Fungal Systematics and Evolution VOLUME 1 JUNE 2018 PAGES 169–215 doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2018.01.08 New and Interesting Fungi. 1 P.W. Crous1,2,3*, R.K. Schumacher4, M.J. Wingfield5, A. Akulov6, S. Denman7, J. Roux2, U. Braun8, T.I. Burgess9, A.J. Carnegie10, K.Z. Váczy11, E. Guatimosim12, P.B. Schwartsburd13, R.W. Barreto14, M. Hernández-Restrepo1, L. Lombard1, J.Z. Groenewald1 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa 3 Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands 4 Hölderlinstraße 25, 15517 Fürstenwalde / Spree, Germany 5 Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa 6 Department of Mycology and Plant Resistance, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Maidan Svobody 4, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine 7 Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, UK 8 Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany 9 Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia 10 Forest Health & Biosecurity, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Level 12, 10 Valentine Ave, Parramatta NSW 2150, Locked Bag 5123, Parramatta NSW 2124, Australia 11 Centre for Research and Development, Eszterházy Károly University, H-3300 Eger, Hungary 12 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, CEP: 96170-000, São Lourenço do Sul, Brazil 13 Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP: 36.570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 14 Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP: 36.570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 1 2 *Corresponding author: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Editor-in-Chief Key words: Abstract: study introduces two new Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity This Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The families, Netherlands. one new genus, 22 new species, 10 new combinations, four epitypes, E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl biodiversity and 16 interesting new host and / or geographical records. Cylindriaceae (based on Cylindrium elongatum) is introduced as ITS barcodes new family, with three new combinations. Xyladictyochaetaceae (based on Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica) is introduced to multi-gene accommodate Xyladictyochaeta. Pseudoanungitea gen. nov. (based on P. syzygii) is described on stems of Vaccinium myrtillus phylogeny (Germany). New species include: Exophiala eucalypticola on Eucalyptus obliqua leaf litter, Phyllosticta hakeicola on leaves of new taxa Hakea sp., Setophaeosphaeria citricola on leaves of Citrus australasica, and Sirastachys cyperacearum on leaves of Cyperaceae systematics (Australia); Polyscytalum chilense on leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla (Chile); Pseudoanungitea vaccinii on Vaccinium myrtillus typification (Germany); Teichospora quercus on branch tissue of Quercus sp. (France); Fusiconidium lycopodiellae on stems of Lycopodiella 36 new taxa inundata, Monochaetia junipericola on twig of Juniperus communis, Myrmecridium sorbicola on branch tissues of Sorbus aucuparia, Parathyridaria philadelphi on twigs of Philadelphus coronarius, and Wettsteinina philadelphi on twigs of Philadelphus coronarius (Germany); Zygosporium pseudogibbum on leaves of Eucalyptus pellita (Malaysia); Pseudoanungitea variabilis on dead wood (Spain); Alfaria acaciae on leaves of Acacia propinqua, Dictyochaeta mimusopis on leaves of Mimusops caffra, and Pseudocercospora breonadiae on leaves of Breonadia microcephala (South Africa); Colletotrichum kniphofiae on leaves of Kniphofia uvaria, Subplenodomus iridicola on Iris sp., and Trochila viburnicola on twig cankers on Viburnum sp. (UK); Polyscytalum neofecundissimum on Quercus robur leaf litter, and Roussoella euonymi on fallen branches of Euonymus europaeus (Ukraine). New combinations include: Cylindrium algarvense on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Portugal), Cylindrium purgamentum on leaf litter (USA), Cylindrium syzygii on leaves of Syzygium sp. (Australia), Microdochium musae on leaves of Musa sp. (Malaysia), Polyscytalum eucalyptigenum on Eucalyptus grandis × pellita (Malaysia), P. eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus (Australia), P. grevilleae on leaves of Grevillea (Australia), P. nullicananum on leaves of Eucalyptus (Australia), Pseudoanungitea syzygii on Syzygium cordatum leaf litter (South Africa), and Setophaeosphaeria sidae on leaves of Sida sp. (Brazil). New records include: Sphaerellopsis paraphysata on leaves of Phragmites sp., Vermiculariopsiella dichapetali on leaves of Melaleuca sp. and Eucalyptus regnans, and Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica on leaf litter of Eucalyptus sp. (Australia); Camarosporidiella mackenziei on twigs of Caragana sp. (Finland); Cyclothyriella rubronotata on twigs of Ailanthus altissima, Rhinocladiella quercus on Sorbus aucuparia branches (Germany); Cytospora viticola on stems of Vitis vinifera (Hungary); Echinocatena arthrinioides on leaves of Acacia crassicarpa (Malaysia); Varicosporellopsis aquatilis from garden soil (Netherlands); Pestalotiopsis hollandica on needles of Cupressus sempervirens (Spain), Pseudocamarosporium africanum on twigs of Erica sp. (South Africa), Pseudocamarosporium brabeji on branch of Platanus sp. (Switzerland); Neocucurbitaria cava on leaves of Quercus ilex (UK); Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa on decaying wood of Carpinus betulus, Haplograhium delicatum on decaying Carpinus betulus wood (Ukraine). Epitypes are designated for: Elsinoë mimosae on leaves of Mimosa diplotricha (Brazil), Neohendersonia kickxii on Fagus sylvatica twig bark (Italy), Caliciopsis maxima on fronds of Niphidium crassifolium (Brazil), Dictyochaeta septata on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla (Chile), and Microdochium musae on leaves of Musa sp. (Malaysia). Fungal Systematics and Evolution is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 169 Crous et al. Published online: 18 April 2018. Dedicated to Vadim Alexandrovich Mel’nik (*16 March 1937, †10 April 2017). INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS New and Interesting Fungi (NIF) is introduced as a new series of papers that will supplement other series focussed on expanding existing knowledge of fungal biodiversity and fungal conservation. Another similar series such as the Fungal Planet (www.fungalplanet.org) aims to provide a rapid and simplified outlet for researchers to describe new fungal species as well as to highlight the environments where these fungi were isolated. The Fungal Planet series established in 2006 emphasises a holistic conservation of all life on the planet including not only plants and animals but also fungi (Crous et al. 2017a, b). This new series of papers focusses not only on new fungal taxa but also on those that are generally interesting and that deserve notice. Like other series including the already mentioned Fungal Planet, the Genera of Fungi (GoF) series (Crous & Groenewald 2017, Giraldo et al. 2017), the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series (MarinFelix et al. 2017), and the Fungal Systematics and Evolution series (Crous et al. 2015a, Hernandez-Restrepo et al. 2016, Krisai-Greilhuber et al. 2017) it has become evident that there are many undescribed species of fungi and new host or geographical records for which a scientific repository is lacking. Most of these could easily never be described or catalogued, and thus being lost to science. This justified the decision to launch the new series New and Interesting Fungi (NIF). It is hoped that this series will provide an attractive vehicle for mycologists to publish single new species or to highlight the relevance of important fungi. Many known fungal species need to be recollected and epi- or neotypified in order to secure the application of old names already in use and resolve their DNA phylogeny. Subsequent to the end of the long-standing dual nomenclature for fungi (Hawksworth et al. 2011, Wingfield et al. 2012) and the connection of different morphs to a single name (Rossman et al. 2015, Réblová et al. 2016), it became clear that a vehicle was required to ensure that these data could be easily and effectively published. This would be comparable to “data release papers” published in other fields of science and biology (Miller et al. 2013, Vu et al. 2016). The New and Interesting Fungi series will link not only asexual and sexual morphs of species, but also provide opportunities to merge morphological observations with DNA sequence data, providing a means for rapid and accurate identification. New and Interesting Fungi will appear twice each year (June and December) in the journal Fungal Systematics and Evolution (www.FUSE-journal.org). Mycologists and other researchers wishing to contribute to future issues in this series are encouraged to contact Pedro Crous (p.crous@ westerdijkinstitute.nl) before submission to ensure that potential conflicts with activities arising from other research groups can be avoided. Isolates Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl 170 Leaves and twig samples were placed in damp chambers and incubated at room temperature for 1–3 d. Single conidial colonies were grown from sporulating conidiomata in Petri dishes containing 2 % malt extract agar (MEA) as described earlier by Crous et al. (1991). Leaf and stem tissues bearing ascomata were soaked in water for approximately 2 h, after which they were attached to the bottom side of the lids of Petri dishes containing MEA. After ascospores ejected onto the MEA, germination patterns were determined after 24 h, and single ascospore or conidial cultures were established following the method described by (Crous 1998). Colonies were sub-cultured on 2 % potato-dextrose agar (PDA), oatmeal agar (OA), MEA (Crous et al. 2009b), autoclaved pine needles on 2 % tap water agar (PNA) (Smith et al. 1996), or autoclaved banana leaves (BLA), and incubated at 25 °C under continuous near-ultraviolet light to promote sporulation. Reference strains and specimens are maintained at the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute in Utrecht, the Netherlands (CBS). DNA extraction, amplification (PCR) and phylogeny Fungal mycelium (Supplementary Table 1) was scraped from the agar surface of cultures with a sterile scalpel and the genomic DNA was isolated using the Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega Corporation, WI, USA) following the manufacturers’ protocols. The 28S nrRNA gene (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer regions with intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene (ITS) of the nrDNA operon were sequenced for all the isolates included in this study. Other loci were sequenced for various species or genera using primers and conditions specific for those groups of fungi (see references for details). The resulting fragments were sequenced in both directions using the respective PCR primers and the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit v. 3.1 (Applied Biosystems Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA); DNA sequencing amplicons were purified through Sephadex G-50 Superfine columns (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in MultiScreen HV plates (Millipore, Billerica, MA). Purified sequence reactions were analysed on an Applied Biosystems 3730xl DNA Analyzer (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The DNA sequences were analysed and consensus sequences were computed using SeqMan Pro v. 13 (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA). The sequences for each gene were subjected to megablast searches (Zhang et al. 2000) to identify closely related sequences in the NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database. The results are provided as part of the species notes or as selected phylogenetic trees. Phylogenetic trees were generated using Bayesian analyses performed with MrBayes v. 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012) for the overview trees and Maximum Parsimony analyses performed with PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003) as explained in Braun et al. (2018) for the genus and species trees. All resulting trees were printed with Geneious v. 11.0.3 (http://www.geneious. com, Kearse et al. 2012) and the layout of the trees was done in Adobe Illustrator v. CC 2017. Statistical measures calculated © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi included tree length (TL), consistency index (CI), retention index (RI) and rescaled consistency index (RC). Morphology Slide preparations were mounted in lactic acid, Shear’s mounting fluid or water, from colonies sporulating on MEA, PDA, PNA, BLA or OA. Sections through conidiomata were made by hand. Observations were made with a Nikon SMZ25 dissectionmicroscope, and with a Zeiss Axio Imager 2 light microscope using differential interference contrast (DIC) illumination and images recorded on a Nikon DS-Ri2 camera with associated software. Colony characters and pigment production were noted after 2–4 wk of growth on MEA, PDA and OA (Crous et al. 2009b) incubated at 25 oC. Colony colours (surface and reverse) were scored using the colour charts of Rayner (1970). Sequences derived in this study were deposited in GenBank (Supplementary Table 1), the alignment in TreeBASE (www.treebase.org; study number S22442), and taxonomic novelties in MycoBank (www. MycoBank.org; Crous et al. 2004). RESULTS Phylogeny Dothideomycetes LSU phylogeny: The alignment contained 125 isolates and Candida broadrunensis (CBS 11838, GenBank KY106372.1) was used as outgroup. The final alignment contained a total of 808 characters used for the phylogenetic analyses, including alignment gaps. Based on the results of MrModelTest, dirichlet base frequencies and the GTR+I+G model was used for the Bayesian analysis. The Bayesian analyses generated 38 302 trees from which 28 728 were sampled after 25 % of the trees were discarded as burn-in. The posterior probability values (PP) were calculated from the 28 728 trees (Fig. 1 overview Dothideomycetes; PP >0.74 shown). The alignment contained a total of 345 unique site patterns. Eurotiomycetes and Leotiomycetes LSU phylogeny: The alignment contained 44 isolates and Orbilia vinosa (GenBank DQ470952.1) was used as outgroup. The final alignment contained a total of 813 characters used for the phylogenetic analyses, including alignment gaps. Based on the results of MrModelTest, dirichlet base frequencies and the GTR+I+G model was used for the Bayesian analyses. The Bayesian analyses generated 9 702 trees from which 7 278 were sampled after 25 % of the trees were discarded as burn-in. The posterior probability values (PP) were calculated from the 7 278 trees (Fig. 2 overview Eurotiomycetes; PP >0.74 shown). The alignment contained a total of 253 unique site patterns. Sordariomycetes LSU phylogeny: The alignment contained 148 isolates and Candida broadrunensis (CBS 11838, GenBank KY106372.1) was used as outgroup. The final alignment contained a total of 761 characters used for the phylogenetic analyses, including alignment gaps. Based on the results of MrModelTest, dirichlet base frequencies and the GTR+I+G model was used for the Bayesian analysis. The Bayesian analyses generated 34 702 trees from which 26 028 were sampled after 25 % of the trees were discarded as burn-in. The posterior probability values (PP) were calculated from the 26 028 trees (Fig. 3 overview Sordariomycetes; first value: PP >0.74 shown). The alignment contained a total of 361 unique site patterns. Species phylogenies: Specific phylogenetic analyses were run for selected species and the resulting phylogenies are discussed in the species notes where applicable. Statistics associated with those phylogenies are provided in the figure legends. Taxonomy Alfaria acaciae Crous & M.J. Wingf., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824766. Fig. 4. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Etymology: Name refers to Acacia, the genus of the substrate from which this fungus was collected. Conidiomata sporodochial, surrounded by setae, black with dark green to black slimy conidial masses, 80–250 µm diam. Setae flexuous, unbranched, thick-walled, apex obtuse, dark brown, verruculose, 3–6-septate, 100–150 × 5–7 µm. Conidiophores densely aggregated, arising from hyaline basal stroma, becoming pigmented and verruculose towards conidiogenous region, subcylindrical, 3–5-septate, branched, 30–55 × 2–2.5 µm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical, becoming pigmented and verruculose at upper region, phialidic with periclinal thickening and flared collarette, 10–20 × 2–2.5 µm. Conidia solitary, fusoid-ellipsoid, straight, apex subobtuse, base truncate, 1.5–2 µm diam, aseptate, guttulate, granular, medium brown, smooth, (6–)8–10(–12) × (2.5–)3 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 50 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface dirty white to pale luteous, reverse luteous. On PDA surface dirty white, reverse pale luteous. On OA surface pale luteous. Specimens examined: South Africa, Western Cape Province, Stellenbosch, Helshoogte Pass, on leaves of Acacia propinqua (Fabaceae), Jul. 2012, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-23428, culture ex-type CPC 31882 = CBS 143504); ibid., CPC 31940. Notes: Alfaria cyperi-esculenti was originally described from Cyperus esculentus in Spain, where it causes a serious foliar disease (Crous et al. 2014). This species is currently known only from its sexual morph, which complicates a morphological comparison with the present, asexual isolate from South Africa. Although phylogenetically closely related (Fig. 5), we regard them as two distinct species (see bp differences below). Furthermore, culture characteristics also differ between the two species, with cultures of A. acaciae growing faster, and paler in colour than the ochreous / apricot cultures of A. cyperi-esculenti (Crous et al. 2014). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were A. cyperi-esculenti (GenBank KJ869143; Identities 567 / 577 (98 %), 5 gaps (0 %)), Myrothecium leucotrichum (GenBank AJ301992; Identities 566 / 578 (98 %), 7 gaps (1 %)) and A. thymi (GenBank KU845990; Identities 559 / 572 (98 %), 8 gaps (1 %)). The ITS sequences of CPC 31882 and 31940 are identical. The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were A. cyperi-esculenti (GenBank KJ869200; Identities 803 / 804 (99 %), no gaps), A. thymi (GenBank KU845999; Identities 824 / 828 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and A. caricicola (GenBank KU845992; Identities 822 / 828 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The highest similarities using the cmdA © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 171 0.99 0.01 Myriangiales Capnodiales Botryosphaeriales Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Pleosporales 0.98 Candida broadrunensis KY106372.1 Echinocatena arthrinioides CPC 28754 1 Ochroconis humicola KF156124.1 1 Ochroconis mirabilis KF282661.1 Sympoven0.98 turiaceae Mycosisymbrium cirrhosum KR259884.1 Scolecobasidium cateniphorum EU107309.1 1 Verruconis verruculosa KF282668.1 Repetophragma goidanichii DQ408574.1 1 Sympodiella acicola KY853530.1 0.95 Cylindrosympodium lauri EU035414.1 0.95 Cylindrosympodium variabile KX228353.1 1 Venturiaceae Tothia fuscella JF927786.1 0.99 Pseudoanungitea variabilis CBS 132716 1 Pseudoanungitea syzygii CBS 520.93 1 Pseudoanungitea vaccinii CPC 30522 Elsinoë salicina KX887049.1 1 Elsinoë mimosae CPC 18518 1 Elsinoë mimosae CPC 19478 Elsinoaceae Elsinoë veneta KX887060.1 0.87 Elsinoë fici-caricae KX886987.1 0.94 Elsinoë rosarum KX887045.1 1 Pseudocercospora vitis GU214483.1 Pseudocercospora serpocaulonicola KT037566.1 Pseudocercospora trinidadensis KT290184.1 Pseudocercospora piricola KY048163.1 1 Pseudocercospora dingleyae KX286997.1 Mycosphaerellaceae Pseudocercospora vassobiae KT290182.1 Pseudocercospora airliensis KM055433.1 Pseudocercospora proiphydis KM055434.1 Pseudocercospora breonadiae CPC 30153 Phyllosticta philoprina KF766341.1 1 Phyllosticta telopeae KF766384.1 Phyllosticta abieticola EU754193.1 Phyllostictaceae 0.81 Phyllosticta hakeicola CPC 32041 Phyllosticta foliorum KF206287.1 0.94 Phyllosticta philoprina DQ377878.1 Neooccultibambusa jonesii KY111437.1 Occultibambusaceae Cyclothyriella rubronotata CPC 27604 1 Cyclothyriellaceae Cyclothyriella rubronotata KX650541.1 Cyclothyriella rubronotata JX681121.1 Zopfiaceae Didymocrea sadasivanii DQ384103.1 1 1 Pseudopithomyces atro-olivaceus LT671618.1 Pithomyces sacchari LK936378.1 Pleosporaceae 0.90 Pithomyces maydicus HG933821.1 Pithomyces chartarum LK936376.1 0.99 1 Sporidesmiella fusiformis DQ408577.1 Paracamarosporium fagi KR611904.1 Didymosphaeriaceae Paracamarosporium fagi KY929183.1 1 Paracamarosporium sp. 1 KY929184.1 Pseudocamarosporium brabeji CPC 25002 0.96 Pseudocamarosporium brabeji CPC 25004 Pseudocamarosporium cotinae KY098790.1 Pseudocamarosporium africanum CPC 25926 1 Parathyridaria philadelphi CPC 30532 Parathyridaria robiniae KY511141.1 1 Parathyridaria ramulicola KF636775.1 1 0.98 Sporidesmium australiense DQ408554.1 Roussoella hysterioides AB524621.1 Thyridariaceae Roussoella scabrispora KY000660.1 Roussoella euonymi CPC 31963 1 Roussoella mukdahanensis KU863118.1 1 Roussoella neopustulans KU863119.1 1 Arthopyrenia salicis LN907499.1 Roussoella intermedia KF443382.1 Venturiales Crous et al. Fig. 1. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the Dothideomycetes LSU sequence alignment. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.74 are shown at the nodes and the scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Families and orders are indicated with coloured blocks to the right of the tree. GenBank accession or culture collection numbers are indicated behind the species names. The tree was rooted to Candida broadrunensis (GenBank KY106372.1) and the novelties treated in this study for which LSU sequence data were available are indicated in bold face. 172 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Teichospora uniseriata GU385206.1 Teichospora rubriostiolata KU601589.1 0.94 Teichospora melanommoides KU601585.1 Teichospora acaciae KR611898.1 1 Teichospora kenyensis GU385188.1 Teichospora parva GU385195.1 Teichospora quercus CPC 30009 Teichospora tennesseensis GU385207.1 1 0.99 1 Teichospora mariae JN851819.1 Teichospora mariae KU601581.1 Aposphaeria corallinolutea KU243051.1 0.86 1 Fusiconidium lycopodiellae CPC 30371 Fusiconidium mackenziei KX611113.1 1 0.96 Camposporium antennatum KF156156.1 Wettsteinina macrotheca AY849969.1 Wettsteinina dryadis AY849968.1 Wettsteinina philadelphi CPC 30534 0.75 Melanomma pulvis-pyrius GU456323.1 1 Melanomma pulvis-pyrius LC203344.1 Trematosphaeria pertusa DQ678072.1 Aposphaeria populina JF740265.1 Melanomma japonicum LC203338.1 Ascocylindrica marina KT252906.1 0.81 Medicopsis romeroi KF015621.1 Neohendersonia kickxii CPC 24865 1 Neohendersonia kickxii CBS 112403 Neohendersonia kickxii CBS 114276 Neocurbitaria unguis-hominis GQ387621.1 0.92 Neocurbitaria quercina GQ387620.1 Pyrenochaeta keratinophila LT966024.1 Neocucurbitaria cava KF590167.1 1 1 Neocucurbitaria cava CPC 32488 FUSE Neocurbitaria cava EU754199.1 Pyrenochaeta nobilis GQ387615.1 Leptosphaeria rubefaciens JF740311.1 1 Subplenodomus iridicola CPC 30162 FUSE Heterospora dimorphospora GU238069.1 0.99 Subplenodomus apiicola GU238040.1 Querciphoma carteri KF251712.1 0.76 Pyrenochaeta pinicola KJ869209.1 0.87 Setophaeosphaeria badalingensis KJ869219.1 0.95 Setophaeosphaeria sidae CBS 135108 1 Setophaeosphaeria citricola CPC 32083 Subplenodomus violicola GU238156.1 Subplenodomus galicola KY554199.1 0.83 Plenodomus deqinensis KY064031.1 0.86 Plenodomus enteroleucus JF740287.1 1 Plenodomus libanotidis JF740300.1 Sphaerellopsis filum KP170723.1 1 Sphaerellopsis macroconidiale KP170726.1 0.92 Sphaerellopsis hakeae KY173555.1 Sphaerellopsis paraphysata KP170729.1 1 Sphaerellopsis paraphysata CPC 32406 0.81 Plenodomus congestus JF740278.1 Coniothyrium telephii LN907332.1 Camarosporidiella aborescentis MF434203.1 1 Camarosporidiella arezzoensis KY929163.1 1 Cf. Camarosporidiella sp. 4 KY929167.1 Camarosporidiella mackenziei CPC 25960 0.95 Camarosporidiella mackenziei CPC 25962 0.89 1 Teichosporaceae Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Melanommataceae Neohendersoniaceae Cucurbitaceae Pleosporales (continued) Ascocylindricaceae Incertae sedis Leptosphaeriaceae / Pleosporaceae Coniothyriaceae Camarosporidiellaceae 0.01 Fig. 1. (Continued). © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 173 Orbilia vinosa DQ470952.1 Caliciopsis maxima COAD 1983 1 Caliciopsis nigra KP144011.1 1 Caliciopsis pinea DQ678097.1 0.78 Coryneliaceae Caliciopsis orientalis DQ470987.1 1 Caliciopsis beckhausii KP144010.1 1 Caliciopsis valentina KP144013.1 1 Exophiala dermatitidis AF050270.1 Capronia fungicola FJ358224.1 Rhinocladiella atrovirens EU041869.1 Exophiala eucalypticola CPC 32736 1 1 Exophiala xenobiotica FJ358246.1 Herpotrichiellaceae Exophiala xenobiotica KC311483.1 Capronia sp. JN941378.1 1 Rhinocladiella quercus CPC 30459 Rhinocladiella quercus KX306794.1 Melanoctona tectonae KX258779.1 1 Minimelanolocus curvatus KR215609.1 Minimelanolocus asiaticus KR215610.1 0.91 Veronaea botryosa EU041874.1 0.90 Fonsecaea pedrosoi AF050276.1 0.99 Exophiala pisciphila DQ823101.1 Claussenomyces prasinulus KX090815.1 Helotiaceae Belonioscyphella hypnorum KU900907.1 0.95 Chalara hughesii FJ176250.1 Incertae sedis Colipila masduguana HQ694501.1 0.99 Fabrella tsugae AF356694.1 0.90 Cenangium ferruginosum KX090840.1 1 1 Trochila viburnicola CPC 30254 1 Cenangiaceae Trochila laurocerasi KX090835.1 0.99 Vestigium trifidum KC407777.1 Chlorencoelia torta JN086703.1 1 0.90 Chlorencoelia versiformis KX090795.1 Calycellina populina JN086685.1 Hyaloscypha minuta KY769526.1 1 Hyaloscypha monodictys JN086756.1 0.97 1 Haplographium delicatum CPC 31844 Haplographium catenatum FJ839657.1 1 Hyaloscyphaceae Lambertella viburni AB926153.1 1 Protoventuria alpina EU035444.1 Cadophora fastigiata KF053591.1 0.98 Articulospora atra KP234353.1 1 Hydrocina chaetocladia GQ477309.1 1 Tricladium chaetocladium GQ477320.1 Coryneliales Crous et al. Eurotiomycetes Leotiomycetes Helotiales Chaetothyriales Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl 0.05 Fig. 2. