Fungal Diversity https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-022-00503-2 REVIEW Freshwater fungal numbers Mark S. Calabon1,2 · Kevin D. Hyde1,2,3,4 · E. B. Gareth Jones5 · Zong‑Long Luo6 · Wei Dong4 · Vedprakash G. Hurdeal1,2 · Eleni Gentekaki1,2 · Walter Rossi7 · Marco Leonardi7 · Vinodhini Thiyagaraja1,3,8,9,10 · Anis S. Lestari1,2,11 · Hong‑Wei Shen1,2,6 · Dan‑Feng Bao1,6,10 · Nattawut Boonyuen12 · Ming Zeng1,2,13 Received: 14 November 2021 / Accepted: 13 February 2022 © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Mushroom Research Foundation 2022, corrected publication 2022 Abstract A comprehensive account of fungal classification from freshwater habitats is outlined and discussed in the present review based on literature of biodiversity studies and recent morpho-phylogenetic analyses. A total of 3,870 freshwater fungal species are listed with additional details on the isolation source, habitat, geographical distribution, and molecular data. The Ascomycota (2,968 species, 1,018 genera) dominated the freshwater fungal taxa wherein Sordariomycetes (823 species, 298 genera) had the largest number, followed by Dothideomycetes (677 species, 229 genera), Eurotiomycetes (276 species, 49 genera), and Leotiomycetes (260 species, 83 genera). Other phyla included in the updated classification of freshwater fungi are: Chytridiomycota (333 species, 97 genera), Rozellomycota (221 species, 105 genera), Basidiomycota (218 species, 100 genera), Blastocladiomycota (47 species, 10 genera), Monoblepharomycota (29 species, 6 genera), Mucoromycota (19 species, 10 genera), Aphelidiomycota (15 species, 3 genera), Entomophthoromycota (6 species, 4 genera), Mortierellomycota (5 species, 3 genera), Olpidiomycota (4 species, 1 genus), Zoopagomycota (3 species, 2 genera), and Sanchytriomycota (2 species, 2 genera). The freshwater fungi belong to 1,361 genera, 386 families and 145 orders. The Pleosporales and Laboulbeniaceae are the largest freshwater fungal order and family comprised of 391 and 185 species, respectively. The most speciose genera are Chitonomyces (87, Laboulbeniomycetes), Verrucaria (50, Eurotiomycetes), Rhizophydium (52, Rhizophydiomycetes), Penicillium (47, Eurotiomycetes), and Candida (42, Saccharomycetes). Keywords Fungal classification · Fungal taxonomy · Freshwater fungi · Higher fungi · Molecular taxonomy · Basal clades Introduction It has been over 140 years since Saccardo (1880) described the first freshwater hyphomycetes, Heliscus lugdunensis (≡ Neonectria lugdunensis). This was followed by the discovery of four novel taxa [Tetracladium marchalianum, Clavariopsis aquatica, Lemonniera aquatica, Anguillospora longissima (≡ Amniculicola longissima)] by de Wildeman (1893, 1894, 1895) from different freshwater habitats and on different substrates. Ingold’s (1942) documentation of 16 freshwater hyphomycetous species, of which 10 are novel species, and identification of the typical habitat of freshwater fungi served as an impetus for further studies on the occurrence of Handling Editor: Chitrabhanu Bhunjun. * Kevin D. Hyde kdhyde3@gmail.com fungal taxa, both sexual and asexual, in freshwater habitats (Ranzoni 1953; Tubaki 1957; Petersen 1962, 1963a, b; Nilsson 1964; Ingold 1975; Webster and Descals 1981; Tubaki et al. 1983; Dudka 1985; Nawawi 1985a; Goh and Hyde 1996c; Goh 1997; Sivichai et al. 2002; Shearer et al. 2004, 2007; Lu et al. 2018c; Luo et al. 2019; Dong et al. 2020b). The classical methods used to document freshwater fungal composition have been significantly improved by recent developments in fungal identification using molecular techniques. In the classification of freshwater fungi, incorporation of molecular data in the analysis of extant and novel species provides a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of freshwater taxa (e.g., generic boundaries delimitation of polyphyletic taxa, resolving species complexes, linking asexual-sexual morphs, or synasexual morphs). Furthermore, continuous exploration of freshwater habitats led to introduction of many novel taxa (Lu et al. 2018c; Bao et al. 2020; Dong et al. 2020a; Hsieh et al. Extended author information available on the last page of the article 13 Vol.:(0123456789) Fungal Diversity 2021a). For instance, novel species from China and Thailand totaled 298 novel species from 2015 to 2020. Unfortunately, for almost two decades of morpho-phylogenetic taxonomy of freshwater fungi, there are no published information on the overall known number of taxa unlike those of fungi in marine habitats wherein the marine fungal numbers stand as 1901 species under 769 genera (Jones et al. 2019). The available published information includes biodiversity studies in particular geographical areas (Shearer and Crane 1971; Ho et al. 2001; Pinnoi et al. 2006; Pinruan et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2011; Hu et al. 2013a), selected hosts (Gessner and Van Ryckegem 2003; Pinruan et al. 2007, 2014; Fiuza et al. 2019), or of species within taxonomic (Pinruan et al. 2007, 2014; Luo et al. 2016b, 2019; Zhang et al. 2017a; Lu et al. 2018c; Fiuza et al. 2019; Dong et al. 2020b, 2021a; Hyde et al. 2021) or morphological groups (Ingold 1975; Webster and Descals 1981; Bärlocher 1987; Shearer 1993a; Schoenlein-Crusius and Piccolo Grandi 2003; Bao et al. 2021a). The scattered data on freshwater fungi are currently compiled in an online database, https://freshwaterfungi.org/, but since the website only started in early 2020 and in the process of collating all the freshwater fungal data, there are no definite numbers given yet (Calabon et al. 2020b). The only information in the literature so far is the estimated number of freshwater fungi to be around 3069–4145, of which, Chytridiomycota (500–1289 species) and Ascomycota (622 species) have the greatest number of taxa (Jones et al. 2014a). These figures were considered as an underestimate as there is little data for many of the aquatic groups, and many microhabitats, substrates, and geographical areas are unexplored or underexplored and yet to be surveyed. This paper presents an up-to-date classification of freshwater fungi and the number of taxa recorded in freshwater habitats. The classification scheme follows Wijayawardene et al. (2020) unless the taxonomy has been updated recently. The text is divided into three main sections: (1) Classification of freshwater Ascomycota, (2) Basidiomycota, and (3) Freshwater fungal basal clades. For Ascomycota section, a special section Freshwater lichens is included in order to discuss and enumerate lichenicolous and lichen-like taxa from Arthoniomycetes, Candelariomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Lichinomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. After the section on the Basidiomycota, the section on Freshwater yeasts was included with a discussion on their taxonomic classification. Furthermore, since Ingold’s contribution in freshwater mycology is momentous, a special section on Ingoldian fungi with a taxonomic outline of taxa from freshwater habitats is included in the present review. Every table dealing with the taxonomic classification of freshwater fungi include the taxon name, isolation source, and its geographical distribution. Freshwater fungi with molecular data, including the country where the taxa were isolated, are in bold. 13 Origin of freshwater fungi Molecular evidence suggests that fungi first appeared about 1.5 billion years ago and evolved from one common ancestor (Heckman et al. 2001). The ancestral fungi may have lived in water and had flagella, like the members of Chytridiomycota (James et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2006; Naranjo-Ortiz and Gabaldón 2019). Molecular studies of Liu et al. (2006) showed that the major fungal phyla, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota formed a well-supported clade, and they lacked flagella, while Chytridiomycota are mainly flagellated, and it formed a basal and early diverging clade within the fungal kingdom. The loss of a flagellum has occurred only one time, leading to derived fungal phyla (Zygomycota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota) to adapt from the aquatic environment to terrestrial habitats (James et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2006). Fungi colonized the land probably during the Cambrian, over 500 million years ago (MYA), however, the fungal territorialization times are still a matter of debate as the land fungal fossil records are reported from the Devonian (Taylor and Osborn 1996; Brundrett 2002). Fungal hyphae and spore cysts in a stem of Asteroxylon mackiei were also discovered in the Rhynie chert from the Devonian (419.2 to 358.9 MYA). The earliest land plants appeared around 470 MYA (Kenrick et al. 2012; Edwards et al. 2014), while oomycetes had already colonized terrestrial habitats at that time (Taylor et al. 2014; Selosse et al. 2015). Microorganisms became abundant within plant fossils since their territorialization (Taylor et al. 2014; Selosse et al. 2015). A rich terrestrial fungal fossil (e.g., fossil chytrids, Glomales and fossil hyphae associated with wood decay) have been found during the Devonian, around 400 MYA (Taylor et al. 1992, 1995, 2014; Hass et al. 1994; Remy et al. 1994a, b) and terrestrial fungal fossils were reported as arbuscular mycorrhizal-like symbioses (Simon et al. 1993; Raghukumar 2017). Simon et al. (1993) investigated the origin of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their results showed that these fungi diverged 353–462 MYA, which is consistent with the fossil records, indicating establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal-like symbiosis between fungi and plant roots as a major event in the colonization of land. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota diverged at a similar time with fungal territorialization, around 500–650 MYA, and mainly saprobic on vascular plants (Lücking et al. 2009; Gueidan et al. 2011). Studies showed that they had a terrestrial origin (Heckman et al. 2001; James et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2006; Hyde et al. 2021). Fungal adaption to terrestrial habitats requires a variety of ecological strategies to obtain nutrients, such as saprotrophism, parasitism, humification, and the development of mutual relationships. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are the largest groups in the fungal kingdom, and have been reported as endophytes, pathogens, and Fungal Diversity saprobes of plants/animals, indicating rapid diversification on land through different nutritional modes. Around 250 MYA fungi rapidly increased in numbers and became abundant as the result of the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Following this event, numerous plants and animals evolved and provided abundant hosts for fungi (Eshet et al. 1995; Schubert and Bottjer 1995). Molecular analyses showed that the subclasses and some orders of the two classes Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes diverged at 150–250 MYA (Hyde et al. 2017a, 2020d; Liu et al. 2017; Hongsanan et al. 2020). Several studies indicate that after the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction (65 MYA), fungi dramatically increased in numbers (Ward et al. 2005b). Recent molecular clock analyses also support this view, with many species diverged after 65 MYA (Hyde et al. 2017a; Liu et al. 2017; Samarakoon et al. 2019; Hongsanan et al. 2020). At present, the origin, evolution, and taxonomy of fungi are better understood with the use of molecular analyses for their study. Early studies of the fungi placed them in the plant kingdom, and later separated from the plant kingdom as the fifth kingdom (Whittaker 1969). Earlier, the true fungi comprised four phyla viz. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota (Whittaker 1969). While, presently, the fungal kingdom comprises 20 phyla (Wijayawardene et al. 2020; Voigt et al. 2021). Among them, eight phyla viz. Aphelidiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota and Rozellomycota include freshwater fungi (Jones et al. 2014a; Wijayawardene et al. 2018, 2020). Freshwater fungi have multiple origins and evolved separately through different lineages (Shearer 1993a). Chytridiomycota are likely to have evolved from marine ancestors, while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota originated from terrestrial habitats (Heckman et al. 2001; Vijaykrishna et al. 2006). Ascomycota are the dominant phylum of freshwater fungi. Freshwater ascomycetes probably are immigrants from terrestrial environments and mainly through three evolutionary pathways (Shearer 1993a; Vijaykrishna et al. 2006; Hyde et al. 2021). Classification of freshwater fungi Our comprehensive review of published data of biodiversity studies and/or single or multi-species taxonomic studies, resulted in an updated classification of freshwater fungi under thirteen phyla (45 classes), and documentation of 3,870 species from freshwater habitats: Ascomycota 2,968 (1,018 genera), Chytridiomycota 333 (97 genera), Rozellomycota 221 (105 genera), Basidiomycota 218 (100 genera), Blastocladiomycota 47 (10 genera), Monoblepharomycota 29 (6 genera), Mucoromycota 19 (10 genera), Aphelidiomycota 15 (3 genera), Entomophthoromycota 6 (4 genera), Mortierellomycota 5 (3 genera), Olpidiomycota 4 (1 genus), Zoopagomycota 3 (2 genera), and Sanchytriomycota 2 (2 genera) (Table 1). For Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes has the highest number of taxa which accounts for 27.68% (823 species in 298 genera), followed by Dothideomycetes (677 species, 229 genera). Chytridiomycetes dominated the taxa under Chytridiomycota with 181 species recorded while 201 taxa are under Microsporidea (Rozellomycota). The freshwater yeasts constitute taxa from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota with 163 species each. The total freshwater fungal number, 3,870 species, included in this review is within the estimated range of Jones et al. (2014a) which is around 3,069–4,145 species. The present review lists all the fungal taxa in freshwater habitats. Some species, including their occurrence and host substrates, will inevitably be missed in the process of searching the published literatures. All the updates will be added on the website, www.freshwaterfungi. org (Calabon et al. 2020b). Classification of freshwater Ascomycota The freshwater Ascomycota comprises thirteen classes namely Arthoniomycetes, Candelariomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes, Lichinomycetes, Orbiliomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Saccharomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. Ascomycota genera incertae sedis totaled to 252 species (in 141 genera) and two species listed under Pezizomycotina genera incertae sedis (Pyrenocollema strontianense, Psammina stipitata). Taxonomic classification of freshwater Candelariomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, and Lichinomycetes were listed in “Freshwater lichens” section as members of these classes are lichens and lichenicolous taxa. Arthoniomycetes Arthoniomycetes is the largest taxonomic group of primarily lichenized fungi outside of Lecanoromycetes. The taxa are mostly tropical and subtropical microlichens with bitunicate asci in ascohymenial apothecia (Henssen and Thor 1994). Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis shows that Arthoniomycetes is monophyletic and sister class to Dothideomycetes (Spatafora et al. 2006). On the latest outline of fungi and fungus-like taxa, Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed two orders under Arthoniomycetes: Arthoniales (116 genera) and Lichenostigmatales (3 genera). Few freshwater Arthoniomycetes have been recorded from freshwater habitats (Björk et al. 2009; Morse 2013; Khodosovtsev et al. 2016) and the taxa listed in Table 2 accounts for twelve species (in 8 genera) but undoubtedly there are more taxa to be discovered. The additional information on freshwater lichenicolous taxa is discussed in “Freshwater Lichens” section. 13 Fungal Diversity Table 1 Taxonomic classification and numbers of freshwater fungi Class Order Classification of freshwater Ascomycota Arthoniomycetes Arthoniales Candelariomycetes Coniocybomycetes Dothideomycetes Candelariales Coniocybales Asterinales Botryosphaeriales Capnodiales Collemopsidiales Dothideales Dyfrolomycetales Hysteriales Jahnulales Kirschsteiniotheliales Lichenotheliales Microthyriales Minutisphaerales Monoblastiales Natipusillales Pleosporales 13 Family Arthoniaceae Chrysotrichaceae Lecanographaceae Opegraphaceae Roccellaceae Candelariaceae Coniocybaceae Morenoinaceae Botryosphaeriaceae Phyllostictaceae Teratosphaeriaceae Mycosphaerellaceae Neodevriesiaceae Xanthopyreniaceae Saccotheciaceae Pleurotremataceae Hysteriaceae Hysteriales genus incertae sedis Aliquandostipitaceae Kirschsteiniotheliaceae Kirschsteiniotheliales genera incertae sedis Lichenotheliaceae Microthyriales genera incertae sedis Acrogenosporaceae Minutisphaeraceae Monoblastiaceae Natipusillaceae Acrocalymmaceae Aigialaceae Amniculicolaceae Anteagloniaceae Aquasubmersaceae Astrosphaeriellaceae Bambusicolaceae Corynesporascaceae Cucurbitariaceae Cyclothyriellaceae Delitschiaceae Dictyosporiaceae Didymosphaeriaceae Dothidotthiaceae Hermatomycetaceae Latoruaceae Lentitheciaceae Leptosphaeriaceae Lindgomycetaceae Longipedicellataceae Lophiostomataceae Lophiotremataceae Number of species 3 2 1 1 5 4 4 1 3 1 2 5 6 3 2 1 1 1 37 6 6 2 1 13 5 1 4 3 27 2 2 2 24 1 4 2 2 3 55 6 5 1 2 15 6 25 5 20 2 Fungal Diversity Table 1 (continued) Class Eurotiomycetes Order Family Massarinaceae Melanommataceae Morosphaeriaceae Mycoporaceae Neopyrenochaetaceae Nigrogranaceae Occultibambusaceae Parabambusicolaceae Periconiaceae Phaeoseptaceae Phaeosphaeriaceae Pleomassariaceae Pleomonodictydaceae Pleosporaceae Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae Pseudoberkleasmiaceae Pyrenochaetopsidaceae Roussoellaceae Sporormiaceae Striatiguttulaceae Teichosporaceae Testudinaceae Tetraplosphaeriaceae Thyridariaceae Torulaceae Trematosphaeriaceae Wicklowiaceae Pleosporales genera incertae sedis Trypetheliales Polycoccaceae Trypetheliaceae Tubeufiales Tubeufiaceae Wiesneriomycetaceae Venturiales Venturiaceae Dothideomycetes fami- Endosporiaceae lies incertae sedis Argynnaceae Trichothyriaceae Pseudorobillardaceae Dothideomycetes gen- Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis era incertae sedis Arachnomycetales Arachnomycetaceae Chaetothyriales Cyphellophoraceae Herpotrichiellaceae Chaetothyriales genera incertae sedis Chaetothyriomycetidae Rhynchostomataceae family incertae sedis Eurotiales Aspergillaceae Thermoascaceae Trichocomaceae Mycocaliciales Mycocaliciaceae Number of species 6 20 13 1 3 2 5 3 8 2 16 4 1 19 6 1 1 5 7 1 1 1 13 1 15 9 3 10 1 1 133 12 1 1 2 1 2 31 1 4 40 2 1 67 1 8 9 13 Fungal Diversity Table 1 (continued) Class Order Onygenales Family Arthrodermataceae Onygenaceae Sclerococcales Dactylosporaceae Verrucariales Adelococcaceae Verrucariaceae Laboulbeniomycetes Laboulbeniales Ceratomycetaceae Laboulbeniaceae Pyxidiophorales Pyxidiophoraceae Lecanoromycetes Acarosporales Acarosporaceae Arctomiales Arctomiaceae Baeomycetales Baeomycetaceae Hymeneliaceae Protothelenellaceae Trapeliaceae Xylographaceae Caliciales Caliciaceae Physciaceae Lecanorales Pilocarpaceae Catillariaceae Cladoniaceae Haematommataceae Lecanoraceae Parmeliaceae Psoraceae Ramalinaceae Scoliciosporaceae Stereocaulaceae Lecideales Lecideaceae Ostropales Coenogoniaceae Graphidaceae Gyalectaceae Porinaceae Peltigerales Collemataceae Lobariaceae Massalongiaceae Peltigeraceae Placynthiaceae Pertusariales Megasporaceae Microcaliciaceae Ochrolechiaceae Pertusariaceae Rhizocarpales Rhizocarpaceae Teloschistales Teloschistaceae Umbilicariales Ophioparmaceae Umbilicariaceae Ostropomycetidae gen- Ostropomycetidae genera incertae sedis era incertae sedis Leotiomycetes Helotiales Discinellaceae 13 Number of species 4 7 5 1 126 73 185 1 4 1 1 4 1 6 1 4 21 4 1 13 1 18 13 1 10 2 1 8 1 1 2 8 13 2 1 9 4 6 1 1 1 3 14 1 1 1 24 Fungal Diversity Table 1 (continued) Class Lichinomycetes Orbiliomycetes Pezizomycetes Saccharomycetes Sordariomycetes Order Family Gelatinodiscaceae Helotiaceae Helotiales genera incertae sedis Hyaloscyphaceae Hydrocinaceae Lachnaceae Loramycetaceae Mitrulaceae Mollisiaceae Ploettnerulaceae Tricladiaceae Vibrisseaceae Lauriomycetales Lauriomycetaceae Leotiales Leotiales genera incertae sedis Rhytismatales Rhytismataceae Thelebolales Thelebolales genera incertae sedis Leotiomycetes families Calloriaceae incertae sedis Cenangiaceae Hamatocanthoscyphaceae Pezizellaceae Rutstroemiaceae Sclerotiniaceae Leotiomycetes genera Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis incertae sedis Lichinales Lichinaceae Peltulaceae Orbiliales Orbiliaceae Pezizales Ascobolaceae Pezizaceae Pyronemataceae Rhizinaceae Saccharomycetales Debaryomycetaceae Dipodascaceae Lipomycetaceae Metschnikowiaceae Phaffomycetaceae Pichiaceae Saccharomycetaceae Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis Saccharomycodaceae Saccharomycopsidaceae Trichomonascaceae Wickerhamomycetaceae Annulatascales Annulatascaceae Aquapteridosporaceae Atractosporales Atractosporaceae Barbatosphaeriales Barbatosphaeriaceae Cancellidiales Cancellidiaceae Ceratolentales Bullimycetaceae Number of species 3 19 19 18 13 5 3 2 27 9 33 12 3 5 4 2 34 1 3 3 1 2 15 21 3 19 2 7 2 2 21 7 1 4 7 12 30 50 6 5 5 10 36 4 7 1 7 3 13 Fungal Diversity Table 1 (continued) Class Order Family Conlariales Diaporthales Conlariaceae Diaporthaceae Gnomoniaceae Diaporthales genera incertae sedis Sydowiellaceae Acrodictyaceae Diaporthomycetidae family incertae sedis Diaporthomycetidae genera incertae sedis Distoseptisporales Jobellisiales Magnaporthales Myrmecridiales Ophiostomatales Parasympodiellales Phomatosporales Rhamphoriales Sporidesmiales Tirisporellales Togniniales Trichosphaeriales Xenospadicoidales Coronophorales Glomerellales Hypocreales Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis Microascales 13 Number of species 4 3 4 1 1 6 Junewangiaceae Papulosaceae Pseudoproboscisporaceae Pseudostanjehughesiaceae Woswasiaceae Diaporthomycetidae genera incertae sedis 21 7 5 2 1 10 Distoseptisporaceae Jobellisiaceae Ceratosphaeriaceae Magnaporthaceae Ophioceraceae Pseudohalonectriaceae Pyriculariaceae Myrmecridiaceae Ophiostomataceae Parasympodiellaceae Phomatosporaceae Rhamphoriaceae Sporidesmiaceae Tirisporellaceae Togniniaceae Trichosphaeriaceae Xenospadicoidaceae Bertiaceae Chaetosphaerellaceae Coronophorales genera incertae sedis Nitschkiaceae Australiascaceae Glomerellaceae Plectosphaerellaceae Reticulascaceae Bionectriaceae Hypocreaceae Hypocreales genera incertae sedis Nectriaceae Niessliaceae Sarocladiaceae Stachybotryaceae Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis 22 3 5 5 11 6 3 4 1 1 7 2 22 2 4 4 21 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 8 5 4 4 57 2 1 7 5 Gondwanamycetaceae 1 Fungal Diversity Table 1 (continued) Class Order Torpedosporales Vermiculariopsiellales Pisorisporiales Conioscyphales Fuscosporellales Pleurotheciales Pseudodactylariales Savoryellales Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis Chaetosphaeriales Coniochaetales Cordanales Phyllachorales Phyllachorales Sordariales Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis Amphisphaeriales Ascomycota genera incertae sedis Family Halosphaeriaceae Microascaceae Microascales genera incertae sedis Triadelphiaceae Juncigenaceae Vermiculariopsiellaceae Pisorisporiaceae Conioscyphaceae Fuscosporellaceae Pleurotheciaceae Pseudodactylariaceae Savoryellaceae Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis Chaetosphaeriaceae Helminthosphaeriaceae Linocarpaceae Coniochaetaceae Cordanaceae Phyllachoraceae Phyllachorales genera incertae sedis Chaetomiaceae Lasiosphaeriaceae Podosporaceae Sordariaceae Sordariales genera incertae sedis Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis Amphisphaeriaceae Apiosporaceae Beltraniaceae Pseudomassariaceae Sporocadaceae Xylariales Castanediellaceae Clypeosphaeriaceae Diatrypaceae Hyponectriaceae Hypoxylaceae Microdochiaceae Oxydothidaceae Xylariaceae Vamsapriyaceae Zygosporiaceae Xylariales genera incertae sedis Xylariomycetidae fam- Cainiaceae ily incertae sedis Myelospermataceae Ascomycota genera Ascomycota genera incertae sedis incertae sedis Number of species 42 2 1 5 1 5 2 13 15 32 4 34 31 131 10 8 8 5 3 1 16 19 1 1 5 3 4 4 7 2 7 2 2 1 7 2 2 10 5 2 3 13 1 1 252 13 Fungal Diversity Table 1 (continued) Class Order Family Pezizomycotina gen- Pezizomycotina genera Pezizomycotina genera incertae sedis era incertae sedis incertae sedis Total Classification of freshwater Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Limnoperdaceae Niaceae Physalacriaceae Agaricales genera incertae sedis Atheliales Atheliaceae Cantharellales Hydnaceae Ceratobasidiaceae Agaricomycetes genera Agaricomycetes genera incertae sedis incertae sedis AgaricostilbomyAgaricostilbales Agaricostilbaceae cetes Atractiellomycetes Atractiellales Phleogenaceae Bartheletiomycetes Polyporales Polyporales genera incertae sedis Sebacinales Sebacinaceae Trechisporales Hydnodontaceae Classiculomycetes Classiculales Classiculaceae Cystobasidiomycetes Cystobasidiales Cystobasidiaceae Erythrobasidiales Erythrobasidiaceae Exobasidiomycetes Doassansiales Doassansiaceae Rhamphosporaceae Exobasidiales Brachybasidiaceae Georgefischeriales Gjaerumiaceae Tilletiariaceae Microstromatales Microstromatales genera incertae sedis Microbotryomycetes Kriegeriales Camptobasidiaceae Kriegeriaceae Leucosporidiales Leucosporidiaceae Microbotryales Ustilentylomataceae Sporidiobolales Sporidiobolaceae Chrysozymaceae Microbotryomycetes families incertae sedis Colacogloeaceae Microbotryomycetes Microbotryomycetes genera incertae sedis genera incertae sedis Moniliellomycetes Moniliellales Moniliellaceae Tremellomycetes Cystofilobasidiales Cystofilobasidiaceae Mrakiaceae Filobasidiales Filobasidiaceae Holtermanniaceae Piskurozymaceae Tremellales Bulleraceae Bulleribasidiaceae Cryptococcaceae Naemateliaceae Phaeotremellaceae Rhynchogastremaceae 13 Number of species 2 2968 2 2 2 2 6 4 2 8 1 1 1 3 1 2 7 7 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 27 1 1 5 1 5 9 15 1 4 1 12 10 1 1 8 Fungal Diversity Table 1 (continued) Class Order Family Ustilaginomycetes Trichosporonales Urocystidales Ustilaginales Agaricomycotina incertae sedis Basidiomycota genera incertae sedis Agaricomycotina incertae sedis Basidiomycota genera incertae sedis Tremellaceae Trimorphomycetaceae Tremellales genera incertae sedis Trichosporonaceae Doassansiopsidaceae Anthracoideaceae Ustilaginaceae Ustilaginales genera incertae sedis Agaricomycotina incertae sedis Basidiomycota genera incertae sedis Total Classification of freshwater fungal basal clades Aphelidiomycota Aphelidiomycetes Aphelidiales Aphelidiaceae Blastocladiomycota Blastocladiomycetes Blastocladiales Blastocladiaceae Catenariaceae Paraphysodermataceae Catenomycetales Catenomycetaceae Coelomomycetaceae Blastocladiomycetes Blastocladiomycetes genus incertae sedis genus incertae sedis Total Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycetes Chytridiales Asterophlyctaceae Chytridiaceae Chytriomycetaceae Phlyctochytriaceae Pseudorhizidiaceae Scherffeliomycetaceae Chytridiales genus incertae sedis Polyphagales Polyphagaceae Zygophlyctidales Zygophlyctidaceae Zygorhizidiales Zygorhizidiaceae Chytridiomycetes fam- Sparrowiaceae ily incertae sedis Chytridiomycetes gen- Chytridiomycetes genera incertae sedis era incertae sedis Cladochytriomycetes Cladochytriales Catenochytridiaceae Cladochytriaceae Endochytriaceae Nowakowskiellaceae Septochytriaceae Cladochytriales genera incertae sedis Lobulomycetes Lobulomycetales Alogomycetaceae Lobulomycetaceae Mesochytriomycetes Gromochytriales Gromochytriaceae Mesochytriales Mesochytriaceae Polychytriomycetes Polychytriales Arkayaceae Number of species 1 2 1 10 10 1 14 5 1 4 218 15 36 3 1 1 5 1 47 4 35 57 21 1 1 1 9 4 4 1 43 2 15 26 2 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 13 Fungal Diversity Table 1 (continued) Class Rhizophlyctidomycetes Order Family Rhizophlyctidales Polychytriaceae Borealophlyctidaceae Rhizophydiomycetes Rhizophydiales Spizellomycetes Synchytriomycetes Spizellomycetales Synchytriales Entomophthoromycota Entomophthoromy- Entomophthorales cetes Monoblepharomycota HyaloraphidiomyHyaloraphidiales cetes Monoblepharidomy- Monoblepharidales cetes Rhizophlyctidaceae Alphamycetaceae Angulomycetaceae Aquamycetaceae Collimycetaceae Coralloidiomycetaceae Globomycetaceae Gorgonomycetaceae Halomycetaceae Kappamycetaceae Pateramycetaceae Protrudomycetaceae Rhizophydiaceae Staurastromycetaceae Terramycetaceae Spizellomycetaceae Synchytriaceae Synchytriales genus incertae sedis Total 13 Olpidiomycota Olpidiomycetes 7 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 52 2 2 1 4 4 333 Ancylistaceae 2 Entomophthoraceae 4 Hyaloraphidiaceae 1 Gonapodyaceae 4 Harpochytriaceae Monoblepharidaceae Oedogoniomycetaceae Telasphaerulaceae Sanchytriomycota Sanchytriomycetes Mortierellomycota Mortierellomycetes Mucoromycota Endogonomycetes Mucoromycetes Number of species 12 10 1 1 Sanchytriales Sanchytriaceae 2 Mortierellales Mortierellaceae 5 Endogonales Mucorales Endogonaceae Choanephoraceae Cunninghamellaceae Lichtheimiaceae Mucoraceae Rhizopodaceae Syncephalastraceae Total Olpidiales Olpidiaceae 1 1 3 1 10 2 1 19 4 Fungal Diversity Table 1 (continued) Class Order Rozellomycota Microsporidea Amblyosporida Rozellomycota genera incertae sedis Zoopagomycota Zoopagomycetes Family Amblyosporidae Caudosporidae Gurleyidae Amblyosporida genera incertae sedis Glugeida Glugeidae Spragueidae Thelohaniidae Unikaryonidae Glugeida genus incertae sedis Neopereziida Berwaldiidae Neopereziidae Neopereziida genera incertae sedis Nosematida Enterocytozoonidae Mrazekiidae Nosematidae Ordosporidae Nosematida genera incertae sedis Microsporidea families Fibrillasporidae incertae sedis Cougourdellidae Duboscqiidae Microfilidae Neonosemoidiidae Pleistophoridae Toxoglugeidae Tuzetiidae Microsporidea genera Microsporidea genera incertae sedis incertae sedis Rozellomycota genera Rozellomycota genera incertae sedis incertae sedis Total Zoopagales Dothideomycetes Freshwater Dothideomycetes is a large taxonomic unit referring to fungal species having bitunicate asci, often with fissitunicate dehiscence, with many collected from freshwater. The ecology of freshwater fungi has not been systematically studied due to the variability and uncertainty of the host habitat, especially the specimens collected from the rainy or drought seasons. Thus, the numbers of freshwater Dothideomycetes are counted based on the fungi reported from biodiversity studies and/or single or multi-species taxonomic studies from freshwater habitats (Dong et al. 2020b). Dong et al. (2020b) is the key reference for a comprehensive taxonomic account of freshwater Dothideomycetes, including Zoopagaceae Overall total Number of species 49 5 24 2 12 7 10 6 1 4 12 3 1 6 6 1 4 2 2 3 2 1 10 1 7 20 20 221 3 3870 morphological descriptions, multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, notes with dichotomous keys of taxa, and mapped freshwater distributions with references for each species. According to recent statistics, freshwater dothideomycetous species reside in six orders, 43 families and 145 genera, while 46 genera are exclusively documented from freshwater environments (Dong et al. 2020b). In this paper, freshwater Dothideomycetes are distributed in 18 orders, 75 families and 229 genera. Pleosporales is the largest freshwater order with 391 freshwater species, followed by Tubeufiales and Jahnulales with 145 and 37 freshwater species, respectively (Table 3, Fig. 1). Few taxa are reported in Minutisphaerales, Capnodiales, and Kirschsteiniotheliales with 18, 13, and 12 freshwater species, respectively. Representative 13 Fungal Diversity Table 2 Classification of freshwater Arthoniomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa Taxon ASCOMYCOTA ARTHONIOMYCETES Arthoniales Arthoniaceae Arthonia caudata Arthonia helvola Arthonia radiata Chrysotrichaceae Chrysothrix caesia Chrysothrix granulosa Lecanographaceae Alyxoria varia Opegraphaceae Cresponea chloroconia Roccellaceae Enterographa osagensis Enterographa zonata Gyrographa gyrocarpa Pseudoschismatomma rufescens Schismatomma cretaceum Substrate Distribution References River watershed River watershed River watershed Canada Canada Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Maloles et al. (2018) Maloles et al. (2018) River watershed River Canada Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Björk et al. (2009) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Creek Waterfall Central North America Canada North America Canada Ukraine Morse (2013) Halda (2011) Earland-Bennett and Seaward (1974) Maloles et al. (2018) Khodosovtsev et al. (2016) River watershed Nature reserve Dothideomycetes taxa are illustrated in Fig. 2. Natipusillales is the only order in which all species are from freshwater habitats. In total, 677 dothideomycetous species are reported in this study from freshwater habitats. The taxonomic studies on freshwater fungi have greatly advanced with molecular data resulting in a rapid increase in fungal numbers (Zhang et al. 2017a; Bao et al. 2018, 2019c, 2020). However, large numbers of fungi are yet to be documented in poorly studied regions as shown in Dong et al. (2020b). Furthermore, the identities of some earlier proposed fungi need to be reappraised with molecular data to confirm their taxonomical status. Fungal numbers are often related to the numbers of researchers working on specific fungal groups. It is a challenge indeed for mycologists and/or taxonomists to classify and document this huge number of fungi before they become extinct. Eurotiomycetes Eurotiomycetes was established by Eriksson and Winka (1997) and presently consists of six subclasses: Chaetothyriomycetidae, Coryneliomycetidae, Cryptocaliciomycetidae, Eurotiomycetidae, Mycocaliciomycetidae, and Sclerococcomycetidae (Hibbett et al. 2007; Wood et al. 2016; Geiser et al. 2017; Réblová et al. 2017; Prieto et al. 2021). The microcolonies of Eurotiomycetes formed under natural conditions do not have much morphological differences leading 13 to difficulty morphologically in distinguishing species. The incorporation of molecular techniques in the fungal taxonomy made the classification of fungi more objective, accurate, and comprehensive (Wood et al. 2016; Réblová et al. 2017; Luo et al. 2019; Wijayawardene et al. 2020; Dong et al. 2020b; Prieto et al. 2021). Wijayawardene et al. (2020) provided an outline of the classification of the fungi and fungus-like taxa, and counted all legally published species, with a total of 3,994 Eurotiomycetes species. The Eurotiomycetes are medically and industrially important group (e.g., producers of toxic and potentially useful metabolites, fermentation agents in food and enzymes production, pathogens of humans and animals) (Alexopoulos et al. 1996; Jaklitsch et al. 2016; Quan et al. 2020). Eurotiomycetes includes mostly saprophytic species occurring in various substrates (e.g., wood, compost, dung, decaying plant material, foodstuffs, soil), and some have parasitic and/or commensal associations with other fungi (Yang et al. 2014, 2018a; Garrido-Benavent and Pérez-Ortega 2015; Jaklitsch et al. 2016; Le et al. 2020). Most species of Eurotiomycetes are reported in terrestrial environments, and freshwater environments account for only a small part (Liu et al. 2015b; Dong et al. 2020b; Wan et al. 2021) (Fig. 3). Currently known freshwater Eurotiomycetes are mostly saprophytes on submerged wood, decaying leaves, branches, and plant debris in lakes and streams (Liu et al. 2015b, 2018b; Dong et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2019). Some taxa grow on inundated stones and isolated from sediments Fungal Diversity in freshwater habitats, and even from drinking water (Iwatsu et al. 1991; de Hoog et al. 2011; Crous et al. 2013). Table 4 lists 276 species of freshwater Eurotiomycetes fungi, but this number is undoubtedly underestimated. The data includes common taxa in freshwater environments, i.e., Aspergillus, Penicillium, Thelidium, Verrucaria., and most of this data comes from cultivable fungi. In this paper, freshwater Eurotiomycetes are documented from seven orders, thirteen families and 49 genera. Verrucariales is the largest freshwater order with 127 freshwater species, followed by Eurotiales and Chaetothyriales with 76 and 46 freshwater species, respectively (Table 4). Representative freshwater Eurotiomycetes are illustrated in Fig. 3. The most speciose genus is Verrucaria with 50 freshwater species, followed by Penicillium (47 species), Thelidium (22 species), Aspergillus (18 species), Exophiala (17 species), and Staurothele (16 species). Many freshwater Eurotiomycetes are uncultivable, and some groups are misidentified without the help of molecular data as morphologically, they are indistinguishable. In addition, some species will inevitably be missed in the process of searching the published literature. Laboulbeniomycetes The Laboulbeniomycetes includes about 2100 species, most of which belong to the order Laboulbeniales (Weir and Hammond 1997; Goldmann and Weir 2018). The latter are all obligate biotrophs associated with arthropods, therefore it is possible to define “Freshwater Laboulbeniales” as species occurring on arthropods (which in this case are all insects) that live or spend most of their time in the aquatic environment. Insect ecology is not the “questionable” subject of this paper, and we rely on the definitions contained in a paper dealing with this topic (Jäch 1998). After this clarification, we can report that the “freshwater” Laboulbeniales total about 258 species and represent the 12% of the described species in this order of fungi. These 258 species are found in 25 genera, of which 20 include only aquatic species, while the other 4 are mainly composed of species that live in other ecosystems (Table 5). Figure 4 illustrates Laboulbeniomycetes from freshwater habitats. These numbers are entirely provisional. Freshwater Laboulbeniales have received little attention in recent years, with only 7 species described during the last six years (Rossi et al. 2016; Das et al. 2018; Santamaria et al. 2020; Boonmee et al. 2021; Sundberg et al. 2021). On the other hand, molecular analysis confirmed the presence of dimorphic species in the largest genus Chitonomyces (Goldmann and Weir 2012): which is something that will certainly affect the taxonomy (and the numbers) of this and other genera. Leotiomycetes Leotiomycetes, the most diverse ascomycetous class in Pezizomycotina, encompasses hyphomycetes with undetermined sexual morphs and apothecial or cleistothecial-bearing fungal members that are either distinctively growing on the substrates or immersed in stromatic tissues (Berbee 2001; Baschien et al. 2013; Johnston et al. 2019). Freshwater Leotiomycetes thrives on various submerged substrates or floating objects either in static or running waters (Shearer 1993a; Goh and Hyde 1996c; Thomas 1996). Freshwater Leotiomycetes have been found in various environments: ponds, rainfall, melting ice (Czeczuga and Orłowska 1999), lakes (Ingold 1954), springs (Czeczuga et al. 2007), swamps (Shearer and Crane 1986; Raja et al. 2008b), a polluted lake (Luo et al. 2004), rivers (Funck et al. 2015), water distribution system (Grabińska-Łoniewska et al. 2007) and on various substrates: herbaceous and woody substrates (Tsui et al. 2000; Wong and Hyde 2001), dead cryptogamic plants (Ingold 1954), scums trapped by woody debris in streams (Ingold 1974), and isolated from stream spume (Magnes and Hafellner 1991; Baschien et al. 2013). In previous studies on fungal discoveries, freshwater Leotiomycetes were listed along with other classes under freshwater ascomycetes (Shearer 1993a; Cai et al. 2003d; Vijaykrishna et al. 2006; Shearer and Raja 2013) or documented exclusively as discomycetes (Ingold 1954; Kjuller 1960; Beaton and Weste 1976, 1977), as hyphomycetes (Dudka 1963; Marvanová and Descals 1987; Yu et al. 1988; Zhu and Yu 1992; Czeczuga and Orłowska 1999; Baschien et al. 2013), Ingoldian fungi (Ingold 1942; Chan et al. 2000), and aero-aquatic fungi (Abdullah and Webster 1983; Sriindrasutdhi et al. 2015). Studies documenting the overall freshwater fungal members within Leotiomycetes are lacking (Baschien et al. 2013). Previous discoveries on new taxa and sexual morph association of freshwater Leotiomycetes were solely based on morphological observation (Ingold 1942; Beaton and Weste 1977; Muller et al. 1979; Shearer 1993a, b; Webster et al. 1993, 1995). However, the advance of sequencing technology introduced deeper morpho-phylogenetic insights on novel species and holomorph revelation of freshwater Leotiomycetes from various regions and substrates (Belliveau and Bärlocher 2005; Campbell et al. 2006, 2009; Baschien et al. 2013; Duarte et al. 2015; Sri-indrasutdhi et al. 2015; Baudy et al. 2019). Additionally, evolutionary lineages of freshwater fungi began to unfold. Studies on evolutionary freshwater fungi based on 18S rRNA data revealed that terrestrial fungi were the common ancestors of freshwater Leotiomycetes along with other classes (Dothideomycetes, Orbiliomycetes, Sordariomycetes) (Belliveau and Bärlocher 2005; Vijaykrishna et al. 2006). Hence, providing freshwater fungi with DNA molecular data is important not only for basic taxonomic justification but also to answer unsolved evolutionary links within Leotiomycetes. This study provides a list of freshwater Leotiomycetes including 13 13 Table 3 Classification of freshwater Dothideomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa Taxon Distribution References Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Thailand Pinnoi et al. (2006) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, river, stream, lake) China Thailand Australia, Brunei, China, Malaysia, Philippines Hu et al. (2013b) Pinruan et al. (2014) Hyde (1993a), Goh and Hyde (1999), Ho et al. (2001), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004) Foam (rivulet, river, stream), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream) Austria, Canada, France, Ireland, UK Tripospermum infalcatum Rainwater: building roofs, needles of Pinus densiflora Japan, Poland Tripospermum limneticum Tripospermum myrti Submerged decaying leaves Foam (rivulet, stream), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, water-filled treeholes India Austria, Brazil, Canada, France, Hungary, India, Malaysia Tripospermum prolongatum Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, submerged decaying leaves (stream), foam (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of dicotyledon (stream) India, USA China Ingold et al. (1968a), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000) Ando and Tubaki (1984a), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Patil et al. (2019) Nawawi (1985b), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Gönczöl and Révay (2003), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Sinclair and Morgan-Jones (1979a), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Qiao et al. (2017) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Thailand Pinruan et al. (2014) Equisetum fluviatile Equisetum fluviatile Equisetum fluviatile Carex rostrata, Eriophorum angustifolium River Austria Austria Austria Austria Bulgaria Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Shivarov et al. (2018) ASCOMYCOTA DOTHIDEOMYCETES Asterinales Morenoinaceae Morenoina palmicola Botryosphaeriales Botryosphaeriaceae Dothiorella uruguayensis Lasiodiplodia theobromae Tiarosporella paludosa Neodevriesiaceae Tripospermum camelopardus Tripospermum sinense Phyllostictaceae Guignardia manokwaria Capnodiales Mycosphaerellaceae Mycosphaerella aspidii Mycosphaerella equisetina Mycosphaerella equiseticola Mycosphaerella perexigua Stigmidium rivulorum Teratosphaeriaceae Fungal Diversity Substrate Taxon Substrate Distribution References Apenidiella foetida Apenidiella strumelloidea Collemopsidiales Xanthopyreniaceae Collemopsidium japonicum Collemopsidium monense Zwackhiomyces lacustris Dothideales Saccotheciaceae Aureobasidium melanogenum Aureobasidium pullulans Submerged plant debris (river) Leaf of Carex sp. (stagnant water) Spain Russia Crous et al. (2019) Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) Nature reserves Stream Stream and lake margin Japan UK Europe Harada (1999) Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Orange (2002) Ground- and tapwater Water (lake, pond), glacial meltwater river Slovenia Slovakia, Argentina Novak Babič et al. (2016) Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993), de García et al. (2012) Submerged decaying wood (river) China, South Africa Tsui et al. (1998b) Submerged decaying wood (pond) Thailand Hyde et al. (2020a) Scirpus, Typha USA Cavaliere (1975) Submerged decaying wood (river) Raja et al. (2005, 2009b), Shearer et al. (2015) Raja et al. (2005), Raja et al. (2009b), Dong et al. (2020b), Liu et al. (2015a) Raja and Shearer (2007), Raja et al. (2009b) Pang et al. (2002) Pang et al. (2002), Raja et al. (2009b) Hyde (1992a), Hyde and Wong (1999b), Tsui et al. (2000), Ho et al. (2001), Tsui and Hyde (2004), Raja and Shearer (2006), Hyde (2007), Raja et al. (2009b), Suetrong et al. (2011), Shearer et al. (2015) Dyfrolomycetales Pleurotremataceae Melomastia aquatica Hysteriales Hysteriaceae Gloniopsis calami Hysteriales genus incertae sedis Graphyllium planispora Jahnulales Aliquandostipitaceae Aliquandostipite crystallinus Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Costa Rica, Panama, Peru, USA, Venezuela Costa Rica, USA, Thailand Aliquandostipite manochiae Aliquandostipite minuta Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decorticated wood (swamp) Thailand USA Aliquandostipite separans Aliquandostipite siamensiae Ascagilis bipolaris Submerged decaying branches Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall) Egypt Thailand, USA Australia, China, Costa Rica, Malaysia, Peru, Thailand, USA Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 13 Table 3 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Ascagilis guttulaspora Ascagilis queenslandica Ascagilis seychellensis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) China Australia Brazil, Costa Rica, Seychelles Ascagilis submersa Ascagilis sunyatsenii Ascagilis thailandensis Brachiosphaera jamaicensis Brachiosphaera tropicalis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying herbaceous, wood (river, stream, waterfall), foam (river), water Thailand China Thailand Jamaica, China, Poland Brazil, China, Malaysia, Panama, Peru, Thailand, USA, Venezuela Jahnula apiospora Jahnula appendiculata Submerged decorticated wood (creek) Canada Peru, Thailand Submerged decaying wood (e.g. (Azadirachta indica var. siamensis, Erythrophleum teysmannii, Melaleuca cajuputi, Shorea obtusa, S. roxburghii, Wrightia tomentosa, Xylia xylocarpa, Zollingeria dongnaiensis (river), Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Salix sp.) (creek, lake, China, France, Germany, Malaysia, stream, waterfall) South Africa, Thailand, USA Hyde et al. (2017b) Hyde et al. (2019) Hyde and Wong (1999b), Raja and Shearer (2006), Barbosa et al. 2013a) Dong et al. (2020b) Inderbitzin et al. (2001), Pang et al. 2002) Dong et al. (2020b) Crane and Dumont (1975), Chang (1994) Descals et al. (1976), Tubaki et al. (1983), Chang (1994), Cai et al. (2002b), Campbell et al. (2007). Smits et al. (2007), Raja et al. (2009b), Suetrong et al. (2011), Shearer et al. (2015) Raja et al. (2008a) Pinruan et al. (2002), Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007), Sivichai and Boonyuen (2010), Shearer et al. (2015) Jahnula aquatica Submerged decorticated wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Ecuador, USA China, South Africa, Thailand Jahnula morakotii Jahnula poonythii Submerged Azadirachta indica test block (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Thailand China, Mauritius, Mexico Jahnula purpurea Jahnula rostrata Submerged decorticated branch (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream) Martinique China, USA Jahnula sangamonensis Submerged decorticated wood (river) USA Jahnula seychellensis Submerged decaying wood and twig (stream, river) Brazil, Philippines, Seychelles Jahnula systyla Submerged decaying wood (river) Australia, China, Malaysia Fungal Diversity Jahnula bipileata Jahnula granulosa Kirschstein (1936), Hawksworth (1984), Ho (1998), Hyde and Wong (1999b), Ho et al. (2001), Raja and Shearer (2006), Raja et al. (2009b), Fournier et al. (2010), Sivichai et al. (2011) Raja and Shearer (2006) Hyde and Wong (1999b), Cai et al. (2002b), Suetrong et al. (2011) Sivichai and Boonyuen (2010) Hyde and Wong (1999b), Cai et al. (2002b), Luo et al. (2004), González and Chavarría (2005) Fournier et al. (2015) Raja and Shearer (2006), Raja et al. (2009b), Dong et al. (2020b), Raja and Shearer (2006), Raja et al. (2009b) Hyde and Wong (1999b), Cai et al. (2003a), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Ho (1998), Hyde and Wong (1999b), Ho et al. (2001) Taxon Substrate Distribution Megalohypha aqua-dulces Neojahnula australiensis Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Panama, Thailand Australia, Brunei, China, Peru, Thailand, USA Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Brazil, China China China China, Thailand China Pseudojahnula potamophila Xylomyces acerosisporus Xylomyces aquaticus Xylomyces chlamydosporus Xylomyces foliicola Xylomyces giganteus Xylomyces punctatus Xylomyces pusillus 13 Kirschsteiniotheliales Kirschsteiniotheliaceae Kirschsteiniothelia aquatica Kirschsteiniothelia atra Kirschsteiniothelia cangshanensis Kirschsteiniothelia fluminicola Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata Kirschsteiniothelia submersa Kirschsteiniotheliales genera incertae sedis References Ferrer et al. (2007) Hyde (1993b), Ho et al. (2001), Raja et al. (2009b), Suetrong et al. (2011), Shearer et al. (2015), Dong et al. (2020b) Submerged decaying wood (river) Australia, Costa Rica, USA Hyde and Wong (1999b), Raja and Shearer (2006), Raja et al. (2009b), Submerged decaying leaves (river) Brazil Oliveira et al. (2015b) Submerged decaying woods (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Austria, Brazil, Hungary, Poland, Spain, Dudka (1966), Czeczuga et al. (1990), Thailand, Ukraine, UK, USA Hyde and Goh (1999a), Marvanová Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) and leaves, foam (stream), (2000), Sivichai et al. (2002), Gönczöl water (river), submerged decaying Licuala longicalyand Révay (2003), Pinnoi et al. (2006), cata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp), water-filled Pinruan et al. (2007), Barbosa et al. treeholes (2013b), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2017) Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, waterfall) Australia, Brazil, Brunei, China, SeyGoos et al. (1977), Lamore and Goos chelles, Thailand, USA (1978), Goh et al. (1997a), Hyde and Goh (1997), Hyde and Goh (1998c), Tsui et al. (2001d), Fryar et al. (2004), Luo et al. (2004), Raja et al. (2009b), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying wood and leaves (e.g., Calophyllum Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza et al. 2018) brasiliense) (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Australia, China, South Africa Goh et al. (1997a), Hyde et al. (1998a), Jiang et al. (2008) Submerged decaying wood (river) China Goh et al. (1997a), Tsui et al. (2001d) Submerged decaying wood and leaf (lake, river) Brazil, China Goh et al. (1997a), Tsui et al. (2001d), Cai et al. (2002b), da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Barbosa et al. (2013b), Bao et al. (2018) Su et al. (2016a) Bao et al. (2018) Bao et al. (2018) Hyde et al. (2017b), Bao et al. (2018) Su et al. (2016a) Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Substrate Distribution References Brachysporiella gayana Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, stream, waterfall), submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Brazil, China, Thailand Brachysporiella pulchra Brachysporiella rhizoidea Submerged decaying twig (stream) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Brazil China, Thailand Brachysporiella setosa Taeniolella longissima Taeniolella phialosperma Lichenotheliales Lichenotheliaceae Endococcus rugulosus Endococcus verrucisporus Lichenotheliaceae Endococcus rugulosus Monoblastiales Monoblastiaceae Acrocordia cavata Microthyriales Microthyriales genera incertae sedis Heliocephala elegans Minutisphaerales Acrogenosporaceae Acrogenospora aquatica Acrogenospora basalicellularispora Acrogenospora ellipsoidea Acrogenospora guttulatispora Acrogenospora obovoidspora Acrogenospora olivaceospora Acrogenospora ovalis Acrogenospora sphaerocephala Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged Scots pine test block (water-cooling tower) Sediment Brunei, China UK Korea Goh and Hyde (1999), Pinnoi et al. (2006), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Pinruan et al. (2007), Tsui et al. (2001b), Pinnoi et al. (2006), Ranghoo et al. (1999), Tsui et al. (2001b) Ho et al. (2001) Jones et al. (2002) Goh et al. (2021a) Stream and lake margin Stream and lake margin Europe Europe Orange (2002) Orange (2002) Stream and lake margin Europe Orange (2002) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall), bamboo, leaves (stream), decaying Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp), submerged Phragmites (river) China China China China China China China Brazil, Brunei, China, Philippines, Seychelles, South Africa, Thailand, USA, UK Submerged decaying wood (river) China Bao et al. (2020) Bao et al. (2020) Hu et al. (2010a) Bao et al. (2020) Bao et al. (2020) Bao et al. (2020) Goh et al. (1998c) Lamore and Goos (1978), Shearer and Crane (1986), Hyde and Goh (1998c), Goh and Hyde (1999), Sivichai et al. (2000b), Tsui et al. (2000), Cai et al. (2003a), Barbosa et al. (2013b), Hyde et al. (2019) Bao et al. (2020) Acrogenospora submersa Fungal Diversity Taxon Taxon Substrate Distribution References Acrogenospora subprolata Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) China Acrogenospora thailandica Acrogenospora verrucispora Acrogenospora yunnanensis Minutisphaeraceae Minutisphaera aquaticum Minutisphaera aspera Minutisphaera fimbriatispora Minutisphaera japonica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand China China Goh et al. (1998c), Tsui et al. (2001d), Bao et al. (2020) Hyde et al. (2019) Bao et al. (2020) Bao et al. (2020) Submerged decorticated wood river) Submerged decorticated wood (stream) Submerged decorticated wood (pond) Submerged decorticated Fraxinus excelsior, Salix sp. (brook) Submerged decorticated wood (swamp) Thailand USA USA Japan, France Bao et al. (2019a) Raja et al. (2015) Ferrer et al. (2011), Raja et al. (2013b) Raja et al. (2013b, 2015) USA Raja et al. (2015) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Submerged corticated wood (swamp) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Submerged corticated wood (swamp) Peru Ecuador Costa Rica, Peru Ecuador Raja et al. (2012b), Shearer et al. (2015) Ferrer et al. (2011) Ferrer et al. (2011), Shearer et al. (2015) Ferrer et al. (2011) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Thailand Egypt Thailand Zhang et al. (2012a) Dong et al. (2020b) Pinnoi et al. (2006) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood Thailand Thailand Dong et al. (2020b) Bao et al. (2019b) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood China China Hyde et al. (2019) Hyde et al. (2019), Dong et al. (2020b) Minutisphaera parafimbriatispora Monoblastiales Monoblastiaceae Acrocordia cavata Natipusillales Natipusillaceae Natipusilla bellaspora Natipusilla decorospora Natipusilla limonensis Natipusilla naponensis Pleosporales Acrocalymmaceae Acrocalymma aquaticum Acrocalymma bipolare Acrocalymma medicaginis Aigialaceae Fissuroma neoaggregatum Neoastrosphaeriella aquatica Amniculicolaceae Amniculicola aquatica Amniculicola guttulata Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 13 Table 3 (continued) Substrate Amniculicola longissima Austria, Brazil, Canada, Czech Repub- Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Ranzoni Submerged decaying wood (Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseu(1953), Hudson and Ingold (1960)ngold lic, France, Germany, India, Ireland, doplatanus, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus (1960, Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960), Jamaica, Nigeria, Poland, UK, USA, sylvatica, Ulmus sp.) (stream), foam (stream, spring, river, Petersen (1962), Crane (1968), AlasoaVenezuela lake), submerged decaying leaves of Salix spp., Populus dura (1968a), Iqbal and Webster (1973), spp., Betula glandulosa, Alnus tenuifolia, A. glutinosa Abdullah and Webster (1980), Bär(stream, river), water (river, stream), scum (stream), locher (1987), Czeczuga et al. (1990), sediment (dam, stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), canopies and palm species Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Smits et al. (2007), Baschien et al. (2008), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a) Submerged Salix sp. wood Denmark Zhang et al. (2009a) Partly submerged wood of Fraxinus excelsior France Zhang et al. (2008b) Submerged wood of Alnus glutinosa France Zhang et al. (2009a) Austria, Brazil. Canada, Czech Repub- Ingold (1958a), Dixon (1959), Hudson Scum (stream), foam (stream, river), submerged decaying and Ingold (1960), Baxter (1960), lic, France, Germany, India, Ireland, leaves of Alnus glutinosa, A. tenuifolia Salix spp., Populus Ingold (1960), Petersen (1962), AnastaJapan, Jamaica, Poland, Portugal, spp., Betula glandulosa (stream), sediment (dam), stemsiou (1964), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner Slovakia, UK, USA Venezuela flow and throughfall of tree canopies, water (river, stream) et al. (1993), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Smits et al. (2007), Baschien et al. (2008), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Ghate and Sridhar (2015), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018), Johnston and Baschien 2020) Submerge decayed leaves of Poaceae (river), foam (river) Ireland, UK Iqbal (1972a), Harrington (1997) Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Marvanová Foam (stream), submerged decaying leaves (stream), water Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), (river, stream) Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain¸ USA, Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Smits Venezuela et al. (2007), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Duarte et al. (2012), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Amniculicola immersa Amniculicola lignicola Amniculicola parva Anguillospora crassa Anguillospora curvula Anguillospora filiformis Distribution References Fungal Diversity Taxon Taxon Substrate Distribution References Anguillospora furtiva Foam (stream, river) Austria, Ireland, Slovakia, UK Anguillospora gigantea Cuba, Poland, USA Anguillospora mediocris Water (river, spring), decaying unidentified leaves (spring), submerged decaying leaves of Populus sp. (irrigation ditch) Submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream) Hungary Anguillospora pseudolongissima Submerged decaying leaves of Salix (rivulet), foam (river) Brazil, USA Anguillospora pulchella Anguillospora rosea Foam Foam (stream, river, waterfalls), apothecium of Orbilia on submerged branch of tree, submerged decorticated twigs USA Austria, Ireland, UK Anguillospora rubescens Anguillospora virginiana Fouskomenomyces cupreorufescens Submerged decaying grass blades (river) Foam Submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (oligotropic peat bog) Submerged decaying plant debris Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying plant debris Submerged decaying plant debris Submerged decaying plant debris Submerged dead herbaceous stem (Dipsacus?) Belarus USA Austria Submerged culm of Phragmites and stems of Typha latifolia Denmark, Pakistan, USA (lake), submerged decaying branches Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Baschien et al. (2008) Ranzoni (1953), Petersen (1962), Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Czeczuga et al. (1990) Gönczöl and Marvanová (2002), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005) Ranzoni (1953), Petersen (1962), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a) Parker and Roane (1976) Harrington (1997), Descals et al. (1998), Marvanová (2000), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005) Gulis and Marvanová (1999) Parker and Roane (1976) Voglmayr (2004), Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2020) Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2020) Bao et al. (2019d) Hyde et al. (2019) Bao et al. (2019d) Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2020) Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2020) Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2020) Magnes and Hafellner (1991), Zhang et al. (2012b) Fallah and Shearer (2001), Zhang et al. (2009b), Tanaka et al. (2010) Submerged bamboo stem Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Thailand Liu et al. (2015a) Dong et al. (2020b) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Japan Thailand Ariyawansa et al. (2015) Zhang et al. (2012a) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Thailand Thailand Dong et al. (2020b) Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007) Fouskomenomyces mimiticus Murispora aquatica Murispora cicognanii Murispora fagicola Murispora fissilispora Murispora asexualis Murispora navicularispora Murispora rubicunda Neomassariosphaeria typhicola 13 Anteagloniaceae Flammeascoma bambusae Purpureofaciens aquatica Aquasubmersaceae Aquasubmersa japonica Aquasubmersa mircensis Astrosphaeriellaceae Aquatospora cylindrica Astrosphaeriella angustispora Spain China China China Spain Spain Spain Austria, France Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Astrosphaeriella aquatica Submerged rachides of Livistona (river), submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta and Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged roots of Iriartea (stream) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Decaying Licuala longicalycata and Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river) Papua New Guinea, Ecuador, Thailand Hyde (1994a), Hyde and Fröhlich (1998), Pinruan et al. (2014) Ecuador Thailand Thailand Thailand Hyde and Fröhlich (1998) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinruan et al. (2014) Thailand Australia Papua New Guinea, Philippines Pinruan et al. (2014) Vijaykrishna and Hyde (2006) Hyde and Fröhlich (1998), Cai et al. (2003a) Hyde and Goh (1998c) Tsui et al. (2001f), Wong and Hyde (2001), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Shearer et al. (2007), Kurniawati et al. (2010) Ren et al. (2013) Ariyawansa et al. (2015), Dong et al. (2020b) Hyde et al. (1998a), Goh and Hyde (1999), Tsui et al. (2000), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004) Raja and Shearer (2008) Dong et al. (2020b) Dong et al. (2020b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Cai et al. (2002b), Hu et al. (2013a) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Cai et al. (2003a), Pinruan et al. (2014) Astrosphaeriella exorrhiza Astrosphaeriella floridana Astrosphaeriella frondicola Astrosphaeriella lophiostomopsis Astrosphaeriella malayensis Astrosphaeriella maquilingiana Astrosphaeriella papuana Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (lake, river, stream, waterfall), decaying culms of Thysanolaena maxima Seychelles China, Philippines, Thailand Astrosphaeriella thailandensis Caryospora aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream, waterfall) Thailand China, Thailand Caryospora minima Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (lake, stream, reservoir) China, Philippines, South Africa Caryospora obclavata Caryospora quercus Caryospora submersa Pithomyces elaeidicola Pithomyces flavus Pithomyces niger Pithomyces obscuriseptatus Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata Submerged decorticated woody debris Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Rainwater from building roofs Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river), decaying Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (stream) USA Thailand Thailand Brazil China Brazil Poland Philippines, Thailand Australia, China, South Africa Tsui et al. (2000), Cai et al. (2002b), Vijaykrishna and Hyde (2006) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Dong et al. (2020b) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Rainwater from building roofs Mexico Poland Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2004) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Xenoastrosphaeriella trochus Bambusicolaceae Bambusicola aquatica Corynesporascaceae Corynespora aquatica Corynespora cubensis Fungal Diversity Astrosphaeriella seychellensis Astrosphaeriella stellata Taxon Substrate Distribution References Corynespora lignicola Corynespora submersa Cucurbitariaceae Neocucurbitaria aquadulcis Neocucurbitaria variabilis Cyclothyriellaceae Massariosphaeria scirpina Massariosphaeria websteri Delitschiaceae Delitschia bispora Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) China China Hyde et al. (2020a) Hyde et al. (2020a) Submerged plant debris Submerged plant debris Spain Spain Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021) Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021) Typha leaves Submerged