Building evidence for
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Journal of
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10.11609/jott.2022.14.12.22207-22354
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26 December 2022 (Online & Print)
14(12): 22207–22354
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Plants
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Dr. P. Lakshminarasimhan, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, India
Dr. Larry R. Noblick, Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, USA
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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
OPEN
ACCESS
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6330.14.12.22309-22328
#6330 | Received 25 June 2020 | Final received 23 January 2022 | Finally accepted 07 November 2022
REVIEW
Threatened flora of Uttarakhand: an update
D.S. Rawat 1
1,3
, Satish Chandra 2
& Preeti Chaturvedi 3
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,
Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145, India.
2
Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Tiuni, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248199, India.
1
drds_rawat@yahoo.com (corresponding author), 2 satishchandrasemwal07@gmail.com, 3 an_priti@yahoo.co.in
Abstract: Encompassing 1.69% land area of India, Uttarakhand State sustains more than 25% species of flowering plants of India reflecting
richness of flora. Large numbers of species in the state are threatened and several sources have come up with their own lists of threatened
species using different threat categories leading to ambiguity. This communication attempts to compile a complete list of threatened
Angiosperm species from eleven authentic sources with updated nomenclature, systematic position, original sources, threat assessment,
elevational and global distribution. A total of 290 species belonging to 176 genera, 63 families, and 29 orders are listed which represent
about 6% of the total flora. Elevational distribution of species shows that the 2–3 km elevation zone harbors more than half of the
threatened flora (52.14%) and more than 44% endemic species despite the fact that maximum species richness is known in the 1–2 km
elevation zone. Perusal of literature shows that selection of species for micropropagation is skewed towards medicinal plants rather
than only threat status of a species. A disparity exists in two important sources (IUCN Red List 2020–21 and Indian Red Data Book) listing
threatened taxa with only six species common to both. Eight additional species in IUCN Red List 2020–21 and 49 additional species in
Indian Red Data Book are not included and vice versa. 267 species listed as threatened in various sources are not even evaluated by recent
IUCN Redlist guidelines and thus warrant their immediate assessment to understand their correct present status in nature.
Keywords: Angiosperms, assessment, Indian Red Data Book, IUCN Red List, micropropagation, plants.
Editor: Afroz Alam, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India.
Date of publication: 26 December 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Rawat, D.S., S. Chandra & P. Chaturvedi (2022). Threatened flora of Uttarakhand: an update. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(12): 22309–22328. https://
doi.org/10.11609/jott.6330.14.12.22309-22328
Copyright: © Rawat et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article
in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: No funding was received from any agency for this work.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Dr D.S. Rawat has been working on different aspects of flora of Uttarakhand since 1987 and has trekked extensively in Uttarakhand for collection
and photographing the plants. He has described four new species, several new records to India and western Himalaya, together with many rediscoveries. Dr
Satish Chandra is working as assistant professor in the Department of Botany, Government Degree College Tyuni, Dehadun, Uttarakhand, India. He completed
his PhD in plant taxonomy by working on the family Caryophyllaceae and his research interests include plant nomenclature, biodiversity and ethnobotany. Dr
P. Chaturvedi is professor & head, Department of Biological Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. In vitro morphogenesis,
conservation biology of threatened medicinal plants, plant biodiversity and bioprospecting of bryophytes are key research areas of her interest. She has successfully
developed micropropagation protocols of several medicinal plants viz., Centella asiatica, Aconitum balfourii, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Polygonatum verticillatum and
Rheum emodii.
Author contributions: Concept of work and compilation of data: DSR; writing article: DSR, SC, PC.
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the authorities of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar, India for providing basic facilities.
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INTRODUCTION
The actual number of all extant living species on
Earth is yet not exactly known but we are now beginning
to understand this enormous diversity of life on Earth
(Wilson 1999). Though, the estimates range from 8.6
million to 15 millions of eukaryotes and trillions of
prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) living on Earth
(Mora et al. 2011; Hinchliff et al. 2015; Locey & Lenon
2016; Larsen et al. 2017), only about 1.8 million are
named and listed in Catalogue of Life 2020 (Roskov et al.
2020). The Earth’s biosphere has already entered into
the sixth mass extinction, majorly because of human
impact. With a 1,000 fold increase in the natural rate
of extinction of species (Pimm et al. 2014; De Vos et al.
2015) it is no exaggeration to state that a large number
of species will disappear from Earth without even getting
any name. Among the estimated described 21,37,939
species 31,030 species are already facing the threat of
extinction owing to various natural and anthropogenic
factors (IUCN Redlist 2020). Following the IUCN data,
perhaps about 20% of all existing species might become
extinct within the next few decades and 40% or more by
the end of the present century (Pimm et al. 2014; Kew
2016; Pimm & Raven 2017).
Green Plants (Viridiplantae) are among the better
known groups of organisms and dominated by more
than 0.36 million Angiosperms (flowering plants) of
which 38,445 species have been assessed for threat
categories. The results show that 148 are already extinct
from the wild, 15,624 are threatened and 2,594 do not
have adequate data to assess threats to them as per
IUCN Red List 2020–21 (https://www.iucnredlist.org/
search). India is one of the top 10 species-rich nations
of the world and 18,666 species of flowering plants are
known within its territory (Mao & Dash 2019). Till date,
2020 species of flowering plants of India have been
assessed as per the IUCN Redlist criteria according to
which six species are extinct, two are extinct from the
wild, 411 are threatened (84 Critically Endangered, 180
Endangered, 147 Vulnerable), 1601 are not threatened
while 93 do not have adequate data today to assess
threat (https://www.iucnredlist.org/search).
Uttarakhand is a small (53,483 km2), mountain
dominated state of India, located in the Himalayan global
biodiversity hot spot and constitutes the easternmost
part of the western Himalayan phytogeographical
province of India (Balakrishnan 1996). Following
Takhtajan (1986) and Welk (2016) Uttarakhand embraces
two floristic kingdoms- ‘Holarctic’ (above 1–1.5 km
elevation) and ‘Paleotropic’ (below 1km elevation) and
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surrounded by western Tibetan provinces in the north
and the Gangetic province in the south. Three major
floristic regions represented in Uttarakhand are western
Himalayan province at the higher elevation, eastern
Himalayan province in mid-elevations, and the Gangetic
province at lower elevations and plains, while the arid
western Tibetan province also finger-in at the head of
anterior valleys (Welk 2016).
Uttarakhand is enriched with 24,303 km2 of forests
covering 45.44% of its total geographical area and about
4800 wild taxa of seed plants within 1,400 genera of 215
families (Uniyal et al. 2007; Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018;
India State of Forest 2019). Representation of different
phytogeographical elements, extensive elevation
gradient (ca. 200–7,817 m), mountain dominated terrain,
and enormous diversity in microclimatic conditions
have resulted in a high diversity of angiosperm flora
which accounts for nearly 25% of total Indian flora in
only 1.69% geographical area of the country. Owing
to its high species richness of Angiosperms, the flora
of Uttarakhand can also be assumed to having many
threatened species (Images 1–24). In addition to these
species, 107 species, endemic to Uttarakhand (Singh et
al. 2015; Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018) are also important
for conservation due to their restricted distribution in
the nature.
It has already been pointed out by Pimm et al. (2014)
and reiterated by Raven & Wackernagel (2020) that the
species most likely to become extinct are by definition the
rare ones, and most undescribed species are relatively
rare. Obviously, the first step towards conservation is to
know which species are rare ones (threatened species).
Considering the risk of extinction of the species IUCN
has prepared categories and criteria for classification of
species under different threat categories (IUCN 2012).
It played a pivotal role in prioritizing the threatened
species and in the drafting of their conservation plans.
IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species is revised and
updated thrice in each calendar year and country-wise
lists are available in it.
Biodiversity of India is confronting various threats
due to climate change, global temperature rise,
habitat destruction, poor land use practices, invasive
alien species, over-exploitation of the resources and
environmental pollutions (Barik et al. 2018) and flora
of Uttarakhand is no exception to this (Pusalkar and
Srivastava 2018). Red Data Book of Indian Plants
(Nayar & Sastry 1987–90) is an incomplete document
wherein data on some threatened vascular plants were
provided on the basis of herbarium history of these
species. Later, Rao et al. (2003) listed 1,255 species of
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
Threatened flora of Uttarakhand
threatened Indian vascular plants on the basis of the
1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. While these
lists or data are available at country level, an updated
list of threatened and endemic species of the speciesrich state of Uttarakhand is yet to be compiled. Various
scientific publications (Singh et al. 2010; Balakrishna
et al. 2012; Bisht et al. 2013) often mention different
species as threatened without correctly justifying their
threat categories by appropriate source references.
The present work is an attempt to provide a recent and
complete list of threatened Angiosperm species with
updated nomenclature and systematic position with
original sources.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The earliest holistic endeavour of publishing
available data on threatened vascular species of India
was attempted by the Botanical Survey of India, Ministry
of Environment and Forests, GoI and published as ‘Indian
Red Data Books volume-1–3’ (Nayar & Sastry 1987–90)
wherein important data on 602 species were published.
The species listed in these volumes and occurring in
Uttarakhand are included in our list of threatened
species (Table 1, column 1) with threat status (indicated
by superscript ‘1’ with threat status in column 2 of Table
1; e.g., R1). Similarly, distribution of all 1,215 angiosperm
species listed in Rao et al. (2003) was studied carefully
and all species known in Uttarakhand were included
in table-1 and shown by superscript ‘2’ (e.g., E2). The
species listed in recent IUCN Red List 2020–21 (https://
www.iucnredlist.org/) of threatened species for India
known to be occurring in Uttarakhand are included and
status listed in IUCN Red List is shown by superscript ‘3’
(e.g., CR3). Data Deficient species (DD) in this red list are
also included here on account of their rarity due to which
adequate data is not available for their assessment. The
recent version of IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List 2020)
now has the facility to search threatened species of a
particular state of India and the species found in this list
are also included with their status shown by superscript
‘3A’ (e.g., CR3A). Though, IUCN Red List for India and IUCN
Red List of Uttarakhand are obtained from the same data
source, they show a few differences due to which these
two search results are shown differently. Ved et al. (2003)
have published threatened medicinal plant species
of Indian western Himalaya after threat assessment
based on IUCN criteria. Those species which are listed
in it and known in Uttarakhand are included in table-1
and threat assessment is shown by superscript ‘4’ (e.g.,
Rawat et al.
EN4). Internationally, appendices of the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES) play an important role in regulated
trade of threatened species. All the species listed in
CITES appendices (2019) and known in Uttarakhand are
also included in Table 1. Since no specific threat status
is mentioned in CITES appendices, in column 2 status is
shown as ‘1A’ (for species listed in Appendix 1) or ‘2A’
(species listed in appendix-2) with superscript ‘5’ (e.g.,
2A5).