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the Eurotiomycetes and Leotiomycetes LSU sequence alignment. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.74 are shown at the nodes and the scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Families, orders and classes are indicated with coloured blocks to the right of the tree. GenBank accession or culture collection numbers are indicated behind the species names. The tree was rooted to Orbilia vinosa (GenBank DQ470952.1) and the novelties treated in this study for which LSU sequence data were available are indicated in bold face. 174 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Pezizomycetes Sordariomycetes Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Xylariales Candida broadrunensis KY106372.1 Tricharina gilva DQ220442.1 Tricharina praecox var. praecox JQ836562.1 1 Cheilymenia stercorea DQ220323.1 Pyronemataceae Lotinia verna KP195728.1 Ramsbottomia crechqueraultii KC012698.1 1 Miladina lecithina DQ220372.1 Microdochium fisheri KP858951.1 1 1 Microdochium lycopodinum JF440979.1 Microdochium phragmitis KP858949.1 Microdochium neoqueenslandicum KP858938.1 Microdochium tainanense KP858945.1 0.98 Microdochium citrinidiscum KP858939.1 0.98 Microdochium sorghi KP858936.1 0.98 Microdochium chrysanthemoides KU746735.1 Microdochiaceae Microdochium albescens KP858950.1 0.97 0.86 Microdochium seminicola KP858974.1 1 Microdochium colombiense KP858935.1 Microdochium musae CPC 11234 1 Microdochium musae CPC 11240 Microdochium musae CPC 32681 0.98 Microdochium musae CPC 16258 Microdochium musae CPC 32689 Microdochium musae CPC 32809 Atrotorquata spartii KP325443.1 Cainiaceae 1 Zygosporium pseudogibbum CPC 30421 1 Zygosporiaceae Zygosporium gibbum KY853546.1 Kirstenboschia diospyri KF251660.1 Incertae sedis Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica KY853543.1 1 Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica CPC 32324 Xyladictyochaetaceae fam. nov. Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica CPC 32526 1 Phlogicylindrium mokarei KY173521.1 1 Phlogicylindrium eucalyptorum EU040223.1 0.95 1 Phlogicylindrium uniforme JQ044445.1 1 1 Polyscytalum grevilleae CPC 25576 0.90 Polyscytalum eucalyptorum CBS 137967 Polyscytalum chilense CPC 31946 Phlogicylindriaceae 0.99 Polyscytalum eucalyptigenum CPC 28762 Polyscytalum eucalyptigenum CPC 31878 0.75 Polyscytalum nullicanum CBS 143406 Phlogicylindrium eucalypti DQ923534.1 Polyscytalum fecundissimum EU035441.1 1 Polyscytalum neofecundissimum CPC 31826 Pezizales New and interesting fungi 0.05 Fig. 3. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the Pezizomycetes and Sordariomycetes LSU sequence alignment. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.74 are shown at the nodes and the scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Families, orders and classes are indicated with coloured blocks to the right of the tree. GenBank accession or culture collection numbers are indicated behind the species names. The tree was rooted to Candida broadrunensis (GenBank KY106372.1) and the novelties treated in this study for which LSU sequence data were available are indicated in bold face. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 175 Valsa mali AF362559.1 Cytospora centrivillosa MF190068.1 Cytospora viticola CPC 30117 Valsa germanica JX524618.1 Valsa ambiens AF362564.1 0.97 Cytospora ambiens EU255208.1 0.99 0.80 Cytospora tanaitica KT459412.1 Cytospora cotini KX430143.1 Myrmecridium sorbicola CPC 30455 1 Myrmecridium banksiae NG_042684.1 1 Myrmecridium schulzeri EU041835.1 Myrmecridium spartii KR611902.1 0.98 Vermiculariopsiella acaciae KX228314.1 1 Vermiculariopsiella dichapetali KX306796.1 Vermiculariopsiella dichapetali CPC 32057 Vermiculariopsiella dichapetali CPC 32544 Vermiculariopsiella immersa KJ476961.1 Chaetosphaeria preussii AF178561.1 1 Chaetosphaeria pygmaea AF178545.1 0.83 1 Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa AF466076.1 0.99 Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa AF178552.1 Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa CPC 31840 1 0.97 Pseudolachnea hispidula AB934048.1 Pseudolachnea fraxini JQ889301.1 Codinaeopsis gonytrichoides AF178556.1 Dictyochaeta septata CPC 31949 1 Rattania setulifera HM171322.1 Thozetella fabacearum KY212762.1 1 Thozetella nivea EU825200.1 0.91 Thozetella pinicola EU825195.1 0.98 Chaetosphaeria rivularia KR347357.1 Dictyochaeta mimusopis CPC 29987 1 0.79 Codinaea pini KP004493.1 1 Dictyochaeta simplex AF178559.1 Colletotrichum acutatum JN939926.1 Colletotrichum nymphaeae JN939911.1 Colletotrichum godetiae KU973721.1 1 Colletotrichum abscissum KT122409.1 Glomerella acutata DQ286133.1 Colletotrichum fioriniae JN939914.1 0.81 Colletotrichum kniphofiae CPC 30166 1 Paracremonium contagium KP012631.1 1 Paracremonium variiforme KU746739.1 Varicosporellopsis aquatilis KU233189.1 0.96 Varicosporellopsis aquatilis JW75003 Alfaria caricicola KU845992.1 1 Alfaria thymi KU845999.1 1 Alfaria acaciae CPC 31882 0.93 Alfaria acaciae CPC 31940 1 Alfaria cyperi-esculenti KJ869200.1 Stachybotrys parvispora KP893307.1 1 Sirastachys castanedae KU846771.1 Sirastachys phaeospora KU846779.1 0.90 Sirastachys pandanicola KU846777.1 0.88 Sirastachys phyllophila KU846784.1 1 Sirastachys cyperacearum CPC 32087 1 Cytosporaceae Diaporthales Crous et al. 0.05 Fig. 3. (Continued). 176 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Glomerellaceae Glomerellales Chaetosphaeriaceae Stachybotryaceae Hypocreales Nectriaceae Sordariomycetes (continued) Myrmecridiales Vermiculariopsiellaceae Chaetosphaeriales Myrmecridiaceae Vermiculariopsiellales Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl New and interesting fungi Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 4. Alfaria acaciae (CBS 143504). A. Colony on OA. B. Conidioma with seta. C–E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. Stachybotrys chlorohalonata CBS 222.46 KU846744.1 T Alfaria acaciae CBS 143504 sp. nov. 71 T Alfaria cyperi-esculenti CBS 138270 KJ869143.1 79 100 98 Alfaria thymi CBS 447.83 T KU845990.1 Alfaria caricicola CBS 113567 T KU845983.1 T Alfaria ossiformis CBS 324.54 KU845984.1 100 83 Alfaria dandenongensis CBS 143399 T MG386063.1 99 66 CBS 112038 KU845986.1 CBS 112037 T KU845985.1 Alfaria putrefolia CBS 168.97 KU845987.1 96 94 10 CBS 127305 KU845989.1 Alfaria terrestris CBS 477.91 T KU845988.1 Fig. 5. Single most parsimonious tree obtained from a phylogenetic analysis of the Alfaria ITS alignment (12 strains including the outgroup; 538 characters analysed: 306 constant, 46 variable and parsimony-uninformative and 186 parsimony-informative). The tree was rooted to Stachybotrys chlorohalonata (GenBank KU846744.1) and the scale bar indicates the number of changes. Bootstrap support values higher than 49 % are shown at the nodes and novelties are highlighted with a coloured box and bold text. Species names are indicated to the right of the tree, or before the culture collection and GenBank accession numbers. A superscript T denotes strains with a type status. Tree statistics: TL = 130, CI = 0.900, RI = 0.892, RC = 0.803. sequence of CPC 31882 were A. terrestris (GenBank KU845979; Identities 479 / 544 (88 %), 7 gaps (1 %)), Gregatothecium humicola (GenBank KU846285; Identities 475 / 544 (87 %), 7 gaps (1 %)) and A. ossiformis (GenBank KU845977; Identities 461 / 545 (85 %), 10 gaps (1 %)). The highest similarities using the rpb2 sequence of CPC 31882 were A. putrefolia (GenBank KU846003; Identities 624 / 704 (89 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), A. ossiformis (GenBank KU846002; Identities 620 / 710 (87 %), 3 gaps (0 %)) and A. caricicola (GenBank KU846001; Identities 536 / 597 (90 %), no gaps). The rpb2 sequences of CPC 31882 and 31940 were identical. The highest similarities using the tef1 sequence of CPC 31882 were A. terrestris (GenBank KU846010; Identities 321 / 378 (85 %), 26 gaps (6 %)), A. caricicola (GenBank KU846008; Identities 370 / 441 (84 %), 20 gaps (4 %)) and A. ossiformis (GenBank KU846009; Identities 313 / 373 (84 %), 27 gaps (7 %)). The tef1 sequences of CPC 31882 and 31940 were identical. The highest similarities using the tub2 sequence of CPC 31882 were A. terrestris (GenBank KU846019; Identities 331 / 348 (95 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), A. putrefolia (GenBank KU846017; Identities 330 / 347 (95 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and A. ossiformis (GenBank KU846015; Identities 328 / 348 (94 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). Caliciopsis maxima (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn., Sitzungsber Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 128: 84. 1919. Fig. 6. Basionym: Capnodium maximum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 10(46): 391. 1868 (1869). Stromata mostly abaxial, limited to sporangial sori of ferns, hidden from view beneath the host sporangia until black ascigerous, bristle-like stromatic columnar tubes push up and protrude from the sori, or otherwise are produced on wounded tissues, sometimes bordering entire pinnules; not associated with discoloration or necrosis of the opposite surface of the frond; rarely adaxial; starting as minute, erumpent cushions, increasing in diameter and thickness after emergence. Ascigerous columns long-stalked, prominently beaked, undergoing repeated apical proliferation; additional stromatic column material is formed in a renewed vegetative growth phase at the funnel-shaped apex of each stalk; the process is repeated as many as five times; primary column usually longer, reaching up to 1.7 mm long, all columns formed later, not exceeding 700 µm in length; stalk long, slender, flexuous, © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 177 Crous et al. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 6. Caliciopsis maxima (CPC 24674, VIC 42568). A. Habitat where the fungus and host (Niphidium crassifolium) was found – note growth of fern as an epiphyte on trunk of araucaria. B–D. Detail of fern sporangia colonized by the fungus. E–F. Detail of the ascospores aggregate formed by ascospores release. G. Squashed terminal portion of the ascomata, note the pulvurulent reddish-brown mass of ascospores. H. Detail of the percurrent proliferation of the ascoma. I. Vertical section of the upper portion of an ascoma. J. Spermogonium at the base of columnar ascomata. K. Vertical section of spermogonium, containing spermatia. L. Asci. M. Ascospores. N. Culture on PCA. Scale bars: G, I = 5 µm, K–M = 10 µm. 35–50 µm diam, covered with brown hyphae. Ascigenous swelling (locules) subterminal, ellipsoid, 125–150 µm diam, 200–350 µm in length, apical dehiscence, forming a reddish brown pulverulent of terminally aggregated ascospores. Asci bitunicate, evanescent, obclavate, pedicellate, straight or slightly curved, 15–17 × 8–10 µm, 8-spored, aparaphysate, hyaline, smooth. Ascospores inordinate, overlapping, globose or subglobose, 3–4 µm diam, aseptate, eguttulate, yellowish brown, thin-walled, smooth. Spermogonium subglobose, sessile or short stipitate, papillate, often covered in pale brown hyphae, aggregated below ascomatal tubes, black, smooth. Spermatia unicellular, narrowly fusiform, 11–24 × 3–4 µm, hyaline, smooth. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PCA slow-growing, 15–20 mm diam after 1 mo; irregular, convex with papillate surface, edges entire, aerial mycelium sparse to absent, composed of black hyphal tufts, vinaceous buff towards periphery, pigmenting the medium with cinnamon taint; sepia in reverse; colonies sterile. Specimens examined: Cuba, on fronds of Niphidium sp. (Polypodiaceae) (originally identified as Polypodium sp.), 1941, Wright (holotype CUP029913). Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, on fronds of Niphidium crassifolium (Polypodiaceae), 5 Nov. 2011, R.W. Barreto (epitype 178 designated here VIC 42568, MBT373013, culture ex-epitype COAD 1983 = CPC 24674); ibid, on fronds of Microgramma squamulosa (Polypodiaceae), 10 Oct. 2013, R.W. Barreto (VIC 42602). Notes: The epitype specimen of Caliciopsis maxima (Coryneliaceae) proposed here closely matches the morphology of the holotype and several additional collections studied by Fitzpatrick (1942), including one recorded on the same host and location in Brazil (NY-02928724). On all materials, stromata were produced on sori of sporangia, or on wounded tissues, not associated with discoloration or tissue necrosis of the opposite surface of the frond. Ascigerous columns had a tendency to undergo repeated apical proliferation, a feature that differs from all other known species; ascospores are typically globose or subglobose, yellowish brown, 3–4 µm diam (Fitzpatrick 1942). Based on phylogenetic evidence, the genus resides in the Coryneliaceae, within the Eurotiomycetes, as recently demonstrated through molecular analysis (Prieto et al. 2013, Garrido-Benavent & Pérez-Ortega 2015, Wood et al. 2016). In the combined ITS-LSU analysis (Fig. 7), C. maxima clustered in a basal position, suggesting that the fungal species associated with ferns are evolutionarily basal to the evolution of their relatives, as previously demonstrated for the cercosporoid and mycosphaerella-like species occurring on ferns (Guatimosim et al. 2016). © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi 2x Spiromastix tentaculata CBS 184.92 T (AY527406.1/AY176722.1) 2x Hamigera avellanea DTO 63F6 2x Caliciopsis maxima CPC 24674 1 Caliciopsis nigra MA 18191 Caliciopsis beckhausii MA 18186 2x 0.83 1 0.76 0.99 Eurotiales (GU968675.1/AB000620.1) T (missing/KP144011.1) T (KP144005.1/KP144010.1) MA 18176T (KP144006.1/KP144012.1) MA 18177 (KP144009.1/KP144014.1) MA 18179 (KP144008.1/KP144013.1) Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Caliciopsis valentina Coryneliales T (GQ259981.1/GQ259980.1) Caliciopsis indica GFCC 4947 0.89 Caliciopsis calicioides 211 0.66 Caliciopsis orientalis CBS 138.64 (JX968549.1/missing) T (missing/DQ470987.1) Caliciopsis pinea (=ventricosa?) CBS 139.64 (missing/DQ678097.1) 0.02 Fig. 7. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the combined ITS and LSU alignment of Caliciopsis species. Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated at the nodes and the scale bar represents the expected changes per site. The tree was rooted to Spiromastix tentaculata (culture CBS 184.92) and the novelty treated in this study is highlighted with a coloured box and bold text. A superscript T denotes strains with a type status. GenBank accession and/or culture collection numbers are indicated behind the species names. Orders are indicated to the very right of the tree. The more basal branches were halved to facilitate easier layout. The ITS partition had 198 unique site patterns and the LSU partition had 139 unique site patterns out of the included 548 and 853 characters respectively. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Corynelia uberata (GenBank KU204606; Identities 474 / 544 (87 %), 21 gaps (3 %)), Caliciopsis pinea (GenBank KY099604; Identities 323 / 361 (89 %), 6 gaps (1 %)) and C. beckhausii (GenBank NR_132090; Identities 330 / 370 (89 %), 11 gaps (2 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were C. nigra (GenBank KP144011; Identities 771 / 825 (93 %), 5 gaps (0 %)), C. pinea (GenBank DQ678097; Identities 779 / 839 (93 %), 6 gaps (0 %)) and C. valentina (GenBank KP144013; Identities 780 / 842 (93 %), 6 gaps (0 %)). diam. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, bitunicate, fissitunicate, thickwalled, apically roundish, pedicel short and furcate, inamyloid (water plus Lugol), 131–210 × 15–16 µm, ascospores oblique uniseriate. Ascospores 8(–10)-celled, muriform, ellipsoid, mostly straight, both parts of the spore approx. equal in size, end cells conical or roundish, wall golden brownish, thick and always smooth, median septum constricted, otherwise smooth to faintly constricted, thick-walled and reddish, one longitudinal septum per cell, end cells aseptate, plasma eguttulate, without a gelatinous sheath and appendages, examined in water, living and mature, 30–35(–44) × 10–12.5 µm (av. 31.4 × 11.5). Camarosporidiella mackenziei Wanas. et al., Stud. Mycol. 87: 236. 2017. Fig. 8. Culture characteristics: Colonies spreading, with fluffy, moderate to abundant aerial mycelium. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse dark mouse grey. Conidiomata separate, pycnidial, globose, 150–200 µm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells tightly aggregated, lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to ampulliform or doliiform, proliferating percurrently at apex, 5–8 × 3–4 µm. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate to granular, subcylindrical to ellipsoid, apex obtusely rounded, base truncate, (3–)4–5(–6) × (2–)2.5(–3) µm. Ascomata pseudothecial, intra- to subcorticolous, singly to densely crowded, tufted if fully developed, erumpent, subglobose with flattened base, later somewhat fusing at the base, ostiole central and indistinct, black, finely rough, thick, soft, basally with a few red brown, thick-walled, smooth and gnarled hyphae, 0.5–0.75 mm diam. Peridium multi-layered, consisting of a textura angularis with red brown, thick-walled and smooth cells, inner layer hyaline, cells 10–17 µm diam. Pseudoparaphyses numerous, longer than the asci, basally moniliform otherwise cylindrical and filiform, short celled, multi-celled, branched, with a few anastomoses, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, septa in the upper part smooth and thin-walled, eguttulate, 3–4 µm in Specimens examined: Finland, Outokumpu, on twig of Caragana sp. (Fabaceae), 31 Dec. 2014, M. Pennanen, specimen CBS H-23430, culture CPC 25960 = CBS 144200; ibid., CPC 25962. Notes: Isolates CPC 25960 and CPC 25962 were treated as “Camarosporium sp. 2” in Crous & Groenewald (2017). The species was subsequently placed in the genus Camarosporidiella by Wanasinghe et al. (2017), clustering within the C. mackenziei clade. The latter taxon was described from twigs of Caragana arborescens collected in Russia. Although the present collection produced only the microconidial morph in culture, the sexual morph was observed on host tissue, which is a new observation for this species. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence of CPC 25960, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were C. mackenziei (GenBank MF434159; Identities 542 / 543 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), C. melnikii (GenBank MF434162; Identities 540 / 544 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and C. caraganicola (GenBank MF434124; Identities 540 / 544 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence of CPC 25960, © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 179 Crous et al. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 8. Camarosporidiella mackenziei (CPC 25960). A. Ascomata on host tissue. B, C. Asci. D. Ascospores. E. Conidioma. F–H. Conidiogenous cells. I. Conidia. Scale bars: A = 0.75 mm, E = 200 mm, all others = 10 mm. the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were C. aborescentis (GenBank MF434203; Identities 821 / 822 (99 %), no gaps), “Cf. Camarosporium sp. 4” (GenBank KY929167; Identities 821 / 822 (99 %), no gaps) and C. arezzoensis (GenBank KY929163; Identities 821 / 822 (99 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the tef1 sequence of CPC 25960, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were C. mackenziei (GenBank MF434423; Identities 904 / 907 (99 %), no gaps), C. italica (GenBank MF434415; Identities 899 / 907 (99 %), no gaps) and C. arborescentis (GenBank MF434380; Identities 899 / 907 (99 %), no gaps). Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa (Fr.) C. Booth, Mycol. Pap. 68: 5. 1957. Fig. 9. Basionym: Sphaeria myriocarpa Fr., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Hand. 267. 1817. Synonym: Sphaeria myriocarpa Fr., Syst. mycol. 2(2): 459. 1823. Mycelium consisting of medium brown, verruculose, branched, septate, 2–3 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, subcylindrical, flexuous, unbranched, at times rejuvenating percurrently in apical part, 1–5-septate, dark brown, thick-walled, roughened in lower region, 35–100 × 2.5–3 µm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, medium brown, smooth, subcylindrical to obovoid, 25–30 × 2.5–3 µm; apex with flared collarette, 2–3 µm diam. Conidia occurring in chains, aggregating in mucoid mass, hyaline, smooth, apex obtuse, abruptly tapering to a truncate base, creating triangular conidia, 2.5–3 × 2.5 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margins, reaching 25 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse iron-grey. 180 Specimen examined: Ukraine, Ternopil region, Zalischyky district, Dniester Canyon, on decaying wood of Carpinus betulus (Betulaceae), 5 Oct. 2016, A. Akulov, specimen ex CWU (MYC) AS 6049 (dried culture CBS H-23426, culture CPC 31840 = CBS 143389). Notes: Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa is commonly isolated from dead woody substrates in Europe, and represents a new record for Ukraine. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Ch. myriocarpa (GenBank JF340253; Identities 483 / 490 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Ch. pygmaea (GenBank AF178545; Identities 473 / 496 (95 %), 3 gaps (0 %)) and Phialophora phaeophora (GenBank AF083191; Identities 503 / 533 (94 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Ch. myriocarpa (GenBank AF178552; Identities 841 / 841 (100 %), no gaps), Ch. pygmaea (GenBank AF178545; Identities 837 / 843 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Ch. preussii (GenBank AF178561; Identities 816 / 835 (98 %), no gaps). Only distant matches were obtained with the tub2 sequence, e.g. with Chaetomium jodhpurense (GenBank KP336854; Identities 292 / 361 (81 %), 19 gaps (5 %)). Colletotrichum kniphofiae Crous & Denman, sp. nov. MycoBank MB824769. Fig. 10. Etymology: Name refers to Kniphofia, the host genus from which it was isolated. Asexual morph on OA (sterile on other media). Conidiomata acervular, conidiophores formed on a cushion of pale brown, angular cells, 6–15 mm diam. Setae rarely observed in culture, brown, flexuous, verruculose, tapering to subobtuse apices, 5–8-septate, up to 100 mm long. Conidiophores hyaline, septate, branched, smooth-walled, up to 60 mm long. Conidiogenous © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 9. Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa (CBS 143389). A. Conidiophores on SNA. B–D. Conidiophores. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. Fig. 10. Colletotrichum kniphofiae (CBS 143496). A. Colony on OA. B–D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. cells hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, 12–20 × 4–7 mm, phialidic with periclinal thickening. Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, rarely curved, prominently multi-guttulate, fusoid to subcylindrical, apex obtuse, tapering at base to truncate hilum, 2 µm diam, (17–)25–28(–37) × (5–)6(–7) µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and even, lobate margins, covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface dirty white with patches of olivaceous grey, reverse amber with patches of olivaceous grey. On PDA surface and reverse olivaceous grey with patches of smoke grey. On OA surface olivaceous grey. Specimen examined: UK, England, Upton Grey, on leaves of Kniphofia uvaria (Xanthorrhoeaceae), 28 Mar. 2016, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23432, culture ex-type CPC 30166 = CBS 143496); ibid., CPC 30168. Notes: Sexual morph not observed, but ascospores harvested from plant material, indicating that a sexual morph exists. Colletotrichum kniphofiae was isolated from dead leaves of Kniphofia, and nothing is known regarding its ecology, and no species of Colletotrichum have been described from this host. Supported by its distinct DNA phylogeny (Fig. 11), we believe this collection represents a distinct species. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence of CPC 30166, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Co. godetiae (GenBank KX756147; Identities 567 / 575 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Co. pyricola (GenBank KU963516; Identities 565 / 575 (95 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Co. salicis (GenBank KU498278; Identities 565 / 575 (95 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). The ITS sequences of CPC 30166 and CPC 30168 are identical. The highest similarities using the LSU sequence of CPC 30166 were Co. godetiae (GenBank KU973721; Identities 837 / 839 (99 %), no gaps), Co. acutatum (GenBank JN939926; Identities 837 / 839 (99 %), no gaps) and Co. fioriniae (GenBank JN939914; Identities 837 / 839 (99 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the actA sequence were Co. destructivum (GenBank AY157843; Identities 596 / 657 (91 %), 16 gaps (2 %)), Co. kahawae (GenBank KU579251; Identities 595 / 659 (90 %), 26 gaps (3 %)) and Co. orbiculare (GenBank AB778553; Identities 584 / 654 (89 %), 22 gaps (3 %)). The highest similarities using the chs1 sequence were Co. salicis (GenBank JQ949131; Identities 245 / 252 (97 %), no gaps), Co. godetiae (GenBank KY171916; Identities 244 / 252 (97 %), no gaps) and Co. rhombiforme (GenBank JQ949118; Identities 243 / 252 (97 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the gapdh sequence were Co. pyricola (GenBank KU221341; Identities 560 / 604 (93 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), Co. nymphaeae (GenBank KP339289; Identities 556 / 602 (92 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Co. fioriniae (GenBank KF944354; Identities 542 / 589 (92 %), 9 gaps (1 %)). The highest similarities using the tub2 sequence were with Co. phormii (GenBank KX069820.1; Identities 386 / 413 (93 %), 7 gaps (1 %)), Co. australe (GenBank JQ950106.1; Identities 385 / © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 181 Crous et al. Colletotrichum orchidophilum CBS 632.80 100 CBS 129948 (JQ949665.1/JQ949005.1/JQ948674.1/JQ948344.1) CBS 128517 T (JQ949613.1/JQ948953.1/JQ948622.1/JQ948292.1) CBS 981.69 (JQ949648.1/JQ948988.1/JQ948657.1/JQ948327.1) 63 97 CBS 112996 T 100 CBS 979.69 CBS 361.79 65 Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl 100 100 T (JQ949472.1/JQ948812.1/JQ948481.1/JQ948151.1) XTG05 (JQ005839.1/JQ005797.1/JQ948677.1/JQ005776.1) Colletotrichum acutatum (JQ949721.1/JQ949061.1/JQ948731.1/JQ948400.1) (JQ949569.1/JQ948909.1/JQ948578.1/JQ948248.1) CBS 515.78 T 63 Colletotrichum fioriniae (JQ949518.1/JQ948858.1/JQ948527.1/JQ948197.1) Colletotrichum nymphaeae (KF488578.1/missing/KF975660.1/KF515692.1) CBS 129937 (JQ949574.1/JQ948914.1/JQ948583.1/JQ948253.1) Colletotrichum kniphofiae CBS 143496T sp. nov. 100 88 CBS 129356 CBS 607.94 99 100 (JQ949791.1/JQ949131.1/JQ948801.1/JQ948470.1) Colletotrichum salicis T (JQ949781.1/JQ949121.1/JQ948791.1/JQ948460.1) CBS 129953 T CBS 131322 100 58 98 25 SAG 60192 (JQ949766.1/JQ949106.1/JQ948776.1/JQ948445.1) (KU963518.1/missing/KU963517.1/KU963516.1) Colletotrichum pyricola (JQ949758.1/JQ949098.1/JQ948768.1/JQ948437.1) CBS 133.44 T Col508 Colletotrichum rhombiforme (JQ949779.1/JQ949119.1/JQ948789.1/JQ948458.1) CBS 128531 T CBS 862.70 93 91 (JQ949778.1/JQ949118.1/JQ948788.1/JQ948457.1) (JQ949723.1/JQ949063.1/JQ948733.1/JQ948402.1) Colletotrichum godetiae (KY171908.1/KY171916.1/KY171932.1/KY171892.1) Fig. 11. The first of three equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a phylogenetic analysis of the combined actA, chs-1, gapdh and ITS alignment representing Colletotrichum species (20 strains including the outgroup; 1 301 characters analysed: 1 038 constant, 106 variable and parsimonyuninformative and 157 parsimony-informative). The tree was rooted to Colletotrichum orchidophilum (culture CBS 632.80) and the scale bar indicates the number of changes. Bootstrap support values higher than 49 % are shown at the nodes and novelties are highlighted with a coloured box and bold text. Species names are indicated to the right of the tree and GenBank accession numbers are indicated behind the culture collection numbers. A superscript T denotes strains with a type status and branches present in the strict consensus tree are thickened. Tree statistics: TL = 366, CI = 0.839, RI = 0.904, RC = 0.758. Fig. 12. Cyclothyriella rubronotata (CPC 27604). A. Colony on OA. B, C. Conidiogenous cells. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 413 (93 %), 7 gaps (1 %)) and Co. scovillei (GenBank KY475561.1; Identities 384 / 414 (93 %), 8 gaps (1 %)). Cyclothyriella rubronotata (Berk. & Broome) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Stud. Mycol. 85: 41. 2016. Fig. 12. Basionym: Melogramma rubronotatum Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. Ser. 3, 3: 375. 1859. Conidiomata erumpent, globose, 200–250 µm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores lining the inner cavity, reduced to conidiogenous cells or with a single supporting cell. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to ampulliform, 6–12 × 3–5 µm; apex with prominent periclinal thickening, rarely with percurrent 182 proliferation. Conidia solitary, brown, smooth, thin-walled, guttulate, subcylindrical, mostly straight, apex obtuse, base truncate, (4.5–)5(–6) × (2.5–)3 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies spreading, flat on OA, erumpent on MEA and PDA, with moderate aerial mycelium and feathery margins, reaching 35 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface dirty white, reverse apricot, on OA surface pale violet, on PDA surface coral with flesh in outer region, reverse sienna with patches of umber. Specimen examined: Germany, near Berlin, on twig of Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae), 4 Jun. 2015, R.K. Schumacher (specimen CBS H-23423, culture CPC 27604 = CBS 144201). © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Notes: The genus Cyclothyriella was recently introduced by Jaklitsch & Voglmayr (2016), who also treated the taxonomic history of this genus in detail. The asexual morph isolated in this study closely resembles that described and illustrated by Jaklitsch & Voglmayr (2016), who reported conidia as (2–)4.5– 6(–6.5) × (2–) 2.7–3.5(–4) μm, first hyaline, becoming medium brown with age. This fungus is common in Europe, and here we present a culture from Germany to supplement the Austrian material studied by Jaklitsch & Voglmayr (2016). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Cyclothyriella rubronotata (GenBank NR_147651; Identities 564 / 564 (100 %), no gaps), Melanomma pulvis-pyrius (GenBank KY189979; Identities 400 / 476 (84 %), 20 gaps (4 %)) and Ascochyta medicaginicola (GenBank KX381183; Identities 359 / 419 (86 %), 10 gaps (2 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Cy. rubronotata (GenBank KX650541; Identities 833 / 833 (100 %), no gaps), Thyridaria rubronotata (GenBank JX681121; Identities 833 / 833 (100 %), no gaps) and Neooccultibambusa jonesii (GenBank KY111437; Identities 781 / 812 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Cylindriaceae Crous & L. Lombard, fam. nov. MycoBank MB824770. Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, septate, branched, hyphae. Conidiophores aggregated in sporodochia, or solitary, erect; hyphae and basal part of conidiophores becoming pale brown, smooth, subcylindrical, erect, septate, branched. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, with several sympodial flat-tipped loci, unthickened, not darkened. Ramoconidia hyaline, smooth, guttulate, subcylindrical. Conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth, arranged in long, branched chains, scars unthickened, slightly refractive. Type genus: Cylindrium Bonord. Note: The genus Cylindrium, based on C. elongatum, was regarded by Lombard et al. (2015) as incertae sedis, and thus Cylindriaceae is herewith introduced to accommodate this genus. Cylindrium algarvense (Cheew. & Crous) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB824771. Basionym: Polyscytalum algarvense Cheew. & Crous, Persoonia 23: 73. 2009. Description and illustration: Cheewangkoon et al. (2009). Specimen examined: Portugal, Faro, Algarve, on Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), 24 Jan. 2007, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-20289, culture ex-type CPC 14936 = CBS 124770); ibid. (CPC 14937, CPC 14938). Note: See discussion under Polyscytalum and Fig. 13. Cylindrium purgamentum (Crous) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB824772. Basionym: Polyscytalum purgamentum Crous, Persoonia 37: 363. 2016. Description and illustration: Crous et al. (2016a). Specimen examined: USA, Texas, Austin, on leaf litter, Aug. 2013, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-22899, culture ex-type CPC 29580 = CBS 142114). Note: See discussion under Polyscytalum and Fig. 13. Cylindrium syzygii (Crous & R.G. Shivas) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB824773. Basionym: Pseudoidriella syzygii Crous & R.G. Shivas, Persoonia 27: 135. 2011. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Description and illustration: Crous et al. (2011). Specimen examined: Australia, Queensland, Mackay, Eungella National Park, on leaves of Syzygium sp. (Myrtaceae), 14 Jul. 2009, P.W. Crous & K.L. Crous, (holotype CBS H-20758, cultures ex-type CPC 17233 = CBS 131307). Note: See discussion under Polyscytalum and Fig. 13. By placing Pseudoidriella syzygii in Cylindrium, the genus Pseudoidriella is also reduced to synonymy with Cylindrium. This suggests that the conidiomata of Cylindrium could be reduced to solitary conidiophores, as well as sporodochia, as observed in this species. Interestingly enough, an LSU sequence attributed to Tristratiperidium microsporum also clustered in this clade (Fig. 3), which completely disagrees with the morphology of this fungus. This suggests that this sequence (MFLUCC) should be reconsidered. The ITS sequence from the same culture placed Tristratiperidium microsporum with Kirstenboschia diospyri (Fig. 13). Cytospora viticola D.P. Lawr. et al., Pl. Pathol. 66: 718. 2017. Fig. 14. Conidiomata (on PDA) with stromata up to 500 mm diam, rosette cytosporoid, subdivided by invaginations, up to four radially arranged. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, branched, 1–3-septate, 15–20 × 2–3 mm, immersed in a mucilaginous layer. Conidiogenous cells phialidic with periclinal thickening and apical taper, 10–15 × 1.5–2 mm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, guttulate, allantoid, aseptate, (5–)6–7(–7.5) × 1(–1.5) mm. Culture characteristics: Colonies spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, covering dish after 1 mo at 25 °C. On MEA surface isabelline, reverse brown vinaceous. On PDA surface and reverse. On OA surface sepia. Specimen examined: Hungary, Pécs wine region, on stems of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae), 5 Nov. 2014, K.Z. Váczy (specimen CBS H-23278, culture T15 / 464 = CPC 30117 = CBS 143162). Notes: Species of Cytospora are commonly known from woody plants and generally have wide host ranges. Two Cytospora species, C. vinacea and C. viticola, causing dieback and cankers of grapevines in the USA were recently described (Lawrence et al. 2017). Other species known from Vitis include C. ceratosperma (CBS 397.36), as well as the European taxa C. vitis and Valsa vitis, which are insufficiently known, and for which we could not trace type material. The isolate described here was associated with cankers on grapevines in Hungary, and is similar to C. viticola. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 183 Crous et al. Arthrinium phragmites CPC 18900 T KF144909.1 Cylindrium sp. 3 ICMP 18913 JN225902.1 Cylindrium sp. 1 ICMP 18787 JN225904.1 86 T Cylindrium purgamentum CBS 142114 KY173435.1 comb. nov. 99 68 Cylindrium aeruginosum CBS 693.83 KM231854.1 59 T Cylindrium algarvense CBS 124770 GQ303287.1 comb. nov. 69 Cylindrium sp. 2 ICMP 18843 JN225903.1 54 3x Cylindrium Cylindrium elongatum CBS 685.83A KM231852.1 Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Cylindrium elongatum CBS 115974 KM231853.1 T 100 Cylindrium syzygii CBS 131307 JQ044421.1 comb. nov. T Castanediella acaciae CBS 139896 KR476728 100 Parapleurotheciopsis inaequiseptata MUCL 41089 EU040235.1 100 T Parapleurotheciopsis / Castanediella Parapleurotheciopsis caespitosa CBS 519.93 comb. nov. T Kirstenboschia diospyri CBS 134911 KF251156.1 100 97 T Tristratiperidium microsporum MFLUCC 15-0413 KT696538.1 Kirstenboschia / Tristratiperidium Phlogicylindrium tereticornis CBS 143168 T MG386042.1 100 95 Phlogicylindrium eucalypti CBS 120080 T DQ923534.1 Phlogicylindrium uniforme CBS 131312 T JQ044426.1 98 T Phlogicylindrium mokarei CBS 142103 KY173431.1 82 CBS 120221 T EU040223.1 66 98 CPC 12427 EU040222.1 50 CBS 111689 KF251205.1 96 74 Phlogicylindrium eucalyptorum CBS 111680 KF251204.1 CPC 31878 T CBS 142102 KY173383.1 84 Phlogicylindrium Polyscytalum eucalyptigenum T Polyscytalum nullicanum CBS 143406 MG386058.1 comb. nov. 100 T Polyscytalum neofecundissimum CBS 143390 sp. nov. Polyscytalum fecundissimum CBS 100506 EU035441.1 T Polyscytalum grevilleae CBS 141282 KX228252.1 comb. nov. Polyscytalum T Polyscytalum eucalyptorum CBS 137967 KJ869118.1 comb. nov. 89 T Polyscytalum chilense CBS 143387 sp. nov. 51 99 “Phlogicylindrium” sp. 3 ICMP 18845 JN225901.1 “Phlogicylindrium” sp. 2 ICMP 18859 JN225900.1 76 “Phlogicylindrium” sp. 1 ICMP 18826 JN225899.1 25 Fig. 13. The first of 72 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a phylogenetic analysis of the ITS alignment representing the genera Cylindrium, Parapleurotheciopsis, Phlogicylindrium and Polyscytalum (34 strains including the outgroup; 538 characters analysed: 309 constant, 49 variable and parsimony-uninformative and 180 parsimony-informative). The tree was rooted to Arthrinium phragmites (GenBank KF144909.1) and the scale bar indicates the number of changes. Bootstrap support values higher than 49 % are shown at the nodes and novelties are highlighted with a coloured box and bold text. Species names are indicated to the right of the tree, or before the culture collection and GenBank accession numbers. Genera are indicated to the very right of the tree. A superscript T denotes strains with a type status and branches present in the strict consensus tree are thickened. The most basal branch was shortened three times to facilitate easier layout. Tree statistics: TL = 634, CI = 0.565, RI = 0.777, RC = 0.439. Fig. 14. Cytospora viticola (CBS 143162). A. Colony on PNA. B. Colony on OA. C, D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 184 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 15. Dictyochaeta mimusopsis (CBS 143435). A. Colony on OA. B–E. Conidiophores. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. Cy. sibiraeae (GenBank KR045651; Identities 566 / 591 (96 %), 8 gaps (1 %)), Cy. chrysosperma (GenBank KT692596; Identities 568 / 594 (96 %), 7 gaps (1 %)) and Cy. germanica (GenBank KX168596; Identities 563 / 590 (95 %), 7 gaps (1 %)). Our ITS sequence is identical to Cy. viticola (GenBank KX256239; Identities 423 / 423 (100 %), no gaps), but was not a result in the megablast search as roughly half of the first internal spacer region sequence is missing for the deposited sequences of that species. The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Valsa mali (GenBank AF362559; Identities 837 / 842 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Cy. centrivillosa (GenBank MF190068; Identities 830 / 837 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Cy. ambiens (GenBank EU255208; Identities 772 / 779 (99 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the actA sequence were Cy. salicicola (GenBank KU982637; Identities 163 / 180 (91 %), 6 gaps (3 %)), Cy. parasitica (GenBank KT459410; Identities 190 / 212 (90 %), 10 gaps (4 %)) and Cy. cincta (GenBank KU710994; Identities 223 / 250 (89 %), 13 gaps (5 %)). The highest similarities using the rpb2 sequence were Cy. berberidis (GenBank KU710948; Identities 658 / 727 (91 %), no gaps), Cy. schulzeri (GenBank KU710980; Identities 656 / 727 (90 %), no gaps) and Cy. rostrata (GenBank KU710974; Identities 656 / 727 (90 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the tef1 sequence were Cy. viticola (GenBank KX256274; Identities 253 / 253 (100 %), no gaps), Cy. mali (GenBank KU710928; Identities 359 / 422 (85 %), 24 gaps (5 %)) and Cy. sophorae (GenBank KU710941; Identities 422 / 517 (82 %), 26 gaps (5 %)). The highest similarities using the tub2 sequence were V. malicola (GenBank KT934374; Identities 363 / 413 (88 %), 18 gaps (4 %)), V. sordida (GenBank KT428034; Identities 346 / 396 (87 %), 14 gaps (3 %)) and Cy. carbonacea (GenBank KP310825; Identities 343 / 395 (87 %), 16 gaps (4 %)). Dictyochaeta mimusopis Crous & M.J. Wingf., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824774. Fig. 15. Etymology: Name refers to Mimusops, the host genus from which this fungus was collected. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, hyaline, 3–4 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, pale brown, smooth, subcylindrical, unbranched, straight to flexuous, 1–6-septate, 40–150 × 3–4 µm. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, integrated, terminal, pale brown, smooth, subcylindrical, 30–55 × 3(–3.5) µm; with flared apical collarette, 3–4 µm diam. Conidia solitary, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, guttulate to granular, inequilateral, fusoid, outer plane convex, apex subacute, base truncate, 1–1.5 µm diam, (11–)16–18(–20) × 2.5–3(–3.5) µm, with a single unbranched, flexuous appendage at each end, (6–)7(–8) µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 50 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface hazel with cinnamon pigment, reverse sepia. On PDA surface cinnamon, reverse amber. On OA surface sienna with patches of olivaceous grey. Specimen examined: South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Haga Haga, on leaves of Mimusops caffra (Sapotaceae), Dec. 2010, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-23412, culture ex-type CPC 29987 = CBS 143435). Notes: Dictyochaeta mimusopis is closely allied to isolates in the Di. simplex complex (conidia 14–19 × 2.1–2.7 mm; Hughes & Kendrick 1968). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Di. simplex (GenBank EF029193; Identities 482 / 503 (96 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Di. fertilis (GenBank AF178540; Identities 469 / 491 (96 %), 5 gaps (1 %)) and Codinaea pini (GenBank NR_137943; Identities 485 / 521 (93 %), 22 gaps (4 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Di. simplex (GenBank AF178559; Identities 830 / 836 (99 %), no gaps), Codinaea pini (GenBank KP004493; Identities 829 / 838 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Rattania setulifera (GenBank HM171322; Identities 815 / 835 (98 %), no gaps). Dictyochaeta septata (B. Sutton & Hodges) Whitton et al., Fungal Diversity 4: 148. 2000. Fig. 16. Basionym: Codinaea septata B. Sutton & Hodges, Nova Hedwigia 26(2–3): 520. 1975. Synonym: Dictyochaeta septata (B. Sutton & Hodges) Aramb. & Cabello, Mycotaxon 34(2): 682 (1989) (nom. inval. Art 41.5, Melbourne). Mycelium consisting of hyaline, septate, branched, smooth, 2–3 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, brown, smooth, subcylindrical, straight to flexuous, 1–3-septate, 30–120 × 4–6 µm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, pale brown, smooth, mono-, rarely polyphialidic, 10–30 × 4–5 µm; collarette flared, 3–4 µm diam. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, granular, subcylindrical, falcate, ends subobtuse, (14–)15–19(– © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 185 Crous et al. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 16. Dictyochaeta septata (CBS 143386). A. Colony on SNA. B–D. Conidiophores. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 20) × 2.5(–3) µm, medianly 1-septate, with a single unbranched, flexuous appendage at each end, 5–7 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 45 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface hazel with cinnamon pigment, reverse sepia. On PDA surface cinnamon, reverse amber. On OA surface sienna with patches of olivaceous grey. Specimens examined: Brazil, Espirito Santo, Vania, on Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), 11 Dec. 1973, C.S. Hodges (holotype K(M) IMI 181532f). Chile, on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla (Myrtaceae), Jun. 2010, M.J. Wingfield (epitype of Codinaea septata designated here CBS H-23427, MBT381137, culture ex-epitype CPC 31949 = CBS 143386). Notes: This collection closely resembles Codinaea septata, described from Eucalyptus leaves in Brazil with its conidia being 1(–2)-septate, (14.5–)17.5–23 × 2 mm, and conidiophores 30– 105 × 4–6 mm (Sutton & Hodges 1975). Although we have in recent papers treated the genera Codinaea (setulate conidia) as distinct from Dictyochaeta (asetulate conidia) (Crous et al. 2015b), it appears that they could very well represent a single genus, with preference given to the older name, Dictyochaeta. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Pseudolachnella guaviyunis (GenBank KJ834524; Identities 480 / 542 (89 %), 13 gaps (2 %)), Di. simplex (GenBank EF029193; Identities 462 / 519 (89 %), 9 gaps (1 %)) and Thozetella fabacearum (GenBank KY212754; Identities 478 / 544 (88 %), 27 gaps (4 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were T. pinicola (GenBank EU825195; Identities 810 / 837 (97 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), T. nivea (GenBank EU825200; Identities 807 / 837 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and P. fraxini (GenBank JQ889301; Identities 806 / 836 (96 %), 1 gap (0 %)). No close hits were obtained when the tef1 sequence was used in a megablast search. Echinocatena arthrinioides R. Campb. & B. Sutton, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 69: 130. 1977. Fig. 17. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, pale brown, smooth, 1.5–2 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores erect, solitary, 20–50 × 3–4 µm, unbranched, straight to flexuous, pale brown, smooth, 3–7-septate. Conidiogenous cells in simple or branched acropetal chains, 5–7 × 3–4 µm, separated by thick, dark brown, refractive septa, appearing like a separating cell, pale brown, echinulate, doliiform to cylindrical, constricted at septa, polyblastic, Fig. 17. Echinocatena arthrinioides (CPC 28754). A. Colony on MEA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 186 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi integrated with 5–7 conidiogenous loci. Conidia (4–)5–6(–7) µm diam, solitary, spherical, orange-brown, thick-walled, aseptate, echinulate. Specimen examined: Malaysia, on leaves of Acacia crassicarpa (Fabaceae), 1 Jul. 2015, M.J. Wingfield (specimen CBS H-23424, culture CPC 28754 = CBS 144202). Notes: Echinocatena arthrinioides was originally described from leaf litter collected in India. This collection has conidia that are slightly larger those observed for the type collection (3.5–4.5 µm; Campbell & Sutton 1977), and DNA data would be required to fully resolve if this strain is conspecific with the type (IMI 199279). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were “Fusicladium sp.” from marine sponges in Panama (GenBank JN837045; Identities 524 / 530 (99 %), no gaps) and “Sympoventuriaceae sp.” from a human nail in Hong Kong (GenBank LC158598; Identities 448 / 452 (99 %), no gaps); the remaining matches were with the 5.8S nrRNA genes of Fusicladium species. The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Mycosisymbrium cirrhosum (GenBank KR259884; Identities 758 / 828 (92 %), 9 gaps (1 %)), Scolecobasidium cateniphorum (GenBank EU107309; Identities 758 / 829 (91 %), 11 gaps (1 %)) and Verruconis verruculosa (GenBank KF282668; Identities 757 / 829 (91 %), 11 gaps (1 %)). Elsinoë mimosae Viégas, Bragantia 4: 13. 1944. Description and illustration: Fan et al. (2017). Specimens examined: Brazil, São Paulo, Campinas, on Mimosa sp. (Leguminosae), 31 Mar. 1931, H.P. Krug & O. Zagatto (holotype IAC No. 2836); Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Itaguaí, Mazomba, on Mimosa diplotricha (= Mimosa invisa), Mar. 1999, R.W. Barreto (epitype designated here MBT381423, preserved in metabolically inactive state, ex-epitype culture CBS 141878) = CPC 19478 = RWB 154. Ecuador, Coca, on Mimosa diplotricha, Nov. 2000, R.W. Barreto, specimen CBS H-22804, culture CPC 18518 = RWB 224 = CBS 141943. Notes: The epitype was designated in Fan et al. (2017), but that epitypification was not effected since the holotype was not “explicitly” cited (Art 9.8, Melbourne Code). We correct this situation by citing the holotype as “IAC No. 2836”. Exophiala eucalypticola Crous & T.I. Burgess, sp. nov. MycoBank MB824775. Fig. 18. Etymology: Name refers to Eucalyptus, the host genus from which it was collected. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Mycelium consisting of pale brown, smooth, septate, branched, 2–2.5 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores arising as lateral ends of hyphae, or reduced to conidiogenous cells, integrated on hyphae, erect, medium brown, smooth, subcylindrical, 3–15 × 2–3 µm; scars thickened and darkened, 1 µm diam. Conidia occurring in branched chains, pale brown, smooth, 0–1-septate, fusoid-ellipsoidal, with hila that are thickened and darkened, 1 µm diam, (7–)10–13(–15) × (2.5–)3(–4) µm. Synasexual morph: Conidiogenous cells integrated as phialidic loci on creeping hyphae, 1–2 × 1 µm. Conidia dimorphic, with exophiala-like conidia pale brown, smooth, aseptate, ellipsoid, 4–7 × 2–3 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 10 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface slimy, chestnut to black. Specimen examined: Australia, Victoria, Melbourne, Dandenong Ranges, Silvan Reservoir Park, leaf litter of Eucalyptus obliqua (Myrtaceae), 1 Dec. 2016, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23305, cultures ex-type CPC 32736 = CBS 143412). Notes: The genera Exophiala and Rhinocladiella contain several clinically relevant species (de Hoog 1977). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were R. aquaspersa (GenBank AB091214; Identities 458 / 519 (88 %), 18 gaps (3 %)), E. phaeomuriformis (GenBank KP761151; Identities 485 / 555 (87 %), 27 gaps (4 %)) and R. coryli (GenBank KX306768; Identities 518 / 594 (87 %), 25 gaps (4 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were E. xenobiotica (GenBank KC311483; Identities 831 / 862 (96 %), 7 gaps (0 %)), E. xenobiotica (GenBank FJ358246; Identities 826 / 857 (96 %), 7 gaps (0 %)) and Melanoctona tectonae (GenBank KX258779; Identities Fig. 18. Exophiala eucalypticola (CBS 143412). A. Conidiogenous cell. B. Conidial chain. C, D. Typical Exophiala morph with conidiogenous cells reduced to phialides. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 187 Crous et al. 828 / 860 (96 %), 6 gaps (0 %)). The present collection is best allocated to this generic complex, and until better resolved it is best placed in Exophiala. No significant hits were obtained when the tef1 and tub2 sequences were used in a megablast search. Fusiconidium lycopodiellae Crous & R.K. Schumach., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824776. Fig. 19. Etymology: Name refers to Lycopodiella, the host genus from which this fungus was collected. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 2.5– 4 µm diam hyphae. Hyphopodia absent. Conidiophores solitary, erect, subcylindrical, geniculate-sinuous, brown, smooth, 1–2-septate, 20–50 × 3–5 µm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, subcylindrical, brown, smooth, 10–17 × 3–4 µm, proliferating sympodially, holoblastically; scars unthickened, undarkened, 2–3 µm diam. Conidia solitary, brown, smooth, granular, subcylindrical, apex obtuse, tapering in lower cell to truncate hilum, 2–3 µm diam, (7–)8–9(–11)-septate, (65–)75–85(–100) × (7–)8(–9) µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, covering dish after 1 mo at 25 °C. On MEA surface ochreous, reverse amber. On PDA surface and reverse amber. On OA surface luteous. Specimen examined: Germany, near Berlin, on stems of Lycopodiella inundata (Lycopodiaceae), 25 Feb. 2016, R.K. Schumacher (holotype CBS H-23407, culture ex-type CPC 30371 = CBS 143437). Notes: The present collection is reminiscent of Clasterosporium, except that it lacks hyphopodia (Ellis 1971). Based on LSU sequence data it is allied to Fusiconidium (Li et al. 2017), except that it lacks percurrent proliferation of the conidiogenous cells, and fusoid to ellipsoid conidia, and probably represents a new genus in this complex. However, due to the poor sporulation of the culture, we have tentatively named it in Fusiconidium. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Camposporium cambrense (GenBank KY853428; Identities 481 / 502 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Phragmocephala atra (GenBank KP698721; Identities 495 / 523 (95 %), 4 gaps (0 %)) and Phragmocephala garethjonesii (GenBank NR_147636; Identities 493 / 523 (94 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Fusiconidium mackenziei (GenBank KX611113; Identities 806 / 815 (99 %), no gaps), Paradendryphiella salina (GenBank KF156156; Identities 780 / 791 (99 %), no gaps) and Aposphaeria corallinolutea (GenBank KU243051; Identities 804 / 817 (98 %), no gaps). Haplographium delicatum Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 3(17): 361. 1859. Fig. 20. Conidiophores erect, subcylindrical, straight to flexuous, brown, thick-walled, verruculose, base with T-cell, lacking rhizoids, 70– 160 × 5–6 mm, 5–10-septate. Conidiophores with swollen apical cell, pale brown, giving rise to 3–6 apical conidiogenous cells or primary branches; primary branches subcylindrical, straight to allantoid, hyaline, smooth, 5–10 × 2.5–3 mm. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, 6–12 × 2–2.5 mm, proliferating sympodially at apex. Conidia aggregating in mucoid mass, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, subcylindrical, straight, apex slightly swollen, obtuse, base truncate, (3–)5–6(–7.5) × 2(–2.5) mm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 13 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface and reverse pale luteous. On PDA surface pale olivaceous grey, reverse ochreous. On OA surface umber, with diffuse sienna pigment. Specimen examined: Ukraine, Ternopil region, Zalischyky district, Dniester Canyon, on decaying wood of Carpinus betulus (Betulaceae), 5 Oct. 2016, A. Akulov, specimen ex CWU (MYC) AS 6049 (dried culture CBS H-23417, culture CPC 31844 = CBS 143493). Notes: The genus Haplographium is based on H. delicatum described from wood collected in Britain. The present collection is phylogenetically similar to strains identified as H. catenatum and H. delicatum (Crous et al. 2009a). Because the genus Haplographium lacks a type and the species concepts are still in flux, we have identified the present collection as H. delicatum. Species of Haplographium have been linked to Dematioscypha sexual morphs (Raitviir 2001), but this relationship also requires further study. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were H. Fig. 19. Fusiconidium lycopodiellae (CBS 143437). A–E. Conidiophores giving rise to multiseptate conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 188 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 20. Haplographium delicatum (CBS 143493). A. Colony on OA. B–C. Conidiophores. D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. catenatum (GenBank FJ839620; Identities 528 / 533 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), H. delicatum (GenBank HF677177; Identities 495 / 500 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Ciliciopodium brevipes (GenBank KM231856; Identities 401 / 451 (89 %), 10 gaps (2 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were H. catenatum (GenBank FJ839657; Identities 855 / 855 (100 %), no gaps), Hyaloscypha minuta (GenBank KY769526; Identities 832 / 857 (97 %), 3 gaps (0 %)) and Hy. monodictys (GenBank JN086756; Identities 808 / 833 (97 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). Microdochium musae (T.Y. Lin & J.M. Yen) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB824777. Fig. 21. Basionym: Sphaerulina musae T.Y. Lin & J.M. Yen, Rev. Mycol. (Paris) 35: 326. 1971. Ascomata (on OA) solitary, immersed on leaf tissue (superficial to immersed on banana leaf agar), globose, semi-papillate with central ostiole, pale brown, 200–250 mm diam; wall of 6–8 layers of pale brown textura angularis. Paraphyses intermingled among asci, hyaline smooth, septate, unbranched, constricted at septa, hyphae-like, 4–5 mm diam, with obtuse ends. Asci fasciculate, hyaline, unitunicate, apical mechanism staining blue in Meltzer’s, broadly ellipsoid, straight to curved, 8-spored, stipitate, 80–100 × 17–22 mm. Ascospores bi- to triseriate, hyaline to faintly pinkish, smooth, guttulate, obovoid, apex obtuse, tapering from middle to base, straight to curved, 3–6-septate, at times with mucoid sheath, frequently constricted at median septum, (30–) 32–33(–35) × (6–)7(–8) mm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium, radially folded, and even margins, reaching 40 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface and reverse saffron. On PDA surface and reverse salmon. On OA surface salmon. Fig. 21. Microdochium musae (CBS 143500). A. Ascomata on banana leaf. B. Vertical section through ascoma. C. Asci. D. Paraphyses. E. Subhyaline ascospores. F. Ascus in Meltzer’s reagent. G. Ascospores. Scale bars: A, B = 250 mm, all others = 10 mm. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 189 Crous et al. Specimens examined. Republic of China (Taiwan), on leaves of Musa sp. (Musaceae), 1970, T. Wang, holotype missing, lectotype designated here, MBT381229 (Lin & Yen 1971, fig. 2 D–F). Malaysia, Sabah, on leaves of Musa sp., 2016, P.W. Crous (epitype designated here, CBS H-23431, MBT381140, culture ex-epitype CPC 32689 = CBS 143500). Additional cultures examined: Costa Rica, on Musa cv. Cavendish, May 2002, P.W. Crous (CBS 111018 = CPC 5380). Malaysia, on Musa leaves, 2010, P.W. Crous (CPC 32681), ibid. (CPC 32809). Mauritius, on Musa leaves, Jan. 2004, Y. Jaufeerally-Fakim (CPC 11234), ibid. (CPC 11240). Mexico, Chiapas, on Musa leaves, 16 Dec. 2008, M. de J. Yanez Morales (CPC 16258). Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Notes: The genus Sphaerulina was treated by Quaedvlieg et al. (2013), and represents a genus in the Mycosphaerellaceae, to which S. musae (Lin & Yen 1971) is not related. “Sphaerulina” musae clusters among species of Microdochium, which have sexual morphs that are morphologically similar (HernándezRestrepo et al. 2016), justifying this new combination. Microdochium musae is commonly associated with brown necrotic areas on banana leaves, appears to be globally distributed along with its host, and is assumed to be weakly pathogenic (unpubl. data). Because the holotype could not be traced in Taiwan or Paris, the original illustration is proposed as lectotype and a neotype is designated. Colonies initially have a yeast-like appearance in culture, and single ascospores give rise to the sexual morph, suggesting that the species is homothallic. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence of CPC 32689, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Sphaerulina musae (GenBank AY293061; Identities 477 / 477 (100 %), no gaps), Mi. stoveri (GenBank FJ430601; Identities 537 / 540 (99 %), no gaps) and Mi. colombiense (GenBank KP858999; Identities 499 / 516 (97 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence of CPC 32689, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Mi. colombiense (GenBank KP858935; Identities 834 / 842 (99 %), no gaps), Mi. citrinidiscum (GenBank KP858939; Identities 831 / 842 (99 %), no gaps) and Mi. sorghi (GenBank KP858936; Identities 831 / 842 (99 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the actA sequence of CPC 16258 were Chaetopsina fulva (GenBank KM231165; Identities 404 / 422 (96 %), no gaps), Fusarium phaseoli (GenBank KM231203; Identities 400 / 419 (95 %), no gaps) and Ch. acutispora (GenBank KM231164; Identities 401 / 421 (95 %), no gaps). The actA sequences of CPC 11234, 11240, 16258, 32681 and 32809 are identical, but differ with two nucleotides from CPC 32689. No significant hits were obtained when the cmdA sequences were used in a megablast search. The cmdA sequences of CPC 11234, 11240, 16258, 32689 and 32809 are identical, but differ one nucleotide from CPC 32681. The highest similarities using the rpb2 sequence of CPC 32689 were Mi. colombiense (GenBank KP859108; Identities 740 / 782 (95 %), no gaps), Mi. majus (GenBank KP859110; Identities 675 / 780 (87 %), 4 gaps (0 %)) and M. nivale (GenBank KP859117; Identities 679 / 785 (86 %), 6 gaps (0 %)). No significant hits were obtained when the tef1 and tub2 sequences of CPC 32681 were used in a megablast search. The tef1 sequences of CPC 11234, 11240, 16258 and 32689 are identical. The tub2 sequences of CPC 11234, 11240, 32689 and 32809 are identical, but differ one nucleotide from CPC 16258. Monochaetia junipericola Crous & R.K. Schumach., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824778. Fig. 22. Etymology: Name refers to Juniperus, the host genus from which this fungus was collected. Conidiomata pycnidioid, separate to gregarious, erumpent, ovoid, 150–250 µm diam. Conidiophores arising from central stroma, hyaline, smooth, 3–6-septate, branched, subcylindrical, 40–100 × 3–4 µm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, 10–30 × 2.5–3 µm, proliferating percurrently at apex. Conidia fusoid-ellipsoid, 4-septate, not constricted at septa, medium brown, finely verruculose, end cells hyaline, (22–)25–27(–28) × (5–)6(–7) µm, apical cell terminating in a single, unbranched, filiform, flexuous appendage, 10–20 µm long; basal cell with single, unbranched, flexuous, excentric appendage, 2–15 µm long. Conidiomata with beta conidia developing on OA, beta conidia hyaline, smooth, filiform, curved, apex obtuse, base truncate, 12–22 × 1.5–2 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margins, reaching 40 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface pale luteous, reverse luteous. On PDA surface smoke grey with patches of isabelline, reverse pale luteous. On OA surface pale luteous with patches of amber. Specimen examined: Germany, near Berlin, on twig of Juniperus communis (Cypressaceae), 20 Apr. 2016, R.K. Schumacher (holotype CBS H-23408, culture ex-type CPC 30561 = CBS 143391). Fig. 22. Monochaetia junipericola (CBS 143391). A. Conidiomata on PDA. B, C. Conidiophores giving rise to conidia. D. Conidia. E. Beta conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 190 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Neopestalotiopsis surinamensis CPC 1779 JX556232.1 T Monochaetia junipericola CBS 143391 sp. nov. T 100 Monochaetia ilexae KUMCC 15-0520 KX984153.1 Monochaetia dimorphospora NBRC 9980 T LC146750.1 PSHI2004Endo1031 DQ534045.1 PSHI2004Endo1030 DQ534044.1 88 87 Monochaetia kansensis ZJLQ468 KC345692.1 Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl ZJLQ463 KC345691.1 88 ZJLQ464 KC345693.1 99 CBS 115004 AY853243.1 Monochaetia monochaeta M18 JX262802.1 Monochaetia karstenii ICMP 10669 AF405300.1 74 100 PSH2000I-151 AY682948.1 PSH2000I-146 AY682947.1 ATCC 60625 AF377286.1 25 Monochaetia camelliae CF4 KM979722.1 Fig. 23. The first of eight equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a phylogenetic analysis of the Monochaetia ITS alignment (16 strains including the outgroup; 524 characters analysed: 373 constant, 29 variable and parsimony-uninformative and 122 parsimony-informative). The tree was rooted to Neopestalotiopsis surinamensis (GenBank JX556232.1) and the scale bar indicates the number of changes. Bootstrap support values higher than 49 % are shown at the nodes and novelties are highlighted with a coloured box and bold text. Species names are indicated to the right of the tree, or before the culture collection and GenBank accession numbers. A superscript T denotes strains with a type status and branches present in the strict consensus tree are thickened. Tree statistics: TL = 238, CI = 0.782, RI = 0.899, RC = 0.702. Notes: Nag Raj (1993) defined the genus Monochaetia to accommodate taxa with acervular conidiomata and fusiform, brown, transversely septate conidia with a single cellular apical, and single cellular basal appendage (when present). Nag Raj (1993) also regarded Mo. juniperi as synonym of Sarcostroma foliicola, occurring on needles of Juniperus communis. Morphologically S. foliicola has fusiform, 5-septate conidia, 18–22.5 × 7–8(–9) mm, apical appendage 3–8(–9) mm, and basal appendage excentric, 3–11 mm, thus smaller than those of M. junipericola. Phylogenetically, M. junipericola is basal to the other Monochaetia species known from ITS sequences (Fig. 23). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Mo. ilexae (GenBank NR_148179; Identities 497 / 516 (96 %), 7 gaps (1 %)), Mo. dimorphospora (GenBank LC146750; Identities 498 / 527 (94 %), 20 gaps (3 %)) and Synnemadiella eucalypti (GenBank KY173467; Identities 497 / 538 (92 %), 10 gaps (1 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Mo. ilexae (GenBank KX984152; Identities 846 / 847 (99 %), no gaps), Mo. kansensis (GenBank DQ534035; Identities 832 / 833 (99 %), no gaps) and Mo. monochaeta (GenBank KF590148; Identities 828 / 829 (99 %), no gaps). Only distant hits were obtained using the rpb2 sequence; some of these were Pestalotiopsis versicolor (GenBank DQ368654; Identities 662 / 803 (82 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), P. fici (GenBank XM_007830789; Identities 657 / 800 (82 %), no gaps) and Discosia brasiliensis (GenBank KF827475; Identities 658 / 805 (82 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). No significant hits were obtained when the tef1 sequence was used in a megablast search. The best hit using the tub2 sequence was with Mo. kansensis (GenBank DQ534049; Identities 356 / 407 (87 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). Myrmecridium sorbicola Crous & R.K. Schumach., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824779. Fig. 24. Etymology: Name refers to Sorbus, the host genus from which this fungus was collected. On OA (only medium with sporulation). Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 2–3 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, flexuous, unbranched, brown, subcylindrical, smooth, 1–18-septate, 50–200 × 4–7 µm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, 20–65 × 3–4 µm, with a rachis of pimple-like denticles, 0.5–1 × 0.5 µm. Conidia solitary, obovoid, initially hyaline, but pale brown with age, apex obtuse, hilum 1 µm diam, (0–)1(–3) septate, with mucoid sheath surrounding conidium in median region, 1–2 µm diam, (7–)8–10(–15) × 4(–5) µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and even, lobate margins, reaching 12 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface and reverse luteous. On PDA surface and reverse pale luteous. On OA surface pale luteous. Specimen examined: Germany, near Berlin, on branch of Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae), 17 Feb. 2016, R.K. Schumacher (holotype CBS H-23405, culture ex-type CPC 30455 = CBS 143433). Notes: Myrmecridium was introduced by Arzanlou et al. (2007) for ramichloridium-like taxa having hyaline mycelium, and relatively unpigmented, pimple-like denticles, and obovoid to fusoid conidia with a wing-like gelatinous sheath. Myrmecridium sorbicola is distinct from known species based on its conidial morphology, with conidia being (0–)1(–3)-septate, (7–)8–10(–15) × 4(–5) µm. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 191 Crous et al. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 24. Myrmecridium sorbicola (CBS 143433). A–E. Conidiophores. F. Conidia with wing-like appendages. Scale bars = 10 mm. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were My. schulzeri (GenBank KF986544; Identities 447 / 513 (87 %), 14 gaps (2 %)), My. phragmitis (GenBank NR_137782; Identities 494 / 567 (87 %), 18 gaps (3 %)) and My. fluviae (GenBank KX839679; Identities 419 / 481 (87 %), 15 gaps (3 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were My. banksiae (GenBank NG_042684; Identities 813 / 842 (97 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), My. schulzeri (GenBank EU041835; Identities 812 / 842 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and My. spartii (GenBank KR611902; Identities 812 / 843 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). Conidia occurring in branched chains, obovoid to ellipsoid, thickwalled, golden-brown, smooth, granular, apex obtuse, tapering to a truncate hilum, thickened and somewhat darkened, 1–2 µm diam, attached via a narrow isthmus, aseptate; primary conidia 15–21 × 12–14 µm; secondary conidia 11–15 × 8–9 µm; tertiary conidia 7–10 × 6–7 µm. Nematogonum ferrugineum (Pers.) S. Hughes, Canad. J. Bot. 36: 789. 1958. Fig. 25. Basionym: Monilinia ferruginea Pers., Mycol. eur. (Erlanga) 1: 30. 1822. Specimen examined: Ukraine, Ternopil region, Zalischyky district, Dniester Canyon, on ascomata of Melogramma campylosporum on trunk of fallen Carpinus betulus (Betulaceae), 7 Oct. 2016, A. Akulov, specimen ex CWU (MYC) AS 6079 (dried culture CBS H-23418, culture CPC 31872 = CBS 144203). Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 3–4 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores dimorphic. Microconidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells on hyphae, erect, golden-brown, smooth, cylindrical, 20–40 × 6–8 µm. Macroconidiophores erect, flexuous, subcylindrical, smooth, golden-brown, flexuous, up to 400 µm tall, 8–10 µm diam, 2–7-septate, unbranched, terminal conidiogenous cell clavate, but at times also intercalary (appears to be linked to rejuvenating conidiophore), 25–100 × 11–15 µm; loci sympodial, thickened, somewhat darkened, 1–2 µm diam. Culture characteristics: Colonies not growing on MEA, PDA or SNA. Colonies on OA pale luteous, flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margins, reaching 40 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. Notes: Matsushima (1975) firstly reported an aspergillus-like synasexual morph for Nematogonum highlei (a synonym of N. ferrugineum). His description and illustrations correspond well with the conidiophores we observed in this study. Walker & Minter (1981) studied the conidiogenesis of N. ferrugineum and cited conidia to be ellipsoid, 4–24 × 3–15 mm, which become progressively smaller towards the tips of the chains. However, no distinction was made between primary, secondary or tertiary Fig. 25. Nematogonum ferrugineum (CPC 31872). A. Microconidiophore. B–D. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 192 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi conidia. The general conidium dimensions observed here, 7–21 × 6–15 mm, in the collection are different from the original species description, but correspond well with those provided by Matsushima (1975), 7–22 × 6.5–15 mm. Nematogonum is not known from any sequence data that we were able to locate, and is listed as “incertae sedis” in MycoBank and Index Fungorum. In the present study, we were unable to generate an LSU sequence. However, based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Melanospora spp. (Melanosporales, Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes), of which most members are also fungicolous. Nematogonum ferrugineum is known as an obligate fungicolous fungus on species of Neonectria, but has also been found on Chaetomella, Cladosporium, Graphium, Melogramma, Tritirachium and Verticillium representatives (Walker & Minter 1981, Gams et al. 2004, Akulov 2011). