Floresta e Ambiente 2019; 26(3): e20171239
https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.123917
ISSN 2179-8087 (online)
Original Article
Conservation of Nature
Vegetation Recovery of Logged-over Dipterocarp Forests In
Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Prijanto Pamoengkas1 , Ayi Zamzam1 , Aji Dwisutono1
1
Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University – IPB, Bogor/West Java, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Forest utilization usually has an impact on changes in forest structure and species composition.
The species of trees selected and ecosystem management system that refer to biodiversity
characteristics will be explained by better knowledge of Functional Species Group (FSG).
The purpose of this study was to determine the composition of vegetation recovery based on
FSG in production forest managed with silvicultural system known as Selective Cutting and Line
Planting System (SCLP) and undisturbed forest known as Germplasm Preservation Areas (GPCA)
in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The results showed that the proportion of climax group in
the entire observation plots was greater than pioneer species group, i.e. climax 100 species and
pioneer 59 species. Stand structure both climax and pioneer species group has inverse J shape
curve. It means that the species composition of logged-over forest is still in balance condition,
characterized with high index of diversity (H’ > 3).
Keywords: functional species group, selective cutting, species composition, stand
structure, biodiversity.
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2/11 Pamoengkas P, Zamzam A, Dwisutono A
1. INTRODUCTION
Undisturbed lowland dipterocarp forests have clean
forest floor, various niches, high diversity; nutrients
were saved in biomass (Ewusie, 1980; MacKinnon et al.,
1996). Indonesia tropical rainforest is managed using
single selective cutting. Some of the forest concessions
implemented an intensive forest management system.
The main activity of this system is selective cutting with
minimum diameter limit and planting intensively in
line to enrich standing stock. However, the selective
cutting system is risky as it obviously affects the
various species of a plant community unevenly. Any
disturbances, such as logging or landslides result
in stand or seedling damages, including changes in
forest structure and composition (Hendrison, 1990;
Cannon et al., 1994; Okuda et al., 2003), and in soil
nutrients (Nussbaum et al., 1995). The effects of selective
logging on structure and species composition and
its implication to the second cutting cycle have been
sparsely documented up to now. Information about the
conditions of residual stands is important and urgently
required. Such information is a basic prerequisite for
estimating the harvestable volume for the next cutting
cycle, and for scheduling timber stand improvement.
Relatively comprehensive data exist for Kalimantan
forests (Cannon et al., 1994). More importantly, it
changes in ecological balance with changes in stand
structure and species composition. One can explain the
changes through study approach known as functional
species group.
Functional Species Group (FSG) is a group of
species having identical patterns of resource use,
growth rate, death and regeneration (Gitay & Noble,
1997). Better knowledge of FSG will explain the
unity of the species of trees selected in a group on
the harvesting, selection silvicultural techniques
and ecosystem management system to explain its
biodiversity characteristics such as its habitat quality
and ecosystem processes (Pohris, 2009). Identification
of functional groups can help understand and predict
how communities and ecosystem properties might
be affected by environmental changes.
Silvicultural system of Selective Cutting and Line
Planting system (SCLP) is one of the systems for
forest management to improve forest productivity
through planting in line system. The SCLP was
introduced and applied in logged-over forest (LoA).
Suparna & Purnomo (2004) stated that the objectives
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of utilizing dipterocarps species using SCLP is for
managing natural forests to increase the productivity
of tropical rainforest and maintain the biodiversity.
The species of dipterocarps suitable on degraded
forest would be recommended for rehabilitation
program to conserve and increase the productivity
of tropical rainforest.
Up to now the evaluation of silvicultural system
SCLP is in progress. Evaluation is necessary as its
application has not yet been tested until it reaches its
25 years cycle. One of the aspects to be evaluated is
the ecological process (vegetation processes) in the
intermediate line or conservation line. It consists of
residual stand as wide as 17 meters, which is expected
to maintain the biodiversity of the forest.