The first volume of Flora of Uttarakhand (Pusalkar &
Srivastava 2018) has also provided a list of threatened
species and endemic species, separately, with threat
status following IUCN Red List, and these are also included
in Table 1. Endemic species are included in our list with
‘VU’ status, following Pusalkar & Srivastava (2018), based
on their small area of occurrence in the world. Uniyal et
al. (2007) also listed threatened species of Uttarakhand
with checklist of seed plants of Uttarakhand and these
species are included and shown by the superscript ‘7’
(e.g., R7). Similarly, the species indicated as threatened
in Uttarakhand by National Biodiversity Authority at
http://nbaindia.org/uploaded/pdf/notification/4.4%20
%20Uttarakhand.pdf (shown as VoE8, VoE= verge of
extinction), Uttarakhand Biodiversity Board at https://
sbb.uk.gov.in/files/act/4.4__Uttarakhand.pdf (shown
as HT9, HT= high threat), ebook by Uttarakhand State
Biodiversity Board at https://sbb.uk.gov.in/pages/
display/88-books (edited by Shah; shown as HT10),
and ENVIS Centre, Botanical Survey of India at http://
www.bsienvis.nic.in/Database/E_3942.aspx (shown by
superscript ‘11’ with threat status in column-2, e.g., R11)
are also included in Table 1. All the sources have not
followed IUCN criteria so the statuses mentioned are
not comparable. Species endemic to Uttarakhand are
also marked by ‘*’. Species names are given in bold case
and synonyms are in italicized normal case. If names
used in original sources have changed these are given
as synonyms. Names of all species are mainly checked
in Plants of the World Online POWO (2019), Singh et al.
(2019) and Catalogue of Life 2020 (Roskov et al. 2020) for
nomenclatural updates. Synonyms, basionym wherever
required (considering use in regional or national flora)
are also given. After the scientific name, habit of the
plant is given in column-1. In the second column threat
status as given in original documents is mentioned.
In the third column distribution of species in India/
Himalayas and global distribution based on different
sources is given. In the fourth column, elevational
distribution of species compiled from various authentic
sources is given. Wherever information is not available
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
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Threatened flora of Uttarakhand
Rawat et al.
Figure 1. Location map of photographed species.
it is indicated by ‘?’.
All the threatened species listed in Table 1 are
arranged order and family wise following arrangement
and circumscription of families given in Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group classification (APG IV 2016).
Abbreviations used in Table 1 for different geographical
areas (Indian states, Himalayan areas, Countries) are
detailed out below Table 1. Some of the species listed
in original documents are dropped from Table-1 on
account of various reasons elaborated in results and
discussion part (Table 2).
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The compiled list of threatened species shows the
presence of 290 threatened species (211 herbs, 43
shrubs, 24 trees, 12 climbers) belonging to 29 orders, 63
families and 176 genera. This number of species is about
6% of the total wild flora of the state. Some of the species
listed as threatend in different sources are not included
in it on account of clearly being synonyms of other
common species, wrong identification, variety being not
recognized in recent works or international databases,
invasive species, or being cultivated species (Table 3).
More than 100 species are endemic to the state. Source
wise number of species included in Table 1 is depicted in
table-2 which shows that maximum numbers of species
are based on Pusalkar & Srivastava (2018) which is a
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
Threatened flora of Uttarakhand
recent document on flora of Uttarakhand.
Family wise, Orchidaceae (27+ genera and 47+ spp.)
contains the largest number of threatened species
followed by Fabaceae (15 genera, 26 spp.), Poaceae (14
genera, 19 spp.), Apiaceae (12 genera, 16 spp.), Rosaceae
(8 genera, 16 spp.), Asteraceae (8 genera, 14 spp.),
Balsaminaceae (1 genus, 10 spp.), and Ranunculaceae
(7 genera, 10 spp.). Rest of the families contain less
than 10 threatened species. The genus Impatiens L.
has 10 threatened species and Berberis L. has eight
species threatened out of total 30 spp. each, known in
Uttarakhand while seven species of Spiraea L. out of 18
total known in Uttarakhand are threatened (Uniyal et al.
2007; Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018).
Elevational distribution of 280 species compiled from
different sources shows that the maximum number of
threatened species (146 spp., 52.14%) are distributed
in the 2.0–3.0 km elevation zone, followed by the 3.0–
4.0 km zone (126 spp., 45.0%), 1.0–2.0 km zone (99
spp., 35.35%), 4.0–5.0 km zone (66 spp., 23.57%) and
up to 1.0km (58 spp., 20.71%). The lowest number of
threatened species (11 spp., 3.92%) is found in the 5.0–
6.0 km zone which is obvious being a species poor zone.
On elevation gradient, maximum forest cover (India
State of Forest Report 2019) and highest species richness
across all habits was recorded in the 1–2 km zone
(1.4–1.6 km) by Kharkwal et al. (2005) while Oommen
& Shanker (2005) found the 1.0–2.3 km zone with the
highest diversity of woody elements. Threatened
species, however, are more concentrated in the 2–3
km zone and then in the 3–4 km zone, thus not directly
influenced by high forest cover or species richness.
Elevational distribution of 96 endemic species also shows
a similar pattern with a maximum of 43 species (44.79%)
in the 2–3 km zone, followed by 36 species (37.5%) in
the 3–4 km zone, 28 species (29.16%) in the 1–2 km
zone, 16 species (16.6%) in the 0.2–1 km zone, and 14
species (14.58%) in the 4–5 km zone. Species richness is
expected to reduce with increasing elevation but in the
Himalayas it is noticed highest in mid hills (1,500–2,500
m) above which it starts decreasing making a humpshaped pattern (Grytnes & Vetaas 2002; Kharkwal et
al. 2005). The species richness of threatened species
as well as endemic species more or less also follows
this pattern with moderate richness at lower elevations
which increases to highest value in mid elevation (2–3
km elevation zone) and then starts reducing. It is
apparent that species with limited elevation range (<500
m) require special attention as these are either narrow
range endemics (e.g., Eremogone curvifolia (Majumdar)
Pusalkar & D.K. Singh) or rarely collected (e.g., Rubus
Rawat et al.
almorensis Dunn).
Today, threat statuses accepted by IUCN only are
considered correct and valid in international literature.
As of the recent IUCN Red List 2020–21, only 54 species
known in Uttarakhand have been evaluated, within which
only 14 species are threatened. Critically Endangered
(CR) species are Aucklandia costus Falc. (=Saussurea
costus (Falc.) Lipsch.), Gentiana kurroo Royle, Lilium
polyphyllum D. Don and Nardostachys jatamansi
(D.Don) DC. Endangered species (EN) are Aconitum
heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Angelica glauca Edgew.,
Cypripedium elegans Rchb.f., C. himalaicum Rolfe, and
Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle. Vulnerable species (VU)
are Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf, Cypripedium
cordigerum D. Don, Dalbergia latifolia, Dienia muscifera
Lindl. (=Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze), and Ulmus
wallichiana Planch. Thirty-one species are evaluated
but not found threatened and accordingly categorized
as Least Concern (LC, 30 spp.) or Near Threatened (NT,
01 sp.). Nine species could not be evaluated for lack of
sufficient data and categorized as Data Deficient (DD).
A clear disparity can be seen in two important sources
(IUCN Red List 2020-21 and Indian Red Data Book) where
only six species (Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC,
Aucklandia costus Falc., Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don,
C. elegans Rchb.f., C. himalaicum Rolfe, Pittosporum
eriocarpum Royle) are common. Eight additional species
listed as threatened in IUCN Red List 2020-1 and 49
additional species listed as threatened in Indian Red Data
Book are not included vice versa. IUCN Red List has also
not assessed 256 species listed as threatened in various
sources which warrant their immediate assessment
by recent IUCN guidelines to understand their correct
status in nature.
One of the important tools for conservation of plant
species is micropropagation (Fay 1992). Reasons for
selection of species for micropropagation may be various
but one of them is the threatened status of a species. It
is found in this study that out of 14 threatened species
listed in IUCN Red List and known in Uttarakhand,
successful tissue culture protocols have been developed
for nine only. As per the list of threatened species
by Indian Red Data Book, however, 55 species are
known in Uttarakhand and only 10 species have been
micropropagated. In all, tissue culture protocols are
available for only 16 species (Grewal & Atal 1976; Lal
et al. 1988; Mathur 1992; Sharma et al. 1993; Sharma
& Seth 2001; Pandey et al. 2004, 2005; Jabeen et al.
2006; Pandey et al. 2011; Radha et al. 2011; Bhandari
et al. 2013; Mishra- Rawat et al. 2013; Sharma et al.
2014; Kumari et al. 2015; Gondval et al. 2016; Gupta
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
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Table 1. Threatened flora of Uttarakhand.
ORDER, FAMILY
Species Name; Habit
Threat Assessment
Geographical Distribution
INDIA; Outside India
Elev. Distr.
(m) in UK
Order 1- AUSTROBAILEYALES Takht. ex Reveal
Family 1- SCHIZANDRACEAE Blume
1.
Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.) Hook.f. & Thomson [=Kadsura grandiflora
Wall.]; Cl
I2, NE3, I7, I11
HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi
1500-3500
2.
Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. [=Kadsura propinqua Wall.]; Cl
I2, NE3, I7, I11
UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi
1200-3000
Order 2- MAGNOLIALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Family 2- Magnoliaceae Juss.
3.
Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Filger [=Michelia doltsopa Buch.Ham. ex DC.]; T
DD3
UK, WB, S, AP, MN, MG;
Ba, Mya, Chi
900-2200
4.
Magnolia kisopa (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Filger [=Michelia kisopa Buch.-Ham.
ex DC.]; T
DD3
UK, S; Nep; Tib
1500-2300
Order 3- LAURALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 3- LAURACEAE Juss.
5.
Alseodaphne himalayana Kosterm.; Sh
NE3, VU6
UK; Nep
6.
Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.) Meisn. [=Laurus glandulifera Wall.]; T
I , LC
UK; Nep, Ban, Bhu, Mal, Chi
1200-2150
7.
Cinnamomum tamala T. Nees & Eberm.; T
LC3, VU4
Himal, A; Mya, Lao, Viet
450-2150
2
3
?
Order 4- DIOSCOREALES R. Br. ex Mart.
Family 4- DIOSCOREACEAE R. Br.
8.
Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt ex Haines [=Dioscorea nummularia var.
belophylla Prain]; Cl
I2, NE3
Himal, NE India, Pen India
300-1800
9.
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb.; Cl (Image-1)
V1, NE3, EN4, 2A5,
EN6
Himal, NE India
900-3500
Order 5- LILIALES Perleb
Family 5- MELANTHIACEAE Batsch ex Borkh.
10.
Paris polyphylla Sm. [=Daiswa polyphylla (Sm.) Raf.]; H
NE3, EN4, EN6, HT9
HP, UK, WB, S, AP, A, NL, MN, MG;
Pak, Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi, Jap
2000-3000
11.
Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don [=Trillidium govanianum (Wall. ex
D.Don) Kunth]; H
NE3, EN6, HT9
J&K, HP, UK, S, WB; Paki, Nep
2500-4000
LC3, VU4
India; Nep, Ban, Bhu, Chi, Mya,
Lao, Mal, Africa
300-1500
R1, R2, NE3
UK, E & C Himal, TN
Upto 500
Family 6- COLCHICACEAE DC.
Gloriosa superba L.; H
12.
Family 7- SMILACEAE Vent.
Smilax wightii A.DC.; Cl
13.
Family 8- LILIACEAE Juss.
14.
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don [=F. roylei Hook.]; H (Image-2)
NE3, EN4, EN6
J&K, HP, UK, S, WB; Afg, Pak, Nep,
Bhu, Chi, Mya
2400-4500
15.
Lilium polyphyllum D.Don; H
CR3A, CR3, CR4, CR6,
HT9
J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Pak, Nep
2000-4000
I , NE , EN , I ,
HT9, I11
UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Mya
1200-2400
16.
Lilium wallichianum Schult. & Schult.f.; H
2
3
6
7
Order 6- ASPARAGALES Link
Family 9- ORCHIDACEAE Juss.
17.