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Melanospora kurssanoviana (GenBank KP981479; Identities 500 / 549 (91 %), 12 gaps (2 %)), Me. singaporensis (GenBank LC146748; Identities 519 / 582 (89 %), 20 gaps (3 %)) and Papulaspora funabasensis (GenBank LC228646; Identities 508 / 569 (89 %), 17 gaps (2 %)). The highest similarities using the tef1 sequence were My. banksiae (GenBank NG_042684; Identities 813 / 842 (97 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), My. schulzeri (GenBank EU041835; Identities 812 / 842 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and My. spartii (GenBank KR611902; Identities 812 / 843 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). No significant hits were obtained when the tef1 sequence was used in a megablast search. All attempts to generate an LSU sequence for this culture failed, irrespective of using fresh DNA or different primer sets. Neocucurbitaria cava (Schulzer) Valenzuela-Lopez et al., Stud. Mycol. 90: 46. 2018. Fig. 26. Basionym: Phoma cava Schulzer, Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 21: 1248. 1871. Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, dark brown with 1–2 papillate ostioles, 150–250 µm diam; wall of 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, branched, 1–4-septate, 7–20 × 2–3 µm. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, with periclinal thickening, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, apical and intercalary, 4–7 × 2–3 µm. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, subcylindrical, guttulate, with bluntly rounded ends, (3–)3.5(–4) × 1.5 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 40 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface pale mouse grey, reverse mouse grey. On PDA surface olivaceous grey, reverse iron-grey. On OA surface iron-grey. Specimen examined: UK, England, Bournmouth, on leaves of Quercus ilex (Fagaceae), 30 Dec. 2016, P.W. Crous (specimen CBS H-23414, culture CPC 32488 = CBS 143400). Notes: The present collection is morphologically similar to that of the epitype, which was described from soil collected in Germany and has conidia that are aseptate, hyaline, smoothand thin-walled, mostly cylindrical to slightly allantoid, 2.5–3.5 × 1–1.5 µm, guttulate (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). The present study adds a new culture of N. cava from the UK. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were N. cava (GenBank JF440610; Identities 475 / 480 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), N. hakeae (GenBank KY173436; Identities 512 / 533 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)) and Ochrocladosporium frigidarii (GenBank FJ755255; Identities 439 / 463 (95 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Ne. cava (GenBank EU754199; Identities 855 / 855 (100 %), no gaps), Ne. quercina (GenBank GQ387620; Identities 848 / 855 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Ne. unguis-hominis (GenBank GQ387621; Identities 847 / 855 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The highest similarities using the actA sequence were Parastagonospora nodorum (GenBank CP022855; Identities 469 / 508 (92 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Alternaria hordeicola (GenBank JQ671637; Identities 478 / 520 (92 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Al. triticimaculans (GenBank JQ671631; Identities 478 / 520 (92 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarities using the rpb2 sequence were Ne. populi (GenBank MF795816; Identities 1035 / 1059 (98 %), no gaps), Ne. juglandicola (GenBank MF795815; Identities 1027 / 1059 (97 %), no gaps) and Ne. cisticola (GenBank MF795814; Identities 995 / 1058 (94 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the tub2 sequence were Ne. populi (GenBank MF795902; Identities 500 / 515 (97 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Ne. juglandicola (GenBank MF795901; Identities 498 / 516 (97 %), 3 gaps (0 %)) and Pyrenochaeta hakeae (GenBank KY173613; Identities 500 / 534 (94 %), 10 gaps (1 %)). Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Neohendersonia kickxii (Westend.) Sutton & Pollack, Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 52: 334. 1974. Basionym: Stilbospora kickxii Westend., Bull. Séances Cl. Sci. Acad. Roy. Belgique 18: 409. 1851. Description and illustration: Giraldo et al. (2017). Fig. 26. Neocucurbitaria cava (CBS 143400). A. Conidiomata on SNA. B, C. Conidiogenous cells. D. Conidia. Scale bars: A = 200 mm, all others = 10 mm. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 193 Crous et al. Specimens examined: Belgium, Courtrai, Parc Saint-George, on branch of Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae) (substrate originally determined as Betula pubescens and later corrected with Fagus sylvatica), G.D. Westendorp (holotype BR5020162018281). Italy, Pian di Novello, on bark of twigs from Fagus sylvatica, 8 May 1996, R. Danti (epitype designated here of Stilbospora kickxii MycoBank MBT381143, preserved in metabolically inactive state, ex-epitype culture CBS 112403). Notes: The epitype was originally designated in Giraldo et al. (2017), but a culture without any specimen was cited. This situation is herewith corrected, by stating that the culture is preserved as “metabolically inactive”. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Parapleurotheciopsis caespitosa (Crous et al.) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB824780. Basionym: Anungitea caespitosa Crous et al., Canad. J. Bot. 73(2): 225. 1995. Description and illustration: Crous et al. (1995). Specimen examined: South Africa, Mpumalanga, Sabie, on leaf litter of Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae), Nov. 1992, M.J. Wingfield (holotype PREM 51686, culture ex-type CPC 565 = CBS 519.93). Note: See discussion under Polyscytalum and Fig. 13. Parathyridaria philadelphi Crous & R.K. Schumach., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824781. Fig. 27. Etymology: Name refers to Philadelphus, the host genus from which this fungus was collected. Conidiomata (on OA) separate, pycnidial, brown, globose, erumpent, 250–300 µm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 6–8 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, proliferating percurrently near phialidic apex, 4–7 × 3–4 µm. Conidia aseptate, solitary, subcylindrical, apex obtuse, base bluntly rounded, brown, smooth, at times slightly granular, (4–)5(–6) × 2 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and even, lobate margins, reaching 45 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface pale olivaceous grey with patches of ochreous, reverse amber. On PDA surface amber, reverse chestnut. On OA surface amber with patches of sienna and vinaceous buff. Specimen examined: Germany, near Berlin, on twigs of Philadelphus coronarius (Hydrangeaceae), 2 Apr. 2016, R.K. Schumacher (holotype CBS H-23409, culture ex-type CPC 30532 = CBS 143432). Notes: The genus Parathyridaria was recently introduced by Jaklitsch & Voglmayr (2016). Phylogenetically (Fig. 28), Pa. philadelphi is allied to Pa. robiniae, a sexual species recently described from Italy on Robinia pseudoacacia (Tibpromma et al. 2017). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Pa. robiniae (GenBank KY511142; Identities 709 / 715 (99 %), no gaps), Roussoella mukdahanensis (GenBank KU940129; Identities 602 / 718 (84 %), 20 gaps (2 %)) and Pa. ramulicola (GenBank NR_147657; Identities 406 / 429 (95 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Pa. robiniae (GenBank KY511141; Identities 854 / 855 (95 %), no gaps), Sporidesmium australiense (GenBank DQ408554; Identities 835 / 846 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Pa. ramulicola (GenBank KF636775; Identities 846 / 859 (98 %), no gaps). The highest similarity using the tef1 sequence was with Pa. ramulicola (GenBank KX650536; Identities 314 / 352 (89 %), 7 gaps (1 %)). Pestalotiopsis hollandica Maharachch. et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 164. 2014. Fig. 29. Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, separate, immersed to erumpent on banana leaf agar, dark brown to black, 120–350 µm diam, exuding a globose, dark brown conidial mass. Conidiophores subcylindrical, branched, hyaline, smooth, 1–2-septate, 15– 30 × 3–5 µm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, 8–15 × 2.5–3.5 µm; proliferating percurrently at apex. Conidia solitary, fusoid-ellipsoid, 4-septate, versicoloured, central three cells brown, of which the median cell is dark brown, guttulate, verruculose, apical and basal cells hyaline, conidia (22–)24–26(–27) × (7–)8(–9) µm, apical cell 3–4 µm long, basal cell 3–5 µm long, apical cell with three flexuous appendages, unbranched, attachment apical, 17–25 µm long, basal cell with central unbranched appendage, 3–9 µm long. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margins, covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface dirty white, reverse luteous. On PDA surface pale luteous to luteous, reverse amber. On OA surface pale luteous. Fig. 27. Parathyridaria philadelphi (CBS 143432). A. Conidiogenous cells. B. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 194 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Aaosphaeria arxii MUT 5333 KU158145.1 T Roussoella mukdahanensis MFLUCC 11-0201 KU940129.1 Thyridaria broussonetiae CBS 141481 T KX650568.1 100 T 100 Parathyridaria philadelphi CBS 143432 sp. nov. Parathyridaria robiniae MFLUCC 14-1119 T KY511142.1 100 92 MUT 4397 KC339235.1 100 CBS 141479T KX650565.1 Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Parathyridaria ramulicola MF4 KX650564.1 77 NCCPF104001 MG708109.1 B15-06229 KY012056.1 NCCPF104003 MG708107.1 100 CBS 128203 KF322117.1 Parathyridaria percutanea NCCPF104006 MG708108.1 66 25 104002 KY310731.1 CBS 868.95 T KF322118.1 Fig. 28. Single most parsimonious tree obtained from a phylogenetic analysis of the Parathyridaria ITS alignment (15 strains including the outgroup; 412 characters analysed: 297 constant, 51 variable and parsimony-uninformative and 64 parsimony-informative). The tree was rooted to Aaosphaeria arxii (GenBank KU158145.1) and the scale bar indicates the number of changes. Bootstrap support values higher than 49 % are shown at the nodes and novelties are highlighted with a coloured box and bold text. Species names are indicated to the right of the tree, or before the culture collection and GenBank accession numbers. A superscript T denotes strains with a type status. Tree statistics: TL = 172, CI = 0.866, RI = 0.861, RC = 0.746. Fig. 29. Pestalotiopsis hollandica (CBS 143436). A. Conidiomata on BLA. B, C. Conidiogenous cells. D. Conidia. Scale bars: A = 300 mm, all others = 10 mm. Specimen examined: Spain, Zaragoza, Carretera el Frago, on needles of Cupressus sempervirens (Cupressaceae), 7 Jan. 2016, R. Blasco, culture CPC 30399 = CBS 143436. Notes: Phylogenetically the present collection is identical (based on ITS and LSU, and almost identical based on tub2) to Pe. hollandica (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). Morphologically, however, they are quite distinct, with Pe. hollandica having conidia that are larger, (25–)25.5–33(–34) × 8.5–10(–10.5) μm, with 1–4 tubular apical appendages, 20–40 μm long. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database, the ITS sequence is identical to Pe. hollandica (CBS 265.33; GenBank NR_147555), Pe. monochaeta (CBS 144.97; GenBank NR_147554) and Pe. funerea (ML4DY; GenBank EF055197). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database, the LSU sequence is identical to Pe. monochaeta (CBS 144.97; GenBank KM116229), Pe. hollandica (CBS 265.33; GenBank KM116228) and Pe. hangzhouensis (PSHI2002Endo390; GenBank DQ657865). The highest similarities using the tef1 sequence were Pe. verruculosa (GenBank JX399061; Identities 298 / 299 (99 %), no gaps), Pe. hollandica (GenBank KM199481; Identities 281 / 286 (98 %), no gaps) and Pe. brassicae (GenBank KM199558; Identities 268 / 273 (98 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the tub2 sequence were Pe. hollandica (GenBank KM199388; Identities 446 / 447 (99 %), no gaps), Pe. italiana (GenBank KP781882; Identities 442 / 445 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Pe. monochaeta (GenBank KX642435; Identities 448 / 452 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 195 Crous et al. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 30. Phyllosticta hakeicola (CBS 143492). A. Colony on PDA. B. Conidiomatal ostiole. C. Conidiogenous cells. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. Phyllosticta hakeicola Crous & T.I. Burgess, sp. nov. MycoBank MB824782. Fig. 30. mm diam, but with a single apical mucoid appendage, 5–12 × 1.5–2 µm, tapering to subacutely rounded apex. Etymology: Name refers to Hakea, the host genus from which it was collected. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat to erumpent, spreading, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margins, reaching 55 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse iron-grey. Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, globose, dark brown, 150–250 µm diam, with central ostiole, 25–40 mm diam; wall of 3–8 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores lining the inner cavity, 1–2-septate, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, branched below, 20–30 × 6–10 µm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, 8–15 × 3–5 µm, proliferating percurrently at apex. Conidia solitary, ellipsoid to obovoid, aseptate, smooth, hyaline, guttulate, granular, (9–)10–13(–15) × (6.5–)7 µm; conidia encased in a persistent mucoid sheath, 2–3 Specimen examined: Australia, New South Wales, Fitzroy Falls, on leaves of Hakea sp. (Proteaceae), 26 Nov. 2016, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23315, culture ex-type CPC 32041 = CBS 143492). Notes: Van der Aa & Vanev (2002) placed Phyllosticta hakeae in the genus Microsphaeropsis, and presently no species of Phyllosticta are known from Hakea. Phylogenetically (Fig. 31), Macrophomina phaseolina CBS 461.70 (KF951816.1/KF951640.1) Phyllosticta citricarpa CBS 127454 T (JF343667.1/JF343583.1) BRIP 57356 100 100 PDD 50952 CBS 585.84 100 (KF014086.1/JX997122.1) (KF014073.1/JQ743565.1) Phyllosticta cavendishii T (KF289249.1/KF206176.1) Phyllosticta minima MUCC0016 (AB704208.1/AB454265.1) 76 Phyllosticta foliorum CBS 447.68 T (KF289247.1/KF170309.1) 57 100 CGMCC 3.14986 T (JX025032.1/JX025037.1) Phyllosticta hubeiensis LC1654 (JX025034.1/JX025039.1) CBS 112065 (KF289237.1/KF206175.1) 100 Phyllosticta yuccae CBS 117136 (JN692517.1/JN692541.1) Phyllosticta ligustricola MUCC0024 T (AB704212.1/AB454269.1) T (KF289238.1/KF206208.1) 55 Phyllosticta abieticola CBS 112067 53 Phyllosticta hakeicola CBS 143492T sp. nov. 83 Phyllosticta telopeae CBS 777.97 T (KF289255.1/KF206205.1) 25 Fig. 31. The first of three equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a phylogenetic analysis of the combined actA and ITS alignment representing Phyllosticta species (15 strains including the outgroup; 659 characters analysed: 387 constant, 140 variable and parsimony-uninformative and 132 parsimony-informative). The tree was rooted to Macrophomina phaseolina (culture CBS 461.70) and the scale bar indicates the number of changes. Bootstrap support values higher than 49 % are shown at the nodes and novelties are highlighted with a coloured box and bold text. Species names are indicated to the right of the tree, or before the culture collection and GenBank accession numbers. A superscript T denotes strains with a type status and branches present in the strict consensus tree are thickened. Tree statistics: TL = 426, CI = 0.826, RI = 0.739, RC = 0.611. 196 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Ph. hakeicola is closely related to Ph. telopeae (also Proteaceae; Crous et al. 2000), but can be distinguished by its larger conidia, (12–)13–16(–18) × (7–)8–9 mm (Swart et al. 1998). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Ph. telopeae (GenBank KF206205; Identities 568 / 570 (99 %), no gaps), Ph. abieticola (GenBank NR_147344; Identities 562 / 570 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Ph. ligustricola (GenBank NR_136951; Identities 609 / 626 (97 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Ph. telopeae (GenBank KF766384; Identities 841 / 841 (100 %), no gaps), Ph. abieticola (GenBank EU754193; Identities 852 / 854 (99 %), no gaps) and Ph. philoprina (GenBank DQ377878; Identities 852 / 854 (99 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the actA sequence were Ph. abieticola (GenBank KF289238; Identities 225 / 225 (100 %), no gaps), Ph. telopeae (GenBank KF289255; Identities 222 / 225 (99 %), no gaps) and Ph. foliorum (GenBank KF289247; Identities 221 / 225 (98 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the gapdh sequence were Ph. hubeiensis (GenBank JX025029; Identities 339 / 351 (97 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Ph. cavendishii (GenBank KU716083; Identities 324 / 337 (96 %), no gaps) and Ph. citricarpa (GenBank KX280614; Identities 323 / 336 (96 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the tef1 sequence were Ph. telopeae (GenBank KF766435; Identities 303 / 308 (98 %), no gaps), Ph. yuccae (GenBank JX227948; Identities 371 / 396 (94 %), 5 gaps (1 %)) and Ph. minima (GenBank KF766432; Identities 287 / 309 (93 %), 6 gaps (1 %)). Polyscytalum chilense Crous & M.J. Wingf., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824783. Fig. 32. Etymology: Name refers to Chile, the country where this fungus was collected. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, brown, smooth, 2–3 mm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, 1–3-septate, subcylindrical, brown, smooth, straight to geniculous-sinuous, 30–60 × 3–4 mm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical to clavate, 7–12 × 3–4 mm; scars arranged in a rachis, prominent, thickened, darkened and refractive, 1–1.5 mm diam. Conidia cylindrical, pale brown, smooth, prominently guttulate, 1-septate, apex obtuse, base truncate, 1–1.5 mm diam, somewhat darkened and refractive, in very long, unbranched chains, (13–)15–18(–20) × (2–)2.5 mm. Culture characteristics: Colonies erumpent, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margins, reaching 15 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface ochreous, reverse chestnut. On PDA surface and reverse amber. On OA surface iron-grey. Specimen examined: Chile, on leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae), Jun. 2010, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-23403, culture ex-type CPC 31946 = CBS 143387). Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Notes: Sutton (1973) established the genus Anungitea for a genus of hyphomycetes with dark, solitary conidiophores, bearing a head of denticles with flattened conidiogenous scars that are neither thickened nor darkened, and chains of cylindrical, 1-septate subhyaline conidia. Since its introduction, several taxa have been added to the genus, and because the type A. fragilis remains phylogenetically undefined, the generic concept has widened. As seen in the present study, several of these “Anungitea” species cluster with Po. fecundissimum, the type species of Polyscytalum. It has become clear that the generic concepts of these two genera overlap and that several species would be better accommodated in Polyscytalum than in Anungitea. Polyscytalum has cylindrical conidia that vary from being 0–1-septate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, with truncate ends (those in Anungitea have obtuse ends), and the scars can be somewhat darkened and refractive, but unthickened in both genera (see Pseudoanungitea with thickened hila elsewhere in this manuscript). Phylogenetically (Fig. 13), Po. chilense is distinct from all species known from Eucalyptus (Crous et al. 2017a) and is most similar to Po. grevilleae, which has setae, and smaller conidia, (10–)13–16(–22) × (2–)2.5–3 µm (Crous et al. 2016b). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Po. grevilleae (GenBank KX228252; Identities 537 / 560 (96 %), no gaps), Po. eucalyptorum (GenBank NR_132904; Identities 534 / 560 (95 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Po. fecundissimum (GenBank EU035441; Identities 371 / 391 (95 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Po. eucalyptigena (GenBank KY173477; Identities 818 / 821 (99 %), no gaps), Phlogicylindrium eucalypti (GenBank DQ923534; Identities 888 / 896 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Po. eucalyptorum (GenBank KJ869176; Identities 878 / 886 (99 %), no gaps). Fig. 32. Polyscytalum chilense (CBS 143387). A. Colony on SNA. B–D. Conidiophores giving rise to conidial chains. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 197 Crous et al. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 33. Polyscytalum eucalyptigenum (CBS 143388). A–C. Conidiophores giving rise to conidial chains. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. Polyscytalum eucalyptigenum (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & M.J. Wingf., comb. nov. MycoBank MB824784. Fig. 33. Basionym: Anungitea eucalyptigena Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia 37: 339. 2016. Description and illustration: Crous et al. (2016a). Mycelium consisting of brown, smooth, septate, 2–3 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores erect, solitary, subcylindrical, unbranched, brown, smooth, flexuous, 1–3-septate, 20–100 × 3–4 µm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, 7–15 × 3–4 µm, apex swollen with several sympodial loci, denticulate, flat-tipped, 1–2 × 2–2.5 µm, not thickened nor darkened. Ramoconidia subcylindrical, pale brown, smooth, 0–1-septate, 12–20 × 2.5–3 µm. Conidia occurring in long, unbranched chains, cylindrical with truncate ends, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, medianly 1-septate, (11–)13–17(–20) × (2–)2.5 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margins, reaching 30 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface ochreous, reverse irongrey. On PDA surface amber, reverse brown vinaceous. On OA surface olivaceous grey. Specimens examined: Chile, on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis × uromycoides (Myrtaceae), Jun. 2010, M.J. Wingfield (specimen CBS H-23421, culture CPC 31878 = CBS 143388). Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, on leaf spots of Eucalyptus grandis × pellita (Myrtaceae), 30 May 2015, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-22888, culture ex-type CPC 28762 = CBS 142102). Notes: The present collection from Chile is morphologically and phylogenetically (Fig. 13) similar to the ex-type strain of Po. eucalyptigenum from Malaysia (ramoconidia 16–20 × 2.5– 3 µm, conidia (11–)14–16(–18) × (2–)2.5(–3) µm; Crous et al. 2016a). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Po. eucalyptigena (GenBank KY173383; Identities 570 / 571 (99 %), no gaps), Po. grevilleae (GenBank KX228252; Identities 548 / 571 (96 %), 11 gaps (1 %)) and Po. eucalyptorum (GenBank NR_132904; Identities 545 / 571 (95 %), 12 gaps (2 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Po. eucalyptorum (GenBank KY173477; Identities 819 / 821 (99 %), no gaps), Po. grevilleae (GenBank KX228304; Identities 198 824 / 831 (99 %), no gaps) and Phlogicylindrium eucalypti (GenBank DQ923534; Identities 835 / 844 (99 %), 1 gaps (0 %)). Polyscytalum eucalyptorum (Crous & R.G. Shivas) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB824785. Basionym: Anungitea eucalyptorum Crous & R.G. Shivas, Persoonia 32: 199. 2014. Description and illustration: Crous et al. (2014). Specimen examined: Australia, Queensland, Dave’s Creek, S28°12’13.7” E153°12’9.5”, on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) leaf litter, 11 Jul. 2009, P.W. Crous & R.G. Shivas, (holotype CBS H-21678, culture ex-type CPC 17207 = CBS 137967). Polyscytalum grevilleae (Crous & Jacq. Edwards) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB824786. Basionym: Anungitea grevilleae Crous & Jacq. Edwards, Persoonia 36: 327. 