The objective of this study is to determine the
stand structure and species composition of the
logged-over forests based on FSG. The logged-over
forests applied by Selective Cutting and Line
Planting Silvicultural System (SCLP) with intensive
silviculture technique.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1. Study site and time schedule
The study was carried out in April-May 2014 in
the production forest on logged-over forest areas in
Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Selective Cutting
and Line Planting Silvicultural System (SCLP) with
intensive silviculture technique have been applied in
the logged-over forest.
2.2. Location of plot establishment
Twelve observation plots were located in logged-over
forest managed using SCLP silvicultural system and the
Germplasm Preservation Area (GPCA), at the production
forest of the forest concession area Sarpatim Ltd, Central
Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objects of the study were
GPA representing primary forest, LoA of 9 years after
logging, LoA of 7 years after logging, LoA of 5 years after
logging, LoA of 3 years after logging and LoA of 1 year
after logging. The size of each plot was 100 m × 100 m
for vegetation analysis, as presented at Figure 1.
2.3. Vegetation analysis
Methods for data collection used the modified of
transects line and plot. Tree level measurement was done
by the method of lines, while for regeneration was done
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by the terraced-line method (Goldsmith et al., 1986).
The length of the observation plot was 100 m with a width
of 17 m. Each track is divided into five plots measuring
17 m × 20 m. Five plots each divided into four subplots
of observation sized 2 m × 2 m for seedlings observation,
5 m × 5 m for saplings observation, 10 m × 10 m for pole
level observation, and 17 m × 20 m for tree observation.
The tree level measurement is presented at Figure 2.
Data for vegetation analysis were the species and its
number at all levels of growth (seedlings, saplings, poles
and trees), as well as the diameter and height of the tree
trunk on the pole and tree level.
2.4. Grouping data
Grouping data according to the FSG groups were
pioneer and climax species. The grouping is based on
the assumption that the patterns of stand structure
dynamics are different for each species group of FSG.
Criteria are presented at Table 1.
Figure 1. Observation plots layout.
Figure 2. Line design of vegetation analysis.
Table 1. Functional Species Group (FSG) based on the different autecological characteristics.
Characteristic
Synonyms
Presence
Site plasticity
Seeds
Dispersal of seeds
Viability of seeds
Dormancy of seeds
Germination of seeds
Growth behavior
Final tree height
Wood density
Development
Source: Pohris (2009).
Pioneer
Climax
Light-demander,
Shade-intolerant
Early secondary forest
High
Small, produced in high numbers
annually
Very wide
Long
Very often, orthodox
In full light, open area
Fast growing during the immature
phase,
Early culmination of the current annual increment
< 20 m
Low
Early beginning of the maturity phase,
Short longevity (< 50 years)
Shade-bearer,
Shade-tolerant
Primary forest
Low
Large, produced in low numbers not
annually
Narrow
Short
Seldom, recalcitrant
In shade, below canopy
Slow growing during the immature
phase,
Late culmination of the current annual increment
> 30 m
Variable to high
Late beginning of the maturity phase,
Long longevity (> 100 years)
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2.5. Data analysis
ni ni
H′= -∑ ln
i N N
2.5.1. Stand structure
Stand structure describes the distribution of tree
species number (N/ha) based on the tree diameter in
the forest area (Husch, 1963).
2.5.2. Composition of species regeneration
The availability of sufficient new natural regeneration
stands ensures the occurrence of natural forest
regeneration. Wyatt-Smith (Wyatt-Smith, 1963)
stated that the regeneration is considered adequate
if the number of seedlings consists of 1000 stems/ha,
saplings of 240 stems/ha, and poles of 75 stems/ha.