Aphyllorchis gollanii Duthie; H
E1/PEx1, Ex2/E2, NE3,
2A5, VU6 , Ex7, Ex11
UK; China
2400-3000
18.
Bulbophyllum reptans (Lindl.) Lindl. ex Wall. [=Bulbophyllum raui Arora;
Tribrachia reptans Lindl.]; H
I2, NE3, 2A5, I11
UK, S, AP, NG, MN, MG, MZ, WB;
Nep, Ban, Mya, Chi, Thai, Lao, Viet
500-1500
1500-2000
19.
Calanthe alismifolia Lindl.; H
I2, NE3, 2A5, I7, I11
UK, S, AP, MG, NG, WB; Bhu, Chi,
Mya, Jap, Lao, Tai, Viet
20.
Calanthe alpina Hook.f. ex Lindl.; H
R1, R2, NE3, 2A5,
R7,R11
UK, S, AP, NG, WB; Nep, Bhu, Mya,
Chi, Tai, Jap
2500-3500
21.
Calanthe davidii Franch. [=Calanthe pachystalix Reichb.f. ex Hook.f.]; H
E1, NE3, 2A5
UK, AP; Nep, Chi, Tai, Viet, Jap
1500-2000
22.
Calanthe mannii Hook.f.; H
R1, NE3, 2A5,R11
UK, S, AP, MZ, MN, MG; Nep, Bhu,
Mya, Chi, Viet, Jap
1300-2200
1000-2000
23.
Coelogyne cristata Lindl.; H
R2, NE3, 2A5
HP, UK, S, AP, A, MN, MG,WB;
Nep, Bhu, Ban, Chi
24.
Coelogyne flaccida Lindl.; H
I2, NE3, 2A5
UK, S, AP,A, MN, MG, NG; Nep,
Bhu, Ban, Mya, Lao, Thai
1000-2100
25.
Coelogyne nitida (Wall. ex D.Don) Lindl. [=Cymbidium nitidum Wall. ex
D.Don]; H
R2, NE3, 2A5
UK, S, AP,MN, MZ, MG,NG, WB;
Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi, Lao, Thai, Viet
1500-2300
22314
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
Threatened flora of Uttarakhand
Rawat et al.
ORDER, FAMILY
Species Name; Habit
Threat Assessment
Geographical Distribution
INDIA; Outside India
Elev. Distr.
(m) in UK
26.
Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don) Szlach. [=Malaxis acuminata D.Don]; H
NE3, 2A5, VU6
HP, UK, S, AP, A, MP, MG, MZ, WB,
KN, KR, TN; Nep, Bhu, Thai, Viet,
Lao, Ban, Chi, Mya, Phi, Australia
600-3000
27.
Cymbidium eburneum Lindl.; H
V1, NE3, 2A5
UK, S, AP, A, MN, MG, MN,WB ;
Nep, Mya, Chi, Viet
1000-1500
28.
Cymbidium goeringii (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. [=Cymbidium mackinnonii Duthie;
Maxillaria goeringii Rchb.f.]; H
NE3, 2A5, VU6
UK, S, AP; Bhu, Chi, Kor, Jap
1700-1800
29.
Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f.; H
V1, NE3, 2A5
UK, S, AP,MG, MN, MZ; Bhu, Nep,
Mya, Chi, Viet
1500-2500
Cypripedium cordigerum D.Don; H
R , VU , VU , 2A ,
EN6, HT9,R11
J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep, Bhu, Chi
2100-4000
30.
31.
32.
1
3A
3
5
1
3A
3
5
Cypripedium elegans Rchb.f.; H
R , EN , EN , 2A ,
EN6, HT9
Cypripedium himalaicum Rolfe; H
R1, EN3, 2A5, EN6,
HT9, R11
J&K, HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi
J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep, Bhu,
Chi, Mon
Throughout India; Nep, Ban, Mya,
Borneo, Jawa, Malaya, Sri Lanka,
Sumatra, Thai, Viet
300-800
UK
900-2700
(Image-3)
UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi
2500-4000
2700-4300
33.
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo [=Orchis hatagirea D.Don]; H
NE3, CR4, 2A5, EN6,
HT9
34.
Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl. [=Dendrobium gamblei King & Pantl.]; H
I2, LC3, 2A5, I11
35.
*Dendrobium normale Falc.; H
I2, NE3, 2A5, I7, I11
36.
Dienia muscifera Lindl. [=Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze, Microstylis
muscifera (Lindl) Ridl.]; H
VU , 2A , EN , EN ,
HT9
J&K, HP, UK, S, AP, WB; Paki, Nep,
Bhu, Mya, Chi
1800-4000
37.
Diplomeris hirsuta (Lindl.) Lindl. [=Diplochilos hirsutus Lindl.]; H
V1, NE3, 2A5, EN6,
VoE8, HT9, HT10,V11
UK, S, AP, MG, NG, WB; Nep, Chi
800-1200
38.
*Eria occidentalis Seidenf. [=Pinalia occidentalis (Seidenf.) Schuit., Y.P. Ng &
H.A. Pedersen]; H
R1, R2, NE3, 2A5,
VU6, R7, R11
UK
1200-1500
39.
Eulophia mackinnonii Duthie; H
R1, R2, NE3, 2A5,
R7, R11
UK, UP, JR, CG, MP; Nep, Ban
300-800
40.
Eulophia obtusa (Lindl.) Hook.f. [=Cyrtopera obtusa Lindl.]; H
I , NE , 2A , VU ,
I7, I11
UK, UP; Nep
250-900
41.
Flickingeria hesperis Seidenf. [=Dendrobium hesperis (Seidenf.) Schuit. &
Peter B.Adams]; H
E , E , NE , 2A , VU
,E7, HT9, E11
UK, MN
1500-2000
42.
Galeola falconeri Hook.f. [=Cyrtosia falconeri (Hook.f.)Aver.]; H
I2, NE3, 2A5, I7, I11
UK, S, AP,MN, MG, MZ, WB; Nep,
Bhu, Thai, Viet, Chi
1200-2000
43.
Galeola lindleyana (Hook.f. & Thomson) Rchb.f. [=Cyrtosia lindleyana
Hook.f. & Thomson]; H
I2, NE3, 2A5
HP, UK, AP, MN, MG, MZ, NG, WB;
Nep, Chi, Viet, Sumatra
1200-2400
44.
*Gastrochilus garhwalensis Z.H.Tsi; H
NE3, 2A5, VU6
UK
45.
Habenaria edgeworthii Hook.f. ex Collett [=Herminium edgeworthii (Hook.f.
ex Collett) X.H. Jin, Schuit., Raskoti & Lu Q. Huang]; H
NE , 2A , VU
J&K, HP, UK, S, AP, WB; Paki, Nep,
Bhu, Chi
1500-3000
46.
Habenaria intermedia D.Don; H
NE , EN , 2A , VU
J&K, HP, UK, CG; Nep Paki, Chi
1500-3000
47.
*Herminium kumaunense Deva & H.B.Naithani; H
NE , 2A , VU
48.
Neottia acuminata Schltr. [=Aphyllorchis parviflora King & Pantl.]; H
R , LC , 2A , R
5
3
2
4
5
3
1
2
6
5
3
5
3
3
5
5
6
6
5
3
6
6
4
3
1
6
11
2500-4400
1000
UK
3300-3600
UK, S, AP; Nep, Chi, Rus, Mon,
Kor, Jap, Tai
3300-3600
49.
*Neottia mackinnonii Deva & H.B.Naithani; H
NE , 2A , DD , VU
UK
1500-1800
50.
*Neottia microglottis (Duthie) Schltr. [=Archineottia microglottis (Duthie)
S.C.Chen; Listera microglottis Duthie]; H
R1, R2, NE3, 2A5,
VU6, R7, R11
UK
1500-4000
51.
*Neottia nandadeviensis (Hajra) Szlach. [=Listera nandadeviensis Hajra]; H
NE3, 2A5, VU6
UK
2400-3500
52.
*Nervilia gleadowii A.N.Rao; H
NE , 2A , VU
UK
53.
Nervilia mackinnonii (Duthie) Schltr. [=Pogonia mackinnonii Duthie]; H
I2, NE3, 2A5, VU6,
I7, I11
UK; Nep, Mya, Chi
54.
*Nervilia pangteyana Jalal, Kumar & G.S.Rawat; H
NE3, 2A5, VU6
UK
800-1000
300-1500
3
3
5
5
6
6
6
1000
1500-1800
55.
Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. [=Nervilia biflora (Wight) Schltr.; Arethusa
plicata Andrews]; H
I2, NE3, 2A5, I11
Throughout India; Pak, Nep, Ban,
Bor, Jawa, Lao, Mya, Phil, Tai,
Viet, Aus
56.
Oreorchis foliosa (Lindl.) Lindl. var. indica (Lindl.) N. Pearce & P.J. Cribb
[=Corallorhiza indica Lindl., Oreorchis indica (Lindl.) Hook.f.]; H
I2, NE3, 2A5, I7, I11
HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi, Jap
2000-2700
57.
Oreorchis micrantha Lindl.; H
I2, NE3, 2A5
J&K, HP, UK, S,Ap, WB; Nep, Bhu,
Mya, Chi
2400-3300
58.
Pecteilis gigantea (Sm.) Raf. [=Orchis gigantea Sm.]; H
(Image-5)
NE3, 2A5, VoE8, HT9,
HT10
Throughout India; Pak, Nep,
Mya, Chi
300-2000
59.
Peristylus elisabethae (Duthie) R.K.Gupta [=Peristylus kumaonensis Renz]; H
NE3, 2A5, VU6
HP, UK, S, WB; Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi
2000-2200
(Image-4)
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
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ORDER, FAMILY
Species Name; Habit
Threat Assessment
Geographical Distribution
INDIA; Outside India
UK, S, AP,MN, MG, MZ, WB, NG,
TR, KL, OD; Nep, Bhu, Ban, Mya,
Chi, Jap, Viet, Sri etc
Elev. Distr.
(m) in UK
60.
Phaius tankervilleae (Banks) Blume [=Limodorum tankervilleae Banks]; H
NE3, 2A5, VU6, VoE8,
HT9, HT10
61.
*Ponerorchis renzii Deva & H.B.Naithani; H
NE3, 2A5, VU6
UK
3200-3400
62.
Satyrium nepalense D.Don; H
NE , 2A , VU
Himal, NE India, South India; Pak,
Chi, Mya, Sri Lanka
1500-4000
63.
Tipularia cunninghamii (King & Prain) S.C.Chen, S.W.Gale & P.J.Cribb
[=Didiciea cunninghamii King & Prain]; H
E , E , NE , 2A ,
E7, E11
UK, S; Tai
2000-3100
I2, NE3
W Himal; Chi
1600-2700
5
3
1
2
6
5
3
300-500
Family 10- IRIDACEAE Juss.
Iris milesii Baker ex Foster; H
64.
Family 11- AMARYLLIDACEAE J.St.-Hil.
65.
Allium auriculatum Kunth; H
E2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK; Nep
3300-5500
66.
Allium loratum Baker; H
E2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Chi
2600-3700
67.
Allium roylei Stearn; H
E2, NT3
J&K, UK; Afg, Pak
1900-3200
Allium stracheyi Baker; H
V1, V2, NE3, VU4,
VU6 , V7, V11
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep
2000-3800
68.
Family 12- ASPARAGACEAE Bercht. & J. Presl
69.
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; H (Image-6)
DD3
Himal; Ban, Mya, Chi, Tai, Viet
2100-3000
70.
