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Foliicolous lichens of Assam
Gupta & Sinha
Geophytology 44(1): 69. 2014. (Asterothyriaceae)
Specimen examined: 5521B (BSA), 20.iv.2010,
Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja
Gupta.
Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, dispersed
into rounded, confluent patches, light silvery grey to
white; apothecia rounded, immersed-erumpent, 0.1–1
mm diam.; disc plane, pale yellow; margin thin, black,
prominent, irregularly dissected; excipulum 6–9 μm
thick; hymenium colourless, 40–45 μm high; asci 25–42
× 4–6 μm; ascospores fusiform-ellipsoid, transversely 1–
septate, 7–13 × 2–6 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay
(Lücking et al. 2008), Bolivia (Flakus & Lücking 2008),
Venezuela (Neuwirth 2007), and India (Assam).
2. Aulaxina uniseptata R. Sant., Symb. Bot.
Upasal. 12(1): 298. 1952; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J.
Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 183–184. 2014. (Gomphillaceae)
Specimen examined: 5521A (BSA), 20.iv.2010,
Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, Mathanguri, up to 20 km
area, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta.
Description: Thallus crustose, smooth to rough,
irregular in outline, greenish-grey; apothecia rounded,
adnate, crater-like, 0.2–0.3 mm diam.; disc plane,
epruinose; thalline margin distinct, prominent, black;
hymenium colourless, 30–35 μm high; asci 20–25 × 6–8
μm; ascospores ellipsoid, transversely 1–septate, 6–9 ×
2.5–3 μm.
Range of distribution: Brazil, Germany (Santesson
1952), and India (Assam).
*3. Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Vězda, Folia
Geobot. Phytotax. 25(4): 432. 1990; Singh & Pinokiyo,
Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 212–214. 2014. Patellaria
apiahica Müll. Arg., Lich. Epiph. Novi: 9. 1890.
(Ramalinaceae) (Image 1).
Specimen examined: 3322D (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam,
Lakhimpur district, Koilamari, Koilamari T.E., coll. V.N.
Singh.
Description: Thallus farinose, greenish-grey to pale
green; apothecia rounded, 0.3–0.5 mm diam.; disc plane
to slightly convex, pale yellow to orange-yellow; margin
thin, evanescent, concolorous with disc or somewhat
paler; excipulum 30–40 μm thick; hymenium colourless,
32–40 μm high; asci 30–38 × 5–7 μm; ascospores
transversely 3 –septate, 22–38 × 1.5–2.0 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica,
Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, New Zealand,
Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela (Lücking 2008),
Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), Trinidad (Farkas &
Hawksworth 2004), and India (Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam and Tamil Nadu).
*4. Byssoloma chlorinum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich.
Univ. 8: 233. 1932; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest.
Addl. Ser. 4: 227–229. 2014. Pilocarpon chlorinum Vain.,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 12: 11. 1924. (Pilocarpaceae)
(Image 2).
Specimen examined: 3322C (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam,
Lakhimpur District, Koilamari, Koilamari T.E., coll. V.N.
Singh.
Description: Thallus crustose, minutely farinose
© Pooja Gupta
© Pooja Gupta
2mm
Image 1. Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Vězda
1.5mm
Image 2. Byssoloma chlorinum (Vain.) Zahlbr.
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023
9015
Foliicolous lichens of Assam
Gupta & Sinha
to granulose, pale green; apothecia rounded, 0.2–0.7
mm diam.; disc plane, dark brown to brown black;
margin well–developed, densely byssoid, persistent
and spreading laterally over thallus surface, white;
excipulum 40–90 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 45–50
μm high; asci 30–40 × 8–12 μm; ascospores oblong –
ellipsoid, transversely 3–septate, 12–15 × 3–3.5 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Florida, French Guiana,
Guatemala, Guyana, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay
Society Islands (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al.
2001), and India (Andaman Islands, Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Nagaland).
5. Calenia aspidota (Vain.) Vĕzda, Folia Geobot.
Phytotax. 19(2): 195. 1984; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian
J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 184–186. 2014. Ectolechia
aspidota Vain. in Hiern, Cat. Welw. Afr. Pl. 2: 428. 1901.
(Gomphillaceae)
Description: Thallus crustose, dispersed into
rounded patches, white; apothecia rounded to slightly
irregular in outline, immersed, 0.2–0.5 mm diam.; disc
yellowish-grey but often with white pruina; margin
distinct, strongly prominent, white; excipulum 5–15 μm
thick; hymenium colourless, 60–90 μm high; asci 50–85
× 15–32 μm; ascospores oblong to ellipsoid, muriform,
40–80 × 15–35 μm.
The species was first reported from India (Assam,
Tingah Bam Jungle, near Naga Hills, 1899 Prain’s
collectors, Pothos cathartii: UPS) by Santesson (1952) as
Gyalectidium aspidatum. It is included here on the basis
of the earlier record.
Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Mexico (Lücking 2008), and India (Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Tamil Nadu).
