Cryptogamie, Mycologie, 2006, 27 (1): 11-20
© 2006 Adac. Tous droits réservés
Echinosphaeria macrospora sp. nov., teleomorph of
Vermiculariopsiella endophytica sp. nov.
GAWAS PUJA1#, B.D. SHENOY 2, K.D. HYDE 2 & D.J. BHAT 1*
1
Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa-403 206, India.
2 Centre
for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity,
The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR
Abstract – Echinosphaeria macrospora is a novel endophyte isolated from stems of Centella
asiatica (Apiaceae/Umbelliferae) with its novel, hyphomycetous anamorph, Vermiculariopsiella endophytica. The fungus first produced the conidial state, followed by development
of its teleomorph after 4 weeks of incubation. Echinosphaeria macrospora differs from the
type of this monotypic genus, E. canescens, in having wider asci and larger ascospores. This
is the first report of a sexual state amongst the species of Vermiculariopsiella and the third
asexual stage of Echinosphaeria.
Anamorph-teleomorph connection / perithecium / Helminthosphaeriaceae / sporodochia /
Western Ghats
INTRODUCTION
Fungi are pleomorphic, i.e., they are capable of producing more than one
form or type of spore in their life cycle (Sugiyama, 1987; Cai et al. 2005; Fernández
& Huhndorf, 2004, 2005; Huhndorf & Fernández, 2005). The complete lifecycle of
many fungi is poorly understood and therefore anamorph-teleomorph connections as and when established, attain significance. One such anamorphic genus
with hitherto unknown teleomorph is Vermiculariopsiella Bender (Bender, 1932).
During studies on biodiversity of microfungi of the Western Ghat forests
in Goa, India (Pratibha et al., 2005; Shenoy et al., 2005), we isolated a novel species of hyphomycetous, endophytic fungus, Vermiculariopsiella endophytica, from
living stems of Centella asiatica. The fungus in culture produced its sporodochial
conidial state in 4 days. After one month of incubation at 23-25 °C, perithecia
developed in small groups on tiny, inconspicuous, stromatic base amongst the
sporodochia. The ascocarp, asci and ascospores of the teleomorph were similar
to Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf (Miller & Huhndorf, 2004). The
anamorph and teleomorph distinctly differ from hitherto known species in respective genera and therefore are described as novel taxa, in this paper. This is the first
report of sexual state amongst the species of Vermiculariopsiella and the third
asexual stage of Echinosphaeria.
* Corresponding author: e-mail < bhatdj@rediffmail.com>
# e-mail: < pujabg@yahoo.co.in>
12
Gawas Puja, B.D. Shenoy, K.D. Hyde & D.J. Bhat
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Isolation of the fungus from host tissue
Fresh stem and leaves of Centella asiatica were processed for isolation of
endophytic fungi following the procedure described by Petrini & Fisher (1986).
The surface sterilized stem and leaf tissues were cut into pieces of 0.5 cm2, plated
in 2% malt extract agar (MEA) medium and incubated for 7-14 days at 25°C.
Fungal mycelium emerging out of cut ends of the tissue was aseptically transferred
onto fresh MEA plates. The plates were incubated for over 2 months or until the
fungus produced both it anamorphic and teleomorphic forms in the medium.
Confirmation of anamorph-teleomorph connection
The perithecium developed in culture was transferred onto a flamesterilized slide and carefully dissected in a drop of sterile distilled water to separate individual ascospores. The ascosporic suspension when spread on a 2% MEA
plate, germinated readily. Germinated ascospores were individually transferred
into slants and incubated at 25°C until sporulation effected. The anamorph developed in culture was in conformity with Vermiculariopsiella endophytica.
TAXONOMY
Echinosphaeria macrospora Puja, Bhat & K.D. Hyde sp. nov.
(Figs 1-9)
Ascocarpis peritheciis, pyriformis, gregariis, nigris, velvetis, aggregatis,
cupulatis exaresco, 410-490 µm longis, 150-265 µm latit ad medius ora; oriundus
brevis stromatic pessum. Ostiolis brevis, conicus, cum centralis apicalis. Peridiumii
pseudoparenchymati, duo-layeri, cum angulari, leviter tenuibis cellulae. Extrenus
layera atrum brunnea, cum 5-7 rows arto, pariter, profundus, angularis cellulae,
3-7-µm diametro. Penitus layera hyalinis vel subhyalinis, cum 4-6 rows arto, substrictus, parietibus tenuibus cellulae. Paraphyses absens. Asci oriundus penitus
peridium pessum cellulae, octospori, clavati, unitunicati, pedicillati, 120-165 × 1417.5 µm; leviter substricti ad apice, iodo noncoerulescenti provisi, cum emineo apice
orbis. Ascosporae 41-45 × 6-11 µm allantoideae vel vermiformae, hyalinae vel
subhyalinae, eseptatae, guttulatae, laevia, biseriatae.
