Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(2): 2717-2725
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 02 (2019)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
Review Article
https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.802.318
Fungi: Diversity in India and its Potential Applications
Kiranpreet Kaur, Ramandeep Kaur, Shivani Thakur, Anuj Kumar,
Harpreet Singh and Rajnish Kumar Verma*
Department of Botany, Dolphin PG College of Science & Agriculture,
Chunni Kalan, Punjab, 140307, India
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Keywords
Fungi Diversity in
India,
Hyphomycetes
Article Info
Accepted:
20 January 2019
Available Online:
10 February 2019
Fungi are eukaryotic achlorophyllous organisms live in wide array of habit
and habitats on earth. Being non-photosynthetic fungi exhibit
anabsortive mode nutrition, which lead to Saprophyte, Parasite or
Mutualistic existence. Fungi is second largest group of organisms
outnumber by insects only. Recent estimate suggested that, around 2.2- 3.8
million fungi are there on planet. Fungi are known to produce many
antibiotics, bio-active molecules, organic acids and secondary metabolites
etc. Fungi so far have been exploited very poorly and yet have a huge
potential in bio-control, bioremediation and novel compound.
Introduction
Fungi are eukaryotic achlorophyllous
organisms live in wide array of habit and
habitats on earth. Being achlorophyllous fungi
exhibit an absortive mode nutrition, which
lead to Saprophyte, Parasite or Mutualistic
existence. As a saprophyte fungi along with
bacteria bring out complete mineralization of
plant and animal remains. As a parasite fungi
cause many diseases in animals and plants. As
Mutualistic fungi live in intimate association
with other organisms. Fungi are almost
cosmopolitan in their distribution and they
exploit the diverse array of macro and micro
nutritional niches. The most important factor
influencing the distribution and life style of
fungi is their heterotrophic nutrition (Cook
and Rayner, 1984).
Fungal diversity
Fungi are the largest and diverse group of
organisms out number by insects only
Tropical belts of the world with high rainfall,
humidity and temperature, is known to
encompass the most diverse habitats and
considered to have the highest diversity for
most groups of organisms be it plants,
animals or microorganisms and fungi (Pianka,
2717
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(2): 2717-2725
1966; Hawksworth, 1991; Hillebrand, 2004;
Arnold and Lutzoni, 2007). Only 5-10% of
fungal species have been described,
documented (Hawksworth, 2001). Many
estimates have been put forward to elucidate
the Fungal species diversity in the world, few
are listed in table 1.
Fungal diversity in India
Microfungi
Studies on fungi in India began with advent of
foreigners, mainly from Britain who collected
fungi and sent specimens to European
laboratories for identification. The earliest
record of Hyphomycetes in India was made
by Corda (1837). Further the studies of Indian
fungi were continued by Barcklay and
Cunningham. Barcklay (1886) contributed to
knowledge of the rusts occurring in the
vicinity of Shimla. Cunningham (1927)
contributed
to
Orders
Mucorales,
Ustilaginales and Uredinales.
Sir E. J. Butler who has been regarded as the
'Father of Indian Mycology', to initiate and
organize large–scale mycological and
phytopathological research in India. He
founded the Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae
Orientalis (HCIO), a national fungal
herbarium facility Pusa, Bihar in 1905. In
1934, the HCIO was shifted to the Division of
Mycology and Plant Pathology, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
Butler and his associates compiled 'Butler and
Bisby's (1931) 'The Fungi of India', which has
been revised several times and further
updated by Mukerji and Juneja, 1974;
Sarbhoy et al., 1986, 1996; Jamaluddin et al.,
2004. Mitra (1921, 1923, 1931) studied
Helminthosporium species on cereals. Mitter
and Tandon (1930-38) named and described
many species from India. Since then several
interesting hyphomycetes were reported by
various workers from different parts of the
country (Mundkur, 1938; Ramakrishnan,
1941, 1949).
India is one of the richest reservoirs of
biodiversity in Asia and can be considered as
a center of research of hyphomycetes
diversity with high proportion of genera and
species particularly of tropical species first
described in this country (Bilgrami et al.,
1991,
Jamaluddin
et
al.,
2004).