*Dipcadi reidii Deb & S. Dasgupta; H
PEx1, Ex2, NE3, CR6,
VU6, Ex7, Ex11
UK; Nep(?)
1500-2500
71.
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle [=Convallaria cirrhifolia Wall.]; H
NE3, VU4, VU6
J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep, Bhu, Chi
72.
Polygonatum graminifolium Hook.; H (Image-7)
I2,NE3, I7, I11
J&K, HP, UK; Nep, Bhu
73.
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. [=Convallaria verticillata L.]; H
VU4, VU6
Himal
Phoenix rupicola T. Anderson; T
R1, V2, NT3
UK, NE India
*Trachycarpus takil Becc.; T (Image-8)
R1, NE3, CR6, VU6,
VoE8, HT9, HT10, R11
UK
1200-4500
2600-4650
1500-4500
Order 7- ARECALES Bromhead
Family 13- ARECACEAE Bercht. & J. Presl (PALMAE Juss.)
74.
75.
Up to 800
1800-2550
Order 8- ZINGIBERALES Griseb
Family 14- ZINGIBERACEAE Martinov
76.
Cautleya spicata (Sm.) Baker [=Cautleya petiolata Baker]; H
I2, LC3, I7, I11
Himal; Chi, Mya
1800-2800
77.
Hedychium spicatum Sm. ; H
NE , VU
Himal; Chi, Mya, Thai
1500-2800
I2, NE3, DD6, I7, I11
W Himal, NE India; Nep, Chi, Thai,
New Guinea
900-2000
Himal
3600-4500
Himal; Bhu, Chi, Tib
3300-5000
3
6
Order 9- POALES Small
Family 15- ERIOCAULACEAE Martinov
78.
Eriocaulon nepalense J.D. Prescott ex Bong. var. luzulifolium (Mart.) Praj. &
J.Parn. [=Eriocaulon pumilio Hook.f.]; H
Family 16- CYPERACEAE Juss.
79.
Carex clavispica S.R. Zhang [=Kobresia duthiei C.B. Clarke]; H
I2, NE3
80.
Carex esenbeckii Kunth [=Kobresia esenbeckii (Kunth) Noltie; Kobresia
trinervis var. foliosa (C.B.Clarke) Kuekenth.]; H
I2, NE3
81.
*Carex nandadeviensis Ghildyal, U.C.Bhattach. & Hajra; H
NE , VU
UK
3000-4000
N, E & NE India, Indian plains; Chi,
Indochina
300-1000
3
6
Family 17- POACEAE Barnhart (GRAMINEAE Juss.)
82.
Cymbopogon microstachys (Hook.f.) Soenarko [=Cymbopogon flexuosus var.
microstachys (Hook.f.) Bor]; H
R2, NE3, R7, R11
83.
*Cymbopogon osmastonii R. Parker; H
V , NE ,VU
UK, N India
300-500
84.
*Dendrocalamus somdevae H.B. Naithani; Sh
NE3, END11
UK
600-1500
85.
Digitaria duthieana Henrard ex Bor; H
DD3
UK, UP, MP
300
86.
Elymus duthiei (Melderis) G.Singh [= Agropyron duthiei Melderis]; H
I2, NE3, I7, I11
W&E Himal
1000-2000
87.
*Eulalia madkotiensis Kandwal, B.K. Gupta & S.K. Srivast.; H
NE3, VU6
UK
1200-1500
88.
*Festuca lucida Stapf; H
I2, NE3,I7, I11
UK
2300-3000
89.
*Festuca nandadevica Hajra; H
NE3, VU6
UK
3300-3600
90.
*Helictotrichon uniyalii Kandwal & B.K. Gupta; H
NE , VU
UK
2500-3000
22316
2
3
3
6
6
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
Threatened flora of Uttarakhand
Rawat et al.
ORDER, FAMILY
Species Name; Habit
Threat Assessment
Geographical Distribution
INDIA; Outside India
Elev. Distr.
(m) in UK
I2, NE3, VU6, I7, I11
NW & E Himal
1800-3000
91.
*Microstegium falconeri (Hook.f.) Clayton [=Ischnochloa falconeri Hook.f.]; H
92.
Piptatherum hilariae Pazij [=Oryzopsis humilis Bor; Oryzopsis hilariae (Pazij)
Uniyal]; H
I , NE , I , I
W Himal; Taj, Afg, Paki, Tib, Chi
2000-2500
93.
*Poa garhwalensis D.C. Nautiyal & R.D. Gaur; H
NE3, VU6
UK
3900-4200
2
7
3
11
94.
Poa pseudamoena Bor; H
I , NE ,I , I
W Himal; Tib, China
3000-3800
95.
*Poa rhadina Bor; H
E2, NE3, VU6, E7, E11
UK
2600-4100
UK
2000-3300
3 7
2
11
96.
*Poa royleana Nees ex Steud.; H
NE , END
97.
*Pseudodanthonia himalaica (Hook.f.) Bor & C.E.Hubb. [=Danthonia
himalaica Hook.f.]; H
I , NE , VU , VU
W Himal
2000-2300
98.
Puccinellia thomsonii (Stapf ex Hook.f.) R.R. Stewart [=Glyceria thomsonii
Stapf ex Hook.f.]; H
I2, NE3
W Himal; Tib
4000-4500
99.
*Sehima notatum (Hack.) A. Camus [=Ischaemum notatum Hack.]; H
NE , VU
UK
1200-2100
W Himal, Indian plains
2400-3800
3
100. Trisetum micans (Hook.f.) Bor [=Avena micans Hook.f.]; H
11
2
3
6
3
6
6
2
7
3
11
I , NE , I , I
Order 10- RANUNCULALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 18- PAPAVERACEAE Juss.
101. Corydalis cashmeriana Royle; H
E2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep, Chi
2800-4700
102. *Corydalis devendrae Pusalkar; H
NE3, VU6
UK
3800-5000
103. Papaver guilelmi-waldemarii (Klotzsch) Christenh. & Byng [=Meconopsis
guilemi-waldemarii Klotzsch; Meconopsis aculeata Royle]; H
E2, NE3, EN4
J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep, Bhu
104. *Papaver robustum (Hook.f, & Thomson) Christenh. & Byng [=Meconopsis
robusta Hook.f. & Thomson]; H (Image-9)
NE3, VU6
UK; Nep
3500-5200
2500-4300
Family 19- BERBERIDACEAE Juss.
105. *Berberis affinis G. Don; Sh
R1, R2, NE3, VU6,
VU6, R7, R11
UK
2200-3000
106. *Berberis ahrendtii R.R.Rao & Uniyal; Sh
NE , EN , VU
UK
2000-3000
UK
3000-4000
UK
1500-2600
3
6
6
107. *Berberis garhwalensis C.K.Schneid.; Sh
NE , DD , VU
108. *Berberis jaunsarensis (Ahrendt) Laferr. [=Mahonia jaunsarensis Ahrendt];
Sh
I , NE , VU , I , I
109. *Berberis lambertii R. Parker; Sh
V /E , V , NE , CR ,
VU6, V11/E11
110. *Berberis osmastonii Dunn; Sh
R1, R2, NE3, VU6,
R7, R11
3
2
6
3
1
(Image-10)
6
6
1
2
7
11
3
6
UK
UK
2650-2900
1700-3000
111. Berberis pseudumbellata R.Parker; Sh
I2, NE3,I7, I11
J&K, HP, UK; Pak
2200-3800
112. *Berberis rawatii U.L.Tiwari & B.S.Adhikari; Sh
NE3, VU6
UK
2200-2400
113. Podophyllum hexandrum Royle [=Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle)
T.S.Ying]; H
NE3, EN4, 2A5, EN6
J&K, HP, UK, S, AP; Pak, Nep,
Bhu, Chi
2000-4000
EN3A, EN3, CR4, EN6,
VoE8, HT9, HT10
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep
2700-4800
Family 20- RANUNCULACEAE Juss.
114. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle; H
115. Aconitum laeve Royle; H
NE , EN
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep
2000-3500
116. Aconitum lethale Griff. [=A. falconeri Stapf var. latilobum Stapf; A. balfouri
var. rhombilobatum Stapf; A. falconeri Stapf var. falconeri]; H (Image-11)
V1, I2, NE3, VU4, EN6,
I7, VoE8, HT10 , I11
UK; Nep
2800-4000
117. Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf; H (Image-12)
VU , VU , VU ,
VU6, VoE8, HT10
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep
3200-4800
3
6
3A
3
4
118. *Anemone raui Goel & U.C. Bhattach.; H
NE3, VU6
HP, UK
2500-3500
119. Aquilegia nivalis (Baker) Falc. ex B.D. Jacks [=Aquilegia glauca Lindl. var.
nivalis; Aquilegia nivalis (Baker) Bruehl]; H
E2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK; Pak
3200-4500
120. Delphinium koelzii Munz; H
I2, NE3
HP, UK
1600-2500
121. *Oxygraphis kumaonensis I.D.Rai & G.S.Rawat; H
NE , VU
UK
4000-4100
122. *Ranunculus uttaranchalensis Pusalkar & D.K.Singh; H
NE , VU
UK
123. Trollius acaulis Lindl.; H
(Image-13)
3
6
3
6
E , NE
J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Pak, Nep, Chi
NE3, VU6
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep, Mya
2
3
4000-4350
3200-5000
Order 11- SAXIFRAGALES Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 21- SAXIFRAGACEAE Juss.
124. Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. [=Megasea ciliata Haw.]; H
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1000-4300
22317
J
TT
J
TT
Threatened flora of Uttarakhand
Rawat et al.
Geographical Distribution
INDIA; Outside India
Elev. Distr.
(m) in UK
ORDER, FAMILY
Species Name; Habit
Threat Assessment
125. Saxifraga jacquemontiana Decne.; H
E2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi
3900-5800
126. Saxifraga meeboldii Engl. & Irmsch.; H
NE3, DD6
J&K, HP, UK; Tib
4000-4200
127. *Saxifraga minutissima D.S. Rawat; H
NE3, VU6
UK
4200-4800
128. *Sedum bhattacharyyae R. Manik., N.B. Singh & S.K. Srivast. [=Sedum
pedicellatum N.B.Singh & U.C.Bhattach.]; H
NE3, VU6
UK
1500-3500
129. *Sedum duthiei Frod.; H
I2, NE3,DD6, VU6,
I7, I11
UK
4500-4700
130. Sedum heterodontum Hook.f. & Thomson [=Rhodiola heterodonta (Hook.f.
& Thomson) Boriss.]; H
NE3, VU4
J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Afg, Pak, USSR,
Nep, Tib, Mon
2500-5100
131. *Sedum seelemannii Raym.-Hamet; H
NE3, DD6, VU6
UK
4500-4700
132. Abrus fruticulosus Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Cl
DD3A , DD3
UK, Indian plains, NE India; Chi,
Tropical Africa
133. Astragalus langtangensis Podlech; Sh
DD3A , DD3
UK, Nep
3500-4000
134. *Astragalus nainitalensis L.B. Chaudhary; Sh
NE3, VU6
UK
1700-1900
135. Astragalus stewartii Baker [=Astragalus bakeri Ali]; Sh
I2, NE3
J&K, UK; Paki
1500-3200
136. *Astragalus uttaranchalensis L.B. Chaudhary & J.H. Khan; Sh
NE3, VU6
UK
3200-3500
137. Butea pellita Hook.f. ex Prain [=Meizotropis pellita (Hook.f ex Prain)
Sanjappa]; Sh (Image-14)
NE3, CR6, VoE8, HT9,
HT10
UK; Nep
138. Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.; T
NE3, 2A5
UK, Tropical Himal, India; Sri
Lanka, Mya
300-1000
139. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.; T
VU3, 2A5
UK, India; Nep, Mal
300-500
NE , 2A
UK; Nep, Ban, Chi
300-1500
141. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC.; T
NE3, 2A5
J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Afg, Pak, Nep,
Ban, Mya
300-1200
142. Dalbergia volubilis Roxb.; Cl
NE3, 2A5
UK, E Himal, NE India, Indian
plains; Nep, Ban, Mya, China,
Thai, Viet, Lao
300-600
143. *Derris kanjilalii K.C. Sahni & H.B. Naithani; Cl
NE3, VU6
UK; Nep
300-400
Family 22- CRASSULACEAE J.St.-Hil.