Etymology: Larger size of the ascospores as compared to the type.
Ascomata perithecial, pyriform, 410-490 µm high, 150-265 µm wide at the
middle broadest region, gregarious, often growing in groups of 2-8 on a small stromatic base, black, velvety, cupulate when dry, with short, conical, centrally located
apical ostiole. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, 2-layered, composed of angular,
slightly flattened cells. Outer layer dark brown, with 5-7 row of compactly laid,
uniformly thickened, angular cells 3-7 µm diam. Inner layer hyaline to subhyaline,
with 4-6 rows of closely packed, narrow, thin-walled cells. Paraphyses not
observed. Asci 120-165 × 14-17.5 µm (mean = 150 × 16 µm), arising from the basal
cells of inner peridium, 8-spored, clavate, unitunicate, pedicillate, slightly
narrower at the tip, nonamyloid, with conspicuous apical ring. Ascospores
41-45 × 6-11 µm (mean = 43 × 8 µm) allantoid to vermiform, hyaline to subhyaline,
aseptate, guttulate, smooth-walled, biseriately arranged in the asci.
Echinosphaeria macrospora sp. nov.
13
Figs 1-8. Echinosphaeria macrospora 1. Ascocarp with attached anamorph (arrowed). 2. Asci.
3. Vertical section through ascoma. 4. Peridium. 5. Immature ascus with conspicuous apical ring
(arrowed). 6. Ascus with biseriately arranged ascospores. 7, 8. Ascospores.
14
Gawas Puja, B.D. Shenoy, K.D. Hyde & D.J. Bhat
Fig 9. Echinosphaeria macrospora. Ascocarp, asci and ascospores.
Echinosphaeria macrospora sp. nov.
15
Anamorph – Vermiculariopsiella endophytica Puja, Bhat & K.D. Hyde
sp. nov.
Habitat – Centella asiatica.
Known distribution – India
Holotype: INDIA, Western Ghats, Goa, Colem, endophyte in stems of
Centella asiatica, 24 January 2005, Puja Gawas, Dried culture mat, GUBH (Goa
University Botany Herbarium) No. CaEnC-3.
Vermiculariopsiella endophytica Puja, Bhat, K.D. Hyde sp. nov.
(Figs 10-15)
Coloniae in vitro aliquanta vel celer proventa, pervenio 5.5-6 cm diametro
in 7 dies, platy, cum irregulari vel rhizoidali labrum, pallens-albo vel pallide brunnea, inverto palide brunnea. Sporodochia oriundus brevis stromatic pessum, sparsa,
cream vel peach-coloris, setosae. Conidiophora laevia, septata, parum tremes, hyalinis vel palide-coloris, 75-85 × 6-9 µm. Setae 3-15, laevia, 2-6-septata, haud-tremes,
erecta vel leviter curvata ad pessum, atrum brunnea, acuminata ad apicem, 180318 µm longis, 10-11 µm latit ad pessum, 6-7 µm latit ad medius; oriundus parietibus crassi, brunnea 5-7 µm diametro stromal cellulae. Cellulae conidiogenae
monophialideae, integratae vel discretae, sine emineo collarettae, 22-25 × 10-11 µm.
Conidia solitaria, cylindrica, teres ad duo extremitas, laevia, eseptata, hyalina,
32-42 × 10-11 µm, una peach-coloris.
Etymology – Refers to endophytic nature.
Colonies moderate to fast growing in culture, attaining diam of 5.5-6 cm in
7 days, flat, with irregular to rhizoidal margin, off-white to pale brown, reverse pale
brown. Sporodochia develop on small stromatic base, scattered, cream to peachcoloured, setose, with smooth, septate, sparsely branched, hyaline to pale-coloured
75-85 × 6-9 µm conidiophores; setae 3-5, smooth, 2-6-septate, unbranched, straight
to slightly curved at base, dark brown, pointed at the tip, 180-318 µm long, 10-11 µm
wide (mean = 240 × 10 µm) at base, 6-7 µm wide at the center; arising from basal
thick-walled, brown 5-7 µm diam stromal cells. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic,
integrated to discrete, 22-25 × 10-11 µm, without a conspicuous collarette. Conidia
solitary, cylindrical, rounded at both ends, smooth, aseptate, hyaline, 32-42 × 1011 µm (mean = 36 × 10.5 µm), in mass peach-coloured.