Comprehensive account on hyphomycetous
fungi of India are now available
(Subramanian, 1971, 1983; Rao and de Hoog,
1986; Mukerji and Manoharachary, 2010;
Bhat, 2010; Kamal, 2010).
The earliest available record of coelomycetes
is based on the publication by Léveillé
(1846). He published the first report of a
pycnidial fungus, Ascospora sordidula from
India on the leaves of Saussurea sp., which
was changed to Septoria sordidula by
Saccardo in 1884. Subramanian and
Ramakrishnan (1952, 1953b) were the first
Indian workers to initiate studies on this
group. They described a coelomyceteous
fungus Plagionema with lateral and apical
appendaged conidia, which was later reduced
to synonymy with Ciliochorella Syd.
(Subramanian and Ramakrishnan, 1953).
They further contributed to the taxonomy of
coelomycetes with the descriptions of some
taxa (Subramanian and Ramakrishnan, 1954,
1955, 1958).
Mathur (1979) in his book “The
Coelomycetes of India” provided a checklist
of coelomycetes collected/reported from India
during 1846-1977. He enlisted 235 genera,
1527 species and 33 varieties.
Muthumary and co-workers (Muthumary
1986 a, b, c, 1987 a, b, c, 1988; Muthumary
and Sutton 1986; Muthumary et al., 1986;
Muthumary and Masilamani 1989) described
some new species and recorded many fungi
2718
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(2): 2717-2725
from India. Muthumary (1999) published the
monograph “First contribution to a
Monograph of Septoria Species in India”. She
provided a key to the 83 species included in
the monograph based on host taxonomy and
conidial measurements. Muthumary (2013) in
her book “Indian Coelomycetes” gave
description and illustrations of 142 species
spreading in 78 genera.
Macrofungi
Different workers had studied diversity of
macrofungi From time to time from different
parts of India. Several edible fungi have been
identified from Punjab by Chahal (1963).
Thirty species of macrofungi belonging to 26
genera spreading over 17 families have been
reported by Tapwal et al., (2013) from
Jeypore Reserve Forest located in Assam. In
Gujrat and Jammu and Kashmir major work
on macrofungi was carried out by Chandulal
et al., (2013) and Anand et al., (2014)
respectively. Karwa and Rai (2010) reported
153 species of mushrooms from Central India
(Maharashtra). Pandey and his coworkers also
done an intensive survey to identify
mycofloral diversity of Central India and
worked on different aspects of it (Sharma et
al., 2009a, b; 2011a, b; Dwivedi et al., 2012).
778 species of macrofungi belonging to 101
genera of 43 families reported by Swapna et
al., (2008) from Karnataka. Soosairaj et al.,
Thiribhuvanamala et al., (2013) identified 23
species macrofungi from Tamil Nadu. 200
species of wood rotting non-gilled
Agaricomycotina which belongs to 27
families spreading over 100 genera have been
reported by Prasher and Lalita 2014 from
Uttarakhand. Semwal et al., (2014) recorded
23 species of mushrooms of which twenty one
were Basidiomycetes and two were found to
be Ascomycetes. 13 species of macrofungi
belonging to 10 genera and 9 families from
Pune and Western Ghats of Mahabaleshwar
and Mulshi of Maharashtra was recorded by
Senthilarasu (2014). 90 species belonging to
19 families were recorded from Karnataka of
which 28 species were found to be recorded
for the first time from India Pushpa and
Purushothama (2012). Prasher et al., (2012)
recorded 13 species of polyporoid fungi
belonging to 5 families and 10 genera from
Himachal Pradesh. Dhingra et al., (2014)
reported 295 taxa belonging to 89 genera of
non–poroid Agaricomycetous fungi from
Himachal Pradesh.
However, with the advent of the molecular
fungal taxonomy a natural classification based
on molecular fungal taxonomy has evolved
(Hibbett et al., 2007, Shenoy et al., 2007,
Thambugala et al., 2015, Tian et al., 2015 and
Wang et al., 2015). This has resulted in the
intergeneric shifting of species, introduction
of new genera for correct placement of
species which have been already described, as
well as reassignment of genera to different
families, orders and classes.