Order 12- FABALES Bromhead
Family 23- FABACEAE Lindl. (LEGUMINOSAE Juss.)
140. Dalbergia sericea G. Don; T
5
3
?
1400-1500
144. *Desmodium garhwalensis L.R. Dangwal & R.D. Gaur; Sh
NE , VU
UK
700-1800
145. Hedysarum astragaloides Benth. ex Baker; H
R1, R2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Paki
3500-4500
146. Hedysarum cachemirianum Benth. ex Baker; H
R1/V1, NE3
J&K, UK; Paki
3700-4000
3
6
147. Hedysarum microcalyx Baker; H
V , NE
J&K, HP, UK; Paki
2700-4400
148. Indigofera cedrorum Dunn; Sh
I2, NE3, VU6
HP, UK
1200-2500
149. Indigofera dosua Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don var. simlensis (Ali) Sanjappa
[=Indigofera simlensis Ali]; Sh
I2, NE3, VU6
HP, UK
600-3000
150. Indigofera thothathrii Sanjappa; Sh
NE3, VU6
UK, UP, A
Up to 500
1
3
151. Indopiptadenia oudhensis (Brandis) Brenan [=Piptadenia oudhensis Brandis];
T
NE , EN , VoE , HT ,
HT10
UK, UP; Nep
152. Macrotyloma sar-garhwalensis R.D. Gaur & L.R. Dangwal; H
6
NE , VU
UK
600- 1500
153. *Pueraria garhwalensis L.R. Dangwal & D.S. Rawat; Cl
NE3, VU6
UK
300-600
154. *Senna davidsonii (V. Singh) V. Singh [=Cassia davidsonii V. Singh]; Sh
NE , VU , DD
155. Thermopsis inflata Cambess.; H
I2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK, S; Paki, Nep, Chi
156. Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC. [=Hedysarum pictum Jacq.]; H
(Image-15)
LC3, HT9
Himal, India; Pak, Ban, Mya, Chi,
Jawa, Male, Phil, Sri Lanka, Thai,
Tr Africa
157. Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal [=Phaseolus aconitifolius Jacq.]; H
DD3
UK, Throughout India; Pak, Ban,
Mya, Chi, Sri
3
3
3
6
6
8
6
9
UP (UK ?)
300-600
?
4900-5500
Up to 1500
Up to 2000
Order 13- ROSALES Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 24- ROSACEAE Juss.
158. *Alchemilla palii Panigrahi & Purohit; Sh
NE3, DD11
UK
159. *Cotoneaster parkinsonii Panigrahi & Arv. Kumar; Sh
NE3, VU6
UK, E Himal, NE India; Nep, Mya
22318
?
2400-2500
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
Threatened flora of Uttarakhand
Rawat et al.
Geographical Distribution
INDIA; Outside India
Elev. Distr.
(m) in UK
ORDER, FAMILY
Species Name; Habit
Threat Assessment
160. Cotoneaster roseus Edgew.[=Cotoneaster osmastonii G.Klotz]; Sh
NE3, VU6
W Himal; Afg, Pak
2400-3300
161. Cotoneaster simonsii Hort. ex Baker; Sh
I1, I2, NE3
UK, S; Bhutan
1500-3200
162. *Geum aequilobatum K.M.Purohit & Panigrahi; H
NE3, END11
UK
1000-1500
163. Prunus jacquemontii Hook.f. Sh
DD3
J&K, UK; Afg, Pak
2800-3500
164. *Rosa hirsuta Ghora & Panigrahi; Sh
NE3, VU6
UK
3600-3800
165. *Rubus almorensis Dunn; Sh
I2, NE3,DD6,
VU6, I7, I11
UK
2400-2700
166. *Sibbaldia axilliflora (Hook.f.) Chatterjee [=Potentilla axilliflora Hook.f.]; Sh
NE3, DD6, VU6
UK
?
167. *Spiraea diversifolia Dunn; Sh
I , NE ,I , I
UK; Nep(?) (CoL)
2700-4400
168. *Spiraea duthieana Zinserl.; Sh
NE3, VU6
UK
2400-3100
169. *Spiraea hypoleuca Dunn.; Sh
NE3, VU6
UK; Nep? (CoL)
2100-3300
170. *Spiraea panchananii Panigrahi & K.M.Purohit; Sh
NE ,VU
UK
2400
171. *Spiraea panigrahiana K.M. Purohit.; Sh
NE3, VU6
UK
1900
172. *Spiraea parkeri Panigrahi & K.M. Purohit; Sh
NE , DD , VU
UK
1900-2000
173. *Spiraea raizadae Panigrahi & K.M. Purohit; Sh
NE3, VU6
UK
3200-3300
NE3, VU6
UK
2000-2500
E2, VU3,NE3
J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Paki, N
1500-3000
3 7
2
3
11
6
3
6
6
Family 25- RHAMNACEAE Juss.
174. *Sageretia devendrae Pusalkar; Sh
Family 26- ULMACEAE Mirb.
175. Ulmus wallichiana Planch.; T
Order 14- FAGALES Engl.
Family 27- BETULACEAE Gray
176. Carpinus faginea Lindl.; T
DD3A , DD3
UK; Nep
1200-2200
177. Corylus jacquemontii Decne.; T
DD3A , DD3
J&K, HP, UK; Nep
2000-2700
NE3, EN4
UK; Mediterranean, Afg, Pak,
Nep, Viet
700-1550
LC3, VU4
J&K, HP, UK; Europe, E Asia, N
Africa, Chi
1000-3000
Order 15- CUCURBITALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 28- DATISCACEAE Dumort.
178. Datisca cannabina L.; H
Order 16- MALPIGHIALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 29- HYPERICACEAE Juss.
179. Hypericum perforatum L.; H
Family 30- VIOLACEAE Batsch
180. Viola kunawarensis Royle; H
I2, NE3, I7, I11
J&K, HP, UK, S; Afg, Paki, Nep, Tib
2800-5200
181. Viola repens Wall. ex Ging.; H
NE , VU
Himal; Pak, Mya, Chi, Thai, Sri
Lanka
500-3200
NE3, 2A5
J&K, HP, UK, NE India, E Himal;
Pak, Nep, Mya, Chi, Tai
600-1800
I2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK; Pak
3600-4400
NE3, VU6, VoE8, HT9,
HT10
UK, E Himal; Nep, Ban, Mya, Thai,
Viet, Lao
1000-2200
V1, V2, NE3, VU6,
V7, V11
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep, Chi
2000-3350
LC3, VU4
J&K, HP, UK, MN, MG, NG, OD,
AD; Pak, Nep, Mya, Chi, Jap, Kor,
Phil, Tai, Viet
1000-2200
3
6
Family 31- EUPHORBIACEAE Juss.
182. Euphorbia royleana Boiss.; T
Order 17- MYRTALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 32- ONAGRACEAE Juss.
183. Epilobium glaciale P.H. Raven; H
Order 18- CROSSOSOMATALES Takht. ex Reveal
Family 33- STAPHYLEACEAE Martinov
184. Staphylea cochinchinensis (Lour.) Byng & Christenh. [=Ticeros
cochinchinensis Lour; Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.; Turpinia
nepalensis Wall.]; T
Order 19- SAPINDALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 34- SAPINDACEAE Juss.
185. Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis; T
Family 35- RUTACEAE Juss.
186. Zanthoxylum armatum DC.; T
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
22319
J
TT
J
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Threatened flora of Uttarakhand
Rawat et al.
ORDER, FAMILY
Species Name; Habit
Threat Assessment
Geographical Distribution
INDIA; Outside India
Elev. Distr.
(m) in UK
NE3, VU6
UK
NE3, VU6
UK
2400-2700
UK, E Himal; Mya
3000-4450
Order 20- BRASSICALES Bromhead
Family 36- BRASSICACEAE Burnett
187. *Eutrema purii (D.S. Rawat, L.R. Dangwal & R.D. Gaur) Al-Shehbaz, G.Q.
Hao & J. Quan Liu [=Dilophia purii D.S. Rawat, L.R. Dangwal & R.D. Gaur]; H
(Image-16)
4500-5000
Order 21- CARYOPHYLLALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 37- POLYGONACEAE Juss.
188. *Koenigia binsarii (Silas & R.D.Gaur) R.D.Gaur [=Polygonum binsarii Silas &
R.D.Gaur]; H
189.
Rheum australe D.Don [=Rheum emodii Wall. ex Meisn.]; H
NE3, EN4, EN6
190.
Rheum moorcroftianum Royle; H
NE , VU
HP, UK; Nep
3500-4800
191.
Rheum webbianum Royle; H
NE3, VU4, VU6
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep, Tib
2400-5000
NE3, VU6
UK
2600-3150
I2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK, S; Paki, Nep, Maha,
TN
900-3700
3
192. *Rumex gangotrianus Aswal & S.K. Srivast.; H
6
Family 38- CARYOPHYLLACEAE Juss.
193.
Arenaria neelgherrensis Wight & Arn.; H
194.
Cerastium thomsonii Hook.f.; H
3 7
2
J&K, HP, UK
11
I , NE ,I , I
195. *Eremogone curvifolia (Majumdar) Pusalkar & D.K. Singh [=Arenaria
curvifolia Majumdar]; H (Image-17)
196. *Eremogone ferruginea (Duthie ex F.N. Williams) Pusalkar & D. K. Singh [=A.
ferruginea Duthie ex F.N. Williams]; H
E1, E2, NE3, CR6,
VU6, HT9 , E11
1
2
3
6
UK
2500-3650
3300-3650
E , E , NE , DD ,
VU6, I7, I11
UK
2400-3050
V1, V2, NE3
UK, S; Tib
3300-3600
197.
Odontostemma thangoense (W.W. Sm.) Rabeler & W.L. Wagner [=Arenaria
thangoensis W.W. Sm.]; H
198.
Silene kumaonensis F.N.Williams; H
R , R , NE , R
UK; Nep
2500-3000
199.
Silene stracheyi Edgew.
NE3, DD6
UK, S; Nep, Bhu
2250-3030
J&K, UK; Tib
4800-5000
UK
1200-3200
200. Stellaria depressa Em. Schmid; H
1
2
2
3
11
3
I , NE
Order 22- ERICALES Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 39- BALSAMINACEAE A. Rich.
201. *Impatiens devendrae Pusalkar; H
NE3, VU6
202. *Impatiens duthiei Hook.f.; H
NE , VU
UK
2700m
203. *Impatiens inayatii Hook.f.; H
NE3, DD6, VU6
UK
2400-2700
204. *Impatiens jaeschkei Hook.f.; H
NE3, END11
UK
2700-3000
205. *Impatiens kaliensis Grey-Wilson; H
NE3, VU6
UK
2200-3250
206. *Impatiens langeana Hook.f.; H
NE3, DD6, VU6
UK
?