2.5.3. Importance Value Index (IVI)
Importance Value Index (IVI) is used to analyze
dominance (mastery) of a species in a particular
community. The mathematical calculation formula
of IVI according to Misra (1980) is as follows
(Equations 1-6):
Density (K) =
"number of individuals" (N)
unit area (ha)
(1)
Number of individuals
Relative density (KR) =
of one species (N/ha)
×100% (2)
the total number of individuals
of all species (N/ha)
Frequency (F) =
inventory points occupied by a given species
(3)
measure of species distribution across the site
(7)
H’ = Shannon Diversity Index type; ni = the density
value of the i-species; N = total density.
The criteria for the analysis of species diversity
index is: if H’ < 2 the value of the species diversity is
in the low category; if 2 < H’ < 3 the value is in the
medium category; finally when H’ > 3 it is in the high
category (Magurran, 1988).
2.6. General condition of the study area
The study was conducted in the Kalek River and
River Nahiang forest group (111°55’ – 112°19’ E
and 1°12’ – 1°56’ S), district of Seruyan, Katingan,
Kotawaringin East, Central Kalimantan Province,
Indonesia.
The elevation of the study area ranges from 18-944 m
above sea level. The study area is characterized by hilly
and undulating terrain. The study sites is dominated by
Dystropepts covering area of approximately 61%, and
Tropodults covering areas of 39%. Climate types are
based Schmidt & Ferguson. The mean annual rainfall
for 145 days per year averaged 3086 mm. The highest
rainfall occurs from October to January and the
lowest rainfall occurs in July to September. Average
humidity ranged between 38.3% and 85.6%. In terms
of hydrology, PT Sarpatim is unique with stream flows
of three Watershed as follows: Seruyan, Mentubar, and
Mentaya watersheds, respectively.
Number of individuals of one
Relative frequency (FR) =
Dominance (D) =
(4)
speciesfrekuensi suatu jenis
×100%
frekuensi seluruh jenis
dominance each species within the study area m²
(5)
total basal area per unit area (ha)
Number of individuals of
Dominansi Relatif (DR) =
one species (m²/ha)
×100% (6)
the total number of individuals
of all species (m²/ha)
2.5.4. Species Diversity Index (H’)
Species diversity index is a parameter used to
determine the stability of a community or a community’s
ability to keep themselves steady from the disruption
of its components. Analysis of Diversity Index (H’)
is calculated using the formula diversity of Shanon
(Magurran, 1988), as follows (Equation 7):
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Species composition
Analysis of the stand density and species contribution
describe a species composition of stands, while the
diameter class distribution analysis illustrates the
structure of a stand. Species composition of stands is
grouped in Functional Group Species into pioneer and
climax groups. In addition, by knowing the species
composition it is possible to determine the balance of a
forest community. According to the functional species
group, there are 59 pioneer species and 100 climax
species at the entire observation plots. Figure 3 shows
the number of pioneer and climax species group,
respectively at all growth stages. The community of
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seedlings of pioneer species does not show a considerable
difference between plots. If we observe, the number of
species at LoA 9 and LoA 5 is lower than in the other
plots, respectively 15 and 13 species.
It can be said that the canopy at both plots are quite
dense so that the growing site is not suitable for light
demanders to grow and occupy the space. In contrast,
the recruitment of seedlings of climax species is higher
than of pioneer species. In other words, all the residual
stands provide growing space favorable for climax
species to grow.
Figure 3. Total species (a) pioneer; (b) climax in all plot
observations.
At saplings stage, the species of climax still dominate
the entire plots. The high sapling abundance is triggered
by higher sun intensity that was still penetrating an
open canopy due to selective logging practices (Clark &
Covey, 2012). Similarly for poles and trees. In general,
one can say that selective cutting has created growing
space, providing stimulus for the development of
regeneration climax species. The presence of species
in the logged-over forest is affected by intensity of
logging. So that regeneration cannot take place properly.
Table 2 shows density and the species contribution
at tree level. In general, the larger proportion of
tree at all plots is still dominated by climax species,
more than 50%, being the highest at LoA 5, 84.35%.
