Stem Anatomy of Dalbergia and Diospyros Species from Madagascar Bako Harisoa Ravaomanalina • Alan Crivellaro Fritz Hans Schweingruber Stem Anatomy of Dalbergia and Diospyros Species from Madagascar with a Special Focus on Wood Identification Bako Harisoa Ravaomanalina Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of Antananarivo Antananarivo, Madagascar Alan Crivellaro Department of TESAF University of Padua Legnaro, Padova, Italy Fritz Hans Schweingruber Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research – WSL Birmensdorf, Switzerland ISBN 978-3-319-51145-0 ISBN 978-3-319-51147-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51147-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017936753 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA is botanist and lecturer at the Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Antananarivo in Madagascar. She has a PhD in Ecology. She is member of the CITES scientific authority and has experiences on Malagasy species listed in the Appendices of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Her work is focusing on wood anatomy. For this book, she collected the plant material, prepared the slides, realized the anatomical descriptions and photomicrographs, and managed the graphic design of the atlas. Alan Crivellaro has degree in Wood Science, a MS in Forestry and a PhD in Ecology from the University of Padova, Italy. Currently he is assistant professor in wood science at Dept. TESAF - University of Padova. His primary research interests have been wood, bark and pith anatomy to investigate the hydraulic, mechanical, and/or other roles of different stem tissues. For this book, he contributed to the anatomical descriptions, and to the layout of the atlas. Fritz Hans Schweingruber has a Ph.D. in Botany (Bern University, Switzerland). He was head of the research group Tree Ring and Site at the Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) and professor at the Institute of Botany at the University of Basel, Switzerland. His work is documented by many scientific papers and books on dendrochronology and wood anatomy. He supervised the material preparation, anatomical descriptions, and atlas design of the present book. V Acknowledgements This research project is a result of collaboration between the Department of Plant Biology and Ecology (DBEV), University of Antanarivo, Madagascar, and The Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Switzerland. It was funded by a grant from the Swiss Government Excellence Scholarshio (No. 2013.0888/Madagascar/OP). Fieldwork expeditions were financially supported by a projet from the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). First of all, I wish to thank my husband Jean Julot Andrianarivoson, my son Diary and my daughter Emily. I have to thank Pd. Dr. Ulf Büntgen, head of the dendroecology group, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, who accepted me in his group and showed enthusiasm and interest in my work. This work was inspired by the results of my long work as Permanent Secretary within the CITES Scientific Authority at the Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, set up by the listing of Malagasy Dalbergia and Diospyros in Appendix II. I would particularly like to thank Pete Lowry II and Georges Schatz (Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri USA), without their taxonomic support, this study would not have been possible. I am grateful to the staff of Missouri Botanical Garden in Madagascar and in Paris for their technical support. More specific thanks to Richard Randrianaivo, Richardson Razakamalala, Bernard Roger, Charles Rakotovao, Rakotonirina Benja, Fenonirina Rakotoarison, Felana Rakoto, Emeline, Ninah Sandratriniaina, Natacha Arimalala and Lucia Ravelomalala for collecting samples in the field. I thank also the Madagascar National Parks and the “Direction Générale des Forêts” for providing the research and collect permit. I am grateful for useful comments and suggestions of Prof. Pieter Baas (Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden), Prof. Jorgho Richter (Thünen-Institut, Hamburg) and Dr. Hans Beeckman (Royal Museum for Central Africa, Brussels). I want to express special thanks to Dr. Ruth Landolt (WSL) for substantial language corrections. I want to thank the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL which provided me a scientific infrastructure at Birmensdorf. Special thanks to Fano Rajaonary, Lena Hellmann, Lenka Matějů and Volodymyr Trotsiuk for preparing the plant distribution maps. Many persons have invested their precious time and helped us in making this book, we are very grateful for their motivating cooperation. Thus special thanks go to ALL my co-workers in DBEV and WSL for the many constructive comments on our work and also just for the many pleasant moments we spent together. The authors would like to thank the CITES management authority of Switzerland for financial support. Bako Harisoa Ravaomanalina VII Table of Contents 1. 2.   5. 6. Acknowledgments........................VII Diospyros leucocalyx......................80 Introduction................................1 Diospyros maculata ined. ................82 Background.................................1 Diospyros mangabensis...................84 Diospyros maxima ined. .................86 About the manual...........................2 Materials and Methods....................3 Diospyros microrhombus.................88 Origin of the material studied............3 Diospyros occlusa..........................90 Diospyros olacinoides.....................92 Plant material preparation...............6 'HÀQLWLRQRI$QDWRPLFDO)HDWXUHV Diospyros parifolia........................94 ,GHQWLÀFDWLRQ.H\V Diospyros perrieri.........................96 Dalbergia..................................13 Diospyros pervilleana.....................98 Dalbergia baronii.........................14 Diospyros platycalyx.....................100 Dalbergia bathiei.........................16 Diospyros quadrangularis ined. .......102 Dalbergia bracteolata....................18 Diospyros rubripetiolata................104 Dalbergia chapelieri......................20 Diospyros sclerophylla..................106 Dalbergia emirnensis.....................22 Diospyros squamosa.....................108 Dalbergia greveana.......................24 Diospyros tropophylloides ined. ......110 Dalbergia lemurica.......................26 Diospyros velutipes......................112 Dalbergia louvelii.........................28 Diospyros vescoi..........................114 Dalbergia madagascariensis.............30 References....................................117 Dalbergia maritima.......................32 ,QGH[RI6SHFLHVDQG)DPLOLHV Dalbergia mollis...........................34 Dalbergia monticola......................36 Dalbergia neoperrieri....................38 Dalbergia orientalis......................40 Dalbergia peltieri.........................42 Dalbergia pervillei........................44 Dalbergia purpurascens..................46 Dalbergia suaresensis....................48 Dalbergia trichocarpa....................50 Diospyros...................................53 Diospyros aculeata........................54 'LRVS\URVDFXWLÁRUD ined. ...............56 Diospyros analamerensis.................58 'LRVS\URVDQNLÀHQVLV......................60 Diospyros antongiliensis ined. ..........62 Diospyros bernieriana....................64 Diospyros brevipedicellata ined. ......66 Diospyros calophylla......................68 Diospyros chitinophora ined. ...........70 Diospyros ferrea...........................72 Diospyros fuscovelutina..................74 Diospyros humbertiana...................76 Diospyros latispathulata..................78 IX