchicum autumnale L.; Erythronium dens-canis L.; Fritillaria gussichiae (Degen & Dörfler) Rix; *Lilium martagon L.; Muscari commosum (L.) Mill.; Ornithogalum umbellatum L.; Paris quadrifolia L.; Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf.; *P. odoratum (Miller) Druce; *Veratrum album L. subsp. lobelianum (Bernh). Reichenb. Orchidaceae: Cephalantera damasonium (Mill.) Druce; C. longifolia (L.) Fritsch; C. rubra (L.) L. C. M. Richard; Dactylorhiza cordigera (Fries) Soó; D. maculata (L.) Soó; D. saccifera (Brongn.) Soó; Listera ovata (Neottia ovata) (L.) R. Br.; Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich.; Orchis coriophora L.; *O. pallens L.; *Platanthera bifolia (Custer) Reichenb.f.; *P. chlorantha (L.) L. C. M. Richard. Poaceae: Agrostis canina L.; A. capillaris L.; A. stolonifera L.; Alopecurus pratensis L.; *Anthoxanthum odoratum L.; Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J. & C. Presl; Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv.; B. sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv.; *Briza media L.; Bromus mollis L.; B. racemosus L.; Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth; C. epigeios (L.) Roth; Cynosurus cristatus L.; C. echinatus L.; Dactylis glomerata L.; Danthonia alpina Vest; Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.; Festuca drymeja Mert. & Koch.; F. nigrescens Lam.; F. pratensis Hudson; F. rubra L.; F. rupicola Heuffel; F. valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaud.; Holcus lanatus L.; H. mollis L.; Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Nevski; Lerchenfeldia flexuosa (L.) Schur; Lolium perenne L.; Melica uniflora Retz.; Milium effusum L.; Nardus stricta L.; Phleum pratense L.; Poa angustifolia L.; P. annua L.; P. bulbosa L.; P. compressa L.; P. nemoralis L.; P. pratensis L.; P. trivialis L.; Sesleria coerulans Friv. LARGER FUNGI Ascomycota Leotiomycetes Rhytismatales: Cudoniaceae: Spathularia flavida Pers.: Fr. Pezizimycetes Pezizales Discinaceae: Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.) Fr. Helvellacae: Helvella lacunosa Afzel. Pezizaceae: Peziza badia Pers. Pyronemataceae: Humaria hemisphaerica (F. H. Wigg.: Fr.) Fuckel Sordariomycetes Xylariales Diatrypaceae: Diatrype disciformis (Hoffm.: Fr.) Fr. Xylariaceae: Kretzschmaria deusta (Hoffm.: Fr.) P. M. D. Martin Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Agaricaceae: Agaricus arvensis Schaeff., Calvatia utriformis (Bull.: Pers.) Jaap, Lepiota clypeolaria (Bull.: Fr.) P. Kumm., Lycoperdon echinatum Pers.: Pers., L. mammiforme Pers.: Pers., L. perlatum Pers.: Pers. Amanitaceae: Amanita fulva (Schaeff.) Fr., A. gemmata (Fr.) Bertill., A. muscaria (L.: Fr.) Pers., A. pantherina (DC.: Fr.) Krombh., A. rubescens Pers.: Fr., A. vaginata (Bull.: Fr.) Lam. Cortinariaceae: Cortinarius cinnamomeus (L: Fr.) Fr. Hydnangiaceae: Laccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Cooke Hygrophoraceae: Crysomphalina chrysophylla (Fr.: Fr.) Clémençon, Hygrocybe persistens (Britzelm.) Singer var. persistens Marasmiaceae: Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.: Fr.) Murrill., G. peronatus (Bolton: Fr.) Antonín, Halling et Noordel., Marasmiellus perforans (Hoffm. et Fr.) Antonín, Halling et Noordel., M. rotula (Scop.: Fr.) Fr., Marasmius oreades (Bolton: Fr.) Fr., Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers.: Fr.) Kotl. et Pouzar, Mycetinus scorodonius (Fr.: Fr.) A. W. Wilson Mycenaceae: Mycena pura (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm., M. rosea (Schumach.) Gramberg Physalacriaceae: Oudemansiella mucida (Schrad.: Fr.) Höhn. Pluteaceae: Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. Psathyrellaceae: Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Vilgalys, Hopple et Jacq. Johnson Schizophyllaceae: Schizophyllum commune Fr. : Fr. Strophariaceae: Galerina hypnorum (Schrank: Fr.) Kühner, Gymnopilus penetrans (Fr.: Fr.) Murrill., Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.: Fr.) P. Kumm. Tricholomataceae: Clitocybe gibba (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm., C. odora (Bull.: Fr.) P. Kumm., Lepista sordida (Fr.: Fr.) Singer, Rickenella fibula (Bull.: Fr.) Raithelh. Boletales Boletaceae: Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr., B. subtomentosus L., Leccinum aurantiacum (Bull.) Gray, L. scabrum (Bull.: Fr.) Gray, Neoboletus luridiformis (Rostk.) Gelardi, Simonini & Vizzini, Xerocomellus chrysenteron (Bull.) Sutara Gomphidiaceae: Chroogomphus helveticus (Singer) M. M. Moser Suillaceae: Suillus bovinus (L.: Fr.) Roussel, S. granulatus (L.: Fig. 2. Suillus grevilleii (Klotzsch : Fr.) Singer Fr.) Roussel, S. grevillei (Klotzsch: Fr.) Singer (Fig. 2), S. luteus (L.: Fr.) Roussel, S. variegatus (Sw.: Fr.) Richon et Roze Cantharellales Cantharellaceae: Cantharellus cibarius Fr.: Fr. var. cibarius Clavulinaceae: Clavulina rugosa (Bull.: Fr.) Schröt. Hydnaceae: Hydnum repandum L.: Fr. f. repandum Gomphales Gomphaceae: Ramaria botrytis (Pers.: Fr.) Ricken Lentariaceae: Lentaria byssiseda Corner Phallales Phallaceae: Phallus impudicus L.: Pers. Polyporales Fomitopsidaceae: Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) P. Karst., Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.: Fr.) Pat. Polyporaceae: Fomes fomentarius (L.: Fr.) J. J. Kickx, Polyporus badius (Pers.) Schwein., P. leptocephalus (Jacq.: Fr.) Fr., P. tuberaster (Jacq.: Fr.) Fr., Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jack.: Fr.) P. Karst., Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen: Fr.) Pilát, T. versicolor (L.: Fr.) Lloyd, Trichaptum abietinum (Pers. ex J. F. Gmel. : Fr.) Ryvarden, T. biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden Russulales Auriscalpiaceae: Auriscalpium vulgare Gray Bondarzewiaceae: Bondarzewia montana (Quél.) Singer Russulaceae: Lactarius aurantiacus (Pers.: Fr.) Gray, L. deliciosus (L.: Fr.) Gray, L. deterrimus Gröger, L. piperatus (L.: Fr.) Pers., Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr., R. delica Fr., R. densifolia Gillet, R. grisea (Pers. ) Fr., R. vesca Fr. Stereaceae: Stereum hirsutum (Willd.: Fr.) Gray, S. subtomentosus Pouzar Dacrymycetes Dacrymycetales Dacrymycetaceae: Calocera cornea (Batsch.: Fr.) Fr. Tremellomycetes Tremellales Tremellaceae: Tremella mesenterica Retz.: Fr. Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article. Acknowledgments Authors are grateful to Prizma-Nishava Consortium for the funding and positive collaboration. References BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT. State Gazette, Sofia, issue 77, August 2002, last change and addition issue 66, July 2013. 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Bulgaricae, Serdicae, 518 pp. (In Bulgarian). VELCHEV V. (ED.) 1989. Florae Reipublicae Popularis Bulgaricae.Vol. 9. Aedibus Acad. Sci. Bulgaricae, Serdicae, 539 pp. (In Bulgarian). Accepted 26.01.2016 Before the publication of the final paper version of the Annual, this paper should be cited as follows: Velev N. I., A. S. Ganeva, M. M. Gyosheva, D. G. Sopotlieva, T. S. Terziyska & I. I. Apostolova 2016. Flora, mycota and vegetation of Kupena Reserve (Rodopi Mountains, Bulgaria). - Annual of Sofia University, Faculty of Biology, Book 2 – Botany, 100. . ISSN 0204-9910 (Print), ISSN 2367-9190 (Online), Early view, On-line since 31st March 2016, https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/bul/universitet_t/fakulteti/biologicheski_fakultet2/ oficialni_izdaniya or Velev N. I., A. S. Ganeva, M. M. Gyosheva, D. G. Sopotlieva, T. S. Terziyska & I. I. Apostolova 2016. Flora, mycota and vegetation of Kupena Reserve (Rodopi Mountains, Bulgaria). – Ann. Univ. Sof. 100 (2). ISSN 0204-9910 (Print), ISSN 2367-9190 (Online), Early view, On-line since 31st March 2016, https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/bul/universitet_t/ fakulteti/biologicheski_fakultet2/oficialni_izdaniya