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Jo T Ta l low sun r e s tt r fi c tt edu s eo ftth fi sa rfi c l e finan ym ed fium ,r ep rodu cfion andd fi s tt r fibufionb yp ro v fid fin gad equ a tt ec r ed fi ttttotth eau ttho r sandtth esou r c eo fpub l fi c afion . Fund fin g : Th ewo r kw a sc a r r fi edou tt finA l l Ind fi aCo -o rd fin a tt edP ro j e c ttonT a xonom y(A ICOP TAX )und e rfin an c fi a la s s fi s tt an c ef rom M fin fi s tt r yo fEn v fi ronm en tt ,Fo r e s tt sandC l fim a tt eCh an g e ,N ewD e lh fi . Conl fi c tto f In tte re s tt :Th eau ttho r sd e c l a r enocomp efin g fin tt e r e s tt s . LOGO s A c know led gemen tt s : Th eau ttho r sa r etth an k fu lttoD r .P a r am j fi ttS fin gh ,D fi r e c tto r ,Bo tt an fi c a lSu r v e yo fInd fi a ,Ko l k a tt a ,fo rp ro v fid fin gf a c fi l fifi e sandttotth eM fin fi s tt r yo f En v fi ronm en tt ,Fo r e s tt s ,&C l fim a tt eCh an g e ,N ewD e lh fifo rfin an c fi a la s s fi s tt an c eund e rtth eA l l Ind fi aCo –o rd fin a tt edP ro j e c ttonT a xonom y(A ICOP TAX ) . 9014 Foliicolous lichens of Assam Gupta & Sinha Geophytology 44(1): 69. 2014. (Asterothyriaceae) Specimen examined: 5521B (BSA), 20.iv.2010, Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta. Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, dispersed into rounded, confluent patches, light silvery grey to white; apothecia rounded, immersed-erumpent, 0.1–1 mm diam.; disc plane, pale yellow; margin thin, black, prominent, irregularly dissected; excipulum 6–9 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 40–45 μm high; asci 25–42 × 4–6 μm; ascospores fusiform-ellipsoid, transversely 1– septate, 7–13 × 2–6 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay (Lücking et al. 2008), Bolivia (Flakus & Lücking 2008), Venezuela (Neuwirth 2007), and India (Assam). 2. Aulaxina uniseptata R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upasal. 12(1): 298. 1952; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 183–184. 2014. (Gomphillaceae) Specimen examined: 5521A (BSA), 20.iv.2010, Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, Mathanguri, up to 20 km area, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta. Description: Thallus crustose, smooth to rough, irregular in outline, greenish-grey; apothecia rounded, adnate, crater-like, 0.2–0.3 mm diam.; disc plane, epruinose; thalline margin distinct, prominent, black; hymenium colourless, 30–35 μm high; asci 20–25 × 6–8 μm; ascospores ellipsoid, transversely 1–septate, 6–9 × 2.5–3 μm. Range of distribution: Brazil, Germany (Santesson 1952), and India (Assam). *3. Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Vězda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 25(4): 432. 1990; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 212–214. 2014. Patellaria apiahica Müll. Arg., Lich. Epiph. Novi: 9. 1890. (Ramalinaceae) (Image 1). Specimen examined: 3322D (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam, Lakhimpur district, Koilamari, Koilamari T.E., coll. V.N. Singh. Description: Thallus farinose, greenish-grey to pale green; apothecia rounded, 0.3–0.5 mm diam.; disc plane to slightly convex, pale yellow to orange-yellow; margin thin, evanescent, concolorous with disc or somewhat paler; excipulum 30–40 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 32–40 μm high; asci 30–38 × 5–7 μm; ascospores transversely 3 –septate, 22–38 × 1.5–2.0 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, New Zealand, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), Trinidad (Farkas & Hawksworth 2004), and India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Tamil Nadu). *4. Byssoloma chlorinum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 8: 233. 1932; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 227–229. 2014. Pilocarpon chlorinum Vain., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 12: 11. 1924. (Pilocarpaceae) (Image 2). Specimen examined: 3322C (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam, Lakhimpur District, Koilamari, Koilamari T.E., coll. V.N. Singh. Description: Thallus crustose, minutely farinose © Pooja Gupta © Pooja Gupta 2mm Image 1. Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Vězda 1.5mm Image 2. Byssoloma chlorinum (Vain.) Zahlbr. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023 9015 Foliicolous lichens of Assam Gupta & Sinha to granulose, pale green; apothecia rounded, 0.2–0.7 mm diam.; disc plane, dark brown to brown black; margin well–developed, densely byssoid, persistent and spreading laterally over thallus surface, white; excipulum 40–90 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 45–50 μm high; asci 30–40 × 8–12 μm; ascospores oblong – ellipsoid, transversely 3–septate, 12–15 × 3–3.5 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Florida, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay Society Islands (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), and India (Andaman Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland). 