decaying culms of cf. Phragmites karka USA Pakistan Cavaliere (1975) Tanaka et al. (2010) Water-cooling towers UK Delitschia fasciatispora Delitschia palmietensis Dictyosporiaceae Aquadictyospora lignicola Aquaticheirospora lignicola Cheirosporium triseriale Cheirosporium vesiculare Dendryphiella vinosa Dictyocheirospora aquadulcis Dictyocheirospora aquatica Dictyocheirospora garethjonesii Dictyocheirospora gigantica Submerged branch (river) Submerged bark (river) Mauritius Mauritius Eaton and Jones (1970, 1971b), Eaton (1972) Hyde and Steinke (1996) Hyde and Steinke (1996) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., submerged test block of Anisoptera oblonga) (river, stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake) and bamboo (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) China Thailand China Egypt Thailand Thailand China China South Africa, Thailand Li et al. (2017) Kodsueb et al. (2007) Cai et al. (2008) Abdel-Aziz (2016a) Dong et al. (2020b) Hyde et al. (2019) Wang et al. (2016) Wang et al. (2016) Goh et al. (1999) China, Philippines Thailand China China, Thailand China Thailand China, Thailand Brunei, Thailand Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004) Yang et al. (2018b) Luo et al. (2004) Boonmee et al. (2016), Wang et al. (2016), Dong et al. (2020b) Cai et al. (2003b) Dong et al. (2020b) Boonmee et al. (2016), Fu et al. (2021) Ho et al. (2001), Pinruan et al. (2014) Egypt China China Liu et al. (2015a) Hu et al. (2010a) Goh et al. (1999) Dictyocheirospora heptaspora Dictyocheirospora indica Dictyocheirospora musae Dictyocheirospora rotunda Dictyocheirospora tetraploides Dictyocheirospora thailandica Dictyocheirospora vinaya Dictyosporium alatum 13 Dictyosporium aquaticum Dictyosporium biseriale Dictyosporium brahmaswaroopii Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream), decaying Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp) Submerged decaying date palm (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Substrate Distribution References Dictyosporium canisporum Dictyosporium digitatum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Anisoptera oblonga, Dipterocarpus alatus, Machilus velutina, Pinus massoniana, Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (reservoir, river, stream) and leaves (stream) Submerged decaying leaves and petiole (stream), submerged test blocks of Anisoptera oblonga, Dipterocarpus alatus, Machilus velutina, Pinus massoniana (stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus test block) (stream) Submerged decaying twigs (stream) Submerged decaying fronds of Phoenix dactylifera (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus test block) (river, stream, waterfall) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Machilus velutina, Pinus massonaina wood baits) (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying stem (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged bamboo culms (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged stems of Typha latifolia (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Australia, Brazil, Brunei, China, Thailand Cai et al. (2003b) Goh et al. (1999), Goh and Hyde (1999) Tsui et al. (2000), Tsui et al. (2001e), Sivichai et al. (2002) Brazil, China, Thailand Ho et al. (2001), Sivichai et al. (2002), Barbosa et al. (2013b) China China China, Thailand Brunei, China Cai et al. (2003c), Luo et al. (2004) Hyde et al. (2020b) Goh et al. (1999), Sivichai et al. (2002), Yang et al. (2018a) Boonmee et al. (2016) Abdel-Aziz (2016a) Shearer (1972) Luo et al. (2004) Crous et al. (2011) Sivichai et al. (2002), Kurniawati et al. (2010) Goh et al. (1999) China Thailand Thailand Buenos Aires Thailand China China Philippines China China China China China UK China China Cai and Hyde (2007a) Liu et al. (2015a) Yang et al. (2018b) Arambarri (2001) Yang et al. (2018b) Cai et al. (2003c) Wongsawas et al. (2009b) Cai et al. (2002c) Cai et al. (2003b) Ho et al. (1999a) Fu et al. (2021) Fu et al. (2021) Boonmee et al. (2016) Hyde et al. (2016b) Li et al. (2017) Boonmee et al. (2016) Dictyosporium elegans Dictyosporium lakefuxianense Dictyosporium muriformis Dictyosporium nigroapice Dictyosporium olivaceosporum Dictyosporium palmae Dictyosporium pelagicum Dictyosporium polystichum Dictyosporium stellatum Dictyosporium subramanianii Dictyosporium tetraseriale Dictyosporium tetrasporum Dictyosporium thailandicum Dictyosporium tratense Dictyosporium triramosum Dictyosporium tubulatum Dictyosporium yunnanense Dictyosporium zhejiangense Digitodesmium bambusicola Digitodesmium heptasporum Digitodesmium recurvum Jalapriya apicalivaginatum Jalapriya aquatica Jalapriya pulchra Pseudocoleophoma typhicola Pseudodictyosporium wauense Vikalpa lignicola Didymellaceae Japan Egypt USA China Ontario Thailand Fungal Diversity Taxon Taxon Substrate Distribution References Calophoma complanata Didymella castillejae Didymella glacialis Didymella hellebori Microsphaeropsis olivacea Nothophoma spiraeae Didymosphaeriaceae Didymosphaeria bisphaerica Didymosphaeria pittospora Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Carex rostrata Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged plant litter China Malaysia Austria Malaysia Brunei Korea Ho et al. (2001) Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Hyde (2007) Ho et al. (2001) Goh et al. (2021a) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged beech test blocks in storage tank and water in cooling tower Typha leaves Senescent culms of Schoenoplectus litoralis Submerged decaying wood Submerged, partially decomposed grass stem Thailand India Pinruan et al. (2007) Udaiyan and Hosagoudar (1991) UK China USA USA Pugh and Mulder (1971) Wong et al. (2000) Shearer (1972) Fallah and Shearer (2001) Foam (lake, spring, stream, river), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus sp. (stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Austria, Brazil, Canada, India, Spain, Switzerland, USA, Venezuela Submerged decaying leaves of Prunus and unidentified angiosperm leaves, foam (stream, lake, spring, river) Foam (stream), submerged decaying wood and leaves(stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) USA Ingold (1949), Anastasiou (1964), Crane (1968), Bärlocher (1987), Marvanová (2000), Smits et al. (2007), SchoenleinCrusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Menéndez et al. (2012) Petersen (1962), Crane (1968) Canada USA Iqbal (1972a), Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993) Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993) Sinclair and Morgan-Jones (1979a) Submerged decaying stream (stream) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Thailand Dong et al. (2020b) Tibpromma et al. (2017) Sumerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying branch of Populus sp. (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand China France China Calabon et al. (2021b) Su et al. (2016b) Crous et al. (2018) Dong et al. (2020b) Paraphaeosphaeria michotii Paraphaeosphaeria schoenoplecti Paraconiothyrium fuckelii Pseudotrichia allequashensis Dothidotthiaceae Mycocentrospora acerina Mycocentrospora angulata Mycocentrospora aquatica 13 Mycocentrospora clavata Mycocentrospora varians Hermatomycetaceae Hermatomyces sphaericus Latoruaceae Pseudoasteromassaria aquatica Pseudoasteromassaria spadicea Lentitheciaceae Halobyssothecium bambusicola Halobyssothecium cangshanense Halobyssothecium carbonneanum Halobyssothecium kunmingense Canada, UK Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Substrate Distribution References Halobyssothecium obiones Phragmites australis culms and stems, Typha leaves (river, swamps) UK, USA Halobyssothecium unicellulare Keissleriella linearis Lentithecium clioninum Lentithecium pseudoclioninum Poaceascoma aquaticum Setoseptoria arundinacea Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged dead stems of Phragmites sp. (lake) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged twigs of woody plant (pond) Submerged decaying bamboo (stream) Submerged decaying wood, submerged stems of Phragmites sp. (lake) Submerged dead herbaceous stems (river) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood Submerged culms of Phragmites australis and P. japonica (river) Egypt France Japan Japan Thailand China, Denmark, UK Pugh and Mulder (1971), Apinis et al. (1972a), Taligoola et al. (1972), Shearer and Crane (1986) Hyde et al. (2016b) Zhang et al. (2009c) Tanaka et al. (2005b) Tanaka et al. (2015) Luo et al. (2016a) Apinis et al. (1972a), Luo et al. (2004), Zhang et al. (2009c) Tanaka et al. (2004) Xu et al. (2020) Xu et al. (2020) Hirayama et al. (2010) Scirpus, Typha (lake) Submerged decaying wood (river), Phragmites australis stems and leaves USA USA, UK Phragmites australis culms Phragmites australis leaves Typha leaves Juncus filiformis (lake) UK UK UK Austria Cavaliere (1975) Lamore and Goos (1978), Dudka (1963), Apinis et al. (1972b), Taligoola et al. (1972), Lamore and Goos (1978) Apinis et al. (1972a) Apinis et al. (1972b) Pugh and Mulder (1971) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) China USA Dong et al. (2020b) Fallah and Shearer (2001) Arundellina typhae Clohesyomyces aquaticus Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged, partially decomposed stems of Typha latifolia and unidentified grass stem (lake) Submerged dead stem of Typha sp. (river) Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river, stream) UK Australia, China, Thailand Hongkongmyces aquaticus Hongkongmyces brunneisporus Hongkongmyces pedis Hongkongmyces snookiorum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream, lake) Freshwater (river) Submerged detritus (fen) Thailand China Korea Korea, USA Lindgomyces angustiascus Lindgomyces apiculatus Submerged decorticated wood (lake) Submerged twigs of woody plant (pond) USA Japan Hyde et al. (2016b) Hyde (1993a), Cai et al. 2006, Zhang et al. (2012a), Dong et al. (2020b) Dong et al. (2020b) Bao et al. (2021b) Pangging et al. (2021b) Crous et al. (2018), Pangging et al. (2021b) Raja et al. (2013a) Raja et al. (2011) Setoseptoria magniarundinacea Tingoldiago clavata Tingoldiago hydei Tingoldiago graminicola Leptosphaeriaceae Leptosphaeria acuta Leptosphaeria albopunctata Leptosphaeria culmifraga Leptosphaeria eustomoides Leptosphaeria modesta Leptosphaeria sepalorum Lindgomycetaceae Aquimassariosphaeria kunmingensis Aquimassariosphaeria typhicola Japan Thailand Thailand Japan, UK Fungal Diversity Taxon Taxon Substrate Distribution References Lindgomyces aquaticus Lindgomyces breviappendiculatus Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Thailand Japan Lindgomyces carolinensis Lindgomyces cigarosporus Lindgomyces cinctosporus Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood of Salix sp. and branchlet of Fagus sylvatica (brook, stream) Submerged wood and twig of Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Rhamnus cathartica, Frangula alnus, Salix sp., and submerged dead root of Platanus sp. (stream) Submerged woody debris (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus, Platanus sp., Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (reservoir, stream), submerged herbaceous stem (Scirpus brevicaudatus, S. validus, S. atrovirens, Typha latifolia) (lake) USA USA France, Spain, USA Dong et al. (2020b) Tanaka et al. (2005b), Hirayama et al. (2010) Raja et al. (2017) Raja et al. (2017) Hirayama et al. (2010), Zhang et al. (2014d) Zhang et al. (2014d) Lindgomyces lemonweirensis Lindgomyces madisonensis Lindgomyces okinawaensis Lindgomyces pseudomadisonensis Lindgomyces rotundatus Lolia aquatica Submerged, decorticated wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (creek) Submerged dead twigs (river) Submerged dead twigs of woody plant (river) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Salix sp.) (pond, river) Decayed stem of Phragmites australis (irrigation canal) USA USA Japan Japan Japan, USA Egypt Lolia dictyospora Neolindgomyces submersus Longipedicellataceae Longipedicellata aptrootii Submerged decayed rachis of Phoenix dactylifera (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Egypt Australia Lindgomyces griseosporus Lindgomyces ingoldianus France, Spain Australia, Brunei, China, France, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, USA Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river, stream, river) China, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand 13 Longipedicellata aquatica Pseudoxylomyces aquaticus Pseudoxylomyces elegans Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks), twigs, bark Thailand Thailand Australia, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Seychelles, Thailand, USA Submersispora variabilis Lophiostomataceae Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Shearer and Hyde (1997), Hyde and Aptroot (1998a), Tsui et al. (2000), Sivichai et al. (2002), Hirayama et al. (2010), Goh and Hyde (1999) Fallah and Shearer (2001), Zhang et al. (2014d) Raja et al. (2011) Crous et al. (2015) Li et al. (2016) Hyde et al. (2016b) Hirayama et al. (2010) Abdel-Aziz and Abdel-Wahab (2010), Abdel-Aziz (2016c) Abdel-Aziz (2016c) Hyde and Goh (1999b) Hyde and Wong (1999a), Cai et al. (2003a), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Zhang et al. (2016), Dong et al. (2020b), Goh and Hyde (1999) Dong et al. (2020b) Dong et al. (2020b) Goh et al. (1997a), Sivichai et al. (2000b, 2002), Tsui and Hyde (2004), Raja et al. (2007), Barbosa and Gusmão (2011), Patil and Borse (2015), Tanaka et al. (2015), Dong et al. (2020b), Chethana et al. (2021) Dong et al. (2020b) Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Biappendiculispora japonica Crassiclypeus aquaticus Pseudocapulatispora longiappendiculata Flabellascoma aquaticum Lentistoma aquaticum Lentistoma bipolare Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (pond) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, reservoir, stream, waterfall), submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp) China Japan China China Thailand Australia, Brunei, China, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines Seychelles, South Africa, Thailand, USA Lophiostoma amphibium Lophiostoma appendiculatum Lophiostoma aquaticum Equisetum fluviatile, Carex rostrata, C. nigra Submerged Salix wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Austria USSR Brunei, Malaysia, South Africa. UK Lophiostoma frondisubmersum New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, USA Lophiostoma lunisporum Lophiostoma maquilingense Lophiostoma proprietunicatum Lophiostoma purpurascens Submerged rachides of Livistona, submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp), submerged decaying wood (stream, river, waterfall) and bamboo (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Bao et al. (2019c) Hashimoto et al. (2018) Dong et al. (2020b) Bao et al. (2019c) Dong et al. (2020b) Hyde (1995a,b), Hyde and Aptroot (1998a), Hyde and Goh (1998c), Goh and Hyde (1999) Sivichai et al. (2000b), Tsui et al. (2000), Ho et al. (2001, 2002), Sivichai et al. (2002), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Pinruan et al. (2007, 2014), Raja et al. (2009b), Hashimoto et al. (2018) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Dudka (1963) Webster (1965), Hyde and Aptroot (1998a), Hyde et al. (1998a), Ho et al. (2001) Hyde (1994a), Cai et al. (2003a), Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007), Raja et al. (2009b), Kurniawati et al. (2010) Neotrematosphaeria biappendiculata Neovaginatispora fuckelii Sigarispora arundinis Sigarispora clavata Vaginatispora aquatica Submerged decaying wood (pond) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Phragmites australis Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Japan China USSR China Australia, China, Thailand Vaginatispora armatispora Submerged decaying wood (waterfall) Thailand Lophiotremataceae Lophiotrema culmifragum Lophiotrema rubi Massarinaceae Schoenoplectus lacustri Submerged, partially decomposed wood (lake) USSR USA Australia Philippines China Australia, China, New Guinea Hyde and Goh (1998a) Hyde and Aptroot (1998a) Tsui et al. (1999b), Luo et al. (2004) Hyde and Aptroot (1998a), Tsui et al. (2000) Tanaka et al. (2005a) Bao et al. (2019c) Dudka (1963) Bao et al. (2019c) Hyde (1995c), Tsui et al. (2000), Zhang et al. (2014a) Hu et al. (2010b), Bao et al. (2019c), Hyde et al. (2019) Fungal Diversity Dudka (1963) Fallah and Shearer (2001) 13 Taxon Substrate Distribution References Byssothecium circinans Submerged decaying wood (stream) Hungary Byssothecium flumineum Helminthosporium aquaticum Helminthosporium velutinum Massarina australiensis Massarina eburnea Melanommataceae Bertiella ellipsoidea Byssosphaeria schiedermayeriana Byssosphaeria siamensis Camposporium appendiculatum Camposporium antennatum Twigs of Prunus serotina (creek) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (waterfalls) Submerged decaying wood (lake) USA China China Australia USA Révay and Gönczöl (1990), Gönczöl and Revay (1993) Crane et al. (1992) Zhu et al. (2016) Zhu et al. (2016) Hyde (1992a) Fallah and Shearer (2001) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Foam (stream), water (stream) Thailand Seychelles Thailand China Hungary, Venezuela Camposporium cambrense Camposporium dulciaquae Camposporium fusisporum Camposporium hyalinum Camposporium marylandicum Camposporium multiseptatum Camposporium pellucidum Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged cupules of Fagus sylvatica (stagnant water) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream, reservoir), foam (stream), water-filled treeholes Thailand Thailand Philippines UK USA China Austria, Brazil, China, Hungary, India, Ireland, UK, Venezuela Camposporium quercicola Camposporium septatum Herpotrichia dalisayi Mamillisphaeria dimorphospora Submerged decaying bamboo (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Philippines Thailand Philippines Australia, Brunei, Malaysia Melanomma australiense Submerged decaying wood (stream) Australia Phragmocephala atra Phragmocephala garethjonesii Phragmocephala glanduliformis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Water-filled treeholes China China Hungary Hyde et al. (2018) Hyde and Goh (1998c) Hyde et al. (2018) Hyde et al. (2020b) Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Smits et al. (2007) Kurniawati et al. (2010) Calabon et al. (2021a) Cai et al. (2003a) Abdullah (1980) Shearer (1974) Hyde et al. (2020b) Ingold (1975), Gönczöl (1976b), Abdullah and Webster (1980), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Gönczöl and Révay (2003), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Smits et al. (2007), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Hyde et al. (2020b) Cai et al. (2003a) Hyde et al. (2020b) Hyde and Aptroot (1998b) Bareen and Iqbal (1994), Hyde et al. (1996b), Ho et al. (2001), Vijaykrishna and Hyde (2006), Hyde (2007) Hyde and Goh (1999b), Vijaykrishna and Hyde (2006) Su et al. (2015) Su et al. (2015) Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Substrate Tumularia aquatica Foam (rivulet, stream), submerged decaying leaves of broad- Austria, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Czech Republic, France, India, Poland, UK, leaved trees and shrubs, water (river), submerged leaf litter USA of Alnus glutinosa (stream) Tumularia tuberculata Foam (stream), submerged leaves of Alnus glutinosa, Alnus sp., Quercus, and Fagus sylvatica, stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, water (stream) Austria, Canada, France, Hungary, India, Spain Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, waterfall), bamboo (river), twigs Thailand Australia, Brunei, China, Martinique, Peru, Japan, Philippines, Thailand Twig (waterfall) Canada Morosphaeriaceae Aquihelicascus songkhlaensis Aquihelicascus thalassioideus Aquihelicascus yunnanensis Neohelicascus aquaticus Neohelicascus chiangraiensis Neohelicascus egyptiacus Neohelicascus elaterascus Neohelicascus gallicus Neohelicascus submersus Neohelicascus unilocularis Neohelicascus uniseptatus Mycoporaceae Mycoporum antecellens Neopyrenochaetaceae Distribution References Ingold (1943a), Ranzoni (1953), Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Iqbal and Webster (1973), Bärlocher (1987), Marvanová and Descals (1987), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Gönczöl (1976a), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Marvanová (2000), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014) Dong et al. (2020b) Hyde and Aptroot (1998a), Tsui et al. (2000), Ho et al. (2001), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004) Kurniawati et al. (2010), Zhang et al. (2013a), Tanaka et al. (2015), Shearer et al. (2015), Dong et al. (2020b) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Dong et al. (2020b) Submerged decaying wood (pond, stream) China, Japan, Thailand Zhang et al. (2013a), Tanaka et al. (2015), Zeng et al. (2018), Dong et al. (2020b) Submerged decaying wood (pond) Thailand Luo et al. (2016c) Submerged decaying dicotyledonous wood (river) Egypt Zhang et al. (2013a) Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) and bamboo Brunei, Chile, China, Japan, Peru, Phil- Shearer (1993b), Hyde et al. (1998a), Goh and Hyde (1999), Tsui et al. (2000), Ho (river), twigs (lake) ippines, South Africa, Thailand, USA et al. (2001), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Raja et al. (2009b), Tanaka et al. (2015), Shearer et al. (2015), Hyde et al. (2020a), Dong et al. (2020b) Submerged wood of Alnus glutinosa, Corylus avellana, Rob- France Zhang et al. (2014c) inia pseudoacacia, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix sp. (brook) Submerged decaying wood (river) China Dong et al. (2020b) Submerged decaying wood (river) Martinique Zhang et al. (2014c), Zhang et al. (2015) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Luo et al. (2016c) Björk et al. (2009) Fungal Diversity Taxon Taxon Substrate Distribution References Neopyrenochaeta asexualis Neopyrenochaeta glabra Neopyrenochaeta submersa Pyrenochaetopsidaceae Pyrenochaetopsis aquatica Nigrogranaceae Nigrograna aquatica Nigrograna cangshanensis Occultibambusaceae Brunneofusispora hyalina Occultibambusa aquatica Occultibambusa kunmingensis Occultibambusa pustula Seriascoma didymosporum Parabambusicolaceae Aquastroma magniostiolatum Parabambusicola aquatica Paramonodictys solitarius Periconiaceae Periconia aquatica Periconia byssoides Periconia cookei Periconia digitata Periconia minutissima Submerged plant debris Submerged plant debris Submerged plant debris Spain Spain Spain Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021) Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021) Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021) Submerged plant debris Spain Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand China Dong et al. (2020b) Tibpromma et al. (2017) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying bamboo (waterfall) Submerged decaying bamboo (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Thailand China China China Calabon et al. (2021a) Hyde et al. (2016b) Dong et al. (2020b) Dong et al. (2020b) Dong et al. (2020b) Submerged decaying wood (pond, stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Japan, Thailand Thailand Thailand Tanaka et al. (2015), Dong et al. (2020b) Dong et al. (2020b) Dong et al. (2020b) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) China USA, China China China Brazil, China, Philippines Submerged decaying wood (stream) Dead culms of Phragmites australis, submerged stems of unidentified herbaceous plant (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) China Japan Hyde et al. (2017b) Shearer (1972), Luo et al. (2004) Hyde et al. (2018) Luo et al. (2004) Cai et al. (2002b), Cai et al. (2003a) Luo et al. (2004), Barbosa et al. (2013b), Hyde et al. (2017b) Hyde et al. (2018) Tanaka et al. (2015) China Hyde et al. (2017b) Submerged branch of Robinia pseudoacacia, driftwood of Salix sp Submerged decaying wood France Zhang et al. (2013b) China Dong et al. (2020b) Nature Reserve Carex rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile Ukraine, UK Austria Khodosovtsev et al. (2016) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Periconia pseudobyssoides Periconia pseudodigitata Periconia submersa Phaeoseptaceae Phaeoseptum aquaticum 13 Pleopunctum pseudoellipsoideum Phaeosphaeriaceae Didymocyrtis pseudeverniae Juncaceicola alpina Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Substrate Distribution References Leptospora rubella Ophiobolus typhae Ophiosphaerella herpotricha Phaeosphaeria caricis Phaeosphaeria caricinella UK UK UK USA Austria Hyde et al. (2016b) Ingold (1951) Pugh and Mulder (1971) Fallah and Shearer (2001) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Phaeosphaeria culmorum Phaeosphaeria eustoma Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying leaves of Typha latifolia Typha sheath Submerged decaying grass (lake) Carex rostrata, C. paupercula subspec. irrigua, Juncus filiformis Carex rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile, Glyceria fluitans Submerged decaying wood (river), Typha leaves, Scirpus Austria UK, USA Phaeosphaeria halima Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides Phragmites australis stem Submerged beech wood, Carex rostrata UK Austria, UK Phaeosphaeria juncicola Phaeosphaeria licatensis Phaeosphaeria microscopica Scirpus, Typha Typha leaves Phragmites australis leaves and steam USA UK UK Phaeosphaeria sowerbyi Phaeosphaeria vilasensis Pleomassariaceae Beverwykella cerebriformis Beverwykella clathrata Typha leaves Submerged decaying Juncus stem (lake) USA USA Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Eaton and Jones (1971a), Pugh and Mulder (1971), Cavaliere 1975) Taligoola et al. (1972) Eaton and Jones (1971b), Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Cavaliere (1975) Pugh and Mulder (1971) Apinis et al. (1972b), Taligoola et al. (1972) Cavaliere (1975) Fallah et al. (1999b) Submerged decaying angiospermic leaves (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Pinus serotina and evergreen broad-leaved shrubs (puddles), Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Decaying leaves (tin can filled with rainwater), rainwater from building roofs, blackened leaf (pond), submerged Fagus leaves (stream), water-filled treeholes Malaysia Brazil, USA Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988b) Voglmayr and Delgado-Rodríguez (2003), Fiuza et al. (2019) Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, UK Submerged decaying wood (stream) Hungary van Beverwijk (1954), Abdullah and Webster (1980), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Révay and Gönczöl (1990) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Brunei, China Ho et al. (2001), Bao et al. (2021a) Water (river) Scirpus, Typha (lake) Submerged Typha leaves Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged leaf Submerged decaying twig Submerged decaying plant material Poland USA UK China Brazil Korea Korea Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Cavaliere (1975) Pugh and Mulder (1971) Su et al. (2015) da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Nam et al. (2020) Nam et al. (2020) Beverwykella pulmonaria Splanchnonema britzelmayrianum Pleomonodictydaceae Pleomonodictys capensis Pleosporaceae Alternaria alternata Clathrospora permunda Comoclathris typhicola Curvularia eragrostidis Curvularia geniculata Curvularia muehlenbeckiae Curvularia pseudobrachyspora Fungal Diversity Taxon Taxon Substrate Distribution References Curvularia verruculosa Decorospora gaudefroyi Platysporoides tirolensis Pleospora hydrophila Pleospora incerta Pleospora palustris Pleospora pelagica Pleospora phaeospora Pleospora scirpicola China UK Austria USSR Austria UK China Austria UK, USA, USSR Pleospora submersa Stemphylium majusculum Typhicola typharum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Carex rostrata (lake) Salix wood Carex rostrata Scirpus maritimus Submerged decaying wood (stream) Equisetum fluviatile (lake) Submerged decaying Scirpus validus stems (lake), Schoenoplectus lacustris stalks (la ke) Submerged decaying Salix twigs Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying Typha latifolia stem and leaves (lake) UK Brunei USA, UK Su et al. (2015) Webster and Lucas (1961) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Dudka (1963) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Webster and Lucas (1961) Hu et al. (2013b) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Ingold (1955), Dudka (1963), Fallah and Shearer (2001) Webster and Lucas (1961) Ho et al. (2001) Webster (1955), Pugh and Mulder (1971), Cavaliere (1975), Fallah and Shearer (2001) Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae Carinispora nypae Pseudoastrosphaeriella africana Pseudoastrosphaeriella aquatica Pseudoastrosphaeriella bambusae Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Dead bamboo stems (waterfall) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged dead branches of bamboo and wood (stream) Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Submerged dead branches of bamboo Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (lake), decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Thailand Brunei, China, Philippines, Thailand Submerged decaying wood (river) China Bao et al. (2021a) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged, partially decomposed bark (lake) Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China USA Philippines China China Dong et al. (2020b) Fallah and Shearer (2001) Cai et al. (2003a) Dong et al. (2020b) Dong et al. (2020b) Submerged wood (water-cooling towers) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Endophytic in Acorus calamus (pond), mud (rice field), sediment UK China China, Korea Eaton and Jones (1971b) Luo et al. (2004) Song et al. (2020), Goh et al. (2021a) Pseudoastrosphaeriella longicolla Pseudoastrosphaeriella papillata 13 Pseudoberkleasmiaceae Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense Roussoellaceae Roussoella aquatica Roussoella intermedia Roussoella minutella Neoroussoella bambusae Neoroussoella leucaenae Sporormiaceae Sporormiella minima Sporormiella minimoides Westerdykella aquatica Pinruan et al. (2014) Phookamsak et al. (2015) Dong et al. (2020b) Phookamsak et al. (2015), Dong et al. (2020b) Phookamsak et al. (2015) Hyde and Fröhlich (1998), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Pinruan et al. (2014) Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Substrate Distribution References Westerdykella aurantiaca Westerdykella dispersa Westerdykella multispora Westerdykella purpurea Striatiguttulaceae Longicorpus striatisporus Teichosporaceae Chaetomastia clavigera Testudinaceae Angustospora nilensis Tetraplosphaeriaceae Aquatisphaeria thailandica Ernakulamia cochinensis Sediment Sediment Beech wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Korea Korea UK Thailand Goh et al. (2021a) Goh et al. (2021a) Eaton (1972) Chethana et al. (2021) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall) Thailand Kurniawati et al. (2010) Schoenoplectus lacustris USSR Dudka (1963) Submerged decaying wood (river) Egypt Li et al. (2016) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood and leaf (stream) Thailand Brazil, Thailand Shrungabeeja aquatica Shrungabeeja vadirajensis Tetraploa abortiva Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Decaying leaf litter (river) Thailand Thailand Argentina Tetraploa aquatica Tetraploa aristata Submerged decaying wood (river) Decaying palm leaflets, submerged branches, roots of Ctenanthe oppenheimiana and Stromanthe sanguinea, stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, submerged decaying woods (stream, waterfall, river), foam (stream), decaying Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp) China Argentina, Brazil, China, Hungary, India, Japan, Malaysia, Peru, Thailand Tetraploa ellisii Leaf lesions of Oryza sativa (river) Peru Tetraploa puzheheiensis Tetraploa scheueri Tetraploa thailandica Tetraploa yunnanensis Triplosphaeria acuta Thyridariaceae Thyridaria triseptata Torulaceae Dendryphion aquaticum Dendryphion comosum Submerged decaying wood (wetland) Decaying leaves, Carex acutiformis Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (werland) Submerged bamboo culms (stream) China UK Thailand China, Thailand Japan Li et al. (2021b) da Silva and Gusmão (2015), Dong et al. (2020b) Dong et al. (2020b) Dong et al. (2020b) Schoenlein-Crusius and Piccolo Grandi (2003) Li et al. (2020) Révay (1993), Tsui et al. (2001d), Schoenlein-Crusius and Piccolo Grandi (2003), Hosoya et al. (2006), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Karamchand and Sridhar 2008, Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Pinruan et al. (2014) Schoenlein-Crusius and Piccolo Grandi (2003) Dong et al. (2020b) Scheuer (1991) Bao et al. (2021a) Dong et al. (2020b) Tanaka et al. (2009) Submerged decaying wood (lake) USA Fallah and Shearer (2001) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged leaves China Brazil Su et al. (2016a) da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Fungal Diversity Taxon 13 Taxon Substrate Distribution References Dendryphion fluminicola Dendryphion nanum Dendryphion submersum Neotorula aquatica Neotorula submersa Rostriconidium aquaticum Rostriconidium cangshanense Rostriconidium pandanicola Torula aquatica Torula herbarum Torula fici Torula gaodangensis Torula masonii Trematosphaeriaceae Falciformispora aquatica Falciformispora lignatilis Falciformispora uttaraditensis Hadrospora fallax Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake, river) Submerged decaying wood (stream, lake) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying twig (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake) China China, USA China China China China China China China Brazil, China China China China Su et al. (2018) Su et al. (2016a) Su et al. (2016a) Su et al. (2016a) Hyde et al. (2016b) Su et al. (2018) Shen et al. (2021) Shen et al. (2021) Su et al. (2018) Luo et al. (2004), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Su et al. (2018) Hyde et al. (2018) Su et al. (2018) Submerged decaying wood (waterfall) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying twigs (creek) Submerged decaying wood (lake, river) Thailand USA Thailand China, USA Trematosphaeria callicarpa Trematosphaeria confusa Trematosphaeria hydrela Trematosphaeria lineolatispora Trematosphaeria pertusa Submerged decaying wood (lake) and bamboo (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Decaying wood Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (water-cooling tower) China, Philippines, USA Australia, Malaysia Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USA Hungary, Japan, UK Hyde et al. (2019) Raja et al. (2009b) Hyde et al. (2020b) Shearer and Crane (1971), Luo et al. (2004 Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004) Hyde (1995b), Ho et al. (2001) Petrak (1925) Raja et al. (2009b) Eaton and Jones (1971b), Révay and Gönczöl (1990), Kane et al. (2002), Tanaka et al. (2015) Submerged decorticated debris (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) USA Thailand Thailand Raja et al. (2010b) Calabon et al. (2020a) Boonmee et al. (2019) Submerged bamboo (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decorticated wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Foam and submerged decaying leaf litter (stream) China Thailand USA Thailand Brazil India Cai and Hyde (2007b) Dong et al. (2020b) Shearer and Crane (1999) Calabon et al. (2020c) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003) Wicklowiaceae Wicklowia aquatica Wicklowia phuketensis Wicklowia submersa Pleosporales genera incertae sedis Ascorhombispora aquatica Fusiformiseptata crocea Isthmosporella pulchra Mycoenterolobium aquadictyosporium Mycoenterolobium platysporum Scolecobasidium anellii Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Substrate Distribution References Scolecobasidium dendroides Scolecobasidium flagelliferum Rebentischia unicaudata Repetophragma fasciatum Trypetheliales Polycoccaceae Polycoccum sp. Trypetheliaceae Arthopyrenia fallaciosa Tubeufiales Tubeufiaceae Acanthohelicospora aurea Acanthohelicospora guianensis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Rainwater from building roofs Submerged decaying wood (swamp) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Brunei Poland USA Brazil Ho et al. (2001) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Shearer and Crane (1986) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Stream and lake margin Europe Orange (2002) River Watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream, reservoir), stemflow Thailand China, India, Thailand Acanthophiobolus helicosporus Aquaphila albicans Carex paniculata Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, waterfall), bamboo (river)submerged rotting wood of angiosperm Denmark Australia, Brunei, China, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand Berkleasmium aquaticum Berkleasmium corticola Berkleasmium guangxiense Berkleasmium latisporum Berkleasmium longisporum Berkleasmium micronesiacum China Brazil, China China Thailand Thailand Thailand Philippines Malaysia Thailand Thailand Cai et al. (2003a) Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007) Lu et al. (2017a) Pinruan et al. (2007), (Pinnoi et al. (2006) Berkleasmium zhejiangense Boerlagiomyces grandisporus Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta and Nenga pumila (peat swamp) Submerged decaying bamboo (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Goh and Hyde (1999), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Munk (1957) Goh et al. (1998b), Ho et al. (2001), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Hyde et al. (2016b), Dong et al. (2020b) Lu et al. (2017a) Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Lu et al. (2017a) Lu et al. (2017a), Dong et al. (2020b) Lu et al. (2018c) Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2014) China Philippines Boerlagiomyces lacunosisporus Boerlagiomyces websteri Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decorticated wood (river) Wongsawas et al. (2009a) Stanley and Hyde (1997), Cai et al. (2003a) Hyde (1992b) Shearer and Crane (1995), Sivichai and Boonyene (2004) Berkleasmium monilicellulare Berkleasmium moriforme Berkleasmium thailandicum Berkleasmium typhae Australia USA, Thailand Fungal Diversity Taxon Taxon Substrate Distribution References Camporesiomyces vaccinii Chlamydotubeufia chlamydospora Chlamydotubeufia cylindrica Chlamydotubeufia huaikangplaensis Chlamydotubeufia krabiensis Dematiohelicoma perelegans Dematiohelicomyces helicosporus Dictyospora thailandica Stemflow and throughfall of palm species Submerged twig (creek) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood India Panama Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Helicoarctatus aquaticus Helicoarctatus thailandicus Helicodochium amazonicum Helicodochium aquaticum Helicohyalinum aquaticum Helicoma ambiens Helicoma atroseptatum Helicohyalinum infundibulum Helicoma aquaticum Helicoma gigasporum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood, decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood, bamboo (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) Thailand Thailand Brazil Thailand Thailand India Thailand Thailand Thailand China. Thailand Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Shearer (1987) Lu et al. (2018c) Hyde et al. (2017b) Hyde et al. (2017b) Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Hyde et al. (2016b), Lu et al. (2018c) Brahmanage et al. (2017), Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Yuan et al. (2020) Monteiro et al. (2014c) Lu et al. (2018c) Brahmanage et al. (2017) Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Tsui et al. (2001b), Pinruan et al. (2014) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Water-filled treeholes Submerged decorticated wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood, stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, foam (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Thailand USA Hungary China India, Thailand, Venezuela Helicoma guttulatum Helicoma hongkongense Helicoma longisporum Helicoma multiseptatum Helicoma nematosporum Helicoma pannosum Helicoma resinae Helicoma septoconstrictum Helicomyces ambiguus Helicomyces bellus Helicomyces chiayiensis Helicomyces colligatus 13 Helicomyces geniculatus Helicomyces hyalosporus Helicomyces macrofilamentosus Philippines, Thailand China, Thailand Thailand China Thailand Malaysia, Thailand China China Thailand Hyde et al. (2016b) Tsui et al. (2001b), Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Lu et al. (2018c) Lamore and Goos (1978) Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Kuo and Goh (2018a) Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Lu et al. (2018c) Kuo and Goh (2018a) Lu et al. (2018c) Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Substrate Helicomyces roseus Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Australia, Brazil, Brunei, China, India, Malaysia, Thailand Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (lake, stream, river, waterfall), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species, leaves (stream), foam (stream) Helicomyces scandens Helicomyces torquatus Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Submerged decaying wood (stream), twig, foam (stream), stemflow and throughfall of palm species India Brunei, China, India, Malaysia, Panama, Thailand, Venezuela Helicosporium aquaticum Helicosporium flavidum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (wood) Submerged decaying wood (wood) Stemflow and throughfall of palm species Submerged decaying wood (wood) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand China Hyde and Goh (1997), Ho et al. (2001, 2002), Sivichai et al. (2002), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Luo et al. (2004), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013), Barbosa et al. (2013b), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Lane and Shearer (1984), Ho et al. (2001), Smits et al. (2007), Ghate and Sridhar (2015), Lu et al. (2018c), Kuo and Goh (2018b) Lu et al. (2018c) Hsieh et al. (2021a) Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand India Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand China China China Thailand Thailand China China China China China Lu et al. (2018c) Brahmanage et al. (2017) Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Lu et al. (2018c) Dong et al. (2020b) Lu et al. (2018c) Dong et al. (2020b) Liu et al. (2018a) Liu et al. (2018a) Luo et al. (2017) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Luo et al. (2017) Dong et al. (2020b) Luo et al. (2017) Lu et al. (2018c) Hsieh et al. (2021a) China Thailand Luo et al. (2017) Dong et al. (2020b) Helicosporium flavisporum Helicosporium flavum Helicosporium gracile Helicosporium lumbricopsis Helicosporium murinum Helicosporium panachaeum Helicosporium setiferum Helicosporium thailandense Helicosporium vesicarium Helicotruncatum palmigenum Helicotubeufia guangxiensis Helicotubeufia jonesii Muripulchra aquatica Neochlamydotubeufia fusiformis Neochlamydotubeufia khunkornensis Neohelicomyces aquaticus Neohelicomyces dehongensis Neohelicomyces grandisporus Neohelicomyces hyalosporus Neohelicomyces longisetosus Neohelicomyces submersus Neohelicomyces thailandicus Distribution References Fungal Diversity Taxon 13 Taxon Substrate Distribution References Neohelicosporium acrogenisporum Neohelicosporium aquaticum Neohelicosporium astrictum Neohelicosporium ellipsoideum Neohelicosporium guangxiense Neohelicosporium griseum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (wood, reservoir, river) Thailand China Thailand Thailand China Brunei, China, Malaysia, Thailand Neohelicosporium hyalosporum Neohelicosporium irregulare Neohelicosporium krabiense Neohelicosporium parvisporum Neohelicosporium submersum Neohelicosporium sympodiophorum Neohelicosporium taiwanense Neohelicosporium thailandicum Neotubeufia krabiensis Parahelicomyces talbotii Parahelicomyces aquaticus Parahelicomyces hyalosporus Pseudohelicoon gigantisporum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream)` Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream), water (river) China Thailand Thailand China Thailand China China Thailand Thailand China, Thailand Thailand China Australia, Poland, Thailand Pseudohelicoon subglobosum Thaxteriellopsis lignicola Tubeufia abundata Tubeufia aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Thailand Thailand China, Thailand Tubeufia brevis Tubeufia brunnea Tubeufia cerea Tubeufia chlamydospora Tubeufia claspisphaeria Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Foam, submerged decaying leaf litter (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood, submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Thailand India Thailand China, Thailand Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018a) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018a) Goh and Hyde (1999), Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Lu et al. (2018a) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018a) Dong et al. (2020b) Hsieh et al. (2021a) Kuo and Goh (2018a) Lu et al. (2018a) Chaiwan et al. (2017) Lu et al. (2018c), Hsieh et al. (2021a) Lu et al. (2018c) Luo et al. (2017) Goh and Hyde (1996a), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Goh and Kuo (2018) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Luo et al. (2017), Lu et al. (2018c), Dong et al. (2020b) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003) Lu et al. (2018c) Kodsueb et al. (2004), Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007) Sivichai et al. (2002), Luo et al. (2017), Lu et al. (2018c), Dong et al. (2020b) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Tubeufia cylindrothecia Tubeufia dictyospora Tubeufia eccentrica China, Thailand Thailand China Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Substrate Distribution References Tubeufia fangchengensis Tubeufia filiformis Tubeufia geniculata Tubeufia guangxiensis Tubeufia hechiensis Tubeufia hyalospora Tubeufia inaequalis Tubeufia krabiensis Tubeufia latispora Tubeufia laxispora Tubeufia mackenziei Tubeufia palmarum Tubeufia parvispora Tubeufia rubra Tubeufia sympodihylospora Tubeufia sympodilaxispora Tubeufia sympodiophora Tubeufia taiwanensis Tubeufia tectonae Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Thailand China China China Thailand China, Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Brunei, Malaysia Thailand China China China China China Thailand Tubeufia tratensis Tubeufia xylophila Xenosporium africanum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) Thailand China China Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2017b), Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Chaiwan et al. (2017), Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Hyde et al. (2016b) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2017b) Lu et al. (2017b), Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2017b) Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Ho et al. (2002) Lu et al. (2018c) Hyde et al. (2016b), Lu et al. (2018c), Dong et al. (2020b) Lu et al. (2018c) Lu et al. (2018c) Kuo and Goh (2021) China Kuo and Goh (2021) China Kuo and Goh (2021) Throughfall of palm species Foam (stream, river), sediment (dam, stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies India India, Malaysia, Thailand, Venezuela Phalangispora nawawii Submerged decaying leaves (river), foam (stream) India, Malaysia, Venezuela Phalangispora sinensis Submerged decaying leaves (stream) China Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Nawawi and Webster (1982a), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Kuthubutheen (1987a), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Smits et al. (2007) Guo et al. (2019) Xenosporium formosiforme Xenosporium parvulum Wiesneriomycetaceae Phalangispora bharathensis Phalangispora constricta Fungal Diversity Taxon Taxon Substrate Distribution References Setosynnema isthmosporum Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Papua New Guinea, Thailand Setosynnema limnetica Setosynnema yunnanense Speiropsis hyalospora Submerged leaves (river) India Submerged decaying dicotyledonous leaves (river) China Submerged leaves of Coffea arabica (stream), foam (stream) India Speiropsis pedatospora Rainwater from building roofs, submerged leaves of Coffea arabica (stream), foam (stream, rivulet), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Austria, India, Poland, Thailand Speiropsis scopiformis Submerged decaying angiospermous leaves (stream) Brazil, Malaysia Wiesneriomyces conjunctosporus Wiesneriomyces laurinus Submerged decaying wood Malaysia Rainwater from building roofs, submerged decaying Licuala Brazil, India, Malaysia, Poland, Thailand longicalycata (peat swamp), submerged decaying leaves (stream), foam (stream) Shaw and Sutton (1985), Marvanová and Hywel-Jones (2000) Borse et al. (2019) Bai et al. (2013) Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1988, 1992), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003) Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1988, 1992), Voglmayr (1996), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Sivichai and Boonyene (2004), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1987a), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1988c) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Pinruan et al. (2007), Barbosa et al. (2013b), Pinruan et al. (2014), Hosoya et al. (2019) Venturiales Venturiaceae Magnohelicospora fuscospora Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis Argynnaceae Lepidopterella palustris Submerged decaying leaves and twigs of Salix (reservoir) Ireland Abdullah and Webster (1980) Submerged decaying wood (swamp) USA Lepidopterella tangerina Submerged decaying wood (river) USA Shearer and Crane (1980), Raja et al. (2009b) Raja and Shearer (2008), Raja et al. (2009b) Pseudorobillardaceae Pseudorobillarda phragmitis Water (river), foam (rivulet, stream) Austria, India, Poland Submerged decaying wood, decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Thailand Carex nigra, C. rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile, Eriophorum angustifolium, Juncus filiformis (lake) Austria Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Submerged petiole of Nymphaea odorata USA Raja et al. (2010c) Pseudorobillarda sojae Czeczuga et al. (1990), Voglmayr (1996), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003) Plaingam et al. (2005), Pinruan et al. (2014) Trichothyriaceae Lichenopeltella nigroannulata 13 Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis Alascospora evergladensis Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued) 13 Table 3 (continued) Substrate Distribution References Ascominuta lignicola Submerged decaying wood, submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Nenga pumila (peat swamp) China, Thailand Ascominuta ovalispora Bactrodesmium aquaticum Bactrodesmium indicum Bactrodesmium spilomeum Clavariopsis aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river, reservoir) Submerged beech test block (cooling tower) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana, Tilia cordata, Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula glandulosa, and Alnus tenuifolia) (stream), submerged decaying leaves of Coffea arabica and Hevea brasiliensis (stream), foam (stream, rivulet, river, spring, lake), water (river, stream), scum (stream), sediment (dam), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Thailand India Clavariopsis azlanii Submerged decaying leaves, foam (stream) India, Malaysia, Venezuela Clavariopsis brachycladia Clavariopsis bulbosa Gibbera myrtilli Submerged leaf of Acer Foam (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Vaccinium macrocarpon, V. oxycoccus, Ledum groenlandicum (lake) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decaying wood (lake, river) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Japan India USA Ranghoo and Hyde (2000), Pinruan et al. (2007), Hu et al. (2010b), Pinruan et al. (2014) Hu et al. (2010a) Borse (2019) Rao (1983) Hyde and Goh (1999a) Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Ranzoni (1953), Hudson and Ingold (1960), Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960), Crane (1968), Iqbal and Webster (1973), Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1988), Czeczuga et al. (1990), Gessner et al. (1993), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Menéndez et al. (2012), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Nawawi (1987a), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Smits et al. (2007) Tubaki (1957) Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003) Fallah and Shearer (2001) Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru China USA USA Thailand Philippines China, Thailand Australia, China Thailand China Ferrer et al. (2008), Shearer et al. (2015) Ho et al. (2001) Shearer (1972) Schoknecht and Crane (1983) Hu et al. (2010b) Cai et al. (2003a) Goh and Hyde (1999), Hu et al. (2010b) Hyde and Goh (1998a) Hu et al. (2010b) Ho et al. (2001) Lucidascocarpa pulchella Monodictys abuensis Monodictys castaneae Monodictys cruciseptata Monodictys fluctuata Monodictys levis Monodictys melanocephaloides Monodictys pandani Monodictys paradoxa Monodictys peruviana UK Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, France, India, Ireland, Japan, Poland, Portugal, Spain, UK, USA, Venezuela Fungal Diversity Taxon Brazil, China, Hungary, South Africa China China China USA Hungary Australia France Denmark UK, USA Submerged decaying wood (stream), water-filled treeholes Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decorticated wood (lake) Water-filled treeholes Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged wood of Fraxinus excelsior (stream) Submerged decaying leaf sheath (lake) Submerged decaying wood and Phragmites australis culms (lake, river) Monodictys putredinis Monodictys sessilis Monodictys striata Monodictys trichocladiopsis Ocala scalariformis Oncopodiella trigonella Quintaria aquatica Quintaria microspora Wettsteinina moniliformis Wettsteinina niesslii Hyde et al. (1998a), Tsui et al. (2000, 2001d), Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Tsui et al. (2000, 2001d) Tsui et al. (2000) Goh and Hyde (1999) Raja et al. (2009a) Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Hyde and Goh (1999b) Zhang et al. (2008a) Van Ryckegem and Aptroot (2001) Ingold (1955), Apinis et al. (1972a), Taligoola et al. (1972), Shearer (1972) Distribution Substrate Taxon Table 3 (continued) References Fungal Diversity information about the availability of sequence data of the listed fungal species. Some 260 freshwater Leotiomycetes are listed in Table 6, but this figure is underestimated. Based on the results in Table 6, Helotiales has the largest freshwater fungal members with 187 species across 12 families including Helotiales genera incertae sedis. Few taxa under Lauriomycetales (3 species), Leotiales (5 species), Rhytismatales (4 species), and Thelebolales (2 species) are reported in freshwater habitats. Forty-four species are members of Leotiomycetes families incertae sedis while 15 species are under Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis. Based on the current revisions of the Leotiomycetes (Wijayawardene et al. 2020), many species of freshwater Leotiomycetes have been updated and we refer to the currently accepted names. Freshwater Leotiomycetes listed in the Table 6 includes aero-aquatic species, Ingoldian fungi, meiosporic ascomycetes (discomycetes) and hyphomycetes. Helicocentralis hyalina found in Thailand, Pseudaegerita conifera and P. websteri both from Spain, were documented as new species of aero-aquatic fungi within Leotiomycetes and mostly found on submerged lignocellulose materials (Abdullah et al. 2005; Sri-indrasutdhi et al. 2015). Aero-aquatic fungi are equipped with aerially release propagules and air trapping elements which are distinctive to freshwater hyphomycetes. Freshwater hypomycetous Leotiomycetes consist of semiterrestrial aquatic and Ingoldian fungi which are important as decomposers with slight difference in substrate specialization and sporulation. Dactylaria, a semi-terrestrial hyphomycetes can sporulate underwater and play a role as decomposers of plant materials (Shearer et al. 2007; Bärlocher et al. 2008; Tsui et al. 2016). Ingoldian fungi were mostly isolated from floating foam or associated with leaf substrates and often found as asexual morphs with unique conidial shapes i.e. branched forms (Varicosporium) (Campbell et al. 2009), tetraradiate (Alatospora, Articulaspora, Tetracladium, Tricladium) and sigmoid (Flagellospora) (Ranzoni 1956). Ingoldian fungi are chiefly leaf decomposers in freshwater ecosystems (Wong et al. 1998a) by producing exoenzymes that increases leaf litters’ palatability for invertebrate diets (Bärlocher and Kendrick 1974; Gessner et al. 2007). Members of freshwater Leotiomycetes, especially discomycetes, are considered responsible for degrading woody substrates in water bodies, even though their roles are not as significant as Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes (Wong et al. 1998a; Hyde et al. 2016a). Wood, plant materials composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, are difficult to break down even in freshwater ecosystems. Hence, colonization of freshwater ascomycetes including discomycetes are capable to secrete enzymes for ligno-cellulose degradation on woody substrates and play a prominent role in nutrient cycling and energy transfer between trophic elements in 13 Fungal Diversity Fig. 1 Major families of Dothideomycetes taxa from freshwater habitats freshwater ecosystems (Simonis et al. 2008; Gessner et al. 2010). Freshwater Leotiomycetes biodiversity and prevalence can be affected by substrate availability and pollution. A study has been undertaken on the effect of substrate preferences on freshwater Leotiomycetes. For nutrition reasons, Alastospora acuminata and Tetrachaetum elegans were found mostly on Acacia and Eucalyptus leaves, respectively (Thomas et al. 1992). Hyphomycetes fungi, Dactylaria spp. were the only freshwater Leotiomycetes less affected by organic pollution (Luo et al. 2004). However, other studies reported that diversity of hyphomycetous and ascomycetous fungi were greatly reduced in polluted environments (Raviraja et al. 1998; Tsui et al. 2001e). The combination of macroclimate and microclimate may also affect freshwater fungal prevalence in general, including Leotiomycetes species in certain regions either in temperate or tropical zones (Webster and Descals 1981). While similar climate in different continents resulted parallel comparison in species assemblages of freshwater ascomycetes (Raja et al. 2009b), microclimate such as temperature, pH, and altitude may be related to Ingoldian fungal prevalence in particular areas (Chauvet 1991). Orbiliomycetes Orbiliaceae was previously assigned to Helotiales but it was raised to a class rank based on morpho-phylogenetic analysis. Wijayawardene et al. (2020) accepted twelve genera in Orbiliaceae while Microdochiella (M. fusarioides) and Mycoceros (M. antennatissimus) are members of Orbiliales genus incertae sedis and Orbiliomycetes genus 13 incertae sedis, respectively. Baral et al. (2018) provided a list of generic names of Orbiliomycetes while Baral et al. (2020) provided a comprehensive taxonomic account of the class and its geographical distribution. Orbiliomycetes are collected in various habitats (hygric, semi-aquatic, xeric). Nineteen species, in ten genera, (Arthrobotrys, Hyalorbilia, Dactylella, Dicranidion, Helicoon, Monacrosporium, Orbilia, Orbiliella, Trinacrium, Vermispora), are listed in Table 7. Pezizomycetes Pezizomycetes thrive mostly in terrestrial habitats, such as burnt land, deserts, forests, sand, steppe, and on different substrates (dung, leaves, soil, wood) (Hansen and Pfister 2006; Pfister et al. 2008; Ekanayaka et al. 2018). However, Pezizomycetes are rarely reported from freshwater habitats. Jones et al. (2014a) recorded eight species from freshwater. Currently, ten species are included in the Freshwater Ascomycetes Database (http:// fungi. life. illin ois.edu/). We reviewed the number of freshwater fungi in this class (Table 8), and there are 13 species from four families. All known freshwater Pezizomycetes are found on woody substrates. Within these aquatic species, almost half of them from Pachyella and Psilopezia. Species of both genera are usually from wet habitats, however not all species were found and exclusively described on the water-soaked wood (Pfister 1972; Pfister 1973a, b). Saccobolus beckii is usually reported on animal dung (Doveri 2014; Melo et al. 2014). One interesting account reports them from water cooling tower (Udaiyan 1989). In addition, another unknown Peziza species has been reported Fungal Diversity Fig. 2 Freshwater Dothideomycetes. a, b Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis (MFLU 18-1573), c, d Ascagilis submersa (MFLU 18-1527), c Ascoma on host with associated appendages (arrow), e, f Caryospora aquatica (MFLU 18-1202), g, h Parabambusicola aquatica (MFLU 18-1524), i, j Longipedicellata aptrootii (MFLU 18-1000), k, l Caryospora submersa (MFLU 18-1539), m, n Helicotruncatum palmigenum (MFLU 15-2715), o, p Shrungabeeja aquatica (MFLU 18-0978), q, r Pleopunctum pseudoellipsoideum (HKAS 102147), s, t Pseudoxylomyces elegans (MFLU 17-1712). Scale bar: b, d, f, h, l, r = 20; j, n = 10; p = 30; t = 50 13 Fungal Diversity Fig. 3 Freshwater Eurotiomycetes. a–f Pseudobactrodesmium spp. g–h Minimelanolocus sp. i–k Thysanorea thailandensis. l,m Veronaea botryosa. n–p Aculeata aquatica. Scale bar: a–d, g, n = 200 μm, e, f = 20 μm, h, m = 10 μm, i = 100 μm, j, k = 5 μm, o, p = 15 μm 13 Fungal Diversity Table 4 Classification of freshwater Eurotiomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa Taxon Substrate Distribution References EUROTIOMYCETES Chaetothyriomycetidae Chaetothyriales Cyphellophoraceae Anthopsis microspora Cyphellophora oxyspora Cyphellophora catalaunica Kumbhamaya jalapriya Herpotrichiellaceae Aculeata aquatica Exophiala cancerae Exophiala castellani Exophiala dermatitidis Scum (stream) Water (swimming pool) Sediments (river) Submerged roots of Hopea ponga (stream) Japan Germany Spain India Ando and Tubaki (1985) Feng et al. (2014) Crous et al. (2013) Nair and Bhat (2002) Submerged decaying wood (river) Water Drinking water Groundwater, water (river) Thailand Germany Germany Poland, Slovenia Exophiala equina Exophiala lecanii-corni Drinking water Tapwater Netherlands Slovenia Exophiala mesophila Waterlines, tapwater USA, Slovenia Exophiala oligosperma Tapwater Slovenia Exophiala phaeomuriformis Tapwater Slovenia Exophiala pisciphila Swimming pool Germany Exophiala psychrophila From Atlantic salmon smolt – Exophiala salmonis Alberta, Canada Exophiala angulospora Exophiala lacus Exophiala opportunistica Exophiala xenobiotica Cut-throat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), fingerling lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) Drinking well water Lake Drinking water Tapwater Dong et al. (2018) de Hoog et al. (2011) de Hoog et al. (2011) Novak Babič et al. (2016), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Ávila et al. (2005) Novak Babič et al. (2016) Porteous et al. (2003), Novak Babič et al. (2016) Novak Babič et al. (2016) Novak Babič et al. (2016) McGinnis and Ajello (1974) Pedersen and Langvad (1989) Carmichael (1967) Japan Netherlands Germany Slovenia Minimelanolocus aquatilis Minimelanolocus clavatus Minimelanolocus nujiangensis Minimelanolocus submersus Phialophora reptans Phialophora aurantiaca Phialophora benthica Rhinocladiella amoena Rhinocladiella similis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Drinking water Water Sediment (lake) Submerged decaying twig Groundwater, tapwater Brazil China China China Germany UK Canada Spain Slovenia Thysanorea melanica Thysanorea obscura Thysanorea papuana Thysanorea thailandensis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) China China Thailand Thailand Iwatsu et al. (1991) de Hoog et al. (2011) de Hoog et al. (2011) Novak Babič et al. (2016) Fiuza et al. (2017c) Wan et al. (2021) Wan et al. 2021) Hyde et al. (2016b) Feng et al. (2014) Beyma (1940) Millar (1990) Madrid et al. (2016) Novak Babič et al. (2016) Liu et al. (2015b) Liu et al. (2015b) Wang et al. (2019) Dong et al. (2018) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 4 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Thysanorea aquatica Thysanorea asiatica Thysanorea curvata Thysanorea nonramosa Thysanorea uniseptata Thysanorea yunnanensis Veronaea aquatica Veronaea botryosa Chaetothyriales genera incertae sedis Uncispora sinensis Uncispora wuzhishanensis Verrucariales Adelococcaceae Sagediopsis lomnitzensis Verrucariaceae Agonimia allobata Agonimia tristicula Clavascidium lacinulatum Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Thailand China China Thailand Thailand China, Thailand China Thailand Dong et al. (2018) Liu et al. (2015b) Liu et al. (2015b) Wang et al. (2019) Hyde et al. (2019) Liu et al. (2015b) Chandrasiri et al. (2021) Dong et al. (2018) Submerged decaying leaves (river) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) China China Yang et al. (2011) Liu et al. (2018b) Stream and lake margin Europe Orange (2002) Stream Stream Stream Lithuania UK UK Catapyrenium lachneum Stream UK Catapyrenium squamulosum Catillaria cf. chalybeia River Watershed Stream Canada Gwynedd