The number of trees of climax species at GPCA plot that
represent primary forest is generally higher compared
to logged-over area. It should be emphasized that the
areas studied were sufficient in pohon inti or potential
trees. According to the regulation, the number of
potential trees should be minimum 25 trees per ha.
This means that the logged stand would have a better
chance of having a higher recruitment of pohon inti
for the next cutting cycle (in 30 years).
Table 3 represents density and proportion of climax
and pioneer species of poles stage in all observation
plots. The density and species contribution at the
poles stage of climax species is higher compared to
the pioneer species in all study plots, except at plot
Table 2. Tree density and its contribution in all observation plots.
Area
GPCA
LOA 9 years
LOA 7 years
LOA 5 years
LOA 3 years
LOA 1 years
Density (N/ha)
Pioneer
Climax
148.75
45.00
52.50
28.75
46.25
51.25
182.50
137.50
137.50
155.00
126.25
105.00
Total
331.25
182.50
190.00
183.75
172.50
156.25
Species contribution (%)
Pioneer
Climax
44.91
24.66
27.63
15.65
26.81
32.80
55.09
75.34
72.37
84.35
73.19
67.20
Table 3. Density and its contribution to the entire observation plots on the pole stage.
Area
GPCA
LOA 9 years
LOA 7 years
LOA 5 years
LOA 3 years
LOA 1 years
Density (N/ha)
Pioneer
Climax
225
200
140
60
130
95
325
200
305
165
275
85
Total
550
400
445
225
405
180
Species contribution (%)
Pioneer
Climax
40.91
50.00
31.46
26.67
32.10
52.78
59.09
50.00
68.54
73.33
67.90
47.22
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LoA 1 with 85 individuals of climax poles per ha.
The development of poles is affected by the opening
of the canopy by selective cutting that improves the
light condition for tree in the poles stage.
Regarding the pioneer species, the number of poles
is low in plot LoA 5 and then increases in plots LoA 1,
LoA 3, LoA 7 and LoA 9. This trend is rather different
in climax species. Density and species contribution
of seedlings and saplings stage are presented at
Tables 4 and 5.
The recruitment of seedlings and saplings in
logged-over stand give some indications of the impact
of selective cutting on natural regeneration. This data
can be used to decide whether natural regeneration is
sufficient for sustainable management or not.
Regarding the recruitment of seedlings, selective
cutting has a positive effect on regeneration density.
It can be seen at Table 4 that the number of seedlings
are high at all plots. The number of seedlings of climax
species is higher compared to pioneer species. Looking
at the number of seedlings of climax species there are
no consistent trends. The number of climax species at
LoA 5 is higher in than other plots. From a low number
at LoA 1 and LoA 7, seedlings density increases in
the following plots: LoA 3, LoA 9, GPCA and LoA 5.
Perhaps, due to the canopy closure, seedlings density
declined at LoA 1 and LoA 7. Pioneer species does not
play a role at logged-over stand. This may correlate
with light intensity caused by selective cutting, which
creates small gaps with insufficient light for pioneer.
Contrary to this, the gap opportunists may get the
chance to establish themselves in the logged-over stands.
Considering the recruitment of saplings, selective
cutting still gives stimulus to sapling density as seen at
LoA 7 and LoA 9. Looking at the number of sapling
of climax species, there is a remarkable increase in the
number of saplings from plot LoA 1 to LoA 3. There is
a slight increase to LoA 5 and significantly increases
to LoA 7 and then a decrease to LoA 9. According
to Wyatt-Smith (1963) the seedlings regeneration
is considered sufficient if availability of seedlings is
1000 per ha. All plots of this study have more than
1000 seedlings per ha. Table 5 shows the regeneration
at the saplings level exceeds 240 saplings per ha.
In general it can be said that the density of climax
species at all levels of regeneration is greater compared
to the pioneer species. The results showed that the
density at the trees level was still dominated by climax
species with the proportion reaching 55% to 84%.