5. Calenia aspidota (Vain.) Vĕzda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 19(2): 195. 1984; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 184–186. 2014. Ectolechia aspidota Vain. in Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. 2: 428. 1901. (Gomphillaceae) Description: Thallus crustose, dispersed into rounded patches, white; apothecia rounded to slightly irregular in outline, immersed, 0.2–0.5 mm diam.; disc yellowish-grey but often with white pruina; margin distinct, strongly prominent, white; excipulum 5–15 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 60–90 μm high; asci 50–85 × 15–32 μm; ascospores oblong to ellipsoid, muriform, 40–80 × 15–35 μm. The species was first reported from India (Assam, Tingah Bam Jungle, near Naga Hills, 1899 Prain’s collectors, Pothos cathartii: UPS) by Santesson (1952) as Gyalectidium aspidatum. It is included here on the basis of the earlier record. Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico (Lücking 2008), and India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Tamil Nadu). *6. Calopadia fusca Vězda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 21: 208. 1986; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 236–237. 2014. (Pilocarpaceae) (Image 3). Specimen examined: 5523B (BSA), 20.iv.2010, Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta. Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, greenish, dispersed into rounded confluent patches; apothecia rounded, sessile, constricted at base, 0.2–0.5 mm diam.; disc plane, brown, epruinose; margin distinct, grey; excipulum 30–65 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 150–200 μm high; asci 100–120 × 35–45 μm; ascospores oblong, muriform, 82–100 × 20–38 μm. Range of distribution: Angola, Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Peru, U.S.A., Venezuela (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), Bolivia (Flakus & Lücking 2008), and India (Andaman Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland and Tamil Nadu). 7. Calopadia subcoerulenscens (Zahlbr.) Vězda, Sched. Lich. Sel. Exs., Fasc. 88: 3, no. 2185. 1988; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 242–244. 2014. Lopadium subcoerulescens Zahlbr. in Zahlbr. & al., Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst. 59: 312. 1928. (Pilocarpaceae) (Image 4). Specimen examined: 5523A (BSA), 20.iv.2010, Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta. © Pooja Gupta © Pooja Gupta 1mm 1mm Image 3. Calopadia fusca Vězda 9016 Image 4. Calopadia subcoerulenscens (Zahlbr.) Vězda Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023 Foliicolous lichens of Assam Gupta & Sinha Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, dispered into rounded, confluent patches, pale grey; apothecia rounded, 0.2–0.5 mm diam.; disc plane to somewhat convex, black; margin thin, grey, base aeruginous; excipulum 16–20 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 85–90 μm high; asci 65–75 × 20–25 μm; ascospores ellipsoid, muriform, 70–85 × 20–25 μm. Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Honduras, Leeward Island, Mexico, U.S.A. (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), Venezuela (Neuwirth 2007), Vietnam (Nguyen et al. 2011), and India (Andaman Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal). 8. Coenogonium dilucidum (Kremp.) Kalb & Lücking, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 122: 29. 2000; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 201–202. 2014. Lecidea dilucida Kremp., J. Mus. Godeffroy 1(4): 103. 1873. (Coenogoniaceae) (Image 5). Specimen examined: 3273B (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam, Lakhimpur district, Seajuli T. E., coll. V.N. Singh. Description: Thallus crustose, slightly verrucose, smooth, green; apothecia rounded, sessile, attached to the substratum, 0.15–0.8 mm diam.; disc planeconcave, yellowish-brown, slightly translucent; margin prominent, smooth, concolorous with disc; excipulum 12–15 μm thick; hymenium colourless, I+ blue, 35–50 μm high; asci 40–45 × 3–3.5 μm; ascospores ellipsoid, transversely 1-septate, 9–12 × 2–3 μm. Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Thailand (Lücking 2008), and India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam). 9. Coenogonium interplexum Nyl., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Ser. 4, 16: 92. 1862; Gupta & Sinha, Geophytology 44(1): 70. 2014. (Coenogoniaceae) Specimen examined: 3271A (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam, Lakhimpur district, Koilamari T. E., coll. V.N. Singh. Description: Thallus filamentous, filaments 0.1– 1.5 mm long, forming 3–5 mm across loose mats on substrate, yellowish-green; apothecia rounded, sessile to shortly stipitate, 0.3–0.6 mm diam.; disc plane, yellow to pale orange; margin thin, not prominent, smooth, light–brown; excipulum 14–18 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 46–57 μm high; asci 46–48 × 5–7 μm; ascospores ellipsoid, transversely 1-septate, 6–9 × 2–3 μm. Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana (Lücking 2008), and India (Assam). © Pooja Gupta 0.5mm Image 5. Coenogonium dilucidum (Kremp.) Kalb & Lücking 10. Coenogonium minimum (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 103: 572. 2008; Gupta & Sinha, Geophytology 44(1): 70. 2014. Biatorinopsis minima Müll. Arg. in Durand & Pittier, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30: 74. 1891. (Coenogoniaceae) Specimen examined: 5523F (BSA), 20.iv.2010, Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta. Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, greenishgrey; apothecia sessile, strongly constricted at the base, 0.1–0.18 mm diam; disc plane or slightly concave, light yellowish-brown; margin somewhat prominent, thin, pale yellow, smooth; excipulum 16–24 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 40–52 μm high; asci 35–42 × 9–12 μm; ascospores ellipsoidal-fusiform, transversely 1-septate, 10–12 × 3–4 μm. Range of distribution: Costa Rica, Leeward Islands, Mexico, Panama (Lücking 2008), Venezuela (Neuwirth 2007), Vietnam (Nguyen et al. 2011), and India (Assam), 11. Echinoplaca marginata Lücking, Biblioth. Lichenol. 65: 57. 1997; Gupta & Sinha, Geophytology 44(1): 82. 2014. (Gomphillaceae) Specimen examined: 5522C (BSA), 20.iv.2010, Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta. Description: Thallus crustose, uneven to finely verrucose, verrucae 0.07–0.5 mm diam., greyish-white; apothecia rounded, adnate, spot-like, sometimes bordered by a thin, white thalline margin 0.1–0.7 mm diam.; disc plane-convex, dark brownish-black; margin absent or thin, slightly prominent, white, thalline margin present; excipulum 12–28 μm thick; hymenium Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023 9017 Foliicolous lichens of Assam Gupta & Sinha colourless, 52–85 μm high; asci 47–72 × 16–30 μm; ascospores ellipsoid-ovoid, muriform, 45–62 × 14–24 μm. Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Leeward Islands, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trininad, Tobago (Lücking 2008), Venezuela (Neuwirth 2007), and India (Assam). 12. Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 21: 214. 1986; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 247–249. 2014. Parmelia bouteillei Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 8: 191. 1847. (Gomphillaceae) (Image 6) Specimen examined: 3273B (BSA), 15.v.2006. Assam, Lakhimpur district, Seajuli T. E., coll. V.N. Singh. Description: Thallus crustose, granulose, pale bluish-grey; apothecia rounded, 0.1–0.3 mm diam.; disc plane-convex, yellowish-orange; margin thin, palewhitish, smooth; excipulum 15–18 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 45–55 μm high; asci 38–50 × 10–15 μm; ascospores 10–14 × 2–4 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Eduador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, U.S.A. (Lücking 2008), and India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal). 13. Fellhanera semecarpi (Vain.) Vězda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 21: 215. 1986; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 251–254. 2014. Catillaria semecarpi Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A, 15: 110. 1921. (Gomphillaceae) Specimen examined: F746A, Assam, Kamrup district, Jhorabat hills, altitude 220m, Pinokiyo. Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, dispersed into rounded patches, pale greenish-grey; apothecia rounded to slightly irregular in outline, 0.1–0.3 mm diam.; disc plane, ochraceous yellow to reddish-brown; margin thin, evanescent, pale grey; excipulum 10–12 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 45–50 μm high; asci 32– 48 × 8–10 μm; ascospores oblong-ovoid, transversely 1-septate, 10–12 × 4–6 μm. Range of distribution: Australia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines (Lücking 2008), Venezuela (Neuwirth 2007), Vietnam (Nguyen et al. 2011), and India (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal). 9018 © Pooja Gupta 1mm Image 6. Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda 14. Mazosia melanophthalma (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 117. 1952; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 68–70. 2014. Opegrapha melanophthalma Müll. Arg., Flora 66: 348. 1883. (Roccellaceae) Specimen Examined: 765 A, Assam, Kamrup district, Botahguli gaon, alt. 125m, Pinokiyo. Description: Thallus crustose, finely verrucose, verrucae 0.05–0.1mm diam., slightly paler than thallus; apothecia rounded, 0.3–0.7 mm diam.; disc dark grey to black, translucent when moistened; margin gently sloping outwards; excipulum 10–15 μm thick; hymenium 50–75 μm high; asci 8-spored; ascospores fusiform, transversely 3-septate, 15–22 × 3–5 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, New Zealand, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent, Venezuela (Lücking 2008), Tanzania (Farkas 1987), and India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Nagaland and Tamil Nadu). 