2016. Description and illustration: Crous et al. (2016b). Specimen examined: Australia, Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Cranbourne, S38°7’ 49.6” E145°16’9”, on leaves of Grevillea sp. (Proteaceae), 7 Nov. 2014, P.W. Crous & J. Edwards (holotype CBS H-22591, culture ex-type CPC 25576 = CBS 141282). Polyscytalum neofecundissimum Crous & Akulov, sp. nov. MycoBank MB824787. Fig. 34. Etymology: Name refers to its morphological similarity to Polyscytalum fecundissimum. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or erect, flexuous, subcylindrical, branched, up to 100 µm tall, pale brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical, pale brown, smooth, 20–25 × 3–4 µm, proliferating sympodially at apex, scars unthickened, 2–2.5 µm diam. Conidia occurring in chains, cylindrical with obtuse ends, hyaline, smooth, medianly 1-septate, guttulate, (12–)14–17(–20) × 2(–3) µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies erumpent, spreading, surface folded, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi to clavate; scars arranged in a rachis, prominent, thickened, darkened and refractive. Conidia fusoid-ellipsoid, pale brown, smooth, prominently guttulate, 0–1-septate, hila somewhat darkened and refractive, in short (1–2) unbranched chains. Type species: Pseudoanungitea syzygii (Crous et al.) Crous. Pseudoanungitea syzygii (Crous et al.) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB824790. Basionym: Anungitea syzygii Crous et al., Canad. J. Bot. 73(2): 225. 1995. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Description and illustration: Crous et al. (1995). Fig. 34. Polyscytalum neofecundissimum (CBS 143390). A. Conidiophore. B. Conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 mm. margins, reaching 20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface olivaceous grey, reverse iron-grey. Specimen examined: Ukraine, Ternopil region, Zalischyky district, Dniester Canyon, on leaf litter of Quercus robur (Fagaceae), associated with the mycelium of Cladosporium sp., 7 Oct. 2016, A. Akulov, specimen ex CWU (MYC) AS 6073 isotype (holotype CBS H-23419, culture ex-type CPC 31826 = CBS 143390). Notes: Polyscytalum neofecundissimum is morphologically and phylogenetically (Fig. 13) similar to Po. fecundissimum (conidia 13–18 × 2 mm; Ellis 1971), except that it has larger conidia. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Po. fecundissimum (GenBank EU035441; Identities 562 / 578 (97 %), no gaps), Subulispora britannica (GenBank EF029198; Identities 535 / 571 (94 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Pseudophloeospora eucalyptorum (GenBank NR_145406; Identities 436 / 494 (88 %), 18 gaps (3 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Po. fecundissimum (GenBank EU035441; Identities 800 / 809 (99 %), no gaps), Po. eucalyptigena (GenBank KY173477; Identities 812 / 823 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Po. eucalyptorum (GenBank KJ869176; Identities 831 / 843 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Polyscytalum nullicananum (Crous) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB824788. Basionym: Anungitea nullicana Crous, Persoonia 39: 411. 2017. Description and illustration: Crous et al. (2017b). Specimen examined: Australia, New South Wales, Nullica State Forest, on leaf litter of Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), 29 Nov. 2016, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23297, culture ex-type CPC 32528 = CBS 143406). Pseudoanungitea Crous, gen. nov. MycoBank MB824789. Etymology: Name refers to its morphological similarity to Anungitea. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, brown, smooth, 2–3 mm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, septate, subcylindrical, brown, smooth, straight to flexuous. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical Specimen examined: South Africa, Mpumalanga, Sabie, on leaf litter of Syzygium chordatum (Myrtaceae), Mar. 1993, W.J. Swart (holotype PREM 51687, culture ex-type CPC 578 = CBS 520.93). Notes: Anungitea includes species with dark, solitary conidiophores, bearing a head of denticles with flattened conidiogenous scars that are unthickened and not darkened, and chains of cylindrical, 1-septate subhyaline conidia, with apical and basal scars (Sutton 1973). Anungitopsis is similar but includes taxa with indistinguishable scars arranged in a rachis. Neoanungitea is somewhat intermediate between these two genera, having a rachis, but with flat-tipped loci (Crous et al. 2017b). Because the type species of Anungitea (A. fragilis) is not presently known from culture and needs to be recollected (leaves of Abies balsamea, Manitoba, Canada), the phylogeny of Anungitea remains unresolved, and several unrelated taxa have been described in the genus. The two species treated here cluster apart from the generic clade assumed to be Anungitea s. str. They differ from Anungitea in having terminal and intercalary conidiogenous cells, and refractive, thickened scars that give rise to short conidial chains with somewhat darkened and refractive hila. Pseudoanungitea vaccinii Crous & R.K. Schumach., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824791. Fig. 35. Etymology: Name refers to Vaccinium, the host genus from which this fungus was collected. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, brown, smooth, 2–3 mm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, 0–3-septate, subcylindrical, brown, smooth, straight to flexuous, 8–40 × 3–5 mm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical to clavate, 5–20 × 3–5 mm; scars arranged in a rachis, prominent, thickened, darkened and refractive, 1–1.5 mm diam. Conidia fusoid-ellipsoid, pale brown, smooth, prominently guttulate, 0–1-septate, apex obtuse, base truncate, 1–1.5 mm diam, somewhat darkened and refractive, in short (1–2) unbranched chains, (8–)10–12(–13) × (2–)3(–4) mm. Culture characteristics: Colonies erumpent, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 7 mm diam after 1 mo at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse brown vinaceous. Specimen examined: Germany, near Berlin, on stem of Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae), 16 Jan. 2016, R.K. Schumacher (holotype CBS H-23422, culture ex-type CPC 30522 = CBS 143164). © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 199 Crous et al. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 35. Pseudoanungitea vaccinii (CBS 143164). A–E. Conidiophores. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. Notes: Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Anungitea syzygii (GenBank KY853424; Identities 499 / 526 (95 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), Tothia fuscella (GenBank JF927786; Identities 504 / 561 (90 %), 11 gaps (1 %)) and T. spartii (GenBank NR_132917; Identities 430 / 487 (88 %), 15 gaps (3 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Cylindrosympodium lauri (GenBank EU035414; Identities 840 / 855 (98 %), no gaps), Cy. variabile (GenBank KX228353; Identities 836 / 852 (98 %), no gaps) and An. syzygii (GenBank KY853484; Identities 802 / 823 (98 %), 6 gaps (0 %)). Pseudoanungitea variabilis Hern.-Restr., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824792. Fig. 36. Etymology: Name refers to the variable conidial morphology. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, pale brown to brown, smooth, 1–2 mm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, simple, rarely branched, subcylindrical, straight to flexuous, 0–7-septate, brown paler to the apex, smooth, 18–100 × 2–3 mm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, sympodial, denticulate, subcylindrical, 8.5–23.5 × 2.5–4 mm; denticles prominent, sometimes darkened, 1–1.5 mm diam. Conidia in short chains (1–2(–4)), two shapes a. fusoid-ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, sometimes guttulate, 0–1-septate, apex obtuse or truncate, base truncate, 1–1.5 mm diam, somewhat darkened and refractive, 8–14 × 2–2.5(–3) mm; b. globose, subglobose to pyriform, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, apex obtuse, base truncated, 1–1.5 mm diam, 4–8.5 × 2–4 mm. Culture characteristics: Colonies after 1 mo at 25 °C, on OA reaching 6 mm, velvety, brown vinaceous, entire to lobate margin; reverse brown vinaceous. On MEA and PDA reaching 6–12 mm, effuse becoming raised, aerial mycelium pale mouse grey, submerged mycelium black, lobate margin; reverse black. Specimen examined: Spain, Castilla la Mancha, Hayedo de la Tejera Negra Natural Park, on dead wood, May 2011, M. Hernández-Restrepo, J. Mena & J. Guarro (holotype CBS H-23494, culture ex-type CBS 132716). Notes: Pseudoanungitea variabilis is distinct from other species in the genus due to its having two conidial shapes. Some conidia are fusoid-ellipsoid resembling those of Ps. syzygii and Ps. vaccini (Crous et al. 1995, this study). However, Ps. variabilis can be distinguished by the presence of globose conidia. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Sympodiella acicola (GenBank KY853468; Identities 370 / 412 (90 %), 17 gaps (4 %)), Tothia fuscella (GenBank JF927786; Identities 469 / 528 (89 %), 13 gaps (2 %)) and T. spartii (GenBank NR_132917; Identities 399 / 448 (89 %), 10 gaps (2 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Cylindrosympodium lauri (GenBank EU035414; Identities 820 / 849 (97 %), 6 gaps (0%)), Cyl. variabile (GenBank KX228353; Identities 819 / 849 (96 %), 6 gaps (0%)) and Repetophragma goidanichii (GenBank DQ408574; Identities 802 / 836 (96 %), 9 gaps (1 %)). Fig. 36. Pseudoanungitea variabilis (CBS 132716). A. Conidiophores. B–D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 200 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 37. Pseudocamarosporium africanum (CPC 25926). A. Conidioma on PNA. B. Pigmented macroconidia. C, D. Conidiogeous cells. E. Microconidia. Scale bars: A = 200 mm, all others = 10 mm. Pseudocamarosporium africanum (Damm et al.) Crous, Sydowia 67: 110. 2015. Fig. 37. Basionym: Paraconiothyrium africanum Damm et al., Persoonia 20: 15. 2008. Conidiomata separate, pycnidial, brown, erumpent, globose, 150–200 µm diam, with 1–2 ostioles, exuding a brown conidial mass; wall of 3–4 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, doliiform with periclinal thickening at apex, 4–9 × 3–6 µm. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, becoming brown, finely roughened, subcylindrical, apex obtuse, at times slightly clavate, base truncate to bluntly rounded, 0–1-septate, (6–)7–8(–9) × (2.5–)3–3.5(–4) µm. Spermatogonia separate or in same conidioma as conidia, globose, brown, up to 150 µm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 3–4 layers of brown textura angularis. Spermatophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Spermatogenous cells lining the inner cavity, ampulliform to doliiform, hyaline, smooth, 4–6 × 3–4 µm, apex with visible periclinal thickening and minute collarette. Spermatia solitary, smooth, hyaline, subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, apex obtuse, base truncate, 3–5 × 1.5 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies spreading, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium. On MEA surface pale mouse grey, reverse greyish sepia; on PDA surface and reverse fuscous black; on OA surface mouse grey. Specimen examined: South Africa, Western Cape Province, Franschhoek pass, twigs of Erica sp. (Ericaceae), Nov. 2014, M.J. Wingfield (specimen CBS H-23425, culture CPC 25926 = CBS 144204). Notes: The present collection is phylogenetically identical to Pseudocamarosporium africanum. The latter taxon was originally described from branches of Prunus persica in South Africa. Morphologically, the two collections are also similar in that conidia of the ex-type strain of Ps. africana are 1-septate, rarely 3- or 4-celled, brown and thick-walled, verruculose, (4–) 6.5–9.5(–12) × (2.5–)3–4(–5) mm (Damm et al. 2008). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Ps. africanum (GenBank EU295650; Identities 457 / 457 (100 %), no gaps), Ps. cotinae (GenBank KY098789; Identities 475 / 477 (99 %), no gaps) and Pseudocamarosporium “sp. 2” (GenBank KY929162; Identities 475 / 477 (99 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Ps. cotinae (GenBank KY098790; Identities 835 / 835 (100 %), no gaps), Pseudocamarosporium “sp. 2” (GenBank KY929187; Identities 835 / 835 (100 %), no gaps) and Paracamarosporium “sp. 1” (GenBank KY929184; Identities 835 / 835 (100 %), no gaps). Pseudocamarosporium brabeji (Marinc. et al.) Crous, Sydowia 67: 110. 2015. Fig. 38. Basionym: Camarosporium brabeji Marinc. et al., in Marincowitz et al., CBS Diversity Ser. (Utrecht) 7: 90. 2008. Conidiomata pycnidial, superficial on PNA, solitary, globose, brown, 200–250 µm diam, with central papillate ostiole up to 100 µm diam. Peridium of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis, thick-walled, dark brown. Conidiophores reduced to Fig. 38. Pseudocamarosporium brabeji (CPC 25002). A. Conidioma on PNA. B, C. Conidiogenous cells. D. Conidia. Scale bars: A = 250 mm, all others = 10 mm. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 201 Crous et al. conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, 5–8 × 4–5 µm, ampulliform to doliiform with periclinal thickening at apex. Conidia brown, ellipsoid or subcylindrical, (9–)10–12(–13) × (4–)5(–6) µm, 1–3-transversely septate, straight or oblique, smooth to finely roughened, thick-walled. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading with moderate aerial mycelium. On MEA surface pale mouse grey, reverse greyish sepia; on PDA surface and reverse fuscous black; on OA surface honey. host surface, pale brown, smooth, branched, septate, 3–4 mm diam. Conidiophores solitary, arising from superficial hyphae, pale brown, smooth, erect, geniculate-sinuous, subcylindrical, 0–3-septate, 10–30 × 3–4 mm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, pale brown, smooth, subcylindrical with several terminal sympodial loci, flat-tipped, not thickened nor darkened, 1–1.5 mm diam, 7–12 × 3–4 mm. Conidia solitary, pale brown, smooth, guttulate, mostly gently curved, narrowly obclavate, apex subobtuse, base obconically truncate, 1–2 mm diam, 5–6(–8)-septate, (30–)50–80(–100) × (2.5–)3(–3.5) mm. Specimens examined: Switzerland, on branch of Platanus sp. (Platanaceae), 24 Jun. 2014, O. Holdenrieder (specimen CBS H-23429, culture CPC 25002 = CBS 144205); ibid. (CPC 25004, 25843, 27400, 30973, 31482). Culture characteristics: Colonies erumpent, spreading, surface folded with moderate aerial mycelium and even, lobate margins, reaching 20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface grey olivaceous, reverse iron-grey. Notes: Pseudocamarosporium and Paracamarosporium were recently introduced to accommodate camarosporium-like taxa that reside in Didymosphaeriaceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2014). Both genera were also shown to include species with a coniothyrium-like morphology (Crous et al. 2015a). Pseudocamarosporium brabeji was treated as Pseudocamarosporium sp. 2. in Crous & Groenewald (2017). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Ps. tilicola (GenBank KJ747050; Identities 555 / 555 (100 %), no gaps), Ps. brabeji (GenBank EU552105; Identities 578 / 579 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Ps. lonicerae (GenBank KJ747047; Identities 571 / 572 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Ps. cotinae (GenBank KY098790; Identities 882 / 882 (100 %), no gaps), Paracamarosporium “sp. 1” (GenBank KY929184; Identities 882 / 882 (100 %), no gaps) and Pa. fagi (GenBank KY929183; Identities 882 / 882 (100 %), no gaps). Specimen examined: South Africa, Limpopo Province, Wolkberg, on leaves of Breonadia microcephala (Rubiaceae), Jan. 2010, J. Roux (holotype CBS H-23413, culture ex-type CPC 30153 = CBS 143489). Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Pseudocercospora breonadiae Crous & Jol. Roux, sp. nov. MycoBank MB824793. Fig. 39. Etymology: Name refers to Breonadia, the host genus from which this fungus was collected. Sporulation on the underside of leaves; lesions indistinct, pale to medium brown zones, containing several fungi, with Pseudocercospora breonadiae being intermixed with a Zasmidium sp., with superficial brown verruculose hyphae, and dark brown, verruculose, solitary, erect to flexuous conidiophores, giving rise to dark brown, verruculose obclavate conidia with thickened, darkened hila. Mycelium superficial on Notes: No species of Pseudocercospora have been described from Breonadia microcephala. The closest allied species to Ps. breonadiae was Ps. planaltinensis, which was described from leaves of a Chamaecrista sp. in Brazil (Fig. 40). However, it is morphologically distinct, having cylindrical to obclavate conidia, 1–8-septate, 49–129 × 3–5 µm (Silva et al. 2016). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Ps. planaltinensis (GenBank KT290137; Identities 503 / 505 (99 %), no gaps), Ps. fuligena (GenBank GU214675; Identities 539 / 543 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Ps. chengtuensis (GenBank GU214672; Identities 539 / 543 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Ps. dingleyae (GenBank KX286997; Identities 840 / 841 (99 %), no gaps), Ps. proiphydis (GenBank KM055434; Identities 840 / 841 (99 %), no gaps) and Ps. airliensis (GenBank KM055433; Identities 840 / 841 (99 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the actA sequence were Ps. paraguayensis (GenBank KF903444; Identities 507 / 521 (97 %), no gaps), Ps. piricola (GenBank KY048162; Identities 562 / 578 (97 %), no gaps) and Ps. flavomarginata (GenBank JX902134; Identities 522 / 537 (97 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the rpb2 sequence were Ps. neriicola (GenBank KX462647; Identities 681 / 686 (99 %), no gaps), Ps. crispans (GenBank KX462623; Identities 674 / 686 (98 %), no gaps) and Ps. fukuokaensis (GenBank KX462632; Identities 672 / 686 (98 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the tef1 sequence were Ps. basiramifera (GenBank DQ211677; Identities 464 / 518 (90 %), 13 gaps (2 %)), Ps. parapseudarthriae (GenBank Fig. 39. Pseudocercospora breonadiae (CBS 143489). A–C. Conidiophores. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 202 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Cercospora beticola CPC 14620 FJ473436.1 CBS 111286 JX902142.1 70 Pseudocercospora paraguayensis CBS 111317 JQ325021.1 Pseudocercospora piricola KACC47656 KY048162.1 100 Pseudocercospora crispans CBS 125999T GU320510.1 T Pseudocercospora breonadiae CBS 143489 sp. nov. CBS 118824 T JX902134.1 54 Pseudocercospora flavomarginata CBS 124990 GU320502.1 88 Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl CBS 126001 GU320507.1 Pseudocercospora parapseudarthriae CBS 137996 T KJ869229.1 CBS 132111 GU320417.1 77 Pseudocercospora fukuokaensis MUCC 887 T GU320418.1 92 Pseudocercospora neriicola CBS 138010 T KJ869231.1 65 86 T CBS 111072 GU320368.1 CBS 114757 GU320484.1 Pseudocercospora basiramifera CMW5148 DQ147607.1 25 Fig. 40. The first of six equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a phylogenetic analysis of the combined Pseudocercospora actA alignment (16 strains including the outgroup; 191 characters analysed: 120 constant, 51 variable and parsimony-uninformative and 20 parsimony-informative). The tree was rooted to Cercospora beticola (GenBank FJ473436.1) and the scale bar indicates the number of changes. Bootstrap support values higher than 49 % are shown at the nodes and novelties are highlighted with a coloured box and bold text. Species names are indicated to the right of the tree, or before the culture collection and GenBank accession numbers. A superscript T denotes strains with a type status and branches present in the strict consensus tree are thickened. Tree statistics: TL = 89, CI = 0.899, RI = 0.870, RC = 0.782. KJ869238; Identities 457 / 511 (89 %), 6 gaps (1 %)) and Ps. jahnii (GenBank KM393284; Identities 449 / 509 (88 %), 8 gaps (1 %)). Rhinocladiella quercus Crous & R.K. Schumach., Sydowia 68: 219. 2016. Fig. 41. Mycelium consisting of pale brown, smooth, branched, septate, 2–3 mm diam hyphae. Conidiophores trimorphic. Microconidiophores exophiala-like, reduced to conidiogenous loci on hyphae, phialidic hyphal pegs solitary, 1–2 × 1 mm, giving rise to a mucoid conidial mass. Macroconidiophores ramichloridiumlike, cylindrical, erect, medium brown, smooth, 1–2-septate, unbranched, straight, 20–30 × 2–3 mm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, medium brown, smooth, developing a rachis of pimple-like denticles, 0.5 mm diam, refractive, 11–25 × 2–3 mm. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid to cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, (3–)4(–5) × 1.5–2 mm. Cladophialophora-like morph developing at hyphal ends, with cells becoming swollen, ellipsoid, aseptate, and prominently constricted at septa, in branched chains, 4–7 × 3–4 mm. Culture characteristics: Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and even, lobate margins, reaching 20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA, surface and reverse olivaceous grey. Specimen examined: Germany, near Berlin, on branch of Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae), 17 Feb. 2016, R.K. Schumacher (specimen CBS H-23406, culture CPC 30459 = CBS 143495). Notes: Rhinocladiella quercus was recently described from twigs of Quercus robur collected near Berlin in Germany (Hernández- Fig. 41. Rhinocladiella quercus (CBS 143495). A, B. Conidiogenous loci. C–E. Conidiophores. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 203 Crous et al. Restrepo et al. 2016). The morphology of the present collection on Sorbus aucuparia closely matches that of the type. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were R. quercus (GenBank KX306769; Identities 633 / 642 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Capronia sp. (GenBank AF050240; Identities 613 / 617 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Cladophialophora sp. (GenBank JX494354; Identities 621 / 634 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were R. quercus (GenBank KX306794; Identities 792 / 792 (100 %), no gaps), Capronia sp. (GenBank JN941378; Identities 799 / 801 (99 %), no gaps) and Ca. fungicola (GenBank FJ358224; Identities 768 / 801 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). No significant hits were obtained when the tef1 and tub2 sequences were used in a megablast search. and S. caricae (GenBank KX246909; Identities 458 / 509 (90 %), 10 gaps (1 %)). Only distant hits were obtained using the rpb2 sequence; for example with Torula herbarum (GenBank KF443393; Identities 582 / 735 (79 %), 6 gaps (0 %)). No significant hits were obtained with the tub2 sequence. Setophaeosphaeria citricola Crous & M.J. Wingf., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824795. Fig. 43. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Roussoella euonymi Crous & Akulov, sp. nov. MycoBank MB824794. Fig. 42. Etymology: Name refers to Euonymus, the host genus from which this fungus was collected. Conidiomata erumpent, globose, brown, pycnidial, 150–300 µm diam, with central ostiole, exuding a black conidial mass. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform to doliiform, proliferating percurrently at apex, 5–12 × 5–7 µm. Conidia solitary, ellipsoid, guttulate, aseptate, apex obtuse, base 2 µm diam, bluntly rounded, thick-walled, becoming warty, golden-brown to redbrown, (6–)7(–8) × (4–)5–6 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and even, lobate margins, reaching 60 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface olivaceous grey with patches of pale olivaceous grey, reverse pale olivaceous grey. On PDA surface olivaceous grey, reverse iron-grey. On OA surface iron-grey. Specimen examined: Ukraine, Ternopil region, Zalischyky district, Dniester Canyon, on fallen branches of Euonymus europaeus (Celastraceae), 14 Oct. 2016, A. Akulov, specimen ex CWU (MYC) AS 6061 isotype (holotype CBS H-23420, culture ex-type CPC 31963 = CBS 143426). Notes: Based on the LSU sequence, Roussoella euonymi is accommodated in the Roussoellaceae, being similar to other asexual species such as Ro. solani and Ro. mexicana (Crous et al. 2015b, c). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were numerous unidentified “Pleosporales sp.” sequences (e.g. GenBank HM116753; Identities 542 / 561 (97 %), 1 gap (0 %)), with the closest known species being Ro. neopustulans (GenBank KJ474833; Identities 441 / 474 (93 %), 5 gaps (1 %)) and Ro. pustulans (GenBank KJ474830; Identities 442 / 478 (92 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Ro. mukdahanensis (GenBank KU863118; Identities 837 / 847 (99 %), no gaps), Arthopyrenia salicis (GenBank LN907499; Identities 843 / 854 (99 %), no gaps) and Ro. neopustulans (GenBank KU863119; Identities 839 / 850 (99 %), no gaps). Only distant hits were obtained using the actA sequence; some of these were Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (GenBank KX246908; Identities 459 / 509 (90 %), 10 gaps (1 %)), S. citrulli (GenBank KX246907; Identities 459 / 509 (90 %), 10 gaps (1 %)) 204 Etymology: Name refers to Citrus, the host genus from which this fungus was collected. Ascomata on twigs immersed, black, 150–250 mm diam, globose, opening via a central ostiole that could with age become an irregular rupture in ascomatal wall; wall of 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Asci bitunicate, sessile, subcylindrical to narrowly ellipsoid, apical chamber 1–2 mm diam, stipitate, 50– 70 × 11–15 mm. Ascospores multiseriate, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, aseptate, fusoid-ellipsoidal, widest in upper third, apex subobtusely rounded, base obtuse, (16–)19–20(–22) × (4.5–)5(– 6) mm. Conidiomata pycnidial, 150–250 mm diam, aggregated, globose, pale brown with dark brown central ostiole, 20–30 mm diam, ostiole surrounded by brown, thick-walled, verruculose, septate hyphae, up to 100 mm long, 4–5 mm diam at base, apex obtuse. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform to doliiform, 5–7 × 5–6 mm, phialidic with prominent periclinal thickening. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, multiguttulate and granular, fusoid-ellipsoid, straight to irregularly twisted, apex obtuse, base truncate, 2 mm diam, (10–)12–14(–17) × 3–3.5(–4) mm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and even, lobate margins, reaching 45 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface pale mouse grey to mouse grey, reverse mouse grey. On PDA surface olivaceous grey, reverse mouse grey. On OA surface olivaceous grey. Specimen examined: Australia, New South Wales, Mount Annan Botanical Garden, on leaves of Citrus australasica (Rutaceae), 25 Nov. 2016, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23271, culture ex-type CPC 32083 = CBS 143179). Notes: Coniothyrium sidae was recently described from a Sida sp. collected in Brazil (Quaedvlieg et al. 2013). Although the ITS is identical (Fig. 44), the morphology is very different, with the sexual morph having hyaline, aseptate ascospores, those of Con. sidae being brown, (3–)5-septate, (18–)20–24(–26) × (4–)5(– 5.5) µm, and conidia being smaller, fusoid-ellipsoidal, straight to slightly curved, (9–)10–12(–13) × (2.5–)3 µm. Conidia of S. citri, described from Citrus in Italy, are smaller than those of S. citricola, 3.5–5 × 2–3 µm (Crous et al. 2017b). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Con. sidae (GenBank KF251149; Identities 518 / 520 (99 %), no gaps), Phaeosphaeria setosa (GenBank AF439500; Identities 472 / 476 (99 %), no gaps) and S. hemerocallidis (GenBank KJ869161; Identities 503 / 521 (97 %), 10 gaps (1 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Con. sidae (GenBank KF251653; Identities 835 / 836 (99 %), no gaps), S. badalingensis (GenBank KJ869219; Identities 828 / 832 (99 %), no gaps) and Leptosphaeria rubefaciens (GenBank JF740311; Identities 843 / 854 (99 %), no gaps). The highest similarities © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 42. Roussoella euonymi (CBS 143426). A. Conidiomata on PDA. B, C. Conidiogenous cells. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. Fig. 43. Setophaeosphaeria citricola (CBS 143179). A. Ascomata submerged in host tissue. B–D. Asci and ascospores. E, F. Conidiogenous cells. G. Conidia. Scale bars: A = 250 mm, all others = 10 mm. Pyrenochaeta acicola CBS 101634 LT623217.1 Setophaeosphaeria “hemerocallidis” A582 KX463035.1 T Setophaeosphaeria badalingensis CBS 138007 KJ869162.1 100 99 T Setophaeosphaeria hemerocallidis CBS 138006 KJ869161.1 T 97 98 85 Setophaeosphaeria citricola CBS 143179 sp. nov. Setophaeosphaeria setosa CBS 458.84 T AF439500.1 T Setophaeosphaeria sidae CBS 135108 comb. nov. 25 Fig. 44. Single most parsimonious tree obtained from a phylogenetic analysis of the Setophaeosphaeria ITS alignment (Seven strains including the outgroup; 487 characters analysed: 389 constant, 64 variable and parsimony-uninformative and 34 parsimony-informative). The tree was rooted to Pyrenochaeta acicola (GenBank LT623217.1) and the scale bar indicates the number of changes. Bootstrap support values higher than 49 % are shown at the nodes and novelties are highlighted with a coloured box and bold text. A superscript T denotes strains with a type status. GenBank accession and/or culture collection numbers are indicated behind the species names. Tree statistics: TL = 127, CI = 0.937, RI = 0.830, RC = 0.778. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 205 Crous et al. using the rpb2 sequence were Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis (GenBank LT717682; Identities 715 / 847 (84 %), no gaps), Py. cava (GenBank LT717681; Identities 705 / 847 (83 %), no gaps) and Py. hakeae (GenBank KY173593; Identities 705 / 847 (83 %), no gaps). The best hit with the tef1 sequence was with Con. sidae (GenBank KF253109; Identities 439 / 500 (88 %), 21 gaps (4 %)) while the tub2 sequence was less than 87 % identical to species of Pyrenochaeta, Neocucurbitaria and Cucurbitaria. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Setophaeosphaeria sidae (Quaedvl. et al.) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB824796. Basionym: Coniothyrium sidae Quaedvl. et al., Stud. Mycol. 75: 374. 2013. Specimen examined: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, Riograndina, along roadside on Sida sp. (Malvaceae), 24 Feb. 2008, R.W. Barreto (holotype CBS H-21315, culture ex-type CPC 19602 = RWB 866 = CBS 135108). Sirastachys cyperacearum Crous & T.I. Burgess, sp. nov. MycoBank MB824797. Fig. 45. Etymology: Name refers to Cyperaceae, the substrate from which this fungus was collected. Conidiophores macro- and mononematous, single or in groups of 2–3, thin-walled, smooth, unbranched, erect, straight to flexuous, 3–4-septate, stipe 70–90 × 3–5 µm, bearing 5–10 conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, clavate to subclavate, hyaline (to faintly greenish), smooth, 10–12 × 3–5 µm, with collarettes. Conidia solitary, aseptate, ellipsoid, thickwalled, dark brown, guttulate, verrucose, (5–)6–7(–8) × (2.5–)3 µm, with rounded ends. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and even, lobate margins, reaching 25 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface olivaceous grey, reverse olivaceous grey to smoke grey. On PDA surface olivaceous grey, reverse smoke grey. On OA surface iron-grey. Specimen examined: Australia, New South Wales, Fitzroy Falls, on leaves of Cyperaceae, 26 Nov. 2016, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23308, culture ex-type CPC 32087 = CBS 143444). Notes: The genus Sirastachys, based on Si. phaeospora, was recently established by Lombard et al. (2016). Phylogenetically the present collection is closely related to Si. phaeospora, but distinct in that the latter has smaller conidia, 4–5 × 2–3 μm, and shorter conidiophores (40–65 mm long) (Lombard et al. 2016). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Si. phaeospora (GenBank KU846667; Identities 581 / 588 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Si. pandanicola (GenBank KU846664; Identities 555 / 563 (99 %), 3 gaps (0 %)) and Stachybotrys parvispora (GenBank JN093263; Identities 543 / 552 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Si. phyllophila (GenBank KU846784; Identities 822 / 827 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Si. pandanicola (GenBank KU846777; Identities 820 / 827 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Si. phaeospora (GenBank KU846779; Identities 817 / 827 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). Sphaerellopsis paraphysata Crous & Alfenas, IMA Fungus 5: 411. 2014. Fig. 46. Conidiomata eustromatic, pycnidioid, 200–300 mm diam, immersed to erumpent, dark brown, multilocular, ostiolate, ostioles 30–40 mm diam; wall of 4–6 layers of medium brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, or 1–2-septate, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform to subcylindrical, unbranched, 7–20 × 3–5 mm. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to ampulliform with percurrent proliferation at apex, 7–13 × 3–5 mm. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, medianly 1-septate, constricted or not, ellipsoid with mucoid polar appendages, (12–)14–17(–18) × (4–)4.5–5.5(–6) mm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and feathery margin, reaching 15 mm diam after 2 wk. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse olivaceous grey. Specimen examined: Australia, New South Wales, Sussex Inlet, on leaves of Phragmites sp. (Poaceae), 27 Nov. 2016, P.W. Crous, CBS 143579 = CPC 32406. Notes: Sphaerellopsis paraphysata was recently described on a rust on Pennisetum sp. collected in Brazil (Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2014), and this is the first record of this hyperparasite from Australia. Fig. 45. Sirastachys cyperacearum (CBS 143444). A. Conidiophores on SNA. B–D. Conidiophores. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 206 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 46. Sphaerellopsis paraphysata (CPC 32406). A. Conidiomata on OA. B. Ostiolar region of conidioma. C, D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Sphaerellopsis paraphysata (GenBank NR_137956; Identities 554 / 561 (99 %), no gaps), Eudarluca caricis (GenBank KP170655; Identities 426 / 475 (90 %), 7 gaps (1 %)) and Subplenodomus drobnjacensis (GenBank MG131867; Identities 426 / 481 (89 %), 14 gaps (2 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Sphaerellopsis paraphysata (GenBank KP170729; Identities 840 / 841 (99 %), no gaps), Plenodomus congestus (GenBank JF740278; Identities 846 / 855 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Con. telephii (GenBank LN907332; Identities 847 / 857 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The highest similarities using the rpb2 sequence were Leptosphaeria biglobosa (GenBank FO905662; Identities 680 / 868 (78 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), Curvularia affinis (GenBank HG779159; Identities 674 / 871 (77 %), 15 gaps (1 %)) and Plenodomus enteroleucus (GenBank KY064042; Identities 603 / 770 (78 %), 8 gaps (1 %)). The highest similarity using the tef1 sequence was Sp. paraphysata (GenBank KP170685; Identities 496 / 505 (98 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarity using the tub2 sequence was Sp. paraphysata (GenBank KP170710; Identities 300 / 304 (99 %), no gaps). Subplenodomus iridicola Crous & Denman, sp. nov. MycoBank MB824798. Fig. 47. Etymology: Name refers to the fact that the fungus is found on Iris. Fig. 47. Subplenodomus iridicola (CBS 143395). A. Ascomata on BLA. B. Conidioma on SNA. C–E. Asci with ascospores. F. Paraphyses. G, H. Germinating ascospores. I. Conidia. Scale bars: A, B = 200 mm, all others = 10 mm. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 207 Crous et al. Leaf spots pale brown with blackish margins, amphigenous, elongated, subcircular, 4–7 mm diam, up to 4 cm long. Ascomata immersed, globose, dark brown, 150–250 µm diam, with central ostiole, 20–30 µm diam; wall of 4–6 layers of brown textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses intermingled among asci, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, hyphae-like, 2–3 µm diam. Asci 8-spored, fasciculate, stipitate, bitunicate, narrowly ellipsoid, ocular chamber 1.5–2 µm diam, 80–100 × 10–15 µm. Ascospores multiseriate, fusoid-ellipsoid, pale brown, guttulate, finely roughened, constricted at median septum, developing 1(– 4) additional septa in both cells, at times first cell above median septum slightly swollen, (19–)21–25(–27) × (5–)6(–7) µm. Germinating ascospores become distorted, up to 8 µm diam, with germ tubes via terminal or intercalary cells. Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, pale brown, 100–200 µm diam, with central papillate ostiole, 20–30 µm diam; wall of 4–6 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining inner cavity, doliiform, hyaline, smooth, phialidic with periclinal thickening, 4–7 × 4–6 µm. Conidia solitary, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, subcylindrical to narrowly ellipsoid, apex obtuse, base truncate, (4–)5–6(–7) × (2.5–)3 µm. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 50 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface ochreous, reverse amber. On PDA surface and reverse isabelline. On OA surface rosy buff with patches of isabelline and cinnamon. Specimen examined: UK, England, Upton Grey, on Iris sp. (Iridaceae), 28 Mar. 2016, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23415, culture ex-type CPC 30162 = CBS 143395). Notes: Subplenodomus was established by de Gruyter et al. (2013) for Su. violicola. Phylogenetically Su. iridicola is closely related to Su. galicola, but distinct in that the latter (described from a dead stem of Galium sp. collected in Italy) has larger ascospores [30–40 × 6–9 mm, (3–)4-septate] and asci (66–120 × 12–17 mm) (Tibpromma et al. 2017). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Alloleptosphaeria italica (GenBank KT454722; Identities 428 / 458 (93 %), 6 gaps (1 %)), Subplenodomus galicola (GenBank KY554204; Identities 505 / 576 (88 %), 23 gaps (3 %)) and Leptosphaeria rubefaciens (GenBank KT804116; Identities 448 / 495 (91 %), 12 gaps (2 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Su. galicola (GenBank KY554199; Identities 848 / 854 (99 %), no gaps), Su. violicola (GenBank GU238156; Identities XXX / 848 / 854 (99 %), no gaps) and Plenodomus deqinensis (GenBank KY064031; Identities 843 / 849 (99 %), no gaps). Teichospora quercus Crous & R.K. Schumach., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824799. Fig. 48. Etymology: Name refers to Quercus, the host genus from which this fungus was collected. Ascomata solitary to gregarious, semi-immersed, becoming erumpent, dark brown, uniloculate, globose with papillate ostiole, 200–350 µm diam; peridium thick-walled, multi-layered, of textura angularis, brown, becoming hyaline inwards. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical-clavate, shortstipitate, rounded at apex, with ocular chamber, 60–110 × 10–15 µm. Ascospores tri- to multiseriate, hyaline, fusiform or ellipsoidfusoid, straight, widest just above median septum, (1–)3-septate, but becoming golden brown, with mucoid sheath (up to 2.5 µm diam), (19–)20–22(–25) × (4–)5(–6) µm. Pseudoparaphyses longer than asci, filiform, cells cylindrical, branched, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, 2–2.5 µm diam. Conidiomata globose to subglobose, 150–300 µm diam, with central ostiole, sessile on foot of brown stroma; wall of 6–8 layers of pale brown textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards inside. Conidiophores Fig. 48. Teichospora quercus (CBS 143396). A. Ascoma on host tissue. B, C. Asci and pseudoparaphyses. D. Ascospores. E, F. Conidiogenous cells. G. Conidia. Scale bars: A = 350 mm, all others = 10 mm. 208 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, branched at base, 10–20 × 3–5 µm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, phialidic with prominent percurrent proliferation, 5–10 × 2–4 µm. Conidia solitary, ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, apex obtuse, base truncate, 1.5–2 µm diam, (4–)5(–6) × (2.5–)3 µm. (GenBank AY485625; Identities 701 / 826 (85 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the tef1 sequence were T. trabicola (GenBank KU601603; Identities 410 / 477 (86 %), 25 gaps (5 %)), T. rubriostiolata (GenBank KU601608; Identities 404 / 471 (86 %), 16 gaps (3 %)) and T. melanommoides (GenBank KU601610; Identities 399 / 466 (86 %), 9 gaps (1 %)). Culture characteristics: Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 30 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface smoke grey in centre, olivaceous grey in outer zone, reverse olivaceous grey. On PDA surface pale olivaceous grey, reverse smoke grey with diffuse sienna pigment. On OA surface pale olivaceous grey. Trochila viburnicola Crous & Denman, sp. nov. MycoBank MB824800. Fig. 49. Specimen examined: France, Cléron, on stroma of pyrenomycete, on branch of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 15 Nov. 2015, G. Moyne (holotype CBS H-23404, culture ex-type CPC 30009 = CBS 143396). Notes: The genus Teichospora was treated in detail by Jaklitsch & Voglmayr (2016) and includes several generic synonyms. Although the present collection was initially assumed to represent a new genus, it clusters phylogenetically with other species of Teichospora. It is, however, morphologically distinct, in that the ascospores remain hyaline, and are surrounded by a mucoid sheath, and are only 1(–3) transversely septate. The asexual morph, however, is phoma-like, which again resembles those of Teichospora. Nevertheless, if additional gene loci eventually show this clade to represent more than one genus, T. quercus will most likely be placed in a separate genus. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were T. rubriostiolata (GenBank KU601590; Identities 562 / 589 (95 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), T. melanommoides (GenBank KU601585; Identities 561 / 590 (95 %), 7 gaps (1 %)) and T. acaciae (GenBank NR_138410; Identities 559 / 591 (95 %), 8 gaps (1 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were T. parva (GenBank GU385195; Identities 851 / 854 (99 %), no gaps), T. acaciae (GenBank KR611898; Identities 800 / 810 (99 %), no gaps) and T. melanommoides (GenBank KU601585; Identities 841 / 852 (99 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the rpb2 sequence were T. rubriostiolata (GenBank KU601596; Identities 745 / 829 (90 %), no gaps), T. trabicola (GenBank KU601600; Identities 732 / 830 (88 %), no gaps) and Melanomma radicans Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Etymology: Name refers to the fact that the fungus occurs (icola = dweller) on stems of Viburnum. Conidiomata pale brown, globose, somewhat flattened, 120–250 µm diam, opening by irregular rupture, becoming acervular; wall of 3–6 layers of pale brown textura angularis. Macroconidiophores lining inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, branched, 1–7-septate, 10–40 × 4–6 µm. Macroconidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to doliiform, 5–13 × 4–5 µm, with semi-flared collarette, 1–3 µm tall, proliferating percurrently. Macroconidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, aseptate, subcylindrical, straight, apex obtuse, base truncate, 3–4 µm diam with prominent marginal frill, (5–)6–7 × (3–)4 µm. Microconidiophores similar in morphology to macroconidiophores, 8–20 × 3–4 µm. Microconidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical to ampulliform, 4–7 × 2.5–3 µm, proliferating percurrently. Microconidia similar to macroconidia but smaller, 3–4 × 2–2.5 µm, with minute marginal frill. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, surface folded, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 50 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface pale luteous to ochreous, reverse ochreous. Specimen examined: UK, England, Upton Grey, on twig cankers of Viburnum sp. (Adoxaceae), 28 Mar. 2016, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23416, culture ex-type CPC 30254 = CBS 144206). Notes: The genus Sirophoma is known from Viburnum, but is distinct from the present collection in that it has pycnidial conidiomata with central ostioles, long flexuous conidiophores, Fig. 49. Trochila viburnicola (CPC 30254). A. Conidiomata on OA. B–D. Conidiogenous cells. E, F. Micro- and macroconidia. Scale bars: A = 200 mm, all others = 10 mm. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 209 Crous et al. and globose to pyriform conidia. Based on DNA sequence similarity, the present asexual collection is similar to sequences of the sexual morph Trochila (Dermateaceae). Trochila has been linked to cryptocline-like asexual morphs, and hence it is tentatively placed in this genus. A species of Trochila known from Viburnum is T. tini, but as this species is not known from culture and only the sexual morph is known, a comparison is impossible. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Crumenulopsis sororia (GenBank KY941133; Identities 437 / 487 (90 %), 7 gaps (1 %)), Cenangiopsis quercicola (GenBank LT158425; Identities 506 / 552 (92 %), 4 gaps (0 %)) and Vestigium trifidum (GenBank NR_121556; Identities 502 / 551 (91 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Vestigium trifidum (GenBank KC407777; Identities 833 / 860 (97 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Fabrella tsugae (GenBank AF356694; Identities 798 / 824 (97 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Trochila laurocerasi (GenBank KX090835; Identities 812 / 839 (97 %), no gaps). The highest similarities using the rpb2 sequence were Hyalopeziza nectrioides (GenBank JN086836; Identities 551 / 689 (80 %), 6 gaps (0 %)), Chlorencoelia torta (GenBank JN086854; Identities 618 / 777 (80 %), 6 gaps (0 %)) and Loramyces macrosporus (GenBank JN086838; Identities 533 / 671 (79 %), 7 gaps (1 %)). Only distant hits to Cucurbitaria and Trichoderma were obtained when the tef1 sequence was used in a megablast search. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Varicosporellopsis aquatilis Lechat & J. Fourn., Ascomycete.org 8(3): 87. 2016. Fig. 50. On SNA: Mycelium consisting of hyaline, branched, septate, smooth, 3–5 mm diam hyphae, lacking chlamydospores, and frequently forming hyphal coils. Conidiophores solitary, erect, branched at base, 0–2-septate, or reduced to conidiogenous cells; branched conidiophores consist of a basal stipe, 15–30 × 3–5 mm, giving rise to 1–3 lateral branches, 0–1-septate, or conidiogenous cells, 40–100 × 3–5 mm. Conidiogenous cells subcylindrical with slight apical taper, hyaline, smooth, 35–60 × 3–4 mm, apex phialidic with minute cylindrical collarette, 1–2 mm tall, giving rise to clusters of slimy conidia. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, granular to guttulate, ellipsoid, aseptate, straight to curved, apex subobtuse, base tapered to a truncate hilum, 1–1.5 mm diam, (6–)11–13(–15) × (3–)4(–4.5) mm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, aerial mycelium sparse, surface folded, with smooth, lobate margins, reaching 15–25 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface dirty white to pale luteous, reverse luteous to pale luteous. Specimen examined: The Netherlands, Culemborg, from garden soil, Feb. 2017, H. van Warenburg, culture JW75003 = CBS 143509. Notes: Morphologically Varicosporellopsis aquatilis resembles Acremonium curvulum in having curved, fusoid-ellipsoid conidia with truncate hila. However, it can be distinguished in that it lacks chlamydospores, and has much larger conidia than A. curvulum (4–6.7 × 1.4–2.1 mm; Gams 1971), from which it is also phylogenetically distinct. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were V. aquatilis (GenBank KU233187; Identities 524 / 530 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Fusarium merismoides var. violaceum (GenBank EU860060; Identities 842 / 906 (93 %), 27 gaps (2 %)) and Thyronectria asturiensis (GenBank KJ570690; Identities 210 854 / 919 (93 %), 25 gaps (2 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were V. aquatilis (GenBank KU233189; Identities 835 / 836 (99 %), no gaps), Paracremonium variiforme (GenBank KU746739; Identities 823 / 836 (98 %), no gaps) and Pa. contagium (GenBank KP012631; Identities 790 / 804 (98 %), no gaps). Only distant hits were obtained using the actA sequence; some of these were Verticillium dahliae (GenBank CP010981; Identities 874 / 973 (90 %), 15 gaps (1 %)), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (GenBank LT841228; Identities 870 / 977 (89 %), 17 gaps (1 %)) and Fusarium graminearum (GenBank HG970335; Identities 872 / 979 (89 %), 21 gaps (2 %)). The highest similarities using the tub2 sequence were Pa. inflatum (GenBank KM232101; Identities 528 / 583 (91 %), 9 gaps (1 %)), Pa. contagium (GenBank KM232103; Identities 532 / 599 (89 %), 9 gaps (1 %)) and Pa. pembeum (GenBank KU053055; Identities 438 / 500 (88 %), 9 gaps (1 %)). Varicosporellopsis aquatilis was recently described from submerged wood collected in freshwater in southwestern France. The acremonium-like asexual morph is morphologically similar, but its conidia are somewhat smaller, 6–11 × 2.8–3.2 mm (Lechat & Fournier 2016). Vermiculariopsiella dichapetali Crous, Persoonia 32: 213. 