*6. Calopadia fusca Vězda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax.
21: 208. 1986; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl.
Ser. 4: 236–237. 2014. (Pilocarpaceae) (Image 3).
Specimen examined: 5523B (BSA), 20.iv.2010,
Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja
Gupta.
Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, greenish,
dispersed into rounded confluent patches; apothecia
rounded, sessile, constricted at base, 0.2–0.5 mm
diam.; disc plane, brown, epruinose; margin distinct,
grey; excipulum 30–65 μm thick; hymenium colourless,
150–200 μm high; asci 100–120 × 35–45 μm; ascospores
oblong, muriform, 82–100 × 20–38 μm.
Range of distribution: Angola, Argentina, Brazil,
Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, French Guiana,
Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Peru, U.S.A.,
Venezuela (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001),
Bolivia (Flakus & Lücking 2008), and India (Andaman
Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland and Tamil
Nadu).
7. Calopadia subcoerulenscens (Zahlbr.) Vězda,
Sched. Lich. Sel. Exs., Fasc. 88: 3, no. 2185. 1988; Singh
& Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 242–244. 2014.
Lopadium subcoerulescens Zahlbr. in Zahlbr. & al., Trans.
Proc. New Zealand Inst. 59: 312. 1928. (Pilocarpaceae)
(Image 4).
Specimen examined: 5523A (BSA), 20.iv.2010,
Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja
Gupta.
© Pooja Gupta
© Pooja Gupta
1mm
1mm
Image 3. Calopadia fusca Vězda
9016
Image 4. Calopadia subcoerulenscens (Zahlbr.) Vězda
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023
Foliicolous lichens of Assam
Gupta & Sinha
Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, dispered
into rounded, confluent patches, pale grey; apothecia
rounded, 0.2–0.5 mm diam.; disc plane to somewhat
convex, black; margin thin, grey, base aeruginous;
excipulum 16–20 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 85–90
μm high; asci 65–75 × 20–25 μm; ascospores ellipsoid,
muriform, 70–85 × 20–25 μm.
Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Guyana, French Guiana, Honduras, Leeward Island,
Mexico, U.S.A. (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al.
2001), Venezuela (Neuwirth 2007), Vietnam (Nguyen
et al. 2011), and India (Andaman Islands, Arunachal
Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu and West
Bengal).
8. Coenogonium dilucidum (Kremp.) Kalb
& Lücking, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 122: 29. 2000; Singh &
Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 201–202. 2014.
Lecidea dilucida Kremp., J. Mus. Godeffroy 1(4): 103.
1873. (Coenogoniaceae) (Image 5).
Specimen examined: 3273B (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam,
Lakhimpur district, Seajuli T. E., coll. V.N. Singh.
Description: Thallus crustose, slightly verrucose,
smooth, green; apothecia rounded, sessile, attached
to the substratum, 0.15–0.8 mm diam.; disc planeconcave, yellowish-brown, slightly translucent; margin
prominent, smooth, concolorous with disc; excipulum
12–15 μm thick; hymenium colourless, I+ blue, 35–50
μm high; asci 40–45 × 3–3.5 μm; ascospores ellipsoid,
transversely 1-septate, 9–12 × 2–3 μm.
Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Mexico, Panama, Thailand (Lücking 2008), and India
(Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam).
9. Coenogonium interplexum Nyl., Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Bot., Ser. 4, 16: 92. 1862; Gupta & Sinha, Geophytology
44(1): 70. 2014. (Coenogoniaceae)
Specimen examined: 3271A (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam,
Lakhimpur district, Koilamari T. E., coll. V.N. Singh.
Description: Thallus filamentous, filaments 0.1–
1.5 mm long, forming 3–5 mm across loose mats on
substrate, yellowish-green; apothecia rounded, sessile
to shortly stipitate, 0.3–0.6 mm diam.; disc plane, yellow
to pale orange; margin thin, not prominent, smooth,
light–brown; excipulum 14–18 μm thick; hymenium
colourless, 46–57 μm high; asci 46–48 × 5–7 μm;
ascospores ellipsoid, transversely 1-septate, 6–9 × 2–3
μm.
Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, French
Guiana, Guyana (Lücking 2008), and India (Assam).
© Pooja Gupta
0.5mm
Image 5. Coenogonium dilucidum (Kremp.) Kalb & Lücking
10. Coenogonium minimum (Müll. Arg.) Lücking,
Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 103: 572. 2008; Gupta & Sinha,
Geophytology 44(1): 70. 2014. Biatorinopsis minima
Müll. Arg. in Durand & Pittier, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30: 74.
1891. (Coenogoniaceae)
Specimen examined: 5523F (BSA), 20.iv.2010, Assam,
Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta.
Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, greenishgrey; apothecia sessile, strongly constricted at the
base, 0.1–0.18 mm diam; disc plane or slightly concave,
light yellowish-brown; margin somewhat prominent,
thin, pale yellow, smooth; excipulum 16–24 μm thick;
hymenium colourless, 40–52 μm high; asci 35–42 ×
9–12 μm; ascospores ellipsoidal-fusiform, transversely
1-septate, 10–12 × 3–4 μm.