15. Porina karnatakensis Makhija, Adaw. & Patw., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18(3): 538. 1994; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 135–137. 2014. (Porinaceae) (Image 7) Specimen examined: 3273B (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam, Lakhimpur district, Seajuli T. E., coll. V.N. Singh. Description: Thallus crustose, minutely verrucose, uneven, greenish-grey, calcium oxalate crystals present; perithecia conical to wart shaped, adnate, surface smooth, surrounded by thallus but with black dot around ostiole, 0.5–0.7 mm diam.; excipulum 10–12 μm thick; asci 58–70 × 13–16 μm; ascospores oblong to fusiform, Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023 Foliicolous lichens of Assam Gupta & Sinha © Pooja Gupta 5mm Image 7. Porina karnatakensis Makhija, Adaw. & Patw. transversely 7-septate, 24–26 × 3–3.5 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Brunei, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Darussalam, Dominica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Honduras, Kenya, Mexico, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Peru, St. Vincent, Thailand, Vietnam (Lücking 2008), Bolivia (Flakus & Lücking 2008), Venezuela (Neuwirth 2007), and India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu). 16. Psorotheciopsis patellarioides (Rehm.) R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 336. 1952; Gupta & Sinha, Feddis Repert. 124: 154–156. 2013. Calloria patellarioides Rehm, Hedwigia 39: 85. 1900. (Asterothyriaceae) Specimen examined: 3271B (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam, Lakhimpur district, Koilamari T. E., coll. V.N. Singh. Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, dispersed into rounded patches, white-silvery grey, incrusted with crystals, and each patch bordered by a thin, black line; apothecia rounded, sessile, constricted at the base, mostly appear from margin of the patch, 0.1–0.5 mm diam.; disc plane to slightly concave, yellowish-grey, translucent (especially when wet); margin thin, slightly prominent, minutely verruculose-dentate, black; excipulum 18–45 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 50–57 μm high; asci 28–40 × 4–6 μm; ascospores oblong – ellipsoid, transversely 1 –septate, 8–11 × 3–4 μm. Range of distribution: Belgium Congo, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Gold Coast, Mexico, New Guinea, Nigeria, Philippines, Togoland and Uganda (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), and India (Assam). 17. Strigula antillarum (Fée) Müll. Arg., Bot. Jahrb. 6: 379. 1885; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 84–85. 2014. Melanophthalmus antillarum Fée, Essai Crypt. Ecorc.: 94, 100, 1824. (Strigulaceae) Specimen Examined: 775, Assam, Kamrup district, Rani Reserve forest, alt. 140–300 m, Pinokiyo. Description: Thallus crustose, subcuticular, dispersed into rounded, confluent patches; perithecia hemispherical to wart-shaped, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., black; excipulum 7–12 μm thick; involucrellum carbonaceous, 20–30 μm thick; asci 60–70 × 8–11 μm; ascospores fusiform, transversely 1-septate, 15–25 × 4–6 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya), Mexico, Panama, Peru (Lücking 2008), Bolivia (Flakus & Lücking 2008), and Australia (Lücking et al. 2001). 18. Strigula maculata (Cooke & Massee) R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 186. 1952; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 88 90. 2014. Micropeltis maculata Cooke & Masse in Cooke, Grevillea 18: 35. 1889. (Strigulaceae) Specimen Examined: 777, Assam, Kamrup district, Rani Reserve forest, alt. 140–300 m, Pinokiyo. Description: Thallus crustose, subcuticular, forming thin, completely confluent lobes, typically with crenulate margins and individual lobes bordered by thin, black line; perithecia completely exposed but covered by a thin, thallus layer up to ostiole, conical, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., grayish to greenish-black; excipulum 10–15 μm thick; involucrellum carbonaceous, 15–30μm thick; asci 40–60 × 5–8 μm; ascospores oblong to bacillar, transversely 1-septate, 12–18 × 2.5–3.5 μm. Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Indonesia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), Tanzania (Farkas 1987), and India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Meghalaya, Sikkim and West Bengal). 19. Strigula nemathora Mont. in Sagra, Hist. Phys. Cuba, Bot., Pl. Cell.: 143. 1842; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 94–96. 