Habitat – Centella asiatica.
Known distribution – India
Holotype: INDIA, Western Ghats, Goa, Colem, endophyte in stems of
Centella asiatica, 24 January 2005, Puja Gawas, Dried culture mat, GUBH No.
CaEnC-3.
DISCUSSION
The phylogenetic analyses of partial nuclear large subunit (LSU) rDNA
sequences have shown the “Lasiosphaeria-complex” to be highly polyphyletic in
that species segregated into seven monophyletic clades dispersed among several
orders (Miller & Huhndorf, 2004). Consequently, the generic circumscription of
Lasiosphaeria has been narrowed, with an addition of three novel genera,
Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, Hiberina A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf and
Immersiella (Lasiosphaeriaceae) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf. Echinosphaeria has
phylogenetic affinities with the members of family Helminthosphaeriaceae (Miller
& Huhndorf, 2004).
The monotypic ascomycetous genus, Echinosphaeria is typified by
E. canescens (Pers: Fr.) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf. The type species is a basionym of
Lasiosphaeria canescens (Pers.) Karst. Mycoth. fenn. (Helsinki) 2: 162, 1873
16
Gawas Puja, B.D. Shenoy, K.D. Hyde & D.J. Bhat
Figs 10-14. Vermiculariopsiella endophytica. 10. Stereo-microscopic image with V. endophytica
(black arrowed) and E. macrospora (white arrowed). 11, 12. Sporodochial conidiomata with setae
and conidiophores. 13. Conidia 14. Phialidic conidiogenous cells
Echinosphaeria macrospora sp. nov.
17
Fig 15. Vermiculariopsiella endophytica. Sporodochial conidiomata with setae, conidiophores,
conidiogenous cells and conidia.
Species
Setae
Conidiophores
Conidiogenous cells
18
Table 1. Distinguishing features of Vermiculariopsiella species described so far.
Conidia
Ref.
Aseptate, fusiform, 15-19.5 µm long
5
Cylindrical, curved near acuminate apex
4
Data not available
4
Branched
Monophialidic, subcylindric to lageniform
with recurved cylindric neck recurved with
a flared collarette
Monophialidic, no conspicuous collarette
Aseptate, 20-27 µm long
3
Unbranched
Rarely
branched
Monophialidic, cylindrical with distinct
collarette
4
V. immersa (Desm.)
Bender.
Unbranched
Rarely
branched
V. indica
Keshavaprasad,
D’souza & Bhat
V. parva
Keshavaprasad,
D’souza & Bhat
V. parvula Nawawi,
Kuthub. & Sutton
Unbranched
Branched
Monophialidic, subcylindric to lageniform
with recurved cylindric neck recurved with
a flared collarette
Monophialidic, no conspicuous collarette
3-septate, guttulate, falcate with pointed and
curved apex, truncate to rounded base
36-47 µm long
Aseptate, guttulate, cylindrical with pointed
and curved apex, base obtuse to rounded
13-23 µm long.
Aseptate, cylindrical 12-15 µm long
3
Unbranched
Branched
Monophialidic, no conspicuous collarette
Aseptate, cylindrical 22-30 µm long
3
Unbranched
Branched
Monophialidic, subcylindric to lageniform,
flared collarette
4
V. ramosa (Sutton)
Nawawi, Kuthub. &
Sutton
V. spiralis Crous,
Wingf. & B. Kendr.
V. endophytica Puja,
Bhat & K.D. Hyde
Once dichotomously
branched
Rarely
branched
Monophialidic, subcylindric to lageniform
with recurved cylindric neck recurved with
a flared collarette
Monophialidic, subcylindric to lageniform,
with recurved ends, collarette
Monophialidic, inconspicuous collarette,
sub cylindric
Aseptate, guttulate, cylindrical with apex
slightly curved and pointed, base rounded to
obtuse 8-13 µm long
Data not available
Unbranched
Branched
Thrice dichotomously Unbranched
branched
Branched with
primary and
secondary branches
Unbranched
Unbranched spirally
twisted
Unbranched
Rarely
branched
Rarely
branched
1
4
Aseptate, cylindric apex curved and pointed,
2
base obtuse rounded 15-19 µm long
Aseptate, cylindrical, 32-42 µm long and
Present
10-13 µm wide
study
1: Bender (1992), 2: Crous et al. (1995), 3: Keshavaprasad et al. (2003), 4: Nawawi & Kuthubutheen (1990), 5: Pasqualetti & Zucconi (1992).