3
6
207. *Impatiens podocarpa Hook.f.; H
NE , END
UK
2100-2400
208. *Impatiens polysciadia Hook.f.; H
NE3, DD6, VU6
UK
?
3
11
209. *Impatiens reidii Hook.f.; H
6
NE , DD , VU
UK
1800-2600
210. *Impatiens violoides Edgew. ex Hook.f.; H
NE3, DD6, VU6
UK
2400-2700
211. Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A. DC. [=Ardisia tsjeriam-cottam
Roem. & Schult.]; T
NE3, VU4
J&K, UK, WB; Pak, Nep, Ban, MYa,
Thai, Viet, Sri Lanka
450-1800
212. *Primula garhwalica (Balodi & S.Singh) K.K.Khanna & An.Kumar
[=Androsace garhwalicum Balodi & S.Singh]; H
NE3, VU6
UK
4100-4400
3
6
Family 40- PRIMULACEAE Batsch ex Borkh.
213. Primula drummondiana Craib; H
I , NE
HP, UK; Nep
214. Primula minutissima Jacquem. ex Duby; H
E2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK; Nep
3500-5450
NE3, VU4
Himal; Pak, Ban, Mya, Chi, Jap,
Lao, Viet
1000-2900
NE3, VU6
UK
3100-3350
217. Clarkella nana (Edgew.) Hook.f. [=Ophiorrhiza nana Edgew.]; H
R1, R2, NE3, R7, R11
UK; Mya, Chi, Thai
1200-2400
218. *Leptodermis riparia R.Parker; Sh
NE , VU
UK
700-1600
2
3
2400
Family 41- SYMPLOCACEAE Desf.
215. Symplocos paniculata Miq.; T
Family 42- ERICACEAE Juss.
216. *Rhododendron rawatii I.D.Rai & B.S.Adhikari; T
Order 23- GENTIANALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 43- RUBIACEAE Juss.
22320
3
6
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
Threatened flora of Uttarakhand
Rawat et al.
ORDER, FAMILY
Species Name; Habit
Threat Assessment
Geographical Distribution
INDIA; Outside India
Elev. Distr.
(m) in UK
219. Rubia edgeworthii Hook.f.; Cl
V1, V2, NE3, V7, V11
UK, Chi
900-1200
Family 44- GENTIANACEAE Juss.
220. Gentiana cachemirica Decne.; H
E2, NE3
J&K, UK; Paki
2600-3900
221. Gentiana crassuloides Bureau & Franch.; H
R2, NE3, R7, R11
UK, S, AP; Nep, Bhu, Chi
3400-5000
222. Gentiana kurroo Royle; H
CR3A, CR3, CR4, EN6,
VoE8, HT9, HT10
HP, UK; Afg, Pak, Mya
1500-3000
223. *Gentiana saginoides Burkill; H
R2, NE3,CR6, VU6,
R7, R11
UK
3000-3600
224. *Gentiana tetrasepala Biswas; H
NE3, VU6, VU6
225. Kuepferia infelix (C.B.Clarke) Adr. Favre [=Gentiana infelix C.B. Clarke]; H
(Image-18)
226. *Swertia alpina U.C.Bhattach. & S.Agrawal; H
227. Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst. [=Gentiana chirayita Roxb.]; H
UK
3800-4500
R , NE , VU , R , R
HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi
4000-4900
NE , VU
UK
3200-4500
J&K, HP, UK, E Himal; Nep,
1200-3600
1000-2400
2
3
7
6
3
6
3
4
11
6
NE , EN , EN
Family 45- APOCYNACEAE Juss.
228. Ceropegia angustifolia Wight; Cl
V1, V2, NE3
UK, UP, S, A, MG, WB; Ban
229. Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.; Cl
V2, NE3, EN4, VU6
All over India
300-600
230. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz; Sh
NE , VU , 2A
All over India
300-600
231. Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G.Don) I.M. Johnst. [=Echium benthamii Wall.
& G.Don]; H
E2, NE3, VU6, CR4,
HT9
J&K, HP, UK; Paki, Nep
3000-5000
232. Arnebia euchroma (Royle ex Benth.) I.M. Johnst. [=Lithospermum
euchromon Royle ex Benth.]; H
NE3, EN4, VU6, HT9
J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Afg, Pak, Kaza,
Nep, Tib, Chi
3500-4600
233. *Cynoglossum jaunsarensis (Kazmi) Pusalkar [=Ivanjohnstonia jaunsariensis
Kazmi]; H
NE3, DD6, VU6
UK
2200-2400
NE3, VU6
UK, MH
Up to 800
NE3, VU4
J&K, HP, UK, S, AP; Temperate
Eurasia, NW Africa
2800-4200
236. Fraxinus micrantha Lingelsh.; T
DD3
W Himal; Pak, Nep
1500-2400
237. Schrebera swietenioides Roxb.; T
NE3, EN6, VoE8, HT9,
HT10
3
5
4
Order 24- BORAGINALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 46- BORAGINACEAE Juss.
Order 25- SOLANALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 47- CONVOLVULACEAE Juss.
234. Ipomoea laxiflora H.J. Chowdhery & M.R. Debta; Cl
Family 48- SOLANACEAE Juss.
235. Hyoscyamus niger L.; H
Order 26- LAMIALES Bromhead
Family 49- OLEACEAE Hoffmanns. & Link
450-762
Family 50- GESNERIACEAE Rich. & Juss.
238.
Didymocarpus aromaticus Don; H
NE3, VU6
1800-3000
239.
Didymocarpus pedicellatus R.Br.; H
NE , VU
500-1700
3
4
Family 51- PLANTAGINACEAE Juss.
240. *Kashmiria himalaica (Hook.f.) D.Y. Hong [=Falconeria himalaica Hook.f.;
Wulfenia himalaica (Hook.f.) Pennell]; H (Image-19)
NE3, VU6, VU6
241. Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D.Y. Hong [=Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora Pennell]; H
NE3, EN6
1
3
4
5
UK
2400-3800
Himal; Chi
3000-4600
242. Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.; H
V , NE ,CR , 2A ,
EN6
J&K, HP, UK; Pak
3000-4600
243. *Picrorhiza tungnathii Pusalkar; H
NE3, VU6
UK
3500-3800
NE3, VU6
UK
1500-2100
NE3, DD6, VU6
UK
800-900
NE3, VU6, HT9
J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Pak, Nep
450-2500
Family 52- SCROPHULARIACEAE Juss.
244. *Scrophularia obtusa Edgew. ex Hook.f.; H
Family 53- ACANTHACEAE Juss.
245. *Phlogacanthus lambertii Raizada; Sh
Family 54- BIGNONIACEAE Juss.
246. Incarvillea emodi (Royle ex Lindl) Chatterjee [=Amphicome emodi Royle ex
Benth.]; Sh
Family 55- LENTIBULARIACEAE Rich.
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ORDER, FAMILY
Species Name; Habit
Pinguicula alpina L.; H
247.
(Image-20)
Threat Assessment
Geographical Distribution
INDIA; Outside India
Elev. Distr.
(m) in UK
NE3, VU6, VoE8, HT9,
HT10
W Himal: Europe, Siberia, Tib, Chi
3000-4400
I2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK; Taji, Afg, Pak, Nep,
Bhu, Tib, Chi
2600-3650
2500-3000
Family 56- LAMIACEAE Martinov (LABIATAE Juss.)
248.
Elsholtzia densa Benth.; H
249.
Nepeta campestris Benth.; H
NE , I
J&K, HP, UK
250.
Phlomoides superba (Royle ex Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm. [=Eremostachys
superba Royle ex Benth.]; H
NE3, VU4, EN6, VoE8,
HT9, HT10
J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Pak
300-700
251.
Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baill. [=Ballota cinerea D. Don]; Sh
NE3, VU4
J&K, HP, UK; Nep
500-2400
NE3, EN6
HP, UK; Chi
2500-3900
3
2
Family 57- OROBANCHACEAE Vent.
Gleadovia ruborum Gamble & Prain; H
252.
Order 27- ASTERALES Link
Family 58- CAMPANULACEAE Juss.
253.
Campanula wattiana B.K. Nayar & Babu; H
R1, R2, NE3, R7,
END, R11
HP, UK
2200-3800
254.
Cyananthus integer Wall. ex Benth.; H
R1, R2, NE3, R7,
END6, R11
UK; Nep
3000-4500
NE3, VU6
HP, UK
3500-4200
E1, E2, CR3, 1A5
J&K, HP, UK-Cultivated
2000-3800
V1, V2, NE3, CR6,
VU6, V11
UK, HP; Nep
Cremanthodium arnicoides (DC. ex Royle) R.D. Good [=Ligularia arnicoides
DC. ex Royle]; H
E2, NE3
J&K, HP, UK; Nep, Chi
2500-5200
259.
Dolomiaea macrocephala DC. ex Royle [=Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss.]; H
NE3, EN4, EN6
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep, Chi
3000-4300
260.
Himalaiella foliosa (Edgew.) Raab- Straube [=Aplotaxis foliosa Edgew.;
Saussurea foliosa (Edgew.) Hook.f.]; H
I2, NE3, I11
J&K, HP, UK; Nep
2400-3200
E1, E2, NE3, CR6,
VU6, E11
UK
1800-2500
J&K, HP, UK
3000-4600
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Chi
3500-5600
Family 59- ASTERACEAE Bercht. & J. Presl (COMPOSITAE Giseke)
255. *Artemisia austrohimalayaensis Y.R.Ling & H.S.Puri [=Artemisia
austrohimalayana Y.R. Ling & H.S.Puri]; H
256.
Aucklandia costus Falc. [=Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.; Saussurea lappa
(DC.) Sch. Bip.]; H
257. *Catamixis baccharoides Thomson; Sh
258.
261. *Melanoseris filicina (Stebbins) N. Kilian [=Lactuca filicina Duthie ex
Stebbins; =Cicerbita filicina (Duthie ex Stebbins) Mumgain & R.R. Rao]; H
262.
Saussurea atkinsonii C.B. Clarke; H (Image-21)
I2, NE3
263.
Saussurea bracteata Decne.; H
R1, R2, NE3, R7, R11
450-900
264.
Saussurea pterocaulon Decne.[=Saussurea clarkei Hook.f.]; H
R , R , NE
J&K, UK
4000-4500
265.
Saussurea gossypiphora D.Don; H
NE3, VU4
Himal; Chi
3600-5600
266.
Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew. [=Aplotaxis obvallata DC.]; H
NE3, EN4, VU6
Himal; Pak, Chi
3800-5300
267.
Saussurea roylei (DC.) Sch. Bip. [=Aplotaxis roylei DC.]; H
268. *Saussurea sudhanshui Hajra; H
1
2
3
I , NE
J&K, HP, UK; Nep, Chi
3300-4800
NE3, VU6
UK
4500-5000
2
3
Order 28- DIPSACALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family 60- CAPRIFOLIACEAE Juss.
269.
Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC. [=Patrinia jatamansi D.Don]; H
(Image-22)
CR3A, CR3, CR4, EN6,
HT9, HT10
UK, E Himal; Nep, Mya, Chi
270.