2014. (Strigulaceae) Specimens Examined: 774, Assam, Kamrup district, Rani Reserve forest, alt. 140–300 m, Pinokiyo. Description: Thallus crustose, subcuticular, forming thin to rather broad, radiating, often confluent lobes, minutely papillose; perithecia wart-shaped and often ridged, semi-immersed and covered by a thick thallus Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023 9019 Foliicolous lichens of Assam Gupta & Sinha layer up to the ostiole, 0.4–0.7 mm diam., greenish-grey to white but upper part often darker grey; excipulum 10–15 μm thick; involucrellum colourless to pale brown, 20–40 μm thick; asci 70–100 × 7–10 μm; ascospores fusiform, transversely 1-septate, 15–22 × 4–6 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Trininad & Tobago, Venezuela, Vietnam (Lücking 2008), Tanzania (Farkas 1987), and India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Tamil Nadu). *20. Strigula nitidula Mont. in Sagra, Hist. Phys. Cuba, Bot., Pl. Cell.: 184. 1842; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 96–98. 2014. (Strigulaceae) Specimen examined: 5523F (BSA), 20.iv.2010, Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta. Description: Thallus crustose, subcuticular, partly confluent patches, more rarely laciniate; perithecia wart-shaped to almost conical, completely exposed, 0.2–0.5 mm diam., black and shiny; excipulum 8–12 μm thick; involucrellum carbonaceous, 12–32 μm thick; asci 55–82 × 4–6 μm; ascospores ellipsoid, transversely 1– septate, 8–14 × 2–3 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Leeward Island, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, Venezuela (Lücking 2008), Papua New Guinea (Lücking et al. 2001), Tanzania (Farkas 1987), and India (Andaman Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal). 21. Strigula orbicularis Fr., Linnaea 5: 549. 1830; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 99–101. 2014. (Strigulaceae) Specimen Examined: 763A, Assam, Kamrup district, Jhorabat hills, Pinokiyo. Description: Thallus crustose, subcuticular, with crenulate or shortly lobulate margins and often furnished with white to yellow hairs, pale greyish-green; perithecia wart-shaped and typically with applanate top, semiimmersed and covered with thick thallus layer almost up to the ostiole, 0.2–0.3 mm diam., pale greyish-green to white but top usually with a black spot; excipulum 5–10 μm thick; involucrellum weakly carbonaceous, 10–20 μm thick; ascospores oblong, 3-septate, 14–24 × 4–6 μm. Range of distribution: Angola, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines, 9020 © Pooja Gupta 2mm Image 8. Strigula phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris Puerto Rico, Trininad & Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela (Lücking 2008), Bolivia (Flakus & Lücking 2008), and India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala and Meghalaya). 22. Strigula phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris, More Florida Lichens: 159. 1995; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 101 103. 2014. Porina phyllogena Müll. Arg., Flora 66: 335. 1883. (Strigulaceae) (Image 8) Specimen examined: 5523(BSA), 20.iv.2010, Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta. Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, greenishgrey; perithecia conical, exposed, sometimes covered by a thin thallus layer, 0.2–0.5 mm diam., black; excipulum 8–10 μm thick; involucrellum carbonaceous, 15–20 μm thick; asci 20–30 × 4–6 μm; ascospores fusiformellipsoid, transversely 1–septate, 8–10 × 2–2.5 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela (Lücking 2008), and India (Andaman Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal). 23. Strigula smaragdula Fr., Linnaea 5: 550. 1830; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 103–105. 2014. (Strigulaceae) (Image 9) Specimen examined: 3273A (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam, Lakhimpur district, Seajuli T. E., coll. V.N. Singh. Description: Thallus crustose, dispersed into rounded to irregular, partly confluent patches, bright green; perithecia hemispherical, immersed-errumpent, covered by thallus tissue up to the ostiole, 0.2–0.5 mm Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023 Foliicolous lichens of Assam Gupta & Sinha © Pooja Gupta © Pooja Gupta 2.5mm 1mm Image 9. Strigula smaragdula Fr. Image 10. Strigula subelegans Vain. diam., black; excipulum 10–15 μm thick; involucrellum carbonaceous, 20–25 μm thick; asci 50–60 × 8–10 μm; ascospores fusiform, transversely 1–septate, 12–20 × 4–5 μm. Range of distribution: Angola, Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Japan, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mexico, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sri Lanka, Surinam, Trininad & Tobago, U.S.A., Venezuela, Virgin Islands (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), and India (Andaman Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal). Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal) 24. Strigula subelegans Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A, 19: 23. 1923; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 106–107. 2014. (Strigulaceae) (Image 10) Specimen examined: 3322B (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam, Lakhimpur district, Koilamari, Koilamari T.E., coll. V.N. Singh. Description: Thallus crustose, smooth dispersed into rounded, pale greenish-grey, partly confluent patches, white, lacking black line; perithecia rounded, immersed–errumpent, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., excipulum 8–10 μm thick; involucrellum carbonaceous, 20–22 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 32–40 μm high; asci 48–57 × 10–12 μm; ascospores ellipsoid–fusiform, transversely 1-septate, 12–20 × 3–3.5 μm. Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rica (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), and India (Arunachal 25. Tricharia farinosa R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 387. 1952; Gupta & Sinha, Geophytology 44(1): 84. 2014. (Pilocarpaceae) Specimen examined: 5523E (BSA), 20.iv.2010, India, Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta. Description: Thallus crustose, coarsely verrucose due to incrustation with calcium oxalate crystals, white, furnished with black, tapering 0.8–1 mm long hairs; apothecia rounded, sessile, strongly constricted at the base, 0.3–0.6 mm diam.; disc plane to slightly concave, with brown farinose covering; margin slightly prominent; hymenium colourless, 78–92 μm high; asci 72–92 × 20– 28 μm; ascospores ellipsoid-oblong, muriform, 68–84 × 18–25 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Columbia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Guatemala, Venezuela (Lücking 2008), India (Assam). 26. Tricharia vainioi R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 382. 1952; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 199 200. 2014. (Pilocarpaceae) Specimen examined: 767, Assam, Kamrup district, Botaguli Goan, alt. 200m, Pinokiyo. Description: Thallus crustose, smooth and lacking calcium oxalate crystals, with numerous, sterile setae, pale greenish-grey; setae 0.5–1 mm long, black; apothecia rounded, sessile, 0.3–0.5 mm diam.; disc plane, yellowish-brown to brown, slightly translucent; margin thin, not prominent, smooth, brown to dark brown; excipulum 10–30 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 50–70 μm high; asci 50–70 × 20–30 μm; ascospores ellipsoid, Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023 9021 Foliicolous lichens of Assam Gupta & Sinha Key to the foliicolous lichen species of Assam 1a. 1b. Ascomata apothecia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….. 2 Ascomata perithecia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………… 18 2a. 2b. Apothecia immersed-erumpent ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Apothecia otherwise ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 3a. 3b. Thallus ecorticate or cortex cartilaginous or formed by an irregular layer of rounded cells ………………………………………… 4 Thallus with distinct cortex formed by rectangular, dead cells in regularly radiate visible plates above; ascospores often thick walled ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 4a. 4b. Thallus finely verrucose ………………………………………………..................……………………………………. Mazosia melanophthalma Thallus smooth …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Aulaxina uniseptata 5a. 5b. Apothecia immersed, zeorine; excipulum I+ red ……………………………………………………………… Asterothyrium microsporum Apothecia sessile, lecideine; excipulum I- ……………………………………………………………………… Psorotheciopsis patellarioides 6a. 6b. Apothecia spot–like, not raised over the thallus, emarginated ………………………………………………. Echinoplaca marginata Apothecia sessile ………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 7 7a. 7b. Hyphophores present ....………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………. 8 Hyphophores absent ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 8a. 8b. Setae or hairs pale or white ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Calenia aspidota Setae or hairs black .............………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………… 9 9a. 9b. Ascospores large, 68–84 × 18–25 μm ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Tricharia farinosa Ascospores smaller, 34–48 × 12–28 μm ………………………………………………………………………………….………… Tricharia vainioi 10a. Photobiont Trentepohlia; asci entirely thin-walled, unitunicate, I– or I+ bluish-brownish; paraphyses unbranched, distinct ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...… 11 Photobiont chlorococcoid; asci apically thick-walled, lecanoroid, I+ bluish; paraphyses usually branched or anastomosing, indistinct ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........………… 13 10b. 9022 11a. 11b. Thallus filamentous or densely pilose ………………………………………………………………….....