Significance of fungi
Fungi have also been used in commercial
production of lignocellulolytic enzymes e.g.
laccases, manganese peroxidise and lignin
peroxidase (Pointing et al., 2005; Baldrian,
2006; Safari Sinegani et al., 2006;
Hoffmeister and Keller, 2007; Kaushik and
Malik, 2009; Maciel et al., 2010 and Moore et
al., 2011); bio-active molecules (Hanson,
2008; Thirunavukkarasu et al., 2012 and
Arora et al., 2012) and organic acids
(Jakubowska, 1977 and Mäkelä et al., 2002).
Many filamentous and basidiomycetes fungi
have been known to produce organic acids
viz. acetic, citric, tartaric, malic, lactic,
succinic, oxalic and gluconic acid (LopezGarcia, 2002; Mäkelä et al., 2002; Magnuson
and Lasure, 2004 and Mandal and Banerjee,
2006; Liaud et al., 2014). Various fungi such
as Aspergillus nigerPycnoporus sanguineus
2719
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(2): 2717-2725
and Talaromyces helices has been used for the
biosorption of heavy metals (Romero et al.,
2006; Yahaya et al., 2009 and Zeng et al.,
2015)
Many fungi belonging to ascomycetes and
basidiomycetes have a potential to act as an
antiviral agent against EV7, HIV-1, EV71,
HSV-1, H1N1and H3N2 viruses (Ma et al.,
2013; Li et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2017; Pang
et al., 2018). The antiviral activity of these
fungi is mainly because of the presence of
polysaccharides in mycelium and fruiting
bodies, and synthesis of triterpenoid
secondary metabolites (Chen et al., 2012;
Rincão et al., 2012)
Table.1 Popular estimates of species diversity of fungi
Sr. no.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
No.
1,50,000 (Estimate G)
2,270,000
3,500,000-5,100,000
712,000
611,000 (±SE= 297,000)
2.2- 3.8 million
Reference
Hawkswoth (1991)
Hawkswoth (2001)
O ‟ Brien et al., (2005)
Schmit and Mueller (2007)
Mora et al., 2011
Hawksworth and Lucking (2017)
In conclusion, huge research has been made
in the understanding of the fungi in India.
Many new species of fungi have been
established for the region, but much work
remains to be undertaken. Many of the fungi
are known to produce various therapeutic
metabolites with high biological activities. So
it became very important to properly
characterize not only these compounds, but to
carefully identify the species names, so that
researchers can identify and screen taxa for
future biotechnological applications. Fungi so
far have been exploited very poorly and yet
have a huge potential in biocontrol,
bioremediation and novel compound. With
such high novelty, there is a need for
extensive
research
to
exploit
the
biotechnological potential of these fungi.
References
Anand N., Mathur A. and Chowdhary P.N.
(2014) First report of macrofungal
biodiversity in Rajouri dist. (J&K),
India. World Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(12): 1385-
1402.
Arora D.S., Chandra P. and Kaur G.J. (2012).
Optimization and assay of antioxidant
potential of two Penicillium spp. by
different
procedures.
Current
Biotechnology. 1(1): 2-10.
Baldrian P. (2006). Fungal laccasesoccurrence and properties. FEMS
Microbiology Reviews. 30(2): 215-242.
Bhat D.J. (2010). Fascinating microfungi
(Hyphomycetes) of Western Ghats–
India. Broadway Book Center Goa.
221pp.
Bilgrami K.S., Jamaluddin and Rizwi M.A.
(1991). Fungi of India List and
References. Today and tomorrow„s
Printers and Publishers, New Delhi,
India. 798p.
Butler E.J. and Bisby G.R. (1931). The fungi
of India. Science Monograph I. Imperial
Council for Agricultural Research in
India.
Chahal D.S. (1963) Some edible mushroom
of Punjab. Punjab Hort. J 326-29
Chandulal K., Gopal C. and John P. (2013)
Studies on biodiversity of fleshy fungi
2720
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(2): 2717-2725
in Navsari (South Gujarat), India.Int J
Biodivers Conserv 5(8): 508-514
Chen, S., Xu, J., Liu, C., Zhu, Y., Nelson, D.