Range of distribution: Costa Rica, Leeward Islands,
Mexico, Panama (Lücking 2008), Venezuela (Neuwirth
2007), Vietnam (Nguyen et al. 2011), and India (Assam),
11. Echinoplaca marginata Lücking, Biblioth.
Lichenol. 65: 57. 1997; Gupta & Sinha, Geophytology
44(1): 82. 2014. (Gomphillaceae)
Specimen examined: 5522C (BSA), 20.iv.2010,
Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja
Gupta.
Description: Thallus crustose, uneven to finely
verrucose, verrucae 0.07–0.5 mm diam., greyish-white;
apothecia rounded, adnate, spot-like, sometimes
bordered by a thin, white thalline margin 0.1–0.7 mm
diam.; disc plane-convex, dark brownish-black; margin
absent or thin, slightly prominent, white, thalline
margin present; excipulum 12–28 μm thick; hymenium
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023
9017
Foliicolous lichens of Assam
Gupta & Sinha
colourless, 52–85 μm high; asci 47–72 × 16–30 μm;
ascospores ellipsoid-ovoid, muriform, 45–62 × 14–24
μm.
Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
French Guiana, Leeward Islands, Peru, Puerto Rico,
Trininad, Tobago (Lücking 2008), Venezuela (Neuwirth
2007), and India (Assam).
12. Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda, Folia
Geobot. Phytotax. 21: 214. 1986; Singh & Pinokiyo,
Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 247–249. 2014. Parmelia
bouteillei Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 8: 191. 1847.
(Gomphillaceae) (Image 6)
Specimen examined: 3273B (BSA), 15.v.2006. Assam,
Lakhimpur district, Seajuli T. E., coll. V.N. Singh.
Description: Thallus crustose, granulose, pale
bluish-grey; apothecia rounded, 0.1–0.3 mm diam.;
disc plane-convex, yellowish-orange; margin thin, palewhitish, smooth; excipulum 15–18 μm thick; hymenium
colourless, 45–55 μm high; asci 38–50 × 10–15 μm;
ascospores 10–14 × 2–4 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica,
Colombia, Cuba, Eduador, French Guiana, Guatemala,
Guyana, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela,
U.S.A. (Lücking 2008), and India (Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil
Nadu and West Bengal).
13. Fellhanera semecarpi (Vain.) Vězda, Folia
Geobot. Phytotax. 21: 215. 1986; Singh & Pinokiyo,
Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 251–254. 2014. Catillaria
semecarpi Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A, 15: 110.
1921. (Gomphillaceae)
Specimen examined: F746A, Assam, Kamrup district,
Jhorabat hills, altitude 220m, Pinokiyo.
Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, dispersed
into rounded patches, pale greenish-grey; apothecia
rounded to slightly irregular in outline, 0.1–0.3 mm
diam.; disc plane, ochraceous yellow to reddish-brown;
margin thin, evanescent, pale grey; excipulum 10–12
μm thick; hymenium colourless, 45–50 μm high; asci 32–
48 × 8–10 μm; ascospores oblong-ovoid, transversely
1-septate, 10–12 × 4–6 μm.
Range of distribution: Australia, Brazil, Costa Rica,
Ecuador, Mexico, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines
(Lücking 2008), Venezuela (Neuwirth 2007), Vietnam
(Nguyen et al. 2011), and India (Arunachal Pradesh,
Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West
Bengal).
9018
© Pooja Gupta
1mm
Image 6. Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda
14. Mazosia melanophthalma (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.,
Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 117. 1952; Singh & Pinokiyo,
Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 68–70. 2014. Opegrapha
melanophthalma Müll. Arg., Flora 66: 348. 1883.
(Roccellaceae)
Specimen Examined: 765 A, Assam, Kamrup district,
Botahguli gaon, alt. 125m, Pinokiyo.
Description: Thallus crustose, finely verrucose,
verrucae 0.05–0.1mm diam., slightly paler than thallus;
apothecia rounded, 0.3–0.7 mm diam.; disc dark grey
to black, translucent when moistened; margin gently
sloping outwards; excipulum 10–15 μm thick; hymenium
50–75 μm high; asci 8-spored; ascospores fusiform,
transversely 3-septate, 15–22 × 3–5 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa
Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana,
New Zealand, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines,
Puerto Rico, St. Vincent, Venezuela (Lücking 2008),
Tanzania (Farkas 1987), and India (Andaman & Nicobar
Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Nagaland
and Tamil Nadu).
15. Porina karnatakensis Makhija, Adaw. &
Patw., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18(3): 538. 1994; Singh &
Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 135–137. 2014.
(Porinaceae) (Image 7)
Specimen examined: 3273B (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam,
Lakhimpur district, Seajuli T. E., coll. V.N. Singh.