For the poles level, the presence of climax species is
still dominant, about 47% to 73%. As for the level of
saplings, the existence of climax and pioneer species are
still relatively balanced. It is interesting the dominant
existence of climax species at the seedlings level, about
56% to 83%.
Table 4. Density and its contribution to the entire observation plots on the seedlings stage.
Area
GPCA
LOA 9 years
LOA 7 years
LOA 5 years
LOA 3 years
LOA 1 years
Density (N/ha)
Pioneer
Climax
17750
12375
11875
4625
15750
13750
22875
22250
17625
23125
20875
17625
Total
40625
34625
29500
27750
36625
31375
Species contribution (%)
Pioneer
Climax
43.69
35.74
40.25
16.67
43.00
43.82
56.31
64.26
59.75
83.33
57.00
56.18
Table 5. Density and its contribution to the entire observation plots on saplings stage.
Area
GPCA
LOA 9 years
LOA 7 years
LOA 5 years
LOA 3 years
LOA 1 years
Density (N/ha)
Pioneer
Climax
1360
2940
2380
2060
2720
1500
1460
2880
3160
2360
2200
1520
Total
2820
5820
5540
4420
4920
3020
Species contribution (%)
Pioneer
Climax
48.23
50.52
42.96
46.61
55.28
49.67
51.77
49.48
57.04
53.39
44.72
50.33
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Silvicultural system of selective cutting and line
planting system (SCLP) of the logged-over forest has
proved to increase the residual trees. As reported by
Pamoengkas (2010), the growth of pole has increased
the total residual trees in large quantities.
changes coverage in the understory, even the species
richness of understory layer.
In our study, as result from selective cutting of
the overstory, it is expected the creation of numerous
canopy openings, increased light availability and
changing in the species composition. This finding in
line with the research conducted by Griffis et al. (2001)
and Angers et al. (2005), who stated that enhancing
light availability induces advance regeneration and
Figure 4 shows that the climax species is more
dominant compared to the group of pioneer species,
except at LoA 9 and LoA 1. It was due to the maintenance
activities, i.e. widening of planting line to support plant
growth. Widening the distance of planting line results
in canopy openness and improves the penetrating light,
thus increasing the plants growth rate.
Figure 4. Distribution of stand structure.
3.2. Stand structure
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Distribution of stand structure for pioneer and
climax species of the entire observations plots tends to
follow inverted J curve shape. This result indicates that
uneven-aged species composition of the logged-over
forests that applied the silvicultural system of selective
cutting and line planting system (SCLP) showed a
stable condition. The density of smaller diameter trees
is relatively high; while the density of larger diameter
tree is relatively lower. The condition of the normal
forest stand structure of the logged-over forest followed
inverted J shape curve corresponds to a balance of
residual stand for the next rotation.
diversity in that location is quite high. The result of
her study showed that the species composition in all
stages were very abundant, diverse or heterogeneous.
In addition, community species were relatively stable.
Community stability refers to the ability of communities
to remain unchanged over time. It can be said that the
implementation of selective cutting in managing the
natural forest in Indonesia still refer to close to nature
forestry approach in which the effect of selective cutting
on the existing of climax species still can be tolerated.
3.3. Index of species diversity
This index is used to determine the overall importance
of each species in the community or the observation
plots. The dominant species is the one that utilizes
the environment more efficiently than other species
in the same community. The dominant species has the
highest IVI. A species is considered to play a role if its
IVI is ≥ 10% for seedlings and saplings stage, whereas
for poles and trees stage it is ≥ 15% (Sutisna, 1981).
3.4. Important Value Index (IVI)
The index values for species diversity of tree and
regeneration at the entire observation plots can be
seen at Table 6.
Table 6 shows that the index at all stages have
values > 3. It indicated that species tree diversity and
regeneration stands were considered high. This is
in accordance with a study carried out at the same
location by Utami (2007), who found that the species
Table 7 shows that climax species such as those
from the group of Dipterocarpaceae dominated at tree
Table 6. Index of species diversity on the observation plots.