R., Zhou, S., et al., (2012). Genome
sequence of the model medicinal
mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Nat.
Commun.
3:913.
doi:
10.1038/ncomms1923
Cunningham G.H. (1927). Fifth supplement
to the Uredinales and Ustilaginales of
New Zealand. Transactions and
Proceedings of the New Zealand
Institute. 58(1–2):47–50
Dhingra G. S., Singh A.P., J. Kaur, Kaur P.
H., Rani M., Sood S., Singla N., Kaur
H., Jain N., Gupta S., Kaur M., Sharma
I. Kaur R. and G A (2014) checklist of
resupinate, non-poroid agaricomycetous
fungi from Himachal Pradesh, India.
Synopsis Fungorum 32 8-37
Dwivedi S., Tiwari M. K., Chauhan U.K. and
Pandey A.K. (2012) Biodiversity of
mushrooms of Amarkantak biosphere
reserve forest of Central India.
International Journal of pharmacy and
LIFE SCIENCES3(1)1363-1367.
Hanson J.R. (2008). The Chemistry of Fungi.
The Royal Society of Chemistry,
Cambridge, UK.
Hawksworth D.L. and Lucking R (2017)
Fungal diversity revisited: 2.2 to 3.8
million Species. Microbiol Spectr 5:
FUNK-0052-2016
Hibbett D.S., Binder M., Bischoff J.F. et al
(2007). A higher–level phylogenetic
classification of the Fungi. Mycological
Research 111: 509-547.
Hoffmeister D. and Keller N.P. (2007).
Natural products of filamentous fungi:
enzymes, genes and their regulation.
Natural Product Reports. 24(2): 393416.
Jakubowska J. (1977). Itaconic and itatartaric
acid biosynthesis. In: Smith, J.E. and
Pateman, J.A. (eds.) Genetics and
Physiology of Aspergillus. Academic
Press, London, New York and San
Francisco.
Jamaluddin, Goswami M.G. and Ojha B.M.
(2004). Fungi of India 1989–2001.
Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India.
326p.
Kamal. 2010. Cercosporoid fungi of India,
Bishan Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Publication, Dehradun (UK), India, pp
351.
Karwa A and Rai MK (2010) Tapping into
the edible fungi biodiversity of Central
India. Biodiversitas 11(2): 97-101.
Kaushik P. and Malik A. (2009). Fungal dye
decolourization: Recent advances and
future
potential.
Environment
International. 35(1): 127-141
Léveillé J. H. 1846. Descriptions des
champignons de l'herbier du Muséum
de Paris. Annales des Sciences
Naturelles
Botanique.
5:249305Saccardo P. A. (1884). Sylloge
Fungorum: Sylloge Sphaeropsidearum
et Melanconiearum. Sylloge Fungorum
3: 1–840.
Li, Y., Liu, D., Cen, S., Proksch, P., and Lin,
W. (2014). Isoindolinone-type alkaloids
from the sponge-derived fungus
Stachybotrys chartarum. Tetrahedron
70,
7010–7015.
doi:
10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.047
Liaud N., Giniés C., Navarro D., Fabre N.,
Crapart S., Herpoël- Gimbert I.,
Levasseur A., Raouche S. and Sigoillot
J.-C.
(2014).
Exploring
fungal
biodiversity: organic acid production by
66 strains of filamentous fungi. Fungal
Biology and Biotechnology 1:1.
Lopez-Garcia R. (2002). Citric Acid. In: KirkOthmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology,
doi:
10.1002/0471238961.03092018021201
09.a01.pub2
(http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emr
w/9780471238966/home/), John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
2721
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(2): 2717-2725
Ma, X., Zhu, T., Ba, M., Li, G., Gu, Q., Guo,
Y., et al., (2013). Phenylspirodrimanes
with anti-HIV activity from the spongederived fungus Stachybotrys chartarum
MXH-X73. J. Nat. Prod. 76, 2298–
2306. doi: 10.1021/np400683h
Maciel M.J.M., Castro e Silva A. and Ribeiro
H.C.T.