Dermatocarpon arnoldianum Dermatocarpon intestiniforme River and stream Stream Europe UK Dermatocarpon leptophyllodes Stream UK Dermatocarpon luridum Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum Stream Stream Poland UK Dermatocarpon miniatum Dermatocarpon rivulorum River Submerged siliceous rock (stream, river) Bulgaria Bulgaria, Italy, UK Endocarpon adscendens Stream UK Hydropunctaria orae Stream – Hydropunctaria rheitrophila Stream, submerged carbonic rock (river, stream) Australia, Italy, Poland Hydropunctaria scabra Muellerella pygmaea Phaeospora lemaneae Siliceous rock (stream) Stream and lake margin Parasitic on Lemanea sp. Bulgaria Europe UK Krzewicka et al. (2017) Motiejunaite (2003) Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Maloles et al. (2018) Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Pentecost (1977) Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Shivarov et al. (2018) Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Krzewicka et al. (2017) Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Shivarov et al. (2018) Nascimbene et al. (2007) Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Shivarov and Lőkös (2015) Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Orange (2013), Thüs et al. (2014) Nascimbene et al. (2007), Krzewicka et al. (2017) Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), McCarthy (2002), Matura and Krzewicka (2015) Shivarov et al. (2017) Orange (2002) Ingold (1955) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 4 (continued) Taxon Substrate Placopyrenium cinereoatratum Orange (2009) Bulgaria, Finland, Norway, Sweden, UK Rock (river) Finland, Iceland, UK Orange (2009) – Italy Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Twig (waterfall) Canada Björk et al. (2009) River and Streams Alpine Australia, Italy, Gilbert and Giavarini UK (1997), McCarthy (2002), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Hafellner (2010) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) River Italy, USA Thomson (1991), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Lakes and Streams Europe Lindsay (1856), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Shivarov (2017) – Italy Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Stream Italy, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Splash water zone (creek) Germany Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Stream Poland Krzewicka et al. (2017) Nature reserves Australia McCarthy and Kantvilas (2020) Limestone (rivulet) Poland, Romania Thüs and Nascimbene (2008), Matura et al. (2017) Creek and River Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Thüs and Nascimbene Waterfall, amphibious on limestone, lime-containing Austria, Germany, Switzerland (2008) sandstone, silt-impregnated wood, and on mica schist Calcareous rocks Germany Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Inundated granite boulders Poland Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Placopyrenium formosum Polyblastia ardesiaca Psoroglaena stigonemoides Sporodictyon cruentum Staurothele acarosporoides Staurothele arenaria Staurothele chlorospora Staurothele clopimoides Staurothele fauriei Staurothele fissa Staurothele fuscocuprea Staurothele honghensis Staurothele kwapiensis Staurothele muliensis Staurothele ochroplaca Staurothele pachystroma Staurothele paraguayensis Staurothele sinensis Staurothele succedens Staurothele yunnanica Thelidium aethioboloides Thelidium aquaticum Thelidium carbonaceum Thelidium circumspersellum Thelidium epomphalum Thelidium fontigenum Thelidium klementii Thelidium lahmianum Distribution References Siliceous rocks (brook, lake, river, stream) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 4 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution Thelidium methorium Rocks (brook, creek, river) Thelidium minutulum Thelidium nigricans splash water zone, limestone or basic siliceous rocks (creeks, rivers) Siliceous rocks (creek's splash water zone) Thelidium papulare Rocks (creek) Thelidium pertusatii Rocks (river) Thelidium pluvium Sandstone, schist (creek, river) Thelidium rehmii Sandstone rocks (creek) Thelidium rivulicolum Carbonaceous rock (creek, stream) Thelidium spadanum – Thelidium sublacteum – Thelidium submethorium Rocks (creek, river) Thelidium suzaeanum Limestone rock (river) Thelidium zahlbruckneri Thelidium zwackhii Stream Stream Verrucaria aethiobola Stream Verrucaria alpicola Verrucaria amnica Pebble (river) Mountain stream Verrucaria aquatilis Stream, submerged carbonatic and siliceous rock (stream) Verrucaria austroalpina Verrucaria basaltica Verrucaria calkinsiana Verrucaria capitulata Verrucaria cernaensis Verrucaria consociata Verrucaria conturmatula Verrucaria cootapatambensis Verrucaria craterigera Verrucaria devensis Verrucaria dolosa Submerged rocks (stream) Streams and lakes River Watershed Submerged rocks (stream) Stream Stream Stream and lake margin Sandstone boulder in snow-melt creek Friable rocks by stream in a gorge Stones (river) Stream Verrucaria elaeina Stream Austria, Czech Repub- Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) lic, Estonia, Italy, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland Austria, Czech Thüs and Nascimbene Republic, Germany (2008) Switzerland Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Austria, Germany Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Italy Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Austria, Germany Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Germany Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) France, Germany Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Italy, Germany Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Slovakia Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Poland Krzewicka et al. (2017) Italy, Germany, Thüs and Nascimbene Poland (2008), Krzewicka et al. (2017) Italy, UK Pentecost (1977), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Bulgaria Shivarov et al. (2017) New Zealand McCarthy and Johnson (1997) Italy, Poland Nascimbene et al. (2007), Krzewicka et al. (2017) Australia Krzewicka et al. (2017) Poland Krzewicka (2012) Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Japan Harada (2012) Poland Krzewicka et al. (2017) UK Orange (2015) Europe Orange (2002) Australia McCarthy (2002) Japan Harada (2012) Germany, UK Orange (2014) Poland, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Matura and Krzewicka (2015) Poland Matura and Krzewicka (2015) 13 References Fungal Diversity Table 4 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution Verrucaria elaeomelaena Submerged carbonatic rock (stream) Italy Verrucaria funckii Stream, submerged siliceous rock (stream) Verrucaria glaucina Stream Verrucaria gongshanensis Non-calcareous rocks in a stream Verrucaria honghensis Riverside rocks Verrucaria humida Verrucaria hydrela Verrucaria hydrophila Verrucaria igii Verrucaria inconstans Verrucaria latebrosa Wet stones in bed of streamlet in Picea abies forest Inundated and submerged siltstone Shaded stone by stream in woodland River Aquatic limestone Submerged siliceous rock (stream) Verrucaria luchunensis Riverside rocks Verrucaria maas-geesterani Verrucaria madida Verrucaria margacea Verrucaria morosa Verrucaria mundula Verrucaria nodosa Verrucaria nujiangensis Lake Sloping siliceous rocks, shallowly submerged in stream Freshwater River Aquatic slate Unshaded rock in stream Submerged stones in stream Verrucaria pachyderma Stream Verrucaria phaeoderma Verrucaria placida Aquatic basalt Stone in shaded streamlet in woodland Verrucaria praetermissa Verrucaria puncticulata Verrucaria rosula Verrucaria ruttneri Verrucaria rhizicola Freshwater Inundated and submerged siltstone Siliceous rocks and stones (reservoir, stream) River Bark of roots of Alnus glutinosa irregularly submersed in stream Stream Stream Stream Non-calcareous rocks submerged in stream Aquatic dolerite Aquatic limestone Rock (gorge) Nature reserves Nature reserves Verrucaria sublobulata Verrucaria submauroides Verrucaria submersella Verrucaria takagoensis Verrucaria tasmanica Verrucaria tholocarpa Verrucaria yoshimurae Willeya australis Willeya diffractella References Nascimbene et al. (2007) Italy, Poland Nascimbene et al. (2007), Krzewicka et al. (2017) UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) China Harada and Wang (2008) China Harada and Wang (2008) Germany Krzewicka et al. (2017) UK Orange (2013) UK Orange (2013) Alpine Australia McCarthy (2002) Australia McCarthy (1995) Germany, Italy, Slova- Nascimbene et al. kia, Switzerland (2007), Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) China Harada and Wang (2008) Switzerland Servít (1954) France Harada and Wang (2008) Australian McCarthy (1995) Alpine Australia McCarthy (2002) Australia McCarthy (1995) UK Orange (2013) China Harada and Wang (2008) Australia, Italy, Nascimbene and Nimis Europe (2006), Krzewicka (2012) Australia McCarthy (1995) Norway, Germany, Orange (2013) UK Australian McCarthy (1995) Australia McCarthy (1995) France, UK Orange (2013) Alpine Australia McCarthy (2002) France Lumbsch et al. (2011) Poland Poland Poland Japan Australia Australia Japan Vietnam Vietnam Krzewicka et al. (2017) Krzewicka et al. (2017) Krzewicka et al. (2017) Harada (2001) McCarthy (1995) McCarthy (1995) Harada (2011) Gueidan et al. (2014) Gueidan et al. (2014) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 4 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Willeya fusca Willeya iwatsukii Nature reserves Nature reserves, river Vietnam Japan, Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Harada (1992), Gueidan et al. (2014) Gueidan et al. (2014) Gueidan et al. (2014) Gueidan et al. (2014) Gueidan et al. (2014) Gueidan et al. (2014) Gueidan et al. (2014) Gueidan et al. (2014) Dominica Smith (1901) Spain Gené et al. (1994) UK Italy Egypt Kinsey et al. (1998) Davolos et al. (2012) Abdel Hameed et al. (2008) Kinsey et al. (1998) Heo et al. (2019) Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Piontelli et al. (2019) Heo et al. (2019) Pietryczuk et al. (2018), Heo et al. (2019) Abdel Hameed et al. (2008) Abdel Hameed et al. (2008) Kinsey et al. (1998) Abdel Hameed et al. (2008) Abdel Hameed et al. (2008) Bandh et al. (2012) Heo et al. (2019) Bandh et al. (2012) Bandh et al. (2012) Cannon et al. (1995) Cannon et al. (1995) Wanasinghe et al. (2018) Wanasinghe et al. (2018) Kinsey et al. (1998) Willeya japonica Nature reserves Willeya laevigata Nature reserves Willeya malayensis Nature reserves Willeya microlepis Nature reserves Willeya pallidipora Nature reserves Willeya protrudens Nature reserves Willeya rimosa Nature reserves Chaetothyriomycetidae family incertae sedis Rhynchostomataceae Rhynchostoma pyriforme On rotten wood in river Eurotiomycetidae Arachnomycetales Arachnomycetaceae Arachnomyces pilosus River sediment Eurotiales Aspergillaceae Aspergillus aculeatus Freshwater Aspergillus affinis Submerged riparian decomposing leaves Aspergillus candidus River Aspergillus clavatus Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus israelensis Aspergillus japonicus Aspergillus niger Freshwater Freshwater Water (river) Isolated from evaporation pond Freshwater Water (river) UK Korea Poland Israel Korea Korea, Poland Aspergillus ochraceus River Egypt Aspergillus parasiticus River Egypt Aspergillus parvulus Aspergillus sydowii Freshwater River UK Egypt Aspergillus tamarii River Egypt Aspergillus terreus Aspergillus tubingensis Aspergillus versicolor Aspergillus wentii Monascus pallens Monascus sanguineus Penicillium acidum Lake Freshwater Lake Lake Sediment Sediment Plant debris in pond India Korea India India Iraq Iraq Korea Penicillium aquaticum Plant debris in pond Korea Penicillium aurantiogriseum Freshwater UK 13 Fungal Diversity Table 4 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Penicillium brasilianum Penicillium brevicompactum Penicillium capsulatum Freshwater Lake River Korea Turkey Egypt Penicillium camemberti Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillium citrinum Lake Lake River India India Egypt, UK Penicillium citreonigrum River Egyptian Penicillium commune Lake India, UK Penicillium corylophilum Penicillium crustosum Penicillium dimorphosporum Penicillium echinulatum Penicillium echinulonalgiovense Penicillium expansum Penicillium funiculosus Freshwater Freshwater Lake Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Water (lake, river) UK Korea India UK Korea Korea India, Poland Penicillium glabrum Lake Turkey, UK Penicillium globosum Penicillium griseofulvum Penicillium griseoroseum Penicillium guanacastense Penicillium hirsutum Penicillium janczewskii Penicillium lilacinum Penicillium miczynskii Penicillium ochrosalmoneum Penicillium onobense Penicillium olivicolor Penicillium oxalicum Penicillium pinophilum Penicillium piscarium Penicillium piscium Freshwater Freshwater Lake Stream soil Freshwater Freshwater Lake Lake Freshwater Freshwater Lake Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Internal organs of freshwater Osteichthyes Korea UK Turkey Korea UK UK India Turkey UK Korea India Korea UK Korea – Penicillium puberulum Penicillium purpureogenum Penicillium raistrickii Penicillium saturniforme Penicillium scabrosum Lake Freshwater Freshwater River soil Stream soil, water Turkey UK UK Korea Korea Penicillium simplicissimum Penicillium solitum Penicillium spinulosum Penicillium variabile Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater River UK UK UK Egypt Heo et al. (2019) Asan et al. (2003) Abdel Hameed et al. (2008) Bandh et al. (2012) Bandh et al. (2012) Kinsey et al. (1998), Abdel Hameed et al. (2008) Abdel Hameed et al. (2008) Kinsey et al. (1998), Bandh et al. (2012) Kinsey et al. (1998) Heo et al. (2019) Bandh et al. (2012) Kinsey et al. (1998) Pangging et al. (2021a) Heo et al. (2019) Bandh et al. (2012), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Kinsey et al. (1998), Asan et al. (2003) Pangging et al. (2021a) Kinsey et al. (1998) Asan et al. (2003) Mun et al. (2020) Kinsey et al. (1998) Kinsey et al. (1998) Bandh et al. (2012) Asan et al. (2003) Kinsey et al. (1998) Pangging et al. (2021a) Bandh et al. (2012) Heo et al. (2019) Kinsey et al. (1998) Heo et al. (2019) Reichenbach-Klinke (1956) Asan et al. (2003) Kinsey et al. (1998) Kinsey et al. (1998) Mun et al. (2020) Mun et al. (2020), Nguyen et al. (2020b) Kinsey et al. (1998) Kinsey et al. (1998) Kinsey et al. (1998) Abdel Hameed et al. (2008) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 4 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Penicillium verrucosum Penicillium waksmanii Penicillium wandoens Penicillium yunnanense Thermoascaceae Paecilomyces lilacinus Trichocomaceae Talaromyces flavus Lake Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Turkey UK Korea Korea Asan et al. (2003) Kinsey et al. (1998) Hyde et al. (2019) Pangging et al. (2021a) Freshwater UK Kinsey et al. (1998) Talaromyces gwangjuensis Talaromyces koreanus Talaromyces liani Talaromyces pinophilus Freshwater (reservoir) Freshwater (reservoir) Freshwater Freshwater Korea Korea Korea Korea, UK Talaromyces siamensis Talaromyces teleomorphus Talaromyces versatilis Onygenales Arthrodermataceae Arthroderma insingulare Microsporum gypseum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trichophyton violaceum Onygenaceae Aphanoascus keratinophilus Chrysosporium fluviale Chrysosporium minutisporosum Chrysosporium pseudomerdarium Chrysosporium sanyaense Chrysosporium submersum Chrysosporium undulatum Mycocaliciomycetidae Mycocaliciales Mycocaliciaceae Chaenothecopsis debilis Chaenothecopsis haematopus Freshwater Freshwater (reservoir) Freshwater Korea Korea Korea Pitt (1979), Shearer and Crane (1986) Nguyen et al. (2021) Nguyen et al. (2021) Pangging et al. (2019) Kinsey et al. (1998), Heo et al. (2019) Lim et al. (2021) Nguyen et al. (2021) Heo et al. (2019) Water (river) Water (river) Water Water (river) Poland Poland Poland Poland Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Czeczuga (1996) Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Water (river) Sediment (river) Sediment (river) Sediment Sediment Sediment (river) Sediment (river) Poland Spain Spain Korea Korea Spain Spain Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Vidal et al. (2000) Vidal et al. (2002) Goh et al. (2021a) Goh et al. (2021a) Vidal et al. (2002) Vidal et al. (1999) River watershed Rainwater from building roofs Canada Poland Chaenothecopsis pusiola Chaenothecopsis savonica Phaeocalicium curtisii Phaeocalicium polyporaeum Phaeocalicium populneum Sphinctrina anglica Stenocybe pullatula Sclerococcomycetidae Sclerococcales Dactylosporaceae Cylindroconidiis aquaticus Pseudobactrodesmium aquaticum Pseudobactrodesmium chiangmaiensis River watershed River watershed River watershed River watershed River watershed River watershed River watershed Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Maloles et al. (2018) Maloles et al. (2018) Maloles et al. (2018) Maloles et al. (2018) Maloles et al. (2018) Maloles et al. (2018) Maloles et al. (2018) Freshwater Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand China Thailand Yu et al. (2018) Dong et al. (2020a) Dong et al. (2020a) 13 Submerged decaying leaf litter (swamp), sand (creek) Australia, USA Fungal Diversity Table 4 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Pseudobactrodesmium longisporum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Australia, Thailand Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideum Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) Brazil, Philippines, Thailand Vijaykrishna and Hyde (2006), Dong et al. (2020a) Cai et al. (2003a), Boonmee et al. (2021) from a water-cooling tower (Eaton and Jones 1971a). Hu et al. (2012c) proposed a new genus Aquapeziza and placed in Pezizaceae based on the morphology and phylogeny of Aquapeziza globispora on submerged wood. The operculate asci, which is main feature of Pezizomycetes, are obvious in all freshwater Pezizomycetes except A. globispora with no distinct ascus (Hu et al. 2012c). Peziza oliviae is the latest report associated with freshwater habitat within Pezizomycetes (Frank 2013). et al. 2021a). However, there are still taxa of freshwater fungi with no sequence data (Monteiro et al. 2017a, 2017b). The taxonomic placements of many freshwater Sordariomycetes are currently uncertain and suffers from lack of living cultures and type sequences. Therefore, to better understand the phylogeny of freshwater Sordariomycetes in a natural classification system, further investigations are needed. Future studies should put high priority to obtain living cultures. Sordariomycetes Freshwater lichens The Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi mainly characterized by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Hyde et al. 2020d). In freshwater habitats, Sordariomycetes is one of the major and important fungal groups with a vital role in ecosystems. Members of this class are known to produce bioactive compounds (Poch et al. 1992; Jones et al. 2014a). The latest systematic study of freshwater Sordariomycetes was carried out by Luo et al. (2019) with taxonomic accounts for each genus. Furthermore, all taxa recorded from freshwater habitats are outlined with important ecological (freshwater distribution) and taxonomic (morphology, holotype, available molecular data) notes of each species (Luo et al. 2019; Calabon et al. 2020b). Luo et al. (2019) included six subclasses, 30 orders, 56 families and 160 genera of Sordariomycetes thriving in freshwater habitats, and representative taxa are illustrated in Fig. 5. From the review of published works on freshwater Sordariomycetes, a total 823 freshwater species were reported from freshwater habitats, and distributed in 40 orders, 85 families, and 298 genera (Table 9, Fig. 6). Among the 40 orders, Chaetosphaeriales has the highest number of taxa with 149 freshwater species recorded. The use of DNA sequence data coupled with phylogenetic analyses has significantly improved our understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of freshwater ascomycetes (Vijaykrishna et al. 2006). Most of the new taxa of freshwater fungi published in the past decade are supported with molecular data (Pinruan et al. 2010; Liu and Cai 2013; Su et al. 2016a; Yang et al. 2018d; Calabon Lichens are one of the most successful lifestyles among fungi (Honegger 2009). Lichens are recently redefined as “a self-sustaining ecosystem formed by the interaction of an exhabitant fungus and an extracellular arrangement of one or more photosynthetic partners and an indeterminate number of other microscopic organisms” (Hawksworth and Grube 2020). The lichen forming fungi are mainly terrestrial but can occur also in aquatic and semiaquatic habitats in both freshwater and marine environments (Kulikova et al. 2008). Santesson (1939) and Aptroot and Seaward (2003) stated that freshwater lichens are amphibious organisms as most of them are submerged for particular period. The mycobiont is ascomycetes in most freshwater lichens while the photobiont can be commonly coccoid green alga or a cyanobacterium (Nash 1996; Honegger 1997; Nascimbene and Nimis 2006). Verrucariales and Lichinales are frequently recorded freshwater species from predominantly submerged zone (Thüs et al. 2014). The species are mostly found in the surface of water since the photobiont needs direct sunlight (Nash 1996; Honegger 1997). However, their vertical distribution is highly influenced by transparency of the water as some species found in the deeper lakes and rivers which has high water clarity (e.g., Hydropunctaria rheithrophila) (Thüs et al. 2014). Species have been recorded on rocks, pebbles and wood and provide favorable host surface for many lichenicolous fungi (Aptroot and Thüs 2011; Thüs et al. 2014). Freshwater lichens have worldwide distribution, but this group are poorly studied (Motiejunaite 2003; Matura and Krzewicka 2015). The diversity of freshwater lichens 13 Fungal Diversity Table 5 Classification of freshwater Laboulbeniomycetes with information on the type of habitats, hosts, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa Taxon Substrate (Family of host-insects) Distribution ASCOMYCOTA LABOULBENIOMYCETES Laboulbeniales Ceratomycetaceae Autoicomyces acuminatus Autoicomyces aquatilis Autoicomyces bicornis Autoicomyces chinensis Autoicomyces contortus Autoicomyces costaricensis Autoicomyces crassus Autoicomyces falcatus Autoicomyces falcifer Autoicomyces fragilis Autoicomyces furcatus Autoicomyces helocharalis Autoicomyces humilis Autoicomyces incurvatus Autoicomyces latens Hydrophilidae Hydrochidae, Dytiscidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae USA Cuba, Europe, USA Argentina, South Korea China USA USA Europe Brazil, Trinidad, USA Asia, Europe, Sierra Leone Italy Cameroon, USA Asia, Cameroon Asia, Italy, USA Philippines China, Philippines Autoicomyces longipes Autoicomyces marginalis Autoicomyces marginicola Autoicomyces minusculus Autoicomyces occidentalis Autoicomyces occultatus Autoicomyces ornithocephalus Autoicomyces recurvatus Autoicomyces semiopacus Autoicomyces siamensis Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Autoicomyces trinitatis Ceratomyces ansatus Ceratomyces brasiliensis Ceratomyces californicus Ceratomyces camptosporus Ceratomyces cladophorus Ceratomyces confusus Ceratomyces curvatus Ceratomyces filiformis Ceratomyces floridanus Ceratomyces hyalinus Ceratomyces intermedius Ceratomyces longicornis Ceratomyces mexicanus Ceratomyces mirabilis Ceratomyces platensis Ceratomyces procerus Ceratomyces pyrenaeus Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrochidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae 13 Reference Thaxter (1908) Majewski (2008) Lee and Kim (1990) Shen and Ye (2006) Tavares (1985) Tavares (1985) Santamaria (2003) Goldmann and Weir (2018) Rossi et al. (2019) Spegazzini (1915) Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1931) Sugiyama and Shazawa (1977) Philippines Thaxter (1931) Argentina Tavares (1985) Asia, Spain Santamaria (2003) South and North America Tavares (1985) USA Tavares (1985) USA Thaxter (1931) USA Thaxter (1908) USA Goldmann and Weir (2018) Trinidad Tavares (1985) Thailand Sugiyama and Phanichapol (1984) Trinidad Thaxter (1931) South and North America Weir and Rossi (2001) Brazil Thaxter (1908) USA Thaxter (1908) USA Thaxter (1896) Ecuador, USA Bernardi et al. (2014) USA Thaxter (1896) Venezuela Thaxter (1908) Central, North, South America Thaxter (1931) USA Thaxter (1908) China Shen et al. (2009) Argentina Thaxter (1931) USA Thaxter (1931) Mexico Thaxter (1908) Central and South America, USA Goldmann and Weir (2018) Argentina Thaxter (1931) Brazil Thaxter (1908) Spain Santamaria (1999) Fungal Diversity Table 5 (continued) Taxon Substrate (Family of host-insects) Distribution Reference Ceratomyces rhizophorus Ceratomyces spiniger Ceratomyces spiralis Ceratomyces sternolophi Ceratomyces ventriosus Drepanomyces malayanus Eusynaptomyces africanus Eusynaptomyces benjaminii Eusynaptomyces borealis Eusynaptomyces cornutus Eusynaptomyces enochri Eusynaptomyces hydrobii Helodiomyces elegans Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Dryopidae Argentina Costa Rica, Mexico Spain, Poland Indonesia Argentina Asia East Africa Germany, Poland USA Spain Europe Poland Algeria, Europe Phurmomyces obtusus Plectomyces gracilis Rhynchophoromyces amphiopsis Rhynchophoromyces anacaenae Rhynchophoromyces denticulatus Rhynchophoromyces elephanthnus Rhynchophoromyces helophorii Rhynchophoromyces minor Rhynchophoromyces rostratus Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Rhynchophoromyces sperchopsis Rhynchophoromyces unguicola Synaptomyces argentinus Thaumasiomyces bipedalis Thaumasiomyces scabellularius Thaumasiomyces scaurus Thripomyces italicus Thripomyces tessinensis Laboulbeniaceae Blasticomyces fastigiatus Cantharomyces aquaticus Cantharomyces bruchii Cantharomyces denigratus Cantharomyces flagellatus Cantharomyces italicus Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydraenidae Hydraenidae China, Indonesia Philippines, China Cameroon Europe Asia, Guam USA Spain Argentina, Philippines, USA Asia, North, Central and South America, Europe USA China, Indonesia Argentina Indonesia Cameroon Cameroon Italy, Spain Poland Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1908) Majewski (2008) Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1931) (Bameul 1993) Thaxter (1931) Majewski (2008) Thaxter (1931) Santamaria (2006) Majewski (2008) Majewski (2008) De Kesel and Haelewaters (2014) Shen and Ye (2006) Shen and Ye (2006) Thaxter (1931) Rossi et al. (2019) Shen and Ye (2006) Shen and Ye (2006) Santamaria (1999) Goldmann and Weir (2018) Rossi et al. (2016) Hydrophilidae Hydrochidae Dryopidae Dryopidae Dryopidae Dryopidae China, Indonesia USA Argentina Europe Trinidad Europe Cantharomyces permasculus Cantharomyces platensis Capillistichus tenellus Chaetarthriomyces coelostomalis Chaetarthriomyces crassiappendicatus Chaetarthriomyces flexatus Chitonomyces aculeifer Dryopidae Dryopidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Argentina Argentina Spain Cameroon, China, Malaysia Europe Hydrophilidae Dytiscidae, Haliplidae Indonesia Argentina, China, Europe Chitonomyces acuminatus Chitonomyces aethiopicus Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Cameroon Africa Thaxter (1931) Shen and Ye (2006) Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1931) Santamaria (1993) Majewski (1994) Shen and Ye (2006) Thaxter (1931) Spegazzini (1917) Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1931) De Kesel and Haelewaters (2014) Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1931) Santamaria (2004) Shen and Ye (2006) Haelewaters et al. (2014) Thaxter (1931) De Kesel and Haelewaters (2012) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1926) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 5 (continued) Taxon Substrate (Family of host-insects) Distribution Chitonomyces affinis Chitonomyces africanus Chitonomyces amoyensis Chitonomyces appendiculatus Chitonomyces arcuatus Chitonomyces argentinensis Chitonomyces aripensis Chitonomyces atricornis Chitonomyces aurantiacus Chitonomyces auriculatus Chitonomyces australasiae Chitonomyces bakeri Chitonomyces benjaminii Chitonomyces bicolor Chitonomyces bidessarius Chitonomyces bilabiatus Chitonomyces borealis Chitonomyces bullardii Chitonomyces cerviculatus Chitonomyces chinensis Chitonomyces conditus Chitonomyces copelati Chitonomyces corniculatus Chitonomyces cornucopioides Chitonomyces dextricola Chitonomyces elegans Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Noteridae Dytiscidae Gyrinidae Dytiscidae Gyrinidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Gyrinidae Dytiscidae Haliplidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Gyrinidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Dytiscidae Chitonomyces elongatus Chitonomyces ensifer Chitonomyces excavatus Chitonomyces floridanus Chitonomyces furcatus Chitonomyces gracilipes Chitonomyces grenadae Chitonomyces helicoferus Chitonomyces hyalinus Chitonomyces hydrocanthi Chitonomyces hydropori Chitonomyces incisus Chitonomyces indentatus Chitonomyces inflatus Chitonomyces intermedius Chitonomyces interpositus Chitonomyces introversus Chitonomyces iriomotensis Chitonomyces italicus Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Haliplidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Gyrinidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Chitonomyces japanensis Dytiscidae Goldmann and Weir (2012) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1926) Goldmann and Weir (2012) Thaxter (1926) Spegazzini (1917) Thaxter 1924) Thaxter (1926) Rossi and Bergonzo (2008) Thaxter (1926) Shen and Ye (2006) Shen and Ye (2006) Rossi (1994) Thaxter (1924) Majewski (2008) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1924) Santamaria (2003) Thaxter (1924) Rossi and Leonardi (2018) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1926) Shen and Ye (2006) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1926) Sugiyama and Nagasawa (1986) Italy, Spain Santamaria (2003) Italy, Poland, Spain Majewski (2008) China Shen and Ye (2006) USA Thaxter (1924) China Shen and Ye (2006) China Shen and Ye (2006) Grenada Thaxter (1924) Trinidad Thaxter (1924) Central and South America, USA Goldmann and Weir (2012) Sierra Leone Rossi (1990) Europe, Philippines, USA Majewski (2008) Fiji Thaxter (1924) Philippines, China Shen and Ye (2006) Philippines Thaxter (1926) Asia Shen and Ye (2006) Cameroon Thaxter (1926) Grenada, USA Thaxter (1924) Asia, Spain Rossi et al. (2016) Europe De Kesel and Haelewaters (2012) China, Japan, Thailand Sugiyama and Phanichapol (1984) 13 USA Cameroon China Central and South America, USA Cameroon Argentina Trinidad Cameroon Brazil, USA Cameroon China, Fiji Asia, Greece, Spain Sierra Leone Grenada, Trinidad Asia, USA Cameroon USA Spain, USA Grenada, Trinidad Asia, Sierra Leone Cameroon Cameroon China Cameroon Cameroon Cameroon, Indonesia Reference Fungal Diversity Table 5 (continued) Taxon Substrate (Family of host-insects) Distribution Reference Chitonomyces javanicus Dytiscidae Asia Chitonomyces laboulbenioides Chitonomyces latens Chitonomyces ligulatus Chitonomyces longirostratus Chitonomyces manubriolatus Haliplidae Gyrinidae Haliplidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae China Cameroon China Trinidad, Japan Grenada, Thailand, Trinidad Chitonomyces melanurus Chitonomyces obtusus Chitonomyces occultus Chitonomyces oedipus Chitonomyces ordinatus Chitonomyces orectogyri Chitonomyces orientalis Chitonomyces paradoxus Dytiscidae Gyrinidae Haliplidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Gyrinidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Chitonomyces pilicola Chitonomyces prolongatus Chitonomyces psittacopsis Gyrinidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Chitonomyces pullus Chitonomyces recurvatus Chitonomyces reynoldsii Chitonomyces rhynchostoma Chitonomyces rugosus Haliplidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Africa, Asia, Europe Cameroon USA Grenada, Trinidad Asia Africa China, Japan, South Korea Asia, Central America, Europe, Sierra Leone, USA Cameroon Brazil, USA Asia, North and Central America, Sierra Leone China China Venezuela Trinidad, USA Fiji, Thailand Sugiyama and Phanichapol (1984) Shen and Ye (2006) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1924) Sugiyama and Phanichapol (1984) Try et al. (2017) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1908) Thaxter (1924) Try et al. (2017) Thaxter (1908) Shen and Ye (2006) Goldmann and Weir (2012) Chitonomyces seticola Chitonomyces sigmoideus Chitonomyces simplex Dytiscidae Gyrinidae Dytiscidae Chitonomyces sinistricola Chitonomyces spinosus Chitonomyces striatus Chitonomyces strictus Chitonomyces subterminalis Chitonomyces tarsicola Chitonomyces thaxteri Gyrinidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Gyrinidae Haliplidae Dytiscidae Grenada Cameroon Brazil, Central America, Sierra Leone, USA Cameroon Asia, Spain Grenada China Cameroon China Thailand, Trinidad Chitonomyces tricornis Chitonomyces tylopus Chitonomyces uncinulatus Chitonomyces venezuelae Chitonomyces yunnanensis Chitonomyces zonatus Coreomyces acuminatus Coreomyces arcuatus Coreomyces argentinensis Coreomyces australis Coreomyces bicolor Coreomyces chinensis Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Dytiscidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Cameroon Spain Trinidad Venezuela China Asia Chile Europe, Jamaica Argentina Argentina Jamaica China Thaxter (1926) Rossi and Bergonzo (2008) Rossi and Leonardi (2018) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1926) Goldmann and Weir (2012) Sugiyama and Phanichapol (1984) Thaxter (1924) Thaxter (1926) Goldmann et al. (2013) Thaxter (1926) Shen and Ye (2006) Thaxter (1924) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1926) Sugiyama and Phanichapol (1984) Thaxter (1926) Santamaria (2001) Thaxter (1924) Thaxter (1926) Shen and Ye (2006) Shen and Ye (2006) Thaxter (1918) Majewski (1994) Spegazzini (1917) Spegazzini (1917) Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1931) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 5 (continued) Taxon Substrate (Family of host-insects) Distribution Reference Coreomyces confusus Coreomyces corixae Corixidae Corixidae Sundberg et al. (2021) Sundberg et al. (2021) Coreomyces curvatus Coreomyces dextrorsus Coreomyces elongatus Coreomyces fastigiatus Coreomyces javanicus Coreomyces macropus Coreomyces micronectae Coreomyces minor Coreomyces orientalis Coreomyces ramosus Coreomyces recurvatus Coreomyces sigmoideus Coreomyces sp. Coreomyces subdivisus Coreomyces thaxteri Hydraeomyces halipli Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Corixidae Haliplidae Hydrophilomyces aduncus Hydrophilomyces arcuatus Hydrophilomyces atroseptatus Hydrophilomyces coneglianensis Hydrophilomyces deflexus Hydrophilomyces digitatus Hydrophilomyces gracilis Hydrophilomyces hamatus Hydrophilomyces hydraenae Hydrophilomyces limnebii Hydrophilomyces lumbricoides Hydrophilomyces major Hydrophilomyces pusillus Hydrophilomyces reflexus Hydrophilomyces rhynchophorus Hydrophilomyces rhytidopus Hydrophilomyces riberae Laboulbenia afrogyri Laboulbenia anomala Laboulbenia aquatica Laboulbenia bicornis Laboulbenia birmanica Laboulbenia borealis Hydraenidae Hydraenidae Hydraenidae Hydrophilidae Hydraenidae Hydraenidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydraenidae Hydraenidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydraenidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Laboulbenia coarctata Laboulbenia constricta Laboulbenia crassipes Laboulbenia cubensis Laboulbenia dactylophora Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Sweden, Denmark Asia, Europe, North and South America, Sweden, Turkey China, Italy, Jamaica, USA Denmark, Sweden Europe Chile Indonesia Europe, Jamaica, Sweden Asia China, Philippines China, Indonesia USA Asia Jamaica South Africa Chile Ethiopia Asia, Europe, North and South America, Spain Finland Poland, Spain Europe Spain Europe Belgium, Greece, Poland Europe, Sierra Leone USA Europe Argentina Argentina Poland Argentina, USA Central and South America, USA Argentina, Trinidad Spain Africa Africa Bolivia, Venezuela Africa, Asia Myanmar Asia, North and Central America, Madagascar India Africa Myanmar Cuba Africa 13 Shen and Ye (2006) Sundberg et al. (2021) Majewski (1994) Thaxter (1931) Lee and Na (2009) Sundberg et al. (2021) Shen and Ye (2006) Shen and Ye (2006) Shen and Ye (2006) Thaxter (1931) Lee et al. (2008) Thaxter (1931) Goldmann and Weir (2018) Thaxter (1931) Thaxter (1931) Rossi and Christian (2020) Santamaria (2006) Huldén (1983) Santamaria (2003) Castaldo et al. (2004) Santamaria et al. (2020) Santamaria (2003) Majewski (1994) Majewski (1994) Boonmee et al. (2021) Majewski (1994) Tavares (1985) Thaxter (1931) Majewski (2008) Thaxter (1908) Goldmann and Weir (2018) Thaxter (1931) Santamaria et al. (2020) Rossi (1986) Thaxter (1908) Weir and Rossi (2001) Balazuc (1982) Spegazzini (1915) Shen and Ye (2006) Thaxter (1908) Rossi (1986) Spegazzini (1915) Thaxter (1908) Rossi (1986) Fungal Diversity Table 5 (continued) Taxon Substrate (Family of host-insects) Distribution Reference Laboulbenia denticulata Laboulbenia desgodii Laboulbenia dineutis Laboulbenia drepanalis Laboulbenia fallax Laboulbenia fennica Laboulbenia franciscoloi Laboulbenia funeralis Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Thaxter (1908) Rossi (1986) Balazuc (1982) Thaxter (1908) Haelewaters et al. (2017) Rossi and Christian (2020) Rossi (1986) Haelewaters et al. (2017) Laboulbenia guerinii Gyrinidae Laboulbenia gyrinicola Laboulbenia gyrinidarum Laboulbenia heterocheila Laboulbenia leathsi Laboulbenia leptopus Laboulbenia oberthuri Laboulbenia orechtochilii Laboulbenia orechtochilicola Laboulbenia pachystoma Laboulbenia rotundata Laboulbenia satanas Laboulbenia songhaiensis Laboulbenia strangulata Laboulbenia valida Limnaiomyces amphiopsis Limnaiomyces hydrocharis Limnaiomyces tropisterni Rickia admirabilis Rickia coelostomalis Scepastocarpus peritheciiformis Zodiomyces modae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Gyrinidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrochidae Hydrophilidae Australia Africa Asia, Africa, Papua New Guinea Panama, “Amazon” Brazil, Panama, Trinidad Europe Sierra Leone North, Central, and South America North, Central, and South America Algeria, Europe, Morocco Mexico, North America “Timor” Chile Argentina Madagascar Asia Myanmar Argentina, Brazil Indonesia Philippines Sierra Leone Asia Indonesia Cameroon USA Mexico Cameroon, Sierra Leone Indonesia, Japan, China Spain Japan Zodiomyces rhizophorus Zodiomyces subseriatus Zodiomyces vermiformis Zodiomyces vorticellarius Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae Trinidad Asia, Poland Ecuador Africa, Asia, Central and South America, Europe, USA Pyxidiophorales Pyxidiophoraceae Pyxidiophora spinulorostrata Submerged decaying Quercus (river) UK is influenced by the duration of submergence, dynamics of stream currents, type and stability of the substrate, light availability, chemical and physical parameters of the water (Matura and Krzewicka 2015). The type of substrate, such as bedrock and size of the rocks, is the most important factor in determining their distribution. Many aquatic lichens became endangered or rare in some regions of Europe due to high Thaxter (1908) Rossi and Christian (2020) Thaxter (1908) Thaxter (1908) Spegazzini (1917) Spegazzini (1917) Thaxter (1896) Thaxter (1908) Spegazzini (1915) Rossi and Bergonzo (2008) Thaxter (1908) Balazuc (1973) Rossi (1986) Try et al. (2017) Spegazzini (1915) Thaxter (1926) Thaxter (1908) Thaxter (1908) Rossi (1982) Shen and Ye (2006) Santamaria (2004) Majewski and Sugiyama (1989) Rossi et al. (2016) Santamaria (2004) Das et al. (2018) Goldmann and Weir (2018) Webster and Hawksworth (1986) demands in the water clarity and the sensitivity of lichens to pollution (Krzewicka et al. 2017). Furthermore, the water current and scouring effect of sediments drifting over the thallus can cause physical stress to lichen (Thüs et al. 2015). The studies on freshwater lichens started during early lichenological history (Rehman 1879; Boberski 1886; Olech 1972, 1973; Kulikova et al. 2008; Matura and 13 Fungal Diversity Fig. 4 Freshwater Laboulbeniales. a Whirligig beetle (Gyrinus caspius) bearing several thalli of Laboulbenia gyrinicola (arrow). b Laboulbenia gyrinicola. c Ceratomyces cladophorus. d Chitonomyces paradoxus. Scale bars: b–d = 50 µm Krzewicka 2015; Krzewicka et al. 2017). Studies of freshwater lichens in British Isles has a huge contribution to the taxonomic knowledge of this group (Gilbert 1996). Thüs et al. (2014) estimated a total number of freshwater lichens to be 270 but this is an underestimate, and the number could be higher (Sonina and Androsova 2021). The taxonomic studies of freshwater lichens are in the urgent need of revision due to lack of molecular support and morphological data (Nascimbene et al. 2007). Most of the studies on freshwater lichens were solely based on floristics surveys (Pentecost 1977; Keller and Scheidegger 1994; Gilbert 1996; Gilbert and Giavarini 1997; Molitor and Diederich 1997). Ecological studies have been done also in aquatic lichens: effect of substrates in aquatic lichens (Santesson 1939); influence of mineral composition of water to the occurrence of freshwater lichens and their thalli development (Pentecost 1977); pollution indicator of water level fluctuations, water acidity, water quality (Gilbert and Giavarini 1997; Thüs et al. 2014; Matura et al. 2017). Thüs et al. (2014) revised the freshwater lichens and lichen-like organisms. The present review provides the updated checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi in freshwater habitats (Table 10). Lichens and lichenicolous taxa under Arthoniomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Sordariomycetes included in this section are already listed for each taxonomic class above. 13 Ascomycota genera incertae sedis The list of freshwater fungal taxa in the Ascomycota with uncertain taxonomic placements are provided in Table 11. A total of 252 species under 141 genera are recorded. Classification of freshwater Basidiomycota When compared to Ascomycota, few Basidiomycota have been recorded from freshwater habitat. Jones and Choeyklin (2008) and Jones et al. (2014a, b) listed freshwater Basidiomycota with 29 and 115 species, respectively. Asexual morphs, with elaborate conidial forms, are mainly reported and they are taxonomically diverse including both yeasts and filamentous fungi. A special section on freshwater yeast discusses both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts. Freshwater Basidiomycota have been isolated from variety of substrates: submerged decaying wood (Bandoni and Marvanová 1989; Hyde and Goh 1998a; Mongkol et al. 2009; Yamaguchi et al. 2009; Ordynets 2009; Frank et al. 2010; Kohout et al. 2012; Chuaseeharonnachai et al. 2013), leaf litter (Cunningham 1888; Engler et al. 1900; Fragoso 1917; Lavrov 1937; Thirumalachar and Mundkur 1951; Vánky 1999; Verma and Jha 1999; Pia̧tek et al. 2008; LotzWinter et al. 2011), foam (Marvanová and Stalpers 1987; Marvanová and Bärlocher 1988, 2000; Kirschner 2004), and Fungal Diversity Table 6 Classification of freshwater Leotiomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa Taxon Substrate ASCOMYCOTA LEOTIOMYCETES Leotiomycetidae Leotiomycetes families incertae sedis Calloriaceae Cistella graminicola Carex rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile Dactylaria africana Submerged decaying wood (river) Dactylaria appendiculata Submerged decaying wood (river) Dactylaria aquatica Water Dactylaria aspirensis Grass Dactylaria belliana Submerged leaves Dactylaria biguttulata Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Dactylaria botulispora Submerged decaying twig (stream) Dactylaria candidula Submerged decaying twig (stream) Dactylaria fecundissima Submerged decaying wood Dactylaria flammulicornuta Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Dactylaria fusifera Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Dactylaria fusiformis Submerged decaying balsa wood (river) and leaves (stream) Dactylaria hemibeltranioidea Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Dactylaria hoogii Submerged decaying wood (lake) Distribution References Austria Philippines Brazil India China Brazil China Brazil Brazil China Thailand Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Cai et al. (2003a) Cazau et al. (1990) Nair and Bhat (2016) Wong and Hyde (2001) da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Goh and Hyde (1999) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Tsui (1999) Pinnoi et al. (2006) Brazil Fiuza et al. (2019) Brazil, USA Shearer and Crane (1971), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Thailand Pinruan et al. (2014) China Cai et al. (2002b), Luo et al. (2004) China Ho (1998) China, Philippines Luo et al. (2004) Poland Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) China Tsui et al. (2000) China Tsui (1999) Brazil Fiuza et al. (2019) Diplonaevia seriata Mycoarthris corallina Submerged decaying wood (stream) Grass, submerged bamboo (lake), wood (river) Rainwater from building roofs Submerged wood Submerged wood Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Water-filled treeholes Submerged decaying wood (lake, reservoir) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Grass, submerged decaying wood (lake) Grass, submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged petiole of Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Juncus filiformis, Eriophorum angustifolium Carex rostrata Foam (stream), freshwater Austria UK, Korea Rodwayella citrinula Phragmites australis stems and leaves, wood UK, Soviet Union Roseodiscus equisetinus Stamnaria persoonii Equisetum fluviatile Equisetum fluviatile Austria Austria Dactylaria irregularis Dactylaria longidentata Dactylaria lunata Dactylaria malaysianum Dactylaria mucronulata Dactylaria naviculiformis Dactylaria obscuriseptata Dactylaria obtriangularia Dactylaria plovercovensis Dactylaria saccardoana Dactylaria splendida Dactylaria triseptata Dactylaria uliginicola Diplonaevia emergens China Hungary China Brazil China Brunei, China Thailand Austria Goh and Hyde (1999) Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Goh and Hyde (1999) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Luo et al. (2004) Ho et al. (2001), Luo et al. (2004) (Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Baschien et al. (2013), Lim et al. (2021) Dudka (1963), Apinis et al. (1972b), Taligoola et al. (1972), Han et al. (2014) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Magnes and Hafellner (1991), Haelewaters et al. (2018) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Cenangiaceae Moellerodiscus advenulus Hamatocanthoscyphaceae Chalara aotearoae Chalara siamense Chalara ungeri Pezizellaceae Calycina citrina Substrate Distribution References Submerged decaying Picea mariana needles (lake) USA Fallah and Shearer (2001) Submerged wood Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Grass China Thailand Tsui (1999) Pinnoi et al. (2006) China Wong and Hyde (2001) Submerged decaying wood (swamp) USA Shearer and Crane (1986), Haelewaters et al. (2018) Friggens et al. (2017) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Calycina parilis (Chalara state) Submerged decaying wood Chalara alabamensis Submerged decaying petioles (stream) Rutstroemiaceae Lambertella tubulosa Submerged decaying twigs of Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sp. (stream, pond), water-filled treeholes Sclerotiniaceae Monilia aquatilis Water Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis Aquadiscula appendiculata Acer rubrum leaves Coleosperma lacustre Coronellaria caricinella Flagellospora curvula Flagellospora fusarioides Flagellospora leucorhynchos Flagellospora minuta Flagellospora saccata 13 Scotland Brazil Hungary, Ireland, UK Abdullah and Webster (1980), Abdullah and Webster (1981), Gönczöl and Révay (2003), Vu et al. (2019) Germany Petrak (1930) USA Shearer and Crane (1985), Shearer and Crane (1986) Ingold (1954) Submerged decaying stalks of Schoenoplectus UK lacustris (lake) Carex nigra, Austria Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Carex echinata Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Austria, Brazil. Foam (stream, river, rivulet), leaves, submerged Ingold (1949), Fenton (1950), wood (Alnus glutinosa, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus Canada, China, Ranzoni (1953), Nilsson (1958), France, Ghana, excelsior, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata), subIngold (1958b), Dixon (1959), India, Iremerged leaves of Alnus glutinosa, Coffea arabica Nilsson (1960), Suzuki and and Hevea brasiliensis (stream, river), water (river, land, Jamaica, Nimura (1960), Hudson and Nigeria, Poland, stream), scum (stream), sediment (dam, stream), Ingold (1960)ngold (1960, Spain, South stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Ingold (1960), Greathead Africa, Sweden, (1961), Alasoadura (1968a), Switzerland, Iqbal and Webster (1973), Uganda, UK, Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and USA, Venezuela Kaveriappa (1988), Yu et al. (1988), Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Chan et al. (2000), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Smits et al. (2007), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Menéndez et al. (2012), Baschien et al. (2013), Cornut et al. (2014), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Submerged leaf of Crataegus Austria, UK Marvanová (2000), Baschien et al. monogyna, foam (stream) (2013) Foam (stream) Czech Republic Baschien et al. (2013) Submerged decaying leaves Pakistan Iqbal and Bhatty (1980) Foam (stream) Canada, India Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Baschien et al. (2013) Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Flagellospora stricta Submerged decaying leaves, water from melting ice (river) Eriophorum angustifolium Eriphorum vaginatum, Carex rostrata, C. paupercula, C. Nigra, Juncus filiforme Carex rostrata, C. paupercula Carex nigra, C. rostrata Carex rostrata Poland, Sweden Austria Austria Nilsson (1962a), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Austria Austria Austria Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Culture contaminant Submerged decaying leaves (river), water (stream) Czech Republic France, USA Fontanospora eccentrica Foam (river, stream), submerged decaying leaves of Quercus (spring), water (stream) Canada, Cuba, Ireland, Japan, Portugal, USA Fontanospora fusiramosa Foam (stream) Czech Republic Baschien et al. (2013) Dyko (1978), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Cornut et al. (2014) Petersen (1962), Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Dyko (1978), Harrington (1997), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Baschien et al. (2013), Duarte et al. (2015), Raposeiro et al. (2018) Baschien et al. (2013) Gyoerffyella craginiformis Liriodendron tulipifera, decaying leaves Netherland, USA Gyoerffyella entomobryoides Gyoerffyella gemellipara Rosa sp. Submerged decaying leaves (river), foam (stream, rivulet) Netherland Austria, Czech Republic Gyoerffyella myrmecophagiformis Gyoerffyella rotula River, foam (stream), melted ice (river) Austria, Poland Foam (stream, river, rivulet) Gyoerffyella speciosa Foam (stream) Austria, Czech Republic, Ireland, New Zealand, UK Canada, Japan Hysteronaevia advena Hysteronaevia olivacea Hysteropezizella diminuens Hysteropezizella fuscella Hysteropezizella phragmitina Helotiales Discinellaceae Cladochasiella divergens Fontanospora alternibrachiata Gyoerffyella tatrica Gyoerffyella tricapillata Lemonniera alabamensis Petersen (1962), Baschien et al. (2013) Baschien et al. (2013) Marvanová (1975), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Baschien et al. (2013) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), Marvanová (2000) Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Cooper (2005), Baschien et al. (2013) Miura (1971), Ingold (1974), Bärlocher (1987) Foam (tidal ditch) UK Marvanová et al. (1967) Decaying leaf Punus and Rosa sp. in a pond, rainwa- Poland, UK Ingold (1964), Czeczuga and ter from building roofs Orłowska (1997), Baschien et al. (2013) Sinclair and Morgan-Jones Brazil, China, Submerged wood of Betula nigra (stream), sub(1979a), Gessner et al. (1993), France, India, merged decaying Alnus glutinosa leaves (stream), Ho (1998), Menéndez et al. Portugal, Spain, decaying submerged leaf litter of Polygonum (2012), Fiuza and Gusmão USA nepalensis and Nerium sp., foam (stream) (2013a), Sati (2014), Duarte et al. (2015) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Lemonniera aquatica Australia, Austria, Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Water (pond, river, stream), scum (stream), spring Ranzoni (1953), Ingold (1960), Brazil, Canada, on flower petals of Malus sylvestris, Prunus spp, Ingold (1967), Crane (1968), China, Czech Pyrus communis, foam (stream, rivelet), subDescals et al. (1977), Bärlocher Republic, merged wood (Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseudoplata(1987), Czeczuga et al. (1990), Estonia, France, nus, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus Gessner et al. (1993), Sridhar Germany, India, sylvatica, Tilia cordata, Ulmus sp.), submerged and Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr Ireland, Japan, decaying leaves of Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula Norway, Poland, (1996), Harrington (1997), glandulosa, and Alnus tenuifolia, (stream), foam Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), (lake, spring, stream, river), stemflow and through- Portugal, RomaMarvanová (2000), Baschien nia, Russia, fall of tree canopies et al. (2008), Schoenlein-Crusius South Africa, et al. (2009), Sridhar and Spain, Sweden, Karamchand (2009), Menéndez Switzerland, et al. (2012), Sati (2014), Cornut UK, Ukraine, et al. (2014), Duarte et al. USA (2015), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018), Vu et al. (2019) Miura (1971, 1972a), Descals Austria, Canada, Water (pond, river), foam (stream, river, rivulet), et al. (1977), Bärlocher (1987), China, Czech submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream), Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr Republic, scum (stream) (1996), Harrington (1997), France, Ireland, Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), Japan, Poland, Pietryczuk et al. (2018), Baudy UK, Ukraine et al. (2019) Ranzoni (1953), Petersen (1963b), Submerged decaying leaves and twigs of Alnus sp., China, France, Miura (1967), Crane (1968), India, Japan, Salix sp. and Quercus kellogi, submerged decaying Iqbal (1972a), Iqbal and Webster Spain, UK, leaves and twigs of dicots (river, stream), foam (1973), Dudka (1974), DesUkraine, USA (stream, spring, river, lake), water (river. stream), cals et al. (1977), Zhu and Yu stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies (1992), Campbell et al. (2006), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014) Petersen (1963b), Arnold (1967), Pond, foam (stream), water (stream), throughfall Austria, Canada, Arnold (1968), Iqbal (1972a), China, India, Dudka (1974), Bärlocher (1987), Germany, Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), Poland, Russia, Marvanová (2000), Campbell Ukraine, USA et al. (2006), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Submerged decaying leaves (river) water (stream), Brazil, India, USA Ingold (1958a), Descals et al. foam (river), throughfall of palm species (1977), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Campbell et al. (2006), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Ingold (1958a), Ingold (1958b), Australia, AusFoam (pond, stream, river, rivulet), submerged Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960), tria, Canada, leaves (pond, stream, river), leaf baits (stream), Marvanová and Marvan (1969), scum (stream), submerged decaying leaves of Salix China, Cuba, Iqbal and Webster (1973), Czech Repubspp., Populus spp., Betula glandulosa, Alnus gluBärlocher (1987), Gessner lic, France, tinosa, and Alnus tenuifolia (stream), water (river, et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Germany, stream), submerged decaying woods, stemflow and Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), Hungary, India, throughfall of tree canopies Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Ireland, Japan, Baschien et al. (2008), Sridhar Poland, Russia, and Karamchand (2009), Baudy Slovakia, South et al. (2019) Africa, Spain, Sweden, UK, Ukraine, USA Submerged decaying leaves (river) China Yu et al. (2019) Lemonniera centrosphaera Lemonniera cornuta Lemonniera filiformis Lemonniera pseudofloscula Lemonniera terrestris Lemonniera yulongensis 13 Distribution References Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Margaritispora aquatica Pond, foam (stream, rivulet), submerged decaying leaves of Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula glandulosa, and Alnus tenuifolia, A. glutinosa (stream) Austria, Brazil, Canada, Korea, Poland, UK, USA Margaritispora monticola Rainwater in forest, foam (stream), bedrock, decaying angiosperm leaves (brook, stream, river), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream), water (stream) Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Baxter (1960), Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), Marvanová (2000), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Mun et al. (2016), Baudy et al. (2019) Dyko (1978), Almer and Segedin (1985), Gessner et al. (1993), Marvanová (2000), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Duarte et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014) Pezoloma rhodocarpum Tetrachaetum elegans Plant debris Water (river, stream), foam (rivulet, river, stream, spring, lake), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa, A. tenuifolia, Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula glandulosa (stream) Australia, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, France, New Zealand, Portugal, Slovakia, UK, USA Malawi Fisher and Spooner (1987) Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Australia, Ranzoni (1953), Baxter (1960), Austria, Brazil, Petersen (1963a), Crane (1968), Canada, France, Germany, India, Iqbal and Webster (1973), Marvanová and Descals (1985), Japan, Poland, Bärlocher (1987), Gessner Portugal, Spain, et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), UK, USA Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014), Funck et al. (2015), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Vu et al. (2019) Gelatinodiscaceae Dimorphospora foliicola Castanea leaf, stream, submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream, river), water-filled treeholes France, Germany, Iqbal and Webster (1973), Gessner et al. (1993), Gönczöl and Révay Hungary, Japan, (2003), Belliveau and Bärlocher Portugal, UK (2005), Baschien et al. (2013) Fluminispora ovalis Helotiaceae Articulospora atra Submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa UK Ingold (1958a) Picea abies twiglet (stream), foam (river) Articulospora moniliformis Submerged Alnus and Salix Articulospora proliferata Submerged leaves of Phragmites communis (river) Czech Republic, UK New Zealand, USA Poland, Spain Articulospora tetracladia Foam, foam/water (stream) Cudoniella indica Foam (river) Canada, Korea, France, Portugal, USA, Venezuela South Africa Cudoniella clavus Dimorphospora foliicola Helicocentralis hyaline Ash, alder, oak twigs Water (stream) Submerged decaying wood (peat swamp) UK USA Thailand Descals and Webster (1982), Baschien et al. (2013) Ranzoni (1953), Petersen (1962), Almer and Segedin (1985) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), Baudy et al. (2019) Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Smits et al. (2007), Mun et al. (2016), Raposeiro et al. (2018) Webster et al. (1995), Vu et al. (2019) Willoughby and Archer (1973) Gulis and Suberkropp (2003) Sri-indrasutdhi et al. (2015) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Helicodendron triglitziense Submerged leaves of Salix (reservoir), water-filled treeholes Helicodendron westerdijkiae Crocicreas megalosporum Hymenoscyphus africanus Hymenoscyphus imberbis Hymenoscyphus foliicola Hymenoscyphus malawiensis Hymenoscyphus paradoxus Hymenoscyphus phyllophilus Hymenoscyphus scutula Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, USA Hungary Austria UK Slovakia UK Malawi Switzerland Soviet Union USA Water-filled treeholes Carex rostrata Alder twigs Submerged decaying twig (stream) Acer pseudoplatanus twigs Plant debris Willow twigs Skeletal leaves Submerged decaying stems of Scirpus atrovirens (lake) Beech cupules UK Beech and willow leaves (stream, lake), submerged Austria, Brazil, Canada, France, wood (Alnus glutinosa, Corylus avellana, Tilia Ireland, India, cordata, Ulmus sp.) (stream), foam (stream, Japan, Nigeria, rivulet, river), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus Spain, Switzerglutinosa, A. tenuifolia, Salix spp., Populus spp., land, UK, USA Betula glandulosa (stream, river), water (river), scum (stream) Linder (1929), van Beverwijk (1953), Glen-Bott (1955), Abdullah and Webster (1980), Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Descals et al. (1984) Marvanová and Descals (1996) Abdullah et al. (1981) Fisher and Spooner (1987) Fisher and Webster (1983) Dudka (1963) Fallah and Shearer (2001) Hymenoscyphus splendens Hymenoscyphus tetracladius Hyaloscyphaceae Arbusculina fragmentans Arbusculina irregularis Brocchiosphaera brocchiata Brocchiosphaera microspora Clathrosphaerina zalewskii Clavidisculum karstenii Clavidisculum graminicola Dematioscypha dematiicola Hyaloscypha albohyalina 13 Abdullah et al. (1981) Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Ingold (1949), Ranzoni (1953), Hudson and Ingold (1960), Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960), Petersen (1962), Alasoadura (1968a), Iqbal and Webster (1973), Abdullah and Webster (1980), Abdullah et al. (1981), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Menéndez et al. (2012), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a) Marvanová (1988), Czeczuga et al. (2007), Baschien et al. (2013) Roof top rainwater, submerged debris (creek), foam India, Poland, (Petersen (1963a), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Czeczuga (stream) USA and Orłowska (1997), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999) (Tubaki (1975), Goh and Hyde Brazil, Brunei, Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat (1999), Ho et al. (2001), Cai China, Japan, swamp), submerged decaying wood (e.g., DipteroMalaysia, Philip- et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004), carpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) Pinruan et al. (2007), Chuapines, Thailand (lake, stream, river, reservoir) and bamboo (river) seeharonnachai et al. (2013), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying woods (stream), submerged Brazil, Thailand Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) On decaying leaves of Betula in water Netherland van Beverwijk (1951b), Abdullah and Webster (1980), Vu et al. (2019) Submerged Umbelliferae stem (stream) UK Ekanayaka et al. (2019) Carex rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile Austria Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat Thailand Pinnoi et al. (2006) swamp) Twigs, rainwater from building roofs, Decaying Poland, New Abdullah and Webster (1983), wood of Nothofagus fusca (stream, waterfall) Zealand, UK Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Vu et al. (2019) Spume (river), flower petal by spring, pond, and river Slovakia, Slovenia, Poland Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Hyaloscypha spinulosa Submerged decaying leaves of Alnus and Betula (brook, ponds, rainwater-filled bombcrater, treeholes), decaying leaves of Nothofagus van Beverwijk (1951a, b), Bottomley (1954), Tubaki (1958), Gamundi et al. (1977), Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Hyaloscypha zalewskii Catkins of Alnus, spine of Castanea sativa (stream), decaying stems of Endymion non-scriptus (river), Quercus cupule, Alnus glutinosa strobilus (river), submerged roots, rainwater from building roofs Dead twig (stream) Submerged needles of Pinus halepensis ( river) River, submerged decaying wood (stream) Argentina, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK Ireland, Netherland, Poland, UK Japan Spain Poland, Thailand Pseudagaerita foliicola Pseudaegerita ossiformis Pseudaegerita viridis Oak leaf (lake) Decaying twig of Quercus (river) River, water-filled treeholes, submerged decaying wood (stream) UK Italy Brazil, Hungary, Poland Pseudaegerita websteri Submerged decaying wood, decaying leaves of Calo- Brazil, Spain phyllum brasiliense (stream) Matsushima (1996) Abdullah et al. (2005) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013), Vu et al. (2019) Field and Webster (1985) Abdullah et al. (1997) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), Gönczöl and Révay (2003), Bruzone et al. (2015), Fiuza et al. (2017b) Abdullah et al. (2005), Fiuza et al. (2019) Pseudaegerita caffra Pseudaegerita conifera Pseudaegerita corticalis Hydrocinaceae Clathrosporium intricatum Submerged decaying angiosperm and unidentified leaves (stream) Malaysia, Thailand Clathrosporium retortum Hydrocina chaetocladia From leaf litter submerged in fresh water Submerged alder and oak twigs (stream) Brazil UK Varicosporium aquaticum Varicosporium delicatum Water (river) Rusia Submerged of rotting leaves of Acer pseudoplatanus, Austria, Canada, foam (rivulet, river, stream), water (river) Ireland, Poland, Portugal Varicosporium elodeae Foam (rivulet, stream, spring, river, lake), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream), submerged decaying leaves of broadleaved trees, shrubs, and angiosperms, stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, water-filled treeholes, water (river, stream) Varicosporium giganteum Foam (stream, spring, river, lake), submerged decay- Canada, China, ing leaves (stream) Ireland, New Zealand, Thailand, USA Austria, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, India, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, UK, USA Descals and Webster (1976), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1987b), Voglmayr (2004), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Moro et al. (2015a) Shearer and Webster (1991), Webster et al. (1991), Vu et al. (2019) Anonymus (1950) Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), Duarte et al. (2015), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Fenton (1950), Tubaki (1957), Nilsson (1958), Willen (1958), Petersen (1963b), Crane (1968), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999), Marvanová (2000), Gönczöl and Révay (2003), Baschien et al. (2008), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014), Pietryczuk et al. (2018), Vu et al. (2019) Crane (1968), Bärlocher (1987), Zhu and Yu (1992), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Harrington (1997), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Campbell et al. (2009) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Varicosporium helicosporum Varicosporium macrosporum Foam (river) Foam (river) Varicosporium scoparium Varicosporium tricladiiforme Foam (river) Submerged leaves of Salix atrocinerea, foam (stream) Foam (stream) Malaysia Malaysia, Thailand Spain Austria, Spain Canada, Czech Republic Nawawi (1974) Nawawi (1974), Sakayaroj et al. (2005) Baschien et al. (2013) Roldan et al. (1992), Marvanová (2000) Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001), Baschien et al. (2013) Varicosporium trimosum Lachnaceae Lachnum calycioides Austria Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Lachnum controversum Lachnum cf. virgineum Lachnum imbecille Eriophorum vaginatum Juncus filiformis Stems of Phragmites australis wood Eriophorum angustifolium UK, Germany USA Austria Lachnum nudipes Stems of Phragmites australis UK Shearer (1993a) Lamore and Goos (1978) Magnes and Hafellner (1991), Kosonen et al. (2020) Taligoola et al. (1972), Cantrell and Hanlin (1997) UK, USA Loramyces macrosporus Dead stalks of Scirpus, Eleocharis, Equisetum, Juncus Internodes of Equisetum fluviatile Obtectodiscus aquaticus Carex rostrata Austria, Switzerland Submerged leaves Submerged leaves, wood UK UK Loramycetaceae Loramyces juncicola Mitrulaceae Mitrula alba Mitrula paludosa Mollisiaceae Belonopsis guestphalicum UK Mollisia casaresiae Mollisia cinerea Submerged decaying Phragmites stem, Schoenoplec- UK tus lacustris stalks, Typha angustifolia leaf bases (lake) Submerged birch dowel UK Wood, Typha latifolia Soviet Union Mollisia gigantea Mollisia hydrophila Picea twigs Phragmites Mollisia mediella Phragmites, Schoenoplectus lacustris Mollisia melaleuca Mollisia pilosa Wood Carex, Schoenoplectus lacustris Mollisia pulla Submerged decaying Carex, Eleocharis, Juncus, Phragmites, Phalaris (lake) 13 Finland Czechoslovakia, Denmark, UK, Finland, France, Germany, Poland, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland UK, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland Soviet Union UK, Soviet Union UK Ingold (1955), Digby and Goos (1987), Vu et al. (2019) Ingold and Chapman (1952), Baschien et al. (2013) (Muller et al. (1979), Magnes and Hafellner (1991), Vu et al. (2019) Cannon et al. (1987) Dennis (1978), Vu et al. (2019) Ingold (1954) Webster et al. (1993) Dudka (1963), Tanney and Seifert (2020) Fisher and Webster (1983) Nannfeldt (1985), Tanney and Seifert (2020) Nannfeldt (1985) Dudka (1963) Dudka (1963), Dennis (1978), Vu et al. (2019) Dennis (1978), Vu et al. (2019) Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Mollisia retincola Phragmites, Carex,Typha Nannfeldt (1985) Mollisia uda Nimbomollisia eriophori Wood Carex rostrata, Eriophorum vaginatum, Juncus filiformis Carex rostrata Carex rostrata Schoenoplectus lacustris, Typha leaf bases Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scirpus, Phragmites Schoenoplectus lacustris Typha Submerged decaying balsa wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Carex rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile, Eriophorum angustifolium, Glyceria fluitans, Juncus filiformis Carex rostrata Phragmites stalks Phragmites, Carex, Typha UK, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland UK Austria Austria Austria UK UK, Scandinavia Soviet Union Italy USA Brunei, China Austria Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Ingold (1954) Shearer (1993a) Dudka (1963) Nannfeldt (1985) Shearer et al. (1976) Ho et al. (2001) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Nimbomollisia melatephroides Niptera bispora Niptera guestphalica Niptera lacustris Niptera melanophae Niptera tephromelas Phialocephala fluminis Phialocephala xalapensis Scutomollisia morvernensis Scutomollisia punctum Tapesia kneiffii Trichobelonium kneiffii Trimmatostroma betulinum Variocladium giganteum Variocladium rangiferinum Ploettnerulaceae Belonium excelsior Cadophora novi-eboraci Collembolispora aristata Collembolispora barbata Pyrenopeziza arundinacea Pyrenopeziza huetteri Pyrenopeziza perminuta Volucrispora aurantiaca Volucrispora graminea Shearer (1993a) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Austria UK Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, UK Leaves China Submerged decaying leaves of Crataegus monogyna Canada, UK and Poaceae, foam (stream) Foam (river) UK Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Ingold (1954) Nannfeldt (1985) Submerged decaying Phragmites Freshwater Foam (stream) Foam (stream) Phragmites australis leaves Carex rostrata Carex rostrata Foam (rivulet, stream) Ingold (1954, 1955) Lim et al. (2021) Crous et al. (2012) Marvanová et al. (2003) Apinis et al. (1972b) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Haskins (1958), Ingold (1959a), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000) Ingold et al. (1968b), Iqbal and Webster (1973), Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Baschien et al. (2013), Ghate and Sridhar (2015), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Finland UK Korea Czech Republic Portugal UK Austria Austria Austria, Canada, UK Foam (river, rivulet, stream), water (river), stemflow Austria, Canada, and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species India, Ireland, Poland, Portugal, UK Au et al. (1992), Vu et al. (2019) Bärlocher (1987), Baschien et al. (2013) Descals and Webster (1982) Tricladiaceae 13 Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Geniculospora grandis Czeczuga et al. (1990), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Marvanová (2000), Marvanová and Hywel-Jones (2000), Marvanová et al. (2003), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Duarte et al. (2012) Ingold (1943a), Anastasiou Austria, Brazil, Foam (river, stream), submerged decaying leaves (1964), Iqbal and Webster France, Ireland, of Alnus glutinosa (stream), water (river, stream), (1973), Czeczuga et al. (1990), Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasil- Portugal, Spain, Gessner et al. (1993), Harrington UK, USA iense (stream) (1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Menéndez et al. (2012), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Fiuza et al. (2019) Wood UK Dennis (1978), Friggens et al. (2017) Submerged branch of Quercus, water (stream) France, Portugal, Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Baschien et al. (2013), Cornut UK, USA et al. (2014), Raposeiro et al. (2018) Submerged decaying culm of Saccharum munja Pakistan Firdaus-E-Bareen and Braun (canal) (2007) Carex rostrata Austria Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Foam (river, stream), submerged decaying leaves Malaysia, ThaiNawawi (1985c), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Hosoya et al. (2006) land Stream USA Baschien et al. (2013) Austria, Canada, Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Pond water, foam (stream, spring, river, lake), Ingold (1949), Ranzoni (1953), Czech Repubsubmerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa, A. Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960), lic, Germany, tenuifolia, Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula glanduPetersen (1962), Crane (1968), Poland, Switlosa (stream), water (river), scum (stream) Bärlocher (1987), Czeczuga zerland, UK, et al. (1990), Czeczuga and USA, Venezuela Orłowska (1999), Marvanová (2000), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Baschien et al. (2006), Smits et al. (2007), Baschien et al. (2008), Duarte et al. (2015), Pietryczuk et al. (2018), Baudy et al. (2019) On submerged decaying leaves of Typha latifolia, Poland, UK, USA Anastasiou (1964), Ranzoni (1979), Czeczuga and Orłowska river, foam and scum (1999) Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr Foam (rivulet, stream) Austria, Canada, (1996), Baschien et al. (2013), Czech Republic, Duarte et al. (2015) Portugal Marvanová and Descals (1987), Foam (rivulet, stream), submerged decaying leaves Austria, Canada, Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), (stream) Czech Republic, Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová UK (2000), Campbell et al. (2009), Baschien et al. (2013) Foam (river) India, Japan, Nawawi (1974), Sridhar and Malaysia Kaveriappa (1992), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007) Foam (stream, river), water-filled treeholes Czech Republic, Harrington (1997), Gönczöl and Révay (2003), Baschien et al. Hungary, Ireland (2013) Geniculospora inflata Graddonia coracina Mycofalcella calcarata Mycofalcella iqbalii Trichopezizella hystricula Tricladium aciculum Tricladium alaskense Tricladium angulatum Tricladium anomalum Tricladium attenuatum Tricladium biappendiculatum Tricladium brunneum Tricladium castaneicola 13 Decomposing plant litter, foam (stream), water (river), submerged decaying leaves (stream) Distribution Australia, Austria, Canada, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Thailand References Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution Tricladium caudatum Foam (rivulet, stream) Austria, Canada, Czech Republic Tricladium chaetocladium Tricladium curvisporum Tricladium fallax Tricladium fuscum Tricladium gracile Tricladium indicum Tricladium intermedium Tricladium kelleri Tricladium marylandicum Tricladium minutum Tricladium obesum Tricladium patulum Tricladium procerum Tricladium robustum References Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001), Baschien et al. (2013) Nawawi (1985b), Bärlocher Australia, Water (stream, river), submerged decaying leaves (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Canada, France, (e.g., Alnus glutinosa, Alnus sp. (stream, river), Malaysia, Portu- Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), foam (stream) Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), gal, Spain, USA Duarte et al. (2012), Menéndez et al. (2012), Baschien et al. (2013), Cornut et al. (2014), Funck et al. (2015), Raposeiro et al. (2018) Foam (rivulet, river, stream) Austria, Brazil, Descals and Webster (1983), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington Ireland, UK (1997), Marvanová (2000), Baschien et al. (2013), Fiuza et al. (2015a) Foam (river, stream) Brazil, Czech Marvanová (1984), Fiuza and Republic Gusmão (2013a) Rotten leaves and foam (stream) Malaysia Nawawi (1985c) Ingold (1943a), Ranzoni (1953), Pond, submerged decaying leaves, water (river), Austria, Canada, Petersen (1962), Crane (1968), foam (rivulet, stream, spring, river, lake) Ireland, Poland, Iqbal and Webster (1973), BärUK, USA locher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997) Foam, on submerged rotten leaves of Pinus roxChina, India, Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007), Baschien et al. (2013) burghii Malaysia, USA Petersen (1962), Crane (1968) On submerged of rotting twigs, submerged decaying USA angiosperm leaves, foam (river, stream, spring, lake) Stream USA Baschien et al. (2013) Foam (pond, lake, stream, spring, river), submerged Poland, USA Crane (1968), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999) decaying angiosperm leaves Juncus culms, foam (stream) Canada, UK Bärlocher (1987), Baschien et al. (2013) Foam (stream) Czech Republic Marvanová (2004), Baschien et al. (2013) Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. Foam (rivulet, river, stream), submerged leaf litter of Austria, Canada, (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Alnus glutinosa (stream) Czech Republic, Harrington (1997), Marvanová France, Ireland, (2000), Belliveau and Bärlocher Poland (2005), Baschien et al. (2013), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Submerged dead stem of Juncus, rainwater from Poland, Slovenia Marvanová (1988), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Baschien et al. building roofs (2013) In mountain stream, on rotten leaf of Fagus sylAustria, Czech Marvanová (1984), Descals vatica, foam (stream) Republic, Spain (1987), Marvanová (2000) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Tricladium splendens Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Austria, Brazil, Foam (rivulet, stream, river, spring, lake), subIngold (1949), Ranzoni (1953), Canada, Czech merged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa, A. tenBaxter (1960), Petersen Republic, uifolia, Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula glandulosa (1962), Crane (1968), Eaton France, India, (stream), foam (stream), stemflow and throughfall and Jones (1971b), Bärlocher Ireland, Japan, of tree canopies, water (stream) (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), UK, USA, Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Venezuela Baschien et al. (2006), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Smits et al. (2007), Baschien et al. (2008), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Baschien et al. (2013), Cornut et al. (2014), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Foam (stream) Ireland, Portugal Baschien et al. (2013) Twigs, submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocar- Japan, Thailand Tubaki (1966), Sivichai et al. pus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blokcs) (2002), Johnston et al. (2019) Submerged decaying wood of Pinus sylvestris and UK Jones and Stewart (1972) Fagus sylvatica (water-cooling towers) Tricladium terrestre Tricladium varicosporioides Tricladium varium Vibrisseaceae Gorgoniceps boltonii Distribution Submerged decaying Equisetum fluviatile Stems (lake) Alder twigs Twigs Eucalyptus logs Submerged alder, willow and Corylus twigs (stream) Austria, UK Vibrissea flavovirens Scandinavia Sweden, Norway Australia UK, Hungary, France, Norway, Sweden Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream, river) UK Vibrissea guernisacii Twigs, water (river, lake) Poland, UK, USA Vibrissea leptospora Vibrissea norvegica Vibrissea sporogyra Prunus, Rosa, Ribes, Salix Phragmites australis Submerged decaying stalks of Equisetum, Carex, Eleocharis (lake) Maple, alder, birch willow, juniper branches Wood Sweden, UK, Norway UK Submerged Pinus needles (swamp) Wood Eucalyptus logs Eucalyptus logs Foam (river, stream), water, submerged decaying leaves of Platanus occidentalis and Acer saccharinum (river) Ssubmerged decaying leaves of Pandanus helicopus Equisetum fluviatile Submerged roots of Alnus glutinosa USA Australia Australia Australia Austria, Spain, UK, USA Leucovibrissea obconica Vibrissea decolorans Vibrissea dura Vibrissea filisporia Vibrissea truncorum Vibrissea vibrisseoides Helotiales genera incertae sedis Aquapoterium pinicola Chlorovibrissea bicolor Chlorovibrissea melanochlora Chlorovibrissea tasmanica Filosporella annelidica Filosporella aquatica Filosporella exilis Filosporella fistucella 13 Scandinavia Scandinavia Malaysia Belarus UK References Ingold (1954), Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Schumacher (1976) Schumacher (1976) Beaton and Weste (1976) Graddon (1965), Schumacher (1976), Révay and Gönczöl (1990), Han et al. (2014), Graddon (1965), Descals and Sutton (1976), Zheng and Zhuang (2017) Ingold (1954), Lamore and Goos (1978), Czeczuga et al. (1990) Graddon (1965) Sánchez (1969) Ingold (1954) Kjuller (1960), Tanney and Seifert (2020) Kjuller (1960), Tanney and Seifert (2020) Raja et al. (2008b) Beaton and Weste (1977) Beaton and Weste (1976) Beaton and Weste (1976) Shearer and Crane (1976), Marvanová (2000), Baschien et al. (2013) Nawawi (1976a) Baschien et al. (2013) Baschien et al. (2013) Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Filosporella pinguis Filosporella versimorpha Tetracladium apiense Foam (stream) Submerged roots of Alnus glutinosa Plant debris (stream), foam (stream) Tetracladium breve Tetracladium furcatum Tetracladium globosum Tetracladium marchalianum Tetracladium maxilliforme Tetracladium nainitalense Tetracladium palmatum Tetracladium setigerum Distribution References Canada UK South Africa, Spain Leaf Frangula cf. alnus, foam (stream), water (river) Austria, Brazil, Poland, Spain Marvanová and Bärlocher (1998c) Baschien et al. (2013) Roldán et al. (1989), Baschien et al. (2013) Roldán et al. (1989), Marvanová (2000), Baschien et al. (2013), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Descals and Webster (1983), Zhu Leaves, foam (river, stream), water (river, stream) Austria, China, and Yu (1992), Marvanová Poland, Portu(2000), Fiuza and Gusmão gal, UK (2013a), Baschien et al. (2013), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Freshwater Korea Lim et al. (2021) Austria, Canada, Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Water (pond, river, stream), submerged decaying Ingold (1949), Ranzoni (1953), Cuba, Czech wood (Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Hudson and Ingold (1960), RepubCorylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960), lic, France, sylvatica, Tilia cordata, Ulmus sp., submerged Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Germany, decaying leaves of Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula Iqbal and Webster (1973), India, Jamaica, glandulosa, and Alnus tenuifolia, (stream), foam Bärlocher (1987), Roldán et al. Nigeria, Poland, (stream, river, rivulet), sediment (dam, stream) (1989), Czeczuga et al. (1990), Portugal, Spain, Gessner et al. (1993), Sridhar Switzerland, and Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr UK, USA, Ven(1996), Czeczuga and Orłowska ezuela (1999), Marvanová (2000), Smits et al. (2007), Baschien et al. (2008), Anderson and Shearer (2011), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Petersen (1962), Bärlocher (1987), Austria, Canada, Water (pond, river), submerged decaying wood Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr France, New (Alnus glutinosa) in stream, foam (stream, rivulet), (1996), Czeczuga and Orłowska Zealand, foam (stream) (1999), Marvanová (2000), Poland, USA, Cooper (2005), Smits et al. Venezuela (2007), Pietryczuk et al. (2018), Baudy et al. (2019) Root endophyte riparian plants, foam (stream) Brazil, India Sati et al. (2009), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a) River spume, foam (stream, rivulets) Austria, Portugal, Roldán et al. (1989), Voglmayr Spain (1996), Marvanová (2000), Marvanová et al. (2003), Baschien et al. (2013) Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Austria, Canada, Water (pond, river), foam (stream), submerged Ingold (1949), Ranzoni (1953), France, India, leaves of Salix atrocinerea (river) and Alnus glutiPetersen (1962), Nawawi Jamaica, Malaynosa leaves (stream), sediment (stream) (1985b), Bärlocher (1987), sia, Poland, Roldán et al. (1989), Gessner Portugal, Spain, et al. (1993), Czeczuga and Switzerland, Orłowska (1999), Marvanová Thailand, UK, (2000), Smits et al. (2007), USA, Venezuela Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Vu et al. (2019) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Lauriomycetales Lauriomycetaceae Lauriomyces heliocephalus Lauriomyces pulcher Lauriomyces sakaeratensis Leotiales Leotiales genera incertae sedis Alatospora acuminata Alatospora crassipes Alatospora flagellata Alatospora pulchella Rhytismatales Rhytismataceae Hypoderma alpinum Hypohelion scirpinum Lophodermium licualae Lophodermium macci 13 Substrate Distribution References Submerged decaying leaf Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Brazil Hong Kong Brazil da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Ho (1998) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Unpolluted water (stream), foam (stream, river, rivu- Austria, Brazil, Ingold (1949), Fenton (1950), Canada, Czech let), submerged decaying wood and leaves (Alnus Ranzoni (1953), Tubaki (1957), Republic, glutinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana, France, Hungary, Umphlett (1957), Nilsson Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, (1958), Ingold (1958b), Nilsson India, Ireland, Tilia cordata, Ulmus sp.), submerged leaves (Cof(1960), Hudson and Ingold fea arabica and Hevea brasiliensis) (stream), water Jamaica, Japan, (1960), Ingold (1960), GreatNetherlands, (river), scum (stream), sediment (dam), stemflow head (1961), Anastasiou (1964), New Zealand, and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species, Iqbal and Webster (1973), Poland, Portuwater-filled treeholes Almer and Segedin (1985), gal, Rhodesia, Marvanová and Descals (1985), Uganda, South Sridhar (1987), Bärlocher Africa, Spain, (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Sweden, SwitSridhar and Bärlocher (1993), zerland, UK, Voglmayr (1996), Czeczuga USA, Venezuela (1996), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Gönczöl and Révay (2003), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Smits et al. (2007), Baschien et al. (2008), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Menéndez et al. (2012), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a), Cornut et al. (2014), Ghate and Sridhar (2015), Duarte et al. (2015), Funck et al. (2015), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018), Vu et al. (2019) Submerged decaying leaves of Fagus sylvatica in Czech Republic Marvanová (1977) (river) Marvanová and Descals (1985), Fagus sylvatica leaf (stream), foam (stream, rivulet), Austria, Canada, Bärlocher (1987), Gessner Czech Republic, submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream), et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), France, Hunwater (river) Marvanová (2000), Baschien gary, Poland et al. (2013), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Marvanová and Descals (1985), Leaves (stream), foam (stream, rivulet), submerged Australia, Au et al. (1992), Gessner Austria, China, decaying leaves of Alnus (stream), water (stream), et al. (1993), Voglmayr 1996), Czech Republic, stemflow and throughfall Marvanová (2000), Gulis and France, India, Suberkropp (2003), Menéndez Italy, Netheret al. (2012), Baschien et al. lands, Portugal, (2013), Ghate and Sridhar Spain, UK, USA (2015), Duarte et al. (2015) Carex nigra Submerged decaying stalks of Carex nigra Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Water Austria UK Thailand China Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Ingold (1954) Pinruan et al. (2014) Song and Wu (2010) Fungal Diversity Table 6 (continued) Taxon Substrate Thelebolales Thelebolaceae Geomyces sp. Water distribution system Thelebolales genera incertae sedis Gorgomyces honrubiae Foam (stream) Miniancora allisoniensis Foam (stream) water (van Uden and Ahearn 1963; Sláviková et al. 1992; Gadanho et al. 2006; de García et al. 2007; Russo et al. 2008; Libkind et al. 2009; Branda et al. 2010; Brandão et al. 2011; Fell et al. 2011; Medeiros et al. 2012). Most of the taxa of freshwater Basidiomycota in Table 12 were observed from plant substates. Fungi from foam records 19 species, eight (Leptosporomyces crucelliger, Taeniospora nasifera, Fibulotaeniella canadensis, Nodulospora inconstans, Helicogloea angustispora, Anguillomyces acadiensis, A. acadiensis, Arcispora bisagittaria) of which were reported exclusively from foam. There are notions on fungi observed from foam as spores originating from the neighboring terrestrial environment and just trapped in air bubbles, however studies showed that the vast majority of these spores originated from aquatic habitats (Nilsson 1964; Ingold 1975). Thus, they are no different from ascomycetous spores that are also recovered from foam samples. Foam serves as a natural trap for conidia and gives a fairly accurate indication of the fungal flora of stream or river. For instance, Nilsson (1964) concluded that the foam and scum samples give us an overview of the species from the stream system in the sampling area. In many cases, the host substrate is determined in subsequent studies, e.g., Mrakia aquatica was initially isolated from foam samples (Jones and Slooff 1966), but later collected on Equisetum culms (Webster unpublished). In this section, we update the list of Jones et al. (2014b) with a total of 218 species (in 100 genera) (Tables 12 and 13). Eleven classes comprise freshwater Basidiomycota and distributed in 26 orders and 43 families. Freshwater yeasts Few freshwater yeasts are known when compared with the extensive number of hyphomycetes and ascomycetes documented in this study. This can be attributed to the lack of studies undertaken (Fell et al. 2011; Libkind et al. 2014). Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms that belong to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and require different techniques to filamentous fungi for their study. Early studies in their identification required not only isolation and morphological observation but also chemical reactions Distribution References Polland Grabińska-Łoniewska et al. (2007) Spain Canada Baschien et al. (2013) Baschien et al. (2013) such as utilization and fermentation of different substrates. The development of molecular techniques has revolutionized their study and enabled their higher order classification (Kurtzman and Robnett 1998) with extensive revisions of the classification of Basidiomycota yeasts by Liu et al. (2015c, d) and Wang et al. (2015a, b, c). Kurtzman and Fell (2006) estimated there were circa 1500 yeast species but the figure is nearer to 2000 to 2200. Freshwater yeasts have been recovered from a variety of environments: drinking water (Yamaguchi et al. 2007), surface water (Biedunkiewicz and Baranowska 2011), bottled and tap water (Yamaguchi et al. 2007), wastewater and polluted rivers (Spencer et al. 1970; Woollett and Hedrick 1970; Pires et al. 2017; Assress et al. 2019), rivers (van Uden and Ahearn 1963; Sláviková and Vadkertiová 1997a, b), trapped in foam (Jones and Slooff 1966), freshwater estuaries (Fell et al. 2011; Libkind et al. 2017), glacial melt water (Libkind et al. 2003, 2009, 2014), fish ponds (Sláviková and Vadkertiová 1995a), artificial lakes (Sláviková et al. 1992) and lakes (Kwasniewska 1988; Brandão et al. 2010, 2011, 2017; Biedunkiewicz et al. 2013). Yeasts have also been isolated from freshwater plants (Mrakia aquatica from Equisetum culms, Vishniacozyma victoriae from submerged roots), while a wide range of taxa occur in the water tanks of bromeliads: Bromelia karatas, Encholirium sp., Paepalanthus bromelioides and Vriesea minarum (Morais et al. 2020). Others occur on the surfaces of surface and mouth cavity of two Chelonian (turtles) species, Podocnemis expansa and P. unifilis (Morais et al. 2010). Yeast distribution in lakes has yielded a wide range of taxa (Biedunkiewicz et al. 2013) as well as those found in the freshwater zone of the Everglades (Fell et al. 2011). Many of these studies yielded novel species: Candida aquatica (current name = Mrakia aquatica), Cryptococcus agrionensis, Sporobolomyces patagonicus, Rhodotorula himalayensis (= Phenoliferia himalayensis) and Rhodotorula meli (= Sakaguchia meli). With recent revisions of the basidiomycetous yeasts, many of the early names are now obsolete and, in this paper, we refer to the currently accepted names. Many taxa listed in Table 13 were only isolated once in the various studies, for example, the 317 isolates made by Medeiros et al. (2012) from lakes and rivers in Brazil, 13 Fungal Diversity Table 7 Classification of freshwater Orbiliomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa Taxon ASCOMYCOTA ORBILIOMYCETES Orbiliales Orbiliaceae Arthrobotrys dactyloides Arthrobotrys oligosporus Hyalorbilia oviparasitica Dactylella microaquatica Dactylella submersa Substrate Distribution References Submerged twig Water (river), submerged decaying leaves (stream), decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Foam (stream) Brazil Brazil, Poland, Thailand da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Czeczuga et al. (1990), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Pinruan et al. (2014) Submerged decaying of unidentified leaves and Shiia sieboldii, submerged decaying wood (river), water (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Quercus, foam (stream), stemflow and throughfall of palm species Submerged leaf Rainwater from Quercus myrsinaefolia leaves Dicranidion gracile Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Helicoon myosuroides Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Helicoon pluriseptatum Rainwater from building roofs, leaves in water, submerged decaying Quercus leaves (lake) Monacrosporium tentaculatum Foam (stream, river), submerged leaves Dactylella yunnanensis Dicranidion fissile Orbilia luteorubella Orbilia ellipsospora Orbiliella armeniaca Trinacrium incurvum Trinacrium indicum Trinacrium robustum Trinacrium subtile Vermispora cauveriana 13 Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying twigs and leaves (stream), Calophyllum brasiliense Twigs Foam (river), stemflow and throughfall of palm species Submerged decaying leaves of Coffea arabica (stream) Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species Rainwater from building roofs, leaves in water, stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species Foam (stream), submerged decaying leaves of Ficus religiosa (river) India Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003) Cuba, Japan, Philippines, USA Petersen (1962), Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Cai et al. (2003a), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003) (Ranzoni (1979), Cai et al. (2003a) Cuba, India, Ireland, Poland, UK Ingold (1943a), Ingold (1944), Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Czeczuga (1996), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Brazil da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Japan Ando and Tubaki (1984a) India Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Brazil Fiuza et al. (2019), Fiuza et al. (2017b) van Beverwijk (1954), Abdullah and Webster (1980), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Anastasiou (1964), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj et al. (2005) Lamore and Goos (1978) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Fiuza et al. (2019) Ireland, Netherlands, Poland India, Thailand, USA USA Brazil USA Brazil, India India India India, Netherlands, Poland India Shearer and Von Bodman (1983) Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Soosamma et al. (2001) Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Rajashekhar et al. (1991) Fungal Diversity Table 8 Classification of freshwater Pezizomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa Taxon PEZIZOMYCETES Pezizales Ascobolaceae Saccobolus beckii Thecotheus rivicola Pezizaceae Adelphella babingtonii Aquapeziza globispora Pachyella adnata Pachyella clypeata Pachyella punctispora Pachyella violaceonigra Peziza oliviae Peziza sp. Pyronemataceae Miladina lecithina Scutellinia scutellata Rhizinaceae Psilopezia deligata Psilopezia nummularia Substrate Distribution References Pine bark Twigs and wood of Prunus India Czech Republic, USA Udaiyan (1989) Pfister (1973a) Twigs Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood France, Hungary, UK, USA China USA, Japan USA, Japan USA Ukraine USA UK Ingold (1954), Pfister (1973b), Pfister et al. (2008) Hu et al. (2012c) Pfister (1973b) Pfister (1973b) Pfister (1973b) Dudka (1963) Frank (2013) Eaton and Jones (1971a) Wood, foam (stream) Austria, UK, USA Wood Ukraine Pfister and Korf (1974), Descals and Webster (1978), Marvanová (2000) Dudka (1963) Poplar log or unidentified wood Wood USA, Argentina USA Pfister (1973a) Pfister (1973a) yielded 21 genera and 48 species but few were isolated from each of the 18 sites. The most numerous genera are Candida (31 species) and Rhodotorula (9 species), and with fewer species Papiliotrema (6) and Naganishia (5). Common species included Cryptococcus luteolous (= Hannaella luteola) and Rhodotorula glutinis in the dry season, while Aureobasidium pullulans was common in the rainy season. Brandão et al. (2011) noted that Candia krusei (= Teunomyces kruisii), and C. guilliermondii (= Meyerozyma guilliermondii) were the most common in three freshwater lakes in Brazil. These are faecal coliforms, probably present in the water samples as the result of contamination by warmblooded animals (Brandão et al. 2010). Other taxa occurred only once and can be regarded as rare. While most are regular taxa in freshwater environments: Mrakia aquatica, M. frigida, Kluyveromyces aestuarii, others have been described also from mangrove habitats (Kwoniella mangrovensis) (Statzell-Tallman et al. 2008), or from glacial melt water, e.g. Cryptococcus agrionensis (= Goffeauzyma agrionensis), Cystofilobasidium lacus-mascardii, and Sakaguchia meli (de García et al. 2007; Libkind et al. 2014). Yeasts such as Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei (= Teunomyces kruisii), Candida guilliermondii (= Meyerozyma guilliermondii), Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis, are opportunistic pathogens often associated with human activity. Fell et al. (2011) however, did not encounter serious human pathogens (such as in water Candida tropicalis) in samples from the freshwater zone of the Everglades. A number of factors determine the occurrence of yeasts in freshwater habitats: temperature, exposure/tolerance to UV light, and nutrient availability. Libkind et al. (2006) concluded that in Patagonian freshwater yeasts, there had an apparent relationship between the ability to produce PPCs (photoprotective compounds), their tolerance to UV radiation (UVR) exposure and their success in colonizing habitats highly exposed to UVR. Brandão et al. (2011) opined those yeasts isolated from an oligotrophic lake in Patagonia (Argentina) are metabolically active and could contribute to organic matter recycling even under these harsh conditions. Some 325 yeasts (162 Basidiomycota, 163 Ascomycota) species are listed in Table 13, but this figure is undoubtedly an underestimate. These yeast taxa are not recorded in the previous taxonomic groups above and we separately listed in this section. Ingoldian fungi Ingoldian fungi, also known as “aquatic (Ingoldian) hyphomycetes”, were named after Prof. Cecil Terence Ingold 13 Fungal Diversity Fig. 5 Freshwater Sordariomycetes. a, b Sporidesmium sp. c, d Aquapteridospora sp. e, f Canalisporium sp. g–i Cordana sp. j–l Sporidesmium sp. m, n Sprochisma sp. o, p Phaeoisaria sp. q, r Distoseptispora sp. s, t Xylaria sp. u, v Ceratosphaeria sp. w–y Peroneu- 13 typa sp. z, a1 Cosmospora aquatica. Scale bars: s, w, z = 300 μm, a, c, e, g, j, k, m, o, q = 100 μm, r = 40 μm, f, l, v = 20 μm, b, d, h, i, n, p, t, x, y, a1 = 10 μm Fungal Diversity Table 9 Classification of freshwater Sordariomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa Taxon Substrate Distribution ASCOMYCOTA SORDARIOMYCETES Diaporthomycetidae Annulatascales Annulatascaceae Annulatascus apiculatus Annulatascus aquaticus Annulatascus chiangmaiensis Annulatascus fusiformis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Annulatascus hongkongensis Annulatascus joannae Annulatascus lacteus Annulatascus liputii Annulatascus menglensis Annulatascus nakhonensis Annulatascus palmietensis Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying bamboo (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Brazil China Thailand Australia, China, Philippines China China China Philippines China Thailand Brunei, South Africa Annulatascus saprophyticus Annulatascus songkhlaensis Annulatascus thailandensis Annulatascus tropicalis Annulatascus velatisporus Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream, river, waterfall) and bamboo (river), submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Annulusmagnus triseptatus Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Aqualignicola hyalina Submerged decaying wood (river) Aqualignicola vaginata Ascitendus aquaticus Ascitendus austriacus Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood Ayria appendiculata Ayria nubispora Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream) Cataractispora appendiculata Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) References Barbosa et al. (2008) Ho et al. (1999c) Dong et al. (2021a) Hyde and Wong (2000), Cai et al. (2006), Vijaykrishna et al. (2006) Ho et al. (1999b) Tsui et al. (2002) Tsui et al. (2002) Cai et al. (2002a) Hu et al. (2012a) Dong et al. (2021a) Hyde et al. (1998a), Fryar et al. (2004), Hyde and Sarma (2006) Thailand Luo et al. (2015) Thailand Dong et al. (2021a) Thailand Hyde et al. (2020d) China Tsui et al. (2002) Hyde (1992c), Hyde et al. Australia, (1998a), Wong et al. (1999b), Brazil, BruHo et al. (2001), Cai et al. nei, China, (2003a), Tsui et al. (2003c), Philippines, Pinnoi et al. (2006), Hyde India, Japan, (2007) Pinruan et al. (2007), Malaysia, Hu et al. (2010b), Sudheep South and Sridhar (2011), Barbosa Africa, et al. (2013a), Dayarathne Thailand et al. (2016) Australia, Bru- Wong et al. (1999b), Ho et al. (2001), Campbell and Shearer nei, Canada, (2004) China, Malaysia, USA, Venezuela China, India Ranghoo et al. (2001), Sudheep and Sridhar (2011) China Hu et al. (2012a) Australia Hyde et al. (2018) Réblová and Winkac (2001), Australia, Campbell and Shearer (2004) Canada, USA, Venezuela USA Raja et al. (2009b) Costa Rica, Raja et al. (2009a) USA Hyde et al. (1999b) Australia, Brunei, Seychelles 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Cataractispora aquatica Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall) Hyde et al. (1999b, Kurniawati et al. (2010) Cataractispora bipolaris Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Australia, Brunei, Malaysia, Seychelles Australia, Brunei, Malaysia, USA China Australia, China, Malaysia, Mauritius Peru Egypt Thailand Brazil, Costa Rica, Peru, USA Australia, France, Thailand, USA Thailand Cataractispora receptaculorum Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (reservoir) Cataractispora viscosa Submerged decaying wood (stream) Hyde (1992c), Ho et al. (2001), Raja et al. (2009b) Ho et al. (2004) Hyde et al. (1999b, Ho et al. (2001) Chaetorostrum quincemilense Fusoidigranularius nilensis Longivarius aquatorbae Longicollum biappendiculatum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (Phragmites australis) (river) Submerged decaying wood (Erythrophleum teysmannii) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submersisphaeria aquatica Submerged decaying wood, submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submersisphaeria palmae Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta petiole and rachis, Nenga pumila rachis, Licuala longecalycata trunk and petiole, (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Costa Rica China Barbosa et al. (2013a) Ranghoo et al. (2000) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Thailand Thailand Dong et al. (2021a) Bao et al. (2021a) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand China Yang et al. (2015) Luo et al. (2019) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Vertexicola ascoliberata Vertexicola caudata Aquapteridosporaceae Aquapteridospora aquatica Aquapteridospora bambusinum Aquapteridospora lignicola Aquapteridospora fusiformis Atractosporales Atractosporaceae Atractospora aquatica Atractospora decumbens Atractospora ellipsoidea Zelski et al. (2011b) Abdel-Wahab et al. (2011) Boonyuen et al. (2012) Zelski et al. (2011a) Hyde (1996), Campbell et al. (2003b), Pinruan et al. (2007), Fournier et al. 2016) Pinnoi et al. (2004, 2006) Atractospora reticulata Atractospora thailandensis Atractospora verruculosa Rubellisphaeria abscondita Jobellisiales Jobellisiaceae Jobellisia guangdongensis Submerged decaying Sambucus nigra wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood China Luo et al. (2019) France Réblová et al. (2016a) Brunei, Ho et al. (1999d), Fryar et al. (2004), Campbell and Shearer China, USA (2004), Dong et al. (2021a) France Réblová et al. (2016a) Thailand Zhang et al. (2017a) France Réblová et al. (2016a) France Réblová et al. (2016a) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Jobellisia luteola Jobellisia viridifusca Barbatosphaeriales Barbatosphaeriaceae Barbatosphaeria lignicola Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river) USA China Liu et al. (2012), Chethana et al. (2021) Raja et al. (2009b) Ranghoo et al. (2001) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Luo et al. (2019) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Submerged decaying wood of Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks, unidentified wood (stream), submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Brazil, Perú, Thailand Cancellidium atrobrunneum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Cancellidium cinereum Cancellidium griseonigrum Cancellidium thailandense Obliquiminima hyalina Ceratolentales Bullimycetaceae Bullimyces aurisporus Bullimyces communis Bullimyces costaricensis Conlariales Conlariaceae Conlarium aquaticum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Thailand Thailand Thailand Sivichai et al. (2002), Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013), Barbosa et al. (2013b), Zelski et al. (2014) Dong et al. (2021a), Hyde et al. (2021) Hyde et al. (2021) Hyde et al. (2021) Dong et al. (2021a) Dong et al. (2021a) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (reserve, stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Costa Rica Costa Rica Costa Rica Ferrer et al. (2012) Ferrer et al. (2012) Ferrer et al. (2012) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Conlarium dupliciascosporum Conlarium subglobosum Riomyces rotundus Diaporthales Diaporthaceae Diaporthe aquatica Diaporthe beckhausii Diaporthe longicolla Gnomoniaceae Ambarignomonia petiolorum Gnomonia papuana Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China, Thailand China Thailand Costa Rica Zhang et al. (2017a), Dong et al. (2021a) Liu et al. (2012) Dong et al. (2021a) Ferrer et al. (2012) Submerged decaying wood (ditch) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Freshwater China China Korea Hu et al. (2012b) Ho et al. (2001) Nam et al. (2020) Submerged partially decomposed Acer rubrum leaves (lake) Submerged leaves USA Papua New Guinea Malaysia Brunei Fallah and Shearer (2001) Sivanesan and Shaw (1977) Ho et al. (2001) Ho et al. (2001) UK Eaton and Jones (1971a, b) Thailand Pinruan et al. (2004a, 2007) Thailand China China China Thailand China Thailand Luo et al. (2019) Su et al. (2016a) Luo et al. (2018b) Li et al. (2021c) Dong et al. (2021a) Su et al. (2016a) Yang et al. (2018d), Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) Cancellidiales Cancellidiaceae Cancellidium applanatum Gnomoniella microspora Submerged decaying wood (stream) Gnomoniella rubicola Submerged decaying wood (stream) Sydowiellaceae Sillia ferruginea Submerged decaying wood Diaporthales genera incertae sedis Phruensis brunneispora Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Distoseptisporales Distoseptisporaceae Distoseptispora appendiculata Submerged decaying wood (stream) Distoseptispora aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Distoseptispora cangshanensis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Distoseptispora euseptata Submerged decaying wood (river) Distoseptispora fasciculata Submerged decaying wood (stream) Distoseptispora fluminicola Submerged decaying wood (stream) Distoseptispora guttulata Submerged decaying wood (stream) Distoseptispora lignicola Submerged decaying wood (waterfall) Thailand 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Distoseptispora martinii Distoseptispora multiseptata Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Brazil Thailand Distoseptispora neorostrata Distoseptispora obclavata Distoseptispora obpyriformis Distoseptispora phangngaensis Distoseptispora rayongensis Distoseptispora rostrata Distoseptispora saprophytica Distoseptispora songkhlaensis Distoseptispora submersa Distoseptispora suoluoensis Distoseptispora tectonae Distoseptispora yunnanensis Magnaporthales Ceratosphaeriaceae Ceratosphaeria aquatica Ceratosphaeria lampadophora Ceratosphaeria phialidica Ceratosphaeria pusilla Ceratosphaeria lignicola Magnaporthaceae Aquafiliformis lignicola Buergenerula biseptata Clasterosporium flexum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Thailand China Thailand Barbosa et al. (2013b) Hyde et al. (2016b), Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2018b) Yang et al. (2018d) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Thailand China Thailand Thailand China China Thailand China Hyde et al. (2020d) Luo et al. (2018b) Dong et al. (2021a) Dong et al. (2021a) Luo et al. (2018b) Yang et al. (2018d) Dong et al. (2021a) Li et al. (2021c) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (water-cooling tower) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (swamp) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Australia USA USA Thailand Luo et al. (2019) Jones (1972), Hyde et al. (1997) Shearer (1989a) Shearer and Crane (1986) Luo et al. (2019) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Carex rostrata Foam (stream), submerged decaying Thuja plicata foliage (pond) Carex rostrata China Austria Japan, UK Luo et al. (2019) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Abdullah (1980), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged Typha sp. (lake) China Hu et al. (2012b) Canada, Shearer et al. (1999), Luo et al. China, USA (2004) China, Egypt, Shearer et al. (1999), Tsui et al. (2001d, 2003c), Luo et al. Japan, (2004), Hyde (2007) Raja Malaysia, et al. (2009b), Kurniawati Panama, et al. (2010), Abdel-Aziz Thailand, (2016b), Chethana et al. USA (2021) Australia, Bru- Conway and Barr (1977), Hyde (1992b), Hyde and Goh nei, China, (1998c), Sivichai et al. (2002), Japan, Cai et al. (2003a), Tsui et al. Malaysia, (2003c), Luo et al. (2004) Philippines, Seychelles, Thailand, USA USA Shearer et al. (1999) China Tsui et al. (2001g), Cai et al. (2006) China Tsui et al. (2001h) UK Iqbal (1972b) Gaeumannomyces graminis Ophioceraceae Ophioceras aquaticum Ophioceras arcuatisporum Ophioceras commune Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream, river, waterfall) Ophioceras dolichostomum Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (lake, river) Ophioceras fusiforme Ophioceras guttulatum Submerged decorticated woody debris (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Ophioceras hongkongense Ophioceras leptosporum Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged plant stalks 13 Australia Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Ophioceras submersum Ophioceras tenuisporum Ophioceras venezuelense Submerged decaying wood (waterfall) Submerged decaying twig (creek) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Panama Brazil, Venezuela Luo et al. (2019) Shearer et al. (1999) Shearer et al. (1999) Pseudohalonectriaceae Pseudohalonectria adversaria Submerged decaying wood (swamp, stream) China, Malay- Shearer (1989b), Shearer (1989a), Hyde et al. (1998a), sia, South Hyde and Goh (1999a), Ho Africa, UK et al. (2001), Luo et al. (2004) USA Shearer (1989a) China Cai et al. (2002b) China, Japan, Minoura and Muroi (1978), Shearer (1989b), Shearer Thailand, (1989a), Cai et al. (2002b), USA Tsui et al. (2003c), Luo et al. (2004), Kurniawati et al. (2010) Panama, Phil- Shearer (1989a), Cai et al. ippines (2003a) China, Chile, Shearer (1989a), Fallah and Shearer (2001), Cai et al. USA (2002b) Pseudohalonectria falcata Pseudohalonectria fuxianii Pseudohalonectria lignicola Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood and Acer saccharinum twig (creek, lake, stream, waterfall) Pseudohalonectria longirostrum Pseudohalonectria lutea Submerged decaying wood (river) Pyriculariaceae Neocordana musae Pyricularia fusispora Pyricularia rabaulensis Myrmecridiales Myrmecridiaceae Myrmecridium aquaticum Myrmecridium fluviae Myrmecridium montsegurinum Myrmecridium schulzeri Ophiostomatales Ophiostomataceae Subbaromyces aquaticus Parasympodiellales Parasympodiellaceae Parasympodiella laxa Phomatosporales Phomatosporaceae Phomatospora aquatica Phomatospora berkeleyi Submerged decaying Quercus wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Brazil Brazil Ho et al. (2001) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Freshwater Submerged wood of Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica, Hedera helix and Alnus glutinosa (stream) Water (stream), submerged decaying wood China Korea France Luo et al. (2019) Tibpromma et al. (2017) Réblová et al. (2016a) China, South Korea Nguyen et al. (2018), Wijayawardene et al. (2021) Submerged decaying wood India Chary and Ramarao (1974) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Australia, Japan Australia, China, Philippines, Thailand, USA Norway France, Spain Minoura and Muroi (1978), Vijaykrishna and Hyde (2006) Fallah and Shearer (2001), Vijaykrishna and Hyde (2006) USA Fallah and Shearer (1998) Submerged decaying wood (Typha latifolia, Carex comosa, Scirpus brevicaudatus), wood (lake, river, stream), decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior) Phomatospora muskellungensis Submerged decaying wood and stem of Typha latifolia (lake) Phomatospora helvetica Phomatospora luteotingens Nordén et al. (2015) Fournier and Lechat (2010) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Phomatospora striatigera Phomatospora triseptata Rhamphoriales Rhamphoriaceae Rhamphoria pyriformis Rhodoveronaea aquatica Sporidesmiales Sporidesmiaceae Sporidesmium altum Sporidesmium appendiculatum Sporidesmium aquaticivaginatum Sporidesmium aturbinatum Sporidesmium brachypus Sporidesmium cangshanense Sporidesmium chiangmaiense Sporidesmium dulongense Sporidesmium ensiforme Sporidesmium fluminicola Sporidesmium gyrinomorphum Sporidesmium lageniforme Sporidesmium lignicola Sporidesmium macrurum Sporidesmium olivaceoconidium Sporidesmium nujiangense Sporidesmium paludosum Submerged Carex gracili Submerged decaying wood (swamp) Australia USA Scheuer (1988) Raja and Shearer (2008) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China China Ho et al. (2001) Luo et al. (2019) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Thailand Goh and Hyde (1999) Dong et al. (2021a) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Hyde et al. (2016b) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Foam (tarn) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China China China Thailand China UK China Thailand Bao et al. (2021a) Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) Dong et al. (2021a) Hyde et al. (2020d) Descals and Webster (1982) Su et al. (2016a) Yang et al. (2018d) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China China Brunei Thailand Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) Ho et al. (2001) Hyde et al. (2016b) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake) and bamboo (river) China China, Philippines Brazil Thailand China Thailand Sporidesmium ponapense Sporidesmium pyriformatum Sporidesmium submersum Sporidesmium thailandense Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Sporidesmium tropicale Foam (river), submerged decaying wood (stream) Tirisporellales Tirisporellaceae Thailandiomyces bisetulosus Tirisporella beccariana Togniniales Togniniaceae Erostella minutissima Phaeoacremonium aquaticum Phaeoacremonium ovale Phaeoacremonium thailandense Trichosphaeriales Trichosphaeriaceae 13 Bao et al. (2021a) Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Hyde et al. (2016b) Su et al. (2016a) Zhang et al. (2017a, b), Yang et al. (2018d) Brazil, China, Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Barbosa et al. (2013b), Yang et al. Thailand (2018d), Bao et al. (2021a) Submerged decaying wood, decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Foam (stream) Thailand Pinruan et al. (2008, 2014) Malaysia Jones et al. (1996) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) China China China Thailand Ho et al. (2001) Hu et al. (2012b) Huang et al. (2018b) Calabon et al. (2021a) Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Brachysporium obovatum Brachysporium nigrum Koorchaloma bambusae Unisetosphaeria penguinoides Xenospadicoidales Xenospadicoidaceae Neospadicoides aquatica Neospadicoides lignicola Neospadicoides thailandica Neospadicoides yunnanensis Spadicoides americana Spadicoides atra Spadicoides bambusicola Spadicoides cordanoides Spadicoides hodgkissii Spadicoides klotzschii Spadicoides minuta Spadicoides obovata Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged petiole of Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) USA USA Thailand Thailand Raja et al. (2009b) Lamore and Goos (1978) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinnoi et al. (2003a, 2006) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Phyllostachys bambusoides (stream) Submerged decaying wood, decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Decaying Nenga pumila (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) China China Thailand China China China China Australia China Thailand China China, Thailand Thailand Brazil China Australia, China, Costa Rica, Seychelles Czech Republic, France Brazil, Brunei, Costa Rica Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) Bao et al. (2021a) Luo et al. (2019) Wongsawas et al. (2008) Zhang et al. (2017a) Cai et al. (2006) Goh and Hyde (1996b) Ho et al. (2002) Pinruan et al. (2014) Cai et al. (2004a) Zhuang et al. (2001), Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinruan et al. (2014) Fiuza et al. (2017b) Vijaykrishna et al. (2005) Hyde (1995d), Hyde and Goh (1998c), Tsui et al. (2002), Barbosa et al. (2013a) Spadicoides stoveri Spadicoides subsphaerica Torrentispora aquatica Torrentispora biatriispora Torrentispora crassiparietis Submerged decaying wood of Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus excelsior (lake) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Torrentispora fibrosa Submerged decaying wood (lake, reservoir, stream) Torrentispora calembola Torrentispora fusiformis Submerged decaying wood (river) Torrentispora pilosa Submerged decaying wood (stream) Diaporthomycetidae family incertae sedis Acrodictyaceae Acrodictys aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) China, New Zealand Brunei Costa Rica Réblová et al. (2018) Fryar et al. (2004), Fryar and Hyde (2004), Barbosa et al. (2013a) Hyde et al. (2000), Réblová et al. (2018) Fryar and Hyde (2004) Barbosa et al. (2013a) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying bamboo (river) Rainwater from building roofs China Philippines, Thailand Thailand Philippines Poland Hyde et al. (2018), Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) Cai et al. (2002c, 2003a), Bao et al. (2021a) Dong et al. (2021a) Cai et al. (2003a) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Submerged decayed stem of Phragmites australis (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Egypt Thailand China China China Thailand Ariyawansa et al. (2015) Dong et al. (2021a) Dong et al. (2021a) Yuan et al. (2020) Song et al. (2018a) Zhang et al. (2017a) Acrodictys fluminicola Acrodictys liputii Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river) Acrodictys porosiseptata Acrodictys sacchari Acrodictys similis Junewangiaceae Dictyosporella aquatica Dictyosporella chiangmaiensis Dictyosporella ellipsoidea Dictyosporella guizhouensis Dictyosporella hydei Dictyosporella thailandensis Thailand 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution Jennwenomyces navicularis Junewangia aquatica Junewangia thailandica Sporidesmiella aquatica Sporidesmiella aspera Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying angiosperm twigs (stream) Sporidesmiella ciliaspora Sporidesmiella claviformis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying twigs (stream) Sporidesmiella cornuta Submerged decaying twigs (stream) Sporidesmiella incrassata Submerged decaying twigs (stream) Sporidesmiella hyalosperma Sporidesmiella novae-zelandiae Sporidesmiella obovoidia Sporidesmiella oraniopsidis Sporidesmiella parvissima Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, swamp) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) Sporidesmiella vignalensis Papulosaceae Brunneosporella aquatica Fluminicola aquatica Fluminicola bipolaris Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Goh and Kuo (2020) Song et al. (2018b) Dong et al. (2021a) Luo et al. (2019) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1993a) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1993a) Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1993a) Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1993a) China, USA Crane (1972), Luo et al. (2019) China, Thai- Sivichai et al. (2002), Luo et al. (2019) land Thailand Dong et al. (2021a) Thailand Pinruan et al. (2014) Brazil, Malay- Kuthubutheen and Nawawi sia (1993a), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Fluminicola saprophytica Submerged decaying wood (river) China Thailand China, Philippines, Thailand Thailand Fluminicola striata Wongia aquatica Wongia fusiformis Pseudoproboscisporaceae Diluviicola capensis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood Thailand China Thailand Submerged decaying wood (stream) Brunei, Thailand Thailand Australia, Philippines, Japan UK, USA Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall) Neodiluviicola aquatica Submerged decaying bamboo (river) Pseudoproboscispora aquatica Submerged decaying wood References China China Thailand China Malaysia Ranghoo et al. (2001) Zhang et al. (2017a, b) Wong et al. (1999a), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Kurniawati et al. (2010) Zhang et al. (2017a, b), Luo et al. (2019) Dong et al. (2021a) Luo et al. (2019) Bao et al. (2021a) Hyde et al. (1998b), Dong et al. (2021a) Zhang et al. (2017a) Wong and Hyde (1999), Tsui et al. (2003c) Pseudoproboscispora caudaesuis Submerged decaying wood (Acer ruburm, Fraxinus excelsior) (lake) Pseudoproboscispora thailandensis Pseudostanjehughesiaceae Pseudostanjehughesia aquitropica Pseudostanjehughesia lignicola Woswasiaceae Cyanoannulus petersenii Submerged decaying bamboo (river) Thailand Ingold (1951), Fallah and Shearer (2001), Campbell et al. (2003b) Zhang et al. (2017a) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Yang et al. (2018d) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Luo et al. (2019) Submerged decaying wood (stream) USA Raja et al. (2003) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References China Australia, Brunei China China Thailand Ho et al. (1999d) Tsui et al. (2003b), Fryar et al. (2004) Tsui et al. (2003b) Tsui et al. (2003b) Dong et al. (2021a) China Australia, Japan China China USA Inderbitzin (2000) Hyde (1995d), Tsui et al. (2003c) Cai and Hyde (2007c) Tsui et al. (1998a) Raja et al. (2010a) Australia Hyde (1995e) Brazil da Silva and Gusmão (2015) USA Hafellner (2014) UK, Netherlands China van Beverwijk (1954) Brazil Brazil, China da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Korea Goh et al. (2020) Water (pond, stream) Freshwater Korea Korea Nguyen et al. (2019a) Lim et al. (2021) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China China, France Cylindrotrichum gorii Submerged decaying wood (Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus sp., Platanus sp.) (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Cylindrotrichum helisciforme Foam (stream) Hyde et al. (2016b), Luo et al. (2019) Maharachchikumbura et al. (2018) Maharachchikumbura et al. (2018) Marvanová (1979), Bärlocher (1987) Hyde and Goh (1999a) Luo et al. (2019) Maharachchikumbura et al. (2018) Maharachchikumbura et al. (2018) Diaporthomycetidae genera incertae sedis Aquaticola hyalomura Submerged decaying wood (stream) Aquaticola longicolla Submerged decaying wood (creek, river) Aquaticola minutiguttulata Aquaticola triseptata Aquidictyomyces appendiculatus Ceratostomella hyalocoronata Clohiesia corticola Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Clohiesia curvispora Submerged decaying wood (stream) Clohiesia lignicola Submerged decaying wood (river) Hyalorostratum brunneispoSubmerged decaying wood (stream) rum Hypocreomycetidae Coronophorales Bertiaceae Bertia convolutispora Submerged decaying wood (stream) Chaetosphaerellaceae Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma Submerged bark Nitschkiaceae Rhagadostoma lichenicola Lake Coronophorales genera incertae sedis Papulaspora pulmonaria Submerged decaying leaves Papulaspora sepedonioides Submerged bamboo culms (stream) Glomerellales Australiascaceae Dischloridium gloeosporioides Submerged leaves Dischloridium inaequiseptatum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Glomerellaceae Colletotrichum godetiae Plectosphaerellaceae Acrostalagmus luteoalbus Lectera nordwiniana Reticulascaceae Cylindrotrichum aquaticum Cylindrotrichum clavatum Cylindrotrichum oligospermum Submerged decaying wood (river) Cylindrotrichum submersum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Kylindria aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Kylindria chinensis Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Canada, Slovakia UK China China China Cai et al. (2006) Hypocreales 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Bionectriaceae Acremonium guillematii Bionectria byssicola Freshwater Submerged decaying wood (stream) Lim et al. (2021) Ho et al. (2001) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood River watershed Korea Brunei, China, Malaysia Australia China Canada Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Brunei, China China Thailand China Ho et al. (2001) Ho et al. (2001) Au et al. (1992) Pinruan et al. (2014) Ho et al. (2001) Submerged organic debris and freshwater muds of Lake Sengari Ireland, Japan Park (1972), Tubaki (1973) Didymostilbe australiensis Fusariella sarniensis Ovicuculispora parmeliae Hypocreaceae Gliocladium cylindrosporum Sibirina orthospora Trichoderma glaucum Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma polysporum Myrotheciomycetaceae Emericellopsis terricola Nectriaceae Aquanectria devians Aquanectria jacinthicolor Aquanectria penicillioides Aquanectria submersa Aquanectria tenuispora Bacillispora inflata Baipadisphaeria spathulospora Bisifusarium dimerum Calonectria candelabrum Chaetopsina aquatica Chaetopsina beijingensis Chaetopsina fulva Submerged decaying leaf (reservoir) Singapore Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Submerged decaying wood and leaves of broad-leaved trees, Australia, China, shrubs and angiosperm, foam (lake, spring, stream, river), Cuba, sediment (dam), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies India, Italy, and palm species Ireland, Jamaica, Korea, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, UK, USA Submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream), Jamaica, foam (stream) Portugal, Venezuela Submerged decaying leaf (reservoir) Singapore Water (river) Poland Submerged trunk of Licuala longicalycata (peat bog) Thailand Groundwater Submerged leaf Submerged decaying stem of Phragmites australis (river) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying leaves and petioles (stream), submerged decaying test blocks (Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis) Chaetopsina hongkongensis Submerged decaying wood Chaetopsina illini Submerged decayed wood of Taxodium distichum (swamp) Chaetopsina penicillata Submerged decaying Xylia dolabriformis test block (stream) Chaetopsina polyblastia Submerged decaying Xylia dolabriformis test block (stream) Chaetopsina splendida Submerged decaying petioles (stream) Chaetopsinectria chaetopsinae Submerged decaying Xylia dolabriformis test block (stream) Cosmospora aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Cosmosporella olivacea Submerged decaying wood (lake) 13 Hyde and Goh (1997) Chen et al. (2011) Maloles et al. (2018) Gordillo and Decock (2019) Huang et al. (2018a) Ingold (1943a), Ranzoni (1953, 1956), Hudson and Ingold (1960), Greathead (1961), Crane (1968), Yu et al. (1988), Au et al. (1992), Harrington (1997), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Duarte et al. (2012), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Ghate and Sridhar (2015), Lombard et al. (2015), Mun et al. (2016), Luo et al. (2019) Hudson (1961), Marvanova et al. (2003), Smits et al. (2007) Gordillo and Decock (2019) Czeczuga et al. (1990) Pinruan et al. (2010) Slovenia Brazil Egypt China Brazil, Thailand Novak Babič et