Valeriana jatamansi Jones; H
NE3, VU4, VU6
2500-4800
Himal; Mya, Chi, Thai, Viet
1500-3600
271. *Valeriana mussooriensis Ved Prakash, Aswal & Mehrotra; H
6
NE , VU
UK
1500-2000
272. *Valeriana roylei Klotzsch; H
NE3, VU6
UK
?
I1, I2, EN3, VU6, VU6,
I7, R11
HP, UK
300-2300
V1, NE3,CR6
UK, NE India; Nep
2100-4300
3
Order 29- APIALES Nakai
Family 61- PITTOSPORACEAE R. Br.
273.
Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle; T
Family 62- ARALIACEAE Juss.
274.
Panax pseudoginseng Wall.; H
(Image-23)
Family 63- APIACEAE Lindl. (UMBELLIFERAE Juss)
275.
Angelica archangelica L.; H
276.
Angelica glauca Edgew.; H
22322
LC3, EN6
(Image-24)
3A
3
4
6
EN , EN , EN , EN
W Himal
3000-4000
W Himal
2400-4500
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
Threatened flora of Uttarakhand
Rawat et al.
Geographical Distribution
INDIA; Outside India
Elev. Distr.
(m) in UK
ORDER, FAMILY
Species Name; Habit
Threat Assessment
277. *Angelica indica Pimenov & Kljuykov; H
NE3, VU6
UK
3000-3300
278. *Bupleurum maddenii C.B. Clarke; H
NE3, VU6
UK
2500-3000
279.
Ferula jaeskeana C.B. Clarke; H
NE3, VU4
J&K, UK
2400-3600
280.
Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC.; H
NE3, VU4
W Himal; Mya
1800-3600
281. Heracleum jacquemontii C.B. Clarke [=Heracleum jacquemontii C.B. Clarke
ex Hook.f.]; H
I1, I2, NE3, I7, I11
W Himal
282. *Hymenidium dentatum (DC.) Pimenov & Kljuykov [=Pleurospermum erosa
(DC.) P.K. Mukh.; Hymenolaena dentata var. erosa DC.]; H
NE3, VU6
UK
2700-3900
283. *Kailashia robusta Pimenov & Kljuykov; H
NE3, VU6
UK
3700-3850
284. *Kedarnatha meifolia Pimenov & Kljuykov; H
NE3, VU6
UK
3300
?
285. *Kedarnatha sanctuarii P.K. Mukh. & Constance; H
NE , END
UK
?
286. *Oreocome aegopodioides Pimenov & Kljuykov; H
NE3, VU6
UK
3000-3300
287. *Peucedanum dehradunense Babu; H
NE3, VU6
UK
700-800
288. *Pimpinella stracheyi C.B. Clarke, H
NE3, VU6
UK
2200-2300
NE3,VU4
UK, NE India; Nep
2400-4200
NE3, VU6
UK
1500-2700
289.
Pleurospermum angelicoides (Wall. ex DC.) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke
[=Hymenolaena angelicoides DC.]; H
290. *Trachyspermum falconeri (C.B.Clarke) H.Wolff. [=Carum falconeri
C.B.Clarke]; H
3
11
*endemic species; H=herb, Sh=shrub, T=tree, Cl=climber;
Ex=extinct, PEx=presumed extinct, E=endangered, V=vulnerable, R=rare, I= Indeterminate; EX=extinct, EW=extinct in wild, CR=critically endangered, EN=endangered,
VU=vulnerable, DD=data deficient, NE3= not evaluated for threat assessment, LC=least concerned, NT=near threatened ; 1A=listed in Appendix-1 of CITES, 2A=listed in
Appendix-2 of CITES; VoE=verge of extinction; HT= highly threatened.
A=Assam, AD= Andhra Pradesh, AP=Arunachal Pradesh, Himal= Entire Himalaya from J&K to Arunachal Pradesh, HP=Himachal Pradesh, India= throughout India,
J&K=Jammu & Kashmir, MG=Meghalaya, MN=Manipur, NE India= North East Indian states, NI= Nicobar Island, NL=Nagaland, OD=Odisha, Pen India= Peninsular India,
S=Sikkim, TN=Tamil Nadu, UK=Uttarakhand, UP=Uttar Pradesh, WB=West Bengal.
Afg= Afganistan, Ban=Bangladesh, Bh=Bhutan, Chi=China, Ira=Iran, Kor=Korea, Kaz=Kazakistan, La=Laos, Mal=Malesia, Mon=Mongolia, Mya=Myanmar, Nep=Nepal,
Pak=Pakistan, Tib=Tibet, Viet=Vietnam
Table 2. Taxa excluded from Table 1 (Threatened flora of Uttarakhand) on account of various reasons.
Species/taxa excluded
1.
2.
Reason for exclusion (reference)
Iris duthie Foster (Iridaceae)
Synonym of Iris kemaonensis Wall. ex D.Don, a common species (POWO 2019)
Microschoenus duthie C.B. Clarke (Cyperaceae)
Synonym of Juncus duthie (C.B.Clarke) Noltie, a common species (POWO
2019)
3. Berberis petiolaris Wall. ex G. Don var. garhwalana Ahrendt
(Berberidaceae)
Variety not recognized in recent works (Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018)
4.
Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser.(Ranunculaceae)
Erroneous identification; species not known in Western Himalaya (Pusalkar &
Srivastava 2018)
5.
Aconitum deinorrhizum Stapf. (Ranunculaceae)
Erroneous identification; species not known in Western Himalaya (Pusalkar &
Srivastava 2018)
6. Caragana aegacanthoides (R. Parker) L.B. Chaudhary & S.K. Srivast.
(Fabaceae)
Not endemic to Uttarakhand (POWO 2019)
Synonym of Apios carnea (Wall.) Benth. ex Baker; a common species (POWO
2019)
7.
Pueraria stracheyi Baker (Fabaceae)
8.
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) W.J. de Wilde (Fabaceae)
Cultivated species in Uttarakhand
9.
Acer osmastonii Gamble (Sapindaceae)
Erroneous identification (Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018)
10. Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC. var. membranaceum Banerji (Sapindaceae)
Variety not recognized in recent work (Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018)
11. Santalum album L. (Santalaceae)
Cultivated species in Uttarakhand
12. Sagina purii R.D. Gaur (Caryophyllaceae)
Synonym of Sagina apetala Ard. (Chandra 2015)
13. Impatiens vexillaria Hook.f. (Balsaminaceae)
Known by type only and described from Himachal Pradesh (Hooker 1910)
14. Arnebia nandadeviensis Chandra Sek. & R.S.Rawal (Boraginaceae)
Synonym of Onosma bracteata Wall. (Tiwari 2016)
15. Ageratum haustonianum Mill. (Asteraceae)
Common invasive species in Uttarakhand
16. Nardostachys grandiflora DC. (Valerianaceae)
Synonym of N. jatamansi (D.Don) DC. (POWO 2019)
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Table 3. Original sources, threat status and number of species included in Table 1 (threatened flora of Uttarakhand) based on them.
Superscript number used in table-1; Original source
Nayar & Sastry (1987-90)
Threat statuses used
Threat statuses followed by
original source
Number of
species
1
Ex, E, V, R, I
Lucas & Synge (1978)
55
2
Ex, E, V, R, I
IUCN (1994)
115
Rao et al. (2003)
EX, EW, CR, EN, VU, DD
IUCN (new)
34
3A
IUCN Red List for India
EX, EW, CR, EN, VU, DD
IUCN (new)
12
4
EX, EW, CR, EN, VU, I
IUCN (older)
44
5
CITES Appendices (2019)
None
None
12+
Pusalkar & Srivastava (2018)
EX, EW, CR, EN, VU, DD
IUCN (new?)
165+
Uniyal et al. (2007)
Ex, E, V, R, I
Lucas & Synge (1978)
55
National Biodiversity Authority list for Uttarakhand
Verge of Extinction (VoE)
None
15
3
IUCN Red List for Uttarakhand
Ved et al. (2003)
6
7
8
Uttarakhand State Biodiversity Board, Annexure-2
Highly Threatened (HT)
None
27
Shah (ebook publ. by Uttarakhand State Biodiversity Board)
Highly Threatened (HT)
None
15
Threatened Taxa list available at ENVIS Centre BSI
Ex, E, V, R, I
Lucas & Synge (1978)
67
9
10
11
12+= 12 listed species and all orchids in the area; 165+= 165 listed species and all orchids in the area.
et al. 2016; Panwar et al. 2015, 2016, 2017; Thakur et
al. 2016). This selection of species seems more skewed
towards economically important species (12 species,
mainly medicinal) than on only threatened species
which suggests that only threatened status is considered
a meagre reason for micropropagation.
It has been emphasized that for conservation of
biodiversity we have to focus on biodiversity hotspots
and documentation of distribution of biodiversity has to
be improved (Myers et al. 2000; Raven & Wackernagel
2020). Uttarakhand is one of the important zones of
the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot with more than 45%
flowering plant species, 60% genera, 92% families, thus,
sustaining rich flowering plant diversity interspersed
with a large number of threatened species (Rana &
Rawat 2017; Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018). Threat statuses
of threatened plant species in entire India, including
Uttarakhand, are ambiguous and require their correct
assessment using categories and criteria suggested in
recent IUCN Redlist to be globally acceptable (Barik et
al. 2018). The information in this communication is an
attempt to provide the current situation of threatened
flora of Uttarakhand as identified by various official
sources. Images of 24 threatened species and locations
of individuals photographed are shown in Figure 1 to
further facilitate conservation studies on these species.
It is now crucial to assess these proposed threatened
species (barring 34 alredy assessed) with modern IUCN
threat categories to find the most threatened species
for prioritized conservation by all available means. Such
an assessment will restrict the unnecessary inflation of
threatened plants list consequently reducing pressure
22324
on the resources being spent for conservation. The given
list of species will also be helpful to subsequent scientific
publications for correctly referring to any species
threatened in Uttarakhand, however, it should be used
judiciously as all species listed in it are not threatened
strictly according to the IUCN Red List criteria.
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Images 1—12. Threatened flora of Uttarakhand: 1—Dioscorea deltoidea | 2—Fritillaria cirrhosa | 3—Cypripedium himalaicum | 4—Oreorchis
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22326
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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
Dr. George Mathew, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, India
Dr. John Noyes, Natural History Museum, London, UK
Dr. Albert G. Orr, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
Dr. Sameer Padhye, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Dr. Nancy van der Poorten, Toronto, Canada
Dr. Kareen Schnabel, NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand
Dr. R.M. Sharma, (Retd.) Scientist, Zoological Survey of India, Pune, India
Dr. Manju Siliwal, WILD, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. G.P. Sinha, Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad, India
Dr. K.A. Subramanian, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, India
Dr. P.M. Sureshan, Zoological Survey of India, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
Dr. R. Varatharajan, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India
Dr. Eduard Vives, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Terrassa, Spain
Dr. James Young, Hong Kong Lepidopterists’ Society, Hong Kong
Dr. R. Sundararaj, Institute of Wood Science & Technology, Bengaluru, India
Dr. M. Nithyanandan, Environmental Department, La Ala Al Kuwait Real Estate. Co. K.S.C.,
Kuwait
Dr. Himender Bharti, Punjabi University, Punjab, India
Mr. Purnendu Roy, London, UK
Dr. Saito Motoki, The Butterfly Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Sanjay Sondhi, TITLI TRUST, Kalpavriksh, Dehradun, India
Dr. Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Dr. Nitin Kulkarni, Tropical Research Institute, Jabalpur, India
Dr. Robin Wen Jiang Ngiam, National Parks Board, Singapore
Dr. Lional Monod, Natural History Museum of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland.