(2010).
Industrial
and
biotechnological
applications
of
ligninolytic
enzymes
of
the
basidiomycota: A review. Electronic
Journal of Biotechnology. 13(6). doi:
10.2225/vol13-issue6-fulltext-2.
Magnuson J.K. and Lasure L.L. (2004).
Organic
Acid
Production
by
Filamentous Fungi In: Tkacz J.S. and
Lange L. (eds.) Advances in Fungal
Biotechnology for Industry, Agriculture
and
Medicine.
Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Mäkelä M., Galkin S., Hatakka A. and
Lundell T. (2002). Production of
organic acids and oxalate decarboxylase
in lignin-degrading white rot fungi.
Enzyme and Microbial Technology.
30(4): 542-549.
Mandal S.K. and Banerjee P.C. (2006).
Oxalic acid production by Aspergillus
niger: Influence of hydrogen ion
concentration and nitrogen source.
Research Journal of Microbiology. 1(2):
190-197.
Mathur R. S. 1979. The Coelomycetes of
India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal
Singh, Dehradun. 460 pp.
Mitra M. (1921). Morphology and parasitism
of Acrothecium Penniseti n. sp. (A new
Mitra M. (1923). Helminthosporium spp. on
cereals and sugarcane in India. Part 1.
(Diseases of Zea Mays and Sorghum
vulgare caused by species of
Helminthosporium). Mem. Dept. Agr.
India, Bot. Ser. LXI: 219–242.
Mitra M. (1931). A comparative study of
species
and
strains
of
Helminthosporium on certain Indian
cultivated crops. Transactions of the
British Mycological Society. 15: 286.
Mitter J.H. and Tandon R.N. (1930). Fungus
flora of Allahabad. Journal of Indian
Botanical Society. 9: 190–198.
Mitter J.H. and Tandon R.N. (1932). Fungus
flora of Nainital– I. Journal of Indian
Botanical Society. 11: 178–180.
Mitter J.H. and Tandon R.N. (1938). Fungi of
Nainital Part– II. Journal of Indian
Botanical Society. 17: 177–182.
Mitter J.H. and Tandon R.N. (1937). Fungi of
Allahabad India. Part– III. Proceedings
of Indian Academy of Science. 6: 194–
201.
Moore D., Robson G.D. and Trinci A.P.J.
(2011). 21st Century Guidebook To
Fungi. Cambridge University Press.
UK.
Mukerji K.G. and Manoharachary C. (2010).
Taxonomy and Ecology of Indian
Fungi. I.K. International Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Mukerji K.G. and Juneja R.C. (1974). Fungi
of India. Emkey Publications, Delhi.
Mundkur B.B. (1938). Fungi of India. Suppl.
I. Monogr. Imp. Counc. Res. New Delhi
12:1–54.
Muthumary J. (1986c). Heteropatella Indica
Muthumary sp. nov. from India. Current
Science 55: 250-251.
Muthumary J. (1987b). New records of
Coelomycetes from India. Current
Science. 56: 1245-1247.
Muthumary J. (1999). First contribution to a
Monograph of Septoria Species in
India. Centre for Advanced Studies in
Botany, University of Madras, Chennai.
119 pp.
Muthumary J. and Masilamani S. (1989).
Additions to Coelomycetes of India.
Journal of Indian Botanical Society 68:
131-133.
Muthumary
J.
(1986a).
Conostroma
quercicola sp. nov. from India. Current
Science. 55: 1081-1082.
2722
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(2): 2717-2725
Muthumary J. (1986b). Pilidium acerinum
Kunze, a new generic record for India.
Current Science. 55: 791-792.
Muthumary J. (1987a). Pseudolachnea
longiciliata (Hino and Katumato)
Sutton new record for India. Current
Science. 56: 306-307.
Muthumary J. (1987c). Notes on Cytosphaera
mangiferae. Current Science 56: 426427.
Muthumary J. 2013. Indian Coelomycetes. M.
J. P. Publishers, New Delhi. 365 pp
Muthumary J. and B. C. Sutton. 1986.
Coryneum quercinum sp. nov. on
Quercus albafrom India. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society 86:
512-515.