al. (2016) da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Bakhit and Abdel-Aziz (2021) Luo et al. (2019) Barbosa et al. (2013b) China USA Thailand Thailand Brazil Thailand China China Ho et al. (2002) Crane (1971) Sivichai et al. (2002) Sivichai et al. (2002) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Sivichai et al. (2002) Luo et al. (2019) Huang et al. (2018a) Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Cylindrocarpon aquaticum Water (river), foam (stream), submerged decaying plant materials (stream) India, Poland, USA Cylindrocarpon destructans var. destructans Cylindrocladiella infestans Submerged leaves (river) UK Ranzoni (1979), Czeczuga et al. (1990), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003) Iqbal and Webster (1973) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged leaves Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river, stream) Brazil Fiuza et al. (2019) Cylindrocladiella parva Fusarium solani Fusicolla aquaeductuum Submerged decaying wood (lake), water (river), submerged decaying leaves of angiosperm, foam (river, lake, spring, stream) Gliocladiopsis aquaticus Gliocladiopsis guangdongensis Gliocladiopsis singaporiensis Gliocladiopsis tenuis Heliscus tentaculus Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Brazil da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Philippines, Shearer and Von Bodman USA (1983), Cai et al. (2003a) Brazil, China, Crane (1968), Czeczuga et al. Poland, USA (1990), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Huang et al. (2018a) Thailand Hyde et al. (2018) China Liu and Cai (2013) Singapore India Jamaica, USA Ilyonectria destructans Submerged decaying leaf (stream) Submerged petioles Submerged decaying leaves of Platanus occidentalis, unidentified leaves (stream) Foam (stream) Mariannaea aquaticola Mariannaea catenulata Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Mariannaea chlamydospora Mariannaea cinerea Mariannaea elegans Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, stream) Thailand China, Thailand China China Brazil Mariannaea fusiformis Mariannaea lignicola Mariannaea samuelsii Mariannaea submersa Mariannaea superimposita Nectria curta Nectriella lacustris Nectria lugdunensis Nectria submersa Neocosmospora haematococca Neonectria coccinea Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged wood of Fraxinus excelsior Carex rostrata Submerged decaying wood (river) Water Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Submerged beech (stream) India Gordillo and Decock (2019) da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Umphlett (1957), Hudson and Ingold (1960) Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003) Cai et al. (2010) Hao et al. (2021) Hu et al. (2017) Hu et al. (2017) Fiuza et al. (2019) China, Korea Hu et al. (2017), Pangging et al. (2021b) China Hu et al. (2017) China Luo et al. (2019) China Hao et al. (2021) China Luo et al. (2019) UK Webster (1993) Austria Magnes and Hafellner (1991) UK Shearer and Webster (1991) Japan Kobayasi and Ookubo (1952) China Tsui et al. (2001d), Tsui and Hyde (2004) Hungary Révay and Gönczöl (1990) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution Neonectria lugdunensis Submerged decaying wood (Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior), rainwater from building roofs, water (river, stream), foam (stream, rivulet, spring, river, lake), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream), water (stream) Ophionectria trichospora Paracremonium binnewijzendii Payosphaeria minuta Thelonectria discophora Thelonectria lucida Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Austria, Can- Ingold (1942), Fenton (1950), Ranzoni (1953), Tubaki ada, Czech (1957), Ingold (1958b), NilsRepublic, son (1960), Baxter (1960), France, GerCrane (1968), Iqbal and many, IreWebster (1973), Bärlocher land, Japan, (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Poland, Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Portugal, Czeczuga and Orłowska Rhodesia, (1997), Harrington (1997), Slovakia, Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Spain, SweSuberkropp (2003), Baschien den, UK, et al. (2006, 2008), Cornut USA et al. (2014), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Mexico Castañeda-Ruíz et al. (2007) China Luo et al. (2019) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged oak twigs (river) Submerged twigs (stream) China UK USA Thelonectria discophora Varicosporella aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood wood (Populus sp. Buxus sempervirens, Salix sp., Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus sp.) Freshwater UK France Cai et al. (2006) Shearer and Webster (1991) Shearer and Von Bodman (1983) Shearer and Webster (1991) Lechat and Fournier (2015) Korea Pangging et al. (2021b) China China Cai and Hyde (2007c) Tsui et al. (2001f) Egypt China China Brazil South Korea Brazil Brazil Hyde et al. (2017b) Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Lee et al. (2019) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Poland Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Korea Canada Canada Goh et al. (2020) Maloles et al. (2018) Maloles et al. (2018) Thailand Pinnoi et al. (2003b, 2006) China, Thailand Hsieh et al. (1995), Hyde et al. (1999a), Luo et al. (2004), Kurniawati et al. (2010) Li et al. (2016) Volutella citrinella Niessliaceae Paraniesslia aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Paraniesslia tuberculata Submerged decaying wood (river) Stachybotryaceae Koorchalomella salmonispora Submerged decayed stem of Phragmites australis Stachybotrys chartarum Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream) Stachybotrys chlorohalonatus Submerged decaying wood (river) Stachybotrys nephrosporus Submerged leaf Stachybotrys sansevieriae Water (river) Stachybotrys sphaerosporus Submerged decaying petioles (stream) Virgatospora echinofibrosa Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Sarocladiaceae Sarocladium implicatum Water (river) Hypocreales genera incertae sedis Idriella lunata Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Illosporiopsis christiansenii River watershed Illosporium carneum River watershed Microascales Gondwanamycetaceae Knoxdaviesia undulatistipes Submerged decaying petiole of Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Halosphaeriaceae Aniptodera aquadulcis Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (lake, stream, river, waterfall) Aniptodera aquibella Submerged decaying wood (stream) 13 Thailand References Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution Aniptodera chesapeakensis Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream, reservoir) Aniptodera fusiformis Submerged decaying cottonwood twigs (Populus deltoides) Aniptodera inflatiascigera Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Aniptodera lignicola Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream) and bamboo (river) Aniptodera limnetica Aniptodera margarition Aniptodera mauritaniensis Submerged decaying wood (creek) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river, lake) Aniptodera megaloascocarpa Aniptodera megalospora Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Aniptodera palmicola Submerged decaying wood (lake), submerged Raphia australia rachis Aniptosporopsis lignatilis Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall) Australia, Bra- Shearer and Miller (1977), Minoura and Muroi (1978), zil, Brunei, Shearer and Crane (1986), China, India, Shearer (1989b), Hyde Iraq, Japan, et al. (1998a), Goh and Mauritius, Hyde (1999), Hyde et al. South (1999a), Fryar et al. (2004), Africa, USA Luo et al. (2004), Patil and Borse (2012b), Barbosa et al. (2013a), Al-Saadoon and AlDossary (2014) Iraq, USA Shearer (1989b), Al-Saadoon and Al-Dossary (2014) Brunei, China, Tsui et al. (1997), Hyde et al. (1999a), Ho et al. (2001) Philippines Hyde et al. (1999a), Cai et al. Australia, (2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Brunei, Patil and Borse (2012b) China, India, Malaysia, Philippines USA Shearer (1989b) UK, USA Shearer (1989b) China, Iraq, Hyde et al. (1999a), Luo et al. (2004), Al-Saadoon and AlMauritius Dossary (2014) USA Raja and Shearer (2008) Brunei, China, Hyde et al. (1999a) Malaysia China, Iraq, Hyde et al. (1999a), Luo et al. South Africa (2004), Al-Saadoon and AlDossary (2014) Hyde (1992a), Hyde et al. Australia, (1999a), Ho et al. (2001) China, Mauritius Philippines, Seychelles, South Africa Australia Hyde et al. (1999a) Australia, Bru- Hyde et al. (1999a) nei, China, Mauritius, Philippines, South Africa Thailand Luo et al. (2019) China Ho et al. (2001) China Liu et al. (2020a) Spain Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2017) Brunei, India, Nawawi (1973a), Marvanová (1980), Nawawi (1985b), Malaysia, Sridhar and Kaveriappa Thailand (1992), Kuthubutheen et al. (1992), Sivichai et al. (2002), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Hosoya et al. (2006), Pinnoi et al. (2006), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Yang et al. (2018c), Hosoya et al. (2019) Ascosacculus aquaticus Submerged decaying wood (river) Ascosacculus heteroguttulatus Submerged decaying wood (creek, river, stream) Ascosacculus fusiformis Cirrenalia macrocephala Cucurbitinus constrictus Cucurbitinus ibericus Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged wood Clavatospora filiformis Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (stream), foam (stream), submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta, Licuala longicalycata Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp) References 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution Clavatospora longibrachiata Foam (stream, rivulet), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream), water (river, stream), scum (stream) Clavatospora tentacula Submerged leaves (Coffea arabica, Hevea brasiliensis, unidentified) (stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, foam (stream) Fluviatispora reticulata Submerged Livistona sp. and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Fluviatispora tunicata Submerged Livistona sp. (river) Haligena elaterophora Halosphaeria viscosa Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera Luttrellia estuarina Submerged decaying balsa wood (river) Austria, Can- Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Willen (1958), Ingold (1960), ada, France, Greathead (1961), Iqbal and Ireland, Poland, Por- Webster (1973), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), tugal, South Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Africa, SweVoglmayr (1996), Harrington den, Spain, (1997), Marvanová (2000), UK, USA Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Cuba, India, Ranzoni (1979), Sridhar Malaysia, (1987), Sridhar and KaveThailand, riappa (1988), Sridhar and USA, VenKaveriappa (1992), Sivichai ezuela and Boonyene (2004), Hosoya et al. (2006), Smits et al. (2007) Hyde (1994a), Pinnoi et al. Papua New (2006) Guinea, Thailand Papua New Hyde (1994a) Guinea UK Eaton and Jones (1971b) Philippines, Hyde et al. (1999a) South Africa USA Shearer and Crane (1971) Submerged decorticated wood (river, stream) Canada, USA Luttrellia guttulata Submerged decorticated wood (stream) Luttrellia halonata Luttrellia parvulospora Submerged decorticated wood (river) Submerged decorticated wood (river) Magnisphaera stevemossago Nais aquatica Submerged decorticated wood (creek, pond, river) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfalls) Nais inornata Submerged decaying wood of Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica (water-cooling towers), wood (lake) Costa Rica, Panama Ecuador USA, French Guiana USA Australia, China, South Africa China, Japan, USA, UK Natantispora lotica Submerged decaying wood Natantispora retorquens Submerged decaying wood (river, reservoir, stream) and wood (river), submerged rachis of Raphia australia 13 References Shearer (1978), Ferrer and Shearer (2007) Ferrer and Shearer (2007) Ferrer and Shearer (2007) Ferrer and Shearer (2007) Campbell et al. (2003a) Hyde et al. (1999a) Jones and Stewart (1972), Minoura and Muroi (1978), Luo et al. (2004), Raja et al. (2009b) Hyde et al. (1999a), Campbell Australia, et al. (2003a) China, Mauritius, Philippines, South Africa, USA Goh and Hyde (1999), Hyde Australia, et al. (1999a), Cai et al. China, Mauritius, Philip- (2002b), Cai et al. (2003a), Campbell et al. (2003a) pines, South Africa, USA Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Okeanomyces cucullatus Submerged decaying wood (lake) Phaeonectriella appendiculata Submerged decaying wood (stream) Distribution References Luo et al. (2004) Hyde et al. (1999a) Phaeonectriella lignicola Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, watercooling towers) China Australia, Philippines China, Mauritius, UK Sigmoidea aurantiaca Foam (rivulet), submerged decaying wood (river) Austria, UK Sigmoidea contorta Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Thailand Sigmoidea praelonga Sigmoidea prolifera Foam (stream) Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream), foam (lake, stream, river, spring) Austria USA Eaton and Jones (1970), Hyde et al. (1999a), Luo et al. (2004) Descals and Webster (1982), Voglmayr (1996) Marvanová and Hywel-Jones (2000) Marvanová (1986) Petersen (1963b), Crane (1968) Fluid (wastewater treatment plant) Sediment (river) France Spain Crous et al. (2016a) Gilgado et al. (2005) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood Thailand USA Thailand Lu et al. (2018b) Shearer and Crane (1971) Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2020) Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Révay (1992) Microascaceae Scedosporium cereisporum Scedosporium minutisporum Triadelphiaceae Triadelphia fusiformis Triadelphia heterospora Triadelphia hexaformispora Triadelphia hungarica Water-filled treeholes Triadelphia morgoensis Submerged decaying wood Microascales genera incertae sedis Sporendocladia bactrospora Submerged decaying wood (stream), Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Torpedosporales Juncigenaceae Juncigena fruticosae Submerged decayed stems of Suaeda fruticosa (lake) Vermiculariopsiellales Vermiculariopsiellaceae Vermiculariopsiella cornuta Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Vermiculariopsiella cubensis Submerged decaying leaves and petioles (stream) Vermiculariopsiella falcata Submerged decaying leaves and twigs (stream) Vermiculariopsiella immersa Submerged decaying leaves and twigs (stream), Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Hungary Hungary Vermiculariopsiella parvula Submerged decaying twigs (stream) Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis Campylospora brasiliensis Submerged decaying leaves (stream, river, waterfall) Campylospora chaetocladia Submerged decaying leaves of Acer sp., Coffea arabica, Hevea brasiliensis (stream, river), decaying unidentified leaves (spring), foam, scum (lake, spring, stream, river), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Malaysia Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza et al. (2018) Egypt Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) Brazil Brazil Malaysia Brazil, Malaysia Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Nawawi et al. (1990) Nawawi et al. (1990), Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza et al. (2018) Nawawi et al. (1990) Brazil Brazil, Cuba, Ghana, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, Nigeria, Portugal, Thailand, USA, Venezuela Moro et al. (2015b) Ranzoni (1953), Dixon (1959), Hudson and Ingold (1960), Crane (1968), Alasoadura (1968a), Nawawi (1985b), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1988), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Hosoya et al. (2006), Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013b), Raposeiro et al. (2018) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Campylospora filicladia Submerged decaying leaves of Coffea arabica, and Hevea brasiliensis (stream), foam (river, stream) Brazil, India, Venezuela Campylospora parvula Foam (water, river, rivulet. stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Austria, Brazil, Canada, India, Ireland, Japan, Venezuela Porosphaerellopsis bipolaris Lulworthiomycetidae Pisorisporiales Pisorisporiaceae Achroceratosphaeria potamia Pisorisporium cymbiforme Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1988), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Smits et al. (2007), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013b) Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013b) Ranghoo et al. (2001) Submerged wood of Platanus species (stream) France Submerged decorticated wood of Alnus glutinosa and Fraxi- France nus excelsior (brook) Réblová et al. (2010) Réblová et al. (2015) Savoryellomycetidae Conioscyphales Conioscyphaceae Conioscypha aquatica Conioscypha gracilis Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Japan, Peru Conioscypha lignicola Submerged decaying wood (stream) Conioscypha nakagirii Submerged decaying wood (stream) Australia, China Thailand Conioscypha peruviana Conioscypha submersa Conioscypha tenebrosa Conioscypha verrucosa Vanakripa ellipsoidea Vanakripa fasciata Vanakripa gigaspora Vanakripa menglensis Vanakripa minutiellipsoidea Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (pond) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged dead petiole of Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp), submerged decaying wood Peru China China China China Cuba Philippines China Thailand Luo et al. (2019) Minoura and Muroi (1978), Zelski et al. (2015) Höhnel (1904), Mongkol et al. (2009) Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2017) Zelski et al. (2015) Luo et al. (2019) Yang et al. (2020) Hyde et al. (2020b) Tsui et al. (2003a) Castañeda et al. (2005) Cai et al. (2003a) Hu et al. (2010a) Pinnoi et al. (2003b), Pinnoi et al. (2006), Yang et al. (2020) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (waterfall) Spain Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Calduch et al. (2002) Yang et al. (2017) Yang et al. (2016b) Hyde et al. (2020d) Yang et al. (2016b) Yang et al. (2017) Yang et al. (2020) Boonyuen et al. (2021) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Thailand Boonyuen et al. (2016) Yang et al. (2016b) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Yang et al. (2016b) Fuscosporellales Fuscosporellaceae Bactrodesmiastrum obovatum Fuscosporella aquatica Fuscosporella pyriformis Mucispora infundibulata Mucispora obscuriseptata Mucispora phangngaensis Parafuscosporella aquatica Parafuscosporella ellipsoconidiogena Parafuscosporella garethii Parafuscosporella moniliformis Parafuscosporella mucosa 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Parafuscosporella obovata Parafuscosporella pyriformis Plagiascoma frondosum Pseudoascotaiwania persoonii Pleurotheciales Pleurotheciaceae Coleodictyospora muriformis Neomonodictys muriformis Phaeoisaria aguilerae Phaeoisaria annesophieae Phaeoisaria aquatica Phaeoisaria clematidis Submerged decaying wood (waterfall) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decorticated wood of Fraxinus excelsior (brook) Submerged decaying wood (river) Thailand Thailand France Canada Boonyuen et al. (2021) Yang et al. (2020) Réblová et al. (2016b) Fallah et al. (1999a) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying twig (river) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (lake, reservoir, river, stream), bamboo (river), submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Thailand Thailand Cuba Thailand China Brazil, China, Philippines, Thailand Phaeoisaria guttulata Phaeoisaria filiformis Phaeoisaria sparsa Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (waterfall) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Pleurotheciella aquatica Pleurotheciella centenaria Pleurotheciella fusiformis Pleurotheciella guttulata Pleurotheciella krabiensis Pleurotheciella lunata Pleurotheciella nilotica Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Pleurotheciella rivularia Pleurotheciella saprophytica Pleurotheciella submersa Pleurotheciella sympodia Pleurotheciella tropica Pleurotheciella uniseptata Submerged decaying wood of Hedera helix (rivulets) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) China Thailand Brunei, Malaysia China Canada China China Thailand China China, Egypt, Thailand France China China Thailand Thailand China Dong et al. (2021b) Hyde et al. (2020b) Castaneda Ruiz et al. (2002) Shi et al. (2021) Luo et al. (2018a) Goh and Hyde (1999), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007), Barbosa et al. (2013b), Luo et al. (2018a), Chethana et al. (2021) Hyde et al. (2018) Luo et al. (2019) Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007) Pleurothecium aquaticum Pleurothecium floriforme Pleurothecium guttulatum Pleurothecium pulneyense Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) China Thailand China China, India Pleurothecium recurvatum Pleurothecium semifecundum Saprodesmium dematiosporum Sterigmatobotrys macrocarpus Sterigmatobotrys rudis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood of Sambucus nigra (brook) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China France China Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Canada, UK Submerged decaying wood (water-cooling towers, lake) China, UK Sterigmatobotrys uniseptatus Pseudodactylariales Pseudodactylariaceae Pseudodactylaria aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Hyde and Goh (1999a), Réblová and Seifert (2011) Jones et al. (2002), Luo et al. (2004) Chang (1991), Luo et al. (2019) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Bao et al. (2021a) Luo et al. (2018a) Réblová et al. (2012) Luo et al. (2018a) Luo et al. (2018a) Hyde et al. (2018) Luo et al. (2018a) Abdel-Aziz et al. (2020), Shi et al. (2021) Réblová et al. (2012) Luo et al. (2018a) Luo et al. (2018a) Shi et al. (2021) Hyde et al. (2018) Cai et al. (2002b); Luo et al. (2018a) Luo et al. (2018a) Hyde et al. (2017b) Shi et al. (2021) Sridhar and Sudheep (2011), Luo et al. (2018a) Luo et al. (2019) Réblová et al. (2012) Dong et al. (2021b) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Pseudodactylaria camporesiana Pseudodactylaria fusiformis Pseudodactylaria hyalotunicata Savoryellales Savoryellaceae Ascotaiwania fusiformis Ascotaiwania hsilio Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Hyde et al. (2020b) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) China Brazil, China Lu et al. (2020) Tsui et al. (2000) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand China, USA Yang et al. (2016b) Chang et al. (1998), Fallah et al. (1999a), Raja et al. (2009b) Ascotaiwania limnetica Submerged decaying wood (stream) China, France, Chang et al. (1998), Van Vooren (2010), Patil and India Borse (2012a), Réblová et al. (2016b) Ascotaiwania mitriformis Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) China Ranghoo and Hyde (1998) Ascotaiwania pallida Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Australia, Hyde and Goh (1999a), Fryar et al. (2004), Vijaykrishna and Brunei, UK Hyde (2006) Ascotaiwania palmicola Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream) Australia, Hyde and Goh (1997), Luo et al. (2004) China Ascotaiwania sawadae Submerged decaying wood (stream) China, Thai- Chang et al. (1998), Sivichai land (1998) Ascotaiwania wulai Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Chang et al. (1998) Canalisporium aquaticium Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Hyde et al. (2020b) Brazil, Brunei, Goh et al. (1998a), Ho et al. Canalisporium caribense Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall), rain(2001), Raja et al. (2009b), China, water from building roofs, decaying Licuala longicalycata Sridhar et al. (2012), Pinruan India, North (peat swamp) Maharashtra, et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2014b), Patil et al. (2014) Malaysia, Panama, Poland, Thailand, USA Nawawi and Kuthubutheen Canalisporium elegans Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Brunei, (1989a), Goh et al. (1998a), China, Ferrer and Shearer (2005), Malaysia, Zhang et al. (2014b), Goh and Panama, Kuo (2021) Thailand Canalisporium exiguum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Australia, Goh et al. (1998a), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Brazil Canalisporium grenadoideum Submerged wood of Wrightia tomentosa (stream), unidenti- Egypt, ThaiSri-indrasutdhi et al. (2010), fied wood (river) land Bakhit (2021) Canalisporium jinghongense Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall) China, Egypt, Cai et al. (2003c), Zhang et al. (2014b) Thailand Canalisporium kenyense Submerged decaying wood (stream) Panama, USA Ferrer and Shearer (2005), Raja et al. (2009b) Canalisporium macrosporum Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) China Goh and Kuo (2021) Canalisporium nanhuaense Submerged decaying wood China Goh and Kuo (2021) Canalisporium pallidum Submerged decaying wood China Goh et al. (1998a) Canalisporium panamense Submerged decaying wood Panama Ferrer and Shearer (2005) Canalisporium parvum Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) China Goh and Kuo (2021) Canalisporium paulopallidum Submerged decaying wood China Goh and Kuo (2021) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Nawawi and Kuthubutheen Australia, (1989a), Goh et al. (1998a), Brunei, China, Goh and Hyde (1999), Ferrer Malaysia, and Shearer (2005), Zhang Panama, et al. (2014b), Chethana et al. Thailand (2021) Canalisporium taiwanense Submerged decaying wood China Goh and Kuo (2021) Goh and Hyde (2000b), Luo Canalisporium variabile Submerged decaying wood (lake), submerged decaying Australia, et al. (2004), Pinruan et al. Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) China, Thai(2007) land Canalisporium waffleum Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) China Goh and Kuo (2021) Dematiosporium aquaticum Submerged decaying wood (lake) China Luo et al. (2019) Helicoascotaiwania hughesii Submerged decaying wood (lake) USA Fallah et al. (1999a) Australia, Bru- (Hyde (1993b), Ho et al. Savoryella aquatica Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and (1997), Goh and Hyde (1999), nei, China, Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (creek, lake, river, stream) Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. Malaysia, and bamboo (river) (2004) Philippines, South Africa, Thailand Ho et al. (1997), Luo et al. Savoryella curvispora Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream) China, (2004), Hyde (2007) Malaysia, Mauritius, Philippines, South Africa Savoryella fusiformis Submerged decaying wood Brunei Ho et al. (1997) Savoryella grandispora Submerged decaying wood (river) Australia, Hyde (1994a), Ho et al. (1997) Malaysia Savoryella lignicola Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, waterfall), Australia, Bru- Jones and Eaton (1969), Hyde (1993b), Hyde and Goh submerged pine test blocks (water-cooling towers) nei, China, (1997), Ho et al. (1997), Japan, Tsui et al. (2003c), Luo et al. Malaysia, (2004), Kurniawati et al. South Africa, Thai- (2010) land, UK Savoryella verrucosa Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Australia, Bru- Ho et al. (1997), Sivichai et al. (2002) Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) nei, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand Rhexoacrodictys erecta Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, waterfall) Brazil, China, Luo et al. (2004), Kurniawati and leaves (stream) Thailand et al. (2010), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Savoryellomycetidae genera incertae sedis Obliquifusoideum guttulatum Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Dong et al. (2021b) Sordariomycetidae Chaetosphaeriales Chaetosphaeriaceae Anacraspedodidymum subSubmerged decaying dicotyledonous leaves (stream) China Zheng et al. (2021) mersum Arcuatospora novae-zelandiae Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Bahusutrabeeja dwaya Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) China, Malay- Tsui et al. (2001b) sia Brunneodinemasporium Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Lu et al. (2016) jonesii Catenularia angulospora Submerged decaying wood (stream) Brunei, China Ho et al. (2001) Catenularia catenulata Submerged decaying wood China Luo et al. (2019) Canalisporium pulchrum Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, stream) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Chaetosphaeria anglica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Chaetosphaeria aquatica Chaetosphaeria cubensis Chaetosphaeria guttulata Chaetosphaeria hiugensis Chaetosphaeria innumera Chaetosphaeria lentomita Chaetosphaeria lignomollis Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa Chaetosphaeria pulchriseta Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Decaying Nenga pumila (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying twig (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood and twig (stream) Brunei, Sudan, UK China China China Thailand China China Brazil China Brazil, Malaysia Chaetosphaeria rivularis Submerged wood of Fagus sylvatica associated with Minuti- France sphaera japonica (brook) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Stemflow and throughfall of palm species India Fisher and Petrini (1983), Ho et al. (2001) Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) Pinruan et al. (2014) Goh and Hyde (1999) Ho et al. (2001) Barbosa et al. (2013a) Luo et al. (2019) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1991a), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Ariyawansa et al. (2015) Chaetosphaeria submersa Chaetosphaeria vermicularioides Chloridium aquaticum Chloridium aseptatum Chloridium chloroconium Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) Chloridium cylindrosporum Chloridium gonytrichii Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Chloridium lignicola Submerged decaying wood (stream) Chloridium matsushimae Chloridium obclaviforme Chloridium pachytrachelum Chloridium submersum Chloridium transvaalense Chloridium virescens Codinaea aquatica Codinaea lunulospora Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged leaf Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying twig (stream) Codinaea yunnanensis Craspedodidymum cubense Cryptophiale cucullata Cryptophiale kakombensis Cryptophiale manifesta Cryptophiale multiseptata Cryptophiale udagawae Cryptophialoidea fasciculata Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerge decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (e.g. Dipterocarpus alatus test block) and leaves (stream) Submerged decaying twigs and petioles (stream) Cryptophialoidea secunda Cryptophialoidea uncispora Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) Submerged decaying leaves Dictyochaeta aciculata Dictyochaeta aquatica Submerged petiole Submerged decaying wood 13 Luo et al. (2019) Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Wei et al. (2018) Wei et al. (2018) Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Philippines Cai et al. (2003a) China, Thai- Luo et al. (2019), Bao et al. (2021a) land Brunei, China, Ho et al. (2001, 2002), Hyde Malaysia 2007) China Tsui et al. (2000) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) China Ho et al. (2002) China Hyde et al. (2020d) Brazil da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Brazil Oliveira et al. (2015c) Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1991a) China Luo et al. (2019) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Brazil Kuthubutheen (1987b) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Thailand Pinruan et al. (2007) Australia Goh and Hyde (1996d) Brazil, ThaiSivichai et al. (2002), Barbosa et al. (2013b) land Brazil, Malay- Kuthubutheen and Nawawi sia (1994a), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1987b) Brazil Silva and Gusmão (2013) Thailand Wei et al. (2018) Thailand Thailand Brazil, China Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References China, Malay- Kuthubutheen and Nawawi sia, UK (1991a), Goh and Hyde (1999), Hyde and Goh (1999a) Dictyochaeta britannica Submerged decaying petiole (stream) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Dictyochaeta cangshanensis Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Luo et al. (2019) Dictyochaeta coffeae Submerged decaying wood (river) China Tsui et al. (2001d) Dictyochaeta curvispora Submerged bamboo (river) Philippines Cai et al. (2003a), Cai et al. (2004b) Dictyochaeta daphnioides Submerged decaying angiospermous petioles Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1991b) Dictyochaeta ellipsoidea Submerged decaying wood China Luo et al. (2019) Dictyochaeta fertilis Submerged decaying leaves of unidentified dicotyledon plant Brazil, China, Kuthubutheen and Nawawi Malaysia (1991a), Barbosa et al. (stream), wood (stream, reservoir), Submerged decaying (2013b), Fiuza et al. (2019) leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Dictyochaeta gamundiae Decaying bark (river) Argentina Arambarri et al. (1987) Dictyochaeta guadalcanalensis Submerged decaying twig of unidentified angiosperm Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1991a) Dictyochaeta gyrosetula Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Xylia dolabriformis test Malaysia, Kuthubutheen and Nawawi block) (stream) Thailand (1991c), Sivichai et al. (2002) Dictyochaeta heteroderae Submerged decaying wood (stream), and leaves of Calophyl- Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza lum brasiliense (stream) et al. (2019) Dictyochaeta lignicola Submerged decaying wood (river) China Luo et al. (2019) Dictyochaeta longispora Submerged decaying leaves of unidentified dicotyledon Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi plant (stream) (1991a) Dictyochaeta lunulospora Submerged decaying twig of unidentified dicotyledon plant Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1991a) Dictyochaeta malaysiana Submerged decaying leaves Malaysia Kuthubutheen (1987c) Dictyochaeta microcylindros- Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) pora Dictyochaeta plovercovensis Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (lake, reservoir) China, Philip- Goh and Hyde (1999) Cai et al. pines (2003c), Luo et al. (2004) Dictyochaeta pluriguttulata Submerged decaying wood (stream) Brazil, Malay- Kuthubutheen and Nawawi sia (1991c), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Dictyochaeta subfuscospora Submerged decaying wood Australia, Kuthubutheen and Nawawi Malaysia (1991c), Hyde and Goh (1997) Dictyochaeta ramulosetula Submerged decaying leaves, decaying Metroxylon sagu (peat Malaysia, Kuthubutheen (1987c), Pinruan swamp) Thailand et al. (2014) Dictyochaeta sampahia Submerged decaying leaves Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1991c) Brazil, Malay- Kuthubutheen and Nawawi Dictyochaeta simplex Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) and leaves sia (1991a), Barbosa et al. (stream), Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum (2013b), Fiuza et al. (2019) brasiliense (stream) Dictyochaeta subfuscospora Submerged decaying wood (stream) Australia, Kuthubutheen and Nawawi Malaysia (1991c), Hyde and Goh (1997) Dictyochaeta siamensis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Liu et al. (2016) Dictyochaeta submersa Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Luo et al. (2019) Dictyochaeta tumidoseta Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) China Kuo and Goh (2019) Dictyochaeta vittata Submerged decaying wood Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1991c) Dictyochaetopsis hamata Submerged decaying leaves Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1990) Dictyochaeta assamica Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, river, stream) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution Dictyochaetopsis gonytrichodes Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) and leaves (stream) Dictyochaetopsis pahangensis Submerged decaying leaves Dictyochaetopsis polysetosa Dinemasporium lanatum Submerged decaying leaves and petioles (stream) Submerged decaying leaves and petiole (stream), decaying Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream), submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) Brazil, Malay- Shearer and Crane (1971), sia, USA Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1990), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1990) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Brazil, ThaiBarbosa et al. (2013b), Pinruan et al. (2014) land Brazil do Carmo et al. (2020) China Tsui et al. (2001a) Brazil, China, Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1994b), Hyde and Goh Malaysia, (1998c), Tsui et al. (2001a), Seychelles Barbosa et al. (2013b), Kuo and Goh (2019) China, Malay- Schoknecht and Crane (1983), Kuthubutheen and Nawawi sia, USA (1994b), Tsui et al. (2001a) China Cai and Hyde (2007a), Barbosa et al. (2013b) China, ThaiGoh and Hyde (1999), Pinnoi land et al. (2006), Kurniawati et al. (2010) Australia Goh and Hyde (1997a) Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1988a) Malaysia Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1988a) Thailand Nuankaew et al. (2021) Brazil Fiuza et al. (2019) Exserticlava aquatica Exserticlava globosa Exserticlava triseptata Exserticlava vasiformis Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Exserticlava yunnanensis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Gonytrichum macrocladum Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, stream, waterfall), submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Kionochaeta australiensis Kionochaeta pughii Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying leaves Kionochaeta ramifera Submerged decaying leaves Kionochaeta setosimplicia Kionochaeta spissa Submerged decaying wood (rivulet) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake, reservoir, stream) and bamboo (river) Miyoshiella triseptata Menisporopsis multisetulata Menisporopsis pirozynskii Menisporopsis theobromae Nawawia oviformis Nawawia quadrisetulata Paliphora multiseptata Paliphora porosa Phaeonawawia diplocladielloidea Phialogeniculata africana Phialosporostilbe dendroidea Rattania aquatica Sporoschisma australiense Sporoschisma chiangraiense 13 Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged leaves of an unidentified dicotyledonous plant (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged leaf Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged pieces of stems of Phragmites, submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Brazil, China, Philippines References China Brazil Thailand China Goh and Hyde (1999) Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Tsui et al. (1999a) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Liu et al. (2016) Peng et al. (2016) Malaysia Brazil Brazil Goh et al. (2014) da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Fiuza et al. (2019) Malaysia Goh et al. (2021b) South Africa China, South Africa Thailand Australia Thailand Hyde et al. (1998a) Hyde et al. (1996a), Kuo and Goh (2019) Calabon et al. (2021a) Goh et al. (1997b) Bao et al. (2021a) Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Sporoschisma hemipsilum Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus test block) and herbaceous debris (lake, stream) Goh et al. (1997b), Sivichai et al. (2000a, 2002), Luo et al. (2004), Barbosa et al. (2013b), Zelski et al. (2014), Yang et al. (2016a), Luo et al. (2016b) Sporoschisma juvenile Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) and bamboo (river) Australia, Brazil, Brunei, China, Malaysia, Perú, South Africa, Thailand Brazil, China, Perú, Philippines, Seychelles Thailand China China, India Brazil Fiuza et al. (2018) Brazil Brazil Monteiro et al. (2016a) Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza et al. (2018) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Sivichai et al. (2002), Pinruan et al. (2014) Sporoschisma longicatenatum Submerged decaying wood (stream) Sporoschisma mirabile Submerged decaying wood (river) Sporoschisma nigroseptatum Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Sporoschisma palauense Sporoschisma parcicuneatum Sporoschisma phaeocentron Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Sporoschisma taitense Sporoschisma uniseptatum Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus test block) (stream, reservoir) Tainosphaeria aquatica Tainosphaeria jonesii Tainosphaeria siamensis Tainosphaeria lunata Tainosphaeria obclavata Tainosphaeria thailandensis Thozetella acerosa Thozetella submersa Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream), submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks), decaying Eleiodoxa conferta, Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying leaves (stream), submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp), submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thozetella ypsiloidea Zanclospora novae-zelandiae Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thozetella canadensis Thozetella coronata Thozetella cristata Thozetella cubensis Thozetella gigantea Thozetella nivea Thozetella pinicola Thozetella queenslandica Thozetella radicata Goh et al. (1997b), Cai et al. (2003a) Barbosa et al. (2013b), Zelski et al. (2014), Luo et al. (2016b) Yang et al. (2016a) Luo et al. (2016b) Sudheep and Sridhar (2011), Luo et al. (2016b) Thailand Yang et al. (2016a) Philippines Goh et al. (1997b) China, Malay- Goh et al. (1997b), Ho et al. (2001), Luo et al. (2016b) sia China Luo et al. (2016b) Brunei, China, Goh and Hyde (1999), Ho et al. (2001), Sivichai et al. (2002), India, Sudheep and Sridhar (2011), MalayZelski et al. (2014) sia, Perú, Seychelles, Thailand Thailand Li et al. (2021a) China Lu et al. (2016) Thailand Liu et al. (2016) China Luo et al. (2019) Thailand Luo et al. (2019) Thailand Li et al. (2021a) Brazil Fiuza et al. (2018) Brazil Brazil Thailand Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza et al. (2018) Fiuza et al. (2018) Brazil, Thailand Pinruan et al. (2007), Fiuza et al. (2018) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2011), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Monteiro et al. (2016a) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Brazil Brazil Brazil 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying decaying leaves of Bucida palustris (pool) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying twig (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream) Australia Thailand Brazil China China Cuba Goh et al. (1998d) Pinnoi et al. (2006) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Ho et al. (2002) Ho et al. (2002) Castañeda Ruiz et al. (2010) China Brazil China Brunei, China Ho et al. (2002) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Tsui et al. (2001c) Ho et al. (2001), Luo et al. (2004) Submerged decaying palm petiole (swamp) Submerged decaying Pandanus leaves (swamp) Submerged bamboo (river) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Pandanus leaves Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Indonesia Indonesia Philippines Thailand Thailand Thailand Indonesia China Hyde (1997) Hyde (1997) Cai et al. (2004b) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinruan et al. (2014) Hyde (1997) Ho et al. (2001) Submerged decaying wood (river) Polluted water Submerged decaying wood (river) France UK USA Coniochaeta leucoplaca Coniochaeta ligniaria Coniochaeta mutabilis Coniochaeta renispora Coniochaeta velutina Cordanales Cordanaceae Cordana abramovii Submerged decaying wood (pond) Submerged decaying wood (cooling tower) Water (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood USA UK Germany USA USA Raja et al. (2012a) Weber et al. (2002) Shearer (1972), Shearer and Crane (1986) Shearer and Crane (1986) Eaton (1972) Perdomo et al. (2011) Crane and Shearer (1995) Shearer and Crane (1986) Submerged decaying wood and herbaceous debris, bamboo (river) Cordana aquatica Cordana lignicola Cordana terrestris Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river, stream) Brunei, Perú, Philippines Thailand China China Brazil, China Helminthosphaeriaceae Diplococcium aquaticum Diplococcium asperum Endophragmiella boothii Endophragmiella mexicana Endophragmiella occidentalis Endophragmiella profusa Endophragmiella ramificata Endophragmiella rostrata Endophragmiella triseptata Hilberina breviseta Linocarpaceae Linocarpon apiculatum Linocarpon appendisporum Linocarpon bambusicola Linocarpon elaeidis Linocarpon livistonae Linocarpon pandani Linocarpon pandanicola Neolinocarpon inconspicuum Coniochaetales Coniochaetaceae Coniochaeta gigantospora Coniochaeta hoffmannii Coniochaeta kellermanii Cordana uniseptata Submerged decaying Phyllostachys bambusoides (stream) Phyllachorales Phyllachoraceae Ascovaginospora stellipala Submerged dead stems and leaves of Carex limosa Phyllachora therophila Juncus filiformis Tamsiniella labiosa Submerged decaying wood Phyllachorales genera incertae sedis Neoxylomyces multiseptatus Submerged decaying wood (stream) Sordariales 13 China Ho et al. (2001), Cai et al. (2003a), Zelski et al. (2014), Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) Luo et al. (2019) Cai and Hyde (2007a), Luo et al. (2019) Cai et al. (2004a) USA Austria Australia Fallah et al. (1997) Magnes and Hafellner (1991) Wong et al. (1998b) Thailand Calabon et al. (2021a) Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Submerged decaying wood Phragmites australis, balsa wood Beech wood Submerged decaying balsa wood, submerged dead stems of Carex oligosperma (bog, lake) USA UK, USA UK China, USA, UK Chaetomium trilaterale Corynascella inquinata Collariella carteri Dichotomopilus funicola Collariella carteri Dichotomopilus funicola Humicola asteroidea Humicola homopilata Humicola seminuda Staphylotrichum longicolle Trichocladium englandense Trichocladium lignicola Balsa wood sewage sludge Water (pond, stream) Wood Water (pond, stream) Wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying twig (stream) Submerged leaf litter Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (lake, river) USA Japan Korea USA Korea USA USA Brazil USA Brazil UK China, China Trichocladium linderi Trichocladium lobatum Trichocladium moenitum Lasiosphaeriaceae Apiosordaria hamata Arnium apiculatum Bombardia arachnoidea Cercophora appalachianensis Cercophora aquatica Cercophora caudata Cercophora costaricensis Cercophora squamulosa Cercophora sulphurella Cercophora vinosa Cladorrhinum australe Cladorrhinum foecundissimum Cladorrhinum samala Echria gigantospora Immersiella immersa Zopfiella cephalothecoidea Zopfiella latipes Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (swamp) Submerged decaying wood (lake, swamp) USA USA USA Shearer and Crane (1986) Apinis et al. (1972b) Eaton (1972) Eaton (1972), Fallah and Shearer (2001), Luo et al. (2019) Shearer and Crane (1986) Udagawa and Ueda (1979) Nguyen et al. (2019a) Shearer and Crane (1986) Nguyen et al. (2019a) Shearer and Crane (1986) Raja et al. (2009b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Shearer and Crane (1986) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Hyde and Goh (1999a) Cai et al. (2002b), Kane et al. (2002) Crane and Shearer (1978) Crane and Shearer (1978) Crane and Shearer (1978) Sediment (lake) Equisetum fluviatile Balsa wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood of Quercus (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (brook, stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying stem Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged dead twig Submerged decaying wood (lake) China USA USA China France China China France USA France Korea UK Brunei USA China Iraq China, Egypt Chaetomiaceae Arcopilus aureus Chaetomium cochliodes Chaetomium elatum Chaetomium globosum Zopfiella leucotricha Submerged decaying wood (river) Zopfiella lundqvistii Submerged decaying wood (Ochroma pyramidale) (swamp) Zopfiella submersa Submerged dead culms of Phragmites sp. (river) Podosporaceae Triangularia setosa Submerged beech wood Sordariaceae Neurospora retispora Submerged decaying wood (lake) Sordariales genera incertae sedis Ascolacicola aquatica Submerged decaying wood (lake) Egypt USA Iraq Wu et al. (2016) Shearer et al. (1980) Shearer (1972) Ho et al. (2001) Chaudhary et al. (2007) Luo et al. (2019) Tsui et al. (2000) Crous et al. (2016a) Fallah and Shearer (2001) Crous et al. (2016b) Nam et al. (2020) Hyde and Goh (1999a) Ho et al. (2001) Kruys et al. (2015) Tsui et al. (2000) Guarro et al. (1996) Cai et al. (2002b), Luo et al. (2004), Abdel-Aziz (2016b) Abdel-Aziz (2016b) Shearer and Crane (1978) Guarro et al. (1997) UK Eaton and Jones (1971b) China Luo et al. (2004) China Ranghoo and Hyde (1998) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Submerged decaying wood (river) China Luo et al. (2019) Submerged decaying wood (lake, river) USA Raja and Shearer (2008) Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Australia, Foam (lake, spring, river, stream), submerged decaying Ranzoni (1953), Hudson Austria, leaves of Alnus glutinosa and Salix, submerged leaves of Coffea arabica and Hevea brasiliensis (river, stream), rain- Brazil, Cuba, and Ingold (1960), Crane (1968), Alasoadura (1968a), France, water from building roofs, water (river, stream), sediment Marvanová and Marvan India, (dam, stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies (1969), Ingold and Webster Jamaica, (1973), Iqbal and Webster Malaysia, (1973), Sridhar and KaveriNigeria, appa (1988), Czeczuga and Poland, Orłowska (1997), Marvanová Portugal, (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp Spain, UK, (2003), Rajashekhar and USA, VenKaveriappa (2003), Hosoya ezuela et al. (2006), Smits et al. (2007), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Duarte et al. (2012), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Miura (1972b), Sridhar and Australia, Lunulospora cymbiformis Submerged decaying leaves of dicotyledon (river), subKaveriappa (1988), Sridhar Brazil, merged leaves of Coffea arabica and Hevea brasiliensis and Kaveriappa (1992), SakaIndia, Japan, (stream), sediment (dam, stream), foam (stream, river) yaroj et al. (2005), Hosoya Malaysia, et al. (2006), Hosoya and Thailand Tanaka (2007), SchoenleinCrusius et al. (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Duarte et al. (2015) Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis Hanliniomyces hyaloapicalis Submerged decaying wood USA Raja and Shearer (2008) Hydromelitis pulchella Submerged decaying wood Costa Rica Ferrer et al. (2012) Rhexodenticula aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Dong et al. (2021c) Xylariomycetidae Amphisphaeriales Amphisphaeriaceae Amphisphaeria uniseptata Submerged decaying wood (river) China Tsui et al. (2001f) Capsulospora frondicola Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta and Metroxylon Thailand Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2014) sagu (peat swamp) Lepteutypa aquatica Submerged decaying wood (stream) Thailand Luo et al. (2019) Pestalosphaeria austroameri- Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Thailand Pinnoi et al. (2006) cana Apiosporaceae Arthrinium aquaticum Submerged decaying wood (river) China Luo et al. (2019) Arthrinium arundinis Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Thailand Pinruan et al. (2014) Arthrinium sinense Submerged decaying wood (lake) China Luo et al. (2004) Beltraniaceae Beltrania africana Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum Brasiliense Brazil Fiuza et al. (2019) (stream) Cuspidatispora xiphiago Lockerbia striata Lunulospora curvula 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Beltrania rhombica Foam (river, stream), submerged decaying leaves and petioles (stream) Brazil, India, Thailand, Venezuela Beltraniella botryospora Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum Brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum Brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream), foam/water (stream) Brazil Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Smits et al. (2007), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Fiuza et al. (2019) Brazil Fiuza et al. (2019) Brazil, Venezuela Cuba Brazil Smits et al. (2007), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2006) Fiuza et al. (2019) Thailand Thailand Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinruan et al. (2007) Thailand China, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand UK USA USA Pinruan et al. (2014) Seifert et al. (1995), Ho et al. (2001), Sivichai et al. (2002) Ingold (1955) Raja and Shearer (2008) Fallah and Shearer (2001) Submerged twig Submerged decaying wood Africa China Fisher and Petrini (1983) Chen et al. (2011) Water (pond, stream) Submerged plant litter Scots pine wood Submerged decaying wood (lake) Korea Korea UK China Nguyen et al. (2019a) Goh et al. (2020) Eaton and Jones (1971a) Jeewon et al. (2003) Submerged decaying rotten needles of Pinus roxburghii Submerged plant litter Submerged decaying wood (stream) India Korea China Sati and Tiwari (1993) Goh et al. (2020) Luo et al. (2019) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Brazil, Mexico Barbosa et al. (2013b), Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2005) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat awamp) Scots pine wood Thailand UK Pinnoi et al. (2006) Eaton and Jones (1971b) Submerged decaying wood (stream) China Luo et al. (2019) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Brunei China Ho et al. (2001) Luo et al. (2019) Beltraniella fertilis Beltraniella portoricensis Beltraniopsis aquatica Hemibeltrania decorosa Hyponectriaceae Arecomyces bruneiensis Arecomyces epigenus Arecomyces frondicola Atractium holubovae Physalospora aquatica Physalospora limnetica Physalospora vaccinii Pseudomassariaceae Leiosphaerella leonensis Pseudomassaria sepincoliformis Sporocadaceae Bartalinia robillardoides Discosia rubi Discostroma corticola Hymenopleella lakefuxianensis Pestalotiopsis submersa Robillarda sessilis Seiridium aquaticum Xylariales Castanediellaceae Castanediella cagnizarii Castanediella ramosa Clypeosphaeriaceae Apioclypea apiosporioides Clypeosphaeria mamillana Diatrypaceae Peroneutypa lignicola Hypoxylaceae Daldinia kretzschmarioides Hypoxylon lignicola Microdochiaceae Submerged decaying leaves (stream_ Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum Brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Nenga pumila (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Xylia dolabriformis test block) (river, stream) Submerged Eleocharis palustris (lake) Submerged herbaceous debris (pond) Submerged partially decomposed leaves of Vaccinium oxycoccus (lake) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Selenodriella fertilis Oxydothidaceae Oxydothis angustispora Oxydothis atypica Oxydothis frondicola Oxydothis grisea Oxydothis hoehnelii Oxydothis licualae Oxydothis livistonae Oxydothis livistonica Oxydothis oraniopsidis Oxydothis rattanicola Zygosporiaceae Vesiculozygosporium echinosporum Zygosporium masonii Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Pinruan et al. (2007) Pinruan et al. (2007) Pinruan et al. (2007) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinnoi et al. (2006) Submerged decaying leaves and petiole (stream) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying wood (stream), submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza et al. (2018) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying wood of Dipterocarpus alatus, Xylia dolabriformis and unidentified wood (reservoir, stream) Hyde and Goh (1998b), Goh Australia, and Hyde (1999), Sivichai China, Thaiet al. (2002) land Thailand Pinruan et al. (2014) Thailand Pinnoi et al. (2010), Pinruan et al. (2014) Thailand Pinruan et al. (2014) Zygosporium minus Xylariaceae Anthostomella aquatica Anthostomella palmaria Astrocystis eleiodoxae Astrocystis rachidis Rosellinia corticium Vamsapriyaceae Vamsapriya aquatica Vamsapriya indica Xylariales genera incertae sedis Circinotrichum papakurae Gyrothrix circinata Gyrothrix magica Gyrothrix microsperma Gyrothrix podosperma Gyrothrix verticiclada Lanceispora amphibia Melanographium citri Melanographium palmicola Polyancora globosa Roselymyces brasiliensis Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying petiole of Eleiodoxa conferta and Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Decaying Licuala longicalycata and Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying bamboo culms Submerged decaying bamboo culms (river) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying leaves (peat swamp) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Stilbohypoxylon elaeidicola Decaying Eleiodoxa conferta, Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Stilbohypoxylon moelleri Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Xylariomycetidae family incertae sedis Cainiaceae Endocalyx melanoxanthus Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Myelospermataceae 13 Brazil Thailand Pinruan et al. (2007) China China Bao et al. (2021a) Bao et al. (2021a) Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Thailand Thailand Thailand Malaysia Brazil Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Pinruan et al. (2014) Pinnoi et al. (2006) Pinruan et al. (2014) Voglmayr and Yule (2006) Fiuza et al. (2018) Thailand Pinruan et al. (2014) Thailand Pinnoi et al. (2006) Thailand Pinruan et al. (2014) Fungal Diversity Table 9 (continued) Taxon Substrate Myelosperma tumidum Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis Aquadulciospora rhomboidia Submerged decomposed stems of Scirpus validus (lake) Aquasphaeria dimorphospora Submerged decaying wood Ascoyunnania aquatica Submerged bamboo (stream) Ellisembia acicularia Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) Ellisembia bambusicola Submerged decaying wood (stream) Distribution References Thailand Pinruan et al. (2014) USA Australia China China Fallah and Shearer (2001) Hyde (1995d) Cai et al. (2005) Kuo and Goh (2019) Brazil, China Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Sivichai et al. (2002) Submerged decaying Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test block Submerged leaves Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decaying wood (lake, reservoir) Thailand Brazil Thailand Pleurophragmium malaysianum Potamomyces armatisporus Submerged twig Submerged dead leaves of Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Submerged decaying wood Submerged plant litter (stream) Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, river) and bamboo (river) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Hyde (1995d), Hyde (2007) Paoayensis lignicola Plagiosphaera nilotica Rivulicola aquatica Rivulicola cygnea Rivulicola incrustata Saccardoella allequashensis Saccardoella horizontalis Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged twig Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged decaying wood (river) Saccardoella lacustris Saccardoella minuta Stanjehughesia clavata Stanjehughesia curviapicis Submerged decaying wood (lake) Submerged bamboo and wood (river) Submerged decaying bark Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) Stanjehughesia kaohsiungensis Selenosporella aristata Submerged decaying wood (stream) Australia, Malaysia Philippines Sudan China USA Australia USA Philippines, USA USA Philippines Brazil Australia, China China Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Malaysia Selenosporella curvispora Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliens Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Brazil Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1988b) Fiuza et al. (2018) Brazil Brazil Fiuza et al. (2015c) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Ellisembia brachypus Ellisembia flagelliformis Ellisembia opaca Ellisembia plovercovensis Ellisembia repentioriunda Ellisembia vaginata Flammispora bioteca Flammispora pulchra Phialemoniopsis endophytica Pleurophragmium bitunicatum Selenosporella minima Selenosporella perramosa Brazil China China China USA Korea China, Philippines Brazil da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Ho et al. (2001) Goh and Hyde (1999) Goh and Hyde (1999), Luo et al. (2004) da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Pinruan et al. (2004b), Pinruan et al. (2007) Raja and Shearer (2008) Goh et al. (2020) Goh and Hyde (1999), Cai et al. (2003a) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Cabanela et al. (2007) Monod and Fisher (1983) Ranghoo et al. (2000) Raja et al. (2009a) Hyde et al. (1997) Fallah and Shearer (2001) Fallah and Shearer (2001), Cai et al. (2003c) Fallah and Shearer (2001) Cai et al. (2002a, 2003b) de Almeida et al. (2014) Ho et al. (2001), Goh and Hyde (2018) Hsieh et al. (2021b) 13 Fungal Diversity Fig. 6 Major families among different orders of Sordariomycetes taxa from freshwater (1905–2010) who was the first pioneer of this fungal group and for his recognition as one of the most British distinguished mycologists of the twentieth century (Money 2010). Ingoldian fungi are an ecologically heterogeneous group of freshwater asexual morphs of Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Uniquely, they produce relatively modified conidia (i.e., hyaline, filiform, tetraradiate, multiradiate, scolecoid, sigmoid or branched as shown in Fig. 7) for decomposition on submerged plants and for their reproduction in aquatic ecosystems (Ingold 1975; Descals 2005; Shearer et al. 2007; Seifert et al. 2011). Ingoldian fungi are often found in fastflowing water, well-aerated forest streams and humid environments with ubiquitous distribution, but mostly in temperate zones of the earth (Bärlocher 1992; Jones and Pang 2012; Duarte et al. 2016). Currently, there are over 95 genera with approximately 330 species discovered, and ca 28 genera are monotypic (Descals 2005; Baschien et al. 2006; Shearer et al. 2007; Campbell et al. 2009; Fiuza et al. 2017a; Tarda et al. 2019). In Table 14, most of which are in Ascomycota i.e., Helotiales and Leotiales (Leotiomycetes), some of them are phylogenetically related to Jahnulales and Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes), Orbiliales (Orbiliomycetes), Hypocreales, Sordariales and Microascales (Sordariomycetes), while rarely few taxa are Basidiomycota i.e., Cantharellales and Atheliales (Shearer et al. 2007). 13 Classification of freshwater fungal basal clades Early diverging lineages of the fungal tree of life consist of zoosporic and zygomycetous (zygosporic) fungi (James et al. 2006; Voigt et al. 2021). They comprise saprobic and parasitic fungi isolated from various niches, such as soil and freshwater habitats (Ishida et al. 2015). Among basal fungi, the most common in freshwater habitats are the zoosporic ones, such as Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Rozellomycota and Aphelidiomycota (Calabon et al. 2020b; Voigt et al. 2021). Zoosporic fungal parasites control the numbers of numerous phytoplankton species such as diatoms, green algae, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates (Kagami et al. 2007, 2014; Ishida et al. 2015). Estimation of fungal numbers has always been a debated research topic. Recent estimates of fungal species range from 2.2 to 3.8 million, of which only 100,000 to 143,273 have been described (Hawksworth and Lücking 2017; Hyde et al. 2020c). Most of the described fungal species are from terrestrial habitats, while the discovery and description of aquatic fungi are significantly lower, and even smaller for basal fungi. The diversity and abundance of basal fungi in aquatic niches have recently started to gain the spotlight in mycological research. For instance, studies have shown that Fungal Diversity Table 10 Classification of freshwater lichens from different fungal classes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa Taxon Substrate Distribution References ASCOMYCOTA ARTHONIOMYCETES Arthoniales Arthoniaceae Arthonia caudata* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Arthonia helvola* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Arthonia radiata * River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Chrysothrix caesia* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Chrysothrix granulosa* River Canada Björk et al. (2009) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Enterographa osagensis# Creek Central North America Morse (2013) Enterographa zonata* Waterfall Canada Halda (2011) North America Earland-Bennett and Seaward (1974) Chrysotrichaceae Lecanographaceae Alyxoria varia* Opegraphaceae Cresponea chloroconia* Roccellaceae Gyrographa gyrocarpa* Pseudoschismatomma rufescens* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Schismatomma cretaceum* Nature reserve Ukraine Khodosovtsev et al. (2016) CANDELARIOMYCETES Candelariales Candelariaceae Candelaria concolor* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Candelariella aurella* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Candelariella efflorescens* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Candelariella vitellina* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Chaenotheca balsamconensis* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Chaenotheca ferruginea* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Chaenotheca furfuracea* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Chaenotheca xyloxena* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) River Bulgaria Shivarov et al. (2018) CONIOCYBOMYCETES Coniocybales Coniocybaceae DOTHIDEOMYCETES Capnodiales Stigmidium rivulorum# Collemopsidiales Xanthopyreniaceae Collemopsidium japonicum* Nature reserves Japan Harada (1999) Collemopsidium monense* Stream Europe Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Zwackhiomyces lacustris# Stream and lake margin Europe Orange (2002) Endococcus rugulosus# Stream and lake margin Europe Orange (2002) Endococcus verrucisporus# Stream and lake margin Europe Orange (2002) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Lichenotheliales Lichenotheliaceae Monoblastiales Monoblastiaceae Acrocordia cavata* Pleosporales Mycoporaceae 13 Fungal Diversity Table 10 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Mycoporum antecellens* Twig (waterfall) Canada Björk et al. (2009) Nature reserve Ukraine, UK Khodosovtsev et al. (2016) Stream and lake margin Europe Orange (2002) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Stream and lake margin Europe Orange (2002) Chaenothecopsis debilis* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Chaenothecopsis pusiola* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Chaenothecopsis savonica* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Phaeocalicium curtisii* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Phaeocalicium polyporaeum* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Phaeocalicium populneum* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Sphinctrina anglica# River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Stenocybe pullatula* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Stream and lake margin Europe Orange (2002) Agonimia allobata* Stream Lithuania Motiejunaite (2003) Agonimia tristicula* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Catapyrenium lachneum* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Catapyrenium squamulosum* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Catillaria cf. chalybeia* Stream Gwynedd Pentecost (1977) Dermatocarpon arnoldianum* River and stream Europe Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Shivarov et al. (2018) Phaeosphaeriaceae Didymocyrtis pseudeverniae# Trypetheliales Polycoccaceae Polycoccum sp.