Gawas Puja, B.D. Shenoy, K.D. Hyde & D.J. Bhat
Mono- to polyphialidic, lageniform with
flared collarette
Polyphialidic, obclavate to cylindrical
V. arcicula Pasqual. &
Zucconi
V. cornuta (Rao & de
Hoog) Nawawi,
Kuthub. & Sutton
V. cubensis
(Castañeda) Nawawi,
Kuthub. & Sutton
V. elegans
Keshavaprasad,
D’souza & Bhat
V. falcata Nawawi,
Kuthub. & Sutton
Echinosphaeria macrospora sp. nov.
19
Table 2. Distinguishing features of known species of Echinosphaeria
Species
Ascocarp
Ascus
Ascospore
Refs.
E. canescens
(Pers: Fr.)
Mill. & Huhndorf
Sub-globose to
ovoid
Cylindric-clavate,
10-12 µm wide
Uniseptate, 20-28 × 4-5 µm
wide
1, 2
E. macrospora
Puja, Bhat &
K.D. Hyde
Pyriform
Clavate,
120-165 µm long
Aseptate, 41-45 µm long and
6-11 µm wide
Present
study
1: Saccardo (1883); 2: Miller & Huhndorf (2004)
(= Sphaeria canescens Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung.: 72, 1801). The genus is characterised by perithecial ascomata with 8-spored, unitunicate, nonamyloid asci containing allantoid, guttulate, hyaline, smooth-walled, biseriately arranged ascospores
(Saccardo, 1883; Miller & Huhndorf, 2004). Echinosphaeria canescens was previously reported to have Endophragmiella anamorph and a Selenosporella-like
synanamorph (Hughes, 1979; Sivanesan, 1983) and in this study E. macrospora
was found to have a Vermiculariopsiella anamorph.
Echinosphaeria macrospora is typical of the genus in having carbonaceous,
shining, soft ascomata, unitunicate, nonamyloid, 8-spored asci and hyaline, allantoid ascospores. Echinosphaeria macrospora differs from E. canescens in having
wider asci (14-17.5 µm vs. 10-12 µm) and greatly larger ascospores (41-45 × 6-11 µm
vs. 20-28 × 4-5 µm) (Tab. 2). The length of asci was not indicated in the description
of the type species [= Lasiosphaeria canescens (Pers.) Karst.] and hence could not
be considered for comparison (Saccardo, 1883; Miller & Huhndorf, 2004).
Vermiculariopsiella, typified by V. immersa (Desm.) Bender (Bender,
1932) is characterised by setose sporodochia, with hyaline, non-septate conidia produced in slimy mass on compact columns of cylindrical to obclavate phialidic conidiogenous cells. Recently, three new species have been added to the genus from
India by Keshavaprasad et al. (2003), who also provided a key to the existing species. The taxa within the genus differ in organization of sporodochia, shape and size
of setae, branching of conidiophores and phialides and, shape and size of conidia.
An important, notable taxonomic rearrangement associated with Vermiculariopsiella is segregation of two species, V. microsperma Castañeda & Kendrick and
V. ludoviciana Castañeda, Cano & Guarro (Pirozynski, 1962; Kirk & Sutton, 1985;
Arambarri & Cabello, 1989; Castañeda & Kendrick, 1992; Pasqualetti & Zucconi,
1992; Arambarii et al., 1997; Castañeda et al. 1997; Index Fungorum 2005) from the
genus. All recognized species of the genus are listed and compared in Table 1.
Amongst the species described in the genus Vermiculariopsiella (Tab. 1),
V. endophytica is close to V. falcata only in conidial dimension. The conidia are
36-47 µm long in V. falcata and 31-36 µm long in V. endophytica. However,
conspicuous phialidic collarettes and 3-septate, falcate conidia of V. falcata are not
present in V. endophytica. Though the shape and architecture of V. parva, V. elegans and V. indica are similar to V. endophytica, the conidia in the latter differ
markedly in size.
The present study once again exposes the challenges posed by pleomorphism and synanamorphy to systematic mycology (Cannon & Kirk, 2000)
Acknowledgements. PG and DJB are indebted to the UGC, CSIR, MOEN,
Government of India, for research support grants. BDS thanks The University of Hong
Kong for the award of a postgraduate studentship.
20
Gawas Puja, B.D. Shenoy, K.D. Hyde & D.J. Bhat
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