Description: Thallus crustose, minutely verrucose,
uneven, greenish-grey, calcium oxalate crystals present;
perithecia conical to wart shaped, adnate, surface
smooth, surrounded by thallus but with black dot around
ostiole, 0.5–0.7 mm diam.; excipulum 10–12 μm thick;
asci 58–70 × 13–16 μm; ascospores oblong to fusiform,
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023
Foliicolous lichens of Assam
Gupta & Sinha
© Pooja Gupta
5mm
Image 7. Porina karnatakensis Makhija, Adaw. & Patw.
transversely 7-septate, 24–26 × 3–3.5 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Australia, Brazil,
Brunei, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Darussalam,
Dominica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guyana,
Honduras, Kenya, Mexico, New Caledonia, Papua New
Guinea, Peru, St. Vincent, Thailand, Vietnam (Lücking
2008), Bolivia (Flakus & Lücking 2008), Venezuela
(Neuwirth 2007), and India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu).
16. Psorotheciopsis patellarioides (Rehm.) R. Sant.,
Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 336. 1952; Gupta & Sinha, Feddis
Repert. 124: 154–156. 2013. Calloria patellarioides
Rehm, Hedwigia 39: 85. 1900. (Asterothyriaceae)
Specimen examined: 3271B (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam,
Lakhimpur district, Koilamari T. E., coll. V.N. Singh.
Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, dispersed
into rounded patches, white-silvery grey, incrusted with
crystals, and each patch bordered by a thin, black line;
apothecia rounded, sessile, constricted at the base,
mostly appear from margin of the patch, 0.1–0.5 mm
diam.; disc plane to slightly concave, yellowish-grey,
translucent (especially when wet); margin thin, slightly
prominent, minutely verruculose-dentate, black;
excipulum 18–45 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 50–57
μm high; asci 28–40 × 4–6 μm; ascospores oblong –
ellipsoid, transversely 1 –septate, 8–11 × 3–4 μm.
Range of distribution: Belgium Congo, Brazil,
Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Gold Coast, Mexico,
New Guinea, Nigeria, Philippines, Togoland and Uganda
(Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), and India
(Assam).
17. Strigula antillarum (Fée) Müll. Arg., Bot. Jahrb.
6: 379. 1885; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl.
Ser. 4: 84–85. 2014. Melanophthalmus antillarum Fée,
Essai Crypt. Ecorc.: 94, 100, 1824. (Strigulaceae)
Specimen Examined: 775, Assam, Kamrup district,
Rani Reserve forest, alt. 140–300 m, Pinokiyo.
Description:
Thallus
crustose,
subcuticular,
dispersed into rounded, confluent patches; perithecia
hemispherical to wart-shaped, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., black;
excipulum 7–12 μm thick; involucrellum carbonaceous,
20–30 μm thick; asci 60–70 × 8–11 μm; ascospores
fusiform, transversely 1-septate, 15–25 × 4–6 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica,
Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, India
(Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam
and Meghalaya), Mexico, Panama, Peru (Lücking 2008),
Bolivia (Flakus & Lücking 2008), and Australia (Lücking
et al. 2001).
18. Strigula maculata (Cooke & Massee) R. Sant.,
Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 186. 1952; Singh & Pinokiyo,
Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 88 90. 2014. Micropeltis
maculata Cooke & Masse in Cooke, Grevillea 18: 35.
1889. (Strigulaceae)
Specimen Examined: 777, Assam, Kamrup district,
Rani Reserve forest, alt. 140–300 m, Pinokiyo.
Description: Thallus crustose, subcuticular, forming
thin, completely confluent lobes, typically with crenulate
margins and individual lobes bordered by thin, black line;
perithecia completely exposed but covered by a thin,
thallus layer up to ostiole, conical, 0.3–0.5 mm diam.,
grayish to greenish-black; excipulum 10–15 μm thick;
involucrellum carbonaceous, 15–30μm thick; asci 40–60
× 5–8 μm; ascospores oblong to bacillar, transversely
1-septate, 12–18 × 2.5–3.5 μm.
Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Indonesia, Mexico,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines (Lücking 2008), Australia
(Lücking et al. 2001), Tanzania (Farkas 1987), and India
(Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Meghalaya, Sikkim
and West Bengal).
19. Strigula nemathora Mont. in Sagra, Hist. Phys.
Cuba, Bot., Pl. Cell.: 143. 1842; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian
J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 94–96. 2014. (Strigulaceae)
Specimens Examined: 774, Assam, Kamrup district,
Rani Reserve forest, alt. 140–300 m, Pinokiyo.
Description: Thallus crustose, subcuticular, forming
thin to rather broad, radiating, often confluent lobes,
minutely papillose; perithecia wart-shaped and often
ridged, semi-immersed and covered by a thick thallus
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023
9019
Foliicolous lichens of Assam
Gupta & Sinha
layer up to the ostiole, 0.4–0.7 mm diam., greenish-grey
to white but upper part often darker grey; excipulum
10–15 μm thick; involucrellum colourless to pale brown,
20–40 μm thick; asci 70–100 × 7–10 μm; ascospores
fusiform, transversely 1-septate, 15–22 × 4–6 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica,
Cuba, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana,
Honduras, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Trininad
& Tobago, Venezuela, Vietnam (Lücking 2008), Tanzania
(Farkas 1987), and India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands,
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Tamil Nadu).