# Trypetheliaceae Arthopyrenia fallaciosa* EUROTIOMYCETES Collemopsidiales Xanthopyreniaceae Sagediopsis lomnitzensis# Mycocaliciales Mycocaliciaceae Verrucariales Adelococcaceae Sagediopsis lomnitzensis# Verrucariaceae Dermatocarpon intestiniforme* Stream UK Orange (1998) Dermatocarpon leptophyllodes* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Dermatocarpon luridum* Stream UK Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Dermatocarpon miniatum* River Bulgaria Shivarov et al. (2018) Dermatocarpon rivulorum* Stream and river Bulgaria, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Shivarov and Lőkös (2015) Endocarpon adscendens* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Endocarpon globosum* Stream China Harada and Wang (1996) Hydropunctaria orae* Stream Hydropunctaria rheitrophila* River and stream Poland, alpine Australia Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), McCarthy (2002), Matura and Krzewicka (2015) Hydropunctaria scabra* Siliceous rock (stream) Bulgaria Shivarov et al. (2017) Muellerella pygmaea# Stream and lake margin Europe Orange (2002) Placopyrenium cinereoatratum# Siliceous rocks (brook, lake, river, stream) Bulgaria, Finland, Norway, Sweden, UK Orange (2009) Placopyrenium formosum# Rock (river) Finland, Iceland, UK Orange (2009) Polyblastia ardesiaca* – Italy Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) 13 Orange (2013), Thüs et al. (2014) Fungal Diversity Table 10 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Psoroglaena stigonemoides* Twig (waterfall) Canada Björk et al. (2009) Sporodictyon cruentum* River and stream Alpine Australia, Italy, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), McCarthy (2002), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Hafellner (2010) Staurothele acarosporoides* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Staurothele arenaria* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Staurothele chlorospora* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Staurothele clopimoides* River Italy, USA Thomson (1991), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Staurothele fauriei* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Staurothele fissa* Lakes and stream Europe Lindsay (1856), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Shivarov (2017) Staurothele fuscocuprea* – Italy Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Staurothele honghensis* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Staurothele kwapiensis* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Staurothele muliensis* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Staurothele ochroplaca* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Staurothele pachystroma* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Staurothele paraguayensis* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Staurothele sinensis* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Staurothele succedens* Stream Italy, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Staurothele yunnanica* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Thelidium aquaticum* Stream Poland Matura and Krzewicka (2015) Thelidium carbonaceum* Nature reserves Australia McCarthy and Kantvilas (2020) Thelidium circumspersellum* Stream Poland Matura et al. (2017) Thelidium epomphalum* Creek and river Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Thelidium fontigenum* – Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Thelidium klementii* Stream Poland Matura et al. (2017) Thelidium lahmianum* – Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Thelidium methorium* – Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Thelidium minutulum* Stream Poland, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Matura and Krzewicka (2015) Thelidium nigricans* Siliceous rocks (creek's splash water zone) Switzerland Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Thelidium papulare* Stream Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) UK Thelidium pertusatii* – Italy Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Thelidium pluvium* Stream Poland, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Matura et al. (2017) Thelidium rehmii* Stream Poland Matura et al. (2017) Thelidium rivulicola* – Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Thelidium spadanum* – Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Thelidium sublacteum* – Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Thelidium submethorium* – Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Thelidium suzaeanum* – Europe Thüs and Nascimbene (2008) Thelidium zwackhii* Stream Poland Matura and Krzewicka (2015) Verrucaria aethiobola* Stream Italy, UK Pentecost (1977), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Verrucaria alpicola* Pebble (river) Bulgaria Shivarov et al. (2017) Verrucaria amnica* Mountain stream New Zealand McCarthy and Johnson (1997) Verrucaria aquatilis* Nature reserve, river, stream Australia, Italy, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), McCarthy (2002), Nascimbene et al. (2009) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 10 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References McCarthy (1995) Verrucaria austroalpina* Creeks and rivers Australia Verrucaria basaltica* Streams and lakes Poland Krzewicka (2012) Verrucaria calkinsiana* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Verrucaria consociata* Stream UK Orange (2015) Verrucaria conturmatula# Stream and lake margin Europe Orange (2002) Verrucaria cootapatambensis* River Alpine Australia McCarthy (2002) Verrucaria devensis* Stream Poland Matura and Krzewicka (2015), Matura et al. (2017) Verrucaria dolosa* Stream Poland, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Matura and Krzewicka 2015) Verrucaria elaeina* Stream Poland Matura and Krzewicka (2015) Verrucaria elaeomelaena* Nature reserve, stream Italy, Poland, UK Pentecost (1977), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Nascimbene et al. (2009), Matura and Krzewicka (2015) Verrucaria funckii* Stream France, Italy, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Coste et al. (2016) Verrucaria glaucina* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Verrucaria hydrela* Stream UK Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Verrucaria hydrophila* Stream Poland, Europe Orange (2013), Matura and Krzewicka (2015) Verrucaria igii* River Alpine Australia McCarthy (2002) Verrucaria inconstans* Creeks and rivers Eastern Australia McCarthy (1995) Verrucaria latebrosa* Stream Italy, Poland, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Matura and Krzewicka (2015) Verrucaria maas-geesterani* Lake Switzerland Servít (1954) Verrucaria margacea* Creeks, rivers, stream Eastern Australia, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), McCarthy (2003) Verrucaria morosa* River Alpine Australia McCarthy (2002) Verrucaria mundula* Creeks, rivers, stream Eastern Australia Valcárcel et al. (2010) Verrucaria nodosa* Stream Europe Orange (2013) Verrucaria pachyderma* Stream Australia, Italy, Europe Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Krzewicka (2012) Verrucaria phaeoderma* Creeks, rivers, and stream Eastern Australia, France, UK McCarthy (1999, 2004) Pentecost (1977), Coste et al. (2016) Verrucaria placida* Stream Europe Orange (2013) Verrucaria praetermissa* River and stream Italy, Europe Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Orange (2014) Verrucaria puncticulata* Creeks and rivers Eastern Australia McCarthy (2002) Verrucaria rosula* Stream UK, Europe Orange (2013), Orange (2015) Verrucaria ruttneri* River Alpine Australia McCarthy (2002) Verrucaria submersella* Stream Poland Matura and Krzewicka (2015) Verrucaria sublobulata* Stream UK Orange (2015) Verrucaria tasmanica* River, creeks, and rivers Alpine Australia, Eastern Australia McCarthy (1995, 2002) Verrucaria tholocarpa* Creeks and rivers Eastern Australia McCarthy (1995) Willeya australis* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Willeya diffractella* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Willeya fusca* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Willeya iwatsukii* Nature reserves, river Japan, Vietnam Harada (1992), Gueidan et al. (2014) Willeya japonica* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Willeya laevigata* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Willeya malayensis* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 10 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Willeya microlepis* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Willeya pallidipora* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Willeya protrudens* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) Willeya rimosa* Nature reserves Vietnam Gueidan et al. (2014) LECANOROMYCETES Acarosporales Acarosporaceae Acarospora fuscata* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Acarospora schleicheri* Waterfall Canada Hawksworth (2000), Björk et al. (2009) Acarospora smaragdula* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Sarcogyne regularis* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Twig (lake) Canada Björk et al. (2009) Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Arctomiales Arctomiaceae Arctomia delicatula* Baeomycetales Baeomycetaceae Baeomyces rufus* Caliciales Caliciaceae Amandinea punctata* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Buellia aethale* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Cyphelium tigillare* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Diplotomma venustum* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Physciaceae Heterodermia albicans* Stream USA Mason (1984) Hyperphyscia adglutinata* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Phaeophyscia adiastola* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Phaeophyscia orbicularis* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Maloles et al. (2018) Phaeophyscia pusilloides* River watershed Canada Phaeophyscia rubropulchra* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Phaeophyscia sciastra* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Physcia caesia* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Physcia dubia* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Physcia millegrana* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Physcia stellaris* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Physciella chloantha* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Physconia detersa* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Physconia enteroxantha* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Physconia perisidiosa* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Rinodina fimbriata* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Rinodina freyi* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Rinodina teichophila* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Rinodina rivularis* River China Harada and Wang (2004) Hymenelia cyanocarpa* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Ionaspis lacustris* Stream and river Alpine Australia, France, UK Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), McCarthy (2002), Coste et al. (2016) Ionaspis odora* – Italy Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Ionaspis sp.* River Alpine Australia McCarthy (2002) Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Hymeneliaceae Protothelenellaceae Thrombium thelostomum* 13 Fungal Diversity Table 10 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Trapeliaceae Placopsis gelida* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Sarea resinae* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Trapelia coarctata* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Trapelia involuta* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Trapelia obtegens* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Trapelia placodioides* Stream, river watershed Canada, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Maloles et al. (2018) Nature reserve Ukraine Khodosovtsev et al. (2016) Xylographaceae Xylographa vitiligo* Lecanorales Pilocarpaceae Micarea peliocarpa* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Micarea prasina* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Micarea viridiatra* Nature reserve Ukraine Khodosovtsev et al. (2016) Micarea viridileprosa* Nature reserve Ukraine Khodosovtsev et al. (2016) Catillariaceae Catillaria chalybeia* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Catillaria nigroclavata* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Cladonia cervicornis* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Cladonia chlorophaea* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Cladonia fimbriata* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Cladonia furcata* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Cladonia macilenta* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Cladonia ochrochlora* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Cladonia pocillum* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Cladonia pyxidata* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Cladonia rangiferina* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Cladonia rei* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Lepraria lobificans* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Stereocaulon saxatile* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Waterfall Canada Björk et al. (2009) Claurouxia chalybeioide* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Lecanora campestris* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Lecanora epanora* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Lecanora gangaleoides* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Lecanora hybocarpa* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Lecanora pulicaris* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Lecanora soralifera* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Cladoniaceae Haematommataceae Haematomma ochroleucum* Lecanoraceae Lecanora symmicta* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Lecidella carpathica* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Lecidella scabra* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Lecidella stigmatea* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Lepra amara* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Myriolecis hagenii* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Polyozosia dispersa* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Polyozosia sambuci* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Polyozosia semipallida* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Protoparmeliopsis muralis* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 10 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Verseghya thysanophora* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Evernia mesomorpha* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Flavoparmelia caperata* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Flavopunctelia flaventior* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Flavopunctelia soredica* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Hypogymnia oceanica* Lake, river, waterfall Canada Björk et al. (2009) Hypogymnia physodes* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Melanelixia subaurifera* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Parmelia sulcata* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Protoparmelia hypotremella* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Punctelia rudecta* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Usnea hirta* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia conspersa* Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia* River watershed Italy Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Psoraceae Protoblastenia rupestris* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Ramalinaceae Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Bacidia arnoldiana* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Bacidia fuscoviridis* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Bacidia inundata* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Bacidina delicata* Stream UK Motiejunaite (2003) Bacidina inundata* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Bilimbia sabuletorum* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Lecania croatica* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Lecania erysibe* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Lecania hutchinsiae* Stream Lithuania Motiejunaite (2003) Ramalina intermedia* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Scoliciosporaceae Scoliciosporum chlorococcum* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Scoliciosporum umbrinum* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Stream UK Řídká et al. (2013) Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulon pileatum* Lecideales Lecideaceae Bryobilimbia ahlesii* Stream Poland Matura et al. (2017) Koerberiella wimmeriana* – Italy Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Porpidia crustulata* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Porpidia hydrophila* stream France, Italy, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Coste et al. (2016) Porpidia macrocarpa* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Porpidia platycarpoides* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Porpidia soredizodes* Stream Italy, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Porpidia tuberculosa* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Ostropales Coenogoniaceae Coenogonium pineti* Graphidaceae Graphis scripta* Gyalectaceae Gyalecta jenensis* 13 Fungal Diversity Table 10 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Gyalidea roseola* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Porina ahlesiana* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Porina lectissima* Stream Italy, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Porinaceae Porina otagensis* Semi-aquatic New Zealand McCarthy (1999) Pseudosagedia chlorotica* Stream Lithuania, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Motiejunaite (2003) Pseudosagedia guentheri* Nature reserve Ukraine, UK Khodosovtsev et al. (2016), Thüs et al. (2014) Pseudosagedia interjungens* Stream Ukraine Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Porina grandis* - - Thüs et al. (2014) Porina rivalis* Stream, river UK Orange (2015) Pertusariales Megasporaceae Aspicilia aquatica* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Aspicilia caesiocinerea* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Aspicilia inornata* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Aspicilia laevata* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Aspicilia laevatoides* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Lobothallia melanaspis* – Italy Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Microcaliciaceae Microcalicium ahlneri* Ochrolechiaceae Ochrolechia arborea* Pertusariaceae Loxosporopsis corallifera* River Canada Björk et al. (2009) Pertusaria macounii* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Collema elenkii* – – Thüs et al. (2014) Collema flaccidum* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Collema ramenskii* – Russia Kulikova et al. (2008) Peltigerales Collemataceae Enchylium bachmanianum* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Enchylium tenax* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Lathagrium dichotomum* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Leptogium cyanescens* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Leptogium teretiusculum* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Scytinium gelatinosum* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Scytinium lichenoides* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Scytinium massiliense* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Scytinium plicatile* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Scytinium rivale* River USA Glavich and Geiser (2007) Lobariaceae Pseudocyphellaria crocata* Twig (waterfall) Canada Björk et al. (2009) Pseudocyphellaria mallota* Twig (river) Canada Björk et al. (2009) Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Massalongiaceae Massalongia carnosa* Peltigeraceae Nephroma occultum* Bark (lake, river) Canada Björk et al. (2009) Peltigera canina* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Peltigera elisabethae* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Peltigera evansiana * River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Peltigera horizontalis* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 10 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Peltigera hydrothyria* River USA Glavich and Geiser (2007), Thüs et al. (2014) Peltigera praetextata* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Peltigera rufescens* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Stream Italy, UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Placynthiaceae Placynthium flabellosum* Placynthium nigrum* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Placynthium rosulans* – Italy Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Placynthium tantaleum* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Rhizocarpon amphibium* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Rhizocarpon lavatum* Stream UK Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Rhizocarpon sublavatum* Stream Poland Matura et al. (2017) Athallia holocarpa* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Athallia pyracea* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Blastenia ferruginea* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Caloplaca borreri* Nature reserve Ukraine Khodosovtsev et al. (2016) Caloplaca flavovirescens* River Brazil Thüs et al. (2014) Caloplaca obscurella* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Flavoplaca oasis* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Rhizocarpales Rhizocarpaceae Teloschistales Teloschistaceae Ostropomycetidae genera incertae sedis Dictyocatenulata alba* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Gyalolechia flavovirescens* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Polycauliona polycarpa* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Rufoplaca arenaria* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Xanthomendoza fallax* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Xanthoria elegans* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Xanthoria parietina* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Ephebe brasiliensis* Submerged rocks (river, stream) Brazil, Uruguay Thüs et al. (2014), Gumboski et al. (2019) Ephebe lanata* Submerged rocks (river, stream) UK Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Hawksworth (2000) Ephebe ocellata* Semi-inundated rocks Australia, South America Kantvilas (2018), Gumboski et al. (2019) Ephebe perspinulosa* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Jenmania goebelii* Submerged rocks (river, stream) Central & South America, Venezuela Thüs et al. (2014) Jenmania osorioi* Submerged rocks (river, stream) Uruguay Thüs et al. (2014) Lempholemma botryosum* Damp limestone, seepage tracks UK Gilbert (1996) Lempholemma cladodes* Block bellow limestone (waterfalls) UK Gilbert (1996) Lempholemma polyanthes* Damp limestone, seepage tracks UK Gilbert (1996), Reeb et al. (2004) Umbilicariales Ophioparmaceae Hypocenomyce scalaris* Umbilicariaceae Umbilicaria deusta* LICHINOMYCETES Lichinomycetidae Lichinales Lichinaceae 13 Fungal Diversity Table 10 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Porocyphus coccodes* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Porocyphus kenmorensis* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Psorotichia schaereri* Submerged rocks (limestone river) UK Gilbert (1996) Pterygiopsis australiensis* Submerged stone (river) Australia Thüs et al. (2014) Pterygiopsis coracodiza* Submerged rocks (limestone river) UK Gilbert (1996) Pterygiopsis lacustris* Submerged rocks (limestone river) UK Gilbert (1996) Pterygiopsis sp. Stream UK Schultaz and Büdel (2002) Henssen et al. (1985) Pterygiopsis submersa* Granite covered by running water (stream) South Africa Pyrenocarpon cf. flotowianum* Submerged rocks (limestone river) UK Gilbert (1996) Pyrenopsis furfurea* – Italy Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Pyrenopsis subareolata* Stream Italy, UK Pentecost (1977), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Thelignya lignyota* Moist rocks (lakes, river) USA McCune (2016) Zahlbrucknerella calcarea* – Italy Nascimbene and Nimis (2006) Peltula euploca* Drainage surface with periodical rain Morocco, South Africa Egea and Rowe (1988), Thüs et al. (2014) Peltula obscurans* Drainage surface with periodical rain Morocco Egea and Rowe (1988) Peltula omphaliza* Drainage surface with periodical rain Morocco Egea and Rowe (1988) Lake USA Hafellner (2014) River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Illosporiopsis christiansenii# River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Illosporium carneum* River watershed Canada Maloles et al. (2018) Peltulaceae SORDARIOMYCETES Hypocreomycetidae Coronophorales Nitschkiaceae Rhagadostoma lichenicola# Hypocreales Bionectriaceae Ovicuculispora parmeliae* Hypocreales genera incertae sedis Pezizomycotina genera incertae sedis Psammina stipitata# Nature reserve Western Ukraine, UK Khodosovtsev et al. (2016) Pyrenocollema strontianense* Stream UK Gilbert and Giavarini (1997) Number sign symbol (#) indicate Lichenicolous taxa while asterisk sign (*) are lichens and lichens-like 13 Taxon ASCOMYCOTA Ascomycota genera incertae sedis Actinocladium rhodosporum Actinocladium verruculosum Alatosessilispora bibrachiata Angulospora aquatica Anisospadicoides macroobovata Anungitopsis speciosa Anungitopsis triseptata Arachnophora combuensis Arachnophora longa Arborispora dolichovirga Arborispora palma Arborispora paupera Ardhachandra aequilatera Arthrotaeniolella aquatica Ascomauritiana lignicola Biflagellospora gracilis Biflagellospora japonica Biflagellospora papillata Biflagellospora siamensis Blastoheterospora catenata Blodgettia indica 13 Brachydesmiella anthostomelloidea Substrate Distribution References Submerged decaying twig (stream), water-filled treeholes Submerged decaying twig (stream) Rainwater from leaves of Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata Submerged decaying leaves, rainwater from building roofs, foam (stream) Submerged bark Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood Foam (stream)stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Rainwater: building roofs, draining from leaves of Quercus, sediment (dam) Spume (river), submerged decaying leaves (stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying leaves and twigs (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood of Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test block (stream) Submerged decaying wood of Xylia dolabriformis test block (stream) Submerged decaying wood of Xylia dolabriformis test block (stream) Submerged decaying wood of Xylia dolabriformis test block (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying leaves, foam (stream) Brazil, Hungary Barbosa et al. (2013b) Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Brazil Japan Barbosa et al. (2013b) Ando and Tubaki (1984b) India, Poland, Venezuela Brazil Brazil Nilsson (1962b), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003) da Silva and Gusmão (2015) Fiuza et al. (2019) Brazil Fiuza et al. (2019) Brazil Australia Canada, India Brazil Monteiro et al. (2014b) Fryar and Hyde (2018) Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Ando and Kawamoto (1986), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012) Marvanová and Bärlocher (1989), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Fiuza et al. (2017b), Fiuza et al. (2019) Brazil Mauritius Thailand Monteiro et al. (2017a) Ranghoo and Hyde (1999) Sivichai and Hywel-Jones (1999) Thailand Thailand Sivichai and Hywel-Jones (1999), Sivichai et al. (2002) Sivichai and Hywel-Jones (1999) Thailand Sivichai and Hywel-Jones (1999) Brazil Brazil, India Monteiro et al. (2017b) Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Moreira and Schoenlein-Crusius (2012) Sivichai et al. (1998) Submerged decaying wood (stream) and petiole (stream) India, Japan, Poland Canada, India Australia, Brazil Fungal Diversity Table 11 Classification of freshwater Ascomycota incertae sedis with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa 13 Table 11 (continued) Substrate Distribution References Brachydesmiella biseptata Brachydesmiella caudata Submerged test block (Anisoptera oblonga) Submerged decaying wood (Machilus velutina) and petiole (stream) Submerged test block (Anisoptera oblonga), submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged wood Submerged decaying leaves of Andira inermis (stream) Water-filled treeholes Submerged decaying twig and bark (stream) Thailand Brazil, China, India, Thailand Sivichai et al. (1998) Sivichai et al. (1998), Barbosa et al. (2013b) China, Thailand Sivichai et al. (1998), Mongkol et al. (2009) Malaysia, Thailand Cuba Sivichai et al. (1998), Hyde (2007) Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2006) Hungary Brazil Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying twig (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Foam (stream), submerged decaying leaves of Fagus sylvatica Submerged decaying angiospermous leaves (stream) Submerged decaying bark (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream), submerged decaying leaves of Fagus sylvatica (peat hole) Submerged decaying leaves of Fagus sylvatica (peat hole) Submerged decaying leaves of broad-leaved tree (stream) Submerged decaying wood (waterfall) Foam (lake, spring, stream, river), submerged decaying leaves of Quercus and angiosperm (lake), water (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Foam (stream) China Brazil China Czechoslovakia, France Cuba Austria, Thailand Tsui et al. (2001b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Wongsawas et al. (2009a) Gessner et al. (1993), Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988c), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Castaneda Ruiz and Guarro (1998) Voglmayr (1998), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Austria Voglmayr (1998) Japan Matsushima (1996) Australia Canada, France, Ireland, USA Hyde and Seifert (1992) Petersen (1963a), Crane (1968), Abdullah and Webster (1980), Bärlocher (1987), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Cornut et al. (2014) Ho et al. (2001) Nawawi (1985b), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003) Goh and Hyde (1999) Ho et al. (2000) Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001) Descals et al. (1976), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012) Gönczöl and Révay (1996), Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Brachydesmiella orientalis Brachydesmiella verrucosa Brevicatenospora enteroproliferata Cacumisporium capitulatum Cacumisporium pleuroconidiophorum Cacumisporium rugosum Cacumisporium sigmoideum Cacumisporium uniseptatum Calcarispora hiemalis Camposporidium cristatum Camposporidium hughesii Candelabrum clathrosphaeroides Candelabrum desmidiaceum Candelabrum macrosporum Candelosynnema ranunculosporum Casaresia sphagnorum Ceuthospora gaeumannii Chaetendophragmia triangularis Chaetopsis probosciophora Cheiromyces lignicola Cladoconidium articulatum Clavariana aquatica Colispora cavincola Submerged decaying wood (reservoir) Submerged decaying wood (river) Foam (stream) Foam (stream), rainwater from building roofs. Sediment (stream) Submerged leaves, twigs, and cupules of Fagus sylvatica in wet tree hollow Brazil, Malaysia Brunei India, Malaysia China China Canada Malaysia, India, Poland Hungary Fungal Diversity Taxon Taxon Substrate Distribution References Colispora elongata Rainwater from building roofs, water (stream), foam (rivulet) Submerged decaying angiospermic petioles (stream) Submerged decaying twig (stream), foam (stream) Austria, Poland, Slovakia Marvanová (1988), Voglmayr (1996), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1989b) Colispora curvata Condylospora flexuosa Malaysia Brazil, Malaysia, Venezuela Condylospora gigantea Submerged decaying twig and leaves of Calophyl- Brazil, Malaysia lum brasiliense (stream), foam (stream), Condylospora spumigena Foam (stream, river), submerged decaying twigs, throughfall of palm species Brazil, India, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand Conioscyphopsis australiensis Corynesporella superioramifera Corynesporopsis antillana Submerged decaying of angiospermous wood Rainwater from building roofs Submerged twig, submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Foam (lake, spring, stream, rivulet, river), submerged decaying leaves (stream), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream), scum (stream), water (stream) Foam (river, stream, rivulet), submerged decaying leaves (river, stream), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream) Australia Poland Brazil Culicidospora aquatica Culicidospora gravida Curucispora ombrogena Curucispora ponapensis Delortia palmicola Dendrospora erecta 13 Dendrospora fastuosa Dendrospora fusca Rainwater from leaves of Phyllostachys bambusoides Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Foam (lake, stream, spring, rivulet, river), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream), scum (stream), water (stream) Foam (river) Foam (river), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream) Austria, Canada, France, Malaysia, USA Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988d), Smits et al. (2007), Fiuza et al. (2015a) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988c), Hosoya et al. (2006), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a), Fiuza et al. (2017a) Nawawi (1976c), Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988c), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Fiuza et al. (2015a), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Goh and Hyde (1998) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) da Silva and Gusmão (2015), Fiuza et al. (2019) Japan Ingold (1960), Petersen (1963a), Crane (1968), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Hosoya et al. (2006), Cornut et al. (2014) Petersen (1963a), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Smits et al. (2007), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a) Ando and Tubaki (1984b) India Thailand Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007) Austria, Brazil, Canada, France, Japan, USA, Venezuela Austria, Brazil, Canada, France, India, Ireland, Ingold (1943a), Ingold (1960), Petersen (1962), UK, USA Crane (1968), Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), SchoenleinCrusius et al. (2009), Cornut et al. (2014) Canada, UK Descals and Webster (1980), Bärlocher (1987) France, Ireland, UK Descals and Webster (1980), Gessner et al. (1993), Harrington (1997) Fungal Diversity Table 11 (continued) 13 Table 11 (continued) Taxon Substrate Dendrospora juncicola Submerged decaying culms of Juncus effusus India, UK (river), foam (stream), stemflow Submerged decaying wood (Fagus sylvatica, Picea Austria, Canada, UK abies), foam (stream, rivulet), water (stream) Spume (river), foam (river), submerged decaying Canada, India, UK leaves (stream), stemflow Dendrospora moniliformis Dendrospora nana Distribution References Iqbal (1972a), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Descals and Webster (1983), Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000) Descals and Webster (1980), Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Roldán et al. (1987), Marvanová (2000) Descals and Webster (1980), Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Duarte et al. (2015) Descals and Webster (1980), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Sreekala and Bhatt (2002) Sivichai et al. (2002), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a), Fiuza et al. (2019) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988e) Ho et al. (2001) Monteiro et al. (2016b) Fiuza et al. (2017c) Foam (river, stream) Foam (stream, rivulet), submerged decaying twigs (river) Austria, Spain Austria, Canada, Portugal, UK Dendrospora torulosa Submerged rotting cupules of Castanea (river), stemflow Foam (stream) Submerged decaying Xylia dolabriformis test block, foam (river, stream), submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying twig (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum Brasiliense (river) Foam (river), submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood Foam (stream, river, rivulet), water-filled treeholes India, UK Diplocladiella tricladioides Drepanospora viridis Dwayaangam colodena Dwayaangam cornuta Submerged decaying wood Stemflow and throughfall of palm species Foam (stream) Foam (stream, rivulet), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species, water-filled treeholes Malaysia India Canada Austria, Brazil, Canada, Hungary, India, UK Dwayaangam dichotoma Spume (river), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Submerged decaying wood India, Malaysia Nawawi (1987b), Sakayaroj et al. (2005) Lee et al. (1998) Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Gönczöl and Révay (2003), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Hosoya et al. (2006), Smits et al. (2007) Nawawi (1985d) Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Sokolski et al. (2006) Descals and Webster (1982), Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Gönczöl and Révay (2003), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Fiuza et al. (2015a), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Nawawi (1985d), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) China Goh et al. (1998e) Dendrospora yessemreddyi Dendrosporium lobatum Dendryphiosphaera parvula Denticularia limoniformis Dictyoaquaphila appendiculata Dictyotrichocladium aquaticum Diplocladiella appendiculata Diplocladiella aquatica Diplocladiella scalaroides Elegantimyces sporidesmiopsis India Brazil, India, Thailand Malaysia Brunei Brazil Brazil Malaysia, Thailand Brunei Austria, Hungary, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Venezuela Fungal Diversity Dendrospora polymorpha Dendrospora tenella Taxon Substrate Distribution References Enantioptera bialata Enantioptera tetra-alata Endophragmia boewei Everhartia aquatica Everhartia tumidiapicis Flabellocladia gigantea Flabellospora acuminata Foam (stream) Foam (river, stream) Submerged decaying plant material (swamp) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Foam (stream) Foam (river), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream) Dead insects (pond), foam (stream), submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying leaves of Phoenix dactylifera, Coffea arabica and Hevea brasiliensis, stemflow and throughfall, foam (stream, river) Czech Republic Ireland, UK USA Australia Australia Malaysia France, UK, Venezuela Flabellospora multiradiata Foam (river, stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies India, Malaysia, Thailand Flabellospora tetracladia Foam (stream) Brazil, India, Japan, Malaysia, Venezuela Flabellospora verticillata Submerged decaying leaves of Coffea arabica and Phoenix dactylifera, stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species, foam (river, stream) Brazil, India, Nigeria, Thailand, Venezuela Frigidispora colnensis Fusticeps laevisporus Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Foam (stream) Submerged decaying angiospermous twig, decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) UK Brazil Marvanová (2004) Descals and Webster (1983), Harrington (1997) Crane (1972) Goh and Hyde (1997b) Goh and Hyde (1997b) Nawawi (1985e) Descals and Webster (1982), Gessner et al. (1993), Smits et al. (2007) Descals and Webster (1982), Sagdullaeva et al. (1989), Marvanová et al. (2003) Alasoadura (1968b), Ranzoni (1979), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1988), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Smits et al. (2007), SchoenleinCrusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Nawawi (1976b), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Nawawi (1985e), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Smits et al. (2007), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a) Alasoadura (1968b), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1988), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Hyde and Goh (1999a) Fiuza et al. (2019) Flabellospora amphibia Flabellospora crassa Gemmulina botryosa Helicoubisia coronata Goidanichiella fusiformis Portugal, Uzbekistan, UK Brazil, India, Nigeria, Thailand, USA, Venezuela UK Malaysia, Thailand Thailand Descals and Webster (1982) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1994b), Pinnoi et al. (2006) Pinnoi et al. (2006) Fungal Diversity Table 11 (continued) 13 13 Table 11 (continued) Substrate Distribution References Heliscella stellata Foam (stream, rivulet), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and pal species, water (stream) Austria, France, India, Ireland, Malaysia, Spain, Sweden, UK, USA Heliscella stellatacula Heliscina antennata Foam (rivulet) Decaying leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream), foam, (stream), spring, water (stream) Austria, Malaysia Austria, Czech Republic, France, Spain, USA Heliscina campanulata Foam (river, stream), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream), water (stream) Austria, Canada, France, India, Ireland, USA Henicospora amazonensis Henicospora coronata Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying litter of Saraca thaipingensis Water-filled treeholes Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Brazil Brazil Ingold and Cox (1957), Willen (1958), Descals and Webster (1982), Nawawi (1985b), Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Nawawi (1985b), Voglmayr (1996) Marvanová (1980), Gessner et al. (1993), Descals (1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003) Descals and Webster (1982), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Cornut et al. (2014) Monteiro et al. (2014a) Fiuza et al. (2019) Malaysia Hungary Hungary China, Hungary Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1994b) Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Révay and Gönczöl (2007) Révay and Gönczöl (2007), Hu et al. (2013b) Foam/water (stream), stemflow Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) Submerged decaying bamboo (stream, river, swamp) Decaying leaves (river) Submerged decaying angiospermic leaves Water Foam (river), water-filled treeholes Submerged decaying leaves Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying angiospermous twigs (stream) Foam (stream, river rivulet) India, Venezuela Brazil Brazil, Philippines, USA Smits et al. (2007), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza et al. (2017b) Crane (1972), Cai et al. (2003a) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Arambarri et al. (1987) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988a) Hoog and Hennebert (1983) Harrington (1997) Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Matsushima (1987) Monteiro et al. (2014a) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1992) Henicospora longissima Hormiactis ontariensis Hyalocamposporium acutum Hyalocamposporium longiflagellatum Hydrometrospora symmetrica Inesiosporium longispirale Ityorhoptrum verruculosum Isthmolongispora asymmetrica Isthmolongispora geniculata Isthmolongispora lanceata Isthmolongispora minima Isthmolongispora rotundata Isthmophragmospora laevispora Isthmophragmospora verruculosa Isthmotricladia britannica Argentina Malaysia Netherlands Hungary, Ireland China Brazil Malaysia Austria, Canada, Ireland, UK Descals and Webster (1982), Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000) Fungal Diversity Taxon Taxon Substrate Distribution References Isthmotricladia gombakiensis Foam (stream, river), stemflow and throughfall India, Malaysia, Thailand, Venezuela Isthmotricladia laeensis Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species, foam (stream, river) India, Malaysia, Thailand Iyengarina asymmetrica Submerged decaying angiospermous twigs (stream) Submerged decaying twig (stream) Submerged decaying twig (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying angiospermous leaves Submerged decaying leaves Submerged leaves of Populus euphratica (stream) Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) Decaying bark (river) Spume (river) Foam (stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Foam (stream, river, rivulet), sediment (dam, river), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, water (stream) Malaysia Nawawi (1975), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Smits et al. (2007), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Nawawi (1985b), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1992) Malaysia Malaysia China Malaysia Malaysia Spain China Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1992) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1992) Ho et al. (2001) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1993b) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1993b) Roldán et al. (1990) Kuo and Goh (2019) Argentina Malaysia Canada, India China Brazil Arambarri et al. (1987) Nawawi (1985d) Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Hosoya et al. (2006), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Cornut et al. (2014) Conceição et al. (2016) Ho et al. (2001) Bärlocher (1987) Ho et al. (2001) Shearer and Crane (1971), Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Shearer et al. (1976) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Gönczöl and Révay (2003), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Matsushima (1987) Fiuza et al. (2016) Brunei, Philippines Ho et al. (2001), Cai et al. (2003a) Iyengarina furcata Jerainum triquetrum Kameshwaromyces globosus Kiliophora fusispora Kiliophora ubiensis Kontospora halophila Kostermansinda magna Kostermansinda minima Lambdasporium viridense Lateriramulosa quadriradiata Lateriramulosa uniinflata Austria, Canada, France, India, Ireland, Japan, Malaysia, USA Linkosia aquatica Listeromyces insignis Magdalaenaea monogramma Megaloseptoria mirabilis Melanocephala australiensis Submerged decaying twig (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Foam (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decayingwood (river, stream) Brazil China Canada Brunei Brazil. China, USA Melanocephala triseptata Mirandina corticola Submerged decaying wood Rainwater from building roofs, submerged decaying woods (river), water-filled treeholes Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense Submerged decaying wood (river, stream) USA Brazil, Hungary, Poland Mirandina taiwanensis Mirandina uncinata 13 Neopodoconis ampullacea Fungal Diversity Table 11 (continued) 13 Table 11 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Neta angliae Neta lignicola Neta mexicana Neta patuxentica Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged balsa wood (river), rainwater from building roofs Submerged decaying balsa wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) UK USA Mexico Poland, USA Hyde and Goh (1999a) Shearer (1974) Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2005) Shearer and Crane (1971), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Shearer (1974) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1990b), Hyde (2007), Fiuza et al. (2017b) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1990c) Cantillo-Pérez et al. (2018) Kuthubutheen et al. (1992), Cantillo-Pérez et al. (2018) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1994b) Sinclair and Morgan-Jones (1979b) Neta salmonicolor Nidulispora quadrifida Obeliospora basispira Obeliospora microappendiculata Obeliospora nitida Obeliospora triappendiculata Obstipispora chewaclensis Ordus tribrachiatus Pachycladina hispanica Pachycladina mutabilis Pachycladina parva Paraceratocladium malaysianum Paracryptophiale kamaruddinii Paraulocladium fabisporum Phaeomonilia aquatica Phaeomonilia pleiomorpha Phaeotrichoconis aquatica Phaeotrichoconis minigelatinosa Pleuropedium macrum Pleuropedium multiseptatum Pleuropedium tricladioides Polycladium equiseti Pseudoanguillospora prolifera Submerged decaying twigs (stream) Submerged decaying angiospermous wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying palm petioles (stream) Decaying branch (river) Decaying branch (river) Foam (stream) Submerged decaying Juncus effusus (stream) Submerged rotten culms of Juncus effusus, foam (stream, rivulet), water (stream) Submerged dead inter-nodes of Equisetum fluviatile Foam (river) Submerged decaying leaves of Platanus occidentalis (stream), foam (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Poaceae and culms of Juncus effusus Malaysia Brazil Malaysia Brazil, Malaysia USA Poland Spain Czech Republic Canada Malaysia UK Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Roldán et al. (1990) Marvanová (1986) Marvanová and Bärlocher (1998c) Goh and Hyde (2000a) Hyde (2007) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1994c) Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1994b) Huang et al. (2017) Castañeda-Ruíz et al. (2007) Arambarri et al. (1987) Arambarri et al. (1987) Marvanová and Bärlocher (1998c) Marvanová and Descals (1996) Marvanová and Iqbal (1973), Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003) Ingold (1959b) UK USA Descals et al. (1976) Sinclair and Morgan-Jones (1979a) USA Iqbal (1974) Malaysia Malaysia China Mexico Argentina Argentina Canada UK Austria, Canada, UK, USA Fungal Diversity Porocladium aquaticum Pseudoanguillospora gracilis Submerged decaying twigs (stream) Submerged decaying twigs (river, stream) Submerged decaying angiospermous twigs (stream) Submerged decaying wood, foam (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Populus deltoides (stream) Rainwater from building roofs Foam (stream) Foam (stream) Foam (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) USA Brazil, Malaysia Taxon Substrate Submerged decaying leaves of Poaceae and culms of Juncus effusus Pseudoclathrosphaerina evamariae Submerged decaying wood (stream) and leaves (creek, water-filled channel, lake) Pseudoclathrosphaerina spiralis Submerged decaying wood (stream) Pseudofuscophialis lignicola Submerged decaying wood (stream) Pseudotracylla dentata Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) Pyramidospora casuarinae Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense and branches of Casuarina, foam (stream), Pyramidospora constricta Submerged decaying leaves of Dicotyledonae (stream), foam (stream) Pyramidospora densa Submerged decaying leaves (stream) and wood (river) Pyramidospora fluminea Submerged decaying leaves (stream) and wood (river) Pyramidospora herculiformis Submerged decaying leaves Pyramidospora quadricellularis Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Pyramidospora ramificata Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Pyramidospora robusta Submerged decaying leaves of Caesalpinia echinata and Campomanesia phaea (lake) Pyramidospora stellata Submerged decaying leaves of Acer saccharinum, Quercus alba, and Salix sp. Quadracaea stauroconidia Submerged decaying wood (stream) Quadricladium aquaticum Submerged deciduous bark (stream) Ramicephala sphaerospora Submerged decaying wood (river) Satchmopsis brasiliensis Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Scutisporus brunneus Foam (river, stream), submerged decaying petioles (stream), submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks), submerged leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Septotrullula bacilligera Submerged decaying wood (river) Sirothecium triseriale Submerged decaying bamboo culms Solheimia costispora Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp) Sphaerulomyces coralloides Parasitic on conidia of Anguillospora crassa from foam (brook) Spiropes caaguazuensis Submerged decaying wood (river) Pseudoanguillospora stricta 13 Distribution References USA Iqbal (1974) Thailand, USA India, Sierra Leone Voglmayr and Krisai-Greilhuber (1997a), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Cai and Hyde (2007a) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Ranzoni (1979), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Fiuza et al. (2017a) Singh (1972), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992) Nigeria Alasoadura (1968a) Japan, Malaysia Sierra Leona Brazil Japan Brazil Hyde (2007) Miura and Kudo (1971) Singh (1976) Oliveira et al. (2015a) Miura and Kudo (1971) Moreira and Schoenlein-Crusius (2012) USA Sinclair and Morgan-Jones (1979a) Brazil Malaysia Cuba Brazil Brazil, Malaysia, Thailand, Venezuela Barbosa et al. (2013b) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1989c) Voglmayr and Delgado-Rodríguez (2003) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Sivichai et al. (2002), Smits et al. (2007), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a), Barbosa et al.( 2013b), Fiuza et al. (2017a), Hosoya et al. (2019) UK China Thailand Slovakia Hyde and Goh (1999a) Hu et al. (2007) Pinruan et al. (2014) Marvanová (1977a) Philippines Cai et al. (2003a) Thailand China Brazil Brazil, Cuba, India, USA, Venezuela Fungal Diversity Table 11 (continued) 13 Table 11 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Spirosphaera beverwijkiana Submerged decaying leaves of Quercus pedunculata, Quercus sp., Q. coccinea, Fagus sylvatica, Betula verrucosa, Populus tremula (lake, stagnant water) Submerged decaying leaves and culms of Calamagrostis epigejos, Juncus effusus and Carex brizides (puddle)s, Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Foam (stream) Submerged decaying Betula leaves, submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying twigs (stream) Submerged decaying leaves of Betula alba, B. verrucosa, Fagus sylvatica, Populus termula, and Corylus avellana, Quercus pedunculata, Quercus sp. Submerged decaying leaves (pond) Water-filled treeholes Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying angiospermous leaves and petiole (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream), foam (stream) Submerged decaying petioles, foam (stream), Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Foam (stream, rivulet), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa, Alnus sp. (stream), water (stream) Belgium, Ireland, Netherlands Hennebert (1968), Abdullah and Webster (1980) Austria, Brazil Voglmayr (1997), Fiuza et al. (2018) Canada Netherlands, Malaysia Marvanová and Bärlocher (1998b) van Beverwijk (1953), Ho et al. (2001) Italy Belgium, Netherlands Abdullah et al. (1998) Hennebert (1968) Japan Hungary Malaysia Brazil, Malaysia Abdullah et al. (1986) Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Marvanová and Laichmanová (2007) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1987c), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1990a), Hosoya et al. (2019) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Fiuza et al. (2018) Spirosphaera carici-graminis Spirosphaera dimorpha Spirosphaera floriformis Spirosphaera lignicola Spirosphaera minuta Spirosphaera verruculosa Spondylocladiopsis cupulicola Subulispora biappendiculata Subulispora longirostrata Subulispora malaysiana Subulispora procurvata Stenocladiella neglecta Malaysia Brazil, India Austria, France, Slovakia, Spain Water-filled treeholes Foam (stream) Hungary Canada, UK Synnematophora constricta Sediment (stream), submerged decaying leaves of Mangifera indica (river), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (stream), submerged decaying angiosperm submerged (stream) India Synchaetomella aquatica Tetrabrachium elegans Brazil Fiuza et al. (2015b) Canada, Malaysia Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1987a), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993) Fungal Diversity Sympodiella goidanichii Sympodiocladium frondosum Descals and Webster (1982), Marvanová and Descals (1985), Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014) Gönczöl and Révay (2003) Descals and Webster (1982), Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001) Sridhar and Kaveriappa (2002), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Tetranacrium gramineum Tetrabrunneospora ellisii Submerged decaying wood (river) Foam (stream), submerged decaying Betula leaves (brook) Foam (stream) Rainwater from building roofs, stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Foam (rivulet) Foam (rivulet) Foam (stream), submerged decaying angiospermic leaves (stream) Submerged leaves of Alnus glutinosa, Castanea sativa, Hedera helix (river), foam (stream), rainwater from building roofs Rainwater from building roofs Foam (stream) Foam (stream), submerged decaying leaves of Quercus (river) Foam (stream) Submerged decaying angiospermic leaves (stream) Submerged decaying angiospermic leaves (stream) Foam (stream), stemflow and throughfall USA Canada, USA Shearer and Crane (1971) Dyko (1978), Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001) Malaysia India, Poland Nawawi (1985b) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Voglmayr (1996) Voglmayr (1996) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1987d), Hosoya et al. (2019) Marvanová (2000) Webster (1959), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Titaea callispora Titaea clarkeae Triramulispora gracilis Triramulispora obclavata Triscelosporium verrucosum Tricellula aquatica Tricellula inaequalis Tricellula ornata Tricladiopsis flagelliformis Tricladiopsis foliosa Tricladiospora longissima Tricladiospora stricta Trifurcospora irregularis Austria Austria Malaysia Austria, Poland, UK Poland Czech Republic Portugal, UK UK Malaysia Malaysia Canada, India 13 Triglyphium alabamense Triscelophorus acuminatus Foam (stream) Foam (stream, river), submerged leaves of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Coffea arabica, and Hevea brasiliensis, unindentified leaves (stream, lake), sediment (dam, stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species. Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Canada Austria, Brazil, Canada, India, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, Portugal, Spain, Thailand, Venezuela Triscelophorus curviramifer Triscelophorus konajensis Foam/water (stream) Submerged rotten leaves of Ficus benghalensis, sediment (dam, stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species, foam (stream), water (stream) Brazil, Venezuela India, USA Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Marvanová (2004) Descals and Webster (1982), Marvanová et al. (2003) Descals and Webster (1982) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988f) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988e) Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001) Descals and Webster (1982), Nawawi (1985b), Sridhar (1987), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Sivichai and Boonyene (2004), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Moreira and Schoenlein-Crusius (2012), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Ghate and Sridhar (2015), Duarte et al. (2015), Fiuza et al. (2018), Raposeiro et al. (2018), Hosoya et al. (2019) Fiuza et al. (2015a) Smits et al. (2007) Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1987), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Fungal Diversity Table 11 (continued) 13 Table 11 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Triscelophorus magnificus Triscelophorus monosporus Submerged leaves (stream), foam (stream) Submerged decaying leaves (river), submerged leaves of Coffea arabica, and Hevea, water (river), foam, scum (stream, spring, river, lake), sediment (dam, stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, submerged leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream), water (stream) Canada, USA Australia, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, France, Ghana, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Malaysia, Nigeria, Poland, Portugal, UK, USA, Venezuela Triscelophorus ponapensis Triscelophorus septatus Trisulcosporium acerinum Submerged decaying leaves of Pandanus Submerged decaying leaves Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, foam (river, stream) Micronesia, Thailand USA Brazil, India, Japan, Malaysia Uberispora heteroseptata Umbellidion radulans Vanbeverwijkia spirospora Veramyces manuensis Verticicladus subiculifer Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying leaves (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Rainwater from building roofs Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood Submerged decaying wood (stream) Submerged decaying wood (river) Submerged decaying wood (river) Malaysia Brazil USA Poland Brazil Petersen (1962), Bärlocher (1987) Ingold (1943a), Ingold (1943b), Ranzoni (1953), Dixon (1959), Hudson and Ingold (1960)ngold (1960, Petersen (1962), Petersen (1963b), Crane (1968), Alasoadura (1968a), Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Ingold and Webster (1973), Nawawi (1985b), Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1988), Czeczuga et al. (1990), Harrington (1997), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Smits et al. (2007), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Cornut et al. (2014), Duarte et al. (2015), Fiuza et al. (2017a), Raposeiro et al. (2018) Matsushima (1981), Sivichai and Boonyene (2004) Parker and Roane (1976) Hosoya et al. (2006), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a) Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Shearer and Crane (1971) Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997) Fiuza et al. (2015b), Fiuza et al. (2017b) Brazil, Brunei Brazil Thailand China China Brazil Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa et al. (2013b) Barbosa et al. (2013b) Sivichai and Boonyene (2004) Huang et al. (2016) Goh et al. (1998f) Monteiro et al. (2017b) Virgariella atra Virgariella globigera Xiuguozhangia appendiculata Xylohyphopsis aquatica Yinmingella mitriformis Zelotetraploa aquatica Fungal Diversity Fungal Diversity Table 12 Classification of freshwater Basidiomycota with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa Taxon Substrate AGARICOMYCOTINA AGARICOMYCETES Agaricales Agaricales genera incertae sedis Mycocalia denudata Decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp) Mycocalia reticulata Submerged wood Limnoperdaceae Limnoperdon incarnatum Soaked hardwood twigs, marsh water Limnoperdon sp. Submerged wood and date palm rachis (river) Niaceae Flagelloscypha sp. Submerged decaying wood (stream) Peyronelina glomerulata Submerged decaying Cyperus sp. culm, unidentified pod, twig, litter (pond, stream, waterfall) submerged pinnules of Pteridium aquilinum Physalacriaceae Gloiocephala aquatica Decaying culms of Scirpus californicus (lakes, eutrophic ponds) Psathyrella aquatica Submerged wood or sediment Atheliales Atheliaceae Leptosporomyces crucelliger Foam (stream) Leptosporomyces galzinii Foam, submerged decaying Acer leaves (stream), water Taeniospora gracilis Foam (river, rivulet, stream), submerged decaying leaves (stream), water (stream) Distribution References Thailand Pinruan et al. (2014) Australia Hyde and Goh (1998a) USA Egypt Escobar et al. (1976) Abdel-Aziz (2016b) Japan China, Japan, Thailand, UK Yamaguchi et al. (2009) Fisher et al. (1976), Mongkol et al. (2009), Yamaguchi et al. (2009), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013) Argentina Desjardin et al. (1995) USA Frank et al. (2010) UK UK Marvanová and Stalpers (1987) Nawawi et al. (1977a) Austria, Canada, France, UK, USA Taeniospora gracilis var. gracilis Foam (stream), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream), water Austria, France, UK Taeniospora nasifera Cantharellales Ceratobasidiaceae Ceratobasidium sp. Ceratorhiza sp. Foam (river) Canada Marvanová and Stalpers (1987), Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Cornut et al. (2014) Marvanová and Stalpers (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Marvanová (2000) Marvanová and Bärlocher (1988) Submerged plant root (lake) Submerged wood and date palm rachis Norway Egypt Kohout et al. (2012) Abdel-Aziz (2016b) Hydnaceae Ingoldiella fibulata Ingoldiella nutans Rogersiomyces okefenokeensis Foam (stream), submerged decaying India, Malaysia leaves, throughfall of palm species Mixed litter of Pinus contorta and Canada Sphagnum (peat bog) Submerged decaying leaves of angio- USA sperms and Taxodium ascendens (swamp) Nawawi (1973b, 1985b), Ghate and Sridhar (2015) Bandoni and Marvanová (1989) Crane and Schoknecht (1978) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 12 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution Sistotrema hamatum Australia, Brazil, India, Malaysia, Submerged decaying petioles of Thailand Hevea brasiliensis, submerged unidentified leaves (river), submerged leaves (Calophyllum brasiliense, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Hevea brasiliensis) (stream), sediment (stream), foam (river, stream) Agaricomycetes genera incertae sedis Akenomyces costatus Roots of rotting Triticum, submerged France, UK leaves of Cladium muhscus Rotting wood Foam (river), submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream) Dendrosporomyces splendens Submerged water leaves (river) Fibulotaeniella canadensis Foam (river) Titaeella capnophila Rainwater on needles of Pinus densiflora, foam (stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies Tricladiomyces geniculatus Immersed rotten angiospermic leaves (stream) Tricladiomyces malaysianus Foam and scum (river), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies BARTHELETIOMYCETES Polyporales Polyporales genera incertae sedis Bulbillomyces farinosus Decaying bark of the fallen branch of Alnus glutinosa Sebacinales Sebacinaceae Chaetospermum camelliae Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp), foam (river) Chaetospermum chaetoFoam and scum (stream), submerged sporum decaying leaves Chaetospermum indicum Scum (river), submerged stems of Fimbristylis quinquangularis (river) Trechisporales Cruciger lignatilis Dendrosporomyces prolifer Germany Brazil, Malaysia Malaysia Canada India, Japan, Portugal, Spain Malaysia Shaw (1972), Ingold and Webster (1973), Nawawi and Webster (1982b), Sridhar (1987), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza et al. (2019), Hosoya et al. (2019) Arnaud (1954), Hornby (1984), Voglmayr and Krisai-Greilhuber (1997b) Kirschner and Oberwinkler (1999) Nawawi et al. (1977b), Fiuza et al. (2019) Nawawi (1973c) Marvanová and Bärlocher (1988) Ando and Tubaki (1985), Descals (1997), Marvanová et al. (2003), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988g) India, Malaysia Nawawi (1974), Nawawi (1985a), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009) Ukraine Ordynets (2009) Thailand Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Pinruan et al. (2007) India, USA Anastasiou (1964), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003) Talde (1981) India Hydnodontaceae Subulicystidium longispoWood (channel) UK rum TREMELLOMYCETES Tremellales Tremellales genera incertae sedis Xenolachne flagellifera Hymenium of Hyaloscypha atomaria USA growing on the lower side of damp logs (Libocedrus decurrens, Pinus Strobus, Pseudotsuga taxifolia) Agaricomycotina incertae sedis Nodulospora inconstans Foam (river) Canada 13 References Abdullah and Fisher (1984), Hyde and Goh (1999a) Rogers (1947) Marvanová and Bärlocher (2000) Fungal Diversity Table 12 (continued) Taxon Substrate PUCCINIOMYCOTINA ATRACTIELLOMYCETES Atractiellales Phleogenaceae Helicogloea angustispora Foam CLASSICULOMYCETES Classiculales Classiculaceae Classicula fluitans Scirpus microcarpus leaf litter (bank of roadside drainage channel), foam (stream) Jaculispora submersa Submerged rotten leaves (stream) MICROBOTRYOMYCETES Kriegeriales Camptobasidiaceae Camptobasidium hydrophi- Submerged decaying leaves (stream), lum (Crucella subtilis) water (stream) Microbotryales Microbotryales incertae sedis Reniforma strues Biological film (waste-water treatment plant) USTILAGINOMYCOTINA EXOBASIDIOMYCETES Doassansiales Doassansiaceae Burrillia narasimhanii Leaves of Caldesia reniformis (pond) Pseudodermatosorus Leaves of Caldesia oligococca alismatis-oligococci Rhamphosporaceae Rhamphospora nymphaeae Leaves of Nymphaea nouchali, N. lotus, N. rubra, Caldesia reniformis, (pond) USTILAGINOMYCETES Urocystidales Doassansiopsidaceae Doassansiopsis caldesiae Leaves of Caldesia reniformis in a marsh close to lakeshore Doassansiopsis deformans Leaves, petioles, peduncles, pedicels and ovaries of Sagittaria variabilis Doassansiopsis euryales Leaves, petioles and ovaries of Euryale ferox Doassansiopsis furva Leaves of Sagittaria rigida Doassansiopsis hydrophila Leaves of Potamogeton spp. Doassansiopsis nymphaeae Doassansiopsis nymphoides Doassansiopsis occulta Doassansiopsis ticonis Petioles of Nymphaea stellata Leaves of Nymphoides rautaneni (lake) Ovaries of Potamogeton natans Leaves of Nymphaea blanda Distribution References – Kirschner (2004) Canada, Germany Marvanová and Bandoni (1987), Bauer et al. (2003) Jamaica Hudson and Ingold (1960) France USA Marvanová and Suberkropp (1990), Cornut et al. (2014) USA Pore and Sorenson (1990) India Sri Lanka Thirumalachar and Mundkur (1951) Vánky (1999) India Cunningham (1888), Lotz-Winter et al. (2011) Cameroon Pia̧tek et al. (2008) USA Engler et al. (1900) India Verma and Jha (1999) USA Spain, USA, UK India Zambia Davis (1919), Vánky (1981) Regents of the University of the State of New York (1884), Fragoso (1917), Lavrov (1937) Sydow and Sydow (1912) Vánky (2002) Germany Costa Rica Engler et al. (1900) Piepenbring (1995) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 12 (continued) Taxon Substrate Leaves of submerged Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea in lake margins Basidiomycota genera incertae sedis Anguillomyces acadiensis Foam (river) Anguillomyces acadiensis Foam (river) Arcispora bisagittaria Foam (stream) Microstella pluvioriens Rainwater from leaves of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Stauriella aquatica Submerged test blocks of Dipterocarpus alatus (stream) Doassansiopsis tomasii the abundance of Chytridiomycota and Rozellomycota is higher than that of Dikarya in some aquatic habitats (RojasJimenez et al. 2017). The results are mostly derived from next generation sequencing, but the isolation and proper description of these fungi remains to be done. Some of the basal lineages, such as Chytridiomycota have mostly been isolated from freshwater habitats, such as ponds and lakes (Blaalid and Khomich 2021). The ecological roles of some of these fungi have been studied but for many, their roles are still unclear (Shearer et al. 2007; Rojas-Jimenez et al. 2017). Hence, comprehensive studies keeping track the number of taxa isolated from various niches are important to understand their biology and ecology. Through the years, ecological research on zoosporic fungi has been conducted mostly in moist and cool freshwater ecosystems such as Douglas Lake in the USA, and Lake Windemere in the English Lake District. Other hotspots include countries such South Americas, Australia, Central Europe, and Japan (Gleason et al. 2010; Blaalid and Khomich 2021). These fungi are thought to be ubiquitous in ecosystems which are rich in organic matter but have also been periodically found in extreme conditions (Gleason et al. 2010). Hence, it is important to know the ecological factors that affect the distribution and abundance of these fungi. Waterborne oxygen content, one the abiotic factors that influence the distribution and development of zoosporic fungi, regulates the abundance of these taxa in varying water depths. Temperature also influences the amount of dissolved oxygen in water, hence, affecting the growth, reproduction, and distribution of aquatic fungi (Voronin 2008). The morphological description of basal fungi has been well documented, but many taxa lack molecular data, which limits knowledge of their evolutionary relationship. Many previously described species either do not have a valid type specimen or the specimen is unusable. It is also difficult to know the exact number of species with the ranks currently 13 Distribution References Cameroon, Ethiopia, Uganda Pia̧tek et al. (2008) Canada Canada Canada Japan Marvanová and Bärlocher (2000) Marvanová and Bärlocher (2000) (Marvanová and Bärlocher 1998a) Ando and Tubaki (1984b) Thailand Sivichai and Jones (2004) circumscribed. These problems can be seen in genera such as Rhizophydium and Synchytrium wherein the number of species present within that genera has been specified in some studies but acquiring additional information on these taxa is difficult (Wijayawardene et al. 2020). This section provides a resource of information of freshwater basal fungi, their substrate, country of isolation and status on DNA-based sequence data. The list, though not exhaustive, provides an idea on the number of basal fungi isolated from freshwater habitats. In this paper, we list 684 species of basal fungi under 11 phyla, 29 orders, 85 families, and 243 genera (Table 15). Chytridiomycota has the largest number with 333 species (in 97 genera), followed by Rozellomycota (221 species, 105 genera), Blastocladiomycota (47 species, 10 genera), Monoblepharomycota (29 species, 6 genera), Mucoromycota (19 species, 10 genera), and Aphelidiomycota (15 species, 3 genera). Other phyla have fewer than 10 species and include Entomophthoromycota (6 species, 4 genera), Mortierellomycota (5 species, 3 genera), Olpidiomycota (4 species, 1 genus), Zoopagomycota (3 species, 2 genera), and Sanchytriomycota (2 species, 2 genera). Microsporidia The number microsporidia from all environments ranges from 118 genera (Sprague et al. 1992), 144 in Sprague and Becnel (1999) to 200 listed in Becnel et al. (2014), and 217 in Wijayawardene et al. (2020). Species numbers may exceed 1,500 and this may be a conservative estimate. The website www.marinefungi.org lists 62 genera with 138 species of marine microsporidia (Jones et al. 2019). Data on freshwater microsporidia is spread widely in the literature with no definitive list of actual species and their hosts. Table 16 lists 105 genera of freshwater microsporidia with 221 species in 4 orders and 24 families, but this undoubtedly is an underestimate as new taxa are continuously being introduced. Fungal Diversity Table 13 Classification of freshwater yeasts with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa Taxon Substrate Distribution References ASCOMYCOTA DOTHIDEOMYCETES Dothideomycetidae Dothideomycetes incertae sedis Endosporiaceae Endosporium aviarium EUROTIOMYCETES Chaetothyriomycetidae Chaetothyriales Herpotrichiellaceae Exophiala alcalophila Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Phytotelmata of bromeliad tank, tap water Brazil Exophiala placitae Nadsoniella nigra LEOTIOMYCETES Leotiomycetidae Helotiales Sclerotiniaceae Monilia zeylanica SACCHAROMYCETES Saccharomycetidae Saccharomycetales Debaryomycetaceae Babjeviella inositovora Phytotelmata of bromeliad tank Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Brazil Brazil Novak Babič et al. (2016), Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Freshwater everglades USA Fell et al. (2011) Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis unifilis Brazil Debaryomyces delbrueckii Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, water (pond) Brazil, Slovakia Debaryomyces hansenii Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, water (lake, pond), tapwater, glacial meltwater (river) Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Poland, Slovakia Debaryomyces maramus Water (lake) Poland Debaryomyces nepalensis Freshwater mud Egypt Debaryomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis Lodderomyces elongisporus Surfaces of freshwater turtles, P. unifilis Brazil Morais et al. (2010, 2020) Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993), Morais et al. (2020) Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Khan et al. (2002), de García et al. (2007), Morais et al. (2010), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Moubasher et al. (2018) Morais et al. (2010) Water (lake) Poland Meyerozyma caribbica Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, tapwater, mud (river, canal), water (lake) Brazil, Slovenia, Egypt Meyerozyma carpophila Freshwater Everglades USA Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Brandão et al. (2010), Novak Babič et al. (2016), Moubasher et al. (2018), Morais et al. (2020) Fell et al. (2011) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Meyerozyma guilliermondii Water (lake, pond, rivers), phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, tapwater, mud (river, canal) Brazil, Egypt, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, USA Millerozyma farinosa Water (lake) Poland Priceomyces carsonii Water (lake) Poland Scheffersomyces coipomensis Scheffersomyces segobiensis Water (lake) Water (lake) Argentina Poland Schwanniomyces occidentalis Water (lake) Poland Schwanniomyces polymorphus Water (lake) Poland Schwanniomyces pseudopolymorphus Schwanniomyces vanrijiae Water (lake) Poland Freshwater Everglades, surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis Water (lake) Water (lake) Brazil, USA Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis Brazil van Uden and Ahearn (1963), Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993), Brandão et al. (2010), Medeiros et al. (2012), Van Wyk et al. (2012), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Brilhante et al. (2016), Novak Babič et al. (2016), Moubasher et al. (2018), Morais et al. (2020) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Libkind et al. (2009) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Morais et al. (2010), Fell et al. (2011) Brandão et al. (2010) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Morais et al. (2010) Dipodascaceae Dipodascus armillariae Water (lake) Poland Dipodascus fermentans Polluted water (river) USA Dipodascus geotrichum River water, freshwater mud (river, canal), water (lake, pond), tapwater Brazil, Egypt, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA Geotrichum europaeum Mud (river, canal) Egypt Magnusiomyces capitatus Water (lake) Poland Saprochaete capitata Polluted water (river) USA Saprochaete sericea Polluted water (river) USA Suhomyces xylopsoci Yamadazyma akitaensis Yamadazyma tenuis 13 Brazil Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Lamore and Goos (1978), Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Medeiros et al. (2012), Novak Babič et al. (2016), Moubasher et al. (2018) Moubasher et al. (2018) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Lipomycetaceae Lipomyces lipofer Water (lake) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Metschnikowiaceae Clavispora lusitaniae Water (lake, river), tapwater Kodamaea ohmeri Metschnikowia pulcherrima Water (lake) Water (lake) Metschnikowia reukaufii Water (lake, river) South Africa, Slovenia Van Wyk et al. (2012), Novak Babič et al. (2016) Brazil Brilhante et al. (2016) Poland, Slovakia, USA van Uden and Ahearn (1963), Sláviková et al. (1992), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Poland, Brazil Medeiros et al. (2012), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Phaffomycetaceae Barnettozyma wickerhamii Cyberlindnera fabianii Cyberlindnera jadinii Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa Water (lake) Water (lake), freshwater mud, polluted water (lake) Brazil Brazil Egypt, Poland, USA Cyberlindnera japonica Cyberlindnera rhodanensis Cyberlindnera saturnus Water (lake) Water (lake) Polluted water (river), water, sediment (lake) Brazil Brazil Colombia, USA Starmera stellimalicola Pichiaceae Brettanomyces nanus Water (lake) Brazil Water (lake) Poland Dekkera bruxellensis Water (lake), polluted water (river) Brazil, Poland, USA Komagataella pastoris Kregervanrija fluxuum Ogataea polymorpha Surfaces of freshwater turtles Freshwater Everglades Polluted water (river) Brazil USA USA Pichia fermentans Water (lake, pond), tapwater Brazil, Slovakia, Slovenia Pichia galeiformis Pichia kluyveri Pichia mandshurica Pichia membranifaciens Water (lake) Freshwater Everglades Water (lake) Water (lake), Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis unifilis Brazil USA Brazil Brazil, Poland Saturnispora diversa Water, sediment (lake) Colombia Morais et al. (2010) Brandão et al. (2010) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Moubasher et al. (2018) Brandão et al. (2010) Brandão et al. (2010) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014) Brandão et al. (2010) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Brandão et al. (2010), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Morais et al. (2010) Fell et al. (2011) Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Brandão et al. (2010), Novak Babič et al. (2016) Brandão et al. (2010) Fell et al. (2011) Brandão et al. (2010) Morais et al. (2010), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Saturnispora silvae Water (lake, wetland) Poland, USA Fell et al. (2011), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Saccharomycetaceae Citeromyces matritensis Water (lake, river) South Africa, Poland Cyniclomyces guttulatus Water (lake) Grigorovia transvaalensis Water (lake) Hagleromyces aurorensis Phytotelmata of bromeliad tank Issatchenkia orientalis Tropical freshwater, water (lake, pond), mud (river canal), wetland Issatchenkia scutulata Kazachstania africana Water (river) Water (lake) Kazachstania exigua Water (lake), polluted water (river) Kazachstania lodderae Water (lake) Kluyveromyces aestuarii Water (lake, wetland) Kluyveromyces lactis Water (lake) Kluyveromyces marxianus Kluyveromyces wickerhamii Water (lake, river) Water (lake), surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis unifilis Lachancea cidri Water (lake) Lachancea kluyveri Lachancea meyersii Lachancea thermotolerans Water (lake) Water (wetland) Water (lake) Lachancea waltii Water (lake) Nakaseomyces bacillisporus Water (lake) Naumovozyma castellii Water (lake) 13 Van Wyk et al. (2012), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Brazil Sousa et al. (2014), Morais et al. (2020) Brazil, Egypt, Poland, Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and Slovakia, USA Vadkertiová (1995b), Brandão et al. (2010), Fell et al. (2011), Medeiros et al. (2012), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Moubasher et al. (2018) Brazil Medeiros et al. (2012) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Poland, USA Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Poland, USA Fell et al. (2011), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Poland, Slovakia Sláviková et al. (1992), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Brazil, Poland, Medeiros et al. (2012) Brazil, Poland Morais et al. (2010), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Slovakia Sláviková et al. (1992) USA Fell et al. (2011) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Bangladesh, Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Saccharomyces cerevisiae Water (lake), polluted water (river), mud (river, canal), sediment (lake) Colombia, Egypt, Poland, USA Tetrapisispora phaffii Water (lake) Poland Torulaspora delbrueckii Water, sediment (lake) Colombia, Poland Torulaspora globosa Water (pond) Slovakia Torulaspora pretoriensis Freshwater muds, water, sediment (lake) Colombia, Egypt Vanderwaltozyma polyspora Water (lake) Poland Vanderwaltozyma yarrowii Water (lake) Poland Zygosaccharomyces bailii Water (lake) Poland Zygosaccharomyces mellis Water (lake) Poland Zygosaccharomyces rouxii Water (lake) Poland Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Khan et al. (2002), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014), Moubasher et al. (2018) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014) Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b) Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014), Moubasher et al. (2018) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Saccharomycodaceae Hanseniaspora guilliermondii Water (lake, river) Brazil, Slovakia Hanseniaspora opuntiae Phytotelmata of bromeliad tank, water (lake) Argentina, Brazil Hanseniaspora osmophila Water (lake) Poland Hanseniaspora uvarum Freshwater Everglades, polluted water (river), water (lake, pond), sediment (lake) Colombia, Poland, Slovakia, USA Hanseniaspora vineae Water (lake) Poland Saccharomycodes ludwigii Water (lake) Poland Saccharomycopsidaceae Saccharomycopsis capsularis Water (lake) Water (lake) Poland Saccharomycopsis crataegensis Saccharomycopsis fermentans Water (river) Water (lake) Brazil Poland Saccharomycopsis fibuligera Water (lake) Slovakia Sláviková et al. (1992), Medeiros et al. (2012) Libkind et al. (2009), Morais et al. (2020) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993), Fell et al. (2011), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Medeiros et al. (2012) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Sláviková et al. (1992) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Saccharomycopsis javanensis Water (lake) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Trichomonascaceae Sugiyamaella smithiae Water (lake) Poland Trichomonascus ciferrii Water (lake), polluted water (river) Brazil, Poland, USA, Slovakia Trichomonascus farinosus Water (lake) Poland Wickerhamiella pararugosa Water (river), tapwater Brazil, Slovenia Zygoascus tannicola Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis Brazil Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Sláviková et al. (1992), Brilhante et al. (2016) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Medeiros et al. (2012), Novak Babič et al. (2016) Morais et al. (2010) Tropical freshwater, surfaces of freshwater turtles, water (lake, pond), mud (river, canal) Brazil, Egypt, Poland, Sláviková et al. (1992), Slovakia Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Morais et al. (2010), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Moubasher et al. (2018) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) USA Woollett and Hedrick (1970) USA Fell et al. (2011) Brazil Medeiros et al. (2012) Argentina de García et al. (2012) Wickerhamomycetaceae Wickerhamomyces anomalus Wickerhamomyces bisporus Water (lake) Wickerhamomyces bovis Water (lake) Wickerhamomyces canadensis Polluted water (river) Wickerhamomyces hampshirensis Wickerhamomyces pijperi Wickerhamomyces patagonicus Wickerhamomyces rabaulensis Wickerhamomyces subpelliculosus Freshwater everglades Water (river) Glacial meltwater (river) Water (lake) Polluted water (lake, river) Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, water (wetland) Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis Candida albicans Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, polluted water (lake, river), sediment (lake) Wickerhamomyces sydowiorum USA Brazil, USA Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Poland, USA Candida amphicis Candida asiatica Candida atlantica Candida atmosphaerica Freshwater Everglades Freshwater Everglades Water (lake) Polluted water (river) USA USA Brazil USA Candida blankii Candida boidinii Water (river) Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, water (pond) Brazil Brazil, Slovakia 13 Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Morais et al. (2010), Fell et al. (2011) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Brandão et al. (2010), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014), Moubasher et al. (2018), Morais et al. (2020) Fell et al. (2011) Fell et al. (2011) Brandão et al. (2010) Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Medeiros et al. (2012) Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Morais et al. (2010) Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Candida buenavistaensis Candida dendronema Candida diffluens Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes Freshwater Everglades Polluted water (river) Brazil USA USA Candida duobushaemulonis Candida ethanolica Candida fluviatilis Candida glabrata Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes Water (lake, river) Aquatic system, glacial water Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes, polluted water (lake, river), sediment (lake) Brazil Brazil Argentina Brazil, Colombia, Poland, USA Candida heveicola Candida inconspicua Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Water (lake, pond), polluted water (river) Brazil Brazil, Slovakia, USA Candida intermedia Water (lake, pond), Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes, polluted water (river) Brazil, Poland, Slovakia, USA Candida leandrae Candida maris Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, wetland Glacial meltwater (river) Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, water (lake, river, wetland) Brazil Brazil, USA Candida mesenterica Polluted water (river), Glacial meltwater (river) USA, Argentina Candida nivariensis Candida oregonensis Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Polluted water (river) Brazil USA Candida orthopsilosis Candida palmioleophila Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes, tapwater Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, water (river) Brazil, Slovenia Brazil Candida parapsilosis Tropical freshwater, phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes, surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, polluted water (lake, river), groundwater, tapwater Brazil, Slovenia, USA Candida pseudointermedia Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes, tapwater Brazil, Slovenia Candida pseudolambica Aquatic system, glacial melt water, mud (river, canal), water (lake, wetland), sediment (lake) Argentina, Colombia, Egypt, USA Morais et al. (2020) Fell et al. (2011) Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Morais et al. (2020) Medeiros et al. (2012) Libkind et al. (2014) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Brandão et al. (2010), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014), Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Brandão et al. (2010) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2010), Fell et al. (2011) de García et al. (2012) Fell et al. (2011), Medeiros et al. (2012), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Woollett and Hedrick (1970) de García et al. (2012) Morais et al. (2020) Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Morais et al. (2020) Medeiros et al. (2012), Novak Babič et al. (2016), Morais et al. (2020) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Brandão et al. (2010), Morais et al. (2010), Medeiros et al. (2012), Morais et al. (2020) Novak Babič et al. (2016), Morais et al. (2020) Fell et al. (2011), Libkind et al. (2014), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014), Moubasher et al. (2018) Candida maritima Candida melibiosica Argentina Brazil, Poland, USA 13 Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Candida pinus Polluted water (lake, river) USA Candida saitoana Water (lake), tapwater Poland, Slovenia Candida sake Acidic water (river)ater (lake), glacial melt water, surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis Argentina, Brazil Candida santamariae Candida sharkensis Candida silvanorum Candida silvicultrix Glacial meltwater (river) Water (wetland) Water (wetland) Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis Water (lake), polluted water (river) Italy USA USA Brazil Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Novak Babič et al. (2016) Russo et al. (2008), Morais et al. (2010), Van Wyk et al. (2012), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Libkind et al. (2014) Branda et al. (2010) Fell et al. (2011) Fell et al. (2011) Morais et al. (2010) Candida solani Candida sonorensis Candida suecica Candida tropicalis Candida ubatubensis Candida zeylanoides Diutina catenulata Diutina rugosa Hyphopichia burtonii Middelhovenomyces tepae Nakazawaea holstii Nakazawaea ernobii Yarrowia galli Yarrowia lipolytica 13 Poland, USA Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Water (lake) Brazil Brandão et al. (2010) Polluted water (river) Bangladesh, USA Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Khan et al. (2002) Tropical freshwater, water (lake, pond), mud (river Brazil, Egypt, Poland, Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková canal) Slovakia, South and Vadkertiová Africa (1995b), Brandão et al. (2010), Van Wyk et al. (2012), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Moubasher et al. (2018) Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Water (lake) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Water (lake. river), polluted water (river) South Africa, Poland, Woollett and Hedrick USA (1970), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Tropical freshwater, water (river), polluted water (river) Brazil, South Africa, Woollett and Hedrick USA (1970), Medeiros et al. (2012), Van Wyk et al. (2012) Water (lake, pond) Brazil, Slovakia Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993), Brandão et al. (2010) Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. Brazil Morais et al. (2010) unifilis Polluted water (river) USA Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Polluted water (river) USA Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. Brazil Morais et al. (2010) unifilis Water (lake), tapwater Colombia, Poland, Biedunkiewicz et al. Slovenia (2013), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014) Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References BASIDIOMYCOTA AGARICOSTILBOMYCETES Agaricostilbomycetes incertae sedis Agaricostilbales Agaricostilbaceae Sterigmatomyces elviae Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa MONILIELLOMYCETES Moniliellomycetes incertae sedis Moniliellales Moniliellaceae Moniliella spathulata Water (lake) Brazil Morais et al. (2010) Poland Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) CYSTOBASIDIOMYCETES Cystobasidiomycetes incertae sedis Cystobasidiales Cystobasidiaceae Cystobasidium calyptogenae Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Cystobasidium minutum Freshwater Everglades, polluted water (lake, river), water (lake, pond) Brazil Argentina, Slovakia, USA Morais et al. (2020) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Libkind et al. (2009), Fell et al. (2011) de García et al. (2007), Libkind et al. (2009) Libkind et al. (2003), Brandão et al. (2011) Libkind et al. (2003), Brandão et al. (2011), Fell et al. (2011), Novak Babič et al. (2016) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Cystobasidium laryngis Glacial melt water (river), water (lake) Argentina Cystobasidium pinicola Water (lake) Argentina, Brazil Cystobasidium slooffiae Tapwater, water (lake, wetland) Argentina, Brazil, Slovenia, USA Occultifur brasiliensis Occultifur externus Erythrobasidiales Erythrobasidiaceae Erythrobasidium elongatum Erythrobasidium hasegawae Cyrenella elegans Hasegawazyma lactosa Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Brazil Brazil Phytotelmata of bromeliad Phytotelmata of bromeliad Sand near lake Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, polluted water (river) Brazil Brazil USA Brazil, USA Symmetrospora marina Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, water (wetland) Brazil, USA Sakaguchia cladiensis Sakaguchia meli EXOBASIDIOMYCETES Exobasidiomycetidae Exobasidiales Brachybasidiaceae Meira geulakonigae Georgefischeriales Water (wetland) Glacial melt water USA Argentina Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Sampaio (2010) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Morais et al. (2020) Fell et al. (2011), Morais et al. (2020) Fell et al. (2011) Libkind et al. (2014) Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Brazil Morais et al. (2020) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Gjaerumiaceae Gjaerumia minor Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Tilletiariaceae Phragmotaenium oryzicola Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Microstromatales Microstromatales genera incertae sedis Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili Water (river) MICROBOTRYOMYCETES Kriegeriales Kriegeriaceae Phenoliferia himalayensis Water (lake) Leucosporidiales Leucosporidiaceae Leucosporidium creatinivorum Glacial melt water (river), water (lake) Leucosporidium fragarium Leucosporidium golubevii Leucosporidium intermedium Leucosporidium muscorum Glacial melt water (river) Water (river) Glacial meltwater (river) Water (lake), polluted water (river) Leucosporidium scottii River water, polluted water (lake, river), water (lake, pond) Microbotryales Ustilentylomataceae Microbotryozyma collariae Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Microbotryomycetes families incertae sedis Chrysozymaceae Bensingtonia yamatoana Glacial meltwater (river) Colacogloeaceae Colacogloea foliorum Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, polluted water (lake, river) Microbotryomycetes genera incertae sedis Reniforma strues Wastewater Distribution References Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Brazil Medeiros et al. (2012) Himalayas Shivaji et al. (2008) Argentina de García et al. (2007), Libkind et al. (2009) de García et al. (2007) Sampaio et al. (2003) de García et al. (2012) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Libkind et al. (2009) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Summerbell (1983), Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993) Argentina Argentina Argentina, USA Slovakia, USA Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Argentina de García et al. (2012) Brazil, USA Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Morais et al. (2020) Poland Pore and Sorenson (1990) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Sampaio (2011) Fell et al. (2011) Fell et al. (2011) Sampaio and Van Uden (1991), Kurtzman and Fell (1998), Libkind et al. (2003), Fell et al. (2011) Sampaiozyma ingeniosa Water (lake), polluted water (river) USA Sampaiozyma vanillica Slooffia cresolica Udeniozyma ferulica Freshwater Everglades Freshwater Everglades Water, glacial lakes and rivers, water (wetland) USA USA Argentina, USA Sporidiobolales Sporidiobolaceae 13 Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Rhodosporidiobolus colostri Glacial meltwater (lakes, river), acidic water (river) Argentina Rhodosporidiobolus lusitaniae Water (lake) Poland Rhodosporidiobolus ruineniae Brazil, USA Rhodotorula alborubescens Freshwater Everglades, phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Water (pond) Rhodotorula babjevae Water (lake), acidic water (river) Argentina Rhodotorula diobovata Freshwater Everglades, water (lake) Argentina, USA Rhodotorula evergladensis Rhodotorula glutinis Water (wetland) Water (lake), polluted water (lake, river) USA Bangladesh, South Africa, Slovakia, USA Rhodotorula graminis Polluted water (lake, river) USA Rhodotorula kratochvilovae Glacial melt water (river) Argentina Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Glacial meltwater (lake, river), tropical freshwaters, phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes, surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, groundwater, mud (river, canal), water (lake, wetland, river), acidic water (lake, river), sediment (lake) Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA, Rhodotorula paludigena Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, water (wetland) Brazil, USA Rhodotorula sphaerocarpa Rhodotorula taiwanensis Rhodotorula toruloides Water Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Water (lake), acidic water (river), phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Portugal Brazil Argentina, Brazil, Poland Sporobolomyces beijingensis Sporobolomyces blumeae Sporobolomyces carnicolor Sporobolomyces japonicus Sporobolomyces longiusculus Freshwater Everglades, Water (lake) Water (wetland) Water (wetland) Water (wetland) Water (lake) USA USA USA USA Argentina de García et al. (2007), Russo et al. (2008) Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013) Fell et al. (2011), Morais et al. (2020) Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993) Libkind et al. (2003), Russo et al. (2008) Libkind et al. (2009), Fell et al. (2011) Fell et al. (2011) van Uden and Ahearn (1963), Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Sláviková et al. (1992), Khan et al. (2002), Van Wyk et al. (2012) Woollett and Hedrick (1970) Libkind et al. (2003), de García et al. (2007) van Uden and Ahearn (1963), Sláviková et al. (1992), Khan et al. (2002), de García et al. (2007), Libkind et al. (2009), Morais et al. (2010), Fell et al. (2011), Sampaio (2011), Van Wyk et al. (2012), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014), Brilhante et al. (2016), Novak Babič et al. (2016), Moubasher et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018), Morais et al. (2020) Fell et al. (2011), Morais et al. (2020) Sampaio (2011) Morais et al. (2020) Russo et al. (2008), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013), Morais et al. (2020) Fell et al. (2011) Fell et al. (2011) Fell et al. (2011) Fell et al. (2011) Libkind et al. (2005, 2009) Slovakia 13 Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Sporobolomyces marcillae Sporobolomyces patagonicus Sporobolomyces roseus Water (lake) Water (lake) Freshwater Everglades, glacial waters and rivers, water (pond) Argentina Argentina Argentina, USA, Slovakia Sporobolomyces ruberrimus Freshwater Everglades, Glacial meltwater (river) USA, Argentina Sporobolomyces salmonicolor Water (lake) Argentina, Slovakia Sporobolomyces shibatanus Sporidiobolus salmonicolor Water (wetland) Groundwater USA Slovenia Libkind et al. (2009) Libkind et al. (2005) Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Libkind et al. (2005), Fell et al. (2011) Libkind et al. (2009), Fell et al. (2011), de García et al. (2012) Sláviková et al. (1992), Libkind et al. (2005) Fell et al. (2011) Novak Babič et al. (2016) Freshwater Everglades, Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis USA, Brazil TREMELLOMYCETES Tremellomycetes incertae sedis Filobasidiales Filobasidiaceae Filobasidium floriforme Filobasidium magnum Filobasidium oeirens Filobasidium stepposum Filobasidium wieringae Goffeauzyma agrionensis Goffeauzyma gastrica Goffeauzyma gilvescens Naganishia adeliensis Naganishia albida Naganishia albidosimilis Naganishia antarctica Naganishia bhutanensis 13 Morais et al. (2010), Fell et al. (2011), Morais et al. (2020) Water (lake, river, wetland) Brazil, Slovakia, USA Sláviková et al. (1992), Brandão et al. (2011), Fell et al. (2011), Medeiros et al. (2012) Glacial meltwater (river) Italy Branda et al. (2010) Water (lake), Glacial meltwater (river) Brazil, Italy Branda et al. (2010), Brandão et al. (2011) Water (lake), Glacial meltwater (river) Argentina, Brazil, Branda et al. (2010), Brandão et al. (2011), Italy de García et al. (2012) Glacial lakes and rivers Argentina de García et al. (2007) Glacial meltwater (river), water (lake) Argentina, Italy, USA, van Uden and Ahearn (1963), Libkind et al. (2009), Branda et al. (2010) Glacial melt water Argentina Turchetti et al. (2008) Glacial melt water (river) Argentina, Italy de García et al. (2007), Branda et al. (2010) Argentina, Brazil, van Uden and Ahearn Water (lake, pond), rock pools, surfaces of freshwater Slovakia, USA (1963), Woollett turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, polluted water and Hedrick (1970), (river) Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Libkind et al. (2009), Morais et al. (2010) Water (pond), glacial meltwater (river), acidic water Argentina, Italy, Gadanho et al. (2006), Russo et al. (2008), (river) Portugal Branda et al. (2010) Water (lake), acidic water (lake) Argentina Russo et al. (2008), Libkind et al. (2009) Acidic water (lake) Argentina Russo et al. (2008) Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Naganishia diffluens Freshwater Everglades, polluted water (lake, river), water (lake) USA Naganishia liquefaciens Piskurozymaceae Piskurozyma cylindrica Solicoccozyma aeria Water (wetland) USA van Uden and Ahearn (1963), Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Fell et al. (2011) Fell et al. (2011) Glacial melt water (river) Polluted water (river), water (lake), glacial meltwater (river) Argentina Italy, Slovakia, USA Solicoccozyma terrea Solicoccozyma terricola Freshwater Everglades Polluted water (river), glacial meltwater (river) USA Argentina, USA Holtermanniales Holtermanniaceae Holtermanniella festucosa Glacial meltwater (river) Argentina de García et al. (2007), Wuczkowski et al. (2011), Libkind et al. (2014) Tremellales Bulleraceae Bullera alba Rock holes, water (lake, pond) Brazil, Slovakia Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Medeiros et al. (2012) Bulleribasidiaceae Dioszegia butyracea Dioszegia crocea Dioszegia fristingensis Glacial meltwater (river) Glacial melt water (river) Glacial melt water (river), water (lake) Argentina Argentina Argentina Dioszegia hungarica Glacial melt water (river), water (lake) Argentina Dioszegia zsoltii Hannaella luteola Freshwater Everglades River water, phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock pools, polluted water (lake) USA Brazil, USA Hannaella pagnoccae Hannaella sinensis Hannaella zeae Vishniacozyma carnescens Vishniacozyma dimennae Vishniacozyma victoriae Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock pools Freshwater Everglades Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Water (lake) Glacial meltwater (river) Water (lake), submerged roots, tapwater, glacial meltwater (river), acidic water (lake, river) Brazil USA Brazil Brazil Italy Argentina, Brazil, Norway, Slovenia de García et al. (2012) de García et al. (2007) de García et al. (2007),Libkind et al. (2009) de García et al. (2007), Libkind et al. (2009) Fell et al. (2011) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Medeiros et al. (2012), Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Fell et al. (2011) Morais et al. (2020) Brandão et al. (2011) Branda et al. (2010) Russo et al. (2008), Brandão et al. (2011), Vaz et al. (2011), Kohout et al. (2012), de García et al. (2012) de García et al. (2007) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Sláviková et al. (1992), Branda et al. (2010) Fell et al. (2011) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), de García et al. (2012) Cryptococcaceae 13 Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution Cryptococcus festucosus Glacial meltwater (river), acidic water (river) Argentina, Italy Cryptococcus heveanensis Cryptococcus hungaricus Cryptococcus macerans Water (lake) Water (river) Glacial meltwater (river) Cryptococcus saitoi Water (lake), glacial meltwater (river) Cryptococcus tephrensis Water (lake), glacial meltwater (river) Cryptococcus watticus Gelidatrema spencermartinsiae Kwoniella dendrophila Glacial meltwater (river) Glacial meltwater (river) Water (lake), phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Kwoniella heveanensis Kwoniella mangrovensis Naemateliaceae Dimennazyma cisti-albidi Rhynchogastremaceae Papiliotrema flavescens Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock pools Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock pools Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, water (wetland) Brazil, USA Papiliotrema laurentii Tropical freshwaters, phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes, surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, polluted water (lake, river), water (lake, pond, river, wetland), acidic water (lake), sediment (lake) Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, South Africa, Slovakia, USA, Papiliotrema nemorosa Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks (Very common species Brazil on this subsrate) Water (wetland) USA Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, water, sediment (lake) Brazil, Colombia Papiliotrema pseudoalba Papiliotrema rajasthanensis Papiliotrema taeanensis Papiliotrema terrestris Rhynchogastrema complexa Tremellaceae Tremella globispora Trimorphomycetaceae Saitozyma flava Saitozyma podzolica Trichosporonales 13 References de García et al. (2007), Russo et al. (2008), Branda et al. (2010) Brazil Brandão et al. (2011) Brazil Medeiros et al. (2012) Argentina, Italy de García et al. (2007), Branda et al. (2010) Argentina Brazil, Italy Libkind et al. (2009), Branda et al. (2010), Brandão et al. (2011), Libkind et al. (2014) Brazil, Italy Branda et al. (2010, 2011) Italy Branda et al. (2010) Argentina de García et al. (2010) Brazil Brandão et al. (2011), Morais et al. (2020) Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Stagnant water Inácio et al. (2005) Fell et al. (2011), Morais et al. (2020) van Uden and Ahearn (1963), Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Russo et al. (2008), Morais et al. (2010), Fell et al. (2011), Van Wyk et al. (2012), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014), Brilhante et al. (2016), Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Freshwater Everglades Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock hole Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks USA Brazil Brazil Fell et al. (2011) Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014), Morais et al. (2020) Fell et al. (2011) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Brazil Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, surfaces of freshwater Brazil, Colombia turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, water, sediment (lake) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2010, 2020), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014) Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Trichosporonaceae Apiotrichum laibachii Water (lake, river), sediment (lake) Brazil, Colombia Apiotrichum montevideense Water (river), tapwater Brazil, Slovenia Apiotrichum scarabaeorum Water (river), mud (river, canal) Brazil, Egypt Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum Water (lake, pond, river) Poland, Slovakia, USA Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii Water, sediment (lake) Colombia Cutaneotrichosporon moniliiforme Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides Trichosporon aculeatum Trichosporon asahii Water (lake) Water (river) Freshwater Mud (river, canal), surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis unifilis, polluted water (river) Antarctica Poland Japan Brazil, USA, Egypt Trichosporon coremiiforme Water (lake), groundwater Brazil, Slovenia Medeiros et al. (2012), Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014) Medeiros et al. (2012), Novak Babič et al. (2016) Medeiros et al. (2012), Moubasher et al. (2018) van Uden and Ahearn (1963), Czeczuga et al. 1990, Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b) Silva-Bedoya et al. (2014) Guého et al. (1992) Pietryczuk et al. (2018) Sugita (2011) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Morais et al. (2010, 2020), Moubasher et al. (2018) Brandão et al. (2011), Novak Babič et al. (2016) Water (wetland) Water (lake), glacial meltwater (river), acidic water (river) USA Argentina Brazil, Slovenia Cystofilobasidium infirmominiaWater (lake) tum Cystofilobasidium lacus-mascardii Water (lake) Cystofilobasidium macerans Glacial melt water (river), water (lake), acidic water (lake, river) Argentina, Brazil Tremellomycetidae Cystofilobasidiales Cystofilobasidiaceae Cystofilobasidium bisporidii Cystofilobasidium capitatum Mrakiaceae Itersonilia pannonica Krasilnikovozyma huempii Mrakia aquatica Mrakia cryoconiti Argentina Argentina Glacial melt water (river) Water (river) Water (lake), Equisetum culms, foam (river, rivulet), submerged decaying leaves (stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, glacial meltwater (river) Argentina Brazil Argentina, Austria, Canada, India, Ireland, Poland, UK Alpine glacier cryoconite Austria Fell et al. (2011) Russo et al. (2008), Branda et al. (2010), Brandão et al. (2011), Libkind et al. (2014) Libkind et al. (2003), Brandão et al. (2011) Libkind et al. (2009) de García et al. (2007), Russo et al. (2008), Libkind et al. (2009, 2014) de García et al. (2007) Medeiros et al. (2012) Jones and Slooff (1966), Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), de García et al. (2012) Margesin and Fell (2008) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 13 (continued) Taxon Substrate Distribution References Mrakia frigida Mrakia robertii Tausonia pullulans Glacial meltwater (river) Glacial meltwater (river) Water (lake), polluted water (river), glacial meltwater (river) Argentina Argentina Argentina¸ USA Udeniomyces megalosporus Udeniomyces pyricola Glacial meltwater (river) Freshwater Everglades, glacial meltwater (river), water (pond) Argentina Argentina, Slovakia, USA de García et al. (2007) de García et al. (2012) Woollett and Hedrick (1970), Brandão et al. (2011), de García et al. (2012) de García et al. (2012) Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993), Fell et al. (2011), de García et al. (2012) Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, water (wetland) Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil, USA Moesziomyces parantarcticus Pseudozyma crassa Freshwater Everglades Tapwater USA Slovenia Moesziomyces rugulosus Pseudozyma flocculosa Pseudozyma hubeiensis Pseudozyma prolifica Sporisorium andropogonis Sporisorium graminicola Sporisorium trachypogonisplumosi Ustilago sparsa Ustilaginales genera incertae sedis Anomalomyces panici Anomalomyces yakirrae Kalmanozyma brasiliensis Kalmanozyma vetiveriae Langdonia jejuensis Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Freshwater Everglades Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Brazil USA Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2010, 2020), Fell et al. (2011) Fell et al. (2011) Novak Babič et al. (2016) Morais et al. (2020) Fell et al. (2011) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2010) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) Morais et al. (2020) USTILAGINOMYCETES Ustilaginomycetidae Ustilaginales Anthracoideaceae Gymnocintractia samanensis Ustilaginaceae Anthracocystis elionuri Anthracocystis everhartii Macalpinomyces spermophorus Moesziomyces aphidis 13 Fungal Diversity Fig. 7 Conidia of some Ingoldian species collected from freshwater habitats in Thailand. A Flabellospora multiradiata. B Dendrosporium lobatum. C Campylospora chaetocladia. D Anguillospora longissima. E Lemonniera sp. F Brachiosphaera tropicalis. G Tetracladium setigerum, H Sigmoidea sp. I Triscelophorus acuminatus. J Mycocentrospora sp. Scale bars: A, B, E, F = 10 μm, C, I = 20 μm, D = 30 μm G = 25 μm, H = 50 μm, J = 30 μm Microsporidia, now classified as fungi, are obligate, intracellular, spore-forming parasites of a variety of hosts, including insects, birds, fish, mollusks, platyhelminths, while 17 species are known to infect human (Feng and Li 2019). Microsporidia are rarely lethal, generally causing chronic debilitating diseases, resulting in reduced longevity, fertility, weight and general vigour of their hosts. Microsporidians may also be hyperparasites of other microsporidia (Haine et al. 2004). Microsporidia evolutionary have lost many of their mitochondrial and Golgi genes, with reduced ribosomal RNAs size and genomes 2.5 to 11.6 Mb in size, encoding 1,848 to 3,266 protein (Corradi and Selman 2013). Microsporidial classification remains embryonic but currently determined by sequence data (Vossbrinck and Debrunner-Vossbrinck 2005; Alimov 2007; Tedersoo et al. 2018; Turland et al. 2018). Species identification is based on spore morphology, their ultrastructure (especially their unique resistant spore) and sequence data. The life cycle commences with a polar filament injecting its spore contents into a host cell (Cali et al. 2017). Fish microsporidia can be broadly classified into two groups: those associated with xenoma (cyst-like) formation (e.g., Glugea) and those associated with non‐xenoma forming microsporidia (e.g., Nucleospora) (Shaw and Kent 1999; Kent et al. 2014). Microsporidia are transmitted both horizontally and vertically. The life cycle of a microsporidian is initiated by a spore which on detecting a host cell swell resulting in the breakdown of the sporoplasmic membrane and the rupture of the anchoring disk followed by the release of the polar tube and the transfer of the sporoplasm into the host cell. Inside the host cell more spores are produced and released into the environment. Hosts for freshwater microsporidia include bryozoans, arthropods and fish, with nine genera and approximately 50 species described from copepods (Sprague and Vavra 1977; Bronnvall and Larsson 2001; Vávra et al. 2005). The small planktonic crustacean Daphnia is the host of some 17 microsporidia (Table 16). Unusual hosts for microsporidia includes Alloglugea bufonis on metamorphosing tadpoles of the toad Bufo marinus and Amblyospora camposi on Culex renatoi, a bromeliad-inhabiting mosquito (Paperna and Lainson 1995; Micieli et al. 2000). Hosts may harbour more than one microsporidians e.g., the freshwater amphipod Gammarus roeseli was infected by three species (Haine et al. 2004). Fish are common hosts for microsporidians, especially those reared under high stocking densities with many recorded from salmon species. 13 Fungal Diversity Table 14 Taxonomic outline of Ingoldian fungi recorded from freshwater habitats Order Family Genus Species Capnodiales Neodevriesiaceae Tripospermum T. myrti Jahnulales Aliquandostipitaceae Brachiosphaera B. jamaicensis B. tropicalis Pleosporales Amniculicolaceae Anguillospora A. crassa A. filiformis A. furtiva A. gigantea A. mediocris A. pseudolongissima A. pulchella A. rosea A. rubescens A. virginiana Amniculicola A. aquatica A. guttulata A. immersa A. lignicola A. longissima A. parva Dothidotthiaceae Mycocentrospora M. acerina M. angulata M. aquatica M. clavata M. varians Melanommataceae Tumularia T. aquatica T. tuberculata Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tetraploa T. abortiva T. aquatica T. aristata T. ellisii T. puzheheiensis T. scheueri T. thailandica T. yunnanensis Tubeufiaceae Helicomyces H. ambiguus H. bellus H. chiayiensis H. colligatus H. geniculatus H. hyalosporus H. macrofilamentosus H. roseus H. scandens H. torquatus Helicosporium H. aquaticum H. flavidum H. flavisporum H. flavum H. gracile H. lumbricopsis H. murinum H. panachaeum H. setiferum H. thailandense H. vesicarium Speiropsis S. hyalospora S. pedatospora S. scopiformis Wiesneriomyces W. conjunctosporus W. laurinus ASCOMYCOTA Dothideomycetes Tubeufiales Wiesneriomycetaceae 13 Fungal Diversity Table 14 (continued) Order Family Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis Genus Species Clavariopsis C. aquatica C. azlanii C. brachycladia C. bulbosa Leotimycetes Helotiales Discinellaceae Cladochasiella C. divergens Fontanospora F. alternibrachiata F. eccentrica F. fusiramosa Gyoerffyella G. craginiformis G. entomobryoides G. gemellipara G. rotula G. speciosa G. tatrica G. tricapillata G. myrmecophagiformis Lemonniera L. alabamensis L. aquatica L. centrosphaera L. cornuta L. filiformis L. pseudofloscula L. terrestris L. yulongensis Margaritispora M. aquatica M. monticola Tetrachaetum T. elegans Varicosporium V. aquaticum V. delicatum V. elodeae V. giganteum V. helicosporum V. macrosporum V. scoparium V. tricladiiforme V. trimosum Articulospora A. atra A. moniliformis A. proliferata A. tetracladia Dimorphospora D. foliicola Geniculospora G. grandis G. inflata Hyaloscyphaceae Arbusculina A. fragmentans A. irregularis Ploettnerulaceae Volucrispora V. aurantiaca V. graminea Tricladiaceae Mycofalcella M. calcarata M. iqbalii Helotiaceae 13 Fungal Diversity Table 14 (continued) Order Leotiales Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis Orbiliomycetes 13 Family Genus Species Tricladium T. aciculum T. alaskense T. angulatum T. anomalum T. attenuatum T. biappendiculatum T. brunneum T. castaneicola T. caudatum T. chaetocladium T. curvisporum T. fallax T. fuscum T. gracile T. indicum T. intermedium T. kelleri T. marylandicum T. minutum T. obesum T. patulum T. procerum T. robustum T. splendens T. terrestre T. varicosporioides T. varium Vibrisseaceae Vibrissea V. decolorans V. dura V. filisporia V. flavovirens V. guernisacii V. leptospora V. norvegica V. sporogyra V. truncorum V. vibrisseoides Helotiales genera incertae sedis Filosporella F. annelidica F. aquatica F. exilis F. fistucella F. pinquis F. versimorpha Tetracladium T. apiense T. breve T. furcatum T. globosum T. maxilliforme T. nainitalense T. palmatum T. setigerum T. marchalianum Alatospora A. acuminata A. constricta A. crassipes A. flagellata A. pulchella Flagellospora F. curvula F. fusarioides F. leucorhynchos F. minuta F. saccata F. stricta Gorgomyces G. honrubiae Leotiales genera incertae sedis Fungal Diversity Table 14 (continued) Order Family Genus Species Orbiliales Orbiliaceae Dactylella T. microaquatica T. submersa T. yunnanensis Dicranidion D. fragile D. gracile Trinacrium T. incurvum T. indicum T. robustum T. subtile Sordariomycetes Chaetosphaeriales Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis Nawawia N. filiformis N. oviformis N. quadrisetulata Glomerellales Reticulascaceae Cylindrotrichum C. aquaticum C. clavatum C. gorii C. helisciforme C. oligospermum C. submersum C. zignoellae Hypocreales Nectriaceae Aquanectria A. devians A. jacinthicolor A. penicillioides A. submersa A. tenuispora Microascales Sordariales Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis Ascomycota incertae sedis Halosphaeriaceae Sordariales genera incertae sedis Heliscus H. tentaculus Neonectria N. coccinea N. lugdunensis Clavatospora C. filiformis C. longibrachiata C. tentacula Sigmoidea S. aurantiaca S. contorta S. praelonga S. prolifera Lunulospora L. curvula L. cymbiformis Campylospora C. brasiliensis C. chaetocladia C. filicladia C. parvula Alatosessilispora A. bibrachiata Arborispora A. dolichovirga A. palma A. paupera Blodgettia B. indica Calcarispora C. hiemalis Casaresia C. sphagnorum Cladoconidium C. articulatum Clavariana C. aquatica Condylospora C. flexuosa C. gigantea C. spumigena Culicidospora C. aquatica C. gravida Curucispora C. ombrogena C. ponapensis Colispora C. cavincola C. curvata C. elongata 13 Fungal Diversity Table 14 (continued) Order 13 Family Genus Species Dendrospora D. erecta D. fastuosa D. fusca D. juncicola D. moniliformis D. nana D. polymorpha D. tenella D. torulosa D. yessemreddyi Dendrosporium D. lobatum Diplocladiella D. appendiculata D. aquatica D. scalaroides D. tricladioides Dwayaangam D. colodena D. cornuta D. dichotoma Flabellocladia F. gigantea Flabellospora F. acuminata F. amphibia F. crassa F. multiradiata F. tetracladia F. verticillata Gemmulina G. botryosa Heliscella H. stellata H. stellatacula Isthmolongispora I. asymmetrica I. geniculata I. lanceata I. minima I. rotundata Isthmotricladia I. britannica I. gombakiensis I. laeensis Lateriramulosa L. quadriradiata L. uniinflata Mirandina M. corticola M. taiwanensis M. uncinata Polycladium P. equiseti Pseudoanguillospora P. gracilis P. prolifera P. stricta Pyramidospora P. casuarinae P. constricta P. densa P. fluminea P. herculiformis P. quadricellularis P. ramificata P. robusta P. stellata Scutisporus S. brunneus Subulispora S. biappendiculata S. longirostrata S. malaysiana S. procurvata Sympodiocladium S. frondosum Tetrabrachium T. elegans Tetrabrunneospora T. ellisii Fungal Diversity Table 14 (continued) Order Family Genus Species Titaea T. callispora T. clarkeae Tricladiopsis T. flagelliformis T. foliosa Tricellula T. aquatica T. inaequalis T. ornata Trifurcospora T. irregularis Triglyphium T. alabamense Triramulispora T. gracilis T. obclavata Triscelophorus T. acuminatus T. curviramifer T. konajensis T. magnificus T. monosporus T. ponapensis T. septatus Trisulcosporium T. acerinum BASIDIOMYCOTA Agaricomycetes Atheliales Atheliaceae Taeniospora T. gracilis T. gracilis var. gracilis T. nasifera Cantharellales Hydnaceae Ingoldiella I. fibulata I. nutans Dendrosporomyces D. prolifer D. splendens Agaricomycetes genera incertae sedis Fibulotaeniella F. canadensis Titaeella T. capnophila Tricladiomyces T. geniculatus T. malaysianus Classiculomycetes Classiculales Classiculaceae Classicula C. fluitans Jaculispora J. submersa Camptobasidiaceae Crucella C. subtilis Ustilaginaceae Pseudozyma P. crassa P. flocculosa P. hubeiensis Arcispora A. bisagittaria Microbotryomycetes Kriegeriales Ustilaginomycetes Ustilaginales Basidiomycota genera incertae sedis 13 Fungal Diversity Table 15 Classification of fungal basal clades recorded from freshwater environment including information on habitats, substrates/hosts, and geographical distribution Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Parasitoid of Achnanthes lanceolata Parasitoid of Chlorella Scenedesmus dimorphus (pond) Ponds Parasitoid of Kirchniriella and Ankistrodesmus Roadside ditch Parasitoid of Chaetophora elegans Parasite of representatives of various genera of chlorococcus algae Parasite of representatives of various genera of chlorococcus algae Hungary Russia USA USA Russia Belgium Hungary – Japan USA Germany Hungary Letcher and Powell (2019) Letcher and Powell (2019) Letcher et al. (2015b) Letcher et al. (2013) Letcher and Powell (2019) Tcvetkova et al. (2019) Letcher and Powell (2019) Gromov and Mamkaeva (1975) Schnepf et al. (1971), Letcher and Powell (2019) Letcher and Powell (2019) Seto et al. (2020a) Letcher et al. (2017) Zopf (1885) Letcher and Powell (2019) Hungary Russia Russia Letcher and Powell (2019) Karpov et al. (2017b) Karpov et al. (2017c) Rozella allomycis isolated from roadside ditch Water on dead Diptera Tropical fish aquarium Water, mud from lake Hattiesburg India USA Indonesia, Egypt Allomyces neomoniliformis Allomyces macrogynus Lake Mud India Egypt Allomyces moniliformis Mud Egypt Blastocladia arborata India, Egypt Blastocladia angusta Blastocladia aspergilloides Styles of submerged flowers of Caryopteris and myrtaceous fruit Weeping white birch twigs, rose hips, lake Lake Denmark, Egypt Australia Blastocladia bonaerensis Eutrophic water litter Argentina Blastocladia caduca Blastocladia coronata Blastocladia didyma Blastocladia elegans Stamens of submerged flowers of Crateva religiosa Submerged fruit of Eugenia jambolana Submerged fruit of Physalis peruviana Submerged fruit of Mangifera indica India India India India Powell et al. (2017) Butler (1911) Sparrow (1964) Ji and Dayal (1971), Ali and Abdel-Raheem (2003) Dubey et al. (2016) Ali and Abdel-Raheem (2003) Ali and Abdel-Raheem (2003) Dasgupta and John (1988), El-Hissy et al. (1996) El-Hissy et al. (1996) Nagai and Kobayashi (1995) Steciow and Marano (2006) Dasgupta and John (1988) Dasgupta and John (1988) Dasgupta and John (1988) Dasgupta and John (1988) APHELIDIOMYCOTA APHELIDIOMYCETES Aphelidiales Aphelidiaceae Amoeboaphelidium achnanthis Amoeboaphelidium chlorellavorum Amoeboaphelidium occidentale Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum Amoeboaphelidium radiatum Aphelidium arduennense Aphelidium chaetophorae Aphelidium chlorococcorum Aphelidium chlorococcorum f. chlorococcorum Aphelidium chlorococcorum f. majus Aphelidium collabens Aphelidium desmodesmi Aphelidium deformans Aphelidium melosirae Aphelidium tribonematis Paraphelidium tribonemae Paraphelidium letcheri BLASTOCLADIOMYCOTA BLASTOCLADIOMYCETES Blastocladiales Blastocladiaceae Allomyces anomalus Allomyces arbusculus Allomyces catenoides Allomyces javanicus 13 Parasitoid of Kirchneriella obesa Parasitoid of Coccomyxa sp. (pond) Parasitoid of green alga Desmodesmus armatus Parasitoid of Coleochaeta Parasitoid of Melosira varians: diatom alga Melosira varians Parasitoid of Tribonema Roadside ditches Dried stream – Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Blastocladia excelsa Blastocladia filamentosa Blastocladia fruticosa Blastocladia fusiformis India India India India Dasgupta and John (1988) Dasgupta and John (1988) Dasgupta and John (1988) Dasgupta and John (1988) Blastocladia globosa Ripe guava fruit bait, tanks Eugenia jambolana fruit Submerged fruits of Eugenia jambolana Submerged stamens and pistils of flower of Crateva religiosa Pond water India Blastocladia glomerata Blastocladia gracilis Blastocladia heterosporangia Blastocladia incrassata Blastocladia mammillata Blastocladia pileota Blastocladia pringsheimii Sunken twigs of Aesculus River, lake, pond, pool Submerged fruit on Vitis vinifera Water Submerged fruit of Pyrus Submerged fruit of Pyrus Water on rotten fruits of Malus, tomato skin (river) UK Denmark, UK India Japan, USA India India Germany, USA, UK Blastocladia pusilla Blastocladia ramosa Submerged fruit of Mangifera indica Submerged twigs, water (river) India Poland, USA, UK Blastocladia rostrata Blastocladia sessilis Blastocladia sparrowii Blastocladia spiciformis Blastocladia strangulata Blastocladia truncata Lake Various submerged fruits – Psidium Aphidoidea Submerged fruit of Malus, submerged plant (river) Blastocladiopsis parva Water reservoir, lake, water (stream) USA India USA India USA North America, UK Poland, USA Manoharachary et al. (1983) Khulbe (2001) Waterhouse (1942) Dasgupta and John (1988) Hsiao (1969) Dasgupta and John (1988) Dasgupta and John (1988) Waterhouse 1942, Hsiao (1969), Rooney and McKnight (1972) Dasgupta and John (1988) Waterhouse (1942), Rooney and McKnight (1972), Czeczuga et al. (1990) Hsiao (1969) Dasgupta and John (1988) Hsiao (1969) Dasgupta and John (1988) Barrett (1912) Sparrow (1932), Waterhouse (1942) Hsiao (1969), Czeczuga et al. (1990), Kiziewicz and Kurzątkowska (2004) Catenariaceae Catenophlyctis peltata Catenophlyctis variabilis Snake skin in water Water and sediment (reservoir), lake Nematoceromyces ramosus Paraphysodermataceae Paraphysoderma sedebokerense Catenomycetales Catenomycetaceae Catenomyces persicinus Coelomomycetaceae Coelomomyces quadrangulatus Coelomomyces punctatus Coelomomyces lativittatus Coelomycidium ephemerae Coelomycidium simulii Blastocladiomycetes genus incertae sedis Karling (1968a) Godlewska et al. (2009) Parasitic in eggs of Dicrotendipes modestus (stream) Cuba Brazil, Egypt, Poland, UK USA Haematococcus pluvialis Israel James et al. (2012) Grasses in water samples USA Hanson (1944b) Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae, lake Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae, lake Anopheles spp. larvae, pond Cloeon rufulum larvae USA USA USA Former Czechoslovakia France Porter et al. (2011) Porter et al. (2011) Porter et al. (2011) Weiser (1984) Simulium larvae, stream Martin (1978) Debaisieux (1919) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Microallomyces dendroideus Pond sediment Costa Rica Emerson and Robertson (1974) Lake Pond Aquatic sample Pond USA USA USA USA Letcher et al. (2018) Letcher et al. (2018) Letcher et al. (2018) Letcher et al. (2018) Lake (on cellophane, baby hairs, pine pollen, Ulothrix sp) Oogonia of Oedogonium rothii, possibly also on O. echinospermum, zygospores of Mougeotia sp. Ditch Saprophytic on Spirogyra crassa, Oedogonium sp., and Cladophora sp. Ditch Hydrodictyon Water Living cells of Cocconeis pediculus, epiphytic on Cladophora (lake) Parasitic on oogonia of Coleochaete pulvinata (tarn) USA, Germany, Russia India USA Cornu (1872), Sorokin (1883), Rooney and McKnight (1972) Dasgupta and John (1990) Karling (1938) India UK India UK Dasgupta and John (1990) Playfair (1917) Dasgupta and John (1990) Canter (1947a) Germany, UK Nowakowski (1876), Canter (1960a) Playfair (1917) Canter (1963a) Dasgupta (1982) Masters (1971a) Letcher and Powell (2012) CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA CHYTRIDIOMYCETES Chytridiales Asterophlyctaceae Asterophlyctis michiganensis Asterophlyctis sarcoptoides Wheelerophlyctis interior Wheelerophlyctis interiexterior Chytridiaceae Chytridium acuminatum Chytridium adpressum Chytridium aggregatum Chytridium apophysatum Chytridium amphoroideum Chytridium closterii Chytridium cocconeidis Chytridium coleochaetes Chytridium isthmiophilum Chytridium lagenula Chytridium lecythi Chytridium marylandicum Chytridium neopapillatum Chytridium oedogonii Pine pollen, freshwater sand Heterocysts of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (pond) Ditch Parasitic, Oocystis spp., phytoplankton, lake Parasitic, sporangium of Rhizophlyctis rosea, soil in water Parasitic on Staurodesmus curoatus (lake) Parasitic on Tribonema sp. (pool) Parasitic on rhizopod Lecythium Byalinum (stream) Saprobic, matrix of Botryococcus, Blue Pond Saprobic, pine pollen, sand in water Oedogonium (lake) Chytridium olla Chytridium oocystidis Chytridium ottariense Chytridium rhizophydii Chytridium reniforme Chytridium schenkii Chytridium sparrowii Chytridium telmatoskenae Chytridium versatile Chytridium xylophilum Dendrochytridium crassum Dinochytrium kinnereticum Oedogonium Oocystis lacustris Saprobic, Volvox, chitin, snake skin, impoundment Chitin and pollen baits (pond) Water, Spirogyra, ditch Water Water Parasitic, Telmatoskene mucosa, pond, Volary, central Nitzschia sigmoidea (lake) Water (river) Tree-canopy detritus flooded with water Lake, freshwater springs, standing water pools Bohemia UK Poland Australia Israel, Oman Irineochytrium annulatum Polyphlyctis willoughbyi Water (lake) Permanently submerged river mud USA Australia Chytridium corniculatum Chytridium cornutum Chytridium cresentum Chytridium deltanum Chytridium hyperparasiticum 13 Greenland Czechoslovakia India Canada Greenland UK UK UK USA Greenland, USA UK, USA Germany Switzerland USA USA India Canter (1960b) Sparrow (1957) Ingold (1941) Masters (1971b) Masters (1971b) Couch (1938) Canter (1950) Powell and Letcher (2014) Huber-Pestalozzi (1944) Roane (1973) Davis et al. (2018) Dasgupta and John (1988) Dasgupta (1982) Dasgupta and John (1988) Fott (1957) Canter (1947a) Czeczuga et al. (1990) Letcher et al. (2014) Leshem et al. (2016), Hassett et al. (2020) Dogma (1969a) Letcher et al. (2018) Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Polyphlyctis unispina Zopfochytrium polystomum Chytriomycetaceae Avachytrium platense Chytriomyces appendiculatus Lake, bog Submerged shoreline vegetation, mud, and water, Lake USA USA Letcher et al. (2018) Powell et al. (2018) Lake Saprophytic on chitinous substrata in freshwater and muck soil, water column and sediment (reservoir), mud (lake) Argentina Brazil, UK, USA Chytriomyces aureus Unidentified insects in fresh water, mud (lake) Brazil, UK, USA Chytriomyces closterii Chytriomyces confervae Weakly parasitic on Closterium rostratum, ditch Parasitic on Tribonema Chytriomyces cosmaridis Chytriomyces fructicosus Water Saprophytic in cellulosic substrata in soil and water USA Sweden, Hungary, USA, Germany, UK, Canada, Poland Poland USA Vélez et al. (2013) Willoughby (1961), Letcher and Powell (2002), Davis et al. (2019), Jerônimo and Pires-Zottarelli (2020) Karling (1945a), Willoughby (1961) Letcher and Powell (2002) Letcher and Powell (2002) Chytriomyces heliozoicola Lake plankton, parasitic on helizoan Raphidiocystis lemani, Esthwaite Water and windermere Water, saprobes on chitin, pollen Chytriomyces hyalinus Chytriomyces laevis Chytriomyces lucidus Chytriomyces nagatoroensis Chytriomyces rotoruaensis Chytriomyces stellatus Chytriomyces tabellariae Entophlyctis apiculata Entophlyctis aurea Entophlyctis bulbigera Entophlyctis caudiformis Entophlyctis confervae-glomeratae Entophlyctis crenata Entophlyctis lobata Entophlyctis luteolus Entophlyctis mammilliformis Entophlyctis molesta Entophlyctis reticulospora Entophlyctis sphaerioides Soil–water culture, parasitic on Pythium sp, growing on snake skin Saprophytic in cellulosic substrata in soil and water Weakly parasitic on Spirogyra sp. In watered mud samples, saprophytic on chitin Saprophytic on chitinous substrata in freshwater and muck soil Water and mud, parasitic on Tabellaria species Agricultural pond, parasitized cells of Chlamydomonas sp. Saprobic on various Poaceae, Triticum aestivum, Avena sativa, and Zea mays leaves, regenerated cellulose film, filter paper, and lens paper submerged in water Ditch, cells of Spirogyra filaments (pool) UK Letcher and Powell (2002) Letcher and Powell (2002) Letcher and Powell (2002) Brazil, China, UK, Letcher and Powell USA (2002), Davis et al. (2019) Panama Letcher and Powell (2002) USA Japan New Zealand USA, Brazil Letcher and Powell (2002) Letcher and Powell (2002) Letcher and Powell (2002) Letcher and Powell (2002) Switzerland, UK Korea Letcher and Powell (2002) Shin et al. (2001) Canada, UK Haskins (1946) India, UK Closterium, tank Aquatic, cells of filaments of Oedogonium and Spirogyra (pond) On Vallisneria: North freshwater Shrimp chitin bait, littoral of Derwentwater India Germany, UK Onion skin and Utricularia, bogs and acid lake, mud pond Oospores of Spirogyra, pond Stylosphaeridium stipitatum, phytoplankton, English lakes Closterium moniliferum, swampy area Reproductive body of Spirogyra, ditch USA Richards (1956), Dasgupta and John (1990) Dasgupta and John (1990) Sparrow (1943), Richards (1956) Karling (1968b) Willoughby and Townley (1961) Longcore (1995) India UK Dasgupta and John (1990) Barr (1971) USA India Cook (1966) Dasgupta and John (1990) New Zealand UK 13 Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Entophlyctis texana Fayochytriomyces spinosus Moribund cells of the aquatic plant Eriocaulon Onion skin placed in a muck sample taken from a temporary pond Chironomidae larvae, pond From submerged mud: river On the empty skin of a mosquito larva, pond, strips of purified shrimp chitin (water on outdoor tub) Pollen and chitin baits (pond), bog USA USA Karling (1941) Davis et al. (2015) USA UK, USA USA, New Zealand Argentina, USA Japan USA Podochytrium chitinophilum Aulacoseira granulata, lake Growing on onion skin bait placed in water from Bryant’s Bog From submerged mud, wastewater Blackwell et al. (2012) Blackwell et al. (2012) Karling (1967), Blackwell et al. (2012) Vélez et al. (2013), Davis et al. (2019) Seto and Degawa (2018) Davis et al. (2019) Podochytrium clavatum Podochytrium cornutum Parasitic on diatoms Planktonic diatom Stephanadiscus niagarae, lake Poland USA Podochytrium dentatum Podochytrium ellerbeckense Podochytrium emmanuelense Podochytrium lanceolatum Rhizidium brasiliense Rhizidium elongatum Saprobic on chitin, lake, pond Water lily leaf stalks, garden pond Melosira varians and on Nitzschia Melosira varians Insect remnants and exuviae in water (stream) Pond water, chitinous substrata (river) USA UK UK UK Brazil India, USA Rhizidium variabile Rhizidium varians Spirogyra (pond) Pond water, chitinous material in water (river) UK India, USA Rhizidium verrucosum Bits of insects and exuviae, pieces of onion skin and grass leaves in a water sample Saprotrophic in water on insect exuviae, chitin, cellulose, and pollen Saprotrophic on insect exuviae, chitin, cellulose, pollen, keratin, and depleted filaments of Aphanomyces, purified shrimp chitin from a rainwater culture in an outdoor tub with Nitella Saprotrophic on insect exuviae and chitin, water in outdoor tub with Elodea Saprotrophic on chitin and pollen, spring water, river Saprotrophic on chitin and pollen, water edge Saprotrophic on chitin and pollen, dam spillway, lake Saprotrophic on chitin and pollen, edge of lake, pond Saprophytic inside the exuviae of mayflies and other insects, lake, Salmon Pond Mud (pond), purified shrimp chitin in water (lake) Brazil Obelidium hamatum Obelidium megarhizum Obelidium mucronatum Odontochytrium milleri Pendulichytrium sphaericum Physocladia obscura Rhizoclosmatium aurantiacum Rhizoclosmatium globosum Rhizoclosmatium hyalinum Rhizoclosmatium sparsum Rhizoclosmatium umbonatum Rhizoclosmatium persicum Rhizoclosmatium pessaminum Siphonaria petersenii UK Denmark, USA Denmark, New Zealand, USA New Zealand USA USA USA USA, Brazil Siphonaria variabilis Phlyctochytriaceae Phlyctochytrium aequale Phlyctochytrium aureliae Purified shrimp chitin in water (lake) USA, New Zealand New Zealand Melosira sp. from a roadside pool Bog Iceland USA Phlyctochytrium apophysatum Phlyctochytrium bullatum Phlyctochytrium dissolutum, Closterium, tank, garden Pond, on Cladophora India USA, Iceland Siphonaria sparrowii 13 Willoughby and Townley (1961) Kadłubowska (2014) Sparrow (1951), Canter (1969) Longcore (1992) Longcore (1992) Paterson (1958a) Canter (1953) Karling (1944b) Karling (1949b), Dayal and Kiran (1980) Canter (1947a) Karling (1949b), Dayal and Kiran (1980) Karling (1944b) Paterson (1967), Powell et al. (2019) Karling (1967), Davis et al. (2019), Powell et al. 2019) Karling (1967), Powell et al. (2019) Powell et al. (2019) Powell et al. (2019) Powell et al. (2019) Powell et al. (2019) Karling (1945b), Simmons et al. (2020) Karling (1967), Simmons et al. (2020) Karling (1967) Johnson (1968) Ajello (1945), Davis et al. (2019) Dasgupta and John (1990) Johnson (1968) Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Phlyctochytrium circulidentatum Saprobic on pollen and moribund Closterium, bottom debris, lake Dead Cladophora, lake Closterium, tank, garden Test of a testate amoeba in water collected from Bryant’s Bog Bog Mud (lake) Parasites of Ascobolus, Ascophanus, Lasiobolus and Sordaria, reservoir Parasites of Euglena spp., bog Lake Saprobic on pollen, water Parasitic on Closterium pritchardianum, bog, pollen bait (pond) Parasites of eggs of Achlya flagellata, damp soil Germany Umphlett and Koch (1969) USA India USA Sparrow (1937a) Dasgupta and John (1990) Sparrow (1966), Davis et al. (2019) Sparrow and Lange (1977) Willoughby (1961) Lohman (1942) Phlyctochytrium dentiferum Phlyctochytrium dissolutum Phlyctochytrium furcatum Phlyctochytrium incrustans Phlyctochytrium irregulare Phlyctochytrium lippsii Phlyctochytrium longicollum Phlyctochytrium macrosporum Phlyctochytrium multidentatum Phlyctochytrium mucronatum Phlyctochytrium parasitans USA UK USA USA USA USA UK, USA Hispaniola (Republic of Haiti and the Dominican Republic) UK, USA Sparrow (1952) Sparrow (1978) Umphlett and Koch (1969) Canter (1949a), Davis et al. (2018) Sparrow and Dogma (1973) Phlyctochytrium planicorne Growing on a filamentous conjugating green alga, bog, pond, mud (lake) Phlyctochytrium powhatanense Phlyctochytrium proliferum Phlyctochytrium urceolare Phlyctorhizaceae Phlyctorhiza endogena Impoundment Parasitic on Chlamydomonas (pond) Dead Cladophora, lake USA UK Remains of mosquitoes, mayflies, dragonflies and gnats found on streams, Peep Pond USA Hanson (1946) Pine pollen in water (bog) USA Davis et al. (2019) Freshwater UK Sparrow (1936) Marsh in semipermanent stream Argentina Vélez et al. (2013) Dinobryon divergens and Uroglena americana cysts (lake) Parasitic on Elakatothrix gelatinosa and Ankistrodesmus sp. (lake) Asterionella formosa and Synedra ascus var. angustissima Cylindrocystis brebissoni, surface of a moist rock, lake UK Canter (1963b) UK Canter (1954), Canter and Lund (1968) Canter and Lund (1953), Paterson 1958b) Seto et al. (2020b) Pseudorhizidiaceae Pseudorhizidium endosporangiatum Scherffeliomycetaceae Scherffeliomyces parasitans Chytridiales genus incertae sedis Delfinachytrium mesopotamicum Zygorhizidiales Zygorhizidiaceae Zygorhizidium cystogenum Zygorhizidium parallelosede Zygorhizidium planktonicum Zygorhizidium willei Zygophlyctidales Zygophlyctidaceae Zygophlyctis asterionellae Zygophlyctis melosirae Zygophlyctis planktonica Polyphagales Polyphagaceae Asterionella formosa, lake Aulacoseira subarctica, lake, parasitic on Melosira italica subsp. subarctica Ulnaria sp, lake UK Japan Japan UK Germany Willoughby (1961), Letcher and Powell (2005a) Johnson (1969) Ingold (1941) Sparrow (1938) Seto et al. (2020b) Paterson (1958b), Seto et al. (2020b) Seto et al. (2020b) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Polyphagus arnaudovii Polyphagus asymmetricus Polyphagus elegans Polyphagus euglenae Polyphagus laevis Hyponeustonic Hyponeustonic, on Botrydiopsis Parasitizing Ulothrix mucosum Ponds Cysts of Euglena viridis and of Chlamydomonas Doweld (2014) Doweld (2014) Canter (1963b) Johns (1964) Bartsch (1945) Polyphagus ramosus Polyphagus serpentinus Polyphagus starrii Polyphagus sinicus Chytridiomycetes family incertae sedis Sparrowiaceae Sparrowia subcruciformis Sphaerocystis schroeteri Lakes: parasitizing Spondylosium planum Parasitic, Eudorina, Pandorina, pond Draparnaldia Bulgaria Bulgaria UK Germany Northern hemisphere Switzerland United Kingdom USA China Sporangia of Rhizophydium coronum, Chytriomyces poculatus, Chytriomyces annularus and Rhizophlyctis rosea, lake Chytridiomycetes genera incertae sedis Bertramia marionensis Parasite of Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae, lake USA Papa and Cruz-Papa (2020) Canada Weiser and McCauley (1974) Johnson (1977) Sparrow and Barr (1955), Davis et al. (2019) Sparrow (1952) Dasgupta and John (1990) Dasgupta and John (1990) Blackwell et al. (2011) Blyttiomyces conicus Blyttiomyces helicus Stream Lake, bog Norway USA Blyttiomyces laevis Blyttiomyces lenis Blyttiomyces spinosus Blyttiomyces spinulosus Parasitic on filaments of Zygnema sp., bog Parasitic on zygospore of Spirogyra, ditch Spirogyra, aquatic habitat Zygospores of Sirogonium, ditch Canteria apophysata Dangeardia echinulata Dangeardia laevis Dangeardia mamillata Clay pond, on Mougeotia Vitreochlamys aulata, pool Parasitic in Gloeodinium sp. Parasite on Pandorina morum, small pond, on Yamagishiella unicocca, oligo-mesotrophic lake Parasitic in Sphaerocystis schroeteri, lake Chlamydomonas, lake Parasitic on oospores of Eudorina elegans, water Zygnema, swampy pool Parasitic of oomycetes, lake Parasitic on Pythium aphanidermatum, pond Parasite of freshwater fishes Cyprinus River Debris and skeletonized leaves found in a stream Bog, swampy ground Pond Cyprinus: freshwater fish Parasitic on Closterium lunula, C. costatum, C. dianeae Parasitizing cysts of Mallomonas, Lake Parasitic on Anabaena affinis var. intermedia Parasitic on Anabaena affinis var. intermedia Parasitic on Anabaena affinis var. intermedia USA India India China, Japan, Philippines, Cuba, USA, Argentina UK Poland USA Poland, Germany, UK USA Austria Bulgaria USA USA India Germany USA USA France Poland Germany UK UK UK UK Sweden Dangeardia ovata Dangeardia sporapiculata Dangeardiana eudorinae Dangeardiana leptorrhiza Dictyomorpha dioica Dictyomorpha pythiensis Ichthyochytrium vulgare Loborhiza metzneri Macrochytrium botrydioides Mitochytridium ramosum Mitochytridium regale Mucophilus cyprini Perolpidium utriculiforme Pseudopileum unum Rhizosiphon akinetovorax Rhizosiphon akinetum Rhizosiphon anabaenae 13 Johns (1964) Canter (1963b) Johns (1964) Doweld (2014) Karling (1971) Batko (1970) Sparrow and Barr (1955) Canter (1946), Van den Wyngaert et al. (2018) Paterson (1958a) Geitler (1963) Valkanov (1964) Johns (1956) Mullins (1961) Sarkar and Dayal (1988) Korting (1983) Hanson (1944a) Crasemann (1954) Dangeard (1911) Hassan (1982) Červinka et al. (1974) Canter (1949b) Canter (1963b) Gleason et al. (2014) Gleason et al. (2014) Gleason et al. (2014) Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Rhizosiphon crassum Parasitic on Cyanophyceae, parasitic on Anabaena solitaria (tarn) Insect skeletons from freshwater Hungary, UK Canter and Lund (1968), Gleason et al. (2014) Karling (1945a), Davis et al. (2019) Demchenko (2019) Canter and Lund (1953), Seymour (1971) Seymour (1971) Rhopalophlyctis sarcoptoides Saccomyces dangeardii Septosperma anomalum Septosperma rhizophidii Small water bodies Parasites of freshwater chytrids, swamp soils, parasitic on Asterionella (tarn) Parasites of freshwater chytrids, swamp soils Brazil, USA Ukraine USA, UK, Hungary USA, UK, New Zealand New Zealand USA, UK, New Zealand Sporophlyctidium neustonicum Sporophlyctis chinensis Sporophlyctis rostrata Truittella setifera Volvorax ingoldii Water Parasites of freshwater chytrids, swamp soils, quiescent cells and immature cysts of Amphichrysis compressa (pool), immature cysts of Mallomonas sp. (lake) Submerged decaying wood Parasitic on Protoderma sp, from water cultures of vegetable matter Lake water Draparnaldia Draparnaldia and Chaetophora Soil and water cultures Coenobium of Eudorina, reservoir Zygochytrium aurantiacum Dead insect, water bodies Poland Mud (lake) Moribund desmid UK West Virginia Willoughby (1961) Barr et al. (1987) Spring Pond Pond, fragments of leaves, stems and roots of Avena and Triticum (canal) Submerged plants Decaying vegetation, lake Decaying vegetation Dead grass, stream Submerged plants Parasitic on leaves of Menyanthes trifoliata (bog, ditch) Spring Pond, lake, spring, water column and sediment (reservoir), mud (lake), plant debris (lake) Poland Poland Poland, UK Czeczuga et al. (2005) Czeczuga et al. (2005) Czeczuga et al. (2005) France USA Brazil USA France USA, UK Poland Brazil, Egypt, UK, USA Cladochytrium salsuginosum Cladochytrium setigerum Blackish water Sediment (reservoir) Poland Brazil Cladochytrium tenue Acorus calamus and Iris pseudacorus, water Brazil, Poland de Wildeman (1896) Hillegas (1941) Karling (1944a) Berdan (1941) de Wildeman (1895) Sparrow (1952, 1957) Czeczuga et al. (2005) Karling (1931), Richards (1956), Willoughby (1961), Jerônimo and Pires-Zottarelli (2020) Batko and Hassan (1986) Jerônimo and Pires-Zottarelli (2020) Nowakowski (1877), Jesus et al. (2021) Endochytriaceae Diplophlyctis amazonensis Submerged decaying plant debris, mud (lake) Brazil, UK Septosperma irregulare Septosperma multiforme Sorokinocystis mirabilis Sporophlyctidium africanum CLADOCHYTRIOMYCETES Cladochytriales Catenochytridiaceae Catenochytridium carolinianum Catenochytridium hemicysti Cladochytriaceae Cladochytrium aneurae Cladochytrium aureum Cladochytrium aurantiacum Cladochytrium cornutum Cladochytrium crassum Cladochytrium granulatum Cladochytrium hyalinum Cladochytrium irregulare Cladochytrium menyanthis Cladochytrium taianum Cladochytrium replicatum Dogma (1974) Canter (1963b), Seymour (1971) Italy Morocco Saccardo (1888) Sparrow (1933b) USA China Russia USA Germany, UK Sparrow (1978) Sparrow (1960) Serbinow (1900) Karling (1949a) Doweld (2013), Van den Wyngaert et al. (2018) Czeczuga and Godlewska (2014) Karling (1944c), Willoughby (1961) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Diplophlyctis asteroidea Diplophlyctis buttermerensis Diplophlyctis chitinophila Diplophlyctis complicata Mud-acid bogs Submerged mud, ditch Submerged mud Submerged mud lakes USA UK, USA UK - Diplophlyctis intestina Fresh-blackish water Characea, cortical cells of Chara sp. (lake), sediment (reservoir), moribund and dead internodal cells of Nitella sp. (bog) Brazil, Germany, India, USA Diplophlyctis laevis Cladophora from Crooked Lake, dead internodal cells of Nitella (bog) Saprophytic or weakly parasitic in moribund internodes of Nitella sp, lake Insects’ substrate in aquatic, Nitella and Chara (lake) water (bog), pond, water column and sediment (reservoir) USA Dogma (1976) Dogma (1969b) Willoughby (1962) Papa and Cruz-Papa (2020) Engler et al. (1887), Sparrow (1952), Jerônimo and Pires-Zottarelli (2020) Sparrow (1937b, 1952) New Zealand Karling (1968b) Diplophlyctis nephrochytrioides Diplophlyctis sexualis Diplophlyctis verrucosa Diplophlyctis versiformis Submerged decaying plant debris Chara fragilis cells, moor and ponds Bog water Endochytrium digitatum Saprophytic in internodes of Chara coronata, Nitella flexilis, and other algae, mud (lake) Bogs Parasite in Stigeoclonium tenue, lake Parasitic on rotifers eggs Cladophora sp. Sparrow (1957), Karling (1967), Letcher et al. (2018), Papa and CruzPapa (2020) UK, Canada, USA Haskins (1950) Japan Czeczuga et al. (2005) USA Papa and Cruz-Papa (2020) UK, USA Karling (1938), Willoughby (1961) USA Dogma (1969b) USA Karling (1941) USA Sparrow (1933a) USA Sparrow (1933a) Sediment surface Mud (lake) Grass leaf blade and mud (lake) Brazil UK UK, USA Nowakowskiella hemisphaerospora Sediment surface, water (reservoir), mud (lake) Brazil, UK, USA Nowakowskiella macrospora Nowakowskiella multispora Nowakowskiella ramosa Nowakowskiella crassa Nowakowskiella methistemichroma Nowakowskiella moubasherana Septochytriaceae Septochytrium macrosporum Septochytrium plurilobulum Cladochytriales genera incertae sedis Nephrochytrium appendiculatum Nephrochytrium aurantium Water (river) Water (stream) Water column (reservoir) Debris in water Onion-skin bait from stagnant water Sphagnum bog water Poland Brazil Brazil USA Poland Poland Jerônimo et al. (2019) Willoughby (1961) Willoughby (1961), Paterson (1967) Shanor (1942), Willoughby (1961), Jerônimo et al. (2019) Czeczuga et al. (1990) Jerônimo et al. (2019) Jerônimo et al. (2019) Karling (1949c) Batko and Hassan (1982) Hassan (2014) Water Water in decaying leaves of Acer pensylvanicum USA USA Karling (1942a) Johanson (1943) Pond Mud (lake) Poland UK, USA Nephrochytrium bipes Nephrochytrium stellatum LOBULOMYCETES Pond Pond Poland Poland Czeczuga et al. (2005) Whiffen (1941), Willoughby (1961) Hassan (1983) Czeczuga et al. (2005) Diplophlyctis sarcoptoides Endochytrium multiguttulatum Endochytrium pseudodistomum Endochytrium oophilum Endochytrium ramosum Nowakowskiellaceae Nowakowskiella crenulata Nowakowskiella delica Nowakowskiella elegans 13 Brazil, New Zealand, UK, USA Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Lobulomycetales Alogomycetaceae Algomyces stechlinensis Eudorina elegans (lake) Germany Van den Wyngaert et al. (2018) Creek bank mud Sphagnum from acidic lake, mud pond, pollen bait (pond) USA USA Simmons et al. (2009) Simmons et al. (2009), Davis et al. (2018) Parasite of Tribonema gayanum, ditch Russia Karpov et al. (2014) Lake, pond Russia Gromov et al. (2000), Karpov et al. (2010) POLYCHYTRIOMYCETES Polychytriales Arkayaceae Arkaya lepida River USA Longcore and Simmons (2012) Polychytriaceae Karlingiomyces asterocystis Karlingiomyces curvispinosus Karlingiomyces dubius Karlingiomyces marylandicus Shrimp exoskeleton: water and soil River River Water (ditch), mud (lake) USA USA USA UK, USA Lacustromyces hiemalis Neokarlingia chitinophila Lake and pond Chitinous substrata, water and soil USA USA Polychytrium aggregatum RHIZOPHYDIOMYCETES Rhizophydiales Alphamycetaceae Alphamyces chaetifer Decaying plant material in bog: USA Blackwell et al. (2004) Blackwell et al. (2004) Blackwell et al. (2004) Willoughby (1961), Blackwell et al. (2004) Longcore (1993) Longcore and Simmons (2012) Ajello (1945) Lobulomycetaceae Clydaea vesicula Lobulomyces angularis MESOCHYTRIOMYCETES Gromochytriales Gromochytriaceae Gromochytrium mamkaevae Mesochytriales Mesochytriaceae Mesochytrium penetrans Betamyces americae-meridionalis Angulomycetaceae Angulomyces argentinensis Aquamycetaceae Aquamyces chlorogonii Collimycetaceae Collimyces mutans Coralloidiomycetaceae Coralloidiomyces digitatus Globomycetaceae Globomyces pollinis-pini Urceomyces sphaerocarpum Stream, pollen bait (pond), Cosmarium contractum var. Argentina, USA, UK ellipsoideum, Staurastrum cingulum, S. planktonicum, S. lunatum, S. anatinum, S. pseudopelagicum, Xanthidium subhastiferum, Asterococcus sp., Spirogyra, Spondylosium planum Roadside pond onto pollen Argentina Canter (1961), Letcher et al. (2008b), Davis et al. (2018) Isolated on pollen from stream Argentina Letcher et al. (2008b) Semi-permanent roadside pond Argentina Letcher et al. (2008b) Microglena coccifera, pond Japan Seto and Degawa (2018) Submersed mud in lake: Chubut Argentina Letcher et al. (2008a) Lake, pine pollen (bog) Argentina, USA Lake Argentina Sparrow (1952), Letcher et al. (2008b) Letcher et al. (2008b) Letcher et al. (2012) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Gorgonomycetaceae Gorgonomyces haynaldii Halomycetaceae Halomyces littoreus Paranamyces uniporus Ulkenomyces aestuarii Kappamycetaceae Kappamyces laurelensis Substrate/Host Country References Stream Argentina Letcher et al. (2008b) River Pond River, submersed estuary mud USA USA Germany Letcher et al. (2015a) Letcher et al. (2015a) Letcher et al. (2015a) Water cultures of moss-covered soil from along a stream USA Letcher and Powell (2005b) Small lake Argentina Letcher et al. (2008b) Small lake Argentina Letcher et al. (2008b) Russia Scotland India India India Gromov et al. (1999) Canter (1971) Dayal and Kiran (1980) Dasgupta and John (1990) Dasgupta and John (1990) India UK India UK Dasgupta and John (1990) Canter (1947b) Dasgupta and John (1990) Richards (1956) Rhizophydium contractophilum Rhizophydium coronum Parasitic, Chlorococum minutum, pond Parasitic on Dictyosphaerium pulchellum, Loch Leven Pond water Parasitic on Blastocladia on apple, tank sediment Parasitic on Blyttiomyces spinosus and zygospore of Spirogyra, ditch Parasitic on Closterium, tank Parasitic on Spirotaenia condensata (pond) Ditch Dead cells of Oedogonium sp., and Cosmarium sp (pool) Parasitic on Eudorina elegans and Eudorina sp, lake Organic debris in water (bog), cellulose bait (pond) UK USA Rhizophydium difficile Rhizophydium dubium Rhizophydium echinocystoides Rhizophydium elyense Parasitic on Staurastrum jaculiferum (lake) Saprobic on decaying leaves of Eichornia, pond Saprobic on pine pollen, bog Sediment (reservoir), mud (lake) UK India USA Brazil, UK Rhizophydium fugax Rhizophydium fusus Rhizophydium gibbosum Parasitic on Cryptomonas sp., plankton of lakes Parasitic on Melosira granulata Staurastrum anatinum, S. pseudopelagicum, Staurodesmus curvatus, Staurodesmus sp. Parasitic on sporangium of Gonapodya polymorpha, tank sediment Parasitic on Tribonema sp. (ditch) Benthic detritus Human hair bait, algae debris (bog) Pond Parasitic on sporangium of Blastocladia on fruit bait, tank sediment Saprobic on pine pollen bait, riverbank soil Weak parasite or saprophyte on cells of Cladophora (ditch) Parasitic on diatom (Cocconeis), stream Parasitic on Mougeotia gracillima, Lake UK UK UK Canter (1959) Davis et al. (2019) Davis et al. (2018) Canter (1954) de Wildeman (1895) Letcher and Powell (2012) Willoughby (1961), Jerônimo and PiresZottarelli (2020) Canter and Lund (1968) Canter and Lund (1953) Canter (1961) India Dasgupta and John (1990) UK Oman USA South Korea India Sparrow (1957) Hassett et al. (2020) Sparrow (1952) Hyde et al. (2019) Dasgupta and John (1990) Guatemala UK Sparrow and Lange (1977) Richards (1956) USA Switzerland Sparrow (1965a) Letcher and Powell (2012) Pateramycetaceae Pateramyces corrientinensis Protrudomycetaceae Protrudomyces laterale Rhizophydiaceae Rhizophydium algavorum Rhizophydium androdioctes Rhizophydium apiculatum Rhizophydium blastocladianum Rhizophydium blyttiomycerum Rhizophydium clavatum Rhizophydium columnare Rhizophydium conchiforme Rhizophydium constantineanui Rhizophydium gonapodyanum Rhizophydium granulosporum Rhizophydium jobii Rhizophydium keratinophilum Rhizophydium koreanum Rhizophydium lagenaria Rhizophydium lenelangeae Rhizophydium mammillatum Rhizophydium manoense Rhizophydium mougeotiae 13 Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Rhizophydium nobile Parasitic on the resting spores of Ceratium hirundinella, lakes Parasitic on Dinobryon spp. (Lake) Parasitic on chytrids (pond) Parasitic on Asterionella formosa, lakes Parasitic on Closterium, tank Bog Lake Parasitic on the sporangium of Blastocladia on Pyrus fruit, tank sediment Parasitic on the sporangium of Blastocladia on Pyrus fruit, tank sediment Parasitic on Closterium, Oedogonium, and Zygnema, tank Pool and bog “Saproparasitic” on Ulothrix sp., ditch Parasitic on Blastocladia on fruit bait, tank sediment Lake Parasitic on the sporangium of Gonapodya polymorpha, tank sediment Sediment (reservoir) UK Canter (1968) UK USA UK India USA Russia India Canter (1954) Davis et al. (2018) Canter and Lund (1948) Dasgupta and John (1990) Sparrow and Lange (1977) Letcher and Powell (2012) Dasgupta and John (1990) India Dasgupta and John (1990) India Dasgupta and John (1990) UK India India Russia India Sparrow (1957) Dasgupta and John (1990) Dasgupta and John (1990) Letcher and Powell (2012) Dasgupta and John (1990) Brazil Jerônimo and Pires-Zottarelli (2020) Letcher and Powell (2012) Dasgupta and John (1990) Canter (1961) Rhizophydium oblongum Rhizophydium obpyriformis Rhizophydium planktonicum Rhizophydium poculiforme Rhizophydium porosum Rhizophydium punctatum Rhizophydium reflexum Rhizophydium rhizinum Rhizophydium rotundum Rhizophydium sphaerotheca Rhizophydium sparrowii Rhizophydium spinosum Rhizophydium squamosum Rhizophydium stellatum Rhizophydium stipitatum Parasitic on Asterionella formosa, Lake Parasitic on Closterium Saprobic on Cosmarium and other desmids, plankton of lakes Parasitic on Gemellicystis neglecta (lake) Bog, lake Switzerland India UK Rhizophydium urceolatum Rhizophydium venustum Staurastromycetaceae Staurastromyces oculus Parasitic on Blastocladia on fruit bait, tank sediment Parasitic on Uroglena americana, lakes India UK Lake Germany Homolaphlyctis polyrhiza Terramycetaceae Boothiomyces angulosus Acidic oligotrophic lake USA Sediment (reservoir) Brazil Boothiomyces macroporosus RHIZOPHLYCTIDOMYCETES Rhizophlyctidales Borealophlyctidaceae Borealophlyctis nickersoniae Rhizophlyctidaceae Karlingia polonica Pollen bait (pond) USA Jerônimo and Pires-Zottarelli (2020) Davis et al. (2016) Pond USA Davis et al. (2016) Water (pond, river) Poland Rhizophlyctis columellae Zygospore of Spirogyra India Rhizophlyctis petersenii Rhizophlyctis rosea SPIZELLOMYCETES Cellophane "bait," in water culture with soil Mud (lake) USA UK Hassan (1983), Czeczuga et al. (1990) Das-Gupta and John (1990) Sparrow (1952) Willoughby (1961) Rhizophydium tetragenum Rhizophydium tubulatum Rhizophydium ubiquetum Rhizophydium uniguttulum Rhizophydium undatum UK Russia, USA Canter (1954) Sparrow and Lange (1977), Letcher and Powell (2012) Dasgupta and John (1990) Canter (1963b) Van den Wyngaert et al. (2017) Longcore et al. (2012) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Spizellomycetales Spizellomycetaceae Spizellomyces palustris SYNCHYTRIOMYCETES Synchytriales Synchytriaceae Endodesmidium formosum Synchytrium laeve Synchytrium microbalum Synchytrium petersenii Synchytriales genus incertae sedis Micromyces intermedius Micromyces mirabilis Micromyces oedogonii Micromyces zygogonii Substrate/Host Country References Peat bog ditch Germany Wakefield et al. (2010) Bog, Parasitic in Netrium oblongum, Cylindrocystis crassa and Cylindrocystis brebissonii Mougeotia sp. (pond) Mud Pond, acidic lake Mougeotia sp. (bog) UK Canter (1949c) UK USA UK Canter (1949c) Longcore et al. (2016) Canter (1949c) UK USA UK UK, USA Canter (1949c) Davis et al. (2019) Roberts (1953) Canter (1949c), Sparrow (1952), Davis et al. (2019) Poland Czeczuga and Muszynska (2001) Czeczuga and Muszyńska (1993) Sorokine (1896) Zygnema (bog) Growing in Closterium cells, Bog Oedogonium (lake) Growing in Mougeotia filaments (pond), pasitic in vegetative filaments of Mougeotia genuflexa (bog), Spirogyra (pond) Chytridiomycota genera incertae sedis Achlyella flahaultii River Achlyogeton entophytum River Poland Achlyogeton rostratus ENTOMOPHTHOROMYCOTA Entomophthoromycetes Entomophthorales Ancylistaceae Ancylistes closterii Conidiobolus villosus Water France Closterium sp. (bog) USA Saprophytic on cast skin of snake used as "bait" in water USA culture of soil and rotten wood (bog) Davis et al. (2019) Sparrow (1952) Entomophthoraceae Erynia aquatica Aedes pupal cadaver (woodland pool) USA Erynia rhizospora Foam (stream, rivulet, water) Austria, India, Poland Erynia conica Foam (stream, rivulet), Simulium verecundum complex (lake) Austria, Canada, India Molloy and Wraight (1982), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Voglmayr (1996) Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Voglmayr (1996), Nadeau et al. (1996), Davis et al. (2019) Czeczuga (1996) MONOBLEPHAROMYCOTA HYALORAPHIDIOMYCETES Hyaloraphidiales Hyaloraphidiaceae Hyaloraphidium curvatum Freshwater MONOBLEPHARIDOMYCETES Monoblepharidales Gonapodyaceae Gonapodya bohemica Forest pools 13 South Africa Ustinova et al. (2000) Czech Republic Cejp (1947) Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Gonapodya polymorpha Gonapodya prolifera Submerged twigs Decaying apples in water, tomato bait (river) USA USA, UK Gonapodya siliquiformis Harpochytriaceae Harpochytrium adpressum Decaying apples in water USA Thaxter (1895b) Thaxter (1895b), Waterhouse (1942) Thaxter (1895b) Parasitic on freshwater algae Hungary Harpochytrium apiculatum Freshwater algae USA Harpochytrium botryococci Harpochytrium hedenii Freshwater Freshwater algae Harpochytrium hyalothecae Freshwater UK USA, France, Germany, Russia, UK USA, Germany, UK Harpochytrium intermedium Harpochytrium monae Harpochytrium natrophilum Harpochytrium ornithocephalum Harpochytrium tenuissimum Harpochytrium vermiforme Harpochytrium viride Monoblepharidaceae Monoblepharis bullata Freshwater Zygogonium ericetorum in a temporary pool Trisetum cernuum, freshwater Freshwater Tubs in the ground, freshwater In cells of freshwater algae Parasitic on freshwater algae Schumacher and Whitford (1961) Schumacher and Whitford (1961) Jane (1946) Jane (1946) Jane (1946) UK USA Switzerland UK Germany Hungary Jane (1946) Jane (1946) Jane (1946) Jane (1946) Jane (1942) Jane (1946) Scherffel (1926) UK Perrott (1955) Monoblepharis fasciculata Monoblepharis hypogyna Submerged twigs of Quercus robur and of Fraxinus excelsior Submerged sticks Submerged twigs of Quercus robur, water (river) USA Poland, UK Monoblepharis insignis Monoblepharis laevis Monoblepharis macrandra Submerged sticks, pool and ditch Fruit of Rosa, immersed in water Submerged plants (ponds, stream) USA USA Sweden, USA Monoblepharis polymorpha Monoblepharis macrandra Monoblepharis ovigera Monoblepharis sphaerica Monoblepharis regignens Oedogoniomycetaceae Oedogoniomyces lymnaeae Saprobic on Quercus robur L. and Fraxinus excelsior L Submerged twigs, swamps Submerged fallen branches of Abies picea Submerged twigs of Quercus robur Submerged fallen branches of Pinus sylvestris France? USA Sweden France Sweden Thaxter (1895a) Perrott (1955), Czeczuga et al. (1990) Thaxter (1895a) Sparrow (1960) Lagerheim (1900), Sparrow (1952) Perrott (1957) Sparrow (1965b) Lagerheim (1900) Cornu (1872) Lagerheim (1900) shells of living Limnaea ollula and Linaea reticulata Japan Kobayasi and Ôkubo (1954) Lake water, associated with Chara USA Karpov et al. (2017a) Parasitic on Tribonema gayanum, Tribonema vulgare and Ulothrix tenerrima, water of a sand-pit Pond Russia Karpov et al. (2018) Russia Karpov et al. (2017a) Telasphaerulaceae Telasphaerula gracilis SANCHYTRIOMYCOTA SANCHYTRIOMYCETES Sanchytriales Sanchytriaceae Amoeboradix gromovi Sanchytrium tribonematis MORTIERELLOMYCOTA MORTIERELLOMYCETES Mortierellales 13 Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Mortierellaceae Aquamortierella elegans Midge larvae in a freshwater stream Vandepol et al. (2020) Moss cushion in a very wet bog Water (river) Water (river) Water (river) New Zealand, Japan Argentina South Korea South Korea South Korea Sphagnum (bog) USA Sparrow (1952) Water (river) South Korea Lee et al. (2018) Mud (river canal) Water (river) Freshwater Egypt South Korea South Korea Moubasher et al. (2018) Nguyen et al. (2017a) Crous et al. (2020) Water (tank) USA Schell et al. (2011) Water (river) Water (stream) Water (stream) Pathogenic to Ornithorhynchus anatinus (creek, river) Freshwater Freshwater, sediment Pathogens of Cyprinis carpio communis and Oncorhynchus mykiss (cultured farm) Water, Sediment (stream) Freshwater Polluted water (canal) South Korea South Korea South Korea Australia South Korea South Korea India Nguyen et al. (2017b) Nguyen et al. (2020a) Nguyen et al. (2020a) Connolly et al. (1998) Wanasinghe et al. (2018) Nguyen et al. (2020a) Magray et al. (2020) South Korea South Korea Egypt Nguyen et al. (2020a) Nguyen and Lee (2018) El-Morsy et al. (2013) Polluted water (canal) Tap water Egypt Portugal El-Morsy et al. (2013) Gonçalves et al. (2006) Polluted water (canal) Egypt El-Morsy et al. (2013) Freshwater (river), rotifer eggs (pools) Poland, UK Water Pine pollen (lake) Freshwater (river) UK USA Poland Sparrow (1957), Czeczuga et al. (1990) Canter (1949b) Sparrow (1952) Czeczuga et al. (1990) Gryganskiella fimbricystis Mortierella elongata Mortierella fluviae Mortierella minutissima MUCOROMYCOTA ENDOGONOMYCETES Endogonales Endogonaceae Endogone pisiformis MUCOROMYCETES Mucorales Choanephoraceae Gilbertella persicaria Cunninghamellaceae Absidia glauca Cunninghamella bertholletiae Gongronella namwonensis Lichtheimiaceae Rhizomucor pusillus Mucoraceae Actinomucor elegans Mucor abundans Mucor aligarensis Mucor amphibiorum Mucor fluvius Mucor heterogamus Mucor hiemalis Mucor moelleri Mucor ramosissimus Mucor racemosus Rhizopodaceae Rhizopus oryzae Rhizopus stolonifer Syncephalastraceae Syncephalastrum racemosum OLPIDIOMYCOTA OLPIDIOMYCETES Olpidiales Olpidiaceae Olpidium gregarium Olpidium hyalothecae Olpidium pendulum Olpidium rotiferum ZOOPAGOMYCOTA ZOOPAGOMYCETES 13 Vandepol et al. (2020) Nguyen et al. (2019b) Hyde et al. (2016b) Nguyen and Lee (2016) Fungal Diversity Table 15 (continued) Taxon Substrate/Host Country References Zoopagales Zoopagaceae Acaulopage dichotoma Zoophagus cornus Foam (stream) Parasitic on rotifers (lake), mud (paddy field) Austria India, Japan Cadophora (freshwater), rotifers in water (fen, bog, ditch) Austria, UK, USA Voglmayr (1996) Karling (1966), Glockling (1997) Sommerstorff (1911), Sparrow (1957), Davis et al. (2019) Zoophagus insidians 13 Fungal Diversity Table 16 Classification of Microsporidia and Rozellomycota genera incertae sedis recorded from freshwater environment including information on habitats, substrates/hosts, and geographical distribution Taxon ROZELLOMYCOTA Microsporidea Amblyosporida Amblyosporidae Amblyospora bakcharia Amblyospora baritia Amblyospora bogashova Amblyospora bracteata Amblyospora burlaki Amblyospora camposi Amblyospora canadensis Amblyospora caspius Amblyospora chulymia Amblyospora dyxenoides Amblyospora flavescens Amblyospora hristinia Amblyospora jurginia Amblyospora kazankia Amblyospora khaliulini Amblyospora kolarovi Amblyospora mavlukevia Amblyospora mocrushinia Amblyospora modestium Amblyospora orbiculata Amblyospora rugosa Amblyospora salairia Amblyospora severinia Amblyospora shegaria Amblyospora timirasia Amblyospora undata Amblyospora urski Amblyospora weiseri 13 Host Distribution References Ochlerotatus excrucians larva (temporary vernal pool) Ochlerotatus excrucians larva (temporary vernal pool) Ochlerotatus excrucians larva (temporary vernal pool) Simulium damnosum larva (river), S. venustum, S. verecundum, and S. vittatum (pond, river) Culex pipiens larva (floodplain water body) Culex renatoi, a bromeliad-inhabiting mosquito Aedes canadensis, A. cinereus larva (bog swamp) Aedes caspius, A. communis larva (reservoir from melted snow) Ochlerotatus caspius larva (temporary vernal pool) Culex annulirostris adult and larvae and Mesocyclops albicans Ochlerotatus dianaetus, Aedes flavescens larva (sphagnum bog) Ochlerotatus communis larva (temporary vernal pool) Ochlerotatus excrucians larva (temporary vernal pool) Ochlerotatus dianaetus larva (temporary vernal pool) Aedes communis and Acanthocyclops vernalis (vernal pool) Ochlerotatus punctor, Aedes communis (sphagnum bog) Russia Andreadis et al. (2012) Russia Andreadis et al. (2012) Russia Andreadis et al. (2012) Canada, Nigeria Russia Argentina USA Vávra and Undeen (1981), Weiser and Prasertphon (1982) Pankova et al. (2000) Micieli et al. (2000) Andreadis (1993) Russia Pankova et al. (2000) Russia Andreadis et al. (2012) Australia Sweeney et al. (1988) Russia Russia Simakova and Pankova (2005), Andreadis et al. (2012) Andreadis et al. (2012) Russia Andreadis et al. (2012) Russia Andreadis et al. (2012) USA Vossbrinck et al. (2004), Andreadis et al. (2018) Simakova and Pankova (2005), Andreadis et al. (2012) Aedes cinereus larva (riverside pond) Ochlerotatus punctor larva (temporary vernal pool) Aedes cinereus larva (pond) Aedes diantaeus larva (sphagnum bog) Ochlerotatus cataphylla, O. cantans, Aedes euedes (temporary reservoirs after snow melting) Culex modestus larva (temporary vernal pool) Ochlerotatus excrucians larva (temporary vernal pool) Aedes cinereus larva (temporary vernal pool) Aedes cinereus larva (temporary vernal pool) Culex pipiens larva (continental reservoir) Aedes communis larva (temporary reservoirs after snow melting) Aedes cantans larvae (pool) Russia (microsporidium), USA (host) Russia Russia Andreadis et al. (2012) Andreadis et al. (2012) Russia Russia Russia Andreadis et al. (2012) Simakova and Pankova (2005) Simakova and Pankova (2005), Simakova et al. (2011), Andreadis et al. (2012) Russia Russia Andreadis et al. (2012) Andreadis et al. (2012) Russia Russia Russia Russia Andreadis et al. (2012) Andreadis et al. (2012) Simakova and Pankova (2005) Simakova and Pankova (2005) Bohemia Lukeš and Vávra (1990) Fungal Diversity Table 16 (continued) Taxon Host Ochlerotatus caspius instar (temporary vernal pool) Becnelia sigarae Testes of the water boatmen, Sigara lateralis Crepidulospora beklemishevi Anopheles beklemishevi larva (water body river floodplain) Culicospora damnosi Simulium damnosum larva (river) Culicospora magna Culex restuans larvae (river) Culicosporella lunata Culex pilosus larvae (ditch) Dimeiospora palustris Aedes punctor larvae (sphagnum swamp) Hyalinocysta chapmani Culiseta melanura larva, Orthocyclops modestus (sphagnum bog) Hyalinocysta expilatoria Bogfly Odagmia ornata larva (stream) Intrapredatorus barri mosquito Culex fuscanus larva (artificial tank) Intrapredatorus trinus Culex halifaxi larvae(stream) Novothelohania ovalae Ochlerotatus caspius larva (temporary vernal pool) Parathelohania anopheles Anopheles quadrimaculatus larva, Microcyclops varicans (wading pool) Parathelohania divulgata Anopheles messeae, A. beklemishevi larva (reservoir of river floodplain) Parathelohania formosa Anopheles messeae larva (reservoir of river floodplain) Parathelohania iranica Anopheles superpictus larva (leakage pool) Parathelohania sibirika Anopheles messeae larva (reservoir of river floodplain) Parathelohania teguldeti Anopheles beklemishevi larva (water body of river floodplain) Parathelohania tomski Anopheles messeae (reservoir of river floodplain) Trichoctosporea pygopellita Acanthocyclops reductus, Ochlerotatus cyprius, C. excrucians Tricornia muhezae Mosquito Mansonia africana larva (pond) Caudosporidae Binucleospora elongata Ostracod Candona (temporary water bodies on a meadow_ Caudospora simulii Blackfly Prosimulium mixtum larva (stream) Flabelliforma ostracodae Ostracods (Candona sp.), collected on flooded meadows Neoflabelliforma aurantiae Sludge work Tubifex tubifex (pond) Scipionospora tetraspora Midge (Tanytarsus, Endochironomus) larva (pond, river) Gurleyidae Agglomerata cladocera Daphnia magna (lake) Agglomerata daphniae Daphnia magna Agglomerata volgensae Daphnia magna (pond) Binucleata daphniae Daphnia magna (pond) Conglomerata obtusa Daphnia species Andreanna caspii Episeptum anaboliae Episeptum circumscriptum Episeptum invadens Anabolia furcate larva (pond) caddisfly Hydropsyche siltalai, H. incognita (river) Limnephilus fuscicornis larva (small river) Distribution References Russia Simakova et al. (2008) Czech Republic Russia Tonka and Weiser (2000) Simakova et al. (2003, 2004) Nigeria USA USA Russia USA Weiser and Prasertphon (1982) Becnel et al. (1987) Hazard et al. (1984) Simakova et al. (2003) Andreadis and Vossbrinck (2002) Sweden China Australia Russia Larsson (1983) Chen et al. (1998) Becnel andSweeney (1990) Andreadis et al. (2012) USA Avery and Undeen (1990) Kazakhstan, Russia Simakova and Pankova (2004), Andreadis et al. (2012) Russia Simakova and Pankova (2004) Iran Russia Omrani et al. (2017) Simakova and Pankova (2004) Russia Simakova and Pankova (2004) Russia Tanzania Simakova and Pankova (2004), Andreadis et al. (2012) Simakova et al. (2011), Andreadis et al. (2012) Pell and Canning (1992) Sweden Bronnvall and Larsson (1995) Canada Sweden Vávra and Undeen (1981) Bronnvall and Larsson (2001) UK France, Sweden Morris and Freeman (2010) Bylén and Larsson (1996) Russia China Russia Belgium Czech Republic, Poland Czech Republic Czech Republic, Sweden Sweden Sokolova et al. (2016) Weng et al. (2020) Larsson and Voronin (2000) Refardt et al. (2008) Vávra et al. (2018) Russia Hyliš et al. (2007) Larsson (1996), Hyliš et al. (2007) Larsson (1996) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 16 (continued) Taxon Host Distribution References Episeptum inversum Caddis fly Holocentropus picicornis larvae (pond) Sericostoma personatum larva (stream) Potamophylax cingulatus larva (stream) Daphnia pulex in ponds Daphnia pulex and D. longispina (sewage lagoon) Copepod Megacyclops viridis (woodland pool) Copepod Macrocyclops albidus (lake) Daphnia pulex in pond Copepod Cyclops vicinus Daphnia longispina in carp pond Sweden Hyliš et al. (2007) Czech Republic Czech Republic Austria UK Hyliš et al. (2007) Hyliš et al. (2007) Friedrich et al. (1996) Green (1974) Czech Republic Russia Lithuania Czech Republic China, Czechoslovakia UK Vávra et al. (2016b) Voronin (1989) Vidtmann (1993) Vávra et al. (2005) Vávra (1984) Czech Republic Hyliš et al. (2007) Czech Republic Hyliš et al. (2007) Central Europe Vávra et al. (2019) Russia Bulgaria Simakova et al. (2005) Hyliš et al. (2013) Russia Japan Sokolova et al. (2016) Andreadis et al. (2013) Czech Republic Vávra et al. (1997) Brazil Paperna and Lainson (1995) Brazil USA Belgium, France, Germany, Russia, UK Canada Azevedo and Matos (2003) Bojko et al. (2020b) Ward et al. (2005a), Minter (2019) USA Sokolova and Overstreet (2018) Episeptum pseudoinversum Episeptum trichoinvadens Gurleya daphniae Gurleya vavrai Lanatospora costata Lanatospora macrocyclopis Larssonia obtusa Marssoniella elegans Norlevinea daphniae Paraepiseptum hydropsycheae Paraepiseptum plectrocnemiae Paraepiseptum polycentropi Hydropsyche siltalai larva (river) Caddis flies Plectrocnemia conspersa larva (stream) Caddis flies Polycentropus flavomaculatus, Hydropsyche fulvipes (stream) Pseudoberwaldia daphniae Daphnia longispina complex (drinking water reservoir) Senoma globulifera Mosquito Anopheles messeae (floodplain pond) Zelenkaia trichopterae Halesus digitatus (stream) and Micropterna sequax (pond), aquatic caddis flies Amblyosporida genera incertae sedis Alfvenia sibirica Cyclopid Cyclops sp. (lake) Takaokaspora nipponicus Mosqution Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus, O. hatorii (riverside rock pools) Trichotuzetia guttata Cyclops vicinus (pond) GLUGEIDA Glugeidae Alloglugea bufonis Bufo marinus tadpoles and metamorphosing toads (lake) Amazonspora hassar Teleost fish Hassar orestis Cambaraspora floridanus Floridian crayfish, Procambarus paeninsulanus Glugea anomala Fish Gasterosteus aculeatus, G. pungitius and Gobius minutus (ditches, stream) Glugea hertwigi Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordax (lake) Glugea mesocotti Glugea plecoglossi Glugea stephani Fish Mesocottus haitej (river) Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis Fish Loma myrophi Loma psittaca Loma salmonae Pseudoloma neurophilia Fish Myrophis platyrhynchus (river) Fish Colomesus psittacus (river) Fish Oncorhynchus sp. (rearing tanks) Zebrafish Danio rerio (laboratroy colony) Spragueidae Apotaspora heleios 13 Grass shrimp Palaemonetes paludosus (wetland) Xie and Canning (1986) Fantham et al. (1941), Dechtiar (1965), Putz et al. (1965), Dechtiar (1972), Nepszy et al. (1978) Russia Voronin and Iukhimenko (2010) China Zhou et al. (2018) France, Russia, UK, Bychowskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. (1962) USA Brazil Azevedo and Matos (2002) Brazil Casal et al. (2009) Canada Becker and Speare (2007) USA Matthews et al. (2001), Ramsay et al. (2010) Fungal Diversity Table 16 (continued) Taxon Host Distribution References Microgemma hepaticus Potaspora aequidens Potaspora macrobrachium Potaspora morhaphis Grey mullet, Chelon labrosus Fish Aequidens plagiozonatus (river) Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (pond) Teleostean fish, Potamorhaphis guianensis (river) Topmouth culter (Culter alburnus) (lake) – Brazil China Brazil Ralphs and Matthews (1986) Videira et al. (2015) Ding et al. (2016) Casal et al. (2008) China Liu et al. (2019) Amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus (reservoir, river) Amphipod Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (river) Amphipod Gammarus roeseli (stream) Aquatic mite Limnochares aquatica Midge Endochironomus sp. larva (pond) Dragonfly Coenagrion hastulaturn (bog) Crayfish Paranephrops planifrons, whiteclawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes Simulium damnosum larva (river), Simulium venustum/verecundum complex larva (cove) Crayfish, Cherax destructor France, Poland, Ukraine UK Ovcharenko et al. (2010) Blackfly Simulium tuberosum (pond) and S. venustum (river) larva Canada Bojko et al. (2017) Larsson (1990b) Bylén and Larsson (1994) Larsson (1990a) Henneguy and Thélohan (1892), Pretto et al. (2018) Vávra and Undeen (1981), Weiser and Prasertphon (1982) Jones and Lawrence (2001), Moodie et al. (2003a) Vávra and Undeen (1981) Amphipod Diporeia sp. (lake) Amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus, G. roeseli (lake) Eucyclops macrurus (lake) Trematode larvae from aquatic snails Acanthocyclops viridis (lake) Macrocyclops distinctus (lake) USA Ireland Winters and Faisal (2014) Terry et al. (2004) Russia Malaysia Russia Russia Voronin (1991, 1999) Canning et al. (1974) Voronin (1977, 1999) Voronin (1977, 1999) Shrimp, Caridina formosae China Wang et al. (2013) Daphnia sp., drinking water Daphnia magna (inland pool) Daphnia pulex (pool) Amphipod Crangonyx pseudogracilis (pond) Czech Republic Siberia Sweden UK Vávra and Larsson (1994) Simakova et al. (2018) Larsson (1981) Slothouber Galbreath et al. (2004) Oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (stream) Oligochaete Nais simplex (aquarium) Plumatella nitens, freshwater bryozoan Plumatella sp., freshwater bryozoans (lake) Chironomus plumosus (lake) Chironomus plumosus (lake) Cristatella mucedo, a freshwater bryozoan (lake) Bryozoan Plumatella sp. Bryozoan Plumatella fungosa Bryozoan Pectinatella magnific (lake) Sweden Scotland USA UK Russia Russia UK Larsson (1992b) Morris et al. (2005b) Canning et al. (2002) Canning et al. (2002) Issi et al. (2012) Issi (1986), Issi et al. (2012) Canning et al. (2002) UK Scotland Canada Morris et al. (2005a) Morris and Adams (2002) Desser et al. (2004) Pseudokabatana alburnus Thelohaniidae Cucumispora dikerogammari Cucumispora ornata Cucumispora roeselii Napamichum aequifilum Napamichum cellatum Nudispora biformis Thelohania contejeani Thelohania fibrata Thelohania montirivulorum Thelohania varians Unikaryonidae Dictyocoela diporeiae Dictyocoela muelleri Unikaryon moniezi Unikaryon piriformis Unikaryon pfeifferi Unikaryon vrevi Glugeida genus incertae sedis Triwangia caridinae NEOPEREZIIDA Berwaldiidae Berwaldia schaefernai Berwaldia daphniae Berwaldia singularis Fibrillanosema crangonycis Neopereziidae Bacillidium strictum Bacillidium vesiculoformis Bryonosema plumatellae Bryonosema tuftyi Neoperezia chironomi Neoperezia semenovaiae Pseudonosema cristatellae Schroedera airthreyi Schroedera plumatellae Trichonosema algonquinensis Poland Sweden Sweden Sweden New Zealand, Italy Canada, Nigeria Australia Bojko et al. (2015) 13 Fungal Diversity Table 16 (continued) Taxon Host Freshwater bryozoan, Pectinatella magnifica (lake) Neopereziida genera incertae sedis Janacekia tainanus Kiefferulus tainanus Neopereziida genera incertae sedis Janacekia adipophila Midge Ptychoptera paludosa (river) Janacekia tainanus Midge Kiefferulus tainanus (pond) Systenostrema alba Dragonfly Aeshna grandis larva (pond), A. viridis (reservoir) Systenostrema candida Dragonfly Libellula quadrimaculata larva (pond) NOSEMATIDA Enterocytozoonidae Paranucleospora theridion Salmon Louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis, Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) (farm) Mrazekiidae Helmichia aggregata Midge Endochironomus sp. larva (lake) Helmichia anomala Midge larva Microtendipes pedellus (polluted pond) Helmichia glandulicola Midge Chironomus anthracinus larva (lake) Helmichia lacustris Midge Chironomus plumosus larva (lake) Jirovecia sinensis Oligochaete, Branchiura sowerbyi Mrazekia cyclopis Copepod Acantho cyclop s americanus (pond) Nosematidae Nosema eurytremae Echinoparyphium dunni, Echinostoma hystricosum and Echinostoma malayanum, trematode larvae of ‐water snails, Nosema granulosis Amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus, G. roeseli (lake) Nosema pimephales Fish Pimephales promelas (lake) Nosema vasicola Echinoparyphium dunni and Echinostoma audyi, trematode larvae snails Vairimorpha austropotaAustropotamobius pallipes complex, subspecies mobii Austropotamobius italicus carsicus (stream) Vairimorpha cheracis Freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor Vairimorpha austropotaWhite-clawed crayfish, Austropotamobius mobii pallipes Ordosporidae Ordospora colligata Daphnia magna (pond) Nosematida genera incertae sedis Anisofilariata chironomid Midge Chironomus plumosus larva (lake) Crispospora chironomid Midge Chironomus plumosus larva (lake) Enterocytospora artemiae Shrimp Palaemonetes sinensis (paddy field) Glugoides intestinalis Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex Trichonosema pectinatellae MICROSPORIDEA families incertae sedis Cougourdellidae Cougourdella coryniformis Copepod Macrocyclops albidus (lake) Cougourdella polycentropi Hydropsyche saxonica larva (stream) Duboscqiidae Duboscqia sidae Holopedium gibberum (lake) 13 Distribution References USA Canning et al. (2002) China Weng et al. (2021) Sweden China Russia, Sweden Larsson (1992a) Weng et al. (2021) Larsson (1988), Sokolova et al. (2006) Sweden Larsson (1988) Norway Nylund et al. (2010) Russia Poland Voronin (1998) Ovcharenko and Wita (2001) Norway Russia China Czechoslovakia Wülker and Weiser (1991) Voronin (1998), Tokarev et al. (2012) Liu et al. (2020b) Vávra (1962), Larsson et al. (1993) Malaysia Canning (1972) Ireland Terry et al. (2004) Canada Malaysia Fantham et al. (1941) Canning et al. (1974) Italy Pretto et al. (2018) Australia Italy Moodie et al. (2003b) Pretto et al. (2018) Germany, UK Larsson et al. (1997) Russia Russia China Czech Republic, UK Tokarev et al. (2010b) Tokarev et al. (2010a) Jiang et al. (2020) Larsson et al. (1996) Russia Sweden Voronin (1986, 1993a) Larsson (1989) Ontario, Canada Larsson and Yan (1988) Fungal Diversity Table 16 (continued) Taxon Host Distribution References Tardivesicula duplicata Caddis fly Limnephilus centralis (temporary pool) Rhithrogena iridina nymph (stream bed) Sweden Larsson and Bylén (1992) Germany Batson (1982) Daphnia magna (inland pool) Russia Simakova et al. (2018) Mosquito Culex pipiens pipiens, Cx. pipiens form molestus, Cx. theileri larva (artificial container with heavily polluted water) Ukraine Kilochitskii (1997) Teleostean fish Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Golden African snapper Lutjanus fulgens (river) Brazil Senegal Matos and Azevedo (2004) Faye et al. (1991) Cichlid fish Sarotherodon melanotheron, Tilapia guineensis and T. zillii Benin, Senegal Sakiti and Bouix (1987), Faye et al. (1991) Fish Perca flavescens, Sander vitreus) (lake) USA Fish and trematodes, crayfish Procambarus bivittatus, sunfish Lepomis macrochirus (lake) Golden Shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus (lake) Fish Brachyhypopomus beebei (river) Fish Crenilabrus melops Neon tetra disease of aquarium fishes (Characidae, Cyprinidae, Cyprinodontidae, Poecilidae, Cichlidae), including Danio rerio and D. nigrofasciatus Cyprinid fish (river) Amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus USA Brazil – Cosmopolitan Phelps et al. (2015), Tomamichel et al. (2018) Lovy and Friend (2017), Bojko et al. (2020a) Pekkarinen et al. (2002), Phelps and Goodwin (2008) Casal et al. (2016) Sprague and Vernick (1968) Shaw and Kent (1999) France Ireland Maurand et al. (1988) Leger and Hesse (1917), Terry et al. (2004), Ironside et al. (2008) Simulium damnosum larva (river) Nigeria Weiser and Prasertphon (1982) Midge Corynoneura (reservoir) Russia Voronin (1993b) Russia Simakova et al. (2009a) Armenia Poddubnaya et al. (2006) Australia Russia Russia Russia Milner and Mayer (1982) Voronin (1986) Voronin (1986) Simakova et al. (2009b) Russia Voronin (1986) France Switzerland Russia Czech Republic Russia Loubes and Akbarieh (1978) Wolinska et al. (2004) Issi (1986) Vávra et al. (2016a) Voronin (1986) Trichoduboscqia epeori Fibrillasporidae Fibrillaspora daphniae Golbergiidae Krishtalia pipiens Microfilidae Microfilum brevirostris Microfilum lutjani Neonosemoidiidae Neonosemoides tilapie Pleistophoridae Heterosporis sutherlandae Ovipleistophora diplostomuri Ovipleistophora ovariae Pleistophora beebei Pleistophora gigantea Pleistophora hyphessobryconis Pleistophora mirandellae Pleistophora muelleri Pleistophora multispora Vavraia multispora Toxoglugeidae Toxospora volgae Tuzetiidae Pankovaia semitubulata Mayfly Cloeon dipterum nymph (floodplain pond) Paratuzetia kupermani Procercoid of Khawia armeniaca found in oligochaetes Potamothrix hammonensis (lake) Tuzetia boeckella Copepod Boeckella triarticulata (artificial lake) Tuzetia ceriodaphniae Ceriodaphnia affinis, C. reticulata (lake) Tuzetia diaphanosomae Diaphanosoma brachyurum (lake) Tuzetia dualis Mayfly Cloeon dipterum nymph (floodplain pond) Tuzetia tschernischovae Daphnia cucullata larva (lake) MICROSPORIDEA genera incertae sedis Baculea daphniae Daphnia pulex Caullerya mesnili Daphnia galeata × hyalina Evlachovaia chironomi Midge Chironomus plumosus larvae (lake) Globulispora mitoportans Daphnia spp. Gurleyides biformis Ceriodaphnia reticulata, C. affinis (lake) Finland 13 Fungal Diversity Table 16 (continued) Taxon Host Hamiltosporidium magnivora Daphnia spp. (ponds) Distribution Belgium, Russia, UK Hamiltosporidium tvaermin- Parasite of Daphnia magna (pools) Finland, Sweden, nensis Skerry Islands of the Baltic Sea Holobispora thermocyclopis Thermocyclops oithonoides, T. leuckarti (lake) Russia Kabataia rondoni Teleost Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni, Brazil Kabatana takedai Freshwater fish, Pangasius sutchi Asia Microsporidium brevirostris Teleostean Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Amazon, Brazil Microsporidium chironomid Midge Chironomus dorsalis larva (water basin) Russia Microsporidium epithelialis Tubificid worms Tubifex sp. (commercial Germany aquarium) Microsporidium fluviatilis Copepod Eucyclops serrulatus (river) Russia Microsporidium jiroveci Cyclops vicinus (lake) Russia Myosporidium ladogensis Burbot Lota lota from Lake Haukivesi Finland Microsporidium lamprogle- Freshwater copepod Lamproglena pulchella Europe nae and cyprinid fish, Leuciscus leuciscus Microsporidium luciopercae Freshwater pike-perch Sander lucioperca Finland Microsporidium spraguei Freshwater pike-perch Sander lucioperca Finland Stempellia diaptomi Copepod Diaptomus gracilis (lake) Russia Rozellomycota genera incertae sedis Mitosporidium daphniae Parasite of the water flea Daphnia magna UK Paramicrosporidium sacParasite of Saccamoeba sp, freshwater pond Germany camoebae Rozella achlyae Achlya flagellata USA Rozella allomycetis Allomyces arbusculus Germany, USA Rozella apodyae Apodachlya brachynema France Rozella blastocladiae Blastocladia pringsheimii, and B. gracilis USA, Denmark, Germany Rozella canterae Chytridium oedognii UK Rozella chytriomycetis Chytriomyces UK USA Rozella cladochytrii Nowakowskiella profusum, N. elegans, N. ramosum, Cladochytrium replicatum, C. crassum, and C. hyalinum Rozella coleochaetes Parasitic on Coleochaete sp., bog Rozella diplophlyctidis Diplophlyctis intestina Rozella endochytrii Sporangia of Endochytrium operculatum, Brazil, USA swamp Rozella monoblepharidis Monoblepharis polymorpha, and M. macrandra Germany, France Rozella multimorpha Parasitic on Pythium sp., pond USA Rozella parva Parasitic on Zygorhizidium affluens, lakes UK Rozella polyphagi Polyphagus laevis UK Rozella rhipidii Araiospora France Rozella rhizoclosmatii Parasitic on Rhizoclosmatium, pond USA Rozella rhizophydii Rhizophydium globosum Brazil Rozella septigena Achyla, Saprolegnia France 13 References Haag et al. (2011) Haag et al. (2011) Voronin (1986) Casal et al. (2010) Lom et al. (2001) Matos and Azevedo (2004) Voronin (1975, 1999) Oumouna et al. (2000) Voronin (1994) (Voronin 1977, 1986) Jones et al. (2020) Jones et al. (2020) Jones et al. (2017) Jones et al. (2017) Voronin (1996) Haag et al. (2014) Corsaro et al. (2014) Karling (1942b) Karling (1942b) Karling (1942b) Karling (1942b) Karling (1942b) Karling (1946) Karling (1942b) Karling (1942b) Karling (1942b) Karling (1941, 1944d) Karling (1942b) Karling (1942b) Canter (1969) Karling (1942b) Karling (1942b) Karling (1942b) Karling (1944c) Karling (1942b) Fungal Diversity Acknowledgements Kevin D. Hyde acknowledges Thailand Research Fund “The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate: baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants, Rhododendron species and Dracaena species” (DBG6080013) and “Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Sub-region” (RDG6130001). Kevin D. Hyde thanks Chiang Mai University for the Award of Visiting Professor. Mark S. Calabon is grateful to Mushroom Research Foundation, Department of Science and Technology-Science Education Institute (Philippines), and Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) grant “Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and surrounding areas” (Grant No. DBG6280009). E. B. Gareth Jones acknowledges the award of a Distinguished Scientist Fellowship (DSFP), King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nattawut Boonyuen thanks BIOTEC and the Integrated Technology Platform, NSTDA-Thailand (Grant Number P1952580) for partial support in this work. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conlict of interest. References Abdel-Aziz FA, Abdel-Wahab MA (2010) Lolia aquatica gen. et sp. nov. (Lindgomycetaceae, Pleosporales), a new coelomycete from freshwater habitats in Egypt. 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Lestari1,2,11 · Hong‑Wei Shen1,2,6 · Dan‑Feng Bao1,6,10 · Nattawut Boonyuen12 · Ming Zeng1,2,13 1 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 9 CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China 2 School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 10 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 11 Research Center for Biomaterials, Research Organization for Life Sciences Center, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia 12 Plant-Microbe Interaction Research Team (APMT), Integrative Crop Biotechnology and Management Research Group (ACBG), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand 13 Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 4 Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China 5 Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 6 College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, Dali 671003, China 7 Department MeSVA, Section Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy 8 Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China 13