Strata
Seedlings
Saplings
Poles
Trees
GPCA
LoA 9 years
3.5
3.8
3.8
4.0
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.5
Index of Diversity (H’)
LoA 7 years
LoA 5 years
3.7
4.1
3.5
3.7
LoA 3 years
LoA 1 years
3.2
3.7
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.6
3.0
3.3
3.1
3.5
3.0
3.4
Table 7. Important Value Index above 15% of the tree level in the observation plots.
IVI
Species
Castanopsis costata
Cephalomappa mallotocarpa
Dacryodes rugosa
Dipterocarpus caudiferus.
Hopea dryobalanoides
Koompassia malaccensis
Pternandra caerulescens
Scorodocorpus borneensis
Shorea laevis
Shorea parvifolia
Shorea smithiana
Symplocos cochinchinensis
Syzygium borneense
Group
C
P
P
C
C
C
P
C
C
C
C
P
C
GPCA
LoA 9
years
LoA 7
years
LoA 5
years
LoA 3
years
LoA 1
years
18.4a
-
16.8
36.0a
17.4b
-
22.3a
16.0
18.2b
-
22.8b
16.7
34.3a
19.4
17.2
22.5b
40.4a
16.7
23.9b
22.7
15.3
19.0
43.1a
21.2
C = Climax; P = Pioneer; aDominant species; bCo-dominant species.
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level on the entire observation plots. Dominant species
was Shorea parvifolia with the highest Important Value
Index in five of the six observation plots. After, Shorea
laevis with Index rate dominant in three of the six
observation plots. In the Dipterocarpaceae group, the
meranti species (Shorea spp) are the most important
ones. This group also has a high IVI.
The dominant species for seedlings and saplings
stage are presented at Tables 9 and 10. As already
discussed previously, at pole stage Syzygium borneense
showed the highest seedling important value index and
occurred in one-third of all plots. Dipterocarps group
was found also at young logged-over forest, namely
LoA 1, LoA 3 and LoA 5. The three highest IVI level
were 26.2% for Syzigium borneense, 23.2% for Vatica
nitens as representative of climax species, and 21.0%
for Chisocheton sp for pioneer species. In general, each
species does not dominate evenly on each observation
plots, but they occurred in one to three of all plots.
Table 8 shows the important value index at pole
stage. It consists of 14 climax and 10 pioneer species.
Syzigium borneense showed well distributed at area
of five years after cutting (LoA 5, LoA 3 and LoA 1).
This species is well adapted at half of all plots. Hopea
dryobalanoides, as one of the Dipterocarps group well
distributed at half of the total plots. By contrast, the
other group of Dipterocarps, such as Shorea parvifolia,
Shorea macrophylla, Shorea pauciflora, and Shorea
smithiana distributed only at one-sixth of all plots.
In general, one can say that climax species at pole stage
still dominate the logged-over area, except at the area
of one year after cutting (LoA 1), in which the pioneer
species are dominant.
Table 10 shows that at sapling stages of pioneer
species at the logged forest the dominants were
Symplocos chocinchinensis (25.6%) and Macaranga
hypoleuca (15.8%). Antidesma coriaceum of pioneer
species were the most dominant group in four of the six
observation plots. But there was no dominant sapling
stage for GPCA. In general it can be said that, in the
seedlings and saplings stage, no species was particularly
common at the logged-over area, or it did not show
a consistent trend.
Table 8. Important value index above 15% of poles in the observation plots.
Species
Antidesma coriaceum
Aporosa sphaeridophora
Castanopsis costata
Chisocheton sp
Dacryodes rugosa
Dehaasia caesia
Diospyros rostrate
Hopea dryobalanoides
Ilex accuminata
Litsea machilifolia
Macaranga gigantea
Macaranga hypoleuca
Paranephelium xestophyllum
Polyalthia xanthopetala
Pternandra caerulescens
Scorodocorpus borneensis
Shorea macrophylla
Shorea parvifolia
Shorea pauciflora
Shorea smithiana
Strombosia ceylanica
Symplocos cochinchinensis
Syzygium borneense
Syzygium sp
P
P
C
P
P
P
C
C
C
C
P
P
C
P
P
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
C
C
GPCA
LoA 9
years
15.2b
16.3a
-
16.6
19.0
23.4b
40.2a
19.8
-
C = Climax; P = Pioneer; aDominant species; bCo-dominant species.