*20. Strigula nitidula Mont. in Sagra, Hist. Phys.
Cuba, Bot., Pl. Cell.: 184. 1842; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian
J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 96–98. 2014. (Strigulaceae)
Specimen examined: 5523F (BSA), 20.iv.2010, Assam,
Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta.
Description: Thallus crustose, subcuticular, partly
confluent patches, more rarely laciniate; perithecia
wart-shaped to almost conical, completely exposed,
0.2–0.5 mm diam., black and shiny; excipulum 8–12 μm
thick; involucrellum carbonaceous, 12–32 μm thick; asci
55–82 × 4–6 μm; ascospores ellipsoid, transversely 1–
septate, 8–14 × 2–3 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Columbia,
Costa Rica, Cuba, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana,
Honduras, Leeward Island, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay,
Venezuela (Lücking 2008), Papua New Guinea (Lücking
et al. 2001), Tanzania (Farkas 1987), and India (Andaman
Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim,
Tamil Nadu and West Bengal).
21. Strigula orbicularis Fr., Linnaea 5: 549. 1830;
Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 99–101.
2014. (Strigulaceae)
Specimen Examined: 763A, Assam, Kamrup district,
Jhorabat hills, Pinokiyo.
Description: Thallus crustose, subcuticular, with
crenulate or shortly lobulate margins and often furnished
with white to yellow hairs, pale greyish-green; perithecia
wart-shaped and typically with applanate top, semiimmersed and covered with thick thallus layer almost up
to the ostiole, 0.2–0.3 mm diam., pale greyish-green to
white but top usually with a black spot; excipulum 5–10
μm thick; involucrellum weakly carbonaceous, 10–20
μm thick; ascospores oblong, 3-septate, 14–24 × 4–6
μm.
Range of distribution: Angola, Brazil, Costa Rica,
Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, French Guiana,
Guatemala, Haiti, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines,
9020
© Pooja Gupta
2mm
Image 8. Strigula phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
Puerto Rico, Trininad & Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
(Lücking 2008), Bolivia (Flakus & Lücking 2008), and
India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Kerala and Meghalaya).
22. Strigula phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris,
More Florida Lichens: 159. 1995; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian
J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 101 103. 2014. Porina phyllogena
Müll. Arg., Flora 66: 335. 1883. (Strigulaceae) (Image 8)
Specimen examined: 5523(BSA), 20.iv.2010, Assam,
Manas Tiger Reserve, coll. G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta.
Description: Thallus crustose, smooth, greenishgrey; perithecia conical, exposed, sometimes covered by
a thin thallus layer, 0.2–0.5 mm diam., black; excipulum
8–10 μm thick; involucrellum carbonaceous, 15–20
μm thick; asci 20–30 × 4–6 μm; ascospores fusiformellipsoid, transversely 1–septate, 8–10 × 2–2.5 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica,
Cuba, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana,
Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela
(Lücking 2008), and India (Andaman Islands, Arunachal
Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil
Nadu and West Bengal).
23. Strigula smaragdula Fr., Linnaea 5: 550. 1830;
Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest. Addl. Ser. 4: 103–105.
2014. (Strigulaceae) (Image 9)
Specimen examined: 3273A (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam,
Lakhimpur district, Seajuli T. E., coll. V.N. Singh.
Description: Thallus crustose, dispersed into
rounded to irregular, partly confluent patches, bright
green; perithecia hemispherical, immersed-errumpent,
covered by thallus tissue up to the ostiole, 0.2–0.5 mm
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023
Foliicolous lichens of Assam
Gupta & Sinha
© Pooja Gupta
© Pooja Gupta
2.5mm
1mm
Image 9. Strigula smaragdula Fr.
Image 10. Strigula subelegans Vain.
diam., black; excipulum 10–15 μm thick; involucrellum
carbonaceous, 20–25 μm thick; asci 50–60 × 8–10 μm;
ascospores fusiform, transversely 1–septate, 12–20 ×
4–5 μm.
Range of distribution: Angola, Argentina, Belize,
Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French
Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia,
Japan, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mexico, Nepal, New
Caledonia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sri Lanka, Surinam,
Trininad & Tobago, U.S.A., Venezuela, Virgin Islands
(Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), and India
(Andaman Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and
West Bengal).
Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil
Nadu and West Bengal)
24. Strigula subelegans Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn.,
Ser. A, 19: 23. 1923; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest.
Addl. Ser. 4: 106–107. 2014. (Strigulaceae) (Image 10)
Specimen examined: 3322B (BSA), 15.v.2006, Assam,
Lakhimpur district, Koilamari, Koilamari T.E., coll. V.N.
Singh.