Pang, X., Lin, X., Tian, Y., Liang, R., Wang,
J., and Yang, B. (2018). Three new
polyketides from the marine spongederived fungus Trichoderma sp.
SCSIO41004. Nat. Prod. Res. 32, 105–
111.
doi:
10.1080/14786419.2017.1338286
Pointing S.B., Pelling A.L., Smith G.J.D.,
Hyde K.D. and Reddy C.A. (2005).
Screening of basidiomycetes and
xylariaceous fungi for lignin peroxidase
and laccase gene-specific sequences.
Mycological Research. 109(1): 115124.
Prasher I.B. and Lalita (2013) A Checklist of
Wood
rotting
fungi
(non-gilled
Agaricomycotina) of Uttarakhand.
Journal on New Biological Reports
2(2):108-123.
Prasher I.B., Lalita and Deepali A. (2012)
Polyporoid fungi of District Mandi
(Himachal Pradesh). J Indian Bot Soc
91(1&2)384-386.
Pushpa H. and Purushothama K.B. (2012)
Biodiversity of mushrooms in and
around Bangalore (Karnataka), India.
American
Eurasian
Journal
of
Agricultural
and
Environmental
Sciences, 12(6): 750-759.
Ramakrishnan Ayyar T. S. (1941). Root rot of
Sugarcane. Current Science. 10: 254–
255.
Ramakrishnan Ayyar T. S. (1949). Studies on
the genus Colletotrichum– IV. Leaf spot
of
Arundo
donax
caused
by
Colletotrichum falcatum Went. var.
arundinis var. nov. Proceedings of
Indian Academy of Sciences. 29: 289–
294
Rao V. and de Hoog G.S. (1986). New or
critical Hyphomycetes from India.
Studies in Mycology. 28: 1–84.
Rincão, V. P., Yamamoto, K. A., Ricardo, N.
M., Soares, S. A., Meirelles, L. D.,
Nozawa,
C.,
et
al.,
(2012).
Polysaccharides and extracts from
Lentinula edodes: structural features
and antiviral activity. Virol. J. 15, 37.
doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-37
Safari Sinegani A.A., Emtiazi G. and
Hajrasuliha S. (2006). Comparative
studies of extracellular fungal laccases
under different conditions. Journal of
Agricultural Science and Technology.
9(1): 69-76.
Sarbhoy A.K., Varshney J.L. and Agarwal
D.K. (1986). Fungi of India (1977–
1981). Navyug. Traders, New Delhi.
Sarbhoy A.K., Varshney J.L. and Agarwal
D.K. (1996). Fungi of India (1982–
1992). CBS Publisher and Distributors,
New Delhi, India.
Semwal KC, Stephenson SL, Bhatt VK and
Bhatt RP 2014 Edible mushrooms of the
Northwestern Himalaya, India: a study
of indigenous knowledge, distribution
and Biodiversity of Edible Fungi: A
Review diversity. Mycosphere 5(3):
440-461.
Senthilarasu G 2014 Diversity of Agarics
(gilled mushrooms) of Maharashtra,
India.
Current
Research
in
Environmental and Applied Mycology
4(1): 58–78.
Sharma R, Rajak Ram C and Pandey A K
2723
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(2): 2717-2725
(2009a) Podaxis pistillaris: a rare
Gasteromycetes from Central India.
Mushroom Research, 18(1)37-38.
Sharma R, Rajak Ram C and Pandey A K
(2009b) Ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in
Indian tropical forests. Biodiversity
10(1): 25-30.
Sharma R, Rajak RC and Pandey AK (2011a)
Dynamics
of
acid
phosphatase
production of the ectomycorrhizal
mushroom Cantharellus tropicalis.
Journal of Agricultural Technology.
7(1): 149-159.
Sharma R, Rajak RC and Pandey AK (2011b)
Ectomycorrhiza
like
interaction
between Cantharellus tropicalis and
Dendrocalamus strictus. Journal of
Agricultural Technology7(2): 413-421.
Shenoy B.D., Jeewon R. and Hyde K.D.
(2007). Impact of DNA sequence-data
on the taxonomy of anamorphic fungi.