Dr. Asheesh Shivam, Nehru Gram Bharti University, Allahabad, India
Dr. Rosana Moreira da Rocha, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
Dr. Kurt R. Arnold, North Dakota State University, Saxony, Germany
Dr. James M. Carpenter, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
Dr. David M. Claborn, Missouri State University, Springfield, USA
Dr. Kareen Schnabel, Marine Biologist, Wellington, New Zealand
Dr. Amazonas Chagas Júnior, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brasil
Mr. Monsoon Jyoti Gogoi, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
Dr. Heo Chong Chin, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia
Dr. R.J. Shiel, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
Dr. Siddharth Kulkarni, The George Washington University, Washington, USA
Dr. Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan, ATREE, Bengaluru, India
Dr. Phil Alderslade, CSIRO Marine And Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Australia
Dr. John E.N. Veron, Coral Reef Research, Townsville, Australia
Dr. Daniel Whitmore, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein, Germany.
Dr. Yu-Feng Hsu, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
Dr. Keith V. Wolfe, Antioch, California, USA
Dr. Siddharth Kulkarni, The Hormiga Lab, The George Washington University, Washington,
D.C., USA
Dr. Tomas Ditrich, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in Ceske
Budejovice, Czech Republic
Dr. Mihaly Foldvari, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway
Dr. V.P. Uniyal, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India
Dr. John T.D. Caleb, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Dr. Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment
(ATREE), Royal Enclave, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Fishes
Dr. Neelesh Dahanukar, IISER, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Topiltzin Contreras MacBeath, Universidad Autónoma del estado de Morelos, México
Dr. Heok Hee Ng, National University of Singapore, Science Drive, Singapore
Dr. Rajeev Raghavan, St. Albert’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India
Dr. Robert D. Sluka, Chiltern Gateway Project, A Rocha UK, Southall, Middlesex, UK
Dr. E. Vivekanandan, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Chennai, India
Dr. Davor Zanella, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Dr. A. Biju Kumar, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Dr. Akhilesh K.V., ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mumbai Research
Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Dr. J.A. Johnson, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Dr. R. Ravinesh, Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, Gujarat, India
Amphibians
Dr. Sushil K. Dutta, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Dr. Annemarie Ohler, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
Reptiles
Dr. Gernot Vogel, Heidelberg, Germany
Dr. Raju Vyas, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Dr. Pritpal S. Soorae, Environment Agency, Abu Dubai, UAE.
Prof. Dr. Wayne J. Fuller, Near East University, Mersin, Turkey
Prof. Chandrashekher U. Rivonker, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa. India
Dr. S.R. Ganesh, Chennai Snake Park, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Himansu Sekhar Das, Terrestrial & Marine Biodiversity, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Journal of Threatened Taxa is indexed/abstracted in Bibliography of Systematic Mycology, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts,
EBSCO, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Index Fungorum, JournalSeek,
National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NewJour, OCLC WorldCat,
SCOPUS, Stanford University Libraries, Virtual Library of Biology, Zoological Records.
NAAS rating (India) 5.64
Birds
Dr. Hem Sagar Baral, Charles Sturt University, NSW Australia
Mr. H. Byju, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Chris Bowden, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK
Dr. Priya Davidar, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
Dr. J.W. Duckworth, IUCN SSC, Bath, UK
Dr. Rajah Jayapal, SACON, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Rajiv S. Kalsi, M.L.N. College, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
Dr. V. Santharam, Rishi Valley Education Centre, Chittoor Dt., Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. S. Balachandran, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India
Mr. J. Praveen, Bengaluru, India
Dr. C. Srinivasulu, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
Dr. K.S. Gopi Sundar, International Crane Foundation, Baraboo, USA
Dr. Gombobaatar Sundev, Professor of Ornithology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Prof. Reuven Yosef, International Birding & Research Centre, Eilat, Israel
Dr. Taej Mundkur, Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Dr. Carol Inskipp, Bishop Auckland Co., Durham, UK
Dr. Tim Inskipp, Bishop Auckland Co., Durham, UK
Dr. V. Gokula, National College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Arkady Lelej, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
Dr. Simon Dowell, Science Director, Chester Zoo, UK
Dr. Mário Gabriel Santiago dos Santos, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro,
Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
Dr. Grant Connette, Smithsonian Institution, Royal, VA, USA
Dr. M. Zafar-ul Islam, Prince Saud Al Faisal Wildlife Research Center, Taif, Saudi Arabia
Mammals
Dr. Giovanni Amori, CNR - Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Rome, Italy
Dr. Anwaruddin Chowdhury, Guwahati, India
Dr. David Mallon, Zoological Society of London, UK
Dr. Shomita Mukherjee, SACON, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Angie Appel, Wild Cat Network, Germany
Dr. P.O. Nameer, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India
Dr. Ian Redmond, UNEP Convention on Migratory Species, Lansdown, UK
Dr. Heidi S. Riddle, Riddle’s Elephant and Wildlife Sanctuary, Arkansas, USA
Dr. Karin Schwartz, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
Dr. Lala A.K. Singh, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
Dr. Mewa Singh, Mysore University, Mysore, India
Dr. Paul Racey, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
Dr. Honnavalli N. Kumara, SACON, Anaikatty P.O., Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Nishith Dharaiya, HNG University, Patan, Gujarat, India
Dr. Spartaco Gippoliti, Socio Onorario Società Italiana per la Storia della Fauna “Giuseppe
Altobello”, Rome, Italy
Dr. Justus Joshua, Green Future Foundation, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. H. Raghuram, The American College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Paul Bates, Harison Institute, Kent, UK
Dr. Jim Sanderson, Small Wild Cat Conservation Foundation, Hartford, USA
Dr. Dan Challender, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
Dr. David Mallon, Manchester Metropolitan University, Derbyshire, UK
Dr. Brian L. Cypher, California State University-Stanislaus, Bakersfield, CA
Dr. S.S. Talmale, Zoological Survey of India, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Prof. Karan Bahadur Shah, Budhanilakantha Municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal
Dr. Susan Cheyne, Borneo Nature Foundation International, Palangkaraja, Indonesia
Dr. Hemanta Kafley, Wildlife Sciences, Tarleton State University, Texas, USA
Other Disciplines
Dr. Aniruddha Belsare, Columbia MO 65203, USA (Veterinary)
Dr. Mandar S. Paingankar, University of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India (Molecular)
Dr. Jack Tordoff, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Arlington, USA (Communities)
Dr. Ulrike Streicher, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA (Veterinary)
Dr. Hari Balasubramanian, EcoAdvisors, Nova Scotia, Canada (Communities)
Dr. Rayanna Hellem Santos Bezerra, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
Dr. Jamie R. Wood, Landcare Research, Canterbury, New Zealand
Dr. Wendy Collinson-Jonker, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Gauteng, South Africa
Dr. Rajeshkumar G. Jani, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
Dr. O.N. Tiwari, Senior Scientist, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New
Delhi, India
Dr. L.D. Singla, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
Dr. Rupika S. Rajakaruna, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Dr. Bahar Baviskar, Wild-CER, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440013, India
Reviewers 2019–2021
Due to pausity of space, the list of reviewers for 2018–2020 is available online.
The opinions expressed by the authors do not reflect the views of the
Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society,
Zoo Outreach Organization, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher,
the host, and the partners are not responsible for the accuracy of the political
boundaries shown in the maps by the authors.
Print copies of the Journal are available at cost. Write to:
The Managing Editor, JoTT,
c/o Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society,
43/2 Varadarajulu Nagar, 5th Street West, Ganapathy, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu 641035, India
ravi@threatenedtaxa.org
OPEN ACCESS
The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally by
publishing peer-reviewed articles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org.
All articles published in JoTT are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of articles in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
www.threatenedtaxa.org
December 2022 | Vol. 14 | No. 12 | Pages: 22207-22354
Date of Publication: 26 December 2022 (Online & Print)
DOI: 10.11609/jott.2022.14.12.22207-22354
Communications
Reviews
A preliminary survey of moss flora of Chail Wildlife Sanctuary,
Himachal Pradesh, India
– Meenal Sharma, Anju Rao & S.S. Kumar, Pp. 22207–22214
Threatened flora of Uttarakhand: an update
– D.S. Rawat, Satish Chandra & Preeti Chaturvedi, Pp. 22309–
22328
New distribution record and DNA barcoding of Sapria
himalayana Griff. (Rafflesiaceae), a rare and endangered
holoparasitic plant from Mizoram, India
– Laldinfeli Ralte, Hmingremhlua Sailo, Sagolshem Priyokumar
Singh, Laldinliana Khiangte & Y. Tunginba Singh, Pp. 22215–
22220
A systematic review on the feeding ecology of Sloth Bear
Melursus ursinus Shaw, 1791 in its distribution range in the
Indian subcontinent
– Vasantkumar Rabari & Nishith Dharaiya, Pp. 22329–22336
Short Communications
Species distribution modeling of a cucurbit Herpetospermum
darjeelingense in Darjeeling Himalaya, India
– Debasruti Boral & Saurav Moktan, Pp. 22221–22231
An updated catalogue of true flies (Insecta: Diptera) from
northern Pakistan
– Noor Fatima & Ding Yang, Pp. 22232–22259
Desert Carabidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) of India
– S.V. Akhil, Sabu K. Thomas & Sanjeev Kumar, Pp. 22260–22269
Photographic evidence of fish assemblage in artificial reef site
of Palk Bay - an implication for marine resource management
– Koushik Sadhukhan, T. Shanmugaraj, Ramesh Chatragadda &
M.V. Ramana Murthy, Pp. 22270–22276
Systematics of the enigmatic and narrowly endemic toad
genus Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani, 1973: rediscovery of Bufoides
kempi (Boulenger, 1919) and expanded description of Bufoides
meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda, 1971) (Amphibia: Anura:
Bufonidae) with notes on natural history and distribution
– R.S. Naveen, S.R. Chandramouli, Gautam Kadam, S. Babu,
P.V. Karunakaran, H.N. Kumara & N. Parthasarathy, Pp. 22277–
22292
Avifaunal diversity in Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Campus, Assam, India
– Umang H. Rathod & Rupam Bhaduri, Pp. 22293–22308
Mercury in tuna from the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean
and health risk assessment
– Ana Paula Madeira Di Beneditto, Inácio Abreu Pestana, Igor
David da Costa, Marcelo Gomes de Almeida, Braulio Cherene Vaz
de Oliveira & Carlos Eduardo de Rezende, Pp. 22337–22340
First photographic record of Spotted Deer Axis axis (Erxleben,
1777) (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Great Indian Bustard
Sanctuary, Maharashtra, India
– Shaheer Khan, S. Ramesh Kumar & Bilal Habib, Pp. 22341–
22345
Comparative study of morphology and keratin levels in hair
from deer and goat
– Sangeeta Patle, Divya Bagchi & K.P. Singh, Pp. 22346–22350
Response & Reply
Is trade the reason for the unusual colour morph of Cobra from
Goa? Response to Sawant et al.
– Raju Vyas & Harshil Patel, Pp. 22351–22353
Corrections to ‘An unusual morph of Naja naja (Linnaeus, 1758)
from Goa, India (Serpentes: Squamata)’
– Nitin Sawant, Amrut Singh, Shubham Rane, Sagar Naik &
Mayur Gawas, P. 22354
Publisher & Host
Threatened Taxa
D.S Rawat