Description: Thallus crustose, smooth dispersed
into rounded, pale greenish-grey, partly confluent
patches, white, lacking black line; perithecia rounded,
immersed–errumpent, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., excipulum
8–10 μm thick; involucrellum carbonaceous, 20–22 μm
thick; hymenium colourless, 32–40 μm high; asci 48–57
× 10–12 μm; ascospores ellipsoid–fusiform, transversely
1-septate, 12–20 × 3–3.5 μm.
Range of distribution: Brazil, Costa Rica, French
Guiana, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rica (Lücking 2008),
Australia (Lücking et al. 2001), and India (Arunachal
25. Tricharia farinosa R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal.
12(1): 387. 1952; Gupta & Sinha, Geophytology 44(1):
84. 2014. (Pilocarpaceae)
Specimen examined: 5523E (BSA), 20.iv.2010, India,
Assam, Manas Tiger Reserve, G.P. Sinha & Pooja Gupta.
Description: Thallus crustose, coarsely verrucose
due to incrustation with calcium oxalate crystals, white,
furnished with black, tapering 0.8–1 mm long hairs;
apothecia rounded, sessile, strongly constricted at the
base, 0.3–0.6 mm diam.; disc plane to slightly concave,
with brown farinose covering; margin slightly prominent;
hymenium colourless, 78–92 μm high; asci 72–92 × 20–
28 μm; ascospores ellipsoid-oblong, muriform, 68–84 ×
18–25 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica,
Columbia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Guatemala,
Venezuela (Lücking 2008), India (Assam).
26. Tricharia vainioi R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal.
12(1): 382. 1952; Singh & Pinokiyo, Indian J. Forest.
Addl. Ser. 4: 199 200. 2014. (Pilocarpaceae)
Specimen examined: 767, Assam, Kamrup district,
Botaguli Goan, alt. 200m, Pinokiyo.
Description: Thallus crustose, smooth and lacking
calcium oxalate crystals, with numerous, sterile setae,
pale greenish-grey; setae 0.5–1 mm long, black;
apothecia rounded, sessile, 0.3–0.5 mm diam.; disc plane,
yellowish-brown to brown, slightly translucent; margin
thin, not prominent, smooth, brown to dark brown;
excipulum 10–30 μm thick; hymenium colourless, 50–70
μm high; asci 50–70 × 20–30 μm; ascospores ellipsoid,
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023
9021
Foliicolous lichens of Assam
Gupta & Sinha
Key to the foliicolous lichen species of Assam
1a.
1b.
Ascomata apothecia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….. 2
Ascomata perithecia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………… 18
2a.
2b.
Apothecia immersed-erumpent ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Apothecia otherwise ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
3a.
3b.
Thallus ecorticate or cortex cartilaginous or formed by an irregular layer of rounded cells ………………………………………… 4
Thallus with distinct cortex formed by rectangular, dead cells in regularly radiate visible plates above; ascospores often
thick walled ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
4a.
4b.
Thallus finely verrucose ………………………………………………..................……………………………………. Mazosia melanophthalma
Thallus smooth …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Aulaxina uniseptata
5a.
5b.
Apothecia immersed, zeorine; excipulum I+ red ……………………………………………………………… Asterothyrium microsporum
Apothecia sessile, lecideine; excipulum I- ……………………………………………………………………… Psorotheciopsis patellarioides
6a.
6b.
Apothecia spot–like, not raised over the thallus, emarginated ………………………………………………. Echinoplaca marginata
Apothecia sessile ………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 7
7a.
7b.
Hyphophores present ....………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………. 8
Hyphophores absent ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
8a.
8b.
Setae or hairs pale or white ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Calenia aspidota
Setae or hairs black .............………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………… 9
9a.
9b.
Ascospores large, 68–84 × 18–25 μm ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Tricharia farinosa
Ascospores smaller, 34–48 × 12–28 μm ………………………………………………………………………………….………… Tricharia vainioi
10a.
Photobiont Trentepohlia; asci entirely thin-walled, unitunicate, I– or I+ bluish-brownish; paraphyses unbranched,
distinct ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...… 11
Photobiont chlorococcoid; asci apically thick-walled, lecanoroid, I+ bluish; paraphyses usually branched or
anastomosing, indistinct ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........………… 13
10b.
9022
11a.
11b.
Thallus filamentous or densely pilose ………………………………………………………………….....………… Coenogonium interplexum
Thallus crustose ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
12a.
12b.
Apothecia pale-yellow to orange–brown; ascospores 9–12 × 2–3 μm ……………………………………… Coenogonium dilucidum
Apothecia light brown, wax coloured; ascospores 10–12 × 3–4 μm ……………………………………… Coenogonium minimum
13a.
13b.
Conidiomata campylidia ……………………………………………………………………………………………......…………………………….……… 14
Conidiomata pycnidia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….....……………………………… 15
14a.
14b.
Apothecial disc dark brown; spores 82–100 × 20–38 μm ……………………………………………………….....……… Calopadia fusca
Apothecial disc greenish-black; spores 70–85 × 20–25 μm ………………………………......………… Calopadia subcoerulenscens
15a.