………… Coenogonium interplexum Thallus crustose ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 12a. 12b. Apothecia pale-yellow to orange–brown; ascospores 9–12 × 2–3 μm ……………………………………… Coenogonium dilucidum Apothecia light brown, wax coloured; ascospores 10–12 × 3–4 μm ……………………………………… Coenogonium minimum 13a. 13b. Conidiomata campylidia ……………………………………………………………………………………………......…………………………….……… 14 Conidiomata pycnidia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….....……………………………… 15 14a. 14b. Apothecial disc dark brown; spores 82–100 × 20–38 μm ……………………………………………………….....……… Calopadia fusca Apothecial disc greenish-black; spores 70–85 × 20–25 μm ………………………………......………… Calopadia subcoerulenscens 15a. 15b. Ascospores bacillary ……………...………………………………………………………………………………....…………....……… Bacidina apiahica Ascospores oblong-ellipsoid …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 16a. 16b. Apothecia with byssoid margin …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Byssoloma chlorinum Apothecia with compact margin ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 17a. 17b. Thallus with distinguished bluish-tinge, sorediate ………………………………………………………………………… Fellhanera bouteillei Thallus without bluish-tinge, esorediate …………………………………………………………………………………… Fellhanera semecarpi 18a. 18b. Asci functionally unitunicate, entirely thin-walled ……………………………………………………………...……… Porina karnatakensis Asci functionally bitunicate (fissitunicate), apically thick-walled ………………………………………………………...........…………… 19 19a. 19b. Thallus supracuticular, smooth, easily separable from leaf ………………………………………..………………… Strigula phyllogena Thallus subcuticular, not separable from leaf…………………………………………………………………………..................……………… 20 20a. 20b. Involucrellum colourless ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Strigula nemathora Involucrellum black …...........…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21 21a. 21b. Perithecia wart shaped; ascospores 3-septate ………………………………………………………...……………………… Strigula orbicularis Perithecia conical; ascospores 1-septate …………………………………………………………………………………..........................……… 22 22a. 22b. Thallus thicker, pale greenish-grey to bright green, thallus lobes without black line …………….............................……… 23 Thallus very thin, green to dark green or greenish-brown, thallus lobes with black line ……….............................……… 25 23a. 23b. Thallus pale greenish-to bluish-grey …………………………………………………………………………………………….... Strigula subelegans Thallus bright green ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….................………… 24 24a. 24b. Perithecia exposed, black; ascospore one cell enlarged …………………………………………………………………… Strigula antillarum Perithecia covered by thallus tissue, dark green, Upper part black ………………………………………...…… Strigula smaragdula 25a. 25b. Perithecia pure black, totally exposed; ascospores 8–14 μm long, uniseriate ……………………...…………… Strigula nitidula Perithecia greish-black, covered by thin thallus layer; ascospores 14–24 μm long, biseriate ............... Strigula maculata Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023 Foliicolous lichens of Assam muriform, 35–65 × 15–28 μm. Range of distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Malaysia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, tropical Africa, U.S.A. (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), Venezuela (Neuwirth 2007), and India (Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland). References Awasthi, D.D. (2010). Foliicolous lichens of the world. A review. Volume 12. Indian Journal of Forestry, Additional Series 2. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India, vii+133pp. Farkas, E. (1987). Foliicolous lichens of the Usambara Mountain, Tanzania I. Lichenologist 19(1): 43–59. Farkas, E. & D.L. Hawksworth (2004). New foliicolous lichen records from two different habit in Trinidad. Caribbean Journal of Science 40(3): 399–401. Flakus, A. & R. Lücking (2008). New species and additional records of foliicolous lichenized fungi from Bolivia. Lichenologist 40(5): 423– 436; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282908007378 Gupta, P. & G.P. Sinha (2014). New records of Foliicolous Lichens from India. Geophytology 44(1): 81–84. Gupta, P. G.P. Sinha & C.M. Solanki (2013). Epiphytic lichens in Tea Gardens of Assam, India. Indian Journal of Forestry 36(2): 279–284. Gupta & Sinha Lücking, R. (2008). Foliicolous Lichenized Fungi. Flora of Neotropica (Monograph) 103: 1–867. Lücking, R., H. Streimann & A.E. John (2001). Further records of foliicolous lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Australia, with an update checklist for continental Australia. Lichenologist 33(3): 195– 210; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.2000.0316 Lücking, R., E. Serusiaux, L.C. Maias & E.C.G. Pereira (1998). A revision of the names of foliicolous lichenized fungi published by Batista and co-workers between 1960 and 1975. Lichenologist 30(2): 121–191. Neuwirth, G. (2007). Foliicolous lichens from Venezuela with new or remarkable records. Herzogia 20: 319–326. Nguyen, T.T., Y. Joshi, R. Lücking, A.D. Nguyen, X.Y. Wang, Y.J. Koh & J.S. Hur (2011). Seven new records of foliicolous lichens from Vietnam. Mycotaxon 117: 93–99; http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/117.93 Rout, J., P. Das & D.K. Upreti (2010). Epiphytic lichen diversity in a Reserve Forest in south Assam, northeast India. Tropical Ecology 51(2): 281–288. Rout, J., R. Rongmei & P. Das (2005). Epiphytic lichen flora of a pristine habitat (NIT Campus) in Southern Assam, India. Phytotaxonomy 5: 117–119. Santesson, R. (1952). Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous lichenized fungi. Volume 12 – Symbolae Botanicae. Upsalienses (1): 590pp. Sinha, G.P., P. Gupta, T.A.M.J. Ram & C.M. Solanki (2013). A contribution to the lichen flora of Assam, India. Indian Journal of Forestry 36(3): 393–400. Singh, K.P. & A. Pinokiyo (2014). Foliicolous lichens of India. Indian Journal of Forestry, Additional Series 4(1). Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India, v+335pp. Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023 9023 OPEN ACCESS All articles published in the Journal of Threatened Taxa are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of articles in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) July 2016 | Vol. 8 | No. 7 | Pages: 8953–9052 Date of Publication: 26 July 2016 (Online & Print) DOI: 10.11609/jott.2016.8.7.8953-9052 www.threatenedtaxa.org Article Notes Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the southeastern Truong Son Mountains, Quang Ngai Province, Vietnam -- Nguyen Truong Son, Thomas J. O’Shea, Jeffery A. Gore, Csorba Gabor, Vuong Tan Tu, Tatsuo Oshida, Hideki Endo & Masaharu Motokawa, pp. 8953–8969 A recent record of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765), (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Delphinidae) from the western shores of Kachchh, Gujarat, India -- Devanshi Kukadia, Mayurdan K. Gadhavi, N. Gokulakannan, G.V. Gopi, Gautam Talukdar & K. Sivakumar, Pp. 9024–9026 Communication A confirmation of the occurrence of Euploea sylvester hopei Felder & Felder, 1865 (Double-branded Blue Crow) from Kaptai National Park, Rangamati District, Bangladesh -- Tahsinur Rahman Shihan, Pp. 9027–9029 An assessment of human-elephant conflict and associated ecological and demographic factors in Nilambur, Western Ghats of Kerala, southern India -- C.K. Rohini, T. Aravindan, P.A. Vinayan, M. Ashokkumar & K.S. Anoop Das, Pp. 8970–8976 Review An updated checklist of shrimps on the Indian coast -- Vijay Kumar Deepak Samuel, Chemmencheri Ramakrishnan Sreeraj, Pandian Krishnan, Chermapandi Parthiban, Veeramuthu Sekar, Kanagaraj Chamundeeswari, Titus Immanuel, Patro Shesdev, Ramachandran Purvaja & Ramachandran Ramesh, Pp. 8977–8988 View Point Can philately sensitise people to wildlife / conservation? An introduction to thematic philately and a visual treatise concerning the variety of philatelic material available on owls (Aves: Strigiformes) -- M. Eric Ramanujam, Pp. 8989–9003 Short Communications Noteworthy additions to the flora of Uttarakhand, western Himalaya, India -- Ishwari D. Rai, Gajendra Singh & Gopal S. Rawat, Pp. 9004–9008 Seed germination studies on Gymnacranthera canarica (King) Warb. - a Vulnerable tree species of a highly threatened Myristica swamp ecosystem -- K. Keshavachandra & G. Krishnakumar, Pp. 9009–9013 A century later: Tricolored Pied Flat Coladenia indrani uposathra Fruhstorfer, 1911 (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae) and Crenulate Oakblue Apporasa atkinsoni Hewitson, 1869 (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) reported from Manipur, India -- Baleshwor Singh Soibam, Harmenn Huidrom & Jatishwor Singh Irungbam, Pp. 9030–9033 On the distribution of Aeshna petalura Martin, 1908 (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae) in the Indian subcontinent -- R. Babu & G. Srinivasan, Pp. 9034–9037 Notes on the occurrence of Mortonagrion aborense Laidlaw, 1914 (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from lower West Bengal, India -- Arajush Payra & Ashish D. Tiple, Pp. 9038–9041 First record of Speculitermes chadaensis Chatterjee & Thapa, 1964 (Isoptera: Termitidae) from the Western Ghats, India -- Poovoli Amina, K. Rajmohana & K.V. Bhavana, Pp. 9042–9044 A first report of egg parasitism in the Tropical Tasar Silkworm Antheraea mylitta (Drury) occurring on cashew -- K. Vanitha & S. Santhosh, Pp. 9045–9047 Gentiana saginoides Burkill (Magnoliopsida: Gentianales: Gentianaceae) rediscovered from Sunderdhunga Valley in Uttarakhand 155 years after description: notes on its population status -- Dharmendra S. Rawat, Charan S. Rana, Harish Singh & Manish Karnatak, Pp. 9048–9052 A first note on foliicolous lichens of Assam, India -- Pooja Gupta & G.P. Sinha, Pp. 9014–9023 Threatened Taxa