Fungal Diversity. 26: 1-54.
Subramanian C. V. and K. Ramakrishnan.
1952. Rostrospora a new genus of the
Melanconiales. Journal of Madras
University Sect. B 22: 66-68.
Subramanian C. V. and K. Ramakrishnan.
1953. On the nature of the
sporeappendage in Neottiospora Desm.
Proceedings of the Indian Academy of
Sciences Section B37: 228-231.
Subramanian C. V. and K. Ramakrishnan.
1954. Alpakesa a new genus of the
Sphaeropsidales. Journal of the Indian
Botanical Society 33: 203-205.
Subramanian C.V. (1971). Hyphomycetes an
account of Indian species except
cercosporae.
Indian
Council
of
Agricultural research New Delhi.
Subramanian C.V. (1983). Hyphomycetes,
Taxonomy and Biology. Academic
Press, London.
Subramanian C. V. and K. Ramakrishnan.
1955. On Discella cedrelae Ramakr.
T.S. and K. Journal of the Indian
Botanical Society 34: 225-226.
Swapna S, Syed Abrar and Krishnappa M
(2008) Diversity of macrofungi in semievergreen and moist deciduous forest of
Shimoga district, Karnataka, India.
Journal of Mycology and Plant
Pathology, 38(1)21-26.
Tapwal A, Kumar R and Pandey S 2013
Diversity and frequency of macrofungi
associated with wet evergreen tropical
forest in Assam, India. Biodiversitas
14(2): 73-78.
Thambugala K.M., Hyde K.D., Tanaka K.,
Tian Q., Wanasinghe D.N., Ariyawansa
H.A., Jayasiri S.C., Boonmee S.,
Camporesi E., Hashimoto A., Hirayama
K., Schumacher R.K., Promputtha I.
and Liu Z.-Y. (2015). Towards a natural
classification and backbone tree for
Lophiostomataceae, Floricolaceae, and
Amorosiaceae fam. nov. Fungal
Diversity. 74(1): 199-266.
Thiribhuvanamala
G,
Prakasam
V,
Manoranjitham SK and Krishnan S
(2013) Seasonal occurrence of wild
mushroom flora from the Western Ghat
region of Tamil Nadu. Indian
Phytopathology 66(1): 103-104.
Thirunavukkarasu N., Suryanarayanan T.S.,
Girivasan K.P., Venkatachalam A.,
Venkatachalam G., Ravishankar J.P.
and Doble M. (2012). Fungal symbionts
of marine sponges from Rameswaram,
southern India: species composition and
bioactive metabolites. Fungal Diversity.
55(1): 37-46.
Tian Q., Liu J.K., Hyde K.D., Wanasinghe
D.N., Boonmee S., Jayasiri S.C., Luo
Z.L., Taylor J.E., Phillips A.J.L., Bhat
D.J., Li W.J., Ariyawansa H.,
Thambugala K.M., Gareth Jones E.B.,
Chomnunti P., Bahkali A.H., Xu J.C.
and Camporesi E. (2015). Phylogenetic
relationships
and
morphological
reappraisal
of
Melanommataceae
(Pleosporales). Fungal Diversity. 74(1):
267-324.
2724
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(2): 2717-2725
Wang Y., Hyde K.D. and McKenzie E.H.C.,
Jiang Y.-L., Li D.-W. and Zhao D.-G.
(2015). Overview of Stachybotrys
(Memnoniella) and current species
status. Fungal diversity. 71(1): 17-83.
Zhang, S. P., Huang, R., Li, F. F., Wei, H. X.,
Fang, X. W., Xie, X. S., et al., (2016).
Antiviral
anthraquinones
and
azaphilones produced by an endophytic
fungus Nigrospora sp. from Aconitum
carmichaeli. Fitotherapia 112, 85–89.
doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.05.013
How to cite this article:
Kiranpreet Kaur, Ramandeep Kaur, Shivani Thakur, Anuj Kumar, Harpreet Singh and Rajnish
Kumar Verma. 2019. Fungi: Diversity in India and its Potential Applications.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(02): 2717-2725. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.802.318
2725