15b.
Ascospores bacillary ……………...………………………………………………………………………………....…………....……… Bacidina apiahica
Ascospores oblong-ellipsoid …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
16a.
16b.
Apothecia with byssoid margin …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Byssoloma chlorinum
Apothecia with compact margin ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
17a.
17b.
Thallus with distinguished bluish-tinge, sorediate ………………………………………………………………………… Fellhanera bouteillei
Thallus without bluish-tinge, esorediate …………………………………………………………………………………… Fellhanera semecarpi
18a.
18b.
Asci functionally unitunicate, entirely thin-walled ……………………………………………………………...……… Porina karnatakensis
Asci functionally bitunicate (fissitunicate), apically thick-walled ………………………………………………………...........…………… 19
19a.
19b.
Thallus supracuticular, smooth, easily separable from leaf ………………………………………..………………… Strigula phyllogena
Thallus subcuticular, not separable from leaf…………………………………………………………………………..................……………… 20
20a.
20b.
Involucrellum colourless ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Strigula nemathora
Involucrellum black …...........…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
21a.
21b.
Perithecia wart shaped; ascospores 3-septate ………………………………………………………...……………………… Strigula orbicularis
Perithecia conical; ascospores 1-septate …………………………………………………………………………………..........................……… 22
22a.
22b.
Thallus thicker, pale greenish-grey to bright green, thallus lobes without black line …………….............................……… 23
Thallus very thin, green to dark green or greenish-brown, thallus lobes with black line ……….............................……… 25
23a.
23b.
Thallus pale greenish-to bluish-grey …………………………………………………………………………………………….... Strigula subelegans
Thallus bright green ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….................………… 24
24a.
24b.
Perithecia exposed, black; ascospore one cell enlarged …………………………………………………………………… Strigula antillarum
Perithecia covered by thallus tissue, dark green, Upper part black ………………………………………...…… Strigula smaragdula
25a.
25b.
Perithecia pure black, totally exposed; ascospores 8–14 μm long, uniseriate ……………………...…………… Strigula nitidula
Perithecia greish-black, covered by thin thallus layer; ascospores 14–24 μm long, biseriate ............... Strigula maculata
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023
Foliicolous lichens of Assam
muriform, 35–65 × 15–28 μm.
Range of distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana,
Guatemala, Guyana, Malaysia, Mexico, Panama,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, tropical Africa,
U.S.A. (Lücking 2008), Australia (Lücking et al. 2001),
Venezuela (Neuwirth 2007), and India (Arunachal
Pradesh and Nagaland).
References
Awasthi, D.D. (2010). Foliicolous lichens of the world. A review.
Volume 12. Indian Journal of Forestry, Additional Series 2. Bishen
Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India, vii+133pp.
Farkas, E. (1987). Foliicolous lichens of the Usambara Mountain,
Tanzania I. Lichenologist 19(1): 43–59.
Farkas, E. & D.L. Hawksworth (2004). New foliicolous lichen records
from two different habit in Trinidad. Caribbean Journal of Science
40(3): 399–401.
Flakus, A. & R. Lücking (2008). New species and additional records of
foliicolous lichenized fungi from Bolivia. Lichenologist 40(5): 423–
436; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282908007378
Gupta, P. & G.P. Sinha (2014). New records of Foliicolous Lichens from
India. Geophytology 44(1): 81–84.
Gupta, P. G.P. Sinha & C.M. Solanki (2013). Epiphytic lichens in Tea
Gardens of Assam, India. Indian Journal of Forestry 36(2): 279–284.
Gupta & Sinha
Lücking, R. (2008). Foliicolous Lichenized Fungi. Flora of Neotropica
(Monograph) 103: 1–867.
Lücking, R., H. Streimann & A.E. John (2001). Further records of
foliicolous lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Australia, with an
update checklist for continental Australia. Lichenologist 33(3): 195–
210; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.2000.0316
Lücking, R., E. Serusiaux, L.C. Maias & E.C.G. Pereira (1998). A revision
of the names of foliicolous lichenized fungi published by Batista and
co-workers between 1960 and 1975. Lichenologist 30(2): 121–191.
Neuwirth, G. (2007). Foliicolous lichens from Venezuela with new or
remarkable records. Herzogia 20: 319–326.
Nguyen, T.T., Y. Joshi, R. Lücking, A.D. Nguyen, X.Y. Wang, Y.J. Koh
& J.S. Hur (2011). Seven new records of foliicolous lichens from
Vietnam. Mycotaxon 117: 93–99; http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/117.93
Rout, J., P. Das & D.K. Upreti (2010). Epiphytic lichen diversity in a
Reserve Forest in south Assam, northeast India. Tropical Ecology
51(2): 281–288.
Rout, J., R. Rongmei & P. Das (2005). Epiphytic lichen flora of a pristine
habitat (NIT Campus) in Southern Assam, India. Phytotaxonomy 5:
117–119.