Important Value Index
LoA 7
LoA 5
years
years
18.3
22.2a
16.5
21.4b)
18.8
23.8
15.9
15.4
15.0
30.6b
48.6a
-
LoA 3
years
LoA 1
years
15.3
21.3b
27.9a
-
28.3a
25.3b
24.6
16.0
16.8
16.6
20.1
17.0
25.1
-
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Floresta e Ambiente 2019; 26(3): e20171239
Table 9. Important value index above 10% in the regeneration of trees (seedlings) in the observation plot.
Species
Antidesma coriaceum
Chisocheton sp
Diospyros rostrata
Gluta wallichii
Hopea dryobalanoides
Coompassia malaccensis
Madhuca erythrophylla
Memecylon edule
Pternandra caerulescens
Shorea acuminatissima
Shorea laevis
Shorea parvifolia
Shorea pauciflora
Shorea smithiana
Syzygium borneense
Trigonostemon sp
Vatica nitens
Group
P
P
C
C
C
C
C
P
P
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
C
GPCA
LoA 9
years
20.1a
10.5b
-
12.7
21.0a
18.5b
14.8
14.2
-
Important Value Index
LoA 7
LoA 5
years
years
11.7b
14.8a
-
LoA 3
years
LoA 1
years
16.2b
10.5
11.5
26.2a
-
13.0
13.6b
20.4a
-
13.8
10.0
17.8b
13.7
23.2a
C = Climax; P = Pioneer; aDominant species; bCo-dominant species.
Table 10. Important value index above 10% in the regeneration of trees (saplings) in the observation plots.
Species
Group
Antidesma coriaceum
Gluta wallichii
Hydnocarpus kunstleri
Macaranga hypoleuca
Madhuca erythrophylla
Paracroton pendulus
Polyalthia anthopetala
Shorea laevis
Shorea parvifolia
Symplocos cochinchinensis
P
C
C
P
C
P
P
C
C
P
GPCA
LoA 9
years
-
12.3
13.3b
13.1
25.6a
Important Value Index
LoA 7
LoA 5
years
years
10.4
11.7a
-
LoA 3
years
LoA 1
year
10.1a
-
11.2
11.9b
14.5a
12.0
15.8a
12.4b
10.8
-
C = Climax; P = Pioneer; aDominant species; bCo-dominant species.
4. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In general, the proportion of the number of climax
species in the entire observation plots is greater
compared to the pioneer species. As regards for
regeneration of seedlings, saplings, and poles, climax
species is dominant compared to pioneer species. From
the viewpoint of diameter class distribution of climax
species and pioneer species, the logged over forests
have characteristic of balanced un-even aged forests.
Individual selective cutting with diameter limit have
not significantly affected the climax species.
This study was supported by Forest Concession
Right PT. Sarpatim, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.
They provided the forest areas and labor support to
conduct the research. The authors would like to express
their sincere thank for the support.
SUBMISSION STATUS
Received: 25 oct., 2017
Accepted: 11 july, 2018
Floresta e Ambiente 2019; 26(3): e20171239
CORRESPONDENCE TO
Prijanto Pamoengkas
Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry,
Bogor Agricultural University – IPB, Campus
IPB, Km, P.O Box 168, 16680, Darmaga, Bogor,
Indonesia
e-mail: prijantop@yahoo.com; ppam@apps.ipb.ac.id
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
This study was funded by Forest Concession PT.
SARPATIM at Central Kalimantan, INDONESIA.
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