2014. Fig. 51. Conidiomata sporodochial, on SNA erumpent, crystalline, up to 500 µm diam, with brown, erect setae distributed throughout conidioma, thick-walled, flexuous, finely roughened, 180–500 × 4–10 µm, 6–20-septate, with obtuse ends. Conidiophores aggregated in stroma, subcylindrical, 2–4-septate, branched below, 35–70 × 3–4 µm. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal, cylindrical with curved apex, pale brown, smooth to finely roughened, 12–26 × 2.5–3 µm, apex 1.5–2 µm diam. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, aseptate, straight to slightly curved, inequilateral, outer plane convex, apex subobtusely rounded, with truncate hilum, excentric, 1 µm diam, (14–)16– 19(–21) × 2.5(–3) µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and even, lobate margins, covering the dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse pale luteous to ochreous. Specimens examined: Australia, New South Wales, Barron Grounds Nature Reserve, on leaves of Melaleuca sp. (Myrtaceae), 26 Nov. 2016, P.W. Crous (culture CPC 32057 = CBS 143424); Victoria, La Trobe State Forest, on leaves of Eucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae), 30 Nov. 2016, P.W. Crous (CBS H-23312, culture CPC 32544 = CBS 143440). Notes: Vermiculariopsiella dichapetali was described from leaves of Dichapetalum rhodesicum collected in Botswana (Crous et al. 2014), and these are the first records from Australia. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Ve. dichapetali (GenBank KX306771; Identities 532 / 534 (99 %), no gaps), Ve.immersa (GenBank KY853476; Identities 532 / 534 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Ve. acaciae (GenBank NR_145253; Identities 520 / 536 (97 %), 7 gaps (1 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Ve. dichapetali (GenBank KX306796; Identities 716 / 716 (100 %), no gaps), Ve. acaciae (GenBank KX228314; Identities 837 / 839 (99 %), no gaps) and Ve. immersa (GenBank KJ476961; Identities 822 / 827 (99 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). Only distant © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 50. Varicosporellopsis aquatilis (CBS 143509). A–C. Conidiophores. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. Fig. 51. Vermiculariopsiella dichapetali (CPC 32057). A. Conidiomata on BLA. B. Conidioma with setae on SNA. C. Conidiophores. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. hits were obtained using the actA sequence of CPC 32544; some of these were Xenogliocladiopsis eucalyptorum (GenBank KM231140; Identities 390 / 418 (93 %), no gaps), Allantonectria miltina (GenBank KM231247; Identities 388 / 418 (93 %), no gaps) and X. cypellocarpa (GenBank KM231141; Identities 388 / 418 (93 %), no gaps). Wettsteinina philadelphi Crous & R.K. Schumach., sp. nov. MycoBank MB824801. Fig. 52. Etymology: Name refers to Philadelphus, the host genus from which this fungus was collected. Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary to aggregated, globose, 250–350 µm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 6–8 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to ampulliform, 10–15 × 3–5 µm, with numerous, prominent percurrent proliferations in apical region. Conidia solitary, medium brown, finely roughened, guttulate, fusoid-ellipsoid, apex obtuse, tapering prominently in lower third to truncate hilum, 1–1.5 µm diam; with (2–)3(–5) transverse eusepta, and 1–3 muriform or vertical septa, (11–)15–20(–23) × (5–)6–7(–8) µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate to abundant aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, covering the dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface and reverse smoke grey. On PDA surface and reverse olivaceous grey. On OA surface olivaceous grey. Specimen examined: Germany, near Berlin, on twigs of Philadelphus coronarius (Hydrangeaceae), 2 Apr. 2016, R.K. Schumacher (holotype CBS H-23410, culture ex-type CPC 30534 = CBS 143392). Notes: The present camarosporium-like collection is described in the genus Wettsteinina, although this genus is primarily known from its sexual morphs (Zhang et al. 2012), with one reference to a possible stagonospora-like asexual morph (Farr & Rossman 2018). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Alpinaria rhododendri (GenBank NR_147686; Identities 505 / 534 (95 %), 10 gaps (1 %)), Herpotrichia juniperi (GenBank JX981496; Identities 443 / 472 (94 %), 7 gaps (1 %)) and He. pinetorum (GenBank KP966102; Identities 442 / 471 (94 %), 8 gaps (1 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Melanomma pulvis-pyrius (GenBank LC203344; Identities 847 / 853 (99 %), no gaps), Trematosphaeria pertusa (GenBank DQ678072; Identities 847 / 853 (99 %), no gaps) and Wettsteinina macrotheca (GenBank AY849969; Identities 838 / 844 (99 %), no gaps). Only distant similarity to He. juniperi sequences were obtained with the tef1 sequence. © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 211 Crous et al. Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 52. Wettsteinina philadelphi (CPC 30534). A. Conidiomata on PDA. B, C. Conidiogenous cells. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. Xyladictyochaetaceae Crous & Hern.-Restr., fam. nov. MycoBank MB824802. Mycelium consisting of medium brown, smooth, septate, branched, hyphae, forming globose, intercalary, brown, smooth, chlamydospore-like structures. Conidiophores erect, brown, smooth, subcylindrical, flexuous, multiseptate. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, polyphialidic; phialidic opening lacking flared collarettes. Conidia solitary, aggregating in slimy mass, hyaline, smooth, fusoid-ellipsoid, slightly curved, apex subacute, base truncate, medianly 1-septate; each end with flexuous, unbranched appendage. Type genus: Xyladictyochaeta Hern.-Restr. et al. Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica Hern.-Restr. et al., Stud. Mycol. 86: 94. 2017. Fig. 53. Mycelium consisting of medium brown, smooth, septate, branched, 3–4 µm diam hyphae, that form globose, intercalary, brown, smooth, chlamydospore-like structures, 5–6 µm diam. Conidiophores erect, brown, smooth, subcylindrical, flexuous, multiseptate, 60–150 × 3–5 µm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, polyphialidic, 2–6 × 2–2.5 µm; phialidic opening 1 µm diam, lacking flared collarettes. Conidia solitary, aggregating in slimy mass, hyaline, smooth, fusoid-ellipsoid, slightly curved, apex subacute, base truncate, 1 µm diam, medianly 1-septate, (10–) 11–12(–13) × (2.5–)3 µm; each end with flexuous, unbranched appendage, apex central, base excentric, 3–7 µm diam. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, surface folded, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margins, reaching 20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA and PDA surface and reverse amber. On OA surface olivaceous grey. Specimens examined: Australia, New South Wales, Nullica State Forest, on Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae) leaf litter, 29 Nov. 2016, P.W. Crous, (CBS H-23291, culture CPC 32324 = CBS 143502); ibid. (CPC 32526). Notes: The genus Xyladictyochaeta, based on Xy. lusitanica, was recently described from Eucalyptus leaves collected in Portugal (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2017), and this is the first record of this fungus from Australia. Xyladictyochaeta represents an undescribed family in Xylariales, and Xyladictyochaetaceae is introduced to accommodate it. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Xy. lusitanica (GenBank KY853479; Identities 571 / 573 (99 %), no gaps), Anungitea eucalyptigena (GenBank KY173383; Identities 517 / 578 (89 %), 16 gaps (2 %)) and Beltraniopsis neolitseae (GenBank NR_148072; Identities 521 / 583 (89 %), 19 gaps (3 %)). The ITS sequences of CPC 32324 and 32526 differs with three nucleotides (morphologically they are similar, except for prominent differences in conidiophore length). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Xy. lusitanica (GenBank KY853543; Identities 801 / 801 (100 %), no gaps), Phlogicylindrium eucalypti (GenBank DQ923534; Identities 822 / 844 (97 %), no gaps) and Phl. mokarei (GenBank KY173521; Identities 796 / 818 (97 %), no gaps). The LSU sequences of CPC 32324 and CPC 32526 are identical. No Fig. 53. Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica (CPC 32324). A. Conidiophores on PDA. B–E. Conidiophores on SNA. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. 212 © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute New and interesting fungi Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Inst E-mail: p.crous@westerdijkinstitute.nl Fig. 54. Zygosporium pseudogibbum (CPC 30421). A–E. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm. significant matches were obtained using the tef1 sequences and the tef1 sequences of CPC 32324 and CPC 32526 differ with one nucleotide and a single CA-repeat. No significant matches were obtained using the tub2 sequence and the tub2 sequences of CPC 32324 and CPC 32526 are 99 % identical (806 / 813, 1 gap). Zygosporium pseudogibbum Crous, sp. nov. MycoBank MB824803. Fig. 54. Etymology: Name refers to its morphological similarity to Zygosporium gibbum. Conidiophores solitary, erect, consisting of 1–2 pale brown basal cells forming a stipe, 7–15 × 3–4 µm, giving rise to a curved, dark brown terminal vesicle, 11–12 × 6–8 µm. Conidiogenous cells arranged in a whorl of 3–4 on a terminal vesicle, hyaline, smooth, reniform, 4–6 × 3–4 µm. Vesicle with single apical cell, 4–5 × 3–4 µm, pale brown, cylindrical, with obtuse apex and prominent collarette. Conidia solitary, globose, verruculose, faintly olivaceous, 6(–7) µm diam. Culture characteristics: Colonies flat, spreading, surface folded, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 50 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface buff to dirty white, reverse luteous. On PDA surface buff to dirty white, reverse saffron. On OA surface buff to dirty white. Specimen examined: Malaysia, Sabah, on leaves of Eucalyptus pellita (Myrtaceae), Mar. 2016, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-23411, culture ex-type CPC 30421 = CBS 143503). Notes: Morphologically, the present collection matches the description of Z. gibbum, a European taxon (reference isolate, FMR 13130 = CBS 137306; leaf litter Canary Islands; HernandezRestrepo et al. 2017), which has a wide host range and wide geographical distribution (Ellis 1971). Phylogenetically, however, it clusters sister to this species, and thus a new taxon is introduced to accommodate it. The vesicle gives rise to a single apical cell that appears to be a conidiogenous cell, but could play a different role entirely (moisture droplet, insect dispersal). Active spore dispersal was observed on host tissue, and it could be that conidia on this cell can actively discharge. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the closest matches in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database were Z. gibbum (GenBank KY853482; Identities 481 / 504 (95 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Podosordaria muli (GenBank JX156377; Identities 462 / 499 (93 %), 14 gaps (2 %)) and Poronia australiensis (GenBank KP012826; Identities 384 / 434 (88 %), 21 gaps (4 %)). The highest similarities using the LSU sequence were Z. gibbum (GenBank KY853546; Identities 739 / 757 (98 %), 6 gaps (0 %)), Atrotorquata spartii (GenBank KP325443; Identities 818 / 846 (97 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Circinotrichum cycadis (GenBank KJ869178; Identities 804 / 849 (95 %), 6 gaps (0 %)). 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Collection details and GenBank accession numbers of isolates belonging to species treated in this study. 1 Species name Culture accession number(s) Country Substrate (including host) 2 Collector and Collection date ITS LSU actA MH107881.1 MH107929.1 ‒ chs-1 ‒ GenBank accession number cmdA gapdh rpb1 MH107991.1 ‒ ‒ rpb2 SSU MH108000.1 ‒ tef1 tub2 MH108012.1 MH108035.1 ‒ ‒ MH108001.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108013.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ KY929198.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ KY929199.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH107998.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108037.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ P.W. Crous, 24 Jan. 2007 ‒ MH107884.1 MH107932.1 MH107975.1 MH107990.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH107885.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ MH107886.1 MH107933.1 GQ303287.1 GQ303318.2 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Leaf litter P.W. Crous, Aug. 2013 KY173435.1 KY173525.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Australia Syzygium sp., leaves P.W. Crous & K.L. Crous, 14 Jul. 2009 JQ044421.1 JQ044441.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Hungary Vitis vinifera , stems V.K. Zoltán, 5 Nov. 2014 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ CBS 143435 = CPC 29987 South Africa Mimusops caffra , leaves M.J. Wingfield, Dec. 2010 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108002.1 ‒ ‒ CBS 143386ET = CPC 31949 Chile Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla , leaves M.J. Wingfield, Jun. 2010 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ CBS 144202 = CPC 28754 Malaysia Acacia crassicarpa , leaves M.J. Wingfield, 1 Jul. 2015 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108015.1 ‒ ‒ ET CBS 141878 = CPC 19478 = RWB 154 Brazil Mimosa diplotricha R.W. Barreto, Mar. 1999 MH107887.1 MH107934.1 MH107976.1 ‒ MH107888.1 MH107935.1 ‒ MH107889.1 MH107936.1 ‒ MH107890.1 MH107937.1 KX887255.1 KX887018.1 ‒ KX887136.1 ‒ CBS 141943 = CPC 18518 = RWB 224 Ecuador Mimosa diplotricha R.W. Barreto, Nov. 2000 KX887254.1 CBS 143412T = CPC 32736 Australia Eucalyptus obliqua , leaf litter P.W. Crous, 1 Dec. 2016 CBS 143437T = CPC 30371 Germany Lycopodiella inundata , stems R.K. Schumacher, 25 Feb. 2016 CBS 143493 = CPC 31844 Ukraine Carpinus betulus , decaying wood A. Akulov, 5 Oct. 2016 CBS 111018 = CPC 5380 Costa Rica Musa cv. Cavendish P.W. Crous, May 2002 CBS 143499 = CPC 32809 Malaysia Musa sp., leaves P.W. Crous, 2010 CBS 143500 = CPC 32689 NT Malaysia Musa sp., leaves P.W. Crous, 2016 CPC 11234 Mauritius Musa sp., leaves Y. Jaufeerally-Fakim, Jan. 2004 CPC 11240 Mauritius Musa sp., leaves Y. Jaufeerally-Fakim, Jan. 2004 CPC 16258 Mexico Musa sp., leaves M. de J. Yanez Morales, 16 Dec. 2008 CPC 32681 Malaysia Musa sp., leaves P.W. Crous, 2010 CBS 143391T = CPC 30561 Germany Juniperus communis , twig R.K. Schumacher, 20 Apr. 2016 Myrmecridium sorbicola CBS 143433T = CPC 30455 Germany Sorbus aucuparia , branch R.K. Schumacher, 17 Feb. 2016 Nematogonum pseudoferrugineum CBS 144203 = CPC 31872 Ukraine Carpinus betulus , trunk of fallen plant A. Akulov, 7 Oct. 2016 CBS 143400 = CPC 32488 UK Quercus ilex, leaves P.W. Crous, 30 Dec. 2016 CBS 112403ET CBS 519.93T = CPC 565 Italy Fagus sylvatica , bark of twigs R. Danti, 8 May 1996 South Africa Syzygium chordatum, leaf litter M.J. Wingfield, Nov. 1992 CBS 143432T = CPC 30532 Germany Philadelphus coronarius , twigs R.K. Schumacher, 2 Apr. 2016 CBS 143436 = CPC 30399 Spain Cupressus sempervirens , needles R. Blasco, 7 Jan. 2016 CBS 143492T = CPC 32041 Australia Hakea sp., leaves P.W. Crous, 26 Nov. 2016 CBS 143387T = CPC 31946 Chile Eucalyptus urophylla , leaves M.J. Wingfield, Jun. 2010 CBS 143388 = CPC 31878 Chile Eucalyptus grandis × uromycoides , leaves M.J. Wingfield, Jun. 2010 T Australia Eucalyptus , leaf litter T T CBS 143504 = CPC 31882 South Africa Acacia propinqua , leaves M.J. Wingfield, Jul. 2012 CPC 31940 South Africa Acacia propinqua , leaves M.J. Wingfield, Jul. 2012 ‒ ‒ ‒ Brazil Niphidium crassifolium, fronds R.W. Barreto, 5 Nov. 2011 ‒ MH107882.1 MH107930.1 KX891229.1 KX891228.1 ‒ ‒ COAD 1983ET = CPC 24674 ‒ ‒ ‒ CBS 144200 = CPC 25960 Finland Caragana sp., twig M. Pennanen, 31 Dec. 2014 KY929129.1 KY929164.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ CPC 25962 Finland Caragana sp., twig M. Pennanen, 31 Dec. 2014 KY929130.1 KY929165.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ CBS 143389 = CPC 31840 Ukraine Carpinus betulus , decaying wood A. Akulov, 5 Oct. 2016 ‒ ‒ ‒ CBS 143496 = CPC 30166 UK Kniphofia uvaria , leaves P.W. Crous, 28 Mar. 2016 CPC 30168 UK Kniphofia uvaria , leaves P.W. Crous, 28 Mar. 2016 CBS 144201 = CPC 27604 Germany Ailanthus altissima , twig R.K. Schumacher, 4 Jun. 2015 CBS 124770T = CPC 14936 Portugal Eucalyptus sp. Cylindrium purgamentum CBS 142114T = CPC 29580 USA Cylindrium syzygii CBS 131307T = CPC 17233 CBS 143162 = CPC 30117 = T15/464 Alfaria acaciae Caliciopsis maxima Camarosporidiella mackenziei Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa T Colletotrichum kniphofiae Cyclothyriella rubronotata Cylindrium algarvense Cytospora viticola T Dictyochaeta mimusopis Dictyochaeta septata Echinocatena arthrinioides Elsinoë mimosae Exophiala eucalypticola Fusiconidium lycopodiellae Haplographium delicatum Microdochium musae Monochaetia junipericola T Neocucurbitaria cava Neohendersonia kickxii Parapleurotheciopsis caespitosa Parathyridaria philadelphi Pestalotiopsis hollandica Phyllosticta hakeicola Polyscytalum chilense Polyscytalum eucalyptigenum MH107883.1 MH107931.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ KX886900.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ JN992635.1 KX887135.1 JN940564.1 KX886899.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108016.1 MH108039.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ MH107893.1 MH107940.1 AY293061.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108003.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH107997.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108020.1 MH108044.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108004.1 ‒ ‒ MH108021.1 MH108045.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH107891.1 MH107938.1 MH107892.1 MH107939.1 MH107894.1 MH107941.1 MH107977.1 MH107895.1 MH107942.1 MH107978.1 MH107896.1 MH107943.1 MH107979.1 MH107897.1 MH107944.1 MH107980.1 MH107898.1 MH107945.1 MH107981.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH107999.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ P.W. Crous & R.G. Shivas, 11 Jul. 2009 ‒ MH107907.1 MH107953.1 MH107984.1 ‒ ‒ MH107908.1 MH107954.1 ‒ ‒ MH107909.1 MH107955.1 KJ869118.1 KJ869176.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ KJ869234.1 ‒ KX228252.1 MH107904.1 MH107950.1 MH107905.1 MH107951.1 MH107906.1 MH107952.1 Polyscytalum neofecundissimum Polyscytalum nullicanum CBS 143406 = CPC 32528 Australia Eucalyptus , leaf litter P.W. Crous, 29 Nov. 2016 Pseudoanungitea syzygii CBS 520.93T = CPC 578 South Africa Syzygium cordatum, leaf litter W.J. Swart, Mar. 1993 CBS 143164T = CPC 30522 Germany Vaccinium myrtillus , stem R.K. Schumacher, 16 Jan. 2016 CBS 132716T = FMR 11934 Spain Dead wood MH107912.1 MH107958.1 M. Hernández-Restrepo, J. Mena & J. Guarro, May 2011 KY853424.1 KY853484.1 ‒ CBS 144204 = CPC 25926 South Africa Erica sp., twigs M.J. Wingfield, Nov. 2014 KY929156.1 KY929185.1 CBS 144205 = CPC 25002 Switzerland Platanus sp., branch O. Holdenrieder, 24 Jun. 2014 KY929157.1 KY929186.1 CBS 143489T = CPC 30153 South Africa Breonadia microcephala , leaves J. Roux, Jan. 2010 CBS 143495 = CPC 30459 Germany Sorbus aucuparia , branch R.K. Schumacher, 17 Feb. 2016 Roussoella euonymi CBS 143426T = CPC 31963 Ukraine Euonymus europaeus , fallen branches A. Akulov, 14 Oct. 2016 Setophaeosphaeria citricola CBS 143179T = CPC 32083 Australia Citrus australasica , leaves P.W. Crous, 25 Nov. 2016 CBS 135108T = CPC 19602 = RWB 866 Brazil Sida sp. R.W. Barreto, 24 Feb. 2008 CBS 143444T = CPC 32087 Australia Cyperaceae , leaves P.W. Crous, 26 Nov. 2016 CBS 143579 = CPC 32406 Australia Phragmites sp., leaves P.W. Crous, 27 Nov. 2016 Subplenodomus iridicola CBS 143395T = CPC 30162 UK Iris sp. P.W. Crous, 28 Mar. 2016 Teichospora quercus CBS 143396T = CPC 30009 France Quercus sp., branch G. Moyne, 15 Nov. 2015 Trochila viburnicola CBS 144206T = CPC 30254 UK Viburnum sp., twig cankers P.W. Crous, 28 Mar. 2016 CBS 143509 = JW75003 The Netherlands Garden soil H. van Warenburg, Feb. 2017 CBS 143424 = CPC 32057 Australia Melaleuca sp., leaves P.W. Crous, 26 Nov. 2016 CBS 143440 = CPC 32544 Australia Eucalyptus regnans , leaves P.W. Crous, 30 Nov. 2016 CBS 143392T = CPC 30534 Germany Philadelphus coronarius , twigs R.K. Schumacher, 2 Apr. 2016 CBS 143502 = CPC 32324 Australia Eucalyptus sp., leaf litter P.W. Crous, 29 Nov. 2016 CPC 32526 Australia Eucalyptus sp., leaf litter P.W. Crous, 29 Nov. 2016 CBS 143503T = CPC 30421 Malaysia Eucalyptus pellita , leaves M.J. Wingfield, Mar. 2016 Vermiculariopsiella dichapetali Wettsteinina philadelphi Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica Zygosporium pseudogibbum 1 2 ‒ ‒ A. Akulov, 7 Oct. 2016 Varicosporellopsis aquatilis MH108022.1 ‒ ‒ Quercus robur , leaf litter Sphaerellopsis paraphysata ‒ MH108019.1 MH108043.1 ‒ Ukraine Sirastachys cyperacearum MH107996.1 MH108018.1 MH108042.1 ‒ CBS 143390T = CPC 31826 Setophaeosphaeria sidae MH107995.1 ‒ P.W. Crous & J. Edwards, 7 Nov. 2014 Rhinocladiella quercus ‒ MH107994.1 MH108040.1 MH108017.1 MH108041.1 ‒ Grevillea sp., leaves Pseudocercospora breonadiae ‒ MH107993.1 ‒ Australia Pseudocamarosporium brabeji ‒ MH107992.1 ‒ CBS 141282 = CPC 25576 Pseudocamarosporium africanum ‒ ‒ MH108005.1 ‒ ‒ Polyscytalum grevilleae Pseudoanungitea variabilis ‒ ‒ MH107899.1 MH107946.1 MH107982.1 ‒ ‒ MH107900.1 MH107947.1 ‒ ‒ MH107901.1 MH107948.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ MH107902.1 ‒ MH107903.1 MH107949.1 MH107983.1 KX820255.1 KX820266.1 ‒ ‒ CBS 137967 = CPC 17207 Pseudoanungitea vaccinii MH108014.1 MH108038.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ KX887017.1 Polyscytalum eucalyptorum T MH108036.1 KX228304.1 ‒ MH108046.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108023.1 ‒ MH108024.1 MH108047.1 ‒ MH108025.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH107913.1 MH107959.1 MH107985.1 ‒ ‒ MH107914.1 MH107960.1 ‒ MH107915.1 MH107961.1 MH107986.1 ‒ ‒ MH107916.1 MH107962.1 KF251149.1 KF251653.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108006.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH107910.1 MH107956.1 MG386058.1 MG386111.1 ‒ MH107911.1 MH107957.1 MH107917.1 MH107963.1 MH107918.1 MH107964.1 MH107919.1 MH107965.1 MH107920.1 MH107966.1 MH107921.1 MH107967.1 MH108026.1 ‒ ‒ MH108027.1 MH108048.1 ‒ MH108049.1 ‒ MH108008.1 KF252158.1 ‒ MH108028.1 MH108050.1 KF253109.1 KF252648.1 MH108007.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108009.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108011.1 ‒ ‒ MH108031.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108052.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH107922.1 MH107968.1 MH107987.1 ‒ ‒ MH107923.1 MH107969.1 ‒ MH107924.1 MH107970.1 MH107988.1 ‒ ‒ MH107925.1 MH107971.1 ‒ ‒ MH107926.1 MH107972.1 ‒ ‒ MH107927.1 MH107973.1 MH107928.1 MH107974.1 MH107989.1 ‒ MH108010.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108029.1 MH108051.1 ‒ ‒ MH108030.1 MH108032.1 ‒ ‒ ‒ MH108033.1 MH108053.1 MH108034.1 MH108054.1 ‒ MH108055.1 CBS: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; COAD: Coleção Octávio de Almeida Drumond (COAD), housed at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil; CPC: Culture collection of Pedro Crous, housed at CBS; RWB: Personal collection of Robert Barreto, Departmento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, ITS: internal transcribed spacers and intervening 5.8S nrDNA; LSU: large subunit (28S) of the nrRNA gene operon; actA : partial actin gene; chs-1 : partial chitin synthase-1 gene; cmdA : partial calmodulin gene; gapdh : partial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene; rpb1 : partial DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest subunit gene; rpb2 :