Santesson, R. (1952). Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy
of the obligately foliicolous lichenized fungi. Volume 12 – Symbolae
Botanicae. Upsalienses (1): 590pp.
Sinha, G.P., P. Gupta, T.A.M.J. Ram & C.M. Solanki (2013). A
contribution to the lichen flora of Assam, India. Indian Journal of
Forestry 36(3): 393–400.
Singh, K.P. & A. Pinokiyo (2014). Foliicolous lichens of India. Indian
Journal of Forestry, Additional Series 4(1). Bishen Singh Mahendra
Pal Singh, Dehradun, India, v+335pp.
Threatened Taxa
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2016 | 8(7): 9014–9023
9023
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ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
July 2016 | Vol. 8 | No. 7 | Pages: 8953–9052
Date of Publication: 26 July 2016 (Online & Print)
DOI: 10.11609/jott.2016.8.7.8953-9052
www.threatenedtaxa.org
Article
Notes
Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the southeastern Truong Son
Mountains, Quang Ngai Province, Vietnam
-- Nguyen Truong Son, Thomas J. O’Shea, Jeffery A. Gore, Csorba
Gabor, Vuong Tan Tu, Tatsuo Oshida, Hideki Endo & Masaharu
Motokawa, pp. 8953–8969
A recent record of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin Sousa
chinensis (Osbeck, 1765), (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla:
Delphinidae) from the western shores of Kachchh, Gujarat,
India
-- Devanshi Kukadia, Mayurdan K. Gadhavi, N. Gokulakannan,
G.V. Gopi, Gautam Talukdar & K. Sivakumar, Pp. 9024–9026
Communication
A confirmation of the occurrence of Euploea sylvester hopei
Felder & Felder, 1865 (Double-branded Blue Crow) from Kaptai
National Park, Rangamati District, Bangladesh
-- Tahsinur Rahman Shihan, Pp. 9027–9029
An assessment of human-elephant conflict and associated
ecological and demographic factors in Nilambur, Western Ghats
of Kerala, southern India
-- C.K. Rohini, T. Aravindan, P.A. Vinayan, M. Ashokkumar &
K.S. Anoop Das, Pp. 8970–8976
Review
An updated checklist of shrimps on the Indian coast
-- Vijay Kumar Deepak Samuel, Chemmencheri Ramakrishnan
Sreeraj, Pandian Krishnan, Chermapandi Parthiban, Veeramuthu
Sekar, Kanagaraj Chamundeeswari, Titus Immanuel, Patro
Shesdev, Ramachandran Purvaja & Ramachandran Ramesh,
Pp. 8977–8988
View Point
Can philately sensitise people to wildlife / conservation?
An introduction to thematic philately and a visual treatise
concerning the variety of philatelic material available on owls
(Aves: Strigiformes)
-- M. Eric Ramanujam, Pp. 8989–9003
Short Communications
Noteworthy additions to the flora of Uttarakhand, western
Himalaya, India
-- Ishwari D. Rai, Gajendra Singh & Gopal S. Rawat, Pp. 9004–9008
Seed germination studies on Gymnacranthera canarica (King)
Warb. - a Vulnerable tree species of a highly threatened
Myristica swamp ecosystem
-- K. Keshavachandra & G. Krishnakumar, Pp. 9009–9013
A century later: Tricolored Pied Flat Coladenia indrani
uposathra Fruhstorfer, 1911 (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae) and
Crenulate Oakblue Apporasa atkinsoni Hewitson, 1869
(Lycaenidae: Theclinae) reported from Manipur, India
-- Baleshwor Singh Soibam, Harmenn Huidrom & Jatishwor Singh
Irungbam, Pp. 9030–9033
On the distribution of Aeshna petalura Martin, 1908 (Odonata:
Anisoptera: Aeshnidae) in the Indian subcontinent
-- R. Babu & G. Srinivasan, Pp. 9034–9037
Notes on the occurrence of Mortonagrion aborense Laidlaw,
1914 (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from lower West Bengal, India
-- Arajush Payra & Ashish D. Tiple, Pp. 9038–9041
First record of Speculitermes chadaensis Chatterjee & Thapa,
1964 (Isoptera: Termitidae) from the Western Ghats, India
-- Poovoli Amina, K. Rajmohana & K.V. Bhavana, Pp. 9042–9044
A first report of egg parasitism in the Tropical Tasar Silkworm
Antheraea mylitta (Drury) occurring on cashew
-- K. Vanitha & S. Santhosh, Pp. 9045–9047
Gentiana saginoides Burkill (Magnoliopsida: Gentianales:
Gentianaceae) rediscovered from Sunderdhunga Valley in
Uttarakhand 155 years after description: notes on its population
status
-- Dharmendra S. Rawat, Charan S. Rana, Harish Singh &
Manish Karnatak, Pp. 9048–9052
A first note on foliicolous lichens of Assam, India
-- Pooja Gupta & G.P. Sinha, Pp. 9014–9023
Threatened Taxa